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\_sh v3.0 919 Nahuatl \_DateStampHasFourDigitYear \ref 00001 \lxa ma:malintsi:n \lxac ma:malintsi:n \lxo mali:ntsi:n \lxoc mali:ntsi:n \dt 05/May/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \rdp Rdp-l/Am \infn N1 \seao type of edible cloth-eating insect (<nao>kiteki tlake:ntli</nao>) still unidentified, the majority of consultants (at least those of Oapan) classify this as a type of grasshopper (see <nba>chapolin</nba>) that looks like the <nbo>to:topo</nbo>. \ssao tipo de insecto comestible que come tela (<nao>kiteki tlake:ntli</nao>) pero todavía no identificado plenamente, la mayoría de los aesores (por lo menos los de Oapan) lo clasifican como un tipo de chapulin (véase <nba>chapolin</nba>) que se parece al <nbo>to:topo</nbo> \xrb mali: \sem animal \sem insect \nse Several Oapan consultants stated that this insect was similar to the <nbo>to:topo</nbo>. According to Roberto Mauricio this is a type of grasshopper, <nlo>chapolin</nlo>. It eats herbaceous plants such as the <nbo>temá:kohtsí:n</nbo>, where it is mostly found. The grasshopper is somewhat shiny and blue, with black stripes on its body. The male is <no>tsi:ntetepontik</no>, the female is <no>tsi:nkó:lawáh</no>. \mod Probably this entry should be split into two, one for each village (and x-listed). \qry Check classification of the /ma:malintsi:n/, i.e., whether it is indeed a type of 'chapulin.' In regards to the etymology, check to see if it is related to /mali:na/ and whether this has something to do with a characteristic of the animal. \revised 08/28/04 \ref 00002 \lxanotes This word is not used in Ameyeltepec, which instead as <nla>tla:ltekpiolin</nla> \lxo tla:ltepiso:lin \lxoc tla:ltepiso:lin \lxt tla:ltekso:lin \dt 13/Jul/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-in \infn Stem 4 \seo <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l> Baill., a plant with edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family \sso <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l> Baill., una planta con raíz comestible de la familia Euphorbiaceae \sem plant-part \sem edible \equiva tla:ltekpiolin \xrb tla:l \xrb tekpiol \nse The etymology of <na>tla:ltekpisolin</na> is uncertain. \nct komekatl \revised 8/28/04 \ref 00003 \lxa kemech \lxac kemech \lxo kámách \lxop kamach \lxoc kámách \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-b \pa yes \seao recently; just a short time or moment ago \ssao apenas; hace un rato o poco tiempo \pna Kemech o:yah, xkonasi! \pea He just left a moment ago, go catch up to him! \psa ¡Apenas hace un momento se fue, ve a alcanzarlo! \seao (<nao>ma:s san ~</nao> ~) more recently \ssao (<nao>ma:s san ~</nao> ~) más recientemente \pna Yewa ma:s san kemech. \pea That is more recent. \psa Ese es más reciente. \xrb kemech \cfa sanki \revised 8/28/04 \nse The Ameyaltepec <na>kemech</na> is is not to be confused with <na>ke:mech</na> (perhaps <na>kemech</na>), from the same dialect. \qry In the phrase above (/yewa ma:s san kemech/) I have used /san/ although in one version I had recorded /sa:/. This should be checked, i.e., whether the phrase is /sa: kimich/ or /san kimich/. Make sure that etymology and historical basis of the two forms is identical. If not, give Oapan and Ameyaltepec separate entries. It might be that the Oapan form is similar or cognate to Ameyaltepec /ke:mech/. \ref 00004 \lxa tlapeya:wa \lxac tlapeya:wa \lxonotes yzzno \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pss V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \sea (place that is) slippery and with an earthy surface that causes one to slide down (referring to a downward sloping area particularly one that i) \ssa (lugar, en referencia a una cuesta o inclinación) resbaloso y con una superficie que hace que uno se desliza hacia abajo \pna Tlapeya:wa ipan tlakaltech. \pea It is slippery on the slope (e.g., because it is smooth, or muddy and wet, etc.). \psa Es resbaloso por la cuesta inclinada (p. ej., por estar un lugar muy liso, o por estar mojado y tener algo de lodo). \pna Tlapa:stika:n, ke:n tlapeya:wa. \pea It is a wet place, it is really slippery. \psa Es un lugar mojado, es muy resbaloso. \src Cristino Flores (junio 2002) \pna Ma:ka tipano:s ompú:n! Tlapeya:wa. \pea Don't go over there! It's slippery. \psa ¡No vayas por allá ! Es resbaloso. \syna tlapeya:ska:n \syno tlatexilahka:n \xrb peya: \dis tla:la:wa; tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa \nae The derivational process and the morphology of <na>tlapeya:wa</na> are not entirely clear. To some extent it parallels, both semantically and morphologically, <nla>tla:la:la:wa</nla> : a transitive verb (at least in modern Ameyaltepec Nahuatl) with a valency-reducing prefix or nominal incorporation to. However, Ameyaltepec <na>tlapeya:wa</na> might also derive from a lost intransitive form <na>peya:wa</na>, forming an impersonal passive to indicate a state of nature. The second interpretation and analysis, which seems more likely, suggests that the literal meaning of <na>tlapeya:wa</na> would be something like 'slipping down occurs.' \grm /tla-/; The derivational process and the morphology of <na>tlapeya:wa</na> are not entirely clear. To some extent it parallels <nla>tla:la:la:wa</nla> in that what seems to be a transitive verb (at least in modern Ameyaltepec Nahuatl) takes the nonspecific object prefix to form a word that indicates the state of a particular section of land. However, it might also be that the <na>peya:wa</na> in <na>tlapeya:wa</na> reflects the historical intransitive form and that the resultant compound is an impersonal passive, here functioning as an indication of a state of nature. \revised 8/28/04 \ref 00005 \lxa ixwi:wmontli \lxac ixwi:wmontli \lxo ixwi:hmontli \lxoc ixwi:hmontli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seao husband of a granddaughter \ssao esposo de una nieta \sem kin \xrb xwi:w \xrb mon \nse Although this word was accepted by Florencia Marcelino, several other individuals from Oapan denied this as an acceptable form. Roberto Mauricio gave the form <no>ya: o:hpa montli</no>, e.g., <no>ya: o:hpa nomon</no>. \qry Determine whether other extended ties also enter into this paradigm. \revised 8/28/04 \ref 00006 \lxa ma:xi:kole:wi \lxac ma:xi:kole:wi \lxo ma:xi:kole:wi \lxoc ma:xi:kole:wi \lxteao ma:texi:kole:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>ma:texi:kole:wi</nao> \se to scrape or abrade ones arm or hand (e.g., from choppping wood with an axe) \ss rasparse o excoriarse el brazo o la mano (p. ej., al leñar con una hacha) \xrb ma: \xrb xi:kol \nse The insertion of the intensifier <n>te-</n> immediately before the verbal stem (e.g., <n>ma:texi:kole:wi</n>) indicates an intensified event, i.e., a greater degree of scraping. \qry Determine any other use or possible meanings. Check /xi:koliwi/ as possibility. \revised 8/28/04 \ref 00007 \lxa kechkoto:na \lxac kikechkoto:na \lxo kechkoto:na \lxoc kikechkoto:na \lxteao kechtekoto:na \dt 06/Mar/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Compl \infv class-3a \seao to snap or break the neck of (a person or animal, particularly a chicken) \ssao romper el cuello de (una persona o animal, particularmente una gallina) \pna Kikechkoto:nas un pió. \pea He will snap the neck of that chicken. \psa Le va a romper el cuello a esa gallina. \xrb kech \xrb koto: \nse According to Florencia Marcelino this verb is used solely in cases where the neck is pulled and snapped and pulled off (as it is in slaughtering a chicken), not broken. This verb can be applied to almost any small animal (such as a grassphopper), or even a person (e.g., with a machete). \qry Check for other meanings and uses, as well as for the existence and use of possible intransitive forms. Check for possibility of using -te- before verbal stem. \revised 8/28/04 \ref 00008 \lxa iye:wilia \lxac kiye:wilia \lxo é:wiliá \lxoa yé:wiliá \lxop é:wilia \lxoc ké:wiliá \lxteao No \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to store, save, or put aside for \ssao guardar para; recoger (cosas de) \pna Ke:tlah ne:chiye:wilian un a:tl. \pea It's like they save some of that water for me. \psa Es como me guardan algo de esa agua. \pno Xtlá:ye:wíli yo i yaw. \peo Put away his things for him, he's about to leave! \pso ¡Recógele las cosas, ya se va. \xrb ye:wa \xvba iye:wa \fla iye:wa \nae In Oapan one usually finds the form <no>é:wiliá</no> although occasionally it is found with an epenthetic /y/: <no>kiyé:wiliá</no>. \nde The various forms of this lexeme in different dialects all manifest reduplication or the reflex of reduplication. Thus Ameyaltepec has <na>iye:wilia</na> in which the first /i/ is from the reduplicated syllable. Oapan manifests the expected pitch accent pattern, and San Juan Tetelcingo short vowel reduplication with code /h/: <nt>yehyewilia</nt>. \grm Reduplication; epenthetic /y/: Note that with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ the reduplicant fall on the prefix, given that the maintenance of the epenthetic /y/ makes this act like a consonant-initial verb. \revised 8/28/04 \ref 00009 \lxa te:nkoya:wak \lxac te:nkoya:wak \lxo te:nkoya:wak \lxoc te:nkoya:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \pla te:nkoya:hkeh, tete:nkoya:hkeh, te:nkokoya:hkeh \plo te:nkoya:hkeh, téte:nkoyá:hkeh, té:nkokoyá:hkeh \seao to be wide-mouthed; to have a wide mouth or opening (pots, bottles or jugs, sacks, etc.) \ssao tener la boca, o una apertura, ancha (ollas, botellas o garrafones, costales, etc.) \pna Seki ko:ntli te:nkoya:wak. \pea Some pots are wide-mouthed. \psa Algunas ollas tienen la boca grande. \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \subadj ko:ntli \subadj a:kontli \revised 8/28/04 \nse This can be applied to a wide-mouthed pot or <nlao>a:tekomatl</nlao>, a house with a wide door, a well or hole, a sack or bag. This term is also applied to cliffs that have a cave. It is not applied to people who are gossipy. \ref 00010 \lxa yekxo:ltia \lxac kiyekxo:ltia \lxo yexo:ltia \lxoc kiyexo:ltia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make or cause to sneeze \ssao hacer estornudar \xrb ekxo \xvba yekxowa \nse The subject of this verb is usually not a person but a material object such as <nlao>tla:hli</nlao>, <nlo>tla:ltemolohtli</nlo> (Oa) / <nla>tla:ltektli</nla>, <nlao>chi:hli</nlao>, <nlao>sa:yo:lin</nlao>, etc. \revised 9/7/04 \ref 00011 \lxa notekwixtok \lxac notekwixtok \lxo notékwixtók \lxop notekwixtok \lxoc notékwixtók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat-refl \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seao to be wrapped up (e.g., a person in a blanket) \ssao estar envuelto (p. ej., una persona en una cobija) \pna Koxtok, notekwixtok. \pea He is sleeping, he is wrapped up (e.g., in a blanket, because of the cold) \psa Está durmiendo, está envuelto (p. ej., en una cobija, a causa del frío) \seao (with long vowel reduplication) to be coiled up (e.g., a snake, rope) \ssao (con reduplicación larga) estar enroscado (p. ej., una culebra, laso) \revised 7/28/04 \cfa tekwixtok \cfo tékwixtók \xrb hkwiya \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the reflexive stative is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up in a blanket or similar object; the nonreflexive <na>tékwixtók</na> is used (i.e., as a resultative) for material objects that have been wrapped up. Other consultants later agreed with this assessment. The form with long vowel reduplication can be used for snakes and rope that is coiled, but also for people. However, it can also be used for individuals, as in Oapan <no>kamach note:tekwixtia:ya</no> 'he was just wrapping himself up (in a blanket, e.g., in getting ready to sleep).' \nae Note that the prefixes change according to person (e.g., <na>nimotekwixtok</na>). The initial <n>te-</n> has been analyzed as related to the intensifier with the same form. \mod Determine how to enter reflexive statives. There are few of these and perhaps with /no-/ is the best. \grm Statives and progressives: Statives and progressives seem to fall into several groups. Most important is the distinction between unaccusative and unergative intransitives. As a basic rule of thumb, the /-tok/ suffix on unergative verbs conveys a progressive sense (this is in accord with the agentive nature of these verbs). Indeed, one might consider that one of the diagnostics of unergativity is precisely the fact that /-tok/ added to a verb is progressive for intransitives only if these intransitives are unergative. If the meaning is stative, then the diagnostic has failed and the intransitive is unaccusative. Yet whereas unergatives cannot acquire a stative meaning with /-tok/, unaccusatives can acquire a progressive meaning. One way is through the adverbial modifier /ye/. Thus /koto:ntok/ is a resultative 'it is snapped'; however, /ye koto:ntok/ indicates a more ongoing event, and this is given a progressive interpretation. Another way to give a progressive meaning is through /-tiw / in a temporal sense.The is an example of such a use in this corpus. The second parameter is the use of /-tok/ with transitive verbs. Some of these are the transitive form of nondirected alternation. In such cases, perhaps, one may assume that an intransitive form did at one time exist, and the stative is actually built on this. Or one may consider the /-tok/ ending as a detransitivizer. This might be the case with /a:ntok/, /kweptok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. All these have been coded as Stat-x. There is then the problem of transitives and statives vs. progressives. In general in most cases a transitive verb will form a progressive with /-tok/ if there is full saturation of the argument slots. Thus with the transitive /kwepa/ one has /tlakweptok/ 'he is turning (sth) over.' In other cases of verbs that seem to manifest nondirected alternation, /-tok/ has a stative interpretation either because: 1) it is built on an intransitive that has been lost in all but the stative; or 2) the /-tok/ en ding effectively detransitivizes the transitiveverb. However, this leaves aside one important class of verbs: reflexives that indicate actions performed on oneself, and how to express the state of being in the result of this event (having done XVerb to oneself). A verb such as /mela:wa/ has two statives: /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/, the difference between the two is not entirely clear and needs to be explored. However, other statives (and adjectivals, such as those ending in -kayoh) seem to not accept a detransitivized or intransitive source. One example seems to be /notekwixtok/ 'to be wrapped up.' Thus the example in this sense above /koxtok, notekwixtok/ manifests a stative with a reflexive object. On the other hand, another sentence with /pa:ntalonkwixtok/ does not have the reflexive. These forms should be investigated and discussed. \revised 9/7/04 \ref 00012 \lxa tlanne:nepantik \lxac tlanne:nepantik \lxo tlanne:nepantik \lxoc tlanne:nepantik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao to have doubled teeth (i.e., when a baby tooth does not fall out, leaving two teeth, one behind the other) \ssao tener dos dientes doblados, uno atrás del otro (esto es, cuando un diente de niño no se cae causando que el otro salga adelante, dejando dos dientes, uno tras el otro) \apa tlanne:nepan \apo tlane:nepan \revised 7/28/04 \xrb tlan \xrb nepan \nae Both Gabriel de la Cruz and Luis Lucena (Am) clearly articulated a double /nn/ in careful, slow pronunciation. Cristino Flores confirmed that there is a difference between <na>tlanne:nepantik</na> and <nla>tlane:nepantik</nla>, which means 'to be stacked, one thing on top of another."Nevertheless, this double nasal sequence is difficult to note in normal speech. This follows the general pattern whereby geminate nasals are reduced. Oapan consultants all wrote the entry form with a double /nn/ and at first suggested that the initial /a/ was long. However, it might be that the nasal itself is prolonged, not the vowel. The double nasal needs to be studied acoustically. \qry Check for nonreduplicated form ?/tlanepantik/ or ?/tlanenepantik/. In Oapan I did not note this double nasal. \pqry Check the tokens from 4076. These are interesting in regards to vowel length as the female as ratios of 127:72 and 120:66 (for nee:ne of tlaneenepantik) while the male as ratios of 74:51 and 77:54. Check to determine whether in Oapan Nahuatl there is also a difference between /tlanne:nepantik/ and /tlane:nepantik/. \rt The root /nepan/ could perhaps be further analyzed as /ne/ and /pan/. However, this should only be mentioned in the root notes. \vl There are four additional tokens for this word at the now deleted entry of 4076. Link to the dictionary from these four additional tokens (i.e., c and d for each speaker. \grm Vowel length: the tokens of /tlane:nepantik/ from entry 4076 (c and d for each speaker, which I also saved separately) are interesting because of the differnt lengths. Florencia Marcelino has 127:72 and 120:66 as the ratio of the two /e/'s (tlane:nepantik) whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 74:51 and 77:54. This demonstrates quite clearly that the important determination of length is not absolute but rather relative duration, i.e., the duration in relationship to surrounding sounds. \revised 13/7/04 \ref 00013 \lxa tlayo:ltleko:ltia \lxac tlayo:ltleko:ltia \lxo tlayó:ltlakó:ltia \lxoa tlayo:ltláko:ltiá \lxo tlayó:ltlekó:ltia \lxoa tlayo:ltléko:ltiá \lxop tlayo:ltlako:ltia \lxoc tlayó:ltlekó:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to store maize by taking sacks up a ladder and emptying the maize into a granary \ssao almacenar maíz al subirlo para meter en una troje (esto es, subir costales del grano por una escala para echarlo a una troje) \pno Nitlayó:ltlakó:lti:s i:pan kweskomatl. \peo I am going to take my maize up to store in the granary. \pso Voy a subir maíz a la troja. \se to load maize (onto a high surface for storage or transport, such as a truck bed, used when a lot of maize is placed on the truck bed) \ss cargar maíz (para almacenar o transportar, p. ej., sobre una troca o algo así, pero solamente cuando mucho maíz se sube) \xrb o:ya \xrb tlehko \ilustmp General drawing \nse Although this term can be used for placing maize on a truck bed for transport, it is not used for loading maize onto a beast of burden. \revised 7/28/04 \ref 00014 \mod This was a duplicate entry for /ye:ilia/, which has been deleted. \dt 29/Dec/2004 \ref 00015 \lxa tlakaltech \lxac tlakaltech \lxonotes yzzno \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com tla-loc \der S-loc-1 \infn N1(loc) \sea steep upward slope; place or section of land that is steep (generally used for an upward slope) \ssa subida; lugar o sección de tierra muy inclinada (generalmente utilizado para cuestas hacia arriba) \pna Xwel nipanwetsi. Yo:nisiaw, we:i tlakaltech. \pea I can't make it to the top (in this case of a hill). I'm tired, it is a long steep slope. \psa No puedo llegar a la cima (en este caso de un cerro). Ya me canseé, es una larga y muy inclinada subida. \pna Xtlakaltech, san so:wtoktsi:n. \pea It isn't steep, there is just a gentle upward incline. \psa No está muy empinado, hay solamente una leve inclinación hacia arriba. \pna Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech. \pea It would be better to ask for that there land in the open. It neither has rocks nor is steeply inclined. \psa Sería mejor pedir esa tierra allá donde hay campo. Ni tiene piedras, ni está inclinada. \pna Pakah ne:, itlakotia:n tlakaltech. \pea It is there, halfway up the steep slope. \psa Allá está, a la mitad de la cuesta muy inclinada. \syna tlekowa:ya:n \syno tla:ltech \syno kekowa:ya:n \syno tlapowetska:n \revised 7/28/04 \sem topography \xrb kal \xrl -tech \dis tlakaltech; temowa:ya:n; (ka:n) pilkatok \nse In Ameyaltepec this term is used in reference to a slope that is upward. For a downward slope <nla>temowa:ya:n</nla> is used (e.g., <spn>bajada</spn>. \nse In Oapan <no>tla:ltech</no> is used to indicate something low to the ground as well as a downward slope, for which <nlo>tlapelkaya:h</nlo> is also used. In Ameyaltepec there are two words: <na>tlakaltech</na> to indicate a steep slope and <nla>tla:ltech</nla> to indicate closeness to the ground. Oapan also has <no>tla:ltechioh</no> the precise meaning of which still needs to be determined. Cristino Flores indicóque la traducción de esta palabra es <spn>vereda</spn>. \qry Determine precise grammatical category of this lexeme. \mod Originally the /lxo entry was /tla:ltech/, but this has been given a different entry. \sj tlakaltech or tlahkaltech \revised 13/7/04 \ref 00016 \lxa xtekitl \lxac xtekitl \lxo xtekitl \lxoc xtekitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \seao easy; to not be difficult \ssao fácil \pno Xtekitl wa:hla:s. \peo It's no problem for him to come. \pso No le es difícil venir. \revised 7/28/04 \cfao tekitl \ref 00017 \lxa one:wi:ltilia \lxac kone:wi:ltilia \lxo one:wi:ltilia \lxoc kone:wi:ltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc Dir-V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to send (sb) on the way there for (or 'against' as a malefactive) \ssao encaminar o mandar (algn) hacia allá para (o 'contra' como un malefactivo) \pna Saniman timitsone:wi:ltili:s, saniman nikonixiti:s. \pea I'll send him on for you right away (in this case making sure that a hired worker goes to the field), I'll go wake him up right away. \psa Te lo voy a mandar luego luego (en este caso un trabajador contratado para que vaya al trabajo), luego luego lo voy a ir a despertar. \pno Nochipa nikone:wi:ltilia Pablo i:tskwin. \peo I always send Pablo's dog away (e.g., after he has followed Pablo here). \pso Siempre le corro a Pablo su perro (p.ej., después de que lo ha seguido aquí) \seao to take (sth) there for \ssao llevar (algo) allá para \pna Saniman timitsone:wi:ltili:s motlaxkal. \pea I will take your tortillas to you right away. \psa Luego luego te voy a llevar tus tortillas. \sem motion \revised 7/28/04 \xrb e:wa \xvbao one:wi:ltia \dis onti:tlanilia; one:wi:ltilia \nse Apparently <na>timitsone:wi:ltili:s motlaxkal</na> is the virtual equivalent of <na>Timitsonka:wili:s motlaxkal</na>. In both cases the subject personally takes the object (here tortillas) to the recipient. A different situation occurs with <na>Timitsonti:tlanili:s motlaxkal</na> ; in this case the tortillas are simply being sent along with someone else, such as a child who is told to take food out to the field. Note, however, that when the secondary object is human (and thus volitional) it is sent and moves by itself, e.g., <na>Timitsone:wi:ltili:s mopió:n</na> 'I will send your worker on his way (there) for you.' \qry Check for /wa:le:wi:ltilia/. Check <na>Timitsone:wi:ltili:s mopió:n</na> meaning. \ref 00018 \lxa -ma:k \lxac ima:k \lxo -ma:k \lxoc i:ma:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-poss-k(o) \seao in the hand of \ssao en la mano de \pna O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s. \pea I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand. \psa Me apachuré el pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano. \pna Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes ixkopi:nahlo! \pea Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! \psa ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! \pna I:mima:k tlatlas beli:tah. \pea Candles will burn in their hands (said of the bride and bridegroom who hold candles during a wedding ceremony). \psa Velas se van a prender en sus manos (dicho del novio y novia, quienes sostienen velitas durante la ceremonia matrimonial). \seo in the possession of \sso en la posesión de \pno Nawa noma:k o:noka:w, xokihtik yo i:teko. \peo It stayed in my possession, its owner did not take it along. \pso Se quedó en mi poder, su dueño no se lo llevó. \pno I:ma:k o:nkah motla:l. \peo Your land is in his hands (e.g., in reference to pawned land)- \pso Tu tierra estáen sus manos (p. ej., en referencia a tierra empeñada). \revised 7/28/04 \xrb ma: \xrl -ko \qry Check with /makpal/ \nse Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this term, although it was previously recorded in Ameyaltepec. It appears to be no longer used in this village although it is utilized in Oapan. \grm Copula: /Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo!/ 'Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!' Note the use of the future copula /yes/ with /nemi/, which in this case has a more auxiliary or adverbial function. A separate entry for /nemi/ as is created on this basis. \ref 00019 \lxa tepachowa \lxac kitepachowa \lxo tepachowa \lxoc kitepachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to press down by placing underneath the weight of a rock (e.g., palm that will be used for thatching) \ssao prensar bajo el peso de una piedra (p. ej., palma en preparación para utilizarla para techar) \pna O:kitepacho:to so:ya:tl, ke:kchi:was ikal. \pea He went to place rocks on top of cut palm, he's going to fix up (or construct) his house. \psa Fue a colocar piedras sobre palma cortada, va a arreglar (o construir) su casa. \seao to cover with rocks (e.g., so it does not appear, such as a dead snake so that it does not frighten others) \ssao cubrir o tapar con piedras (p. ej., para esconder algo como una culebra muerta) \pno Ikwa:k nipitentsi:n katka nihtepachowa:ya i:te:nko tsi:katl. \peo When I was little I used to cover up ant holes with rocks. \pso Cuando era pequeña tapada los hormigueros con piedras. \sea to throw a heavy rock on or at (e.g., an animal to kill it or chase it away) \ssa aventar piedras a (p. ej., a un animal para matarlo o ahuyentarlo) \pna Skontila:na tetl para tiktepacho:s un kuwatl! \pea Reach over and grab a rock to crush that snake (with a rock)! \psa ¡Agárrale una piedra para aplastar esa culebra! \seao to smash a rock against; to hit hard with a rock \ssao golpear con una piedra \pna Xtepacho un kuwtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok! \pea Smash a rock against that stump (by throwing it) to that it comes out (gets uprooted) from there where it is planted in the ground! \psa ¡Golpé ale fuerte a ese tocón con una piedra para que se desarraigue de donde está metido en la tierra! \pna Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl, itlampa pakah michin. \pea You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). \psa Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). \cfo tlamixtsontemo:tla \revised 7/28/04 \sem contact \xrb te \xrb pach \nse In the action indicated by <na>kitepachowa so:ya:tl</na> the palm is cut and then placed on the ground, flattening out each group of leaves and putting another set of fronds on top, slightly lower, like cards partially laid one over the other in a line. The stones are placed on top of the palm so that it dries flat and wide, perfect for the thatching of a house. In Oapan the term <no>tepachowa</no> is used to indicate the action of covering something with stones, as it is in Ameyaltepec. However in Ameyaltepec it can also be used to refer to the action of throwing a heavy stone on something. Note that if one hits something repeatedly with a stone the form <nlao>tetso:tsona</nlao> is used. \ref 00020 \lxa tlai:tlani \lxac tlai:tlani \lxo tláitláni \lxop tlaitlani \lxoc tláitláni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao to formally request a bride with a representative who knows the formal, ritualized discourse used on this occasion \ssao pedir formalmente a una novia con un representante quien conoce el discurso formal y ritualizado para estos eventos \xrb htlani \xvaa tlaitlanilia \fla tlatlani \cfa tlaitlanke:tl \revised 7/28/04 \sem communicate \nse <na>Tlai:tlani</na> refers to the action whereby the suitor's father and a representative (<nla>we:weh</nla> (Am) / <nlo>wé:wetlí</nlo> (Oa)) go to the house of the potential bride with drink and cigarettes, thus beginning the long process of asking for a young girl's hand in marriage. \nae Apparently the long vowel in Ameyaltepec results from the lenition of *h. However, there is also the possibility that it is related to a folk etymology that relates this word to drinking, <nlao>tlai</nlao>, with an underlyingly long final /i:/. \ref 00021 \lxa kiki:ski \lxac kiki:ski \lxo kíkí:ski \lxop kiki:ski \lxoc kíkí:ski \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:kí:ski</no> \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \pa yes-rdp \seao person who is always out on the town, visiting friends or social spots \ssao parrandero, paseador \pna Melá: tikiki:ski, san tikiki:stinemi. \pea You're a real party-goer, you just go around about on the town. \psa De veras eres un parrandero, nada más andas de paranda. \cfao tsi:npaxia:l \cfa kiki:ske:tl \xrb ki:sa \revised 7/28/04 \dis Check meaning of this word, and of /kiki:ske:tl/ since I have different glosses. I have thus changed them from synonyms to cfa. \nse The agentive noun <na>kiki:ski</na> does not refer to a vagrant but rather to a person who goes out a lot, wandering around the village not doing anything in particular, just visiting friends and stopping in the <spn>cantinas</spn> for a drink of soda or beer. \nae Although <na>kiki:ske:tl</na> is stated to be correct in Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used; <na>kiki:ski</na> is much more common. \ref 00022 \lxa tlami:nahli \lxac tlami:nahli \lxo tlami:nahli \lxoc tlami:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao type of witchcraft that involves"food poisoning,"the placement of small animals or insects in the victim's intestines through the imbibing or eating of contaminated drink or food \ssao tipo de hechicería que involucra el envenonamiento de comida, la colocación de un animalito o insecto pequeño en los intestinos de la víctima quien ingiere una bebida o comida contaminada \seao bow \ssao arco (para usar con flecha) \xrb mi:na \fla mi:na \spk brujería \revised 7/28/04 \nse Bows in Oapan used to be made <nbo>tepe:ixkihli</nbo>, the best wood for this purpose. \qry Check to make sure that this refers to the action of bewitching and not to the person so bewitched. Note that the nominalized form has only been documented for <nla>tlami:nahli</nla>, which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. One might check whether <na>tlami:nahli</na> would indicate 'person bewitched with food poisoning,' much as in Classical <n>tlamachtilli</n> indicates 'alumni' or 'student.' \ref 00023 \lxa kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal \lxac kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of cockroach, still not identified \ssa tipo de cucaracha, todavía no identificada \sem animal \sem insect \syno kala:chin mátlapáleh \xrb kala:ch \xrb piya \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that there are two types of <no>kala:chih</no> including a small one that has wings. However, the Ameyaltepec complex lexeme for this type of cockroach is not used in Oapan. In one conversation Cristino Flores referred to a type of cockroach called <na>kala:chin kipia :ma:stla:kapal</na>, apparently the same as the one named in this entry. This type of cockroach can not fly very far. Apparently there are two types of cockroach. One is large while the other is small. It is this small one that forms wings. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n; kala:chin \ref 00024 \lxa pestia \lxac pestia \lxo pestia \lxoc pestia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to become smooth (e.g., a <spn>molcajete</spn> after much use) \ssao quedarse o ponerse liso (p. ej., un molcajete después de mucho uso) \se to acquire a smooth coat of fur (e.g., a well-fed animal; syn. <nlao>petsiwi</nlao>) \ss quedarse con el pelo liso (p. ej., un animal bien alimentado; sin. <nlao>petsiwi</nlao>) \xrb pets \dis pestia; petsiwi \revised 8/5/2004 \nse Oapan, this verb is used to describe the smoothing that happens with age to various objects: <nlo>metlatl</nlo>, <nlo>metlapihli</nlo>, the surface of a table or floor etc. In can be applied to body parts that have gotten smooth, for example after a rash or case of pimples; cf. <nlo>xa:yakapestia</nlo>. \nae Although the verbalizer <n>-tia</n> is generally a means of creatinig a denominal verb (e.g., <na>sowa:tia</na>) in this case the Balsas dialects have no noun * <n>pestli</n> corresponding to a potential nominal stem for the verbalized headword entry <n>pestia</n>. Nevertheless, such a nominal form is found in Classical as Molina has <n>petztli</n> 'piedra de espejos' and RS has <n>petztli</n> 'pirita, mineral que los mexicanos utilizaban para hacer espejos.' Both dictionaries have <n>petztia</n> as in M 'pararse muy liso, o luzio, lo acecalado o bruñido.' \qry Check difference between /petsiwi/ and /pestia/ if there is any. \grm Verbalization; /-tia/: Note that in general /-tia/ seems to be a means of verbalizing noun (e.g., /sowa:tia/). However, in this case there is no noun */pestli/ in Ameyaltepec though there is in Classical. Thus RS has /petztli 'pirita, mineral que los mexicanos utilizaban para hacer espejos.' RS also has /petztia/ 'ponerse muy brillante, un objeto que se bruñe.' The sense is of polished smooth to the point of shining. \ref 00025 \lxa kuwpitso \lxac kuwpitso \lxo kohpitso \lxoc kohpitso \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao wild boar or pig \ssao jabalí \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb kow \xrb pitso \nct yo:lki \ref 00026 \lxa tlanchikohlo \lxac itlanchikohlo \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2; Intrin(head) \sea small crosspiece tied onto a rod, used to hook and pull things (such as fruit plucked from a tree) \ssa pequeño travesaño atado a una caña o vara que se utiliza para enganchar y jalar cosas (como la fruta jalada de un árbol) \pna Xtla:li itlanchikohlo nochikol! \pea Put the crosspiece on my <spn>chikol</spn> ! \psa ¡Ponle su travesaño a mi chikol! \pna Ye kipia itlanchikol. \pea It (a <nla>chikohli</nla>) already has its crosspiece in place. \psa Ya tiene (un chikol) su pequeño travesaño. \sem tool-cultivate \revised 5/08/04 \syno 'chikóhlo \xrb tlan \xrb chihkol \nse Although obligatorily possessed, both the form with the part/whole possessed marker <na>-yo</na> (as the headword) and without the possessed marker <na>-yo</na> (p. ej., <na>i:tlanchikol</na>) have been documented although the form with the possessed marker is far more common. \qry Check the vowel length of the final /o/. Note that since the Oapan cognate has pitch-accent, this suggests the possibility of /chihko:l/ as the stem. \mod Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard. \grm Possession: In the case of /tlanchikol/ or /tlanchikohlo/, both types of possession have been documented, i.e. with and without /-yo/. The reference is to the crosspiece on a rod used to pull down fruits from up high on trees. The two cases I have are: /Xtla:li itlanchikohlo nochikol!/ and /Ye kipia itlanchikol/. \ref 00027 \lxa ka:wa \lxac kika:wa \lxo ka:wa \lxoc kika:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to abandon (e.g., a spouse in leaving a household) \ssao abandonar (p. ej., un esposo en dejar de vivir conél o ella) \pna O:kika:w isuwa:w. \pea He left his wife. \psa Dejó a su esposa. \seao (refl.) to lag behind (in performing a task, in movement toward a given destination, in a given state or condition, etc.); to stay behind; to remain (behind in a given place) \ssao (refl.) quedarse atrás (en hacer una tarea, mover hacia algún destino, estar en un estado o condición en particular, etc.) \pna On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w. \pea That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind. \psa Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedó atrás. \pna O:wa:lnoka:w, xwel nenemi. \pea He got left behind, he can't walk well. \psa Se quedó atrás, no camina bien. \seao (refl.) to acquire a certain permanent or semi-permanent state \ssao (refl.) adquirir o estar en un cierto estado permanente o semi-permanente \pna Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik. \pea I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun). \psa Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol). \seao (generally with a directional) to (go or come and) leave off; to drop off (here or there) \ssao (generalmente con un direccional) (ir o venir a) dejar \pna Nikominka:was te:cha:n. \pea I'm going to go drop (leave) them off at someones house. \psa Los voy a ir a dejar en una casa ajena. \pna Xo:nikwa:kik, o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s te:chan, nihkwitiki:sas kwa:k oksepa niá:s. \pea I didn't bring it with me, I left it off at somone's house on the way here. I'll pick it up on the way when I go again. \psa No me lo traje, camino hacia acá lo pasé a dejar en casa ajena. Lo voy a recoger cuando vaya otra vez. \seao (refl. with <na>i:wa:n</na>) to head a different way from; to part ways (forever) \ssao (refl. con <na>i:wa:n</na>) tomar rumbos distintos; despedirse de (para siempre) \pna Nika:n timoka:wan. \pea Here we will take leave of each other (part ways). \psa Aquínos despedimos (al ser que cada quien va por su lado) \pna Iwa:n nimoka:was, xok kwahli ke:n kichi:wa. \pea I'm going to go a separate way from him, what he does is no longer any good. \psa Me voy a despedir deél (esto es, tomo otro camino), ya no está bien lo que hace. \src CF Nakas 1:25 \pna A:man ke:mah, kas timoka:waskeh. \pea Now indeed, it seems that we will part ways. \psa Ahora sí, parece que nos vamos a dejar. \pno A:man i:pan agosto milá: noka:ka:wah tohni:wa:n. \peo Now in August our fellow citizens each go their own way. \pso Ahora en agosto nuestros paisanos va cada quien por su propio rumbo. \seao (recipr.) to get divorced; to split up (a couple relationship) \ssao (recipr.) divorciarse; dejarse (en una relación de pareja) \pna O:noka:hkeh. \pea They got divorced. \psa Se divorciaron. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to desist from doing (sth such as a task) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desistir de, dejar de (p. ej., hablar, de llevar a cabo una tarea, de hacer algo como tocar una canción) \pna Yo:nkaka:w ika nitlai:xma:tokak. \pea I stopped using my hand to smooth over a surface. \psa Dejé esto de correr mi mano (sobre algo) para alisarlo. \pno Tí:hká:was. \peo You're going to stop it (e.g., doing a chore). \pso Vas a dejar de hacerlo (p. ej., de hacer una tarea). \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to leave alone (a person, such as sb being approach for a job, a girlfriend or boyfriend who had been pursued for a long time) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dejar en paz (p. ej., a algn solicitado para un trabajo, o a un novio o novia después de mucho tiempo juntos) \pna A:man yo:ne:chkaka:w, xok itlah ne:chihlia, xok ne:chiyo:le:wa. \pea Now he's left me alone (in this case said by a girl who had been courted 2 or 3 years), he doesn't say anything to me anymore, he doesn't court me anymore. \psa Ahora me ha dejado en paz (dicho por una joven que había recibido las atenciones de un muchacho), ya no me dice nada, ya no me corteja. \seao (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to keep quiet; to stop (e.g., carrying out a task) \ssao (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) mantenerse tranquilo o quieto (p. ej., de llevar a cabo un trabajo o tarea) \pna Nimokaka:was, xok itlah nikito:s. \pea I'm going to be quiet, I'm not going to say anything anymore. \psa Voy a mantenerme quieto, ya no voy a decir nada. \pna Xmokaka:wa! Ma:ka san xtsatsito! \pea Be quiet! Don't just be shouting! \psa ¡Tranquilízate!¡No estés gritando! \pna Xmokaka:wa! Xtelti un tekitl! \pea Leave of! Stop doing that job (task)! \psa ¡Tranquilo!¡Deja de hacer ese trabajo!. \sea (with long vowel reduplication) to leave off at various locations (e.g., in distributing food among relatives; syn. Oa with short vowel reduplication) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir a dejar uno tras otro en varios lugares (p. ej., al dejar comida a las casas de parientes; sin. Oa con reduplicación de vocal corta) \pna Kinka:ka:was un da:nsas. \pea She (in this case the dancemaster) will drop off each dancer at her respective home. \psa Ella (en este caso la maestra de danza) va a dejar a cada danzante en su propia casa. \pna Tikonka:ka:was i:n. \pea You're going to go leave this in various places. \psa Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares. \seao (<nao>¡Xi Diós mitska:wa</nao> !) God has not abandoned you! \ssao (<nao>¡Xi Diós mitska:wa</nao> !)¡Diós todavía no te abandona! \sem motion \cfa ka:wte:wa \cfo ka:hte:wa \nae In <na>nikominka:was</na> note the metathesis from {kim+on+ka:was} to <na>kominka:was</na>. \xrb ka:wa \xv1a tlakaka:wa \xv1o tlá:ká:wa \xv1ao tlaka:wa \xvaa ka:wilia \xvca ka:waltia \cfa xka:wa \cfa ka:wte:wa \nse A form such as <na>timitskaka:wa</na> is not used in the sense of 'I shut you up' or 'I make you quiet' although the reflexive has this sense, i.e. of 'to quiet oneself.' However, the causative <na>ka:waltia</na> with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> as an indefinite null complement is used transitively in this sense of 'to quiet down': <na>timistlaka:waltia</na> 'I quiet you down.' As to the form <na>(on)tlaka:wa</na>, note that the complementary meaning 'to go a bring in animals left to graze' is <na>(on)tlaa:na</na>. One example of the use of <na>kaka:wa</na> refers to courting: if one has a novia and for 2 or 3 years she doesn't want to get married, finally one may say <na>a:man timitskaka:was</na> 'I will now leave you alone,' i.e., I will stop saying things to you about marriage. However, <na>kaka:wa</na> may also be used to refer to stopping or stopping saying other things not connected to courting. In the expression <nao>Xi Diós mitska:wa</nao>, which may also be pron ounced <nao> X Diós mitska:wa</nao> as well as use other objects such as <nao>Xi Diós te:chka:wa</nao> (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic <nao>x-</nao> is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form <nao>xi</nao>, which might derive from <nao>ye</nao> or <nao>i</nao> ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form <nao>xe</nao> is not acceptable here. Finally, note that <nao>x-</nao> may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in <nao>XJuan te:chpale:wi:s</nao> 'It is not Juan who will help us!' \qry Nevertheless, despite the fact that /kaka:wa/ seems to have a different meaning with a reflexive as opposed to a transitive object, check the possible meaning and use of /timitskaka:wa/, etc. Check if /nitlaka:wtok/ is a possible word. Check the difference between /timitska:wa/ and /timitskaka:wa/ said by a boy to his girlfriend. \grm Negative/optative: In the expression <nao>Xi Diós mitska:wa</nao>, which may also be pronounced <nao>X Diós mitska:wa</nao> as well as use other objects such as <nao>Xi Diós te:chka:wa</nao> (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic <nao>x-</nao> is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form <nao>xi</nao>, which might derive from <nao>ye</nao> or <nao>i</nao> ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form <nao>xe</nao> is not acceptable here. Finally, note that <nao>x-</nao> may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in <nao>XJuan te:chpale:wi:s</nao> 'It is not Juan who will help us!' \revised 5/08/04 \ref 00028 \lxa tiske:tl \lxac tiske:tl \lxo tiske:tl \lxoc tiske:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao woman or adolescent girl hired to grind maize for tortillas and, by extension, to prepare food for a man, group, or household \ssao molendera, mujer o muchacha contratada para moler maíz y hacer tortillas y, por extensión, preparar comida para un hombre o grupo de gente \sem cook \xrb tisi \revised 5/08/04 \ref 00029 \lxa pe:lowa \lxac kipe:lowa \lxo pe:lowa \lxoc kipe:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \seao to slice or split open lengthwise; to slit open (a slaughtered animal such as fish, pigs, cattle, chicken, etc.) \ssao cortar o abrir a lo largo; abrir en canal (un animal como pescado, marrano, ganado, pollo, etc.) \pna Kipe:lotokeh pitso. \pea They are slitting open the pig. \psa Le están abriendo el marrano en canal. \seao to pull the sides apart and open wide (e.g., a box, plastic basin, a ceramic bowl of wet clay, etc.) \ssao extender o abrir los lados para dejar abierto (p. ej., un cartón, caso de plástico, un plato hondo de barro fresco) \sem distort-fissure \xrb pe:l \xv1a tlape:lowa \cfo tlaxikipe:lowa \obj pitso \obj wa:kax \obj michin \obj pió \qry Probably /pe:liwi/ exists, although I have not yet documented this use without NI. \ref 00030 \lxa i:xte:nkoya:wi \lxac i:xte:nkoya:wi \lxo i:xte:nkoya:wi \lxoc i:xte:nkoya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become stretched out or widened (a small opening, such as a buttonhole) \ssao ensancharse (una abertura en forma de ojo, como un ojal) \pna Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n. \pea My clothes become unbuttoned (lit., my buttons snap out of place), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out. \psa Se desbotona mi ropa (lit., se descolocan mis botoncitos), los ojales de mi ropa se han ensanchado. \sem distort-fissure \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \subadj reso:rteh kweri:toh \qry Cf. definition for /i:xte:nkoya:wa/ and determine whether /te-/ can be used with the intransitive. I have no examples, but probably it can be. Also determine whether a similar meaning is found, i.e., refering to the sockets of a person or animals eyes to be without the eyeball. \ref 00031 \lxa mama:yo:tia \lxac nomama:yo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia[refl] \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to fill out with a lot of branches (a tree) \ssa (refl.) llenarse con muchas ramas (unárbol) \pna Nomama:yo:ti:s, kwaltsi:n noka:was. \pea It will fill out with a lot of branches, it will wind up looking nice. \psa Se le van a salir muchas ramas, al final quedarábonito. \syno ma:tia \xrb ma: \qry The example I had from conversation is with the transitive verb in reflexive. Check to see if intransitive ending in /-yowa/ exists and whether there is a difference between the intransitive use of the form and the reflexive use. \ref 00032 \mod This entry /yowa/ was eliminated as a duplicate of 3258. \dt 29/Dec/2004 \ref 00033 \lxa ikxipil we:i \lxac i:kxipil we:i \lxo ixipil we:i \lxoc i:xipil we:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn i-loss; N2; Aln \seao big toe \ssao dedo gordo del pie \pna Toma:wak mokxipil we:i. \pea Your big toe is fat. \psa Tu dedo gordo del pie está grueso. \sem body \sem human \syna ikxipil bie:joh \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb we:i \qry Check whether one can state /nixipilwe:i/. If this is correct then it should be given a separate entry as a single adjectival lexeme /ixipilwe:i/ in which the nominal incorporation is like possessor raising (i.e., equal to /we:i noxipil/. \vl Check for /lxoc form to insure that the initial sound is a long /i:/ of the possessor and not the stem vowel. I would imagine that in pronouncing this word without an absolutive. Note that added tokens of this word are at 3469. \ref 00034 \lxa kwala:nia \lxac kikwala:nia \lxo kwala:nia \lxoc kikwala:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to anger; to make angry \ssao hacer enojar \pna Timokwala:nian, xwel timowi:kan. \pea We get angry with each other, we don't get along. \psa Nos hacemos enojar, no nos llevamos bien. \se (refl. plus <n>-wa:n</n>) to get angry with \ss (refl. con <n>-wa:n</n>) hacerse enojar o enojarse con \pna Xkaman te:wa:n nimokwala:nia. \pea I never get angry with anyone. \psa Nunca me enojo con nadie. \seao to cause to foam (a liquid such as beer or soda) \ssao hacer espumar o salir espuma (a una bebida como cerveza o refresco) \sem emotions \xrb kwala: \nse The sense of 'to cause to foam' is based on the intransitive use of <nla>kwala:ni</nla> to mean 'to foam up.' \ref 00035 \lxa kana:wak \lxac kana:wak \lxo kana:wak \lxoc kana:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to be thin (in the sense of objects with extended surfaces, such as ceramics, wooden boards, cloth, tortillas, etc., that are not thick) \ssao ser o estar delgado, de poco grosor (objetos con superficies extendidas, como cerámica, tablas de madera, ropa o tela, tortillas, etc.) \pna Achi kana:wak. \pea It's somewhat thin. \psa Es algo delgado. \pna Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n. \pea Your ceramic bowls are thin (i.e., with thin walls). \psa Tus platos hondos de barro son delgados (esto es, sus paredes son de poco grosor). \pna Kakana:wak notlaxkal. \pea Your tortilla is thin in places. \psa Tu tortilla está delgado en algunos lugares. \xrb kana: \subadj tlaxkahli \qry Check translation of /a:chi kana:wak/, i.e. whether it is used to compare. At the same time, investigate comparisons. Check or recheck difference between /kakana:hkeh/ and /kakana:wak/. \grm Note the difference in pluralization: /Kakana:wak notlaxkal/ your tortilla (sg) is thin in places (pl). Compare this to /Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n/ your bowls are thin in places' in which the plural of the object is indicated by the plural ending /-keh/, whereas the reduplication indicates plurality of place (on one specific item). \ref 00036 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yexoxo:hki \lxoc yexoxo:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seo type of food made with <nlo>pi:pitiketl</nlo> \sso tipo de comida hecha con <nlo>pi:pitiketl</nlo> \sem food-maize \equiva yexoxo:hka:tsi:n \xrb e \xrb xo: \ref 00037 \lxa xoko:ya \lxac xoko:ya \lxo xoko:ya \lxoc xoko:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to go bad; to spoil (turning acidic and sour, as cooked beans do after time) \ssao acedarse; echarse a perder (quedando agrio y acídico, como frijoles cocidos después de un tiempo) \pna Wel xoko:ya deke xtiktoto:nia. \pea It can go bad if you don't heat it up (in this case beans). \psa Se puede acedar si no los calientas (en este caso frijoles). \xrb xoko \subadj mo:hli \subadj yetl \nse <n>Xoko:ya</n> refers to a process whereby food spoils and turns bad, forming a foam on its surface. Most typically, this occurs with beans. \ref 00038 \lxa pa:tsiwi \lxac pa:tsiwi \lxo pa:tsiwi \lxoc pa:tsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to get wet or soaked \ssao mojarse; empaparse \pna O:pa:tsiwilo:k. \pea People got wet. \psa Se mojó la gente. \pna Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih. \pea Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor). \psa Todo se mojó bien parejo, le eché agua bien (en este caso sobre un piso de tierra). \xrb pa:ts \grm Impersonal passive: Note the following phrase: /Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih/ 'Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor).' The first thing to note is how /kwahli/ is a predicate modifier and refers to the evenness of the 'becoming wet.' However, note that despite the fact that the first phrase is an impersonal, with no specific referent, the second clause has a specific object, obviously that which 'became wet.' \ref 00039 \lxa petskuwi:xin \lxac petskuwi:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-S-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea type of small lizard, still no definitively identified \ssa tipo de lagarto pequeño, todavía no identificado plenamente \sem animal \sem lizard \xrb pets \xrb kowi:x \qry I have entries that give simply /petskowi:xin/. Perhaps the two (with and without initial /a:/) are the same and I have simply misrecorded one of the entries; this should be checked. I don't have /apetskowi:xin/ listed either under /kowi:xin/ or under the animals that are described as crawling: /noma:tila:na/. If /apetskowi:xin/ is confirmed as a type of animal (either different from /petskowi:xin/, or the correct form), then the entries under /noma:tila:na/ and /kowi:xin/ should be corrected. Cristino Flores corrected this to /petskowi:xin/. \grm If /a:petskowi:xin/ is correct then this should be noted as a possible type of combination in the grammar. Indeed, plant and animal names often have the most interesting and unusual morphologies. \ref 00040 \lxa po:kyowa \lxac po:kyowa \lxo po:hyowa \lxoc po:hyowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia[x] \infv class-4a \seao to get sooty from smoke \ssao cubrirse de hollín a causa de humo \pna Po:kyowas, tli:liwis. \pea It will get sooty from smoke, it will turn black. \psa Se va a cubrir de hollín por el humo, se va a enegrecer. \xrb po:k \subadj kahli \nse This word can refer to anything that gets covered with soot, i.e., things hung near smokey fires. \dis po:kyowa; po:che:wi; po:ktia \qry Determine whether there is a transitive form /po:kio:tia/? \ref 00041 \lxa chichi:ka:tl \lxac chichi:ka:tl \lxo chi:chi:katl \lxoc chi:chi:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \seao bile \ssao hiel \seao gall bladder \ssao vesícula bilial \sem body \spk hiel \xrb chichi: \nse Although consultants generally translated forms such as <na>i:chichi:kaw</na> (Am) as 'su hiel,' from verbal descriptions it appears that this lexeme can also refer to an organ, the gall bladder. The following animals have <na>i:chi:chi:kaw</na> according to Cristino Flores: <na>michin</na>, <na>pitso</na>, <na>masa:tl</na>, <na>te:jon</na>. \qry Check meaning as"gall bladder."Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. I have an entry on one of the original file cards as /ichichicaw pio/, probably the same lexeme as here. \pqry Check vl for both dialect. \vl Check. \grm Perhaps this is an example of a word with 'incorporation' possessive; RS has /chichicatl/ as"hiel."Cf. entry under /ikniwtli/. Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. \ref 00042 \lxa tewistik \lxac tewistik \lxo tewistik \lxoc tewistik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \seao to be bumpy; to be uneven (with bulging or protruding sections, such as the bark of the <nba>po:cho:tl</nba> or <nba>chalalatli</nba>, the skin of an alligator or horned toad, the surface of a pineapple, etc.) \ssao tener topes (una superficie con protuberancias, como la cáscara del <nba>po:cho:tl</nba> o <nba>chalalatli</nba>, la piel de un lagarto o <nla>tepaxin</nla>, la superficie de una piña, etc.) \pna Tewistik itla:l. Un tlakomohli, nepantlah tewistik. \pea His land is bumpy. That small open space, it has a small mound in the middle. \psa Su terreno tiene topes. Ese llanito, tiene una protuberancia en medio. \pna Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson. O:kixi:nkeh kanah uwekatlan, kanah wekapan. \pea His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long. \psa Su cabello está trasquilado, está disparejo. En algunos lugares le cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares se lo dejaron largo. \sem texture \xrb tewits \subadj tepa:xin \subadj po:cho:tl \dis tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik \nae The etymology of <na>tewistik</na> is not entirely clear, but it may be related to <nla>wistli</nla>, in which case the underlying final root consonant is /ts/. The initial syllable <n>te</n> might be part of the stem or an independent element (such as <n>te</n> 'stone' or <n>te-</n>, an intensifier). This term, and related verbal forms, refer to a surface that has protruding bumps, often pointed or, at least, with a steep edge. The reduplicated form <na>tetewistik</na> is often used in reference to surfaces with a lot of sharply defined bumps (for example, the surface of the <nla>po:cho:tl</nla> tree). \qry Get a list of all potential subjects. \ref 00043 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /Ipan Patla:wsakayoh/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2002 \ref 00044 \lxa kechposteki \lxac kechposteki \lxo kechposteki \lxoc kechposteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to get a broken neck \ssao romperse el cuello \seao to break its neck (a bottle, <na>a:tekomatl</na>, etc.) \ssao romperse el cuello (una botella, <na>a:tekomatl</na>, etc.) \xrb kech \xrb posteki \qry Make sure that it can be used transitively and intranstively. Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates. \vl There is an additional female token at 5772. It is the one that should be linked. \ref 00045 \lxa tlake:ntekoch \lxac tlake:ntekoch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N/Adj \com N-N(ap) \der N-ap \infn N2/Adj \sea (poss. as noun) plaid or checkered shirt or clothes \ssa (pos. como sustantivo) ropa o camisa de cuadritos \sea (unposs. as adjectival) to be clothed in a checkered or plaid outfit or shirt \ssa (no pos. como adjectival) estar vestido con ropa de cuadritos \cfo tekoxtik \xrb ke:m \xrb tekoch \fla tekoch \nse <nla>Tekoch</nla> refers to the woodpecker and, by extension, to its coloring, which is said to be checkered or variegated. \nae <na>Tlake:ntekoch</na> can function in two manners. In the first, the one-place predicate <na>nitlake:ntekoch</na> 'I am"checkered-shirted,"' the paradigm is that of"possessor raising"in that the subject represents the possessor of the incorporated noun (i.e., <na>nitlake:ntekoch</na> is semantically similar to <na>tekoch notlake:n</na> or <na>nikpia notlake:n tekoch</na>). This one-place predicate functions as an adjectival (syntactically equivalent, for example, to 'I am long-haired'). In the second, the two-place predicate <na>notlake:ntekoch</na> 'it is my checkered shirt,' the possessor is overtly expressed by the appropriate pronominal prefix, the subject is coreferent with the incorporated noun that is modified by the final attributive noun <na>tekoch</na>. \ref 00046 \lxa teltilia \lxac kiteltilia \lxo teltilia \lxoc kiteltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to stop (e.g., the movement of an animal, the functioning of a machine, etc.) for \ssao parar (p. ej., el movimiento de un animal, el funcionamiento de una máquina, etc.) para \seao to mitigate, calm, or sooth the pain of ([O] is the place or body part that hurts, not the pain itself) \ssao calmar o apaciguar el dolor a ([O] es el lugar o parte del cuerpo que duele, no el dolor mismo) \pna Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa. \pea It doesn't stop the pain where it hurts me. \psa No le quita el dolor donde me duele. \seao to lower the sound of (e.g., a radio) \ssao bajarle el sonido a (p. ej., un radio) \pna Xteltili a:chitsi:n, ma:ka a:sta ihkón chika:wak ma tlatsotsona. \pea Lower the volume on it (a radio) a little, don't have it playing like that so loud! \psa Bájale el volumen (al radio) un poquito,¡quéno estésonando asíde fuerte! \sem motion \xrb tel \xvaa teltilia \dis teltia; teketsa \nae The applicative <na>teltilia</na> changes the nature of the argument structure from that of <na>teltia</na>. In regard to pain, for example, while the object of <na>kiteltia</na> is the pain itself that is felt, with <na>kiteltilia</na> the primary object is the place at which the pain is located. Thus in <na>Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa</na> the implication is that the medicine doesn't stop the pain from affecting the area that is suffering (<na>ka:n ne:chkukwa</na>). The covert secondary object is the pain itself, i.e., 'it doesn't stop the pain [secondary object] from affecting the location [primary object].' Note a similar construction with lowering the sound on a radio: <na>Xteltili achitsi:n</na> literally means 'Lower it (the sound) on the radio' in which 'the radio' is the affected object. In Spanish this would be <spn>Bájale el sonido al radio</spn>, instead of <spn>Baja el sonido</spn>. \grm Applicative: The applicative <na>teltilia</na> changes the nature of the argument structure from that of <na>teltia</na>. In regard to pain, for example, while the object of <na>kiteltia</na> is the pain itself that is felt, with <na>kiteltilia</na> the primary object is the place at which the pain is located. Thus in <na>Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa</na> the implication is that the medicine doesn't stop the pain from affecting the area that is suffering (<na>ka:n ne:chkukwa</na>). The covert secondary object is the pain itself, i.e., 'it doesn't stop the pain [secondary object] from affecting the location [primary object].' Note a similar construction with lowering the sound on a radio: <na>Xteltili achitsi:n</na> literally means 'Lower it (the sound) on the radio' in which 'the radio' is the affected object. In Spanish this would be <spn>Bájale el sonido al radio</spn>, instead of <spn>Baja el sonido</spn>. \ref 00047 \lxa chipa:wa \lxac kichipa:wa \lxo chipa:wa \lxoc kichipa:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to clean (material objects such as clothes, a wall, particularly sth that needs to be cleaned with soap) \ssao limpiar (objetos materiales como ropa, una pared, particularmente algo que se necesita limpiar bien con jabón) \pna On suwa:tl, wel tlachipa:wa, kwahli tlapa:ka. \pea That woman gets things clean, she can wash clothes well. \psa Esa mujer sabe hacer que las cosas queden limpias, lava bien la ropa. \pna Mlátlachipa:wa mojabó:n. \pea Your sopa really gets things clean. \psa De veras limpia bien tu jabón. \se (refl.) to bathe and clean oneself thoroughly \ss (refl.) bañarse y limpiarse bien \pna Kwahli o:timochipa:w. \pea You cleaned (bathed) yourself really well. \psa Te limpiaste (lavaste) bien. \xrb chipa: \cfa tlachipa:wa \ref 00048 \lxa tlaxoxo:hka:n \lxac tlaxoxo:hka:n \lxo tlaxoxo:hka:n \lxoc tlaxoxo:hka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N-tla) \se place or area green with budding plants and trees \ss lugar oárea cubierto en verde por plantas yárboles que están floreciendo \pna Yo:tlaxoxo:wiak. Tlaxoxo:hka:n \pea It has gotten green all over. Everywhere it is green from budding plants. \psa Ya se puso todo verde. En todos lados está verde por los retoños de las plantas. \sem weather \xrb xo: \xrl -ka:n \nse <na>Tlaxoxo:wia</na> and <na>tlaxoxo:hka:n</na> may refer not only to land surfaces but also to water that becomes green from algae. \qry For Oapan FM did not accept *tla:xo:hka:h. \grm Oapan phonology and reduplication: Note that Florencia Marcelino of Oapan did not accept *tla:xo:hka:n, indicating that reduction of reduplicated forms does not occur with lexicalized forms such as /xoxo:hki/. \ref 00049 \lxa pipi:nia \lxac pipi:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x] \rdp Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to become resistent, tough, stretchy, or sinewy and fibrous \ssa ponerse resistente, difícil de partir o destrozar \pna Iswatl kwa:k yo:wa:k dya ipan kiawi, pipi:nia, noka:wa pipi:nki. Xwel tiswate:ka, ma:ski tiktila:nas chika:wak xiska:n noma:ka:wa itech mi:lowatl. \pea When the corn leaves (that will be stripped and used as fodder) have dried and then are rained upon, they become fibery, they become tough. You can't strip them from the stalks, for even if you pull hard on them, they don't easily come off the stalk. \psa El zacate del maíz, cuando ya se secó y llueve sobre ello, se pone correoso, se queda correoso. Ya no puedes zacatear, aunque jalas fuerte, no se desprenden del tallo luego luego. \xrb pi:n \fl pipi:nki \subadj tla:hli kwa:k xok kiawi \subadj tlaxkahli kwa:k ye wa:ktok \nse Neither Inocencio Jímenez nor Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <na>pipi:nia</na> as an intransitive verb, though they did both accept <na>pipi:nki</na>, which they said was applied mostl commonly to wood that is fibery and hard to split. Cristino Flores mentioned that when zacate starts to dry and then is rained upon, <nla>pipichiwi</nla>. Inocencio Días mentioned that he had not heard this verb, and that <nla>pipichiwi</nla> is used instead. Probably this verb should be removed from the lexicon. \qry Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb. \ref 00050 \lxa kwa:xsosohli \lxac kwa:xsosohli \lxo kwa:xté:sohlí \lxop kwa:xté:sohli \lxoc kwa:xté:sohlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-suf[sosohli] \aff Reduced rdp-s(lex) \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \seao old <na>cuaxtle</na>, i.e. palm matting for beasts of burden, that is pulled apart and rolled into a ball for shotgun ammunition \ssao cuaxtle viejo que se despedaza y se hace una bolita para usar en una escopeta (tal vez 'taco' o 'postas' en español) \xrb kwa:ch \xrb hsol \qry Check how this item is used in shotguns. \mod Also, perhaps follow Tom's suggestion and have a separate field for morphemes. \rt Check relation of /sosol/ to /hsol/. \ref 00051 \lxa tsopi:nia \lxac kitsopi:nia \lxo tsopi:nia \lxoc kitsopi:nia \dt 11/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[x] \infv class-2a \seao to prick; to pierce \ssao picar (una superficie al agujerearla) \pna Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas. \pea The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you. \psa Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acá y por allá, te van a causar picor. \seao to inject (e.g., with a syringe and medicine) \ssao inyectar (p. ej., con una jeringa y medicina) \pna Tikwalo, mistsopini:skeh. \pea You are ill, you are going to get an injection. \psa Estás enfermo, te van a inyectar. \seao to stab \ssao acuchillar; apuñalar \se to peck at (e.g., a chicken of its food) \ss picotear; dar picotazos a (p. ej., una gallina a su comida) \pna Xkita in mópio! Yo:pe:w kitsotsopi:nia itlakwal, tli:n yo:tike:kchi:hka. \pea Take a look at your chicken! It's started to peck at its food, that which you made. \psa ¡Ve a tu gallina! Ya empezó a picotear a la comida, la que tu hiciste. \sem distort-fissure \xrb tsopi: \xvkao tsotsopitsa \nse This word may be used in a vulgar sense by men in reference to a male (human or animal) penetrating a female during sexual intercourse. \ref 00052 \lxa a:ichwia \lxaa a:wichwia \lxac ka:ichwia \lxo á:wichwía \lxop á:wichwia \lxoc ká:wichwía \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seao to sprinkle with water (e.g., flowers or other plants, an earthen floor to harden it or keep it from becoming overly dusty) \ssao rociar con agua (p. ej., flores u otra plantas, un piso de tierra para amacizarlo o evitar que se levente el polvo) \src CF Am 901/02:05 \pna Dya kwa:k kona:te:kian tikito:s,"Xka:ichwi!"Kó:n tiktsi:ntepolketsas motso:tsokol noso mokube:tah dya un na:nkah moma 'ki xchi:wilito. Para ma:ka... ma tsikwi:ni a:tl, tikito:s tika:ichwia. \sound_ref_Am 00052_01_am \pea And when they (flowers) are watered, you'd say,"Sprinkle water on them!"You turn your water jug or bucket upside down like this and with that arm you do like this to it, so that it doesn't... so that the water skips out, you'll that that your are sprinkling them \psa Y cuando se rocian vas a decir,"Rociales agua!"Asípones tu cántaro o cubeta boca abajo asíy con este mano asíle haces. Para que no... para que le brinque el agua, vas a decir que le rociaste agua. \pna Iú:n sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis. \pea That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up. \psa Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque. \pna Xka:ichwi para ma:ka tla:ltekwtlan yes! \pea Sprinkle water on it (in this case on the floor) so that the dust and dirt doesn't get all over the place! \psa ¡Rocíale agua (en este caso sobre el piso) para que no se levante el polvo! \pna Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl! \pea Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off! \psa ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que estémás fresco! \pna Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi. \pea I am sprinkling water so that the ground (the dirt floor) gets hard. \psa Estoy rociando agua para que se ponga duro el suelo. \xrb a: \xrb ich \obj so:ya:tl \obj tla:hli \nse The process of sprinkling water is commonly accomplished by pouring water from a container held and tilted with one arm. The other hand is moved rapidly back and forth under the water as it pours out, creating a sprinkling effect. Note that both <na>a:ichwia</na> and <na>a:wichwia</na> are utilized, though the former seems much more common in Ameyaltepec. \nde The Oapan form manifests a high-pitched initial /a:/. Given that no underlying {h} has been documented for this word, it may be that the Oapan pitch-accent on the initial /a:/ derives from reduplication, given that the action referred to is usually carried out repeatedly. \qry Actual tape of one example has the pronunciation <na>a:wichwia:</na>. However, this has been changed, in this dictionary entry, to the more common /a:ichwia:/. Recheck. \mod Add entry from above phrase under /tlasese:hlo:tl/. \ref 00053 \lxanotes zzz \lxac ---- \mod Was /A:chichi:ka:n/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 00054 \lxa o:kpa ixwi:wtli \lxac ika o:kpa ixwi:wtli \lxo o:kpaixwi:htli \lxoc o:kpaixwi:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao great-grandchild (male or female) \ssao bisnieto o bisnieta \pna Yewa noo:kpaixwiw. \pea He/she is my great-grandson/daughter. \psa El/ella es mi bisnieto (o bisnieta). \sem kin \xrb o:k \xrb ixwi:w \xrl -pa \cfa o:kpa \nse The expressions <na>noo:kpaixwiw</na> and <na>i:ka o:kpa noxwiw</na> are equivalent. The term <na>o:kpaixwiwtli</na> (Am) and <no>o:kpaixwihtli</no> are rarely found in unpossessed form. Cristino Flores stated that the form used in Ameyaltepec is <na>ika o:kpa noxwiw</na> and not ? <na>noo:kpaixwiw</na> \nae As with other terms including <nla>ixwiwtli</nla>, the possessed marker has been grammaticalized as part of the nominal stem. \ref 00055 \lxa tijeri:tas \lxac tijeri:tas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tijeritas \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants \ssa tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se halla en las plantas de maíz \sem animal \sem insect \equiva yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh de mi:hli \equivo a:ma:xtlatsi:n \ref 00056 \lxa Tre:s Pote:nsias \lxac Tre:s Pote:nsias \lxo Tre:s Pote:nsiah \lxoc Tre:s Pote:nsiah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tres potencias \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao religious dance performed by young and adult men in San Francisco Ozomatlán (and perhaps other neighboring villages) \ssao danza religiosa presentada por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Francisco Ozomatlán (y quizá otros pueblos circumvecinos) \sem dance \equiva Sie:teh Bi:sios \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from /Sie:teh Bi:sios/. \ref 00057 \lxa so:wtok \lxac so:wtok \lxo so:htok \lxoc so:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc *V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be extended or spread out over a large flat surface \ssao estar tendido o extendido sobre una superficie larga y plana \pna Tepetlayoh. O:kine:xtih a:tl, kiawtli. San so:wtok. \pea There is exposed limestone all over. The water, the rain, made it appear (by washing away the surface cover). It extends over a large flat area. \psa Hay tepetate por todos lados. El agua, la lluvia lo hizo aparecer (al llevarse la tapa de tierra). Extiende por una granárea plana. \seao to have a gentle incline or slight upward slope (an area or piece of land) \ssao tener una leve inclinación hacia arriba (unaárea o pedazo de tierra) \pna Xtlakaltech, san so:wtoktsi:n. \pea It isn't steep, there is just a gentle upward incline. \psa No está muy empinado, hay nada más una leve inclinación hacia arriba. \pna Tla:lkwe:hli, xso:wtok itla:l. \pea The surface is undulating and uneven, his land is not flat and extended. \psa La superficie es algo ondulante, su tierra no está plana y extendida. \xrb so:wa \qry Check vowel length in /tla:lkwe:hli/. Also check /w/ and /h/ in Am and Oa dialects, respectively. \grm /So:wtok/ is a good example of the process by which /-tok/ seems to create resultatives/statives out of transitive verbs. \ref 00058 \lxa tsi:nto:ne:wa \lxac kitsi:nto:ne:wa \lxo tsi:nto:ne:wa \lxoc kitsi:nto:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to cause a burning pain in the anus, rectum, or rear end of \ssao hacer arder el ano, recto o nalgas a \pna Mistsi:nto:ne:was chi:hli. \pea Chile will make your rectum burn (e.g., when defecating). \psa Chile te va a hacer arder el recto (p. ej., al defecar). \fla tsi:nto:ne:wi \xrb tsi:n \xrb to:n \ref 00059 \lxa tsi:nkomol \lxac i:tsi:nkomol \lxo tsi:nkomol \lxoc tsi:nkomol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-b \infn N2 \sea part of the rear end between the small of the back and the crack \ssa parte de las nalgas entre donde termina la columna vertebral y las nalgas mismas \seao big butt (in reference to a butt so big that it sticks out and is slightly flat and concave at the top as a result) \ssao nalgas grandes (en referencia a nalgas tan grandes que crean una superficie algo plana y concava en sus partes superiores) \apao tsi:nkomoltik \xrb tsi:n \xrb komol \qry Check to see if this can be used both as an obligatorily possessed noun (notsi:nkomol 'my big butt') and as a possessor-raising, adjectival, construction (nitsi:nkomol 'I am big-butted'). For now I have it only as a noun 'big butt.' \ref 00060 \lxa a:palwah \lxac a:palwah \lxo a:palwah \lxoc a:palwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seao type of black, or brown and black, snake with a red throat; it often inhabits the water \ssao tipo de culebra negra, o negra y color café, con una garganta roja; a menudo se halla en el agua \sem animal \sem sn \xrb a: \xrb pal \xrb -wah \nct kowatl \cpl According to Luis Lucena, this snake is brown and black with red on its throat. \qry Determine whether to classify /-wah/ here as a suffix. If there were to be a possessed form, determine its nature (i.e., does it have a -ka:w suffix as would be the case with -wah nominals?). \ref 00061 \lxa kwa:uwasoma \lxac kikwa:uwasoma \lxo kwá:wasóma \lxop kwá:wasoma \lxoc kikwá:wasóma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \seao to scratch the head of \ssao rasguñarle o rascarle la cabeza a \pna O:ne:chkwa:teuwason. \pea He scratched my head. \psa Me rascóla cabeza. \sem distort-surface \xrb kwa: \xrb wasoma \dis uwasoma; uwana; motsowa; komolowa (e.g., /tla:lkomolowa/) \qry Apparently this refers to a hard scratch. Check. Check for /uwasoma/ with no IN. \ref 00062 \lxa pa:tska \lxac kipa:tska \lxo pa:tska \lxoc kipa:tska \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to squeeze (particularly to get water or other liquid out of, e.g., of wet clothes, fruits, etc.) \ssao exprimir (particularmente para sacarle agua u otro líquido a, p. ej, a ropa mojada, frutas, etc.) \pna Nikpa:tska notlake:n para ma ki:sa a:tl. \pea I squeeze my clothes so that the water comes out. \psa Exprimo mi ropa para que salga el agua. \se to milk (e.g, a cow) \ss ordeñar (p. ej., una vaca) \xrb pa:tska \xv1ao tlapa:tska \xvaao pa:tskilia \obj ba:kah \obj momapil para ma yeski:stiwetsi \nae RS and FK (perhaps taken from RS) give a causative form <n>pa:tzcaltia</n> ; however, this has not been located in Molina and the original citation for this form is not given in either of the two secondary sources. \ref 00063 \lxa ko:chin \lxac ko:chin \lxo ko:cheh \lxoc ko:cheh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan coche \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 4 \seao car \ssao coche \ref 00064 \lxa pa:xiwi \lxac pa:xiwi \lxo pa:xiwi \lxoc pa:xiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to implode; to collapse upon itself (e.g., sth hollow such as a plastic container that gets softened by heat and whose sides collapse toward the center); to collapse or sink down (soft land that forms a depression); to get or become crushed or squashed (e.g., soft fruit or sth soft yet solid) \ssao implosionar; apachurarse (p. ej., algo hueco como un recipiente de plástico que se calienta y cuyos lados implosionan hacia adentro); sumirse (tierra blanda, el suelo al formarse una depresión en la superficie de la tierra); aplastarse o apachurarse (p. ej., fruta o algo blando y sólido) \pna O:pa:xiw na:tekon. \pea My (plastic) water bottle got crushed. \psa Mi botella de agua (de plástico) implosionó. \pna O:tepapa:xiw -o:tepa:xiw- fle:chah. \pea The bus got smashed (e.g., in an accident). \psa El camión se aplastó(p. ej., en un accidente). \pna O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh. \pea Your banana got crushed. \psa Se aplastótu plátano. \pna O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos. \pea Your bananas got crushed. \psa Se aplastaron tus plátanos. \pna Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi. \pea The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses. \psa Se hunde la tierra, se ablanda y se sume. \seao to deflate; to become flat (e.g., a tire that becomes flat) \ssao desinflar; ponchar (p. ej., una llanta que quede ponchada) \pna O:pa:xiw ya:ntah. \pea The tire got flat. \psa Se ponchóla llanta. \xrb pa:x \nae According to Luis Lucena in the phrase <na>o:pa:xiw ya:ntah</na> the intensifier <n>te-</n> cannot be used (i.e., * <na>o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah</na>). The precise circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. \qry According to Luis Lucena in the phrase <na>o:pa:xiw ya:ntah</na> the intensifier <na>te</na> cannot be used (i.e., * <na>o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah</na>). The precise circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. Check with other cases of this same verb and others. \grm Reduplication; pluralization. The use of reduplication of a verb or adjective to indicate plurality is clear in the following: /O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh/ 'Your banana got crushed.' vs. /O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos/ 'Your bananas got crushed.' The preceding were taken from conversation. One certain question is whether /o:pa:xihkeh moplá:ntanos/ is also correct. If so, check the difference between the plural marker and the reduplication to indicate pluralization/distribution. It seems to me that the reduplication indicates pluralization of many different points on one object, or very many tokens of one type. The plural suffix, on the other hand, seems to indicate greater separation and more specificity. Thus a hotel with all its rooms filled is /tete:ntok/, but many hotels filled is described by /te:ntokeh/. \ref 00065 \lxa kwa:tese:bolió:n \lxaa kwa:tese:bolió:n \lxac kwa:tese:bolió:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan sebo; -ión \psm N \der N-N \infn N1 \sea practical joke \ssa vacilada o broma \pna Ka:chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:bolió:n! \pea It's not true! It's only a joke! \psa ¡No es verdad!¡Es sólo una vacilada! \sea It's on you! \ssa ¡Te caiste (en una vacilada)! \pna Kwa:tese:bolió:n, san o:timitskakaya:w. \pea It's on you! I just fooled you (e.g., it isn't true what I said). \psa ¡Te caiste!¡Nada más te vacilé(p. ej., no era verdad lo que dije). \xrb kwa: \nse This term apparently refers to a practical joke or to the victim. The ending <na>-ió:n</na> is interesting and enters into some words used with children or joking. The noun form borrows from Spanish <na>sebo</na> 'grease or fat' and the saying <na>hacer sebo</na> with the sense of 'to fool around or goof off.' \qry Check to make sure /ka:chikatsi:n/ is correctly written and in the dictionary. \grm Note how again the incorporation of /kwa:-/ is followed by /te-/. This seems very common and it might be well simply to note that the incorporation of /kwa:-/ often involves this"intensifying"element. \ref 00066 \lxa masa:teroh \lxac masa:teroh \lxo masa:teroh \lxoc masa:teroh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <nlao>masa:tl</nlao> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao dear hunter \ssao cazador de venado \pna Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh. \pea I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light (as he walks through the hills). \psa Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado está iluminando con una luz (al caminar en el bosque). \xrb masa: \vl Check \mod Perhaps determine a new category code for this type of word: Nahuatl root plus a Spanish ending (e.g. /mejikane:roh/, /tlatole:roh/, etc.). For /tlatole:roh/ check the length of the /o/ and /e:/, if the /o/ is actually short this would indicate reassignment of length in the root based on Spanish- influenced lengthening. Cf. also /ma:pocheroh/, etc. \ref 00067 \lxa chi:maliwi \lxac chi:maliwi \lxo chi:maliwi \lxoc chi:maliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \seao to spread out in a circle (e.g., a liquid spilled on a flat surface, a dress that billows out as a woman swirls, the outer edge of a village as it expands equally in all directions, a fishing net properly thrown, etc.) \ssao extenderse en forma de círculo (un líquido que se derrama sobre una superficie plana, una falda que se vuela al dar giros la que la tiene puesta, la orilla de un pueblito que se va creciendo igual en todas direcciones, una terraya aventada bien, etc.) \pna Asta chi:maliwi ikwe. \pea Her dress even flies out in a wide open circle (e.g., when she twirls while dancing). \psa Hasta se le vuela la falda en un círculo (p. ej., cuando gira al bailar). \pna Nitotitinemi un suwa:tl, techi:maliwi ikwe. \pea That woman is going along dancing, her dress is billowing out in a large circle. \psa Esa mujer va bailando, su falda se vuela a su alrededor en un gran cículo. \pna Chi:maliwis un tlapahli \pea That (spilled) paint will spread out in an ever-widening circle. \psa Esa pintura (derramada) se va a extenderse hacia afuera en un círculo. \pna Techi:maliwi kohsa:wananakatl kwa:k yo:topo:n. \pea The fungus mushroom called <nla>kuhsa:wananakatl</nla> spreads out in a wide circle when it has burst open. \psa El hongo llamado <nla>kuhsa:wananakatl</nla> forma un gran círculo cuando ya se reventó. \xrb chi:mal \subadj kohsa:wananakatl \subadj i:kow burroh \ref 00068 \lxa ye:lo:tlaxkahli \lxac ye:lo:tlaxkahli \lxo ye:lo:tlaxkahli \lxoc ye:lo:tlaxkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao tortilla made with ripe, green corn (<nla>ye:lo:tl</nla>), called <spn>tlascales</spn> in local Spanish \ssao tortilla hecha con elote, llamado tlascales en el español regional \sem food-maize \xrb ye:lo: \xrb xka \nse Besides <na>ye:lo:tl</na> maize that is <nla>kama:wak</nla> can also be used for making <na>ye:lo:tlaxkahli</na>. \ref 00069 \lxa tlankwi:tsowa \lxac tlankwi:tsowa \lxo tlankwi:tsowa \lxoc tlankwi:tsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to bare ones teeth (e.g., an animal in anger); to snarl \ssao enseñar los dientes (p. ej., un animal enojado); gruñir \pna Xwel kitla:kamati, san wa:ltlankwi:tsowa. \pea He does not obey him (in this case a son of his father), he just snarls back at him. \psa No lo obedece (en este caso un hijo a su padre), nada más le echa gruñe. \sea (with short vowel reduplication) to open up (a weave) \ssa (con reduplication de vocal corta) abrirse (el tejido de una tela) \pna Yo:isoliw motlake:n, o:pe:w tlatlankwi:tsowa. \pea Your clothes are worn out, their weave has started to open up (as a number of threads have started to break). \psa Tu ropa está bien luida, el tejido ha empezado a abrirse (al reventarse algunos hilos). \xrb tlan \xrb kwi:ts \subadj chichi kwa:k mitskwa:snekis \qry FM did not accept meaning of for a weave to open up. \grm Directional: /Xwel kitla:kamati, san wa:ltlankwi:tsowa/ 'He does not obey him (in this case a son of his father), he just snarls back at him.' Note the use of the directional prefix /wa:l-/. In this case it signifies the look that the son gives his father, a look back in anger. The deixis has a reference point which is the location of the experiencer (the father) who sees the snarl. Note how the focus therefore is not on the act of snarling carried out by the son, but by the experience/perception of snarling sensed by the father. \ref 00070 \lxa tlapo:postektli \lxac tlapo:postektli \lxo tlapo:postehtli \lxoc tlapo:postehtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(k) \se something repeatedly folded over (e.g., paper made into a fan, or folded over itself once and again; clothes with pintucks, etc.); pleats \ss algo doblado una y otra vez (p. ej., paper hecho en un abanico o doblado repetidas veces sobre si mismo, o tela con alforzas, etc.); pliegues \xrb posteki \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /tlapo:postektli/ is a good example of long vowel reduplication in a lexical nominalization. The word refers to something that has been folded over once and once again (a paper fan, an item of clothing with pintucks, etc.) \ref 00071 \lxa elna:miki \lxac kelna:miki \lxo ilna:miki \lxoc kilna:miki \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \epen i>0 \se (plus NP or complement) to remember \ss (más frase nominal o complemento) recordarse de \pna Xnikelna:miki tli:no:n o:kitoh. \pea I don't remember what he said. \psa No me acuerdo lo que dijo. \pna Xnikelna:miki notah katka. \pea I don't remember my deceased father. \psa No me acuerdo de mi papáque falleció. \xrb el \xrb na:miki \xvca elna:miktia \xvco ilna:mihtia \nae <na>Elna:miki</na> often takes a complement clause, referencing what was remembered, although it may also take a simple nominal phrase or pronominal argument (e.g., <na>timitselna:miki</na>). In Oapan, with a 3rd-person object and a 1st- or 2nd-person subject the overt marker is absent, e.g., <na>nilna:mikis</na> 'I will remember (it),' which in the orthography used is <no>n'ilna:miki</no>. \qry Check correctness of /timitselna:miki/. \vl Vowel length check in Oa /ni:lna:miki/. Record and place on internet. \ref 00072 \lxa mela:hka:n \lxac mela:hka:n tiaweh \lxo melahka:n \lxoc melahka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der Loc-? \infn N1(loc) \se direct route \ss camino directo \pna Ma:s sa: mela:hka:n tiaweh. \pea The way we are going is more direct. \psa Es más derecho por donde vamos. \xrb mela: \xrl -ka:n \qry Check to see if this correct as written. Perhaps it should be /ma:s sa: mela:hka:n/ or /ma:s san mela:k/. Also recheck long vowel for final /a/. Apparently this is an apocopated form of /melaktik/. Check both. \vl Check for Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms: length of /a/. \ref 00073 \lxa mache:teh \lxac mache:teh \lxo machi:teh \lxoc machi:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan machete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se machete \ss machete \sem tool \nse There are two types of machetes, a curved machete <na>mache:teh araba:toh</na> and a straight machete, called <nla>mache:teh la:rgoh</nla> in Ameyaltepec and <nlo>machi:teh peya:stli</nlo> in Oapan. \ref 00074 \lxa te:mpo:poxowa \lxac note:mpo:poxowa \lxo te:mpopoxowa \lxoc kite:mpopoxowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to rub or push ones lips or mouth around, or back and forth, on \ss frotar los labios en o sobre, de un lado a otro \pna San note:mpo:poxowa ipan ina:n, chi:chisneki \pea It just pushes and rubs its mouth around its mother (i.e., her breast, e.g., a young calf), it wants to suckle. \psa Solamente empuja y frota los labios de lado a lado sobre (el ubre de su mamá) quiere amamantar. \xrb te:m \xrb pox \nse <na>Te:mpo:poxowa</na> is particularly used to refer to the action of an animal, such as a calf or other nursing animal, that rubs its lips forcefully against its mother's breast, trying to get milk when there is none. \pqry I have reanalyzed this as having a short vowel reduplicant and no {h}. All this should be checked. Originally I had /Timiste:mpopoxo:s i:pan tla:hli!/ 'I'm going to rub your face into the ground!' but Cristino Flores stated that this was in error. \pqry Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. \ref 00075 \lxa tlama:chia \lxac tlama:chia \lxo tlama:chia \lxoc tlama:chia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(chia) \se see <nla>ma:chia</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>ma:chia</nla> \ref 00076 \lxa kwe:tlan \lxaa kwe:tlah \lxac kwe:tlan \lxo kwe:tla \lxoc kwe:tlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of fat worm, often green though sometimes black or yellow \ssao tipo de gusano gordo, a menudo verde aunque a veces negro o amarillo \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wan wa:ki. \pea Worms or <na>kwe:tlan</na> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o <na>kwe:tlan</na> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. \se (fig.) glutton \ss (fig.) glutón; comelón \pna Tikwe:tlan, ke:n titlakwa:ni, san titlakwatok kada rati:toh ke:n kwe:tlan. \pea You are a <na>kwe:tlan</na>, you are a real glutton, you are eating all the time like a <na>kwe:tlan</na>. \psa Eres un <na>kwe:tlan</na>, eres un comelón, te la pasas comiendo como un <na>kwe:tlan</na>. \sem animal \sem worm \xrb kwe:tlan \nse Whether or not the <na>kwe:tlan</na> is actually a type of worm in native classificatory schemes still needs to be determined. The ethmology of this word is uncertain (and thus it has been preliminarily classified as an apocopated and nonderived noun). This worm is constantly eating and therefore used metaphorically to refer to a glutton, someone who is constantly eating. The pronunciation of this word varies. Polin Claudio definitely pronounced the word [kwe:tlan] with a final velarized nasal, while Aurora Beiza (originally from Chilapa 60 years ago) pronounced it with a final [h]. Yet despite her having been speaking Nahuatl for over half a century, she still does not mark vowel length and glottal stops accurately. Pánfilo Lorenzo, on the other hand, on the tape DT #8, 513, pronounces this word with a final glottal stop. Perhaps all forms are common and reflect a generalized shift among [n], [h] and [?]. The etymology of <na>kwe:tlan</na> is not certain. \nae Although I had documented this word with a final /n/ and /h/ (as well as nothing, but not a glottal stop) Cristino Flores indicated that the correct form was <na>kwe:tlah</na>. In Oapan Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounces this with a final glottal stop. \cpl Of the <na>kwe:tlan</na>, Pánfilo Lorenzo [Source: DT #8, 513] stated that it lives in the <na>komo:chitl</na> or <na>a:matl</na> tree, whereas others have stated that it lives on the ground. Some have said that it is fuzzy, whereas others have not. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check vowel length and ending of /kada/ and correct as necessary. \ref 00077 \lxa kwe:liwi \lxac kwe:liwi \lxo kwe:liwi \lxocpend kwe:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become curved and twisted (e.g., a piece of wood or a branch that, once cut, starts to dry and twist and bend) \ssa encorvarse y torcerse (p. ej., un pedazo de madera, o rama, que después de cortarse y al secarse se empieza a torcer y doblar) \pna O:kwe:liw, xok peya:stik. \pea It got twisted, it's no longer straight (e.g., a piece of wood starting to dry). \psa Se torció, ya no está derecho (p. ej., un pedazo de madera que se empieza a secar). \xrb kwe:l \cfa kwe:ltik \dis kwe:liwi; no:liwi \nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave <no>no:liwi</no> as carrying the meaning of <na>kwe:liwi</na>. Ameyaltpeec has both verb forms, <na>kwe:liwi</na> and <nla>no:liwi</nla>. \qry Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had /kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that"cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T."Vowel length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked. Recheck with other Oapan speakers for /kwe:liwi/. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7182. These should be tagged as 00077 and two linked (one male and one female) to the headword here at 00077. \ref 00078 \lxa tlapaloh \lxac tlapaloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea hillside \ssa ladera \pna Asta ne: yaweh ipan un tlapaloh, tlanakastlan. \pea They are already going over there, on the hillside, at the side (of the hill). \psa Hasta allá van, por la ladera, por el lado (del cerro). \pna San ne: ipan ne:nkah tlapaloh pakah se: tla:ltemesi:tah. Pa o:nikpanawih, pa westok. \pea Just over there on that side of the slope there is a small flat area. There I passed by it (i.e., an animal that was being sought), it is there lying on the ground. \psa Allápor la ladera de ese cerrito hay una pequeña mesita. Allílo pasé(p. ej., una animal acostado que se estaba buscando), allá está echado sobre la tierra. \sem topography \cfa tlanakastlan \cfo tlanakastlah \xrb tlapal \dis tlapalo:tl; tlanakastlan \nse The etymology of <na>tlapalo:tl</na> is not clear although there are several words that contain <n>tlapalo:</n>, as in <nla>tlapalo:ma:ma</nla>. It might be the same root found in <nla>matlapahli</nla> and it might also be related to part of the root of <nla>napalowa</nla>. Several consultants indicated that <na>tlapalo:tl</na> is synonymous to <nla>tlanakastlan</nla>. \qry I had the following meaning, removed. It is apparently in error. \ (poss.) back (of a person) /Xne:chontlakalili i:pan notlapaloh para nikma:matia:s! I:pan noma xwel nikwi:kas, ke:n nima:kohtia:s./ 'Toss it up on my back so that I can go along carrying it! I can't take it in my arms because they'll gradually get sore.' \ref 00079 \lxa oli:ni \lxac oli:ni \lxo oli:ni \lxoc oli:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao to tremble; to move back and forth (as the Earth does during an earthquake); to swing from one side to another (like a pendulum or a hammock) \ssao temblar; mover en una forma oscilante (como la tierra durante un terremoto); mecerse; columpiarse (como el movimiento de una hamaca) \pna O:li:nis tla:hli. \pea There will be an earthquake (lit., the earth will move back and forth). \psa Va a haber un tremor (lit., se va a mover la tierra de un lado a otro). \se to flare up (e.g., a pain or disease) \ss recrudecer (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad) \pna Wa:le:wa o:li:ni. \pea At times it flares up (e.g., a pain or sickness, an old wound, dislocation, or other injury). \psa De vez en cuando recrudece (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad, una vieja herida, dislocación, etc.). \pna Kwa:k selik me:stli, pe:wa o:li:ni, oksepa pe:was mitskoko:s. \pea When the moon is young it begins to flare up (in this case an old injury), it will start to hurt you once again. \psa Cuando la luna está creciento, empieza a recrudecer (una vieja herida), te va a empezar a doler otra vez. \xrb oli: \qry I seem to remember a use of /o:li:ni/, or perhaps a transitive form, indicating movement of a person, a departure, etc. Check. RS gives as a meaning of /olini/: seguir su camino. Check. \grm Note the discussion here of /o:nipitsahka:noli:ni/, etc. \mod Check vowel length. All consultants have indicated a short vowel. \ref 00080 \lxa olo:chowa \lxac kolo:chowa \lxo olo:chowa \lxoc kolo:chowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to scoop up with both ones hands (e.g., earth, or small scattered objects such as beans, maize, etc.) \ssao juntar en puñadas con las dos manos (p. ej., la tierra o objetos esparcidos sobre el suelo, tales como frijoles, maíz, etc.) \xrb olo:ch \obj tla:hli \obj tlasohli \dis sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa \nse Apparently <na>olo:chowa</na> is equivalent or nearly equivalent to <na>ma:olo:chowa</na>. Both verbs refer to the action of scooping up something such as grains, earth, pebbles, etc. with both ones hands in order to place these things someplace else (e.g., in a sack or bucket). Zacapoaxtla has an apparent cognate in <n>olo:chtli</n> meaning 'juntos,' <n>olo:chtatzotzona:nij</n> meaning 'grupo de músicos,' and <n>olo:chtli</n> meaning 'grupo, unidos.' \qry Check for intransitive. \ref 00081 \lxa manga:nah \lxac manga:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan mangana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea lasso or rope used for lassoing the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) and causing it to fall \ssa mangana, un lazo que se arroja a las manos de un caballo o toro para sujetarlo \pna Chapa:ni norria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah. \pea My lasso falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it's no longer stiff but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal. \psa Mi riata se cae flojo sobre el suelo (ya no está recia, pero más como una soga floja). Ya no sirve para mangana. \qry Check to see whether possessed form exists, e.g., /xkekchi:wa momanga:nah/. I imagine it does but I have not coded it. \ref 00082 \lxa po:te:tia \lxac po:te:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to get a large, round belly or midsection; to have a bloated belly \ssa llegar a tener una barriga hinchada, grande y redonda \pna Melák kwahli o:ixwik, a:sta o:po:te:tiak. \pea He has really gotten full (after eating a lot), he's even gotten a bloated belly. \psa De veras se llenóbien (después de comer mucho), hasta se le hinchóla barriga. \syno ítia:po:té:tia \xrb po:te: \nse The denominal verb <na>po:te:tia</na> is obviously derived from the fish <nla>po:te:tl</nla>, probably given the enlarged belly of this guppy-like fish. \qry Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tia/ and /poti:xah/. \ref 00083 \lxa yo:ltok \lxac yo:ltok \lxo yo:ltok \lxoc yo:ltok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \inc *V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be alive \ssao estar vivo \pna Yo:ltok, xe miki. \pea It is alive, it still hasn't died. \psa Estávivo, todavía no se muere. \pna San ke:nkah yo:ltok \pea He's alive, just like always. \psa Como siempre, está vivo. \pna Xo:mihka, o:yo:ltitiah. \pea It didn't die (an animal that had ostensibly been slaughtered), it went along (e.g., being carried) alive. \psa No murió(un animal que estaba sacrificado), se iba (p. ej., al ser transportado) vivo. \pna Xo:mik kwahli, o:yo:ltitiah. \pea It didn't completely die, it went along barely alive. \psa No se murióbien, iba todavía con vida. \xrb yo:l \nae Note that <na>yo:ltitiw</na> is an aspectually marked form of <na>yo:ltok</na> ; however * <na>yo:ltitok</na> is not acceptable. The form <na>yo:ltitiw</na> or, in the past <na>o:yo:ltitiah</na> is derived from the stative <na>yo:ltok</na> much as <na>westitiw</na> is related to <na>westok</na>. <n>Yo:ltitiw</n> does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <nla>yo:ltia</nla>. \qry On one file card I have written /melá:k tiyo:ltitok pampa tikpia, ke:n ticha:ntitok/ 'You're really alive because you are rich, oh how you live! (i.e., you're doing really well). Check whether this is correct. \qry Check whether /yo:li/ as a verb exists in Ameyaltepec. \qry Note that <na>yo:ltitiw</na> is an aspectually marked form of <na>yo:ltok</na> ; however * <na>yo:ltitok</na> is not acceptable. The form <na>yo:ltitiw</na> or, in the past <na>o:yo:ltitiah</na> seems to be related to the stative <na>yo:ltok</na> much as <na>westitiw</na> is related to <na>westok</na>. It does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <nla>yo:ltia</nla>, where one would expect ? <na>yo:ltixtiw</na>. This, however, should be checked. \grm Pluperfect: Note that following use: /Xo:mihka, o:yo:ltitiah/ 'It didn't die (an animal that had ostensibly been slaughtered), it went along (e.g., being carried) alive.' The reason for the pluperfect is not clear. Certainly any negative perfective is a counterfactual, so this could not be the only reason. Here it seems to be that the animal was actually alive, and thus the pluperfect perhaps indicates a relation to this future state whereas the simple perfective /xo:mik/ would be the end. Another example of the pluperfect is: /Xkonta un kowatl! Yo:hmiktika iwa:n oksepa o:noyo:ltilih, oksepa o:tlachi:x/ 'Look at that snake! I had (thought I had) killed it and it's come back to life, once again its come to.' Apparently the same reason holds. It is interesting that two example phrases with /yo:ltia/ or a similar verb and the verb for 'to kill' would used the pluperfect. This suggests that this verb (/miki/) might be prone to occur in the pluperfect when the"death"is not permanent. \grm Aspect /-tiw/ with statives: Note that <na>yo:ltitiw</na> is an aspectually marked form of <na>yo:ltok</na> ; however * <na>yo:ltitok</na> is not acceptable. The form <na>yo:ltitiw</na> or, in the past <na>o:yo:ltitiah</na> is derived from the stative <na>yo:ltok</na> much as <na>westitiw</na> is related to <na>westok</na>. <n>Yo:ltitiw</n> does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <nla>yo:ltia</nla>. \ref 00084 \lxa tekichi:wa \lxac tekichi:wa \lxo tekichi:wa \lxoc tekichi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to do work \ssao trabajar; ponerse a trabajar \pna Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. \pea I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. \psa ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. \xrb teki \xrb chi:wa \xvaao tekichi:wilia \dis tekichi:wa; tekiti; tekipanowa \ref 00085 \lxa kamachalko \lxac i:kamachalko \lxo kamacha:lko \lxoa kamachalko \lxoc i:kamacha:lko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \com N-N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \seao little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet \ssao bolsilla que se forma donde las mandíbulas superiores e inferiores se juntan en la parte interior y posterior de la boca \sem body \sem human \xrb kama \xrb chal \cfa kamachaleh \qry The /a/ of the third syllable of <na>kamachalko</na> is definitely short in Ameyaltepec. Note that I had recorded it long from Inocencio Jimenez but Florencia Marcelino apparently has it long. The recordings should be checked. \qry Determine whether this must be obligatorily possessed as the cod N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] is presently defined as either being able to or not taking a possessive prefix. If the prefix is obligatory, then the coding should be changed. My original definition for this word was"inside pocket of ones cheek". However, given the explanation of Florencia and Inocencio I have changed it. See /kamaxikipilko/. \vl Check length in Oapan and Am. Check with other forms of /chal/ or /cha:l/. \ref 00086 \lxa tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl \lxac tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl \lxo tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl \lxoc tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao man (or woman) who works a hillside parcel (<nla>tlako:lo:hli</nla>) with a digging stick \ssao hombre (o mujer) que trabaja un terreno en una cuesta o cerrito (<nla>tlako:lo:hli</nla>) sembrado con coa \syna tlako:lo:le:roh \xrb tlako:l \ono tla:hli \nse <n>Tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl</n> is rarely used; much more common is the hispanized <na>tlako:lo:le:roh</na>. \vl Check vowel length, as noted under /tlako:lo:hli/. \grm Note use of /kinoto:kilia/ in C. Flores discussion here. \ref 00087 \lxa te:kwa:ni \lxac te:kwa:ni \lxo te:kwa:ni \lxoc te:kwa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se animal that bites (e.g., a dog); ferocious; one that attackes (e.g., a wild animal) \ss mordiente (p. ej., un perro); bravo; uno que ataca (p. ej., un animal silvestre) \pna Notskwin te:kwa:ni katka. \pea My dog used to bite (implying that the dog no longer bites, although it is possible that he is dead) \psa Mi perro mordía (implicando que ya no muerde, aunque también puede significar que ya no vive). \pna Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni. \pea The <na>tla:lakato:chin</na>, it attacks, but they say it is tame with people. Only the <na>te:kwa:ni</na> can fight with it. \psa El <na>tla:lakato:chin</na>, ataca, pero dicen que es mansito con la gente. Solamente el <nla>te:kwa:ni</nla> puede vérselas conél. \se animal that stings (e.g., certain insects) \ss animal que pica (p. ej., ciertos insectos) \pna Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika itsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki. \pea It stings (in this case the bee), it will sting you with its stinger. It (the stinger) remains there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes of (the bee), and then it dies right away. \psa Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere. \se type of large, ferocious animal called <na>ti:greh</na> or, if female, <na>ti:grah</na>, in local Spanish \ss tipo de animal grande y bravo, llamado <na>ti:greh</na> o, si una hembra, <na>ti:grah</na>, en el español local \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb kwa \nct yo:lki \qry Check length of /so:lo/ as well as final vowel. \grm Nonspecific objects; /te:-/: /Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni/ 'The <na>tla:lakato:chin</na>, it attacks, but they say it is not threatening to people. Only the <na>te:kwa:ni</na> can fight with it.' Note the use of /te:-/ in the first form. The animal known as the /tla:lakato:chin/ is said to be /te:kwa:ni/ but, at the same time, is said to be /mansi:toh para je:nteh/ 'tame with people.' This demonstrates that the use of /te:-/ in /te:kwa:ni/ (as an attributive noun), does not refer to people, but rather to animates in general. Thus /te:kwani/ as an attributive noun should be translated simply as 'ferocious.' This analysis should be compared to other analyses in which /tla-/ is used in a context that signifies a human, as in /tlakwa:te:kia/. Note also the case in which /te:-/ signifies inanimates as in /te:wan tlapowtok/ 'it is counted with the rest' in reference to a bundle of firewood set slightly apart that, nevert he less, is counted with that which is together. Returning to /te:kwa:ni/: the fact that a phrase such as /te:kwa:ni pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh/ is possible suggests that the animal name /te:kwa:ni/, while it might refer to 'people-eating capacity' of the animalmay refer to general ferociousness with all animates. \ref 00088 \lxa katlih \lxac katlih \lxo katlih \lxoc katlih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-b \se where is it? (in reference to the location of some immobile object) \ss ¿dónde está ? (en cuanto a la ubicación física de algo material y no móvil) \pna Katlih mosombre:roh? \pea Where is your hat? \psa ¿Dónde está tu sombrero? \xrb katlih \nse From the same root as in <na>katlewa</na>. <na>Katlih</na> is used only to inquire about the location of an object and not the destination of a person (viz., <nla>/ka:non</nla>). \qry Do a recheck of the meaning and use of /katli/ and the difference from /ka:non/. Note that /katli/ this may well be related to /ka:n/ but vowel is definitely short. \vl Check vowel length in Oa and Am. Recheck with /katlewa/ or Oa /kátlewá/. \grm Emphatic pronouns: Note good example of use here wiht the discussion of this word by C. Flores. \ref 00089 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been removed. It was originally /tete:mowilia/ with a pointer to /te:mowilia/. However, since the applicative /te:mowilia/ 'to miss (a person) for' does not exist (I think), this entry has been deleted (entry 00089) and the entry 00975, which used to be /te:mowilia/ has been changed to /tete:mowilia/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 00090 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:tsilwía \lxop á:tsilwia \lxoc ká:tsilwía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes \seao see <nla>a:tsetselwia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>a:tsetselwia</nla> \syna a:tsetselwia \xrb a: \xrb tsel \ref 00091 \lxa yo:yotli \lxac yo:yotli \lxo yó:yotlí \lxop yó:yotli \lxoc yó:yotlí \lxt yo:yohtle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \seao generic name for a type of tree of which there are two major varieties: <na>yo:yotli</na> and <na>okichyo:yotli</na> (this latter itself has two genders, male and female) \ssao nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol del cual hay dos tipos principales, <na>yo:yotli</na>) y <na>okichyo:yotli</na> (esteúltimo tiene de por sídos variedades, una hembra y la otra macho) \seao one of the two major types of types of <na>yo:yotli</na>, which is itself considered female \ssao uno de los dos tipos principales de <na>yo:yotli</na>, lo cual se considera hembra \pna Yo:yotli | Kipia ixo:chio, awiá:k. No: bwe:noh para tiktetemas motlai:xpan noso tikonka:was tio:pan. Ikuwyo para tlikuwtli deke yo:wa:k. \pea <na>Yo:yotli</na> : It has a fragrant flower. It is good if you are going to lay down a bed of flowers at your altar, or if you are going to leave them at the church. Its wood is for firewood if it has dried. \psa <na>Yo:yotli</na> : Tiene una flor fragante. Es bueno si vas a poner una capa de flores en tu altar, o si vas a dejarlas en la iglesa. Su madera is para leña si ya se secó. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb yoh \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>yoyote</spn>, a tree of the family <l>Apocynaceae</l> and the genus/species <l>Thevetia thevetioides</l>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:172) give this same tree as <spn>venenillo</spn> in Spanish. Schoenhals (1988) under yoyote states:"(<i>Thevetia</i>, spp., e.g., <i>T. peruviana</i>) 'yellow oleander,' 'luckynut.' Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Bright yello, large flowers. Wood is usually white and flowers fragrant. Seeds are called <spn>codo de fraile</spn>. Sap and seeds are poisonous when ingested and the sap is also an irritant. The seeds are carried as health charms. Latex is used for toothache and to treat sores and ulvers. Also called codo de fraile, copa de oro, narciso amarillo, trompeta, yucacaca." \nct kohtli \nfe The flowers of the female are sweet smelling unlike those of the male. The former are used as in the church, placed on the altar, any day when one has the desire to place an offering in the church. The seeds of the female are ground up and then used as chewing gum. The wood of both yoyotes is used as firewood. The wood of the female tree is used for slingshots because it has many branching arms; the wood of the male is used only for firewood. If the wood of the male has thick branches they can be used as estantes. The wood of the female is too small for this, but it is also very good for firewood. \nfc xo:chitl \ref 00092 \lxa nakastlantepalka \lxac nakastlantepalka \dt 03/May/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N(At) \der N-ap \sea to be hard of hearing \ssa tener dificultades en oir \sea to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise) \ssa ser una persona que duerme profundamente (a quien el ruido no despierta fácilmente) \pna Tinakastlantepalka. Tila:wak nonakas. \pea You are a heavy sleeper. You have thick ears. \psa Duermes profundamente (esto es, nada te despierta). Tienes los oidos gruesos. \synao nakastepalka \xrb nakas \xrb tepalka \xrl -tlan \qry Confirm that /nakastepalka/ Oapan and /nakastlantepalka/ Ameyaltepec are synonyms. If needed create two entries. \ref 00093 \lxa a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \lxac a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \lxo a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \seo paper kite \sso papalote de papel \xrb a:ma \xrb pa:lo: \ref 00094 \lxa matsi \lxo matsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv Irregular: suppletive stem for <nlao>mati</nlao> \se see <nla>mati</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>mati</nla> \nse <na>Matsi</na> is a suppletive stem of <nla>mati</nla>, found in such words as the durative <n>mastok</n> (with /ts/>/s/) and, palatalized, in <n>maxtia</n> (with /ch/>/x/). \ref 00095 \lxa to:toltekakawatl \lxac to:toltekakawatl \lxo to:tolte:kawatl \lxoc to:tolte:kawatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se eggshell (of an egg from any type of animal) \ss cáscara de huevo (de un huevo de cualquier animal) \xrb to:tol \xrb te \xrb kakawa \vl Check vowel length of Oapan form which does not have reduplication. The form might be /to:tolte:kawatl/. Check for possessed form. I would imagine it exists as Intrinsic. \ref 00096 \lxa kalmichin \lxac kalmichin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea small piece of carved wood (perhaps some 18 inches in length) that is hung from the <nla>neko:xtli</nla> in a thatched-roof huts, below the area called <nla>kaltsonko</nla> or <nla>kaltsontekomatl</nla>. It is often a simple ornament. \ssa pequeña (como medio metro de largo) pieza de madera colgada del <nla>neko:xtli</nla> en una casa con techo de zacate o palma, abajo de una zona llamada <nla>kaltsonko</nla> o <nla>kaltsontekomatl</nla>. A menudo es simplemente un ornamento. \sem construct-part \xrb kal \xrb mich \encyctmp house; kahli, etc. \ilustmp Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. \nse The <na>kalmichin</na> is no longer used, and many Ameyaltepequeños do not know what it is. However, from what people have said, it appears that this piece was decorational and served no particular function. \qry Check for possessed form. \ref 00097 \lxa nokwa to:nahli \lxac nokwa to:nahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea see <nla>to:nahli</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>to:nahli</nla> \syno tlami to:nahli \ref 00098 \lxa tlanwetsi \lxac tlanwetsi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \seao to have a tooth fall out \ssao caersele un diente a \pna O:nitlanwets, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. \pea I had a tooth fall out, a rock hit me. \psa Se me cayó un diente, me alcanzó una piedra. \syno tlankope:wi \xrb tlan \xrb wetsi \ref 00099 \lxa okixtli \lxac okixtli \lxo okixtli \lxoc okixtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \seao male (as opposed to female animal) \ssao macho (opuesto a hembra) \pna Xne:chmaka se: motskwintsi:n, pero newa nikneki okixtli! \pea Give me one of your puppies, but I want a male! \psa ¡Dame uno de tus cachorritos, pero quiero un macho! \se (alienable possession) husband \ss (posesión enajenable) esposo \pna Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iyokich! \pea Don't say anything to her (in terms of courting), she has a husband! \psa ¡No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene su esposo! \nse In the Ameyaltepec compound <nla>kichkone:tl</nla>, the root <nr>okich</nr> (missing the initial /o/) is used as a modifier, indicating the sex of the nominal head. In contrasts with the use of <nr>sowa:</nr>, as in <nla>sowa:kone:tl</nla>. \xrb okich \ref 00100 \lxa yo:ltamalteh \lxac yo:ltamalteh \lxo yo:ltamaltih \lxoc yo:ltamaltih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln: <nao>noyo:ltamalwa:n</nao> \se dolls of boiled ground <nla>nextamahli</nla> (i.e., of <nla>tixtli</nla>) in various forms (of men and women and certain animals: snakes for when a snake has caused the <spn>susto</spn>, water animals for offerings in the river, etc.) that are left on top of a bed of leaves (<nla>xo:chia:pantli</nla>) as an offering to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> during the 'soul-raising ceremony known as <nla>tlakaka:walistli</nla> \ss muñecas de masa de nixtamal (i.e., of <nla>tixtli</nla>) en varias formas (de hombres, mujeres y ciertos animales: culebras cuando una serpiente causó el susto, o animales del agua para ofrendas al río, etc.) que se dejan sobre una colcha de hojas (<nla>xo:chia:pantli</nla>) como una ofrenda a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> durante la ceremonia de 'levantamiento de sombra' conocida en náhuatl como <nla>tlakaka:walistli</nla> \syn munye:kos. \xrb yo:l \xrb tamal \encyctmp tlakaka:walistli \nse The documented references to these objects has always been in the plural although the singular is grammatically correct. \ref 00101 \lxa tekoch \lxac tekoch \lxo tekoch \lxoc tekoch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of woodpecker, family Picidae; the genus or species is still not identified, but perhaps <l>Centurus hypopolius</l> or a closely related species \ssao pájaro carpintero, familia Picidae; el género todavía no se identifica, pero quizá el <l>Centurus hypopolius</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 35, p. 251 \se lineated or checkered (e.g., cloth) \ss lineado; de cuadros; de cuadros escoceses (p. ej., una tela) \pna Cho tekoxtsi:n nokoto:n. \pea My shirt is checkerish. \psa Mi camisa es de cuadritos. \sem animal \sem bird \sem color \xrb tekoch \cfa tlake:ntekoch \cfa koto:ntekoch \nse The color or pattern signified by <n>tekoch</n> is derived from the woodpecker's appearance. When looking through a field guide to Mexican birds, Florencia Marcelino stated that the color pattern indicated by <na>tekoch</na> is found on birds such as the spotted owl. The lineated woodpecker was described by the term <no>ye:lpantekoch</no>. The <na>tekoch</na> is a bird commonly found on the <spn>órgano</spn> cactus, which it pecks at and perforates. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'pájaro carpintero de cabeza roja.' \nae <n>Tekoch</n> may be used as a nominal term or it may be used attributively to describe a particular color and pattern. It is often combined with a preceding nominal stem, which it modifies: <nla>tlake:ntekoch</nla>, <nla>koto:ntekoch</nla>, etc. \nct to:to:tl \ref 00102 \lxa tlatlako:ltia \lxac kitlatlako:ltia \lxo tlátlakó:ltia \lxop tlátlakó:ltia \lxoc kí:tlakó:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:tlakó:ltia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to blame; to accuse (unfairly, of something [O] didn't do or didn't intend to do) \ss echar la culpa a; acusar (sin justificación, de algo que [O] no hizo o que no hizo a propósito) \se to charge or entrust with a (not specified) task \ss encargar (algo no especificado) a \pna Mistlatlako:ltian para xikchi:wa ma:ski xtiweli. \pea They entrust you with something to do, even though you can't do it. \psa Te encargan algo para hacer aunque no puedes. \se (refl.) to give (it, an unspecified task or similar action) a good try \ss (refl.) entregarse o esforzarse (para hacer algo no especificado, como una tarea o trabajo); hacerle la lucha (para hacer algo) \pna Xmlák niweli, san nika:n nimotlatlako:ltitok. \pea I can't really do it, I'm just here giving it a try. \psa De veras no lo puedo hacer, solamente estoy aquíhaciéndole la lucha. \pna Timotlatlako:lti:s para tiwelis. \pea You will make a strong effort to learn (e.g., a language, a skill, etc.). \psa Vas a hacer un gran esfuerzo para poder (p. ej., hablar una lengua, fabricar algo, adquirir una habilidad, etc.). \pna Nimotlatlako:ltia para ma niweli espanyó:l kwa:k te:wan nimonono:tsa. \pea I make a concerted effort to learn Spanish when I talk to people. \psa Me esfuerzo para aprender español cuando plactico con la gente. \xrb htlak \qry Recheck meaning and get further examples. In one filecard I mention that /tlatlako:ltia/ (in regards to the second sense) does not mean simply 'to charge or entrust with a task' but 'to charge or entrust (sb) with a task he or she cannot do.' This should be checked. \ref 00103 \lxa patio:tia \lxac kipatio:tia \lxo patio:tia \lxoc kipatio:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to raise the price of \ssao encarecer; subir el precio de \pna Kipatio:tia tli:n kinamaka. \pea He raises the price on what he sells. \psa Encarece lo que vende. \xrb pati \xvaao patio:tilia \nde Molina has <n>patiotia. nitla</n> 'pagar, o dar el precio delo que se compra.' \ref 00104 \lxa te:lpokatsi:n \lxac te:lpokatsi:n \lxo te:lpakatsi:n \lxoa te:lpa:tsi:n \lxoc te:lpakatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn Irregular: <nao>note:lpoch</nao> ; pl. <na>te:lpokatsitsi:nteh</na> ; <no>te:lpakatsitsi:ntih</no> \se very young boy, between about 8 and 13 years old \ss un muy joven muchacho, entre como 8 y 13 años de edad \sem age \xrb te:lpo:ch \encyctmp youth \nse After about 13 years of age <na>note:lpo:ch</na> is used instead of <na>note:lpokatsi:n</na>. In terms of the range of ages to which <na>te:lpokatsi:n</na> is applicable, some consultants mention 8 to 13 (as noted in the definition), others mention 7 to 14. Apparently the upper limit is the marriageable age of a young boy. \qry Check difference between /te:lpo:tsi:n/ and /te:lpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Check to see if can be possessed as such, with /-tsi:n/ \mod The relationship between /te:lpokawa/, /te:lpokatsi:n/, /te:lpo:xtli/, etc. should be discussed. \ref 00105 \lxanotes zzz \lxac ---- \mod Was /A:wa:xtitlan/ switched to Toponym database. \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 00106 \lxa te:lpo:xtli \lxac te:lpo:xtli \lxo te:lpo:xtli \lxoc te:lpo:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se young boy of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old \ss jovencito o muchacho de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad \se (possessed) son (generally speaking, from some 15 years on, including after marriage) \ss (poseído) hijo (en general, desde más o menos los 15 años hasta muy grande, incluyendo después de casarse) \sem age \syna te:lpokawah \syno te:lpakawah \xrb te:lpo:ch \encyctmp youth \nse Although several consultants have suggested that <na>te:lpo:xtli</na> is the semantic equivalent of <na>te:lpokawah</na>, others have suggested a difference (which, if found to be true, would probably hold as well for <nla>ichpo:xtli</nla> and <nla>ichpokawah</nla>). Thus Pánfilo Lorenzo suggested that <na>te:lpo:xtli</na> is a"friendlier"term than <na>te:lpokawah</na> ; others have said that <na>te:lpo:xtli</na> refers to a boy at the beginning of the marrriage cycle (i.e., close to 15 years of age) whereas <nla>te:lpokawah</nla> is used at a slightly older age. \ref 00107 \lxa mexkalte:koh \lxac mexkalte:koh \lxo mexkalte:koh \lxoc mexkalte:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-gen \infn Gender; N1 \se person from Mezcala \ss persona de Mezcala \xrb mexkal \xrb -te:koh \qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilicios (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village. \ref 00108 \lxa xa:hloh \lxac xa:hloh \lxo xa:hloh \lxoc xa:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be full of or covered with sand (an area) \ssao estar lleno o cubierto de arena (unaárea) \seao (<n>i:pan</n> ~) sandy place (e.g., the bank of a river, the beach, etc.) \ssao (<n>i:pan</n> ~) lugar arenoso (p. ej., la orilla de un río, la playa, etc.) \xrb xa:l \qry Elicit a phrase for the"locative"use of /xa:hloh/; check whether the sequence /i:pan xa:hloh/ is correct. I have removed the following as unconfirmed: /Xaxa:hloh nokaltso:n./ 'My <na>calzones</na> are covered with sand.' \ref 00109 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlase:wi:hlo:tl \lxoc tlase:wi:hlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo shade \sso sombra (un lugar sin sol) \seo shadow \sso sombra (proyección que falta luz) \seo reflection \sso reflejo \equiva tlase:wahlo:tl \equiva se:wahlo:tl \xrb se:wi \nse Oapan <no>tlase:wihlo:tl</no> has a meaning of 'reflection' that is apparently not included in the Ameyaltepec cognate <nla>tlase:wahlo:tl</nla>. \nde Although the two words <no>tlase:wihlo:tl</no> and <na>tlase:wahlo:tl</na> are very close cognates they perhpas have somewhat distinct etymologies. The Oapan word might be related to the verb <nlo>se:wiya</nlo> with senses such as 'turn off (a fire, light, etc.),' 'relax,' etc. The Ameyaltepec word might be related to the impersonal verb <nla>se:wa</nla>, referring to 'coldness.' \qry Check for possessed form. Probably one exists. \ref 00110 \lxa metolin \lxac metolin \lxo metolih \lxoa metolin \lxoc metolih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao type of worm-like animal (<na>yo:lka:tsi:n</na>, perhaps maggots) \ssao tipo de animal como gusano (<na>yo:lka:tsi:n</na>) \sem animal \sem worm \xrb metol \cfa metohlowa \nde RS gives <n>metolin</n> 'piojo blanco que ataca el cuerpo humano; especie de tiña'; Molins has for <n>metolloa</n> 'apolillarse la ropa.' \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 00111 \lxa tsono:kilia \lxac kitsono:kilia \lxo tsono:kilia \lxoc kitsono:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to pour a stream (of a liquid) on; to bathe by pouring (a liquid) on (e.g., a person, plant, etc., by tilting or turning some liquid-filled container upside down and rapidly dumping the a great quantity of liquid contents on) \ssao verter o echar un chorro de (un líquido) sobre; bañar (con un líquido, p. ej., a una persona, planta, etc., al inclinar o invertir algún recipiente boca abajo y derramar una gran cantidad de líquido sobre) \src DT #1: 557 \pna... pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. \pea... because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground. \psa... porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. \xrb tson \xrb no:ki \xvba tsono:kia \xvbo tsono:kiya \ref 00112 \lxa yema:nka:toto:nki \lxac yema:nka:toto:nki \lxo yema:nka:toto:nki \lxoc yema:nka:toto:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia[v] \aff Lex. rdp-s \seao to be lukewarm (food, water, etc.) \ssao estar tibio (comida, agua, etc.) \sem temperature \xrb yema:n \xrb to:n \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that with Oapan /yema:nkatoto:nki/ there is no reduction of the reduplicated pattern, probably given the lexicalized nature of this word and meaning. \vl Check vowel length of /ka:/ syllab.e \ref 00113 \lxa mayeti:ya \lxac mayeti:ya \lxo máyetí:ya \lxop mayeti:ya \lxoc máyetí:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes \seao for ones arms to feel heavy \ssao sentir los brazos pesados y cansados \pna O:nimayeti:yak. Yo:nisiaw, xok nike:wa noma. \pea My arms felt heavy. I got tired, I can't hold up my arms anymore. \psa Sentílos brazos pesados. Ya me cansé, ya no puedo alzar los brazos. \xrb mah \xrb e \nse <na>Ma:yeti:ya</na> refers to the process whereby ones arms get to feel heavy, particularly when they tire after bearing a weight or repeating a specific action or movement. \nde The pitch-accent in the Oapan form suggests an underlying {mah + yeti:ya} with {h} in the suppletive stem for 'arm' or 'hand' being a source of the pitch-accent. However, the vowel length of the incorporated noun might be underlying long (/ma:-/) and the pitch-accent the result of reduced reduplication of the verbal stem. There are other such cases of reduplication and the simple assignment of pitch-accent to a preceding long vowel (usually with body-part incorporation). If this were the case the initial vowel in Oapan might be long (check). \pqry Check vowel lenght in Am form. \sj mayetiya \vl Check for both Oapan and Ameyaltepec cognate. \rt I have analyzed /yeti.ya/ here as derived from /ye/. This should be kept consistent throughout the dictionary. Check. Also standardize whether root should be /ye/ or simply /e/. \ref 00114 \lxa xama:nia \lxac kixama:nia \lxo xama:nia \lxoc kixama:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \seao to break up or crumble (sth brittle and hard, for example by pounding) \ssao desmoronar; quebrar o romper (algo duro y quebradizo, p. ej., al golpearlo) \pna Xikxaxama:ni un tenextli ika tetl, yo:tepi:tsiw! \pea Break up that piece of lime (by pounding it) with a stone, it has already hardened! \psa ¡Rompe ese pedazo de cal (al golpearlo) con una piedra, ya se puso duro! \pna Kixama:ni:s un to:toltetl. \pea He's going to smash that egg (shattering its shell). \psa Va a aplastar ese huevo (rompiendo su cáscara). \pna Xikxa:xama:ni toomitew ika a:chah! \pea Break up that soup bone with an axe! \psa ¡Hazle pedazos con una hacha a ese hueso para sopa! \pna Xikxaxamani notlikuw! \pea Chop up my firewood (i.e., split it up into many pieces)! \psa ¡Házle añicos a mi leña (esto es, rómpela en muchos pedazos)! \xrb xama: \xvaa xama:nilia \obj omitl de wa:kax \obj tlikuwtli kwa:k deke de melá:k o:wa:k \nde In Oapan, the most common form of this verb is the reduplicated derivative, <no>kí:xama:nia</no>. \ref 00115 \lxa kapi:res \lxac kapi:res \lxo kapi:res \lxoc kapi:res \lxt kapi:res \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan capires \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao fruit of the tree called <spn>capire</spn> in Spanish \ssao fruta delárbol llamado capires \seao by extension the tree that bears the above-mentioned fruit; see <nla>kapi:reskohtli</nla> \ssao por extensión elárbol que da la fruta susodicha; vé ase <nla>kapi:reskuhtli</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kapi:rekohtli \equivo kapi:reskohtli \cpl Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the <spn>capire</spn> as of the family <i>Sapotaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Sideroxylon capiri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list <spn>capire</spn>, nor the genus/species <i>Sideroxylon capiri</i>. \nct kohtli \nfe A shade tree, it always has its leaves. Its fruit is edible; it is small, like the /kowi:skitl/. It is a large, tall and thick tree. Its wood is used in San Juan for for /timon/ and /manse:rah/ of a plow; however, in Ameyaltepec it is only used for firewood. There, as in Oapan, the /i:skixo:chitl/ is used for plow /timon/ and /manse:rah/. \qry Recheck vowel length as in botanical notes I have a long /a:/ with the note that this should be the form recorded in the lexicon. \ref 00116 \lxa tsi:nokwihloh \lxac tsi:nokwihloh \lxo tsi:nkwikwihloh \lxoc tsi:nkwikwihloh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s (Oa) \se to be uneasy \ss estar inquieto \xrb tsi:n \xrb okwil \nae The Oapan form <no>tsi:nkwkwihloh</no> has a reduplicated adjectival (which modifies the head noun) that is absent in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check precise meaning and use; context when a person is described as /tsi:nokihloh/. Make sure there is a final /h/. Check for absence of reduplication in the Ameyaltepec form. \ref 00117 \lxa tsi:na:yakachowa \lxac notsi:na:yakachowa \lxo tsi:na:yakachowa \lxoc notsi:na:yakachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x][refl] \infv class-2b \seao (refl.) to shake ones hips or rear end (e.g., while dancing) \ssao (refl.) menearse las caderas o nalgas (p. ej., al bailar) \sem motion-nontranslational \xrb tsi:n \xrb a:yakach \qry Check for intransitive forms (e.g., /a:yakachiwi/ and /tsi:na:yakachiwi/); and check for non-reflexive use of transitive. \pqry Check vowel length length of /a:/. \ref 00118 \lxa Temonextsi:n \lxac Temonextsi:n \lxo Témonéxtsi:n \lxop Temonextsi:n \lxoc Témonéxtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao slightly fuzzy"star,"probably the galaxy in Andromeda \ssao "estrella"algo borroso, probablemente la galaxia de Andromeda \sem heavens \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \nse My notes are inconclusive on the identification of this heavenly body, but my recollection is that it is a greyish and poorly defined"star."This characteristic would seem to identify it with a galaxy visible to the naked eye, the most prominent of which is that in Andromeda. \nae The pitch-accent present in <no>témonéxtsi:n</no> suggests an underlying {h}. However, the location of this element is not clear, nor is the etymology of <no>témonéxtsi:n</no> and cognate forms. No similar word has been found in outside lexical sources, although simple <n>nextik</n> is quite common accross dialects. \sj temonextik (for location of underlying /h/, if there is one. Note that the pitch-accent is present in /mónextík/ or similar Oapan terms, which suggests that if there is an underlying {h} it is in the syllable /moh/. \vl Check both dialects. \encyctmp si:tlalin \ref 00119 \lxa tsakwa:nia \lxac tsakwa:nia \lxo tsakwa:nia \lxoc tsakwa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \ssao hacerse espeso (un líquido como el atole al cocerse, pintura natural al agregarsele resina, etc.) \pna Yo:tsakwa:niak, xok a:tki, yo:a:tetso:liw. \pea It's thickened, it's no longer watery, the water has evaporated (or been boiled) out of it. \psa Ya se hizo espeso, ya no está aguado, el agua lo ha dejado (p. ej., al evaporarse, al hervirse el líquido, etc.). \se to become muddied (and for this reason"thick,"e.g., a river during the rainy season) \ss quedar enturbiado (y por eso,"espeso,"como un río crecido y lodoso durante la temporada de lluvias) \pna Yo:tsakwa:niak un a:te:ntli, yo:moya:w a:tl. \pea That river has become thick (with mud), the water has gotten stirred up (from the torrential rains). \psa Ese río se espesó(con lodo), el agua se agitó(de las aguas torrenciales). \sem consistency \xrb tsakwa:n \xvcao tsakwa:naltia \subadj a:to:hli kwa:k xkite:kilian a:tl \qry Check for transitive; check for Classical cognate to /tetsa:wa/. \vl Check, given that the Classical /tetsa:wa/ has a long /a:/ that might be the basis for /tsakwa:nia/. \ref 00120 \lxa ma:yeyeka \lxac ma:yeyeka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \rdp Lex rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea to be fast with ones hands (e.g., in working, in doing a task or chore) \ssa ser rápido con las manos (p. ej., en trabajar, en hacer una tarea, etc.) \pna Xma:yeyeka! \pea Hurry up with what you are doing with your hands! \psa ¡Apúrate con lo que estás hacienda con las manos! \pna Melá:k tima:yeyeka, wel titlakwilowa. \pea You are really fast with your hands, you know how to write. \psa De veras eres muy rápido con las manos, sabes bien como escribir. \syno má:isíwi \xrb ma: \xrb e:ka \nse Ameyaltepec <na>ma:yeyeka</na> is virtually equivalent to <na>ma:isiwi</na> ; the antonym of both is <na>ma:yo:li:k</na>. \dis ma:isiwi \qry The word /ma:yeyeka/ is apparently equivalent to /ma:isiwi/: but check. Check vowel length in Oapan cognate /máisíwi/ for long initial /a/. It has not so been recorded but this should be checked. \mod Perhaps /yeyeka/ should be considered as lexicalized reduplication. \ref 00121 \lxa tlapi:tske:tl \lxac tlapi:tske:tl \lxo tlapi:tske:tl \lxoc tlapi:tske:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 2 \der N-ag-ke:tl \se musician who plays a wind instrument, particularly a brass instrument \ss músico que toca un instrumento de viento, particularmento uno de metal \equiva tlapi:tski \xrb pi:tsa \nse The agentive form <n>tlapi:tske:tl</n> is acceptable, though much less common than the generalized <nla>tlapi:tski</nla>. \vl Four additional tokens of this word are at 3871. \ref 00122 \lxa mento:narowa \lxac nomento:narowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>mentar</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[refl] \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to shoot off at the mouth; to talk like a big shot \ssa (refl.) engreirse; hablar con presunción y vanidad; fanfarronear \pna Yo:pe:w nomento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan. \pea They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint. \psa Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse. \pna Yo:pe:w nomento:narowa, o:tla:wa:n. \pea He's started to talk like a big shot, he's drunk. \psa Ya empezó a fanfarronear, se emborrachó. \nse The meaning of <na>ento:narowa</na> is probably derived from a figurative meaning of <spn>entonar</spn>. Thus the <i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i> of the Real Academia Española gives under <spn>entonar</spn> 'fig. Desvanecerse, engreírse.' \qry Check meaning and etymology. \ref 00123 \lxa kwalaktli \lxac kwalaktli \lxo kwalahtli \lxoa kwelahtli \lxoc kwalahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni-k \infn Stem 1(:) \seao drool; saliva \ssao baba; saliva \pna Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. \pea Saliva is coming out of its mouth, it probably has <nla>kamaye:rbah</nla> (a type of mouth infection or fungus). \psa Se le está saliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene <nla>kamaye:rbah</nla> (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). \sem body-internal \xrb kwala: \nae <na>Kwalaktli</na> \grm Note derivation process leading to /kwalaktli/ 'saliva' and derivation from /kwala:ni/. \ref 00124 \lxa itiko:tsi:liwi \lxac itiko:tsi:liwi \lxo ítiko:tsi:líwi \lxop itiko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ítiko:tsi:líwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have stomach cramps or a stomach ache (related to the sense that ones intestines are twisting in knots, e.g., when one has diarrhea) \ssao tener calambres, retorcijones o fuertes dolores en el estómago (relacionado con el sentido de que se le entuercen los intestinos, p. ej., cuando a uno le da diarea) \sem body-disease \xrb hti \xrb ko:tsi:l \cfa itikoltotsiwi \dis koltotsiwi; ko:tsi:liwi; makakachiwi; pa:lakachiwi \qry Check to see if a transitive form exists. Check length of /i:/ of /-tsi:liwi/ as I have it recorded both long and short in different examples. \mod For onomasiological section include those words relating to twisting and shrinking, etc. /ko:tsi:liwi/, /koltotsiwi/, /malakachiwi/, /palachachiwi/, etc. \ref 00125 \lxa a:tekonyo:hli \lxac a:tekonyo:hli \lxo a:tekonyo:hli \lxoc a:tekonyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se seeds of the <nla>a:tekomatl</nla> gourd \ss semillas del <nla>a:tekomatl</nla> \sem plant \sem part \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \xrb yo:l \ref 00126 \lxa tsi:ntli:ltik \lxac tsi:ntli:ltik \lxo tsi:ntli:ltik \lxoc tsi:ntli:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to have a black bottom or base; to have a black rear end \ssao tener la base o la parte inferior negra; tener las nalgas negras \se to have black roots (e.g., hair) \ss tener las raices negras (p. ej., el cabello) \pna I:xte:nka:la:tl, tsi:ntlitli:ltiktsitsi:nteh. \pea The type of eyelashes known as <nla>i:xte:nka:la:tl</nla> have little black roots. \psa El tipo de pestañas llamadas <nla>i:xte:nka:la:tl</nla> tienen las raices negritas. \xrb tsi:n \xrb tli:l \subadj ko:ntli \subadj nexko:ntli \ref 00127 \lxa tlachialtia \lxac kitlachialtia \lxo tlachialtia \lxoc kitlachialtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make conscious; to bring to; to resuscitate (e.g., sb who has fainted) \ss hacer conciente; resuscitar (p. ej., algn que se había desmayado) \se to bring to health (e.g., a person or animal that has suffered a disease, a plant suffering from blight or a lack of water) \ss hacer recuperar la salud (p. ej., una persona o animal que estaba enfermo, una planta que sufría por una enfermedad o falta de agua) \pna Tle:ka tia:s? Xok tiktlachialti:s motah! \pea Why are you going (said by an irate husband to his wife who was going to see her sick father)? You won't bring your father back to health! \psa ¿Por quévas a ir (dicho por un esposo enojado a su esposa que iba a ver a su padre)?¡Ya no vas a hacer que tu papárecupere la salud! \se to make sober; to sober up (a person who is drunk) \ss despejar; hacer sobrio a (una persona que se había emborrachado) \pna Xkoni refre:skoh para mitstlachialti:s! \pea Drink a soda so that it sobers you up! \psa ¡Bebe un refresco para que te despeje! \se to make (sb) look around; to show (not by holding up an object for a person to see, but by making that person see, perhaps by taking him or her to a specific location) \ss hacer (a algn) mirar o observar; hacer ver; hacer observar (p. ej., al llevar la persona a algún lugar) \pna Papa:kin ikone:wa:n, yo:kinwi:kakeh, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:no:n u:nkah mi:hli. Tla:ki. \pea His children are happy, he took them with him, he took them so that they could see how the maize plants are doing. They are coming to fruit. \psa Sus niños están felices, ya se los llevaron, ya los llevópara ver como está la milpa. Están rindiendo. \se (with locational adverb or directional prefix) to point the gaze of; to make (sb) face and look at; to turn (sb) to (the direction indicated by the adverb or directional) \ss (con adverbio de lugar o un prefijo direccional) encarar hacia; hacer mirar o orientar (a algn) para ver; apuntar (a algn o algo hacia el lugar indicado por el adverbio o direccional) \pna O:tine:xtlachialtih para ne:yhka, ka:n niá:s. \pea You made me face over there (a place out of eyesight), where I will go. \psa Me encaraste hacia allá (un lugar fuera de vista) donde voy a ir. \pna Na:nika o:kwa:ltlachialtih para na:nika wa:hla:s. \pea He turned it (in this case a car) to face in this direction so that it would come in this direction. \psa Lo orientó(en este caso un coche) hacia acá para que viniera en esta dirección. \pna Xkwa:ltlachialti moxwi:tsi:n! \pea Make your grandchild look over in this direction! \psa ¡Haz mirar hacia acá a tu nieto! \xrb chia \xvbao tlachia \nae <n>Tlachialtia</n> is a transitive verb the object of which may be a person or object that is resuscitated, made sober, etc. However, in the sense of 'to point the gaze of' or 'to make face and look' this verb takes an adverbial clause indicating the direction or location that is the focus of the action. This may be a directional prefix (as in <n>xkwa:ltlachialti moxwitsi:n</n>) or it may be an adverbial clause. The literal meaning in these cases is more to 'to make (sb) visibly aware of (complement).' \grm Although apparently this very is only transitive and thus would only one object (and not an additional complement), it does appear to always occur with some sort of adjunct, as in the phrase <na>Yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli</na> 'he took them to see how the maize was.' The literal meaning seems to have more the sense of <na>he made them visibly aware</na>. Yet the syntactic status of <na>ke:non unkah mi:hli</na> is unclear. \ref 00128 \lxa yeyekana:miki \lxac yeyekana:miki \lxo yéye:kana:míki \lxop yeye:kana:miki \lxoc yéye:kana:míki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \infv class-3a(k) \se to meet the wind head on (e.g, as one rides a fast horse, is sitting on top of a moving bus, etc.); to have the wind blow hard in ones face as one moves quickly \ss tener el viento el la cara al moverse rápidamente; tener el viento en contra, pegándole (p. ej., al correr montado en un caballo rápido, al estar sentado por el techo de un camión corriendo, etc.) \xrb e:ka \xrb na:miki \ref 00129 \lxa tlawe:lse:wi \lxac tlawe:lse:wi \lxo tlawe:ltse:wi \lxoc tlawe:ltse:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \infv class-3a(w) \seao to have ones anger or bad mood subside; to calm down (from being mad) \ssao calmarsele el mal humor o genio a; calmarse (de haberse enojado) \pna Yo:nitlawe:lse:w. \pea I've already calmed down. \psa Ya me calmé \sem emotions \xrb tlawe:l \xrb se: \qry Check for transitive ?tlawe:lse:wia, which I imagine does exist. \ref 00130 \lxa ikxiteki \lxac kikxiteki \lxo ixiteki \lxoc kixiteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut on the leg \ss cortarle la pierna a \se to amputate the leg of \ss amputarle la pierna a \xrb kxi \xrb teki \qry Check whether /ikxitsonteki/ is also acceptable. \ref 00131 \lxa pitsotik \lxac pitsotik \lxo pitsotik \lxoc pitsotik \dt 28/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be dirty; to be slovenly (particularly in eating habits) \ss estar desaseado; estar sucio (particularmente en la manera de comer) \pna San pitsotik, san ke:n ihki tlakwa. \pea He's slovenly, he just eats in whatever way (he likes). \psa Es sucio, come como quiera. \xrb pitso \ref 00132 \lxa nochiwiá:n \lxac nochiwiá:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \sea everywhere; in all parts or places \ssa por todos lados; por todas partes \pna Kwa:k ye u:nkah, nochiwiá:n u:nkah. \pea When there finally is some (e.g., a fruit during its season), there is some everywhere. \psa Cuando por fin hay, hay en todos lados. \equiva nowiá:n \equivo nowiya:n \xrb nochi \xrl -ya:n \nae The origin of <na>wi</na> in words such as <n>nochiwiá:n</n>, <n>no:wiá:n</n>, or <n>towiá:n</n> is not entirely clear. \pqry Check vowel length here and in /nowiá:n/. C \grm The origin of <na>wi</na> in words such as <n>nochiwiá:n</n>, <n>no:wiá:n</n>, or <n>towiá:n</n> is not entirely clear. It might be epenthetic or it might represent some morpheme, either diachronically or synchronically relevant. All such words should be isolated and compared, however, it seems to occur only before /-yá:n/ as a final, accented morpheme. \ref 00133 \lxa tla:lchi:wahli \lxac tla:lchi:wahli \lxo tla:lchi:wahli \lxoc tla:lchi:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-V2)-Ag \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se land that has been cleared, broken in, worked, and planted (even though at this precise moment it may be fallow) \ss tierra que ha sido limpiada, trabajada y sembrada (aunque en el momento de hablar estédescansando) \xrb tla:l \xrb chi:wa \ono tla:hli \nse <na>Tla:lchi:wahli</na> refers to land that has been prepared and planted in the past, even though it may be lying fallow. That is, it refers to land that has been used but not to land that is necessarily in use. \qry Check for possessed form. \ref 00134 \lxa te:nistekwi \lxac kite:nistekwi \lxo te:nistekwi \lxoc kite:nistekwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \seao to pinch the chin of \ssao pellizcar el mentón de \pna Tle:ka note:ntlapachotok? Yes pa:mpa o:kite:niistehkeh. \pea Why does he have his mouth covered (e.g., with a paliacate)? It must be because someone (e.g., his girlfriend) pinched him on the chin (leaving an embarrassing mark). \psa ¿Por quétiene la boca tapada (p. ej., con un paliacate)? Debe ser porque alguien (p. ej., su novia) le pellizó el mentón (dejándole una marca embarasoza). \nae Although in other lexemes the nominal root <nr>istitl</nr> appears, in <na>te:nistekwi</na> the alternative <n>istetl</n> is found. Nevertheless, for cross-referencing purposes the root has been standardized to <nr>sti</nr>. \xrb te:n \xrb sti \xrb kwi \ref 00135 \lxa tlatla:kihlo:tl \lxac tlatla:kihlo:tl \lxo tlatla:kihlo:tl \lxoc tlatla:kihlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \se see <nla>tla:kihlo:tl</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tla:kihlo:tl</nla> \qry Check difference between /tla:kihlo:tl/ and /tlatlakihlo:tl/. Apparently the latter is not reduplicated but rather has the /tla-/ prefix. Check. Check and make sure of possessed form \vl Check length of /i/ in the penultimate syllable. I have changed this several times. \ref 00136 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlakwaltsi:nko \lxoc tlakwaltsi:nko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-tsi:n \seo place that is well-arranged or manicured; place that is pretty \sso lugar que está bien arreglado; lugar bien bonito \syna tlakwaltsi:n \xrb kwal \xrl -ko \ref 00137 \lxa tsontekonyamana \lxaa kitsontekonamana \lxac kitsontekonyamana \lxo tsontekonyámaná \lxop tsontekonyamana \lxoc kitsontekonyámaná \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao to give a headache to; to bother \ssao darle un dolor de cabeza a; molestar; desagradar \seao (refl.) to feel under pressure; to feel bothered or tense; to be upset; to become frustrated or bothered \ssao (refl.) sentirse bajo presión; sentirse tenso; molestarse; desagradarse \sem emotions \syna kwa:yamana \syno kwá:yamána \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \xrb ahmana \dis tsontekonyamana; tsontekontlapa:na; kwa:tlapa:na \qry Determine the contexts under which one might use this reflexively, i.e., what type of emotions are involved. \vl Check and cf to kwáyamána \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; stress shift: Note that for /kwá:yamána/ the pitch-accent shifts left onto the long vowel of teh incorporated noun. In /tsontekonyámaná/ there is no such left shift. The question is why and this is not certain. One reason might be syllable weight. This would make sense although more evidence from other cases would need to be studied. \ref 00138 \lxanotes zzz \mod I originally had /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ here but Cristino Flores indicated that this is in error. The correct form is /ni:xkwi:ti:hli/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00139 \lxa -tiw \lxac cho:katiw \lxo -tiw \lxoc cho:katiw \dt 20/Apr/2005 \psm Associated motion \infv Irregular/associated motion: imperf. <na>-tia:ya</na> ; perfective. <na>-tiah</na> ; future. <na>-tiá:s</na> ; conditional. <na>-tia:skia</na>, imperative/optative and present <na>-tiw</na> \seao aspectual ending \ssao terminación aspectual \xrb yaw \ref 00140 \lxa -teko \lxac cho:kateko \lxo -'tekó \lxop -teko \lxoc cho:kátekó \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Asp \infv class-4a/associated motion \pa yes-lex \se to occur (with intransitive verbs) or do (with transitive verbs) upon arriving here (at a particular location located toward a deictic reference point) \ss occurir (con verbos intransitivos) o hacer (con verbos transitivos) al llegar allá (a un lugar en una dirección intraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Nitlakwatekos tio:tlak, yeniaw. \pea I will eat when I get back here in the afternoon (i.e., I will eat upon arriving here), I'm on my way now. \psa Voy a comer al regresar aquí en la tarde (esto es, voy a comer al llegar acá), ya me voy. \se (with intransitive verbs) to occur in hitting the ground (here, toward a particular deictic reference point, usually speaker location) \ss (con verbos intransitivos) ocurrir en llegar a tocar tierra (acá, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica, usualmente la ubicación del hablante) \pna O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok. \pea You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a thud. \psa Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayócon estrépito al suelo. \pna O:tlapa:ntekok nopla:toh. \pea My plate fell and broke as it hit the ground. \psa Se cayómi plato y se rompió al estrellar contra el suelo. \cfa yeko \xrb ehko \nse The aspectual marker <na>-teko</na> is the antonym of <nla>-tasi</nla>. It signifies that an action takes place over a horizontal or vertical plane, with the action signalled by the verb occuring at a location toward a deictic reference point. Often the present is used even with a future event. In a phrase such as <na>nitlakwatekos</na> the fact that a"return"is involved is implied by the deictic nature of the action. Given that it occurs upon"arriving here"and the speaker is the one who will perform the action, the implication is that the speaker will first leave"here"(a reference point usually associated with the speaker, particularly when a 1st-person subject is both actor and speaker) and then return, carrying out the action signified by the verb upon arrival. \ref 00141 \lxa ixwi:wtli \lxac ixwi:wtli \lxo ixwi:htli \lxoc ixwi:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se grandchild (male or female) \ss nieto(a) \pna Newa umpa nixwi:wtli, newa ne:chmakas. \pea I am the grandchild there (i.e., in respect to a member of the household in question), it will be to me whom he gives it (in this case sth requested in loan). \psa Allíyo soy el nieto (esto es, en un hogar), es a mía quien lo va a dar (en este caso algo pedido prestado). \pna Tewa mitsixwi:w mokoko:l. \pea You are the grandchild of your grandfather. \psa Tu eres el nieto de tu abuelo. \sem kin \xrb xwi:w \nae The stem-final /w/ is lost in the diminutive form <n>noxwi:tsi:n</n> (in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec), which suggests that historically it might not be part of the underlying stem. Indeed, historically it might derive from the possessed marker <n>-w</n> that has fused to the original root. \grm Note that the poss. retains /w/ in the non-diminutive but with the diminutive, which is commonly used, /w/ deletes: /noxwi:tsi:n/ 'my little grandchild'. Cf. Dakin's comment that final /w/ might be related to possessive marker. \mod Diminutive <n>noxwi:tsi:n</n> \ref 00142 \lxa chikna:wtipan \lxac chikna:wtipan \lxo chikna:htipah \lxoa chikna:htipan \lxoc chikna:htipah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Num-N(rel) \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \se literally 'place of nine,' this is the residence of the <na>yeyeka:meh</na>, or evil spirits, that cause people harm, illness, and soul-loss \ss literalmente 'lugar de nueve', este es la residencia de los <na>yeyeka:meh</na>, aires o espíritus malos que causan daños, enfermedades, y susto a la gente \nse In Ruiz de Alarcón there are references to <na>chicnauhtopan</na>, literally"nine above us,"a place toward which, apparently, many of the chants are directed. Clearly the present-day <na>chikna:wtipan</na> represents an identical concept, perhaps simply through a reinterpretation of <na>-topan</na>. \xrb chik \xrb na:wi \xrl -tipan \ref 00143 \lxa kochka:yoh \lxac xkochka:yoh \lxo kochka:yoh \lxoc xkochka:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg \se (<n>x</n> ~) to not be sleepy (e.g., a person up late and not working but rather watching over others, e.g, in a vigil); to be unable to sleep \ss (<n>x</n> ~) estar sin sueño (p. ej., una persona que queda despierta toda la noche, no trabajando pero cuidando a otros); no poder dormir \pna Xtikochka:yoh, tewa xtikochis. \pea You are not sleepy, you will be the one not to fall asleep. \psa No tienes sueño, túvas a ser el que no se duerme. \xrb kochi \ref 00144 \lxa se:ka:nowa \lxac kise:ka:nowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \sea to sling or place across ones chest (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that crosses diagonally in front and back of ones torso) \ssa colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa diagonalmente por el pecho y la espalda) \syna ma:se:ka:nowa \syno ma:se:ka:na \xrb se:ka:n \xvca se:ka:no:ltia \fla ma:se:ka:titlan \nae <na>Se:ka:nowa</na> might well be an apocopated form of <nla>ma:se:ka:nowa</nla>, which itselft seems related to several other lexical items such as <nla>ma:se:ka:titlan</nla>. \qry Check to make sure <na>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</na> is the equivalent of <na>se:ka:no:ltia</na>. Check to see if /sekatitlan/ is a word. Apparently /se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc. \vl Check! Since in Tetelcingo one finds the equivalent of /se:yekatitla/ the vowel length should be checked here in /se:ka:nowa/ and similar words. \ref 00145 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /sentetl/. It has since been removed as a duplicate. Tag speech tokens fro there with number 2766. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The speech tokens here should be tagged as 2766, however, given that they are early with a lot of echo, they should not be linked to the dictionary. \ref 00146 \lxa tlatsatsakwilia \lxac kitlatsatsakwilia \lxo tlá:tsakwília \lxop tlá:tsakwilia \lxoc kitlá:tsakwília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to fill in colors within outlined shapes (e.g., of an amate or other drawing) for \ss rellenar los espacios con colores (de un dibujo de blanco y negro) para \pna A:kinon tiktlatsatsakwilitok? \pea Who are you filling things (drawings) in for? \psa ¿Para quién estás rellenando (algo como amates)? \xrb tsakwa \xbtlao tsakwilia \ref 00147 \lxa tlana:miktia \lxac tlana:miktia \lxo tlana:mihtia \lxoc tlana:mihtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seao to conduct a marriage ceremony (e.g., a priest or judge) \ssao casar en una ceremonia (p. ej., un sacerdote o juez) \subadj tatli wa:n na:ntli \xrb na:miki \xbtla na:miktia \xbtlo na:mihtia \ref 00148 \lxa xo:mah \lxac i:xo:mah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea lips (of people and certain animals) \ssa labios (de humanos y ciertos animales) \sea snout (of an animal, particularly mammals) \ssa hocico (de un animal, particularmente las mamalias) \sem body \syna te:nxo:mah \syno te:nxo:mah \xrb xo:mah \subadj pitso \subadj burroh \mod Florencia Marcelino did not accept <no>xo:mah</no> but rather <nlo>te:nxo:mah</nlo>. \qry Determine which animals have snouts and/or lips (e.g., does this apply to snakes, etc.) \ref 00149 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xtéme:tsowília \lxop i:xtéme:tsowilia \lxoc ki:xtéme:tsowília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to give a good, measured look at (e.g., sth to make sure that it is flat, correctly measured, etc.) \ss ver detalladamente y cuidadosamente a (p. ej., una cantidad de algo para asegurar bien que está bien medido) \syna i:xte:nteme:tsowilia \xrb i:x \xrb tehme:ts \nae The etymology of <na>i:xteme:tsowilia</na> is uncertain: the only clearly identifiable element is <nr>i:x</nr> and, perhaps, <nr>te</nr>. No other dialects have been found with any words resembling either <n>teme:tsowa</n> or <n>me:tsowa</n>. Certainly a precise identification of the location of the {h} element that probably motivates the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>i:xtéme:tsowilia</no> would be helpful. \qry As with other words, it is unclear whether the <n>te-</n> element is part of the incorporated noun (e.g., <na>i:xtetl</na>), whether it is an intensifier, or whether it is part of the verb. However, no verb /teme:tsowa/ or /me:tsowa/ has been found, where /tsowilia/ means 'to lasso for'. \sj i:xteme:tsowilia \vl Check vowel length and location of /h/ in SJ dialect. \rt Discuss difficulty in termining root and whether /teme:ts/ is correct. \ref 00150 \lxa tio:tlaki:ltih \lxac tio:tlaki:ltih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \infv pl. <na>tio:tlakiki:ltikeh</na> \sea Good afternoon (from noon to vespers; reverential) \ssa Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración; reverencial) \pna Ma tio:tlaki:ltih! \pea Have a very good afternoon (reverential)! \psa ¡Quétenga unas muy buenas tardes (reverencial)! \syna tio:tlakih \syno tio:tlakeh \cfa tlapoya:wilih \xrb tio: \xrl -tlak \nse The afternoon greeting <na>tio:tlaki:ltih</na> (cf. <nla>tio:tlakih</nla>) is the only reverential form that has been noted among all greetings. It seems to be used only toward individuals (e.g., godparents) to whom one owes a certain amount of respect, though more often, even in such situations, the unmarked <nla>tio:tlakih</nla> is used. The reverential form was not accepted by Florencia Marcelino as correct for Oapan. \qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. \vl Check for long vowel before causative. \ref 00151 \lxa tla:wa:nke:tl \lxac tla:wa:nke:tl \lxo tla:wa:nke:tl \lxoc tla:wa:nke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se drunkhard; alcoholic \ss borracho; alcohólico \pna Niman tla:wa:nke:tl ki:sa ke:n itah. \pea Right away (at an early age) he's turned out to be a drunkard like his father. \psa Luego luego (a una edad temprana) sale borracho como su papá. \se drunk \ss borracho (en el sentido adjectival) \pno Ya:lwa nitla:wa:nke:tl katka. \peo I was drunk yesterday. \pso Ayer estaba yo borracho. \xrb tla:wa: \nse In Oapan (and probably in Ameyaltepec as well) the nominal <nao>tla:wa:nke:tl</nao> is used to indicate a state of drunkeness. To reference a drunkhard it is much more common to use the partial borrowing <nao>tlawanke:roh</nao>. \qry /-ki/ is not acceptable. Check vowel length. Check whether possession is possible. If so add Aln(ag) \ref 00152 \lxa tlakwi:lia \lxac kitlakwi:lia \lxo tlá:kwí:lia \lxop tlá:kwi:lia \lxoc kitlá:kwí:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao (Oa: with short vowel reduplication of verbal stem) to run off with the girlfriend or boyfriend, or even wife or husband, of \ssao (Oa: con reduplicación de vocal corta de la raíz verbal) bajarsele la novia o novio, o hasta el esposo o la esposa, a \pna O:kitlakwi:likeh. \pea His girlfriend was taken away from him. \psa Se le bajaron su querida. \xrb kwi \xbtlao kwi:lia \nse Apparently <na>tlakwi:lia</na> can also be used with an object that references either a man or a woman; however it seems to be much more commonly used in reference to men having their partners taken away by another suitor. Cristino Flores stated that this word is used to refer to taking anything away form someone; if one wishes to refer to a woman, one uses <nla>sowakwi:lia</nla>. \ref 00153 \lxa kakahli \lxac kakahli \lxo kákahlí \lxop kakahli \lxoc kákahlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>í:kál</no> \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-rdp \seao awning; canopy (e.g., like those supported on four poles and sustained over a saint during a procession) \ssao toldo; dosel; baldaquín; pabellón (p. ej., la tela que se porta con cuatro estandartes arriba de un santo durante una procesión) \se blind (such as that used by a hunter to hide from prey) \ss escondite (de los que utilizan los cazadores para que no se vean) \se shell (of a snail) \ss cáscara (de un caracol) \xrb kal \cfa kahli \nae The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers <n>i-</n> and <n>in-</n>. Thus one finds for <no>kákahlí</no> the following possessed forms: <no>nó:kál</no>, <no>mó:kál</no>, <no>íkakál</no>, <no>tó:kál</no>, <no>nimó:kál</no>, and <no>ínkakál</no>. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker <no>imin</no> was used: <no>imí:nkál</no>. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave <no>íkakál</no> as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated <no>kákahlí</no> except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave <no>í:kál</no> even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form <no>&# 237;kakál</no>. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted <no>í:kál</no> as a rarely used alternative form of the 3rd person singular possessed. The general absence of <no>í:kál</no> in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with <no>kókó:hli</no> 'grandfather' and <no>kókoné:tl</no> 'doll.' Thus one finds <no>nó:kó:l</no>, <no>mó:kó:l</no>, <no>í:kó:l</no>, <no>tó:kó:l</no>, <no>nimó:kó:l</no>, and <no>i:nkó:l</no> as well as <no>nó:koné:w</no>, <no>mókoné:w</no>, <no>í:koné:w</no>, <no>tó:koné:w</no>, <no>nimó:koné:w</no>, and <no>í:nkoné:w</no>. One difference with <no>kákahlí</no> is that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it does not explain why, with <no>kákahl 7;</no> one finds reduction with <no>nó:kál</no>, <no>mó:kál</no>, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oa pan Nahuatl a consonant onset has some bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication; reduction: The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers <n>i-</n> and <n>in-</n>. Thus one finds for <no>kákahlí</no> the following possessed forms: <no>nó:kál</no>, <no>mó:kál</no>, <no>íkakál</no>, <no>tó:kál</no>, <no>nimó:kál</no>, and <no>ínkakál</no>. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker <no>imin</no> was used: <no>imí:nkál</no>. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave <no>íkakál</no> as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated <no>kákahlí</no> except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave <no>í:kál</no> even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form <no>íkakál</no>. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted <no>í:kál</no> as a rarely used alternative form of the 3rd person singular possessed. The general absence of <no>í:kál</no> in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with <no>kókó:hli</no> 'grandfather' and <no>kókoné:tl</no> 'doll.' Thus one finds <no>nó:kó:l</no>, <no>mó:kó:l</no>, <no>í:kó:l</no>, <no>tó:kó:l</no>, <no>nimó:kó:l</no>, and <no>i:nkó:l</no> as well as <no>nó:koné:w</no>, <no>mókoné:w</no>, <no>í:koné:w</no>, <no>tó:koné:w</no>, <no>nimó:koné:w</no>, and <no>í:nkoné:w</no>. One difference with <no>kákahlí</no> is that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it doe s not explain why, with <no>kákahlí</no> one finds reduction with <no>nó:kál</no>, <no>mó:kál</no>, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oapan Nahuatl a consonant onset has some bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems. \ref 00154 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /xa:xa:yakatsi:n/ but was rejected by Cristino Flores. I originally had this as meaning 'horsefly.' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry Note that this entry was originally given as /xaxayakatsi:n/ with the note under /lxo 'see /xa:xa:yakatl/. I have assumed that /xa:xa:yakatsi:n/ in Ameyaltepec is used for the horsefly and thus have changed the entry. However, when going over this dictionary check with Am speaker what /xaxayakatsi:n/ might mean. \ref 00155 \lxa tsi:ntlatsi:nia \lxac kitsi:ntlatsi:nia \lxo tsi:ntlatsi:nia \lxoc kitsi:ntlatsi:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to give (sb) a pat or slap on the rear \ss darle una palmada por las nalgas a \pna O:kitsi:ntlatsi:nih un suwa:tl \pea He gave that woman a pat on the rear. \psa Le dio a esa mujer una palmada en la trasera. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to spank \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar nalgadas a \pna Kitsi:ntlatlatsi:ni:s ikone:w. Ke:n cho:kani, ipan notlawe:lki:sti:s. \pea He's going to give his child a spanking. He really cries a lot, he's going to take out his anger on him. \psa Le va a dar unas nalgadas a su hijo. Es un llorón, se va a descargar (el padre) su ira enél. \syno tsi:ntekapa:nia \xrb tsi:n \xrb tlatsi: \nse Note that in Oapan * <n>tsi:ntlaxkalowa</n> is not used, as it is in Ameyaltepec. According to Florencia Marcelino, in Oapan <no>tsi:ntlatsi:nia</no> refers to a spanking on the rear of a person not wearing anything there whereas <nlo>tsi:ntekapa:nia</nlo> refers to a slap on the butt of a clothed person. \dis tsi:ntlatsi:nia; tsi:ntlaxkalowa; tsi:ntekapa:nia \ref 00156 \lxa yo:ltia \lxac yo:ltia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4d(tia) \sea to resuscitate; to come to \ssa resuscitar; volver a ser conciente \pna Oksepa o:yo:ltiak. \pea It came back to life. \psa Resucitó otra vez. \syno yo:li \xrb yo:l \xvaa yo:ltilia \subadj chichi deke o:sotla:w \subadj tlitl \nae <na>Yo:ltia</na> may be used for any animate being that has fainted and then come to. It can also refer to a fire that springs up after one had thought it had been put out. \dis yo:li:tia; yo:ltilia and the reflexive forms of both with /yo:ltia/. \qry The form <na>yo:ltitiw</na> or, in the past <na>o:yo:ltitiah</na> seems to be related to the stative <na>yo:ltok</na> much as <na>westitiw</na> is related to <na>westok</na>. It does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <nla>yo:ltia</nla>, where one would expect ? <na>yo:ltixtiw</na>. This, however, should be checked. Check also whether /yo:ltixtiw/ is correct. Also, /yo:ltitok/ as a progressive of /yo:ltia/. Finally, check whether /yo:ltitiw/ means 'se va estando vivo' or 'se va resuscitando.' Obviously the meanings are close, the important thing to note or determine is whether /o:yo:ltitiah/ is related to /yo:ltok/ or to /yo:ltia/ and whether /yo:ltixtiw/ exists as an alternative. Florencia Marcelino gave <nlo>yo:li</nlo> here and did not accept <no>yo:ltia</no> as a correct form in Oapan. \ref 00157 \lxa kwa:pasole:wi \lxac kwa:pasole:wi \lxo kwá:pasolé:wi \lxop kwa:pasole:wi \lxoc kwá:pasolé:wi \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. <n>-te-</n> : <nla>kwa:tepasole:wi</nla> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>kwa:tepasole:wi</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>kwa:tepasole:wi</nla> \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \subadj kahli pani ka:n nona:miki sakatl \qry Check pitch-accent in Oapan form. My original notes had not p-a here, but given my understanding of the morphology of this word, I have added it. Check. According to my notes this has been recorded and thus it should be possible to check. Note that it should also be checked whether or not this form can occur without /te-/ as ?/kwa:pasole:wi/. If not, then this entry should be eliminated and only /kwa:tepasole:wi/ should be maintained. \ref 00158 \lxa tlamiktia \lxac tlamiktia \lxo tlamihtia \lxoc tlamihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to lose (a child) accidentally to death (used only in reference to female subjects, animals or humans, whose newborn child dies shortly after birth, perhaps within some 3 to 6 months; antonym <nla>nemi:tia</nla>) \ssao perder (a un niño o a algn cercano que está bajo el cuidado de uno) accidentalmente a la muerte (utilizado solamente con sujetos femininos, humanos o animales, cuyos niños recién nacidos se mueren poco después de haber nacido, quizádentro de 3 a 6 meses; antónimo <nla>nemi:tia</nla>) \pna O:tlamiktih, xok nemi ikone:w. \pea Her child died on her, he isn't alive anymore. \psa Se le muriósu niño, ya no vive. \pna Kinemi:tia ikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. \pea She is caring for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't lost him (through a fault of her own). \psa Cuida a su niño, no se muere, no lo ha dejado morir (por culpa suya). \se to be impotent (a male) because of an inability to get an erection (antonym <nla>tlaxitia</nla>) \ss ser impotente (un hombre) por no poder tener una erección (antonym <nla>tlaxitia</nla>) \pna O:tlamiktih un tla:katl, xok tlaxitia. \pea That man has become important, he can't get it up anymore. \psa Ese hombre es impotente, ya no se le para. \se to slaughter (an animal such as a pig or ox) \ss sacrificar (un animal como un marrano o buey) \pna Tlamikti:lo:s. \pea An animal will be slaughtered. \psa Se va a sacrificar un animal. \xrb miki \xbtla miktia \xbtlao mihtia \nse The first two senses given in this entry are generally found only with the nonspecific prefix <n>tla-</n> whereas the final sense, that of slaughtering an animal, can also be found with a specific object prefix: <na>kimikti:s i:pitso</na> 'he will slaughter his pig.' \nde Similar senses to those given above are found in RS under <n>mictia</n> <n>Nitla-</n> 'ser impotente, improprio para la generación, hacer sacrificios a losídolos, inmolar algún animal.' \mod Perhaps remove the 'slaughter' definition. \grm Causative; reduplicative; transitivity: Note the lowering of transitivity with /tla-/. Thus /tlamiktia/ indicates"having sth, a child, die on one"but one can say that /o:tlamiktih, pero ka, xo:kimiktih i:kone:w/. NB. \ref 00159 \lxa tsonwe:weyakia \lxac tsonwe:weyakia \lxo tsonwe:weyakia \lxoc tsonwe:weyakia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Lex rpd-l; Op. <n>te-</n> : <no>tsontewe:weyakiya</no> \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao for ones hair to grow long \ssao crecersele el cabello muy largo a \syna kwa:we:weyakia \xrb kwa: \xrb weya \nse In Oapan the verbal form with infixed <no>te-</no> is used to indicate the long hair of a man; the form without <no>te-</no> is used to indicate that of a woman; see <nlo>tsonwe:wiyak</nlo> for a more extensive discussion of this distinctioni in meaning, which does not seem to exist In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. \qry Check to determine whether a transitive form exists ?kwa:weweyakilia:, or an adjectival form ?kwa:weweyak. Check length of /weweyak/ here and in all similar forms. Check all recordings for the length of the reduplicant. I was so confused in my original notes that it is not worth relying on them. \vl Check vowel length of reduplicated syllable here and in all other words with the reduplicated: /we:weyak/ or similar forms. \ref 00160 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /kwe:tlah/. \dt 04/Jun/2002 \ref 00161 \lxa tlama:ma \lxac tlama:ma \lxo tlama:ma \lxoc tlama:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to be suffering under or bearing a heavy weight \ss estar cargado y sufriendo bajo un peso \se to serve as a support for other objects or a heavy weight (e.g., as a cross-beam holding that holds up other vertical beams that rest upon it; [O] expressed obliquely with <na>i:ka</na>) \ss servir como un soporte o sosten (p. ej., una viga horizontal que carga otras verticales, [o] se expresa como oblicua con <na>i:ka</na>) \pna San se: kwentli tlama:matok ika kwenko:koneh. \pea Just one furrow has a lot of <na>cornejales</na> bearing down on it. \psa Solamente un surco está cargado con una cantidad de cornejales. \se (fig.) to be suffering under or bearing a heavy responsibility (a person [S]; [O] expressed obliquely with <na>i:ka</na>) \ss (fig.) estar cargado con una obligación o responsabilidad pesada (una persona n [S]; [O] se expresa como oblicua con <na>i:ka</na>) \xrb ma:ma \xbtlao ma:ma \qry I have had difficultly in determing the argument structure of /tlama:maltia/. Certainly one can state that one is loading up ones donkey: /niktlama:maltia noburroh/. One question is how the second object is expressed: /niktlama:matlia noburroh tlikuhtli/ or /niktlama:maltia noburroh ika tlikuhtli/. The former would seem to be more correct from a strictly grammatical point of view. Another question concerns two nonspecific nonhuman objects. Can one state /nitlatlama:maltia/ 'I am loading up (animals with burdens)' (and cf. to /tlatlakukwaltia/). If so, give an entry for /tlama:maltia/ 'to load up (an animal)' with at least one example of /tlatlama:maltia/. However, it will be necessary to make a determination about separate entries for words with two indefinite null complements \mod For description of the manner in which a furrow bears the burden of the <na>cornejales</na> cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. Illustrate. \ref 00162 \lxa -pan \lxac ipan \lxo -pan \lxoc i:pan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \se on; on top of (i.e., directly on top of, mounted on an animal, etc.) \ss sobre; encima de (esto es, directamente sobre o encima de, montado sobre un animal, etc.) \pna Xtla:li ipan tetl! Ma:ka sapan tla:hli! \pea Place it on a rock, not just on the ground! \psa ¡Pónlo sobre una piedra, no simplemente sobre la tierra! \pna Ipan xkontla:li! \pea Place it on top of it (e.g., a table, rock, etc.)! \psa ¡Pónlo encima deél (p. ej., una mesa, una piedra, etc.)! \pna Ipan tleko:s un burroh. \pea He'll get on that donkey. \psa Va a subir a ese burro. \pna Ipan xiya! \pea Go on it (e.g., a burro, horse, etc.)! \psa ¡Vaya sobreél (un burro, caballo, etc.)! \pna O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. \pea I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). \psa Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente). \se (~ <na>yeko</na> or ~ <na>asi</na>) to arrive (here or there) where (sb) is \ss (<na>~ yeko</na> o <na>~ asi</na>) llegar (aquío allá) donde (está algn) \pna Xyatiw! Mopan nasis. \pea Get going! I'll catch up with you there (i.e., arrive there where you'll be). \psa ¡Vete yendo! Voy a alcanzarte allídonde estarás. \se (~ <na>nochi:wa</na> or <na>wetsi</na>) to happen to; to affect (sb) \ss (~ <na>nochi:wa</na> o <na>wetsi</na>) sucederle; pasarle (a algn); caer sobre o encima de (algn, p. ej., una desgracia) \pna Nopan o:wets kokolistli. \pea A disease hit me. \psa Me cayó una enfermedad encima. \se (~ <na>one:wa</na> or <na>wa:le:wa</na>) to head toward; to go in the direction of (e.g., a blow) \ss (~ <na>one:wa</na> o <na>wa:le:wa</na>) ir hacia; ir para (p. ej., un golpe) \pna Xpia kwida:doh, tla:mo mopan one:was -wa:le:was-! \pea Take care (in this case of what you say to him), if you don't it (e.g., a blow) will be coming your way! \psa ¡Ten cuidado (en este caso. de lo que le dices), si no, te va a caer (p. ej., un golpe) encima! \se (~ [+ verb]) to [verb] on top of, in relation to, etc. \ss (~ [+ verbo]) [verbo] encima de, en relación a, etc. \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <na>taravía</na> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \se (<na>i:pan</na> [number + time period]) on; in [number + time period] \ss (<na>i:pan</na> [número + periodo de tiempo]) en [número + periodo de tiempo] \pna Ipan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s. \pea I'll come, then, on the day after tomorrow. \psa Vengo, pues, pasado mañana. \se ([number] <na>i:pan</na> [number]) after (in telling time, e.g., five after five) \ss ([número] <na>i:pan</na> [número]) después de (en términos de la hora, p. ej., cinco después de las cinco) \pna Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh? \pea How many minutes after five is it? \psa ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos? \xrl -pan \nse In <na>i:pan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s</na> the counting system used in Nahuatl is that of Spanish where <spn>en tres días</spn> indicates 'the day after tomorrow.' The forms <na>-pan yeko</na> and <na>-pan asi</na> indicate that one person (the possessor of the relational noun) moves to a destination where the second person (the subject of the verb of movment) will later arrive. \nae The difference between the length the intial <n>i:-</n> possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form <n>ipan</n> and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of <nlo>ilakastik</nlo> demonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \nde In Ameyaltepec the difference between <na>mopan nasi</na> and <na>mopan asi</na> is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of <na>mopan</na> is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun <no>-pan</no> is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of <no>-pan</no> deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopáasí]. \qry Note that in the phrase /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh?/ the hour is expressed before /ipan/. Determine if this is always true, i.e., ask how one says"ten after five": /si:nkoh ipan die:s/ or /die:s ipan si:nkoh/. Note the relevance of which one is correct for the interpretation of /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch?/. \pqry Check with phonetician on the status of the two /i/'s. Get acoustic analysis of patterns. \grm Directionals; relational nouns/locatives: /O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w/ 'I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own).' Note how although /ipan/ often gives the significance of 'on' here the state of being 'on' the wall is the state or position from which the action began. Thus note the difference /o:nitsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped onto the wall' and /o:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped from off the wall.' \grm Oapan phonology: In Ameyaltepec the difference between <na>mopan nasi</na> and <na>mopan asi</na> is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of <na>mopan</na> is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun <no>-pan</no> is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of <no>-pan</no> deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopáasí]. \grm Oapan phonology: The difference between the length the intial <n>i:-</n> possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form <n>ipan</n> and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of <nlo>ilakastik</nlo> demonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 00163 \lxa koxo:naltia \lxac kikoxo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \infv class-2a \sea to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (such as a water jug or a gourd, as when one is cleaning out its inside) \ssa zangolotear o agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiarlo) \synao koxo:nia \xrb koxo: \xvba koxo:ni \nse This transitive form <na>koxo:naltia</na> is often used to describe actions such as swirling water inside a container to clean it, or doing the same with small stones inside a gourd in order to loosen the"entrails"and prepare it for being used to carry water. \nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) only accepted the transitive <nlo>koxo:nia</nlo> and not the more marked causative <no>koxo:naltia</no>. \qry Apparently <na>nihkoxo:ni:s</na> can be used in the same sexual sense as <na>nihkoxo:nalti:s</na>. However, recheck the semantics of both forms. Confirm that Am has both /koxo:nia/ and /koxo:naltia/ and, if so, check possible differences in the two forms. \ref 00164 \lxa tokatl de un totomioh \lxac tokatl de un totomioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea tarantula or similar type of spider still not definitively identified \ssa tarantula o tipo de araña parecida todavía no identificado definitivamente \equiva tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh \sem animal \sem insect \syno komo:n \xrb toka \xrb tohmi \ref 00165 \lxa kia:wak \lxac kia:wak \lxo kia:wak \lxoc kia:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1 \seao outside; in the open air \ssao a fuera; al aire libre \pna Kia:wak kochi, xkipia ikal. \pea He sleeps outside, he doesn't have a house. \psa Duerme al aire libre, no tiene una casa. \pna Kia:wak onkah. \pea There is (are) some outside. \psa Afuera hay algunos. \pna Noka:was kia:wak. \pea It will stay outside. \psa Se va a quedar afuera. \seao (<nao>para</nao> ~) toward the outside (of an organized group of people, e.g., a circle of children, etc.; antonym <nla>kali</nla>) \ssao (<nao>para</nao> ~) hacia afuera (de un grupo organizado de gente, como un círculo de niños, etc.; antónimo <nla>kali</nla>) \pna Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak. \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside and then go back (to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea). \cfao kali \xrb kia:wa \xrl -ko \nae Whether or not two entries for <n>kia:wak</n> should be established is not entirely clear. Definitely the reference to 'patio' may be considered nominal in that it is possessed (and indeed must be possessed to signify a 'house patio'). Unpossessed <n>kia:wak</n> functions as a locative in much the same way as <nla>nika:n</nla>, <nla>kali</nla>, etc. Thus in the phrase <na>nokwepo:nian para kia:wak</na> one cannot mark the reference point for the deixis with a possessive prefix * <na>i:kia:wak</na>. Nor does one find a form such as * <na>tlakia:wak</na>. \qry Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical. \ref 00166 \lxa kexsolo:ni \lxac kexsolo:ni \lxo kexsolo:ni \lxoc kexsolo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to make rumbling sounds in ones throat; to make wheezing sounds in the throat (e.g., sb near death) \ssao hacer sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn al punto de morir) \xrb kech \xrb solo: \xvkao kexsosolka \qry Not in filecards to date; this verb should be rechecked. Compare to other words for 'snore' and make noises in ones throat. Also check for transitive form, is it /-solo:nia/ or /solo:naltia/? \ref 00167 \lxa popo:naltia \lxac kipopo:naltia \lxo pópo:náltia \lxop popo:naltia \lxoc kí:po:náltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:po:náltia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to open up or cause to open up (e.g., a flower by a hummingbird) \ss abrir o hacer brotar (p. ej., una flor por un colibrí) \src DT#8:759 \pna Wi:tsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan in xo:chitl, na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl, ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia. \pea The hummingbird, it alights on this flower, then here it sticks its small little beak into the flower, that's the way it opens things up, it loosens it up. \psa El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor, ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor por aquí, asíED hace abrir, la afloja. \se to tie up braids (of a young adolescent girl) in a loop to that the tips pop upward slightly (like little horns) from the back of the head \ss amarrar las trenzas (de una joven adolescente) en una lazada o pequeño círculo con los cabos asomándose hacia arriba (como cuernitos) por la parte posterior de la cabeza \pna Xpopo:nalti itson, ma popo:nto! \pea Place her braids so that they pop up slightly on the back of her head, they should be pointed up! \psa ¡Amarra sus trenzas para que los cabos se asomen hacia arriba por la parte posterior de su cabeza, que estén paraditos hacia arriba! \xrb po: \xvba po:ni \ilustmp Create illustration for hair entry. \qry Determine use and meaning of unreduplicated form if it exists.Perhaps for words that manifest two transitive forms (as with /po:nia/ and /po:naltia/) a clear exposition of the differences should be made. However, this should probably be dealt with in the grammar. \ref 00168 \lxa me:kotlako:tl \lxac me:kotlako:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of plant still unidentified, whose branches may be used for switches \ssa tipo de planta todavía no identificada, cuyas ramas se pueden utlizar como varas \pna Me:kotlako:tl | Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl. \pea <na>Me:kotlako:tl</na> : When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again. The rod is not visible. \psa <na>Me:kotlako:tl</na> : Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no está visible. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb me:ko \xrb tlako: \nct tlako:tl \nfe None of the three consultants (from Ameyaltepec, San Juan, and Oapan) knew of this plant. \qry Check for presence of {h}. Also, inquire as to reason that it is named /me:kotlako:tl/. \ref 00169 \lxa i:xte:nkweri:toh \lxac i:xte:nkweri:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cuero</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea eyelids \ssa párpados \sem body \sem human \syno i:xté:nkwetóhli \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \qry Check possessed form for final /h/, etc. \ref 00170 \lxa popo:ka si:tlalin \lxac popo:ka si:tlalin \lxo popo:ka si:tlalin \lxoa popo:ka si:talin \lxoc popo:ka si:tlalin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 4 \seao comet \ssao cometa \sem heavens \xrb po:ka \xrb si:tlal \nse Although this might be analyzed as a single word, here <na>popo:ka si:tlalin</na> has been considered to be two. \qry This seems to be one of the only, perhaps only, word that is formed by a verb plus noun incorporation sequence. Check, but it appears that the fact that plural is not marked on the verb indicates clearly that this is not juxtaposition, but one word. Check in a dialect in which {h} would be apparent, e.g., Oapan Nahuatl for unusual stress. \ref 00171 \lxa sole:rah \lxac sole:rah \lxo sole:rah \lxoc sole:rah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan solera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao wooden beam or support upon which other horizontal, vertical, or inclined wooden construction materials rest \ssao solera \pna Sole:rah, ipan kitlaksaltian kabe:sas. \pea The <na>sole:rah</na> : it is on it that the <na>kabe:sas</na> (which bear the weight of a thatched roof) are stood upright. \psa La solera: es sobre ella que se paran las cabesas (que soportan el peso de un techo de palma o zacate). \syno kaltepa:ntli \encyctmp kahli \nse The <n>sole:ras</n> are the bottom beams of a thatched roof house (of palm or grass) upon which the <spn>horcones</spn> rest. The <n>sole:rah</n> thus supports the main weight of the house. \nae Possessed form shows no change from the unpossessed Spanish loan: <nao>nosole:rah</nao>. \qry Determine full range of house parts. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 for a list of words used in reference to a thatched house. Check possessed form. \mod Add drawing of house, parts, construction sequence, etc. under <na>kahli</na>. See illustration with original 3x5 card. \ref 00172 \lxa tamalayutli de peye:joh \lxac tamalayutli de peye:joh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pellejo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln (<na>notamalayoh de peye:joh</na>) \sea variety of small, thin-skinned type of squash (generically called <nla>tamalayotli</nla>) that is called <na>peye:joh</na> because it has a fleshy, tasty interior \ssa calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada (de las llamadas genericamente <nla>tamalayutli</nla>) que se llama <na>peye:joh</na> por su carnoso interior \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb tamal \xrb ayoh \fla tamalayutli \nse The skin of this squash is extremely thin and delicate; one can scratch it with ones fingernails. Oapan apparently does not use the adjectival phrase <na>de peye:joh</na> but refers to these types of squash in general as <nlo>tamaláyotlí</nlo>. \nde Oapan apparently does not use the adjectival phrase <na>de peye:joh</na>. \nct a:yotli \qry Etymology of /peye:joh/ is not clear; also check to determine whether this is actually /peye:joh/. Perhaps a loan word. Check throughout the length of /a/ in /ayotli/. \ref 00173 \lxa kineki \lxac kineki \lxo kineki \lxoc kineki \dt 26/May/2005 \psm Modal \seao (~ [Noun Phrase]) to be necessary [Noun, as subject] \ssao (~ [Frase nominal]]) ser necesario [sustantivo, como sujeto] \pna Kineki tla:katl. \pea A man is needed. \psa Falta un hombre (esto es, se necesita un hombre). \seao (~ [Verb Phrase]) to be necessary [Noun, as subject] \ssao (~ [Frase verbal]]) ser necesario [sustantivo, como sujeto] \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n! Kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik. \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches! You need to (it is necessary that you) sew it with the stitches close together. \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con las puntadas abiertas! Es necesario que la coses (tienes que coserla) con las puntadas apretadas. \pna Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman. \pea You just (want) to send me off to my cornfield, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning). \psa No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación). \xrb neki \cfa neki \nse <na>Kineki</na> has been given a separate entry as a modal compound that is used to indicate the speaker's evaluation of the necessity of a given situation occurring, of a particular noun being present, etc. \ref 00174 \lxa nenemi:tia \lxac kinenemi:tia \lxo nénemí:tia \lxop nenemi:tia \lxoc kí:nemí:tia \dt 17/May/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:nemí:tia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to help or make walk (especially a young child just learning); to speed up (e.g., a beast of burden, so that it walks quicker) \ssao ayudar a o hacer caminar (especialmente un niño que apenas está aprendiendo a caminar); apurar (p. ej., una bestia, para que camine más rápido) \pna Xnenemi:ti mokone:w. \pea Help your child walk (e.g., by leading him by the hand). \psa Ayuda a tu hijo a caminar (p. ej., al agarrarlo por la mano). \pna Xkita! Kinenemi:tia ikone:w, xkima:ma. \pea Look! She makes her child walk, she doesn't carry him. \psa ¡Ve! Hace caminar a su niño, no lo carga. \pna Kinenemi:tia chika:wak iburroh. \pea He makes his donkey walk fast. \psa Hace caminar rápido a su burro. \seao to keep going (a process such as litigation, official paperwork, etc.) \ssao mantener en pie a o dar seguirmiento a (un asunto como un trámite, un litigio, etc.) \se to hurry up (e.g., a task) \ss apurrar (p. ej., una tarea al hacerla) \se to help send onto death (e.g., a sick person, particularly through prayer, so that he doesn't suffer) \ss ayudar a encaminar hacia la muerte (p. ej., un enfermo, particularmente por medio de la oración, para que no sufra) \pna Xnenemi:ti nokokoxka:w! Ke:n yo:tlayo:wih. \pea Pray so that my sick family member goes on his way! He has suffered greatly. \psa ¡Reza para que se encamine mi pariente enfermo! Ha sufrido tanto. \xrb nemi \xvba nenemi \nse Note the metaphoric use of <na>nenemi:tia</na> to mean 'to pray for someone's recovery [from an illness].' \qry Check the phrase /O:tlanenemi:tih/ 'It gave a good birth (said of an animal that has not aborted).' and determine whether one can say /o:tlanemi:tih/. If both are correct, check for the difference between /o:tlanemi:tih/ and /o:tlanenemi:tih/. Also, perhaps assign a separate entry to the /tla-/ form. \ref 00175 \lxa skie:rah \lxaa kie:rah \lxac skie:rah \lxo ke:ra \lxoa kie:ra \lxoc kie:ra \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan siquiera \psm Modal \seao at least \ssao por lo menos; siquiera \pna O:tikwa:tepasoliw, skie:rah xmotsonchichi:wa! \pea Your hair got disheveled, why don't you at least arrange it (e.g., brush it and perhaps braid it)! \psa ¡Te quedaste despeinada, por lo menos arréglatelo (p. ej., cepillándolo y, quizá, poniéndolo en trenzas)! \pno Ke:ra se: xne:chmaka! \peo Give me at least one! \pso ¡Por lo menos dáme uno! \qry Check /cat classification; perhaps a modal. \vl Check vowel length and final /h/ or absence thereof. \ref 00176 \lxa wiyo:tia \lxaa kwiyo:tia \lxac kiwiyo:tia \lxo yówiyó:tia \lxop yowiyo:tia \lxoc kiyówiyó:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to place a feather or feathers in (e.g., for a headdress used in religious dances) \ssao colocar o meter plumas en (p. ej., para una corona utilizada en danzas religiosas) \pna Kwiyo:ti:s ikoro:nah, te:wa:n nito:ti:s. \pea She is going to place feathers in her headdress, she's going to dance with others (in the Danza de Corona). \psa Va a poner plumas en su corona, va a bailar con los demás (en la Danza de Corona). \pna Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s. \pea If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back. \psa Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando te mueras vas a reponerle las plumas. \cfa iwitl \xrb hwi \vl Check vowel length and p-a in Oapan form. If there is an underlying {h} this should have pitch-accent. My entry here originally had /kiyowiyo:tia/ but I have changed this to /kiyówiyó:tia/ based on analogy from /yówítl/. This needs to be rechecked. \pqry The transitive should be /kwiyo:tia/ not ?/kiwiyo:tia/. \ref 00177 \lxa yetl \lxac yetl \lxo yetl \lxoc yetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic term for beans \ss término genérico para frijoles \pno ¿Tihkwa:s i:yeyo noso i:a:yo? \peo Are you going to eat the beans (of a caldo) or the caldo (itself)? \pso ¿Vas a comer los frijoles (de un caldo) o el caldo (mismo)? \xrb ye \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the possessed form of both the diminutive and the unmodified from of <nao>yetl</nao> is long. Thus one finds both <nao>yetl</nao> and <nao>yetsi:ntli</nao> but <nao>noye:w</nao> and <nao>noye:tsi:n</nao>. The reason for this alternation is not clear. \nse Like <na>o:kikwah chi:lpan</na> and <nla>i:xkwa:tili:ntok</nla>, <na>o:kikwah yetl</na> is a metaphoric reference to the enlarged belly accompanying pregnancy and is considered insulting, taunting, and somewhat vulgar (although all these forms might at times be shouted within earshot of a pregnant woman, particularly a young adolescent girls who are having a child out of wedlock. \cpl The following types of beans are grown in Ameyaltepec: <na>ista:kyetl</na>, <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla>, <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>, and <nla>mi:lyetl</nla>. \grm /-yo/; possession: note the use of /-yo/ in the following from Oapan Nahuatl /Tihkwa:s i:yeyo noso i:a:yo?/ 'Are you going to eat the beans (of a caldo) or the caldo (itself)?' \grm Vowel lengthening: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the possessed form of both the diminutive and the unmodified from of <nao>yetl</nao> is long. Thus one finds both <nao>yetl</nao> and <nao>yetsi:ntli</nao> but <nao>noye:w</nao> and <nao>noye:tsi:n</nao>. The reason for this alternation is not clear. \ref 00178 \lxa -peti \lxac ompeti \lxo -peti \lxoc ompeti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3d(ti) \irregv Given that this verb is always found with a directional, the perfective and pluperfective will take a directional suffix. \se (with directional prefix or suffix) to transverse; to pass through (from one side to the other of a material and solid object, such as liquid that soaks through and penetrates a piece of paper, a nail that goes completely through a piece of wood, a bite that breaks the skin, etc.) \ss (con prefijo o sufijo direccional) atravesar o penetrar (de un lado al otro de un objeto sólido, por ejemplo, un líquido que empapa y filtra de un lado al otro de un papel, un clavo que penetra y sale al otro lado de una table de madera, una mordida que rompe la piel, etc.) \pna O:petiko. \pea It penetrated through to this side. \psa Atravesóhacia este lado. \xrb peti \dis cf. /o:ki:sako/ with /o:petiko/. \nae The verb <na>peti</na> always takes a directional. It differs, therefore, from a verb such as <nla>ki:sa</nla>, which may or may not take a directional depending on the circumstances and semantics. Thus, whereas <na>o:petiko</na> refers to something, such as a nail, that penetrates and goes through some object, just slightly emerging, <na>o:ki:sako</na> refers to situations in which something emerges from an area (such as a woods, a house, a cave, etc.) or terminates a task or performance (such as a story). Note also that <na>peti</na> differs from the intransitive form of <na>e:wa</na>, which has been lexicalized with fused directional prefixes (<na>one:wa</na> and <na>wa:le:wa</na>) that do not vary with tense/aspect inflection. Thus whereas one finds <na>wa:lpetis</na> and <na>o:petiko</na> (prefix and suffix alternate in different tense/aspects) the <n>wa:l-</n> of <n>wa:le:wa</n> never varies (one finds, therefore, <na>wa:le:was</na> and <na>o:wa:le:w</na>, but never, for instance, * <na>o:e:wako</na>). \ref 00179 \lxa ma:toto:nki \lxac ma:toto:nki \lxo ma:toto:nki \lxoc ma:toto:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a"hot"hand (i.e., so that if one cuts a plant, it dries up) \ss tener la mano"caliente"(asíque si cortas una planta, luego luego se seca) \cfa ma:sesé:k \cfo ma:sese:k \xrb ma: \xrb to:n \nse A person noted to be <na>ma:toto:nki</na> is valued for certain tasks, such as grinding chocolate for a drink, but not for others, such as cutting hair or breaking the branches of plants so that they sprout again. \qry Determine, with /ma:sesé:k/, the entire range of activities that are propitious for one or the other"hand type." \mod Cf. entry under /ma:sesé:k/ and Flk 1984-05-25.1 \ref 00180 \lxa a:tekonxo:chitl \lxac a:tekonxo:chitl \lxo a:tekonxo:chitl \lxoc a:tekonxo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se flower of the <nla>a:tekomatl</nla> \ss flor del <nla>a:tekomatl</nla> \sem plant \sem fl \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \xrb xo:chi \qry Check how possession occurs. \ref 00181 \lxa patilowa \lxac kipatilowa \lxo patilowa \lxoc kipatilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \tran Compl \se to push over to one side (making sth, usually standing vertically, become crooked or out of line) \ss empujar hacia un lado (haciendo que algo, generalmente parado o en posición vertical, quede inclinado o chueco) \pna Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa! \pea Make it lean over to one side! Push it! \psa ¡Empújale hacia un lado!¡Empújalo! \pna O:tsi:npatiliw noburroh, o:kipatiloh yeyekatl. \pea The hind part of my donkey went off to one side, the wind pushed it off course. \psa La parte trasera de mi burro se fue chueco, el viento lo empujó a un lado. \se to twist (making sth that should be straight not straight); to make crooked \ss hacer chueco (algo que debe estar derecho) \pna Yo:tikpatiloh mosurkoh. \pea You've laid down your furrows crookedly (that is, you've plowed poorly and lelt the furrows crooked as a result). \psa Dejaste chuecos tus surcos (esto es, al trabajar el arado no surcaste el terreno bien sino que ibas en parte por un lado, dejando el surco chueco). \xrb patil \dis patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. \flr patiliwi \qry Check to see if /te-/ can be used here. \grm Note that in words with /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation, apparently there is only one transitive, in /-owa/. This should be checked. \ref 00182 \lxa yewameh \lxac yewameh \lxo yó:méh \lxop yo:meh \lxoc yó:méh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \pa yes-lex \se they \ss ellos \xrb yehwa \nse Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [yowameh]; see <nla>newa</nla>. \ref 00183 \lxa patiliwtok \lxac patiliwtok \lxo patilihtok \lxoc patilihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao see <na>patile:wtok</na> \ssao vé ase <na>patile:wtok</na> \xrb patil \ref 00184 \lxa mihka:tete:ka \lxac nomihka:tete:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea (refl.) to lie down as if dead; to play dead \ssa (refl.) acostarse como muerto; jugar al muerto \pna Ma:ka xmomihka:tete:ka! \pea Don't lie down like you were dead! \psa ¡No te vayas a acostar como si estuvieras muerto! \syno mihká:chichí:wa \xrb miki \xrb te:ka \nse This word is used often to refer to what a wild head of cattle does that is being chased, in order to avoid being caught. It lies down on the ground and pretends to be dead. \qry Check whether nonreflexive use is correct. \ref 00185 \lxa ixonak kuwatl \lxac ixonak kuwatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea type of weed that grows on cliffs, <na>osto:xiwtli</na> \ssa tipo de maleza que crece en los riscos, <na>osto:xiwtli</na> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syno xóxonakátsi:n \xrb xonak \xrb kowa \cpl According to Gabriel de la Cruz, this plant is a <na>xiwtli, osto:xiwtli</na>. \nct xiwtli \ref 00186 \lxa ne:neltia \lxac none:neltia \lxo ne:neltia \lxoc none:neltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia[refl] \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sigh \ss (refl.) suspirar \pna None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya. \pea He is sighing, he's feeling somewhat melancholy. \psa Suspira, se siente algo melancólico. \xrb nel \nse According to Cristino Flores (Am) this refers to a sound made when one is starting to go to sleep and tries to talk but can't. He also said that this verb may be used as an intransitive: <na>ne:neltia</na>, with the same meaning. \qry Given that no cognates have been found in other dialects, the meaning and use of /ne:neltia/ should be checked. Can it be used non-reflexively? Without reduplication? etc. And what animals can be subjects? \ref 00187 \lxa saka \lxac saka o:me pe:soh \lxo sayá: \lxoa sayá:n \lxop sayá: \lxoc sayá: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \pa yes \seao (~ [subord. predicate] just because [predicate as cause or reason] \ssao (~ [predicado subord.] solamente porque; solamente con esto de que [predicado como razón o causa] \pna A:man xkita! Melákwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli. \pea Take a look at her! Her belly is really swollen up! It's not what you think, it is just that she's pregnant. \psa ¡Véla!¡Su barriga está bien hinchada! No es lo que piensas, simplemente es porque está embarazada. \pna Saka tewa tikpia tomi:n, tine:chpipi:na:wtia. \pea Just because you have money, you make fun of me. \psa Solamente con esto de que tienes dinero, te burlas de mi. \seao (~ [subord. temporal clause]) just or only during [time indicated by clause] \ssao (~ [claúsula subord. de tiempo]) solamente en o durante [periodo de tiempo indicado por la claúsula] \pna Saka tio:tlak tiksasa:lo:s. \pea You will sew it only in the afternoon (i.e., at no other time during the day). \psa Lo vas a coser nada más en la tarde (esto es, durante ningúna otra parte del día) \seao (~ [subord. nominal predicate) just with [noun] \ssao (~ [cláusula nominal subord.]) solamente con [sustantivo] \pna Saka se: notlaxkal niá:s. \pea I will go (e.g., on a trip) with just one tortilla. \psa Voy a ir (p. ej., en un viaje) con solamente una tortilla. \pna Saka se: burroh niáw. \pea I go (e.g., to chop wood) with just one donkey. \psa Voy (p. ej., para cortar leña) con solamente un burro. \pna Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin. \pea You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). \psa Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). \pna Saka motlatska:yo o:tike:kchi:w. Xkwahli. \pea You fixed it without any effort (lit., 'with your laziness'). It's no good. \psa Lo arreglaste sin ganas (lit., 'con tu flojera'). No está bien. \syna san ika \flo ya \xrb sa \xrl -ka \nae Ameyaltepec <na>saka</na> seems to derive from <na>san ika</na> with the loss of the possessive prefix <n>i-</n>. It appears from this and other cases that <n>sa</n> is a variant form of <nla>san</nla> meaning 'only' and should not be confused with <nla>sa:</nla> having a long vowel. There is a different word <nla>sa:ka</nla> (Am) / <nlo>sa:yá:</nlo>. \nde As expected in Oapan Nahuatl, intervocalic /k/ is often lost. This is particularly true in the case of <no>ya</no>, which derives from <no>i:ka</no>. \qry Note that on one card I had this recorded as /sa:ka/, with a long initial /a:/. However, this should be checked. According to one speaker, this is the same as /saika/. My etymological analysis has /san/ + /ika/ although the derivation might well be /sa:/ + /ika/. Check derivation as well as the full range of meanings and uses.Note that although some speakers accepted /saika/ as an alternative pronunciation, none accepted /san ika/. Check. Ask Launey. Add discussion under /ya/ for /lxo. \grm Relative clauses. Note the following: /Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl i:tlampa pakah michin./ 'You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish.' It would appear here that the adpositional phrase /i:tlampa pakah michin/ is a relative clause with the external nominal head /tetl/ and that the translation is 'a stone under which there is a fish.' More research should be done on these types of adpositional relatives (on which there is..., under which there is..., above which there is..., etc.). \ref 00188 \lxa ikxikextlan \lxac ikxikextlan \lxo ixikextlah \lxoc i:xikextlah \dt 10/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N(rel) \der N-loc-tlan \infn i-loss; N2 \se ankle; joint where ones foot meets ones leg \ss tobillo; coyuntura donde el pie se junta con la pierna \sem body \dis ikxikextlan; kakayol \xrb kxi \xrb kech \xrl -tlan \ref 00189 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlama:ni \lxoa tlama:ne \lxop tlama:ni \lxoc tlama:ne \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seo hunter \sso cazador \syna tlama:ke:tl \xrb ma \fl tlama \ref 00190 \lxa mela:wi \lxac mela:wi \lxo mela:wi \lxoc mela:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become straight (e.g., a long rod, <spn>chicol</spn>, hanging up for straightening, etc.) \ss enderezarse (p. ej., un chicol colgado para enderezarse) \pna O:ko:ko:tsi:liw nola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi. \pea Your rope has gotten twisted up in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out. \psa Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca. \xrb mela: \ref 00191 \lxa kiawi:lo \lxac kiawi:lo \lxo kiawi:lo \lxoc kiawi:lo \dt 29/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \se (<n>-pan</n> ~) to get rained upon (clothes left out; sb sleeping in the open; a field after a storm) \ss (<n>-pan</n> ~) tener la lluvia caer sobre si (ropa dejada afuera, algn durmiendo a la intemperie, un sembradío después de una fuerte lluvia) \pna I:pan o:kiawi:lo:k. \pea It was rained hard upon (e.g., a milpa during a particularly heavy storm). \psa Recibiómucha lluvia (p. ej., la milpa durante el transcurso del verano). \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nse At least in Ameyaltepec, the verb <na>kiawi:lo</na> seems to always be preceded by the relational noun <n>-pan</n>. \qry The presence of a long /i:/ before the impersonal/passive is noteworthy and perhaps suggests a passive formation of an 'intermediate' transitive form (cf. /to:nalwi:lo:/, /yeyekawi:lo:/, etc.). Probably /kiawi:lo:/ is derived from *?kiawia. Perhaps a better or more accurate translation of /kiawi:lo:/ is 'it was (adversely) affected by much rain (e.g. a planted crop after a season of much rain). Cf. /ipan o:tlapayawi:lo:k/ 'it drizzled on it'. Note that /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/ indicates that it rained 'hard' (and, check, probably destructively) upon it, not simply that it rained on it. Check the difference between -pan kiawi:lo and simply kiawi:lo. In fact, it seems almost incorrect to say /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/, and I would think that simply /o:kiawi:lo:k/ would be correct. This should be checked, along with /ipan o:to:nalwi:lo:k/, /ipan o:yeyekawi:lo:k/, etc. Perhaps the /ipan/ is ungrammatical (would one say /nopan o:nikiawi:lo:k/?). \vl Note that there are several extra tokens of this word in tape 14_1 at 3578; these should be properly tagged here, with 191. \grm Discuss teh form /i:pan o:kiawi:lo:k/. \ref 00192 \lxa ke: \lxacpend ke: \lxo ke: \lxoc ke: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \seao see <nla>ke:tla</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>ke:tla</nla> \seao see <nla>kea:man</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>kea:man</nla> \xrb ke: \cfa keh \qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ral recordings I seem to hear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. \ref 00193 \lxa xokó:k \lxac xokó:k \lxo xoko:k \lxoc xoko:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \seao to be sour (e.g., lemons, wild plums, grapefruit, etc.) \ssao ser agrio (p. ej., limones, ciruelas, toronjas, etc.) \xrb xoko \subadj xokotl \subadj limo:n \ref 00194 \lxa a:solo:ntok \lxac a:solo:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \inc [N-V1]-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea (place in a stream or river where) a rushing sound is made in the water (e.g., by eddies or rapids) \ssa (lugar en un arroyo o río donde) un sonido de gorgoteo se hace en el agua (a causa de rápidos o remolinos) \cfo a:solo:nka:n \xrb a: \xrb solo: \nse All documented uses of this term are preceded by an adverbial of place, relative pronoun, etc. that indicates where the verbal event occurs (e.g., <na>nika:n a:solo:ntok</na> 'there is the sound of rushing water here,' i.e., 'there are rapids here'; <na>niá:s ka:n a:solo:ntok</na>). Thus one cannot say * <na>niá:s a:solo:ntok</na>. The Oapan cognate as the verbal locative suffix <n>-ka:n</n> in the word itself and thus no additional locative lexeme is required. \nae Note that the intransitive verbal * <na>a:solo:ni</na> does not occur (cf., the somewhat parallel construction of <na>tla:loli:ni</na> in which the intransitive verbal form exists and the <n>-tok</n> construction is a progressive (<n>tla:loli:ntok</n>) 'an earthquake is occurring.' \qry Syntactical use should be checked, i.e. the possibility of /ne: a:solo:ntok/ or /nenkah a:solo:ntok/, etc. Check also to see if the verbal form /a:solo:ni/ exists. \ref 00195 \lxa moxpachiwi \lxac moxpachiwi \lxo moxpachiwi \lxoc moxpachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become covered by clouds (e.g., the sun or stars) \ssao taparse por las nubes (p. ej., el sol o las estrellas) \xrb mox \xrb pach \subadj to:nahli \nse To date the corpus only has this verb with an aspectual ending: <na>-tok</na>. I have entered <na>moxpachiwi</na> as an entry simply in anticipation of what I think will be confirmation of this form. \qry Check for this intransitive form (as opposed to the documented stative) and adjust entry accordingly. \ref 00196 \lxa amantli \lxac amantli \lxo ámantlí \lxop amantli \lxoc ámantlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \pa yes-lex \seao (often preceded by <na>kipia</na>) anger, ire, or rage (in particular the anger of parents toward each other that affects and harms their children with <spn>cólico</spn>) \ssao (a menudo con <na>kipia</na>) enfado o ira; cólico (particularmente en referencia al enojo que un esposo se siente con su pareja, afectando y dañando sus hijos con cólico) \pna Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:no:n o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak. \pea He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like. \psa El está enfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que aél no le pareció. \pna Pero un kone:tsi:ntli, kipia san amantli ika kwalo, san nokwala:nitokeh un tatli wa:n na:ntli, a:man itech o:yah tlawe:hli. \pea But that little kid, his illness is simply from anger (of others that has spread to him), his father and mother pass the time fighting and now their rage has affected him (the child). \psa Pero ese niño chiquito, está enfermo nada más con cólico, su papáy mamáse la pasan discutiendo, ahora su ira se le fue al niño. \xrb ahmana \qry Check and correction all references to /pero/ and /para/ for final /h/. Check for possession ?noamanyo?? \ref 00197 \lxa axi:ltia \lxac kaxi:ltia \lxo áxí:ltia \lxop axi:ltia \lxoc káxí:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to complete a measured task (e.g., collecting enough of a given material for sth such as a load of firewood, sand, etc.) \ss completar una tarea o cargo (p. ej., juntando lo necesario para una carga de leña, unos costales de arena, etc.) \pna Xtikaxi:ltis, poliwi miák tlikuwtli. \pea Your are not going to complete it (a load of firewood), a lot of firewood is still needed. \psa No lo vas a completar (una carga de leña), falta mucha leña. \se to successfully take or carry to a destination (e.g., a load being carried on ones back, etc.) \ss lograr a llevar a una meta o destinación (p. ej., una carga llevada a cuestas, etc.) \pna Xtikaxi:lti:s. Yetí:k. \pea You are not going to get it to its destination. It is heavy. \psa No vas a poder hacerlo llegar. Es pesado. \xrb ahsi \xvaa axi:ltilia \xvba asi \xvbo ásí \qry Cf. /axi:tia:/ with apparently similar if not same meaning; check for differences. \ref 00198 \lxa te:ntsonkukwa:ch \lxac te:ntsonkukwa:ch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N/Adj \com N-N(At) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea (nickname) to have a long, very thick and full beard \ssa (apodo) con una barba larga y muy llena \pna Tite:ntsonkukwa:ch pa:mpa xtikxi:ma mote:ntson. \pea You have a very full, thick beard because you do not shave. \psa Tienes una barba muy amplia y llena porque no te rasuras. \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb kwa:ch \nse The reference is to a beard that is thick and long, the word deriving from the metaphoric similarity of such a beard to a <nla>kwa:xtli</nla>, the padding made of woven palm placed under the saddles of donkeys and mules. \mod This should probably be removed since according to C. Flores it was only a nickname of sb from Ameyaltepec. DECIDE WHAT TO DO WITH NICKNAMES. \ref 00199 \lxa ma:tlapa:na \lxac kima:tlapa:na \lxo ma:tlapa:na \lxoc kima:tlapa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \seao to break with ones hands \ssao quebrar, romper con las manos \se to shell (e.g., beans) with ones hands \ss desvainar (p. ej., frijoles) con las manos \pna Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas. \pea I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand. \psa Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano. \cfa ma:wia \cfo ma:wiya \xrb ma: \xrb tlapa: \nae In Oapan verb stem reduplication is often used for actions such as shelling beans: <no>má:tlatlapá:na</no> \qry Check for intransitive \grm Note that if the intransitive means to break ones hand and the transitive 'to break with ones hands' then this should be presented as a good example of how the function of INs changes with transitivity, and how it is impossible to select a single entry (e.g., intransitive) to cover all related forms. \ref 00200 \lxa aiwextli \lxac aiwextli \lxo áyowáxtli \lxoa áyewáxtli \lxop ayowaxtli \lxoc áyowáxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes-lex \seao squash seeds that have been dried and toasted on <spn>comal</spn> for eating \ssao pepitas secas de calabaza para comer \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb wech \nse In Ameyaltepec the Spanish borrowing <na>semi:yah</na> is much more commonly used than <na>a:yowextli</na>, which is, nevertheless, understood and occasionally used. The phrase <na>semi:yah de a:yowextli</na> is also heard in Ameyaltepec. Apparently the squash from which such seeds come is <spn>pipiana</spn>. \qry Check possession. /noa:yowech/?? etc. \pqry Check phonetics of this word. \vl Check vowel length and measure. Apparently in this as well as several other words, the sequence /ah/ has gone to /a:/, at least in Ameyaltepec (but still, recheck). In Oapan it appears that the vowel is also long, but this should be checked given that it would make sense for only the pitch-accent to surface (given that {h} motivates p-a) \ref 00201 \lxa tsatsintsi:n \lxac tsatsintsi:n \lxo tsátsintsí:n \lxop tsatsintsi:n \lxoc tsátsintsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \infn N1 \se person who is continually shouting \ss gritón; persona que siempre grita \pna Melák titsatsintsi:n, ke:n tikwa:texi:kal. \pea You are really a shouter, you have a very loud voice. \psa Eres un gritón, tienes la voz muy fuerte. \xrb tsahtsi \ref 00202 \lxa itso:mia \lxac nitso:mia \lxo ítso:mía \lxop itso:mia \lxoc nítso:mía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/+Nonspec \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to blow the nose of \ss sonar las narices de \xrb htso:mi \xv1a tlatso:mia \xv1o tlátso:míya \nse Used reflexively <na>itso:mia</na> refers to action of blowing one's nose by holding it between one's fingers and blowing the mucous out, letting it drip to the ground. At least in Oapan the transitive form is acceptable (e.g., <no>kítsomíya</no>), as when one blows the nose of ones child (in the manner indicated by this verb). \nae The reflexive form maintains the initial /i/: <na>timitso:mia</na> (Am); the /i/ is lost, however, after the nonspecific marker <n>tla-</n> : <na>tlatso:mia</na>. The maintenance of the initial /i/ after the /o/-final reflexive markers suggests that the /i/ is not epenthetic, though an initial /hC/ sequence is usually preceded by an epenthetic /i/. However, the loss of /i/ before the nonnspecific complement <n>tla-</n> is consistent with epenthesis (cf., <nla>tlatso:mia</nla>). The ambiguity of the status of the initial /i/ is also noted by FK. \sj itsomiya; check for /h/. \qry Note sequence /htso(:)/ and cf. to word for nose: /yekahtsol/ although the similarity is undoubtedly coincidental (but the presence of /h/ in /yekahtsol/ is problematic. \ref 00203 \lxa tekiwah \lxac tekiwah \lxo tekiwah \lxoc tekiwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seao town mayor \ssao comisario; alcalde \seao lieutenant of the town mayor \ssao suplente al comisario \sem govern \nse Literally 'one who has work,' the term <na>tekiwah</na> is used only to refer to the two top secular officials; it is in Ameyaltepec, also called <nla>komisa:rioh</nla> and <nla>segundoh</nla>. The root <nr>teki</nr> might well refer to communal, village-wide labor and monetary contributions, which the secular officials 'have' (hence the ending <n>-wah</n>). Note that <na>tekiwah</na> is not used to refer to the <nla>fiská:l</nla> even though he has a"cargo"(<n>tekitl</n>) in the general sense. Finally, although in Oapan <no>tekiwah</no> is understood and used, it appears to be less common there than in Ameyaltepec. It is not clear whether <n>tekiwah</n> is used in other neighboring villages. \xrb teki \qry Make sure this term is used with the same meaning in Oapan. \ref 00204 \lxa kwarti:yah \lxac kwarti:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cuartilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea 3 centavos (old monetary division) \ssa 3 centavos (división monetaria antigua) \pna Nikpia kwarti:yah. \pea I have three centavos. \psa Tengo tres centavos. \sem measure \encyctmp measurements \cfa rreá:l \nde The Oapan speakers I have consulted were young and might not have ever heard this form, which is perhaps known by older individuals. \qry Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan. \ref 00205 \lxa tlaxtla:wilia \lxac kitlaxtla:wilia \lxo tlaxtla:wilia \lxoc kitlaxtla:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pay (sb [PO]) for (e.g., a debt, work done for wages, the cost of sth destroyed or damaged, etc. [SO]) \ss pagarle a (algn [OP]) para (p. ej., trabajo hecho por un sueldo, el costo de algo destruído o dañado, etc. [OS]) \pna Xene:xtlaxtla:wilian. We:i ne:chwi:kilian. \pea They still haven't paid me (e.g. for work, for sth sold, etc.). They owe me a lot. \psa Todavía no me lo han pagado (p. ej., por un trabajo, una venta, etc.). Me deben mucho. \xrb xtla: \xvba tlaxtla:wa \dis tlaxtla:wa; tlaxtla:wilia \vl Check vowel length. \ref 00206 \lxa a:moxkwitlatl \lxac a:moxkwitlatl \lxo á:moxkwítlatl \lxop a:moxkwitlatl \lxoc á:moxkwítlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao algae or any similar type of small green water plants that inhabit a large area of water \ssao algas o cualquier otro tipo de planta acuática que pulula por unaárea extendida de agua \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb a: \xrb mox \xrb kwitla \nae The basis for pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl is not clear, unless it is related to reduplication reduction on a vowel-initial stem. Note that at least one consultant, Silvestre Pantaleón, seemed to pronounce <no>a:moxkwitlatl</no> without pitch-accent, as expected. \qry Check pronounciation of Oapan; in session Silvestra Pantaleón seemed to pronounce this without pitch accent. \sj a:moxkwitlatl \ref 00207 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo kó:skayá:ntsi:n \lxoc kó:skayá:ntsi:n \lxt kwi:saltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo type of marigold, with yellow and purplish or maroon petals \sso tipo de cempoalxochitl con pétalos color amarillo y moradito \seo type of edible grasshopper, still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin comestible, todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem fl \sem animal \sem insect \syna ko:saltsi:n \xrb ko:ska \xrl -ya:n \nse This same Oapan word is used as the name of a flower and for a type of grasshopper. In Oapan this flower is used to make garlands of flowers that are placed on the laso of the the bulls that are danced in San Lucas. \nae The etymology of <no>kó:skayá:ntsi:n</no> is uncertain, though it is perhaps related to <nr>ko:ska</nr> 'necklace' and the locative formation <n>-ya:n</n> in reference to the fact that it is most commonly used in garlands. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check for possessed form. \vl Check vowel length and, rethink etymology. \ref 00208 \lxa techiki \lxac kitechiki \lxo 'techíki \lxop techiki \lxoc kítechíki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes \seao (often reduplicated with short vowel) to rub (sth hard) against; to scrape (one object [O] with another hard object); to scrub \ssao (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) rozar; frotar; fregar; restregar; raspar; tallar \pna Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! \pea Rub youself hard (e.g., with a rough stone, a hard cloth, <spn>estropajo</spn>, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! \psa ¡Tállate bien (p. ej., con una piedra rasposa, una tela burda, un estropajo, etc.), estás muy sucio! \pna Xtetechiki mokone:w! \pea Rub your child hard (i.e., with a stone while bathing him, to get the dirt off)! \psa ¡Talla bien a tu hijo (p. ej., con una piedra al bañarlo, para que se le quite la tierra)! \pna Kitechiktiw tlikuwtli. \pea The firewood goes along scraping against it (in this case because it was poorly placed and tied onto a donkey, allowing it to go rubbing along against the animal's front legs). \psa La leña le va raspando (en este caso leña mal colocada y atada a un burro, que le iba raspando las piernas delanteras). \pna Ma mistetechiki mosuwa:w! \pea Have your wife scrub you (e.g., while bathing, with a stone, <spn>estropajo</spn>, etc.)! \psa ¡Quéte restriega tu esposa (p. ej., al bañarte, con una piedra, estropajo, etc.)! \pna Notetechiki un pitso itech tetl. \pea That pig is rubbing itself (scraping or scratching itself) against the rock (e.g, to aliviate an itch). \psa Ese marrano se está raspando contra la piedra (p. ej., donde tiene comezón para que se le quite). \pna O:kitechiktiki:s ipan ixi:k. \pea It scraped him on the belly button in passing. \psa Le raspópor el ombligo al pasar. \pna Kitechiktiw, kaxiliatiw ipan ima. \pea It goes along rubbing against it (in this case a sack not properly tied against a mule's front leg); as it goes along (a mule on a path) it hits against its front leg. \psa Le va rozando (en este caso un costal no bien atado contra una pierna de una mula); le va pegando una de sus piernas delanteras. \pna Xtetechiki ika li:jah para ma petsiwi! \pea Rub it hard with sandpaper so that it becomes smooth! \psa ¡Frótalo duro con papel lija para que se alise! \se to sharpen by scraping (e.g., a machete, with a stone or similar material) \ss sacarle filo al raspar con una piedra (p. ej., un machete) \pna Kitechiki imache:teh. \pea He sharpens his machete (with a stone). \psa Le saca filo a su machete (con una piedra). \sem distort-shape \xrb te- \xrb hchiki \xvaa techikilia \xvao téchikília \nse Although the form <na>chiki</na>, without the intensifier, is accepted in elicitation in Ameyaltepec, all documented uses are of <na>techiki</na>. In Oapan, the consultants Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did not accept the form without initial <n>te-</n>. However, the form <nla>chiki</nla> (and <nla>chikilia</nla> might well be"overcorrections"that were the result of the elicitation process. The fact that the basic verb even in Ameyaltepec, might be <na>techiki</na> is suggested by the fact that Ameyaltepec reduplication affects the first"prefixed"syllable <n>te-</n>, not the stem itself. Thus one finds <na>tetechiki</na> and not * <na>techichiki</na>. \nae The Ameyaltepec verb <na>tlantetechiki</na> has only been documented with the reduplication of the <n>te-</n> intensifier, i.e., ? <na>tlantechiki</na> has not been accepted by consultants. Oapan Nahuatl manifests what appears to be a non-reduplicative pattern. There are other Oapan words that have the same stem and all manifest pitch accent. These comprise the applicative <nlo>téchikília</nlo>, three words with an incorporated noun (<nlo>tsí:ntechíki</nlo>, <nlo>tlantéchikí</nlo>, and <nlo>tlayó:ltechíki</nlo>) and a derived nominal <nlo>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</nlo>. The location of the underlying {h} is not immediately apparent, but it has tentatively been placed in an initial position, <nr>hchiki</nr>. This may have to be changed with further comparative analysis from neighboring dialects and historical documentation. \qry Determine whether the verb appears mostly with the"intensifier"or how common simple /chiki/ is. Check meaning of /kitechiki ika pla:nchah/. Check /techichiki/ vs. /tetechiki/, and ?/tetekoto:na/ vs. /tekokoto:na/. Check to make sure class 3. \grm Reduplication: there are some examples in C. Flores' discussion of the difference between /tetechiki/ and /te:techiki/. \grm Note the reduplication of /te-/: Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! The relates to the problem of with the intensifier what reduplicates. Restudy the Oapan vs. Ameyaltepec (and S. Juan) forms of reduplication (stem or /te-/ intensifier) and discuss. Note that in Oapan one has the reduplicated form /tlaó:yá/ whereas in Ameyaltepec one has /tlatlao:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.' \ref 00209 \lxa ma:ka:wtok \lxac ma:ka:wtok \lxo ma:ka:htok \lxoc ma:ka:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc [N-*V1]-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be left out to roam and graze (an animal such as a donkey, mule, cow, etc.) \ssao estar dejado suelto para apacentar (un animal como burro, mula, vaca, etc.) \pna I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok. \pea There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze. \psa Hay un animal por la parte abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para apacentar. \se to be lose (an animal such as a dog that is not tied up) \ss estar suelto (un animal como un perro que no está amarrado) \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \subadj burroh \subadj pió \subadj chichi \ref 00210 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tláto:lmáti \lxop tlato:lmati \lxoc tláto:lmáti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \pa yes-lex \seo to know how to speak (in the sense of offering a discourse or speech); to be a good speaker or orator; to be persuasive with words (able to put together a good argument) \sso saber hablar (en el sentido de exponer); ser un buen orador; ser persuasivo con las palabras \nse According to Cristino Flores <nla>tlato:lmatki</nla> is used in Ameyaltepec; the verbal form <na>tlato:lmati</na> is not an Ameyaltepec word (even though it was in my original list of words). \xrb hto \xrb mati \ref 00211 \lxa mi:na \lxac kimi:na \lxo mi:ni \lxoc kimi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to give bewitched food or drink to (e.g., a drink that causes little animals, or an illness, to materialize inside the person's intestines, stomach, or body; see <nlo>tla:tla:ilia</nlo>) \ssao darle una bebida o comida hechizada a (una bebida que hace crecer animalitos, o una enfermedad, dentro de los intestinos, estómago, o cuerpo de algn; vé ase <nlo>tla:tla:ilia</nlo>) \pna Wel te:mi:na. \pea He knows how to bewitch people's food. \psa Sabe embrujarle la comida de la gente. \pna Mitsmi:nas wan ki:sas kwilin. \pea He will bewitch you (i.e., your food or drink) and worms will spring up inside of you. \psa Te va a embrujar (la comida o bebida) y te van a salir gusanitos adentro. \sea (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get only partially cooked (one type of bean when mixed with another; Ameyaltepec synonym <nla>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</nla>) \ssa (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) cocinarse parcialmente y quedar algo duro (un tipo de frijol cuando se mezcla y hierve con otro; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: <nla>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</nla>) \seo (refl.) to cross-pollinate (strains of plants such as maize that show visible effects from such cross-pollination) \sso (refl.) cruzarse (variantes de plantas como el maíz que dejan huellas visibles de tal proceso) \seo (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get a disease that is apparently chicken pox (small, purplish pimples that appear on a child's body, arms, and face and then quickly disappear) \sso (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) enfermarse con una enfermedad que aparentemente es varicela (que se manifiesta con granitos púrpuras que aparecen sobre el cuerpo, brazos, y cara de los niños para después desaparecer rápido) \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to throw cooked grains of boiled maize and white beans that have been threaded onto a small piece of brush at (in order to cure chicken pox) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) flechar a (algn) con maíz hervido (como de pozole) y frijol blanco que ha sido ensartado en un pedacito de tlasole \cfo tla:tla:ilia \xrb mi:na \xv1a tlami:na \xv1o tlami:ni \nse In the acceptation referring to food poisoning, the animals that spring forth inside of one may be <na>kwilin, kalwa:wtli, chapolin, sa:poh,</na> and <na>wi:laka</na>, or just plain 'whooping cough' (i.e., <na>tlatlaxixtli</na>). The targeted person accepts something to eat or drink from another, who has the ability to alter a beverage (or food, though most often beverages are the means of transmission) so that it has the desired effect. In the Oapan acceptation of 'to cross-pollinate' the verb indicates a situation in which two varieties of a plant cross. The example given to me was of maize plants (<no>nomini tlayo:hli</no>): one person might plant white maize in his field and another might plant blue maize in an adjoining field. The resultant fruit will show blue kernels interspersed with white ones (and vice versa). Note, finally, that with the sense of 'to hunt' (see <nla>tlami:na</nla>) the verb is often reduplicated: <na>tontlatlami:naskeh</na>. Although the phrase <na>kontemi:n tok to :nahli</na> was documented in my original notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that the proper term is <na>konwi:tektok to:nahli</na>. However, he added the definition of 'to be pointing and pressed up against (e.g., a finger against an object, a knife, etc.). In Oapan to say that one has chicken pox one says <no>nó:mí:ni</no>. This word is also used (in the reflexive and with an object) to indicate the cure for this disease, which consists in threading a boiled kernel of corn and a white bean on a small piece of brush and throwing it at the sick person. To do this a bunch of neighbors contribute the corn and beans and then come to the sick person's house where they thread the two grains (one each) on small pieces of brush and then throw the"arrows"at the sick person. \nae The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (<n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n>) with <na>mi:na</na> illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form <na>mi:na</na> accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to <n>te:miktia</n> and <n>tlamiktia</n>): <na>te:mi:na</na> refers to the action of"bewitching"a human through food poisoning; <na>tlami:na</na> refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between <n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n> follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for <nla>tlami:nahli</nla>, which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though <n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n> combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of <na>mi:na</na>, the nominalized for m with <n>tla-</n> is semantically related to the verbal form with <n>te:-</n> ; there is no nominal form * <na>te:mi:nahli</na>. \nde The variation in final vowel between the two dialects (<na>mi:na</na> vs. <no>mi:ni</no>) is not regular. \qry Check to determine which is more usual, reduplicated or not, for the meaning of 'to hunt with a bow and arrow.' Check for difference in meaning in Oapan Nahuatl between /kimi:ni/ and /kitla:tla:ilia/. \grm /te:-/, /tla-/, nominalization: The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (<n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n>) with <na>mi:na</na> illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form <na>mi:na</na> accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to <n>te:miktia</n> and <n>tlamiktia</n>): <na>te:mi:na</na> refers to the action of"bewitching"a human through food poisoning; <na>tlami:na</na> refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between <n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n> follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for <nla>tlami:nahli</nla>, which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though <n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n> combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of <na>mi:na</na>, the nom inalized form with <n>tla-</n> is semantically related to the verbal form with <n>te:-</n> ; there is no nominal form * <na>te:mi:nahli</na>. \ref 00212 \lxa pochi:na \lxac kipochi:na \lxo pochi:na \lxoc kipochi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to card (e.g., cotton or similar fibrous materials by pulling apart and fluffing up the fibers and, in the case of cotton, first picking out the seeds); to beat cotton with a small stick to fluff up \ss cardar (p. ej., algodón u otros materiales parecidos, desgarrando las fibras y, en el caso del algodón, quitándole las semillas); agitar algodón con un palito para que quede esponjado \pna Xne:xchia! Ok ma nikpochi:na in noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh. \pea Wait for me! Let me fray this hemp fiber of mine so that I can pull it off in strands (e.g., to make a rope, etc.). \psa ¡Espérame! Deja que deshilache esta fibra de maguey que tengo para que pueda ir sacándole hebras (p. ej., para hacer una soga, etc.). \xrb pochi: \obj mexkahli \obj ichkatl \nse Although some consultants have stated that <nao>pochi:na</nao> is used to refer to the carding of cotton, Roberto Mauricio (Oa) mentioned that this verb is used to refer to the pulling apart of the strands of maguey fiber before it is twisted into rope or cord. The verb <no>kí:moló:nia</no> is used to refer to the fluffing up of cotton before it is spun. The precise use of <nao>pochi:na</nao> needs to be checked. Finally, although I have only heard <nao>pochi:na</nao> as the transitive verb, Inocencio Díaz (Am) said that <na>pochi:naltia</na> is also correct. This needs to be checked. \qry At one point I had a xref to /tlapo:china/, but no entry. Check whether this is a null obj. complement verb with culturally determined meaning. Note that \ref 00213 \lxa sinkorrá:l \lxacpend *sinkorrá:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan corral \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea constellation of stars (lit. ' <spn>mazorca</spn> fence') in the shape of a circle of stars located between <nla>tolkopetli</nla> and <nla>miák</nla> \ssa constelación de estrellas (lit. 'corral para mazorca') en la forma de un círculo ubicado entre <nla>tolkopetli</nla> and <nlo>miák</nlo> \sem heavens \xrb sin \nse Cristino Flores was not familiar with this group of stars although it is documented in my notes from Ameyaltepec. \qry Make sure that both /tolkopetli/ and /miák/ link to the proper entries, referring to constellations. \ref 00214 \lxa no:ntia \lxac no:ntia \lxo no:ntia \lxoc no:ntia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to become unable to speak or mute (from a fright, illness, etc.) \ssao quedarse mudo; perder la facultad de hablar (por un susto, enfermedad, etc.) \pna O:no:ntiak, xok wel tlatowa, ye tlanawi. \pea He's gotten so that he can't speak, he can't talk anymore, he's in a grave state. \psa Quedósin poder hablar, ya no puede decir nada, ya está grave. \pna Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok. \pea If you see a <nla>sowa:teyowah</nla> (type of evil female supernatural being, all dressed in black), you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are healthy. \psa Si ves a una <nla>sowa:teyowah</nla> (tipo de ser supernatural feminino, vestido siempre de negro) te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés bien de salud. \syna tlato:lka:wa \syno tláto:lká:wa \xrb no:n \xvaa no:ntilia \nde Classical Nahuatl (see Molina) has the form <n>no:nti</n> with the same meaning. \qry Check for other uses of this root. Check to see if /no:ntli/ exists. I only remember hearing an"adjectival"form, /no:ntik/. Molina does list /nontli/ 'mudo.' Check for use of /te-/, which I think is possible. If I remember correctly /no:ntia/ refers to a temporary state and /teno:ntia/ to sth more permanent. But check (as well as with nominal forms). \ref 00215 \lxa tekomo:ni \lxac tekomo:ni \lxo tekomo:ni \lxoc tekomo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seao see <nla>komo:ni</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>komo:ni</nla> \ref 00216 \lxa kwalakchipi:ni \lxac kwalakchipi:ni \lxo kwalahchipi:ni \lxoa kwelahchipi:ni \lxoc kwalahchipi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a)[x] \infv class-3a \se to drool; to have or let saliva drip from ones mouth (e.g., when one has sores, <nla>tso:tso:tl</nla> in ones mouth) \ss babear; dejar escurrir baba o saliva de la boca (cuando uno tiene <nla>tso:tso:tl i:kamak</nla>) \pna Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl. \pea He is drooling, a scorpion bit him. \psa Estábabeando, le picó un alacrán. \xrb kwala: \xrb chipi: \grm Word order: /Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl/ 'He is drooling, a scorpion bit him' Note the order V-A, This seems be related to the fact that the discourse topic is the subject of the first progressive verb and already introduced. But when two bits of new information are introduced as in /Juan o:kitek i:xo:chiw/ 'Juan cut his flower' (A-V-P or S-V-O) the V-S order is not common ?/i:xo:chiw o:kitek Juan/. \ref 00217 \lxa pelo:tawia \lxac kipelo:tawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pelota</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to give an enema with a ball of cotton to (a person or animal) \ssa darle unaénema con una bolita de algodón a (una persona o animal) \pna O:tsi:ntepi:tsiw iburroh, kipelo:tawi:s ika untoh. \pea His donkey has become constipated, he will give it an enema with ointment. \psa Su burro está estreñido, le va a dar una enema con ungüento. \syno tsi:npachowa \nse <na>Pelo:tawia</na> refers to the action of giving an enema of ointment to release constipation. The verb derives from the fact that with humans a ball of cotton is used to apply the ointment. With animals, however, the ointment is applied to ones fingers, which are then inserted inside the animal's rectum. \qry Determine what type of ointment is used, and if this is only used to relieve constipation. Finally, check vowel length (i.e., the /o/ might be short and the /a/ long). \ref 00218 \lxa temowa:ya:n \lxac temowa:ya:n \lxo temowa:ya:n \lxoc temowa:ya:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb[imp] \infn N1 \sem topography \seao downward slope (e.g., of a hill) \ssao inclinación hacia abajo (en una cuesta); bajada \xrb temo: \xrl -ya:n \ref 00219 \lxa tlama:se:wa \lxac tlama:se:wa \lxo tlámasé:wa \lxop tlamase:wa \lxoc tlámasé:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to do what one is able (in terms of prayer or penance, particularly to help aliviate a distressing situation) \ss hacer lo que uno puede (en cuanto a rezar o hacer penitencia, particularmente para aliviar una situación penosa) \pna Xok niweli, yo:nitlamase:w a:chitsi:n. \pea I can't do anything anymore, I did the little I could (in this case trying to help keep a child from dying). \psa Ya no puedo hacer más, hice lo que pude para ayudar (en este caso para que no se muriera un niño enfermo). \xrb mahse: \nse The meaning of <na>tlamase:wa</na> is not entirely clear. The one documented use refers to the effort of someone to deter the death of a child battling an illness. Molina has <n>maceua. nic</n> 'conseguir, o merecerlo deseado' and <n>maceua. nitla</n> 'idem. o hazer penitencia.' For nominalized <n>tlamaceualiztli</n> he has 'penitencia, o merecimiento, o el acto de dar sacomano.' The term <spn>sacomano</spn> is not in the dictionaries consulted, but it undoubtedly refers to 'lending a helping hand' or some equivalent expression. This is in accord with the definition proportioned by consultants in Ameyaltepec. Cristino Flores did not know this word, <na>tlamase:wa</na> in Ameyaltepec, but rather he stated that a word was <nla>ma:se:wia</nla>, which was taken to mean, literally, 'to rest the arms of (e.g., someone doing a heavy task). \nde FM gave the translation of <no>tlámasé:wa</no> as 'se encargo.' \qry Check vowel length given that this entry was obtained from a file card that did not have vowel length recorded. Also, obtain further examples and explanation. \pqry Check vowel length in all dialects. \ref 00220 \lxa ma:ski \lxac ma:ski \lxo ma:si \lxoc ma:si \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \seao (~ [verb]) even though [verb] \ssao (~ [verbo]) aunque [verbo] \pna Ma:ski tikwalo, xtimitspati:s. \pea Even though you are sick, I won't cure you. \psa Aunque estés enfermo, no te voy a curar. \xrb ma: \xrb so \xrb iw \ref 00221 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /Ia:pan Wi:lo:tl/ switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 00222 \lxa komo:nteko \lxac komo:nteko \lxo komó:ntekó \lxop komo:nteko \lxoc komó:ntekó \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud \ss caer fuertemente al suelo con un ruido sordo \pna O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok. \pea You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a resounding thud. \psa Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayócon estrépito al suelo. \xrb komo:n \xrb ehko \nae With the relevant change in deictic reference, <na>komo:ntasi</na> has the same meaning as <na>komo:nteko</na>. \mod Note use of /nochpa:na/ in ref. to mules here in C. Flores discussion. \ref 00223 \lxa ichkakuwtli \lxac ichkakuwtli \lxo ichkakohtli \lxoc ichkakohtli \lxt ichkakohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao <l>Gossypium hirsutum</l> L., cotton tree of the Malvaceae family; in Oapan two types of <no>ichkakohtli</no> are recognized \ssao <l>Gossypium hirsutum</l> L.,árbol de algodón de la familia Malvaceae; en Oapan se reconocen dos tipos de <no>ichkakohtli</no> \pna Ichkakuwtli | Xkuwtli pa:mpa xwe:i. Kipia ichkayo. \pea <na>Ichkakuwtli</na> : It isn't a tree because it isn't big. It has its cotton. \psa <na>Ichkakuwtli</na> : No es unárbol porque no es grande. Tiene su algodón. \sem plant \sem kohtli \cfao ichkaxo:chitl \xrb chka \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as"árbol de algodón." \nct kohtsi:ntli \nfe In Oapan there are two types of <no>ichkakohtli</no>. One grows in the village and has white flowers. Its cotton was previously used for spinning thread with a malacate (<no>para kitsa:wa</no>). There is another type that grows wild in the hill with purplish flowers. \qry Check to determine if this is a tree or bush, i.e., if it is the cotton plant itself or simply a tree (like the /po:cho:tl/) with cotton pods. Description mentioned: /kipia ichkayo/. In another file card I had /kipia ichkaw/ which would seem to be in error. But check whether both are OK. Check for possibility of possessed form. \ref 00224 \lxa to:ka:yo:mati \lxac kito:ka:yo:mati \lxo to:ka:yo:mati \lxoc kito:ka:yo:mati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \seao to know the name of (a person or an object) \ssao saber el nombre de (una persona o un objeto) \pna Xma:s nikto:ka:yo:mati. \pea I don't really know what his name is. \psa No sébien cúal es su nombre. \xrb to:ka: \xrb mati \nse <na>To:ka:yo:mati</na> is only used in reference to a personal name. Thus <na>xnikto:ka:yo:mati</na> means 'I don't know his (or her) name.' To express a similar concept in regard to names of objects, one would say <na>xnikmati ke:n ito:ka</na> 'I don't know what it is called.' \grm Incorporation. Note that although name is not found normally with the -yo abstract suffix, in this compound form it is. \ref 00225 \lxa tilikixtik \lxac tilikixtik \lxo tilikixtik \lxoc tilikixtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to be scarred \ssao estar cicatrizado; tener un cicatriz \seao to have a rough, poorly joined, and highly visible seam (e.g., cloth sewn together) \ssao con una costura mal hecha y visible (p. ej., tela cosida) \pna Tilikixtik, xkwahli o:nosasa:loh. \pea It is poorly joined together (a seam), it wasn't sewn well. \psa Estámal cosida (una costura), no se cosióbien. \xrb tilikich \nse <na>Tilikixtik</na> refers to a seam or seam-like area that is rough and raised, such as occurs with a scar left after a bad cut or with a seam that is poorly sewn together. \ref 00226 \lxa ke:chka:n \lxac ke:chka:n \lxo ke:chka:n \lxoc ke:chka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(int) \com Pr(int)-Loc \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N(loc) \seao how many places? \ssao ¿cuántos lugares? \pna Ke:chka:n tlatektli mokwe? \pea How many tiers does your skirt have? \psa ¿Cuántas tiras horizontales en tu falda? \xrb kech \xrl -ka:n \qry Check vowel length; my original filecard had a short vowel recorded but I have entered this as long given the data from other occurrences of /ke:ch/. \ref 00227 \lxa kwa:k \lxaa ikwa:k \lxaa kwa:' \lxaa ikwa:' \lxac ikwa:k \lxo íkwá:k \lxop ikwa:k \lxoa kwa:k \lxoc íkwá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord-b \pa yes-lex \seao when \ssao cuando \pna Kwa:k nekos, nikekchi:was. \pea When I arrive here, I will fix it. \psa Cuando llegue acá, lo voy a arreglar. \cfa kamanon \xrb hkwa:k \nse <na>Kwa:k</na> (or <na>ikwa:k</na>) is never used as an interrogative; see <nlao>kamanon</nlao>. \nae In Ameyaltepec the initial syllable (cf., underlying {ihkwa:k}) is seldom pronounced; the same change has occurred in Tetelcingo, Morelos. In Oapan it is quite often pronounced, with a high pitch reflective of the underlying {h} as the coda of the first syllable. \qry Check etymology. Perhaps /k/ should not be included. \ref 00228 \lxa poposoka \lxac poposoka \lxo poposoka \lxoc poposoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \seao to boil heavily; to come to a heavy boil \ssao hervirse fuertemente \pna Poposokatok ma:w. \pea Your water is boiling heavily. \psa Se está hirviendo fuertemente tu agua. \xrb poso: \xvnao poso:ni \qry Recheck difference between /poso:ni/ and /poposoka/. \ref 00229 \lxa kwa:xikipi:hli \lxac kwa:xikipi:hli \lxo kwa:xikipi:hli \lxoc kwa:xikipi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan \ssa tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo de semana santa en oapan \se bonnet (e.g., of little children and babies) \ss gorrita (p. ej., de niños pequeños o bebés) \xrb kwa: \xrb xikipi:l \ilustmp Pending \nse I heard this used only once in reference to a baby's bonnet, perhaps jokingly and as an idiosyncratic metaphor; see <na>kwa:po:xah</na>. The general acceptation of <na>kwa:xikipihli</na> is the white, sack-like head-covering worn by Judas during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan (a synonym is the obligatorily possessed <na>kwa:po:xah</na>). This covering consists of a white cloth placed like a sack over Judas's entire head with two holes made for the eyes and two wrapped-up balls of cloth that are like ears (or horns?) at the top. \nde In Oapan <no>kwa:xikipi:hli</no> is used (though it is not that common) for a child's bonnet. For Judas's headdress the word <no>kwa:koweh</no> because he has his <no>kwa:kuh</no>. \qry In one entry from the original Am filecards I had a long stem-final /i:/; the others had a short /i/. However, my impression from Oapan was that the /i:/ is long and this has been entered for both dialects. But check! Nevertheless, under Am /xikipi:hli/ I have written"Note that the final vowel has been checked and is definitely long." \vl Check \ref 00230 \lxa tla:hli \lxac tla:hli \lxo tla:hli \lxoc tla:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao ground; earthen floor \ssao tierra; piso o suelo de tierra \pna Nikochi ipan tla:hli. \pea I sleep on the ground \psa Duermo sobre la tierra. \seao earth; dust or dirt \ssao tierra; mugre o polvo de tierra \se (often poss.) land \ss (a menudo pos.) terreno \pna Xkipia itla:l. \pea He doesn't have any land (e.g., to plant). \psa No tiene terreno (p. ej., para siembra). \se (poss. with <n>-yo</n>) body dirt or grime \ss (pos. con <n>-yo</n>) mugre del cuerpo \pna Melá:k o:ki:s notla:hlo. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:weka:w xnima:ltia:ya. \pea The grime really came off me. I've bathed, it had been a long time since I had bathed. \psa Salió el mugre de mi cuerpo. Me bañé, ya había pasado mucho tiempo desde que me había bañado. \xrb tla:l \nse Note that in general a distinction is made between <na>tla:hli</na>, which means earthen floor, and the borrowing <na>pi:soh</na>, which is used to refer to floors of cement or tile. Similarly, the possessed <n>i:tla:l</n> refers most often (though not exclusively) to land for planting; land for housesites is more often referred to with the borrowed <na>si:tioh</na>. \ref 00231 \lxa sakilia \lxac kisakilia \lxo sakilia \lxoc kisakilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to truck for; to remove by transporting or carrying for (a material object, usually referenced by a mass noun--such as water, fodder, stone--from a given location) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) acarrear para; sacar para (un objeto material, usualmente no contable--como zacate, agua, piedra--de un lugar donde se encuentra) \pna Ne:chsa:sakilia a:tl. \pea He transports water for me (in repeated trips). \psa Me acarrea agua (en viajes repetidos). \xrb saka \xvbao saka \nse Note that an utterance such as <na>Ne:chsasakilia a:tl</na> would be used in reference to a large quantity of water, such as that needed in house construction. If one is simply drawing one or two trips of water for household use the applicative <na>a:tlakwi:lia</na> would be used. \qry Check vowel lenght of reduplication in /ne:chsasakilia a:tl/. Determine whether there exist forms with long and short vowel reduplication. \ref 00232 \lxa ara:doh de po:lkoh \lxac ara:doh de po:lkoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan arado; polco (?) \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea type of plow yet not definitively identified, it has replaced the plow made of wood \ssa tipo de arado todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem tool-cultivate \cfa ara:doh de kohtli \encyctmp tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de kuhtli/ \nse This type of plow is apparently the one used nowadays, having replaced the <na>ara:doh de kuhtli</na>. \nae As with most Spanish borrowings, the possessed form of the headword manifests no change on the complex noun, e.g, <na>ara:doh de po:lkoh</na>. \ref 00233 \lxa i:xkochi \lxac i:xko:kochi \lxo i:xkochi \lxoc i:xko:kochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(ch) \se to have ones eyes closed from sleep \ss tener los ojos cerrados por el cansacio o sueño \seao (with long vowel reduplication) to have ones eyelids slowly and repeatedly close from droziness; to drop of or nod off to sleep, with ones eyes slowly opening and closing (and perhaps ones head bobbing as one is overcome by sleep) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrarle a uno los párpados, despacio y repetidamente, por sentir un fuerte sueño; estar abrumado por el sueño con los párpados abriéndose y cerrándose (y tal vez cabeceando por el sueño) \pna I:xko:koxtok. \pea He's dropping off to sleep and his eyes are starting to close. \psa Le está agarrando el sueño y se le están cerrando los ojos. \se to dim or start dying out (light, such as a flashlight losing energy that is weak or dimmed) \ss atenuarse o bajarse la luz (p. ej., de una luz eléctrica que tiene la pila baja y está perdiendo energía) \xrb i:x \xrb kochi \qry At one point I had a note here"Check to see if the non-reduplicated form occurs."However, in my original (unchecked) file cards I did have a sentence /ti:xkochi pampa tikochisneki/"se te cierran los ojos porque estás soñoliente."I also had /ti:xkoxtia:snekis/, although this seems to definitely be the result of elicitation or direct questioning. There is no evidence of /i:xkochi/ in the Classical texts. Check for other possible subjects. \ref 00234 \lxa chipi:nia \lxac kichipi:nia \lxo chipi:nia \lxoc kichipi:nia \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to let drops fall (e.g., of medicine into a wound) \ssao dejar caer gotas (p. ej., de un remedio a una herida) \pna Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas. \pea If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear. \psa Si has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de tus orejas. \xrb chipi: \xvaao chipi:nilia \ref 00235 \lxa tetsotsoltsi:n \lxac tetsotsoltsi:n \lxo tsotsoltsi:n \lxoc tsotsoltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tetsotsoltsi:n</na> \seao to have little or no hair or feathers (animals) \ssao tener poco o nada de pelo o plumaje (animales) \pna Tetsotsoltsi:n mopio. \pea Your chicken is missing a lot of feathers. \psa Tu gallina tiene pocas plumas. \se to be bare or without covering (e.g., prickly pears, corn that has been husked, etc.) \ss estar pelón (p. ej., una tuna sin ahuates, mazorca sin cáscara) \seo (often with <n>te-</n> prefix) to be nude (e.g., a young child) \sso (a menudo con prefijo <n>te-</n>) estar desnudo (p. ej., un niño pequeño) \pno Tsotsoltsi:n mokone:w. \peo Your little child is nude. \pso Estádesnudo tu niño. \xrb tsol \nae Given the lexicalized nature of the reduplication here, Oapan Nahuatl does not permit reduction: * <no>ti:tsoltsi:n</no> \qry Usually endings in /-tsi:n/ are related to endings in /-tik/. Thus check whether /tsotsoltik/ and /tsotsohli/ exist. Make sure that reduplication reduction is not acceptable in Oapan. Check difference between form with and without /te-/. \ref 00236 \lxa kamasasa:l \lxac kamasasa:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kamatesasa:l</na> \sea to be a slow-eater \ssa ser lento en comer \syno kamayo:li:k \xrb kama \xrb sa:l \nse Apparently may be used with or without the <n>te-</n>, as either <na>kamasasa:l</na> or <na>kamatesasa:l</na>. It is used to refer to someone who takes a long time to eat or drink and is particularly said when others are impatiently waiting while one, derogatorily called <na>kamasasa:l</na> takes his or her time. \ref 00237 \lxa -neki \lxac tlakwa:sneki \lxo -neki \lxoc cho:kasneki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Suf \seao suffix added to future single verbs to indicate want or desire \ssao sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar deseo \pna Nitlakwa:sneki, yo:wekaw xnitlakwa. \pea I want to eat, it's been a long time since I've eaten. \psa Quiero comer, ya se hace mucho tiempo que no como. \seao suffix added to future singular verbs to indicate that the verbal action is about to occur \ssao sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar que la acción verbal está a punto de ocurrir \pna Kiawisneki. Xkalakti motlake:n! \pea It's about to rain. Put your clothes inside! \psa Quiere llover (o, está a punto de llover).¡Mete tu ropa! \xrb neki \ref 00238 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /Tla:lchi:chi:hloh/ switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 00239 \lxa kuwpitsiwi \lxac kuwpitsiwi \lxo kohpitsiwi \lxoc kohpitsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to harden; to become brittle; to stiffen or become stiff (sth originally soft and bland, that by nature shouldn't harden, like tortillas, or sth that is hard when it shouldn't be, such as cooked beans) \ssao endurecerse; quedarse quebradizo; ponerse tieso (algo originalmente suave y blando que de por si no debe ser duro, como las tortillas, o algo que es duro cuando no debe ser, como frijoles cocidos) \pna Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli. \pea The tortillas have started to stiffen, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become stiff and brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make chilaquiles). \psa Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse poniéndose tiesas, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles). \pna Yo:pe:w kukuwpitsiwi motlaxkal, yaw para kukuwtia. \pea Your tortillas have started to get stiff, they're on their way to becoming hard. \psa Se empezaron a ponerse tieso tus tortillas, ya están para endurecerse. \pna Yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi ke:soh, yo:pe:w wa:ki. \pea The cheese has started to harden, it has started to dry. \psa Ya empezó a endurecerse el queso, ya empezó a secarse. \se to have rigor mortis set in on [S] \ss empezar a quedarse rígido (un cuerpo o persona) por rigidez cadavérica \pna San weyakixtok, peya:siwtok, tikito:s o:kohpitsiw. \pea He's just stretched out, he's just lying flat out straight (in this case a sick person on a bed), you'd think that rigor mortis has set in on him. \psa Está acostado todo estirado, está todo como recto (en este caso una persona enferma sobre una cama), dirías que se quedótieso por la rigidez cadavérica. \pna Kwa:k timikis, tikuwpitsiwis. \pea When you die, you will get stiff (from rigor mortis). \psa Cuando te mueras, te vas a poner tieso (por la rigidez cadavérica). \xrb kow \xrb pits \subadj tlake:ntli ika mito:nil \subadj tlaxkahli kwak ye wa:ktok \subadj wa:kax deke o:mik ka:n to:na, kohpitsiwi ikweroh \ono tepi:tsiwi \nse The verb <na>kuhpitsiwi</na> is used to refer to the stiffening of tortillas, meat, bread, cheese (because it is getting old, or has been overdone on a fire). It can also be used to refer to the stiffening of a body at death (rigor mortis). Thus it seems clear that <na>kuhpitsiwi</na> refers to something that should be soft, but that hardens or stiffens. In this sense it differs from <na>tepi:tsiwi</na>, which indicates the hardening that affects materials that should be so: ice, mortar, clay, etc. With a human subject <na>kuhpitsiwi</na> can refer to rigor mortis. But it can also be used to refer to a person who is metaphorically"stiff"from clothes that have become covered with dirt. Thus <na>o:nikuhpitsiw</na>, 'I have become stiff,' can refer to the fact that the clothes I am wearing have become covered with dirt from not having been washed for a long time and as a result have stiffened. In Oapan <nlo>tepi:tsiwi</nlo> is used for mud that hardens, whereas the hardening of a cerami c bowl is r eferred to by <nlo>kohtia</nlo> or <nlo>kohpitsiwi</nlo>. Note that in general it seems that <no>tepi:tsiwi</no> is used for things that should become hard: mortar, cement, mud, etc., whereas <no>kohpitsiwi</no> is used for tortillas, dirty clothes, hair with soap left in it, etc. <no>Kuhtia</no> can also be used for these same situations. \nae The vowel length of <nl>kohpitsiwi</nl> has been checked several times and been found as indicated. However, <nla>tepi:tsiwi</nla>, which would seem to have the same root as its head is marked in all contexts with a long vowel. It would appear that the two forms, <na>kohpitsiwi</na> and <na>tepi:tsiwi</na> are related despite the vowel length discrepancy which should, nevertheless, be rechecked. \qry Check respective vowel lengths of /kuhpitsiwi/ and /tepitsi:wi/, although my recording agrees with the information in Karttunen. Check for transitive form. Check to see if reduplicated form /kukuhpitsiwi/ is more common than non-reduplicated form. The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Cf. and check the correctness of /kukuhpitsiwi/ in entry under /tlatlaka:mihka:ti/; here it refers to things that stayed hard. \mod Note use of /kel a:tl/ here. \qry In one example phrase I had /peya:tsiwtok/, but this has been changed here to /peya:siwtok/, which is probably correct. \ref 00240 \lxa ka:miliwi \lxac ka:miliwi \lxo ka:miliwi \lxoc ka:miliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get bruised and turn purple; for welts to form on ([S], e.g., skin after a hard blow) \ss magullarse y ponerse morado (p. ej., la piel a causa de un golpe); salir verdugones en el cuerpo de ([S], p. ej., como resultado de una fuerte caída) \pna O:ka:miliw moma ika o:tikukuw. \pea Your hand got bruised (showed welts and dark spots) from you having chopped wood. \psa Se te magullóla mano (salindo ronchas y moretones) por haber cortado leña. \pna O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw, o:noyeskwep, xo:topo:n. \pea It hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple, it got a blood blister but it didn't burst. \psa Me golpeéla mano con una piedra y se puso moradita, se le salió una ampolla llena de sangre, pero no se reventó. \pna Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo, kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi. \pea His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark. \psa Su torso ya empezó a ponerse morenito. Está enfermo, ya se le empezó a poner la piel más negro. \se to get or become darkened (e.g., rocks from smoke, or ceramics from being poorly fired) \ss ennegrecerse o ponerse más oscuro (p. ej., piedras por el humo, o cerámica al ser ennegrecerse por mal cocida) \pna O:ka:miliw, xo:iksik kwahli. \pea It got blackened (in this case a clay pot), it didn't fire well. \psa Se ennegreció(en este caso cerámica), no se cocióbien. \xrb ka:mil \subadj xi:tomatl noso chi:lxoxo:hki ipan koma:hli \dis ka:miliwi; tli:liwi \nae In Oapan <no>ka:miliwi</no> is used mostly in the adjectival <nlo>ka:miltik</nlo> to indicate a darkened color of ceramics that are poorly and incompletely fired. If fired well the material (barro) becomes paler. However, although there is a transitive form <nla>ka:milowa</nla> in Ameyaltepec (at least according to my original documentation), Florencia Marcelino denied that such a form was used in Oapan, where she accepted only the intransitive <no>ka:miliwi</no> of the present entry. \nde RS has the definition for <n>camiliui</n> as 'empezar a madurar, tomar color, referente a frutos'; as common with words that indicate changes in surface color there is a synonymous intransitive form <n>camileua</n>. He also gives the adjectival <n>camilectic</n>. Molina has only <n>camileua</n> 'pitantar las cerezas, o la fruta, o pararse moreno' and <n>camilectic</n> 'cosa morena, o fruta que pinta'. To date in the Balsas region I have not documented any use of this word with a fruit as subject, but obviously there is a common meaning in the Guerrero and Classical forms, a meaning referring to the darkening of a skin or surface. \qry Check for /ka:mile:wi/. \qry Check to see if this verb can be used in reference to fruit. \rt The semantic relation with the root in /kamotli/ appears likely, but vowel length is different. \ref 00241 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlikonextamahli \lxoc tlikonextamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo type of tamal made from corn dough (i.e., <nlo>tixtli</nlo> made from <nlo>nextamahli</nlo>) that is mixed with <nlo>tenextli</nlo> and <nlo>tlikonextli</nlo> as it is boiled \sso tipo de tamal que se hace con masa hecho de nixtamal que se coció en la olla con <nlo>tenextli</nlo> y <nlo>tlikonextli</nlo> \sem food \syna tamahli de kuwnextli \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli \nse <na>Tamahli de kuhnextli</na> is eaten in all villages of the Balsas region except, apparently, San Miguel Tecuiciapan and San Agustín Oapan. In this latter village tamales are made of simple <na>tixtli</na> and for this reason the tamales harden much quicker. They are also wrapped in <nla>to:tomo:xtli</nla> and not corn leaves, <nla>iswatamahli</nla> or <nlo>tamaliswatl</nlo>, as are other tamals such as <nlo>tamahli de telolotsi:n</nlo>. Nevertheless, Oapan does have a word for what in Ameyaltepec is called <na>tamahli de kuhnextli</na>. \qry Make sure that /tlikonextamahli/ is a word in Oapan and refers to what is indicated in this entry. Also, if the information on the fact that this type of tamal is not made in Oapan, check why a name for it exists. \ref 00242 \lxa ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia \lxac yo:ichpo:chlamatsi:ntiak \lxo ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia \lxop ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia \lxoc yo:ichpo:chlámatsí:ntiak \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes-lex \se to grow old (a woman) as a spinster by passing the common or proper age for marriage (e.g., by exceeding approximately 22 or 23 years of age) \ss llegar (una mujer) a ser solterona por rebasar la edad más apropriada para casarse (al rebasar los 22 o 23 años de edad) \sem age \xrb chpo:ch \xrb lamah \flr lamah \qry Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is /ichpo:chlamatsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly \sj Check for /h/.. \ref 00243 \lxa komo:ntasi \lxac komo:ntasi \lxo komó:ntasí \lxop komo:ntasi \lxoc komó:ntasí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao see <nla>komo:nteko</nla> (Am) / <nlo>komó:ntasí</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>komo:nteko</nla> (Am) / <nlo>komó:ntasí</nlo> (Oa) \xrb komo:n \xrb ehko \ref 00244 \lxa nakapachiwi \lxac nakapachiwi \lxo nakapachiwi \lxoc nakapachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get covered with flesh (e.g., a wound as it is healing) \ss taparse con piel (p.ej., una herida mientras que se compone y se alivia) \se to get more than ones fill of meat \ss llenarse de carne hasta estar bien satiado \se to get (ones eye) covered with a thin film (in Sp., the condition called <spn>carnosidad</spn>) \ss taparsele (el ojo) con una delgada capa blanca (en la condición llamada"carnosidad") \pna O:nakapachiw i:xtew. \pea His eye got covered with a thin film. \psa Tiene carnosidad en el ojo. \sem disease \xrb naka \xrb pach \qry Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb, and whether it, or the intransitive, can refer to anything other than this eye condition. \ref 00245 \lxanotes zzz \dt 25/Jan/2005 \mod This entry was originally /texopilowa/ but has been removed; only /xopilowa/ is listed now. \ref 00246 \lxa chichí:k to:motli \lxac chichí:k to:motli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(h) \sea type of cactus, <nla>to:motli</nla> as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de cactus, <nla>to:motli</nla>, hasta ahora no identificado \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb chichi: \xrb to:moh \nse It is not clear whether this is actually a type of <na>to:motli</na> or whether it simply a descriptive term for certain types of prickly pears (cactus fruit). \nct to:motli \qry None of the consultants during the field botany project of 2001 were familar with this form. \qry Check whether /chichí:k to:mohtli/ is actually a type of cactus. I only have it recorded in one place, under a list of /to:motli/ on the filecard entry for this word. \ref 00247 \lxa tlakwi:xwia \lxac tlakwi:xwia \lxo tlakwi:xwia \lxof [tla kwi:x 'wi ya] \lxoc tlakwi:xwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to make a hissing or rushing sound \ssao hacer un sonido como de soplido o silbido \pna Tlakwi:xwia kwi:xin kwa:k patla:ni. \pea The hawk makes a rushing sound when it flys. \psa El gavilán hace un sonido de soplido cuando vuela. \pna Tlakwi:xwia kowatl kwa:k kwala:ni. \pea A snake makes a hissing sound when it is mad. \psa Una culebra hace un sonido como de silbido cuando se enoja. \xrb kwi:x \xvaao tlakwi:xwilia \xbtla kwi:xwia \xbtlo kwi:xwiya \subadj tekolo:tl \subadj masa:tl \subadj kowatl \nse <na>Tlakwi:xwia</na> indicates a hissing or rushing of air sound, such as that made when one tightens ones lips and exhales air through the narrow opening. It is also documented as referring to the sounds made by snakes and other animals or lizards, particularly when mad, or to the sound of gas escaping from a leak. It is unclear whether the name of the"gavilán"(<nla>kwi:xin</nla>) is related to this verb. According to Cristino Flores the animal that most commonly makes this sound is the owl. \qry I was only able to obtain this verb with the prefix <n>tla-</n> ; but I have a definition as a transitive. This is unclear. Check. Cf. query with /kwi:xwia/. Check whether /kwi:xwia/ is derived from any other lexical form. \ref 00248 \lxa mailia \lxaa makilia \lxac kimailia \lxo makilia \lxoc kimakilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to thrash; to hit or strike; to give a beating or thrashing to (with a fist or hard object) \ssao dar una paliza a; golpear (con el puño o algo duro) \pna Ma:ka tiá:s! Mitsmaili:skeh. \pea Don't go! They'll give you a beating. \psa ¡No te vayas! Te van a dar una paliza. \se to strike (often metaphorically) and cause harm (e.g., the sun beating down on sth, a shadow hitting a planted field, always with the sense of causing harm of having a negative effect) \ss pegar o golpear (a menudo metaforicamente) causando daño (p. ej., el sol que le pega a algo, una sombra que le pega un sembradío, siempre con el sentido de hacer daño, de tener un efecto negativo) \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n! \pea Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful and"hot"to the growth of maize)! Cut its top branches down! \psa ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina y calorosa) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus ramas más altas! \pna O:kima:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, kimailia mi:hli. \pea They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat (from its shadow, which is considered"hot") on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize). \psa Le podaron las ramas a eseárbol, estaba echándole su calor (de su sombra, que se considera"caliente") a la milpa (dañando el maíz). \pna Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl. \pea Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it. \psa Tu milpa ya se está poniendo amarilla, ya le empezó a hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua). \se to go at (e.g., a task) \ss aplicarse a; darle a (p. ej., una tarea) \pna We:i o:tikmailikeh. \pea We've gotten a lot of it accomplished (e.g., in planting a large section of a field in a day). \psa Le dimos mucho (p. ej., en sembrar una buena parte de una milpa). \se (~ <na>bwe:ltah</na>) to go the long way around (an area, an object, etc.) \ss (~ <na>bwe:ltah</na>) darle mucha vuelta a (unaárea, objeto, etc.) \pna We:i bwe:ltah o:kimailia. \pea They go around it the long way. \psa Le dan mucha vuelta (p. ej., al caminar alrededor de algo). \sem contact \xrb maka \nse Apparently this is an alternate form of <na>makilia</na>, which is seldom heard. Like many applicative verbs that involve contact or insertion this is also occasionally used by men in a sexual sense. \qry Check to determine whether /mailia/ and /makilia/ are the same in meaning. If so, set up in /syn field.ry. Check meaning of /we:i bwe:ltah kimailia/. If /mailia/ and /makilia/ are synonyms in Am, check whether the same is true in Oapan. \ref 00249 \lxa tlatlapo:wtok \lxac tlatlapo:wtok \lxo tlatlapo:htok \lxoc tlatlapo:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \inc [tla-V1]-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be open (a building, store, house, etc.) \ssao estar abierto (un edificio, tienda, casa, etc.) \pna Tlatlapo:wtok nokal. O:nikelka:w, xo:nitlatsakw. \pea My house is open (i.e., the door). I forgot, I didn't close up. \psa Mi casa está abierta. Se me olvidó, no cerré. \pna Ye tlatlapo:wtok, ma titlakowatin. \pea It is already open (e.g., a store), let's go shopping. \psa Ya está abierto (p. ej., una tienda), vamos a ir de compras. \xrb tlapo \xbtla tlapo:wtok \xbtlo tlapo:htok \cfa tlatsakwtok \nae The first <n>tla-</n> in the above forms is not a reduplicated stem, but rather the <n>tla-</n> prefix such as that used in impersonal passives (i.e., with intransitive verbs). \qry Check vowel length; check also re: /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.' Cf. /tlapowtok/. Apparently they are the same in vowel quantity. This entry needs to be corrected. See discussion under /tlapo:htok/. \ref 00250 \lxa akomi:na \lxac nakomi:na \lxo akomi:ni \lxoc nakomi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to jump forward (and generally over sth) \ss (refl.) saltar adelante (y generalmente sobre algo) \pna Xmakomi:na! Ma:ka tipolakis itik un sokitl! \pea Take a leap over it! Don't sink into that mud! \psa ¡Sáltale!¡No te vayas a hundir en el lodo! \se (refl.) to leap or spring up in the air (e.g., fish that try to jump out of a terraya) \ss (refl.) saltar o brincar hacia arriba (p. ej., peces que tratar de salir de una terraya) \pna Xma:komi:na para tasis! \pea Jump up high so that you can reach it! \psa ¡Brinca arriba para que alcanzes! \pna Xma:komi:na! Xkontila:na! \pea Jump up! Reach up and take it down (sth hanging)! \psa ¡Bríncale!¡Estírate para bajarlo (algo colgado)! \pna Xmakomi:na! Xtleko ipan burroh! \pea Leap up! Get on the burro! \psa ¡Bríncale!¡Súbete al burro! \pna Asta nakomi:ntokeh! Miák michin. \pea The water is jumping (with fish)! There are a lot of fish. \psa ¡Hasta están brincando! Hay muchos peces. \pna O:nakomi:nte:w. O:nomamuwtih. \pea It suddenly jumped up. It got startled (in this case an animal). \psa De repente saltó. Se asustó(en este caso un animal). \pna Yo:isak. O:pe:w nakomi:na. Xkonta, ma:ka wa:lwetsis! \pea He's woken up (e.g., a child in a hammock). He's started to move up and down a lot. Take a look at him, make sure he doesn't fall to the ground! \psa Ya despertó(p. ej., un niño en una hamaca). Empezó a brincar.¡Vélo para que no se vaya a caer al suelo! \seo to push up and against (e.g., a stick or post against a roof or covering) \sso empujar hacia arriba y contra (algo, p. ej., una vara o poste contra algo como un techo) \xrb ahko \xrb mi:na \nae In Ameyaltepec this word has only been documented in the reflexive form to indicate the jumping up or forward of an animate being. A transitive use with a specific object has only been documented in Oapan, as indicated in the final sense given above, referring to a stick or post pushing up against a covering or roof. \qry In a final check for Ameyaltepec I have determined that the initial vowel is definitely long, /a:/; it has so been recorded But the use in Oapan should be rechked. Check to see if non-reflexive use occurs and if so change the /cat code. \pqry Check vl of first /a/ particularly in Am form. \vl Check for p-a; it should be here. \ref 00251 \lxa tsi:nkuwtli \lxac itsi:nkuwyo \lxo tsi:nkohtli \lxoc i:tsi:nkohyo \dt 16/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao stem (of certain fruits such as chile, tomato, plum, etc.) \ssao tallo (de ciertas frutas como el chile, jitomate, ciruela, etc.) \pna I:tsi:nkuwyo chi:hli. \pea It is the stem of the chile. \psa Es el tallo del chile. \seao stand; base (of certain material objects such as lamps, fans, etc.) \ssao pie; base (de ciertos objetos como ventiladores, lámparas, etc.) \pna O:postek itsi:nkuwyo bentiladó:r. \pea The stand of the fan broke. \psa Se rompióla base del ventilador. \xrb tsi:n \xrb kow \nse Particularly in reference to plants the diminutive is often used: <na>i:tsi:nkuhiotsi:n chi:hli</na>. The unpossessed form is rarely used, though grammatically acceptable and henceforth here used as the headword. \ref 00252 \lxa tlanawi \lxac tlanawi \lxo tlanawi \lxoc tlanawi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to be extremely, even terminally, ill (to the extent of being bed-ridden and virtually unable to move, or an animal that is old and near death) \ss estar gravamente, hasta mortalmente, enfermo (hasta estar postrado en la cama casi dsin poder moverse, o un animal a punto de morir) \se to be on the verge of breaking (e.g., an axe with a handle about to break) \ss estar a punto de romperse o estropearse (p. ej., una hacha con una manga a punto de romper) \xrb tlana \xvcao tlanawi:tia \qry Vowel length has been checked and a note on one filecard dated Aug. 1986 states that"short vowels should be recorded in all entries." \ref 00253 \lxa pachiwtok \lxac pachiwtok \lxo pachihtok \lxoc pachihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be pressed down; to be dobled over (an object that has been knocked down or over) \ss estar apachurado; estar doblado (un objeto que ha sido derribado) \pna O:yeyekawi:lo:k, sa: pachiwtok mi:hli. \pea The corn plants got knocked over by the wind, the maize plants are just pressed down against the ground. \psa La milpa se derribó a causa del viento, ya queda nada más bien apachurada contra el suelo. \xrb pach \ref 00254 \lxa tsonakawetsi \lxac tsonakawetsi \lxo tsonakawetsi \lxoc tsonakawetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to fall over sideways; to fall over on the side (e.g, a large sack of maize was not vertically balanced) \ss caerse a un lado (p. ej., un costal grande de maíz que no estaba bien balanceado verticalmente) \xrb tsonaka \xrb wetsi \nse <na>Tsonakawetsi</na> is the virtual synonym of <nla>tsonakayaw</nla>. Any possible or potential semantic differences have not yet been documented though it seems that <na>tsonakawetsi</na> is used more to indicate the event of actually falling over into a set horizontal position whereas <na>tsonakayaw</na> is more likely to indicate the simple leaning or tilting of an object to its side. \nae In Oapan the subject prefix always precedes <no>tsonaka</no> ; this may not be the case in Ameyaltepec. \qry Cf. Gram 1986-08-20.1 \ref 00255 \lxa ikxinetechowa \lxac nokxinetechowa \lxo ixinetechowa \lxoc noxinetechowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[refl] \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to put ones legs close together \ss (refl.) cerrar las piernas o ponerlas muy cerca, la una a la otra \pna Xmokxinetecho. \pea Put your legs together (in this case said to a woman sitting with her legs apart)! \psa ¡Cierra las piernas (en este caso dicho a una mujer sentada con las piernas abiertas)! \xrb kxi \xrb netech \qry Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/. \ref 00256 \lxa poxa:wa \lxacpend *kipoxa:wa \lxo poxa:wa \lxoc kipoxa:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to crumble (e.g., a rock or stone of brittle consistency, such as <nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla>, a hardened, green clay) \ssao desmigajar; deshacer; desmoronar (p. ej., una piedra quebradiza, como <nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla>, un piedra verde y arcillosa) \se to loosen (e.g., a tightly twined rope or cord) \ss aflojar (p. ej., una soga o cuerda que tenía los hilos muy apretados) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to soften, loosen up or unstiffen (e.g., material such as clothes that have dried with soap and become brittle, by moving the cloth rapidly back and forth, cracking the stiffened earth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer menos tieso (p. ej., ropa tiesa que se quedócon jabón seco al restregarla o agitarla de un lado a otro para quebrar el jabón) \pna Kipopoxa:wa, kiyema:nilia. \pea He loosens it up (e.g., a shirt that dried with soap in it), he softens it up. \psa Lo hace menos tieso (p. ej., una camisa lleno de jabón resecado), lo suaviza. \xrb poxa: \nse According to Cristino Flores the transitive verb form <na>kipoxa:wa</na> is not used in Ameyaltepec. \qry Obtain intransitive form; also note other things that may be objects of this transitive verb, such as braids? Determine whether intensifier /te-/ can be used and difference in meaning. \ref 00257 \lxa ga:chopi:nes \lxaa a:chopi:nes \lxac ga:chopi:nes \lxo ka:chopi:meh \lxoc ka:chopi:meh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan gachupines \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao type of religious line dance with masks made in the stereotyped image of Spaniards \ssao tipo de danza religiosa en línea con máscaras hechas como la imagen estereotipificada de los españoles \pna Kito:ka:yo:tian"achopi:nes." \pea They call it (the dance) <na>a:chopi:nes</na>. \psa Ellos la llaman (a la danza) <na>a:chopi:nes</na>. \encyctmp danzas \nse <na>A:chopi:nes</na> is almost always employed in the plural, the singular is <na>a:chopí:n</na>. \nae The /i/ in the plural apparently varies between long and short, depending upon the speaker. \ref 00258 \lxa a:yo:to:chin \lxacpend *a:yo:to:chin \lxo a:yo:to:chin \lxoc a:yo:to:chin \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao armadillo, i.e., the nine-banded armadillo found in Mexico (<i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>) \ssao armadillo (el especie <i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>) \syna tla:lpitso \xrb a:yo: \xrb to:ch \nse <nla>A:yo:to:chin</nla> is known by Ameyaltepequeños but apparently from contact with neighboring villages. The common term in Ameyaltepec is <nla>tla:lpitso</nla>. Cristino Flores was not familiar with the term <na>a:yo:to:chin</na>. \ref 00259 \lxa tla:lse:wi:hli \lxac tla:lse:wi:hli \lxo tla:ltse:wi:hli \lxoc tla:ltse:wi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se land in fallow \ss terreno que está en barbecho \pna Tla:lse:wi:hli de o:me tie:mpoh katka. \pea It is land that was left fallow for two planting seasons. \psa Es un terreno que estaba en barbecho por dos temporadas. \xrb tla:l \xrb se: \encyctmp tla:hli \qry Check for possessed form. \grm Oapan phonology: Note the ts-to-s /l ____. This is a common phonological change in Oapan. \ref 00260 \lxa to:moichkatl \lxac to:moichkatl \lxo tó:moichkatétsi:n \lxoa tó:moixkatétsi:n \lxoc tó:moichkatétsi:n, tó:moixkatétsi:n \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao type of cactus with edible fruit, as yet unidentified \ssao tipo de cactus con fruta comestible, hasta ahora no identificado \sem plant \sem cactus \syno ichkato:motli \syno tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n \xrb to:moh \xrb chka \nde Although the etymology of the Oapan name differs slightly from that of Ameyaltepec, given the closeness of the forms a single entry has been used for both. \cpl For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Apparently the <na>to:moichkatl</na> is the same as <na>ichkato:motli</na> although the former name is much more common. \nfe Neither Asención Marcelo of San Juan nor Inocencio Díaz of Ameyaltepec knew of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón called this cactus <no>tó:motli kwa:ichkatetsi:n</no> and stated that he was not familiar with the name <no>tó:moichkatétsi:n</no>. \nct to:motli \ref 00261 \lxa sa:na \lxac sa:na \lxo sa:na \lxoc sa:na \dt 24/Apr/2005 \loan sanate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao type of bird, apparently called the <spn>sanate</spn> in Spanish, still not definitively identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995) \ssao tipo de pájaro, aparentemente llamado sanate en español, todavía no identificado definitivamente (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) \sem animal \sem bird \qry Check that Oapan word also refers to the bird. \ref 00262 \lxa sa:watik \lxac sa:watik \lxo sa:watik \lxoc sa:watik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tiki \seao to have a rash, pox, pimples, or skin eruptions (a person, in a condition generally the result of a lack of cleanliness) \ssao tener la piel con sarpullido, roñas, granitos (una persona, generalmente esta condición es resultado de una falta de higiene) \seao to be mangy (an animal such as a dog) \ssao estar sarnoso (un animal como el perro) \sem disease \xrb sa:wa \fl sa:watl \nde In Oapan one also commonly finds the reduplicated forms <no>sása:wátik</no> and <no>té:sa:wátik</no>. \mod Check; apparently this is not a word from Ameyaltepec. Remove the link. However, one can say /sa:wati/ or /tesasa:watik/. \ref 00263 \lxa komalako:tsi:n \lxac komalako:tsi:n \lxo komálakó:tsi:n \lxop komalako:tsi:n \lxoc komálakó:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes \seao whirlwind; dust devil \ssao remolino \se generic name for certain <na>aires</na> or <na>yeyekameh</na> \ss nombre genérico para ciertos <na>aires</na> o <na>yeyekameh</na> \ss nombre genérico por ciertos tipos de aires o <na>yeyekameh</na> \xrb ko \xrb malaka \nae The etymology of <na>komalako:tsi:n</na> is uncertain, particularly problematical is the initial <n>ko</n>. Molina has <n>ecamalacotl</n> as 'remolino de viento'; Tetelcingo has <n>yejcamalacutl</n> and Tlaxpanaloya has <n>yehyecamalacatl</n> a variant form that is perhaps closest to the underlying morphology of {yehye:ka + malakatl}. The pitch-accent of Oapan <no>komálakó:tsi:n</no> suggests an underlying {h}, consistent with the reduplicated root <n>yehye:ka</n> even though the pitch-accent does not fall on the initial syllable, as expected. In sum, the initial /ko/ would seem to be related to <n>ehka</n> and the final sequence <n>malako:</n> related to <n>malaka</n>. As to the initial /k/, note that in Oapan an initial /k/ does sometimes occur where other dialects have a vowel (<no>komitetl</no> for a type of bone, <na>omitetl</na>). \qry Perhaps a list should be made of all nouns ending in /o:tl/ or /o:tsi:n/. \sj komalako:tsi:n \rt The /mal/ of words like /malakatl/, /mali:na/, and /komalaka/ should probably be cross-referenced in the root dictionary. This is a general problem. \ref 00264 \lxa i:xte:nkwepo:nia \lxac ki:xte:nkwepo:nia \lxo i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia \lxoc ki:xte:nchi:kopo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. <n>-chi:-</n> (Oa) \infv class-2a \seao to turn up or inside out the top eyelid of \ssao voltear al revés el párpado superior de \pna Xmi:xte:nkwepo:ni! \pea Turn up your eyelid! \psa ¡Pon tu párpado superior al revés! \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwepo: \nae Whereas the infixation of the intensifier <n>chi:-</n> is optional in Ameyaltepec, it apparently is always present in the Oapan cognate of this word. \qry Determine whether for /i:xte:nchi:kwepo:nia/ only the reflexive is used. If this is the case, then add [refl] to der field. Also, recheck that forms with and without intensifier <na>chi:</na> are both acceptable. \ref 00265 \lxa tlato:lmatki \lxac tlato:lmatki \lxo tláto:lmátki \lxop tlato:lmatki \lxoc tláto:lmátki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se orator; person who is good at speaking in public and commands an elegant and extensive vocabularly \ss orador; persona que sabe exponer en público y que tiene facilidad con las palabras, particularmente las que son elegantes \xrb hto \xrb mati \nse <na>Tlato:lmatki</na> is considered a noun although it has many adjectival qualities, both morphological and semantic (in that it singles out one property of the subject). Thus it could be translated either nominally or adjectivally (as a predicate, for example), depending on the context. \nae The agentive form * <na>tlato:lmatke:tl</na> is not acceptable in either dialect. \qry Check for possessed form. \grm Agentives in /-ki/ and /-ke:tl/. Note that according to my understanding (and this needs to be checked), /tlato:lmatki/ exists, but ?/tlato:lmatke:tl/ does not. Although both have been identified as"agentives"in general it seems that it is /-ke:tl/ that most often indicates a true agentive and that /-ki/ often indicates a less time-stable state, rather than an agentive a characteristic of the subject in question. \ref 00266 \lxa chapa:nilia \lxac kichapa:nilia \lxo chapa:nilia \lxoc kichapa:nilia \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to throw onto (e.g., thorn bushes onto a fence) \ss echar o tirar sobre (p. ej., espinas sobre una cerca) \seao to sprinkle on; to spread on \ssao rociar sobre; untar sobre \pna O:kikwe:choh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n. \pea They ground up the <nba>nekaxa:ni:hli,</nba> vine, they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. \psa Molieron la enredadera <nba>nekaxa:ni:hli</nba>, se le van a rociar por la parte posterior de su cintura. \pna Kichapa:nilian ka:n o:tipostek dya kitekwian ika tlake:ntli para nokwaltla:lia. \pea They spread it (in this case <nba>postekpatli</nba>) where you have broken a bone and then they wrap it up in cloth so that it gets better. \psa Le untan (en este caso <nba>postekpatli</nba>) donde tienes un hueso quebrado y lo envuelven en tela para que se componga. \xrb chapa: \xvbao chapa:nia \qry Check for other meanings and uses of this applicative. Check whether it can mean both sprinke and spread or only one of the two. \ref 00267 \lxa yekaposteki \lxac kiyekaposteki \lxo yekaposteki \lxoc kiyekaposteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to break off the point of (e.g., a pencil, pointed stick, etc.) \ss romperle la punta a (p. ej., una lápiz, un palo puntiagudo, etc.) \xrb yeka \xrb posteki \cfa te:mposteki \ref 00268 \lxa tsi:ntetepon \lxac tsi:ntetepon \lxo tsi:ntetepon \lxoc tsi:ntetepon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seao to be bare-assed; to have ones rear end showing and with little covering it \ssao estar con las nalgas desnudas o expuestas \pna Tiá:s tsi:ntetepon. \pea You will go bare-assed (because, for example, you forgot your pants). \psa Vas a ir con las nalgas expuestas (p. ej., porque se te olvidaron tus pantalones). \seao to be mini-skirted; to be dressed in a short skirt \ssao estar vestida con minifalda (o una falda muy corta) \xrb tsi:n \xrb tepon \dis tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon \nse <na>Tsi:ntetepon</na> can refer to someone who goes around in such a state of nudity that the persons rear end is exposed, such as might occur with a bikini or very short pants. <na>Tsi:ntetepon</na> can also be used to refer to a woman wearing a very short dress or similar item of clothing, although <nla>kwe:tetepon</nla> may also be used in such circumstances. \ref 00269 \lxa techichikile:wi \lxac techichikile:wi \lxo téchichikilé:wi \lxop techichikile:wi \lxoc téchichikilé:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e][x] \aff Lex. rdp-s- \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se see <nla>techichikiliwi</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>techichikiliwi</nla> \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. \ref 00270 \lxa kwech \lxac i:kwech \lxo wech \lxoc i:wech \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seao see <nla>i:kwech kowatl</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>i:kwech kowatl</nla> \xrb kwech \nde Molina gives <n>cuechtli</n> as 'cierto caracol largo'; it seems clear that the physical similarity of a snail or snail shell to the rattle of a rattlesnake accounts for the meaning of <n>kwech</n> in the Balsas Region where <na>i:kwech</na> has been documented only in the collocation <na>i:kwech kowatl</na>. \qry I have only heard /kwextli/ in possessed form referring to a snake's rattle. Other meanings should be checked. \ref 00271 \lxa pepechowilia \lxac kipepechowilia \lxo pepechowilia \lxoc kipepechowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s- \infv class-2a \se to patch or close up (sth) for \ss parchar o cerrar una hendedura (de algo) para \pna Xne:chpepechowili noa:maw! \pea Patch up my amate for me (by gluing small pieces of amate to the back, where the original is torn or thin)! \psa ¡Ponle parches a mi amate (pegándole pedacitos de amate atrás de donde el original estémaltratado)! \xrb pech \xvba pepechowa \nse Besides the definition given above, this applicative in general has all the meanings of the base verb <na>pepechowa</na>, with the added object (either a human benefactive or a material object to which sth is glued or similarly attached) that the applicative form establishes. \nae The absence of pitch-accent in Oapan signals the lack of a"saltillo"as the coda of the reduplicated syllable. Likewise, note that in Oapan the reduplication cannot be reduced on a preceding light syllable: * <no>kí:pechowília</no>, indicating that the reduplication is fully lexicalized. \grmx Oapan reduplication: Note that /pepechowilia/ does not manifest pitch-accent. Also, the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan signals the lack of a"saltillo"as the coda of the reduplicated syllable. Likewise, note that in Oapan the reduplication cannot be reduced on a preceding light syllable: * <no>kí:pechowília</no>, indicating that the reduplication is fully lexicalized. This is apparently because the reduplicated form has been lexicalized and there is no equivalent *kipechowa. \ref 00272 \lxa ye:watok \lxac ye:watok \lxo ya:watok \lxoa ya:watikah \lxoa ya:watitok \lxoa ya:watitikah \lxoc ya:watok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \inc *V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se see <nla>e:watok</nla> (Am) / <nlo>a:watok</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>e:watok</nla> (Am) / <nlo>a:watok</nlo> (Oa) \nae The epenthetic /y/ is found only in word-initial position but is lost after pronominal prefixes: <na>ne:watok</na>. As with other statives, the form with <n>-titiw</n> is used for the associated motion construction. However, with the stative/durative <n>-tok</n> (or in Oapan, <no>-tikah</no> as well), the use of <n>-ti-</n> is optional. This is the case with <no>westotok</no> (= <nlo>westok</nlo>) and <no>westotiw</no> ; <no>tlákaltók</no> (= <no>tlákaltótok</no>) and <no>tlákaltótiw</no> ; <no>íkatók</no> (= <no>íkatítok</no>) and <no>íkatítiw</no>). \grm Statives; duratives; double stative: As with other statives, the form with <n>-titiw</n> is used for the associated motion construction (ya:watitiw). However, with the stative/durative <n>-tok</n> (or in Oapan, <no>-tikah</no> as well), the use of <n>-ti-</n> is optional (e.g., /ya:watok/, /ya:watitok) This is the case with <no>westotok</no> (= <nlo>westok</nlo>) and <no>westotiw</no> ; <no>tlákaltók</no> (= <no>tlákaltótok</no>) and <no>tlákaltótiw</no> ; <no>íkatók</no> (= <no>íkatítok</no>) and <no>íkatítiw</no>). \ref 00273 \lxa tlatskapa:naltia \lxac kitlatskapa:naltia \lxo tlatskapa:naltia \lxoa tlatskopo:naltia \lxoc kitlatskapa:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-c-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \se to make (sth) give off a slapping, wet sound \ss hacer (algo) emitir un sonido como de palmada sobre algo mojado \pna Kitlatskapa:naltia sokitl. \pea He makes the clay (used for ceramics) give off a wet, slapping sound (in slapping it down hard against a flat stone or wooden table to knead it). \psa Hace que el barro emita un fuerte sonido como de palmada (al amasarlo, azotándolo duramente contra una piedra plana o tabla de madera). \pna O:htlatsi:nih, o:tiktlatskapa:naltih. \pea You slapped him with your palm, you made (his skin emit) a loud slapping sound. \psa Le diste una palmada, haciéndola sonar fuerte. \cfao kapa:naltia \fla tlatskapa:ni \xrb tlats-2-; kapa: \xvbao tlatskapa:ni \dis kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia \nse The meaning of making a hard, wet slapping sound is the basis of its use in the speech of some men to connote sexual relations, in reference to the sound two bodies make as skin slaps against skin during intercourse. Thus this verb implies an energetic and, from the male perspective at least, positive or desirable sexual event. \ref 00274 \lxa koltotse:wtok \lxac koltotse:wtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire) \ssa enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama) \syna koltotsiwtok \syno koltotsiwtok \xrb koltots \subadj tli:n kiwi:teki to:nahli \nde In Oapan no form of this verb or its derivatives with /e:/ is accepted neither * <no>koltotse:wi</no> * <no>koltotse:wtok</no> but only those with /i/: <nlo>koltotsiwi</nlo>. In Ameyaltepec it is used to refer to things that become curled and twisted, e.g., a cable, something that is struck by the sun, etc. \qry In this and other cases check for which verbs accept /e:wi/ endings in alternation (or instead of) /-iwi/ endings: /chichi:le:wi/, /chichi:liwi/, etc. Besides checking for which verbs this alternation exists, check for semantic or functional difference in usage. I originally had this phrase, but it is probably the result of elicitation and has been removed: /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak. I:xmonkokoltostik./´He has curved eyelashes, they are curled upward. He has curly eyelashes.' \ref 00275 \lxa tlayeka:na \lxac tlayeka:na \lxo tlayeka:na \lxoc tlayeka:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to walk as a guide in front of a team of oxen being trained to follow the furrows of a field being plowed \ss caminar como guía enfrente de una yunta de bueyes siendo adiestrados para seguir los surcos de un terreno que están arando \xrb yeka \xrb a:na \xbtlao yeka:na \ref 00276 \lxa so \lxac kiso \lxo so \lxoc kiso \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: fut. <na>kisos</na> ; perfective <na>o:kisok</na> ; imperfective <na>kisoya</na> \seao to prick (skin, with a needle, thorn, a splinter, etc.) \ssao picar; pinchar (la piel, con una aguja, espina, astilla de madera, etc.) \pna O:nimosok ika wistli, xne:chki:xtili! \pea I got pierced with a thorn, take it out for me! \psa Me piquécon una,¡quítamelo! \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to string (as beads on a thread, flowers on a string, etc.) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hilar; ensartar (como cuentitas o flores en un hilo, etc.) \pna Niksosowa, a:man xok. \pea I used to string them, (but) now I no longer do. \psa Antes los ensartaba, (pero) ahora ya no. \pna Ma niksoso! \pea Let me string them! \psa ¡Deja que yo los ensarte. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to baste (in stiching or sewing) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hilvanar (al coser con hilo) \pna Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos! \pea Sew it finely for me, don't just baste it! \psa ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada,¡no lo vayas a hilvanar nada más! \xrb so \xvaa solia \nae Although some Ameyaltepequeño consultants mentioned that the imperfective of this form was <na>kisowa:ya</na> others gave <na>kisoya</na>. Cristino Flores confirmed (or agreed with) this last piece of data. \qry Check inflection for imperfective, particularly the semivowel /w/. Perhaps the form should be /kisowaya/ or /kisoya/? Also check the imperfective for /yeko/, which might represent the same"problem." \grm Reduplication: Here note the excellent example of the difference between long and short vowel reduplication in the discussion of this word by C. Flores. \ref 00277 \lxa na:nkah \lxac na:nkah \lxo na:nkah \lxoc na:nkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> : <na>na:n nunkah</na>, <na>na:n tunkah</na>, <na>na:nkah</na>, <na>na:n tikateh</na>, <na>na:n nankateh</na>, <na>na:n kateh</na> \seao to be here \ssao estar aquí \pna Na:nkah! Xkwi:ka! \pea Here it is! Take it away! \psa ¡Aquí está !¡Llévatelo! \se (<na>i:n</na> ~) this one here; the one that is here \ss (<na>i:n</na> ~)éste que está aquí; este mismo \pna In na:nkah a:matl, na:nkah a:chi kana:wak de iwa:n in na:nkah oksé, na:nkah ma:s tila:wak. \pea This piece of paper here, it is a little thinner here in comparison with this other one here, which is a little thicker. \psa Este papel aquí, está algo delgado en comparasión con este otro, que está más grueso. \pna In na:nkah kinene:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón. \pea This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it. \psa Este que está aquí es similar al otro allí, es parecido aél (es de la misma manera). \cfao na:n; ne:nkah \xrb na:n \xrb ka \nae Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: <na>na:n tunkah</na> 'you are here.' Note also that <nao>na:nkah</nao> may be used in a relative clause, <na>nihkwis in na:nkah</na> 'I'll take this one here' ('I'll take the one that is here'). Certainly the distribution, use, and function of <nao>na:nkah</nao> needs to be further researched. But for now it appears that <nao>na:nkah</nao> can be 'It is here' (i.e., in showing something) or, with <nao>in</nao> it can mean 'the one that is here.' \qry I have treated this as one word. In the example phrase /in na:nkah a:matl.../ the use of /na:nka/ as in /na:nka a:chi kana:wak/ should be checked, as should the use of /de iwa:n/. This phrase is recorded on DT #1, 048. Check length of /i:n/ and check and correct in all entries and texts. \grm Copula: Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: <na>na:n tunkah</na> 'you are here.' This suggests that the copula is at times to be considered a proclitic bound tightly to other parts of speech. Cf. Oapan's use of the future /yes/ in forms such as /tí:sowa:tíhyes/. \ref 00278 \lxa melo:nxiwtli \lxac melo:nxiwtli \lxo melo:nxihtli \lxoc melo:nxihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>melón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao vine of the rmelon plant \ssao tallo rastrero y hojas del melón \sem plant \sem part \xrb xiw \nfc xo:chitl \qry Make sure that Oapan form is not /melo:xihtli/. \ref 00279 \lxa tlatlako:la:tl \lxac tlatlako:la:tl \lxo tlátlakó:la:tl \lxop tlatlako:la:tl \lxoc tlátlakó:la:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:tlakó:la:w</no> \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se (ritual) hard liquor; spirits (usually mezcal) \ss (ritual) aguardiente; bebida alcohólica fuerte (particularmente mezcal) \pna Ma tikomatika:n i:n, totlatlako:la:tsi:n! \pea Let us try a little bit of this, our spirits! \psa ¡Vamos a probar un poquito de este, nuestra bebida! \pna Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! \pea Together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! \psa ¡Juntos sólo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! \xrb htlak \xrb a: \nse <na>Tlatlako:la:tl</na> is understood by the entire populace though it is rarely used except in the ritual speech of bride petitions or counseling. More common in everyday use is the Spanish loan <na>tra:goh</na>. \qry Check to determine that reduced reduplication can occur in Oapan. \ref 00280 \lxa kochia:n \lxac i:kochia:n \lxo kochiya:n \lxoc i:kochiya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \seao in ones sleep; while sleeping \ssao mientras que uno duerma \pna I:kochia:n o:nikasik, nochipa xa:k. \pea I caught him (at home) while he was asleep, he is never there (i.e., during the day). \psa Lo agarré(en casa) cuando dormía, nunca está (esto es, durante el día). \pna Nokochia:n o:tine:chasik. \pea You caught me while I was sleeping. \psa Me agarraste cuando estaba durmiendo. \sea (~ <na>kakalaki</na>) to take advantage of a woman (sexually) while she is sleeping \ssa (~ <na>kakalaki</na> aprovecharse de una mujer (sexualmente) mientras que estédurmiendo \xrb kochi \xrl -ya:n \qry Check difference between /kochipan/ and /kóchia:n/; also reconfirm that the /ó/ is stressed (as I had it marked and the orthography suggests) or, perhaps, the /í/. Check for the animal called /kochiantsin/. \ref 00281 \lxa yema:nka toto:nka yeyekatl \lxac yema:nka toto:nka yeyekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seao one of the <na>yeyekameh</na> (Am) \ssao uno de los <na>yeyekameh</na> (Am) \sem ritual \cfa yeyekatl \xrb yema:n \xrb to:na \xrb e:ka \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> was mentioned by Bacilio Reyes of Ahuelicán; its properties and effects were not described. \qry Check vowel length of /ka/ elements in the two modifiers; also check how these sequences should be written, i.e., perhaps the final element /toto:nka/ should be fused or compounded to /yeyekatl/ \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \ref 00282 \lxa tlakukuwilia \lxac notlakukuwilia \lxo tla:kowilia \lxocpend notla:kowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s* (prev-s) \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to hurt oneself again where one is already sore or hurt \ssao (refl.) lastimarse o volverse a lastimar por donde ya está adolorido o lastimado \pna O:nimotlakukuwilih san newa. \pea I hurt myself again (where I has already hurt, sore, or injured) all by myself. \psa Me volvía lastimar (donde ya estaba lastimado o adolorido) yo solo. \xrb kowa \qry Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also add a comment to this entry. \qry Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it was already sore or hurt). \pqry There seems to be a mistake in the elicitation. Both Florencia and Inocencio Jiménez give /notlá:kowília/; my understanding is that this is the reduplicated form of /kowilia/. Thus the tokens here should be tagged with ref. 1858 but they should not be linked. I will need to check with speakers whether /notlá:kowília/ is indeed the reduplicated form of /kowilia/ with nonspecific secondary object \vl The elicited forms here are in error. The pronunciation is /notlá:kowília/, with pitch accented 2nd and 4th syllables. \ref 00283 \lxa tlatlastale:wi \lxac tlatlastale:wi \lxo tlatlastale:wi \lxoc tlatlastale:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become pale \ssao ponerse o quedarse pálido \pna Yo:tlatlastale:w, xok ma:s kipia iyesio. \pea He's already become pale, he doesn't have any color (complexion) left. \psa Ya se puso pálido, ya no tiene tez. \pna Tlatlastale:wi, o:kwalo:k. \pea He's palid, he got sick. \psa Estápálido (se pone pálido), se enfermó. \sem color \xrb sta \nae The etymology of <na>tlatlastale:wi</na> is uncertain. Molina gives <n>tlaztaleualli</n> 'color encarnado o rosado' along with <n>tlaztalia. ni</n> 'dar lustre blanco, o emblanquecer alguo, o hazerse cano o encanecer.' Though the two forms seem etymologically related, their definitions are very disparate. A similar difference is apparent in Molina's <n>tlaztalilli</n> 'cosa emblanquecida assi' and <n>tlaztallotl</n> 'resplandor de claridad o del alva.' It would seem that the common element in all these definitions is that of 'to lighten' or 'to become pale.' In the morning this 'becoming pale' translates into the dawn, and hence perhaps the glossing of <n>tlaztaleualli</n> as 'color encarnado o rosado.' The signification of 'paleness' is appropriate to this term in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Thus it seems quite likely that etymologically <na>tlastale:wi</na> is related to <na>istatl</na> 'salt' in a way similar to <na>istá:k</na> 'white.' This interpretation is further evidenced by Molina's <n>tlaztauiliz tli</n> 'el acto de salar alguna cosa' and <n>tlaztauilli</n> 'cosa salada aposta.' Whether or not the stem is reduplicated or not is not entirely clear; the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan, however, strongly suggests that there is no {h} in the underlying form (i.e., *{tlahtlastale:wi}), though it is not clear if the first <n>tla-</n> syllable is a reduplicant or a prefixed <n>tla-</n>, which is occasionally used to indicate that a verbal event affects an entire body (e.g., <nla>tlatlata</nla>, <nla>tlawi:teki</nla>, and a few other similar forms). Finally, note that the form * <n>tlastale:wi</n> has not been documented; the same is true of * <n>tlatlastaliwi</n>. \qry Check to determine whether unreduplicated form exists: ?/tlastale:wi/. Also check for other derivations. Check also for ?/tlatlastaliwi/. \sj tlatlastale:wi \ref 00284 \lxa chi:wa \lxac kichi:wa \lxo chi:wa \lxoc kichi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to do (in the sense of fulfill an obligation, complete a task, etc.) \ssao hacer (en el sentido de cumplir con una obligación, llevar a cabo una tarea, etc.) \pna Nikchi:was un tekitl. \pea I will do that job. \psa Voy a hacer ese trabajo. \pna I:tekiw nochi:was. \pea It's bound to get done. \psa De por síse va a hacer (o, llevar a cabo). \seao (refl.) to act dumb; to play the fool; to pretend or feign ignorance; to put on an act (in order to deceive, not have to do a job, etc.) \ssao (refl.) hacerse (el tonto; esto es, una persona que finge ignorancia, que no sabe algo, etc.); fingir \pna San timochi:wa. Xmilá:k! \pea You are just putting on an act. It's not true! \psa Solamente te estás haciendo.¡No es verdad! \pna O:nimochi:w para ma pipi:na:wi. \pea I acted dumb (in this case pretending not to hear sb's calls to me) so that he would be embarrassed. \psa Me hice el tonto (en este caso no contestando a una persona cuando llamaba) para que tuviera vergüenza. \seao (<n>-pan</n> with refl.) to happen to (a person [Poss. of <n>-pan</n> ]) \ssao (<n>-pan</n> con refl.) sucederle a; acaecerle a (una persona [Pos. de <n>-pan</n> ]) \pna Xo:nikwelitak tli:n mopan o:nochi:w. \pea I didn't like what happened to you (i.e. something bad). \psa No me gustólo que te pasó(algo malo). \se ([adj. or noun] with refl.) to become; to convert into ([adjective or noun]) \ss ([adj. o sustantivo con refl.) hacerse; llegar a ser; convertirse en ([adjectivo o sustantivo]) \pna We:i wa:lnochi:was motomi:n. \pea Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here. \psa Tu dinero se va a valer más (hacerse"grande") acá. \seao (~ <n>wa:xin</n>) to made a fool out of \ssao (~ <n>wa:xin</n>) hacerle guaje a; hacerle parecer tonto a (algn) \pna O:tine:xchi:w wa:xin, xmlá:k tli:n o:tine:chihlih. \pea You made a fool out of me, it wasn't true what you said to me. \psa Me hiciste guaje, no fue verdad lo que me dijiste. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to make; to produce; to fabricate \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (un producto); producir; fabricar \pna Nikchichi:was a:to:hli -=na:to:lchi:was-. \pea I will make atole. \psa Voy a hacer atole. \pno Kí:chí:was semi:tah. \peo He is going to make <spn>semita</spn> (a type of bread made in Oapan). \pso Va a hacer semita (un tipo de pan hecho en Oapan). \cfa kichi:was \xrb chi:wa \xvaao chi:wilia \xvcao chi:waltia \xv1a tlachi:wa \xv1o tlá:chí:wa \nse The reflexive and idiomatic use of <na>nochi:wa</na> is probably a borrowed calque from Spanish, e.g. 'no te hagas'. Likewise the idiomatic expression <spn>hacerle guaje a alguien</spn> 'to make a fool of somone' is also found in Spanish, though the direction of borrowing is not entirely clear. Often <na>chichi:wa</na> seems to be a virtual equivalent of <na>e:kchi:wa</na>. However, there may be a slight but important difference: <na>Chichi:wa</na> is used more to refer to household or petty production whereas <na>e:kchi:wa</na> to a village industry: <na>I:pan un kahli kichichi:wan ke:soh</na> 'In that house they make cheese'; cf. <na>Ne: San Jua:n ke:kchi:wan ke:soh</na>, 'There in San Juan they produce cheese.' In addition <na>chichi:wa</na> refers to rather small items that are fashioned with ones hands, whereas <na>e:kchi:wa</na> refers more to larger objects that are assembled or put together, e.g., <na>ke:kchi:was i:kal</na> 'he will make (build) his house.' However, the distinc tion between the tw o verb forms needs further research. \dis e:kchi:wa; chichi:wa \qry Check the correctness of /nikchi:was a:to:hli/ vs. /nikchichi:was a:to:hli/. Also, cf. these to /na:to:lchi:was/. In general determine whether /chi:wa/ can be used in the sense of the manufacture or make, or whether the reduplicated form is necessary for that. Check a phrase (for predication) such as nimochi:was tiopixki; cf. Classical, e.g., RS: nimochiua \grm Note the following use of a directional and the reference point in the future: /We:i wa:lnochi:was motomin/ 'Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here.' \ref 00285 \lxa pipitska \lxac pipitska \lxo pipitska \lxoc pipitska \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to squeak lightly (sth new and not broken in such as shoes, or a lasso rubbing against leather, a door hinge that needs oil, etc.) \ss rechinar (algo nuevo como zapatos, o una riata que se frota contra cuero, un bisnagra a que le falta aciete, etc.) \pna Wa:lpipitskatiw un la:soh. Ye:nkwik. \pea That rope is making a squeaking sound as it comes along (in this case a rope tied tight around a load of firewood). It is new. \psa Esa soga viene rechinando, haciendo un ruido agudo (en este caso un laso atado a una carga de leña). Es nueva. \pna Pipitska motlapech kwa:k timote:ka, me:dioh kaxa:nki. \pea Your bed squeaks when you lie down, it's a little loose. \psa Rechina tu cama cuando te acuestas, está algo flojo. \seao to make a low-pitched whining sound (a child); to make small, squeaking sounds (e.g., people playing, such as newlyweds touching and tickling each other) \ssao gemir ligeramente (un niño); hacer ruidos ligeros (personas jugando, como novios recién casados que se dan cosquillas jugando) \pna Xkonta un mokone:tsi:n, yo:isak! Yo:pe:w pipitska, yo:pe:w cho:cho:ka. \pea Take a look over at your little baby, he's woken up! He's started to make a low whining sound (as if complaining), he's started to cry lightly. \psa ¡Ve allá a tu hijito, ya se despertó! Ya empezó a gemir (como quejándose), ya empezó a llorar esporádicamente. \se to squeak; to squeal (e.g., a mouse, a <spn>tejon,</spn> or other similar small animals) \ss chillar (p. ej., un ratoncito, tejón u otros animales asíde pequeños) \se to hiss (a snake) \ss sisear (una culebra) \xrb pits \xvcao pipitski:tia \subadj tlapextli \subadj ko:chin kwa:k xok yenkwik ireso:rtes \subadj kowatl \subadj kimichin \nae <na>Pipitska</na> refers to the shrill and high-pitched sounds made by certain animals, including humans. Many frequentative words (e.g., <nla>tsotsomoka</nla>, <nla>tsitsilka</nla>, etc.) refer to sounds are are transparently derived from verbs ending in a long vowel followed by <n>-ni</n> (e.g., <nla>tsomo:ni</nla>, <nla>tsili:ni</nla>, etc.). <n>Pipitska</n> (like <nla>nanalka</nla>) does not obviously have such a derivation though it might be related to <nla>pitsi:ni</nla> and other word with the root <nr>pits</nr> that seems to indicate small, thin, objects. The verb <nla>pitsi:ni</nla> refers to a very fine crack, fissure, or small opening in something such as an eggshell, and might be related to <n>pipitska</n>. Moreover, the fact that the transitive is <nla>pipitski:tia</nla> and not * <i>pipistsa</i> suggests that <na>pipitska</na> is not the result of the same derivational process as <na>tsotsomoka</na>, <na>tsitsilka</na>, etc. \qry Recheck whether"hiss"is also adequate, i.e., whether snakes too can be subjects of /pipitska/. Check all potential subjects. \ref 00286 \lxa tlalowa \lxac notlalowa \lxo tlalowa \lxoc notlalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1(refl/only) \der V2-refl[ca] \infv class-2b \seao (refl.) to run (an animate [S]) \ssao (refl.) correr (un ser animado [S]) \pna Timotlatlalo:s. \pea You are going to run (stopping occasionally and resting, or walking and then running, etc.). \psa Vas a correr (parándose ocasionalmente para descansar, o corriendo para después caminar un rato, etc.) \pna Timotla:tlalo:s. \pea You are going to run back and forth (e.g., when chasing or following sth, such as an animal that one is trying to catch, or when playing a sport such as basketball, etc.). \psa Vas a correr de un lado a otro (p. ej., al estar persiguiendo algo, como un animal que uno está tratando de agarrar, o al estar jugando un deporte como el basketbol, etc.). \pna O:wa:lnotlalote:w. \pea He headed out and started running this way. \psa Salió y vino corriendo hacia acá. \se to flow (e.g., water in a stream); to flow down (a liquid on a surface, often indicated obliquely with <n>i:pan</n>) \ss fluir (p. ej., el agua de un arroyo); escurrir (un líquido por una superficie, indicado a menudo como oblicua con <n>i:pan</n>) \pna Notlalotok a:tl. \pea The water is flowing (i.e., not stagnant). \psa El agua está corriendo (esto es, no está estancada). \pna O:pe:w notlatlaowa. O:poso:n. \pea It's started to run down (in this case water down the side of a pot). It came to a boil. \psa Ya empezó a escurrir (en este caso agua por el exterior de una olla). Ya hirvió. \pna Nika:n kalaki a:tl, o:tlapa:n te:jah. O:pe:w notlatlalowa ipan mori:yoh. \pea Water gets in here, some <spn>tejas</spn> have broken. It (water) has started to run down along the beams. \psa Entra el agua, algunas tejas se rompieron. El agua ha empezado a esucrrir sobre los morillos. \se (refl.) to run or mess around (particularly a young girl [S], in the sense of having a lot of boyfriends or having sex) \ss (refl.) andar con adolescentes del sexo contrario (particularmente una muchacha [S] que tiene varios novios o tener relaciones sexuales) \pna Yo:pe:w notlalowa ichpokawah. \pea The young girl has started to mess around. \psa La muchacha ya empezó a andar con chavos. \pna Kwa:kon, pe:wa notlalowan. \pea It's at that time (that age) that they start to mess around (in this case in reference to adolescent boys who begin to run after girls). \psa Es cuando (es la edad cuando) empiezan a andar (en referencia a muchachos que empiezan a andar con muchachas). \se (refl.) to take off (i.e., to start out on a particular path or activity) \ss (refl.) agarrar el camino (esto es, en el sentido de empezar a"correr"con una actividad en particular) \pna Yo:pe:w kone:wati. Yo:pe:w notlalowa, yo:xo:tlak. \pea She has started to have children (in this case after ten years of not giving birth). She has taken off, she has gotten on a roll. \psa Ya empezó a tener niños (en este caso después de diez años de no haber concebido). Ya agarrósu camino (con tener niños), ya va a toda máquina. \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to run quickly \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) correr rápido \pna San xmotla:tlalo! \pea Just run (there) fast (and hurry back)! \psa ¡Córrele rápido (y regresa rápido)! \se (as a transitive with a specific object) to run down on (a liquid on a surface) \ss (como verbo transitivo con un prefijo específico) escurrir sobre (un líquido sobre una superficie) \pna O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, yo:pexo:n. \pea It's started to run down it (e.g., the side of a bucket), it got filled to the brim. \psa Empezó a escurrirle (p. ej., al lado exterior de una cubeta), se llenóhasta el tope. \seo (refl. with first long and then short vowel reduplication) to run all over the place (particularly a young active child, or an animal) \sso (refl. con reduplicación primera de vocal larga y después de vocal corta) correr por todos lados, sin seguir un solo camino (particularmente un niño o un animal) \pno Ma:ka san xmó:tla:tlálotíw i:joh! \peo Don't go running all over the place my child! \pso ¡No vayas corriendo por todos lados mi hijo! \sem motion \xrb tlal \xvcao tlalo:xtia \nse In the sense of 'to mess around' (i.e., to have many sexual partners of the opposite sex) it is used figuratively, most often with adolescent girls as the subject although also, as one example shows, with boys. Finally, note that although almost all documented used of <na>tlalowa</na> are reflexive, one case was noted of a transitive use <na>O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, yo:pexo:n</na> in which the object references the surface over which a liquid flowed. This might well have been a very idiosyncratic use; it is not elsewhere documented. \nae The etymology of <na>tlalowa</na> is not clear; it is one of the few underived intransitive verbs ending in <na>-owa</na> (cf. <nla>cholowa</nla>). \qry Note that although almost all documented used of <na>tlalowa</na> are reflexive, one case was noted of a transitive use <na>O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, o:pexo:n</na> in which the object references the surface over which a liquid flowed. This might well have been a very idiosyncratic use and should be checked. \grm Reduplication: note that the simple /notlalowa/ means 'he runs.' With reduplication the sense changes, cf. the example sentences: /Timotlatlalo:s/ 'You are going to run (stopping occasionally and resting, or walking and then running, etc.)' vs. /Timotla:tlalo:s/ 'You are going to run back and forth (e.g., when chasing or following sth, such as an animal that one is trying to catch, or when playing a sport such as basketball, etc.).' Also note a triple reduplication with the following sense: (refl. with first long and then short vowel reduplication) to run all over the place (particularly a young active child, or an animal), e.g., Ma:ka san xmó:tla:tlálotíw i:joh! Don't go running all over the place my child! \grm Directional; aspectual: Note /O:wa:lnotlalote:w/ 'He headed out and started running toward here' or in Spanish 'Salióy vino corriendo.' \ref 00287 \lxa ye:wa \lxac ye:wa \lxo ya:wa \lxoc ya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao (often used in the diminutive) a little while ago \ssao (a menudo en el diminutivo) hace poco rato \pna Ye:wa kwalka:n o:yah. \pea He left a little while ago, in the morning. \psa Se fue hace poco rato, en la mañana. \xrb ye:wa \nse The diminutive <na>ye:watsi:n</na> indicates that a slightly shorter period of time has passed since the point of temporal reference. The reduplicated form has not been documented. \qry Get better examples of the use of this word and more precisely determine its meaning and part of speech. \ref 00288 \lxa tetamahli \lxac tetamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea type of small, round tamal made of one piece of <nla>tixtli</nla> and wrapped in a corn husk, <nla>to:tomoxtli</nla>, as opposed to corn leaves (<nla>iswatamahli</nla>), as are other types of tamals \ssa tipo de tamal pequeño y redondo, de una sola bola de masa, envuelto en un <nla>to:tomoxtli</nla> y no en hojas de maíz (<nla>iswatamahli</nla>) como los demás tamales \pna Tetamahli, san bobo:lah, kitla:lian ika to:tomo:xtli. \pea The <na>tetamahli</na>, it is just a big ball (of <nla>tixtli</nla>), they place it (in the pot to cook) in a corn husk. \psa El <na>tetamahli</na>, es nada más una bola (de <nla>tixtli</nla>), la ponen (en una olla, envuelto) con totomoxtle. \sem food \syna tatamahli \xrb te \xrb tamal \ono hypo tamahli \qry See entry under /tamahli/. Check to make sure possessed form is OK. \ref 00289 \lxa kixtia:noh \lxac kixtia:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cristiano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea foreigner; gringo; person who speaks a non-indigenous language \ssa extraño; gringo; persona que habla una lengua no indígena; güero \cfa kristia:noh \nse This borrowing from the Spanish <na>cristiano</na> was lexicalized at an early stage, not only acquiring the phonology of Nahuatl at that time (hence the loss of /r/), but also the meaning of <spn>cristiano</spn> as a foreigner, i.e., the Spanish invaders, who were the only Christians at the time. A subsequent borrowing, <na>kristia:noh</na>, was closer to the Spanish not only in phonology, but in meaning, as 'human,' i.e., non-pagan. \nde Oapan only has the borrowing <nlo>kri:stia:noh</nlo>. \ref 00290 \lxa nakastila:na \lxac kinakastila:na \lxo nakastila:na \lxoc kinakastila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to pull on the ears of (a person or animal) \ss jalarle las orejas a (una persona o animal) \pna Ma:ka a:sta ihkón xne:chnakastitila:na! \pea Don't pull my ears like that (e.g., said by a child, complaining to a mother scolding him)! \psa ¡No me jales asílas orejas (p. ej., dicho por un niño quejándose a su mamáquien le estaba regañando)! \cfa nakasmomotsowa \cfo nakaste:motsowa \xrb nakas \xrb tila:na \qry As in other cases, determine if short vowel reduplication is a reflection of either repetitive action or multiple places (i.e., both ears). Can this occur with long vowel reduplication? If so, check for Oapan reduplication reduction. \ref 00291 \lxa wetski:tia \lxac kwetski:tia \lxo wetski:tia \lxoc kiwetski:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make or cause to laugh (e.g., with a story or joke, by tickling, etc.) \ssao hacer reir (con una broma o cuento, con cosquillas, etc.) \pna Ne:chwetski:tia, weli sa:sa:ne:hli. \pea He makes me laugh, he knows riddles. \psa Me hace reir, sabe adivinanzas. \xrb wetska \ref 00292 \lxa moxpachiwtok \lxac moxpachiwtok \lxo moxpachihtok \lxoc moxpachihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \com N-Stat \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be covered by clouds (the sun, moon, stars, etc.) \ssao estar tapado por las nubes (el sol, la luna, las estrellas, etc.) \pna Moxpachiwtoya to:nahli. A:man yo:chaya:w moxtli, yo:to:natiak. \pea The sun was covered by clouds. Now the clouds have dispersed, the sun has come out and shone. \psa El sol estaba tapado por nubes, ahora se han dispersado las nubes, ya se hizo sol. \pna Moxpachiwtoya me:stli. \pea The moon was covered by clouds. \psa La luna estaba tapada por las nubes. \xrb mox \xrb pach \cfa moxte:ntok \nse Check to determine whether the intransitive actually does exist (if not, remove the entry for it), and whether the transitive also exists. \ref 00293 \lxa we:i \lxac we:i \lxo we:i \lxoc we:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \tran Compl \infv pl. <na>we:imeh</na> \seao big (in size) \ssao grande (en tamaño) \pna Kwe:xtik xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i! \pea Write it in small letters, not big ones! \psa ¡Escríbelo en letra chiquita, no grande! \seao to be a lot of; to be much (with mass nouns) \ssao haber mucho; ser mucho (con sustantivos no contables) \pna We:i a:tl, chika:wak o:kiaw. \pea The river is swollen (lit., 'there is much water'), it rained hard. \psa El río está crecido (lit., 'hay mucha agua'), lloviófuerte. \pna We:i xa:hli. \pea There is a lot of sand. \psa Hay mucha arena. \pna Titsi:nto:ne:wtos, we:i o:tkwah chi:hli \pea Your anus will be burning, you ate a lot of chile. \psa Tu ano va a estar ardiendo, comiste mucho chile. \se many \ss muchos \pna Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:sa ikone:wa:n. \pea That very one is the mother (e.g., of my animals: pigs, burros, etc.). She bears a lot of children. \psa Esa mera es la mamá(p. ej., de mis animales: burros, marranos, etc.). Le salen muchos niños. \se (<na>san se:</na> ~) all at once \ss (<na>san se:</na> ~) todo junto; todo de una vez \pna... pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, deke tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. \pea... because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat along the ground. \psa... porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. \cola tepostli \cola chichi \nse The use of <na>we:i</na> with nouns needs to be further investigated. Although <na>we:i xahli</na> is documented in the corpus from Ameyaltepec, Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, corrected me once when I was referring to the amount of sand needed in house construction, from <no>we:i xahli</no> to <no>miék xahli</no>, commenting in effect that the grains of sand are countable. Note also that the corpus contains the phrase <na>Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:sa i:kone:wa:n</na> although this might well be an idiosyncratic use, with <na>miák</na> in this context much more likely. \nae According to Cristino Flores, the plural of <na>we:i chichi</na> could be either <na>tiuwe:i chichimeh</na> or <na>tiuwe:imeh chichimeh</na>. This suggests that the subject prefix (in this case <n>ti-</n>) is perhaps best analyzed as a clitic. \grm Predication: According to Cristino Flores, the plural of <na>we:i chichi</na> could be either <na>tiuwe:i chichimeh</na> or <na>tiuwe:imeh chichimeh</na>. \grm Pitch accent; Note that the diminutive in Oapan is pitch accented: wéitsí:n. This suggests an underlying /h/. The /h/ is heard in Ahuelicán /tlawé:ihtsí:n/ and in Totolcintla: we:ihtsi:n, and cf. also se:ntehtsi:n. \qry On DT 1:039 I have /achi we:i/, which I translate as 'It's a little bigger.' Check this. I also have as a similar phrase and interpretation under /weka/ as /achi weka/ 'It is a little further away.' This has been given as an illustrative phrase and should also be checked. Establish when one uses /uwe:i/ and when /we:imeh/. \ref 00294 \lxa komisaria:doh \lxac komisaria:doh \lxo komisaria:doh \lxoc komisaria:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan comisariado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao the principal ejido or communal land authority \ssao el comisariado ejidal o comunal \seao the ejido or communal land commission in its entirety \ssao la comisión ejidal o comunal entero \encyctmp officials \nse Depending on the land structure of the village, the term <n>komisaria:doh</n> can refer either to the president of the <spn>comisariado ejidal</spn> or to the <spn>representante de bienes comunales</spn>. In an extended usage it may refer to the entire <spn>comisariado</spn> (effectively a board of officials) and not just the president. In Ameyaltepec in total there are 12 members of the <spn>comisariado ejidal.</spn>. \mod Give all officials of a village and their responsibilities. \vl Check vowel length of /sar/. \ref 00295 \lxa tla:ltekwi:lo \lxac tla:ltekwi:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \sea to get covered with dust (e.g., clothes, blankets, a table surface, etc.) \ssa cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., ropa, cobijas, la superficie de una mesa, etc.) \pna Mlá:k yo:tla:ltekwi:lo:k, yo:weka:w xnotsetselowa. \pea It really got covered with dust, it hasn't been shaken out for a long time. \psa Se cubrióde mucho polvo, ya hace mucho que no se sacude. \pna O:nokwiste:w tla:ltekwtli. Xkalakti motlake:n, tla:mo tla:ltekwi:lo:s! \pea The dust has become stirred up (e.g., with the wind). Take your clothes in (to the house), if you don't they'll get covered with dust! \psa El polvo se ha empezado a levantar (p. ej., con el viento).¡Mete tu ropa (en la casa), si no (lo haces) se van a cubrir de polvo! \syna tla:ltekwyowa \syno tla:ltehyowa \xrb tla:l \xrb tekw \nde Apparently <na>tla:ltekwi:lo</na> is the same as, or the virtual equivalent of, <na>tla:ltekwyowa</na>. However, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez rejected the former as used in Oapan. Another similarly constructed word, <nla>a:skawi:lo</nla> was spontaneously uttered by an Ameyaltepec speaker (Inocencio Díaz) in reference to a petate and cactus-rod bed that were being covered by ants. Here too Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both refused to accept the passive formation and instead gave <no>a:skayowa</no> as haing the same meaning. \qry Check spelling/pronuncation of /tla:ltekwyowa/; perhpas it should be /tla:ltekyowa/, as I had it in my original notes. \ref 00296 \lxa petsowa \lxac kipetsowa \lxo petsowa \lxoc kipetsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \infv class-2b \seao to polish (e.g., ceramics, or other material objects that initially have a rough surface) \ssao pulir (p. ej., cerámica, u otros objetos que inicialmente tienen una superficieáspera) \seao to smooth over; to level (e.g., a surface that has bumps on it, such as a portion of a dirt floor) \ssao alisar; nivelar (p. ej., una superficie no plana, como parte de un piso de tierra con mucho topes) \pna O:kipetsokeh a:wilkorral, ye tla:wilti:lo:s. \pea They leveled the ground of the bullring, there will be a rodeo soon. \psa Nivelaron la tierra de la rueda de toros, pronto va a haber un jaripeo. \se to plane (wood) \ss cepillar (madera) \se to iron (clothes) \ss planchar (ropa) \xrb pets \xvaa petsowilia \ref 00297 \lxa neko:xtli \lxac neko:xtli \lxo neko:xtli \lxoc neko:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \seao crossbeam placed under heavy objects, such as large logs, two or more of which are used to enable several people to jointly carry the object \ssao travesano colocado abajo de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grande; dos o más de estos <na>neko:xtli</na> se utilizan para facilitar que varias personas puedan cargar el objeto \se rivet used to join the <na>kabe:sas</na> Am / <nlo>kaltlama:stli</nlo> Oa of a thatched roof hut together (also called a <nla>kalneko:xtli</nla>) \ss remache utilizado para rematar y juntar las <na>kabe:sas</na> Am / <nlo>kaltlama:stli</nlo> Oa de una casa de palma (también llamado <nla>kalneko:xtli</nla>) \cfa kalneko:xtli \xrb neko:ch \nse Thos who hold each end of a <na>neko:xtli</na> are called <na>tlama:makeh</na>, even though they might not necessarily carry the weight on their backs or shoulders. \qry Check both possession possibilities: /noneko:ch/ and /i:neko:chyo/. \ilustmp See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \vl Check vowel length. \ref 00298 \lxa se:xtli \lxac se:xtli \lxo se:xtli \lxoc se:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pss Adv(tm) \com Num-N \der N-b \seao one year from (from a particular deictic reference point, either in the past or present as determined by the absence or presence of <nla>ye</nla> or by the tense/aspect of the verb) \ssao un año desde (un punto de referencia en particular, determinado por la ausencia o presencia de <nla>ye</nla> o por el tiempo/aspecto verbal) \pna Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas. \pea He's already cleared his land, next year he will plant it. \psa Ya desmontósu terreno, el año que viene lo va a sembrar. \pna I se:xtli o:nikitak. \pea I saw him a year ago. \psa Lo vi hace un año. \pna Ye se:xtli xo:ki:s. \pea It didn't yield (i.e., a poor harvest) last year. \psa Hace un año no rindió(p. ej., un cosecha pobre). \cfa se:se:xpan \xrb se: \xrb xiw \nse As with <nla>wi:ptla</nla> (cf. <na>wi:ptla</na> and <na>ye wi:ptla</na>), <n>se:xtli</n> can indicate a time either in the past or in the future, often simply depending on the verb tense (though the adverbial <n>ye</n> or <n>i</n> can also change the deixis involved). Thus one may find both <na>se:xtli niá:s</na> 'I will go in a year' and <na>se:xtli o:niah</na> 'I went last year.' Note that unlike <nla>xihpan</nla>, <na>se:xtli</na> indicates temporal distance from a particular point, not duration. \nae Apparently <na>se:xtli</na> is a shortened form of <na>se: xiwtli</na>, with a particular, lexicalized meaning. Syntactically it functions as a predicate modifier, indicating the time that something will get done. \qry Determine how to categorize this word, as noun or adverb. Note same with /mo:stla/, etc. \grm Adverbs of time: Note that in many cases the same adverb is use for both a future and past reference from the present. In many cases the difference is indicated by the adverbial /ye/. Thus /wi:ptla/ is 'the day after tomorrow' and /ye wi:ptla/ is 'the day before yesterday.' However, /ye/ is only one manner of indicating a forward or backward looking time frame from a present point of reference. The tense/aspect of the predicate verb is also a mechanism for shifting deixis. Thus note: /Se:xtli xo:ki:s/ 'it didn't yield last year (i.e., last year was a poor harvest)' whereas /Se:xtli ki:sas/ indicates 'next year there will be a good harvest.' \ref 00299 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tl \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \sea see <nla>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</nla> \xrb i:x \xrb paya: \ref 00300 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /elpo:tsaltia/ as an alternate pronunciation of /ilpo:tsaltia/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00301 \lxa wa:le:wi:tia \lxac kwa:le:wi:tia \lxo wa:le:wi:tia \lxoc kwa:le:wi:tia \dt 05/May/2005 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to accompany or bring here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point) \ssao acompañar o traer hacia acá (esto es, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) \sem motion \equiva wa:le:wi:ltia \xrb e:wa \xvba wa:le:wa \dis wa:le:wi:tia; wa:le:wiltia (check vowel length). \qry Check to make sure this is correct and compare to meaning of the other form /wa:le:wiltia/. If the same enter as synonym. \ref 00302 \lxa tsi:npa:chichi:na \lxac kitsi:npa:chichi:na \lxo tsi:npa:chi:na \lxoc kitsi:npa:chi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s- \infv class-3a \seao to suck the liquid from the bottom of (e.g., a plucked sweet flower) \ssao chupar el líquido de la parte inferior de (p. ej., una flor) \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:nan mi:hli. \pea They chew and suck the juice from the bottom of the maize flowers. \psa Mastican y chupan el jugo de las partes inferiores de las flores de maíz. \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wa:n wa:ki. \pea Worms or <nla>kwe:tlan</nla> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o <nla>kwe:tlan</nla> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. \xrb tsi:n \xrb pa: \xrb chi:na \nde Molina has <n>pachichina. nitla</n> 'chupar alguna cosa' but no compounded form; Tetelcingo has the <n>pa:lchichi:na</n> as 'chupar.' \qry Check whether in the example sentence the reference is from the bottom of the maize plant or the maize flower. \ref 00303 \lxa sahki \lxaa saihki \lxac sahki \lxo sahki \lxoc sahki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \com Adv-Adv \der Adv-man \seao without reason (i.e., without wanting to elaborate further) \ssao asínada más; sin ninguna razón en particular \pna A: Tle:ka ihkón tike:kchi:wa? B: Sahki, pa:mpa ihkón o:niknekilih. \pea A: Why do you do (i.e., fix or make) it that way? B: No reason in particular, it's just because that's the way I wanted it. \psa A:¿Por quélo haces (esto es, fabricas) así? B: Asínomás, solamente porque asíle quise hacer. \pna A:man in to:nahli tio:tlak notsakwas tlato:hli, notla:li:s kamanon tlai:lo:s, tla: ika mú:sikah noso tla: sahki. \pea Today this day, in the afternoon, an agreement will be reached (in regard to a marriage ceremony), it will be determined when the fiesta will be, if with musicians or just simply that way (i.e., without any trimmings). \psa Hoy en este día, en la tarde, se va a llegar a un acuerdo, se va a decidir cuando va a ser la fiesta de la boda, si serácon música o solamente así(sencillo sin mucho alarde). \cfao sa:hki \xrb san \xrb iw \nse <na>Sahki</na> is often used almost as an interjection, indicating that the speaker is not inclined to give further reasons for a particular attitude or action. For example, if asked for his reason in doing something in particular a man might respond simply <na>Sahki!</na> meaning, 'That's just the way it is!' 'For no good reason!' etc. Thus a conversation might be: A: <na>Tle:ka xtiá:s</na> ; B: <na>Sahki!</na>, i.e., 'Why aren't you going to go? B: Just because! The term <na>sahki</na> should be distinguished from <nla>sa:hki</nla>. The former is used when speaker wishes to end the conversation and give no further reason. It is equivalent to 'That's the way it is!' or, in Spanish, '¡Asínada más!' The term <na>sa:hki</na> indicates a reduced state of wealth, health, etc. Thus one may say, <na>Sa:hki o:noka:w, xokitlah weli</na> 'He just wound up like that (i.e., impoverished or of poor health), he can't do anything anymore.' \nae <na>Sayhki</na> is apparently derived from <nla>san</nla> + <nla>ihki</nla> (and not <nla>sa:</nla> + <nla>ihki</nla>). \qry Check to determine whether the pronunciation ?/sahki/ is also correct. I believe that I may have annotated it wrong in my original filecards. \ref 00304 \lxa kwa:mama:choh \lxac kwa:mama:choh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>macho</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>kwa:temama:choh</na> \sea to be long-haired (in reference to men only) \ssa ser mechudo; ser greñudo; tener el pelo largo (en referencia solamente a hombres) \xrb kwa: \qry The etymology of this is uncertain, though it is apparently a loan. Apparently it only applied to men, not women. This should be checked. Thus, check to see if gender can or is marked. Also check change in meaning with intensifier. Finally, determine whether a special category should be made for partial loans. Also, cf. this to other things like /kwa:we:weyak/, etc. \ref 00305 \lxa poye:ya \lxac poye:ya \lxo poye:ya \lxoc poye:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to become salty (a food or drink) \ssao ponerse o quedarse salado (una comida o bebida) \xrb poye: \qry Check vowel length. I have in my notes recorded it once with a short and once with a long vowel. \ref 00306 \lxa we:wentsi:n \lxac we:wentsi:n \lxo we:wentsi:n \lxoc we:wentsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln \se old man \ss anciano; hombre viejo \pna Ye tiwe:wentsi:n. \pea You're already an old man. \psa Ya eres un hombre viejo. \se (poss.) husband \ss (pos.) esposo \pna Mo:stla yekos nowe:wentsi:n. \pea My husband will arrive here tomorrow. \psa Mañana aquíllega mi esposo. \xrb we:we \qry Note that I originally had the vowel lf the second syllable marked short. I had changed this but after an acoustic analysis of Oa Nahuatl have changed back. CHeck with all entries. \ref 00307 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /ye:skah/ but it appears that this was incorrect and the correct term is /ye:skatl/ \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00308 \lxa kwa:tetepoloti \lxac kwa:tetepoloti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to become baren on the top branches or stem (a plant or tree) \ssa quedarse desprovisto de ramas en la copa o parte superior (una planta oárbol) \fla kwa:tetepolowa \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \qry Unfortunately in revising this dictionary I found only a headword here; there was no definition or example sentences. I added what I thought would be corrected based on cognate forms, but this should be checked. Perhaps this entry should be removed. Check the discussion with CF \ref 00309 \lxa tlawe:ltia \lxac notlawe:ltia \lxo tlawe:ltia \lxoc notlawe:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia[refl] \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to work oneself up into a fit; to get furious \ssao (refl.) hacer berrinche; encolerizarse; agitarse mucho \pna San notemimilowa, o:notlawe:ltih. \pea He's just thrashing about on the ground (i.e. rolling back and forth), he put himsefl into a fit. \psa Nada más se está revolcando en el suelo, está haciendo berrinche. \xrb tlawe:l \ref 00310 \lxa pa:lakatechó:n \lxac pa:lakatechó:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-uncl \infn N1 \sea ring of of children who spin around \ssa rueda de niños que dan vuelta fuerte y rápidamente \pna Ma tiktla:li:ka:n pa:lakatechón! \pea Let's form a ring that spins around and around! \psa ¡Vamos a hacer una rueda que da vueltas y vueltas! \xrb pa:lakach \nae <na>Pa:lakatechon</na> refers to the ring that playing children form, each child holding the hands of the two others on each side, with the entire group spinning around as in"ring-around-the-rosy." <na>Pa:lakatechon</na> is clearly related to the verbal stem <nr>pa:lakach</nr>, which has a clear sense of circling around or spinning (e.g., <nla>i:xpa:lakachiwi</nla> and <nla>kwa:pa:lakaxtli</nla>). Yet the derivational process is not clear since the relationship between a root <nr>pa:lakach</nr> and the entry form <na>pa:lakatechon</na> is not clear (e.g., whether <na>-chon</na> is some sort of suffix or whether, perhaps, <na>-te-</na> has somehow become infixed into the root. It might also be the case that the root is in effect simply <n>pa:laka</n> and the /ch/ of forms such as <n>pa:lakachiwi</n> related to some other element. If this were true, then the entire sequence <na>-techon</na> of <na>palakatechon</na> might be a semantic unit of some sort. \qry The word or stem <na>palaka(ch)</na> might relate to <na>malaka</na> as in <na>malakatl</na>. Note that my original filecard entry has a short vowel /palakatechon/ but I have changed the first /a:/ to a long vowel given the probable etymology. This should be checked. Check also stress pattern. \pqry Check first and final vowels of /pa:lakatechón/. \ref 00311 \lxa ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh \lxac ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>diablo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of vine used in tying sesame, still not yet identified \ssa tipo de bejucco utilizado para atar ajonjolí, pero todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kwitlaxkol \cpl The identity of the vine called <na>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</na> has not yet been determined. However, several consultants (Feb. 2001) mentioned that it grows on trees, hanging straight down from trees: <na>nopilowa i:pan kuhtli</na>. Cristino Flores mentioned that this vine is used for tying bundles of cut sesame. Marcelo Venancio was not familiar with the name <na>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</na> but did know of the vine, which he said was called simply <na>komekatl</na>. None of the three consultants in the first botany fieldwork session were familiar with this term. \nct komekatl \ref 00312 \lxa te:i:xpantia \lxac kite:i:xpantia \lxo te:i:xpantia \lxoc kite:i:xpantia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seao to tell on; to complain about (informally, generally before the family of the accused or perhaps even before other members of the community, but not before the judicial authorities) \ssao quejarse de (informalmente, generalmente a la familia del acusado o tal vez hasta con otros miembros de la comunidad presente, pero no frente a las autoridades judiciales) \pna Timiste:i:xpanti:s, nikno:tsas motah. \pea I'm going to tell on you (e.g., on what you did), I'm going to speak to your father. \psa Me voy a quejar de tí(p. ej., acerca de algo que hiciste), voy a hablar con tu papá. \pna Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan. \pea I am going to tell (your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), be sure of that because we are related. \psa Me voy a quejar (a tus padres) de tí(dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), te das cuenta, porque somos parientes. \pna Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan. \pea Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has been stolen). \psa ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal dejado suelto en el campo)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo que es suyo). \pna Ma:ka xcho:kti, yewa niman note:i:xpantia. \pea Don't make her cry (in this case said to a man about his wife), right away she complains (i.e., in going to tell her parents). \psa ¡No le vayas a hacer llorar (en este caso dicho a un hombre acerca de su esposa), luego luego se queja (p. ej., al decirselo a sus papás). \se (refl.) to come clean; to confess (publically) \ss (refl.) confesar (publicamente) \pna Note:i:xpantia san no: yewa. \pea He came clean all by himself (i.e., voluntarily confessed sth that he had done, e.g., that he had broken sth, he had killed sb else's pig, etc.). \psa Confesóde su propia cuenta (esto es, voluntariamente confesó algo que había hecho, p. ej., haber roto algo, matado un marrano ajeno, etc.). \sem communicate \xrb i:x \xrl -pan \dis te:ilwia; te:i:xpantia \nse Whereas <nla>te:ilwia</nla> refers to a formal, judicial complaint, <na>te:i:xpantia</na> is more of a family or personal complaint. \grm Negative imperative: /Ma:ka xcho:kti, yewa niman note:i:xpantia/ 'Don't make her cry (in this case said to a man about his wife), right away she complains (e.g., in telling her parents).' Note sequence /ma:ka x[VERB]. \ref 00313 \lxa tla:tlawtia \lxac kitla:tlawtia \lxo tla:tlahtia \lxoc kitla:tlahtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l- \infv class-2a \se to pity; to show mercy toward \ss sentir lástima para; tener piedad de \pna Tiktla:tlawtia. Tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki, xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia. \pea You pity him (in this case an insolent child). Why don't you give him a thrashing? he doesn't obey you, he gives you lip. \psa Le tienes lástima (en este casa a un niño insolente).¿Por quéno le des una paliza? no te obedece, te es insolente. \pna Ma:ka tiktla:tlawti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki! \pea Don't show him mercy, really give him a thrashing! \psa ¡No le vayas a tener piedad, dále una paliza! \se to beg; to implorar (sb to do sth [ <na>para ma</na> + verb]); to beg (for mercy, foregiveness, etc.) \ss rogarle a; implorar a; suplicar a (algn que haga algo [ <na>para ma</na> + verbo]); rogar (por piedad, perdón, etc.) \pna Kitla:tlawtia para ma kipale:wi. \pea He begs him to help him. \psa Le ruega a ayudarlo. \pna Timistla:tlawtia, Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti! \pea I implore you, child of God, lend it to me! \psa ¡Te suplico, hijo de Diós, préstamelo! \seao (refl.) to beg foregiveness (e.g., for an evil deed); to plea (for pity, foregiveness, mercy, etc.) \ssao (refl.) suplicar; rogar; pedir perdón (p. ej., por un mal hecho) \pna O:notla:tlawti:ko notech iwa:n o:niktlapopolwih. \pea He came to beg forgiveness from me and I forgave him. \psa Vino a pedirme perdón y lo perdoné. \se (with a directional prefix) to send ones regards to; to send words of concern about to (e.g., the health of sb) \ss (con un prefijo direccional) ofrecerle saludos a; mandar a inquirir sobre (algo, p. ej., la saludo de algn) a \pna Xne:xtlapalowili:ti, nikontla:tlawtia! \pea Go give him my greetings, I send him my best regards! \psa ¡Ve a saludarlo de mi parte, le mando mis saludos! \pna Xkihli Juan nikontla:tlawtia! \pea Tell Juan that I send him my regards! \psa ¡Díle a Juan que le mando mis saludos! \pna Mitsa:ltla:tlawtia deke xtikwalo. \pea He sends words of concern here to inquire whether you are sick. \psa Manda saludos aquípara inquirir si estás enfermo. \xrb tlaw \dis tla:tlawtia; tlapalowa \nse <na>Tla:tlawtia</na> is used to signal a very respectful greeting that is sent over a distance. The direction of the sending is indicated by a directional prefix (never a suffix). Note that a word such as <na>timitsontlapalowa</na> is used only when the subject is going to greet at the physical location of the addressee [O]. <na>Timitsontla:tlawtia</na> is used when the subject is not going to extend a greeting but instead simply sends his regards through someone, or by sending a letter, etc. \qry In two filecards I had a long second /a/. This should be checked. The two phrases were: /Ma:ka tiktla:tlawti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!/ and /Timistla:tlawtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/, i.e., the original text had /Ma:ka tiktla:tla:wti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!/ and /Timistla:tla:wtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/. I have changed the length to short here given that the meaning of these phrases seems to coincide with those of others where I have a definite short vowel. Both phrases should, however, be checked to make sure that there is indeed no long vowel. \grm Vocative; relative clauses; subordination: Note the following sentence: /Timistla:tlawtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/ 'I implore you child of God, lend it to me!' What this phrase shows is a predication with a null subject. One might suspect that in Classical one would find /timitstla:tlawtia ti-ikone:w Dió:s 'I implore you, you are the child of God.' Or perhaps some other syntax would be used. However, what is significant in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is the absence of the subject marker before the second phrase, that relativizes the pronoun marked on the verb, /mits-/. Thus /mits-/ functions as the subject of /Dió:s ikone:w/ or perhpas as the head, i.e.,"you, who are the child of God."Check this syntactical interpretation with Michel. \grm Complementation: Note /Xkihli Juan nikontla:tlawtia!/ 'Tell Juan that I send him my regards!' Here the verb /ihlia/ takes two objects; the secondary object is a sentential complement; note that there is a zero complementizer here, simply a VP. \ref 00314 \lxa to:nalki:xtia \lxac kito:nalki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause <spn>susto</spn> and the loss of ones <nla>to:nahli</nla>) \ssa espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su <nla>to:nahli</nla>) \syna to:nalka:waltia \syno to:nalma:mohtia \xrb to:na \xrb ki:sa \nse The literal meaning of <na>to:nalki:xtia</na> is to remove to spirit or soul (i.e., <na>to:nahli</na>) from. It causes a case of <spn>susto</spn> that requires that the victim be cured in a ceremony to obtain the return or release of his or her <n>to:nahli</n>. According to Cristino Flores the term <na>to:nalka:waltia</na> is much more common. \qry Check for intransitive form ?/to:nalki:sa/. \mod REMOVE THIS FROM THE DICTIONARY. \ref 00315 \lxa nochipa \lxac nochipa \lxo nochipa \lxoc nochipa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao always; all the time \ssao siempre; todo el tiempo \pna Nochipa mitspale:wia. \pea He always helps you. \psa Siempre te ayuda. \xrb nochi \xrl -pa \ref 00316 \lxa i:ya:ntok \lxac i:ya:ntok \lxo i:ya:ntok \lxoc i:ya:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be hidden \ssao estar escondido \xrb i:ya:na \nde Oapan also accepts <no>iya:ntikah</no> \nae Initial analysis is that the initial vowel in Oapan is long; at any rate no pitch-accent was noted although this would be expected if the underlying form was {ihya:na}. The length of the initial /i:/ in the Ameyaltepec cognate remains uncertain. Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo would clearly indicate if there is an underlying {h} as in this dialect this phoneme is maintained. It appears that the present entry form refers to a stative whereas the reflexive refers to a progressive construction. \grm As with /antok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. this is a stative which should, apparently, derive from *iya:ni. However, only the transitive /iya:na/ exists as a verb. Refers to something hidden, an object, by an agent/other: money, etc. Cf. entry under pti field in /iya:na/. Apparently the reflexive refers to a progressive. \grm Durative: Note the discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between the reflexive and nonreflexive durative. \ref 00317 \lxa sí:jateh \lxac sí:jateh \lxo sí:jateh \lxoc sí:jateh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (?) \psm Interj \der Interj \se back! (said to a ox or team of oxen while planting) \ss ¡atrás! (dicho a un buey o par de bueyes de una yunta durante el trabajo de campo) \pna Sí:jateh, xtsi:nki:sa! \pea Back! Back off! \psa ¡Atrás! \cfao seja:rowa \nse The origin of <na>sí:jateh</na> is probably a loan from Spanish, though the precise origin is open to question. It is used as an interjection or command only with oxen. The transitive verb, <nla>sija:rowa</nla> or <nla>seja:rowa</nla> is apparently only used with oxen as well. \ref 00318 \lxa no:ntik \lxac no:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be mute (by nature, from illness, etc.) \ssa ser mudo (de por si, a causa de una enfermedad, etc.) \cfa tenono:ntik \cfo ténonó:ntik \xrb no:n \nse Apparently whereas <na>no:ntik</na> refers to muteness that is the result of a congenital problem or disease, the reduplicated <nla>tenono:ntik</nla> refers to muteness that is the result of a reluctance to speak. This should, however, be confirmed. Finally, note that according to Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, * <no>no:ntik</no> is not used in this speech community although <nlo>ténonó:ntik</nlo> (or <no>té:nó:ntik</no>) is. \qry Recheck reasons for which one might be /no:ntik/. Although in my original notes here I had stated that /no:ntik/ can be used to refer to someone who is mute simply from not wishing to speak (a veces solamente por no querer hablar). Recheck the Oapan data \ref 00319 \lxa lamah \lxac i:lamah \lxo lamah \lxoc i:lamah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \seao (poss.) old woman (in the sense of 'wife') \ssao (pos.) vieja (en el sentido de 'esposa') \pna Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah. \pea My"old woman"will feed you. \psa Mi"vieja"te va a dar de comer. \cfa lamatsi:n \cfo lámatsí:n \xrb lamah \nde In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, <no>lamah</no> as in <na>Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah</na> indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be <no>nolámatsí:n</no>. \qry Check p-a pattern in <no>nolámatsí:n</no>, perhaps it should be <no>nólamátsi:n</no>. \grm Reverential: In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, <no>lamah</no> as in <na>Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah</na> indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be <no>nolámatsí:n</no>. \ref 00320 \lxa Tona:n To:naka:yow \lxac Tona:n To:naka:yow \lxo Tona:n To:naka:yo:tl \lxoc Tona:n To:naka:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seao Our Mother Maize \ssao Nuestra Madre el Maíz \pna Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow. \pea Here I have come to leave off for your (in talking to <na>yeyekameh</na> who are being appeased in a soul-raising ceremony) Our Mother Maize. \psa Aquíte he venido a dejar (al hablar a los <na>yeyekameh</na> que estaban siendo suplicados en una ceremonia de levantamiento de sombra) Nuestra Madre el Maíz. \xrb na:n \xrb to:na \qry Check form. I had originally recorded in my notes /tona:n to:naka:yow/, but this might be in error. The presence of final /-w/ suggests perhaps a reinterpretation. Check with several speakers. \ref 00321 \lxa ma:kelo:ni \lxac ma:kelo:ni \lxo ma:kelo:ni \lxoc ma:kelo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao to severely sprain a joint in ones arm or hand (i.e., ones wrist or shoulder; see <nlo>ma:peto:ni</nlo>); to have ones arm or hand get severely sprained (but not dislocated) \ssao torcerse y lastimarse un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; vé ase <nlo>ma:peto:ni</nlo>); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero no hasta luxarse) \xrb ma: \xrb kelo: \nse In Oapan according to Florencia Marcelino <no>ma:kelo:ni</no> is used when one is hit hard on the wrist. The bone doesn't break or get dislocated; in her words, <no>san xa:kwaliwi</no> 'it just gets badly bruised.' Many other speakers when describing the meaning of this word will place the outside of their hand down on a hard surface and push against it, forcing the palm into the wrist. It often happens to the front legs (called 'arms' in Nahuatl) of a donkey. \qry Check for transitive form. \ref 00322 \lxa a:pistli \lxac a:pistli \lxo a:pistli \lxoc a:pistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seao hunger \ssao hambre \pna O:mik de a:pistli. \pea He died of hunger. \psa El se murióde hambre. \pna O:mik ika a:pistli. \pea He died from starvation. \psa Se murióde hambre. \pna Nimikis de a:pistli, umpa xtlakwalo. \pea I will be hungry all the time, over there (i.e., in a given village or town) no one eats well. \psa Voy a andar siempre con hambre, allá (esto es, en un pueblo o ciudad) nadie come bien. \pna Yo:ne:chasik a:pistli -=yo:pe:w na:pismiki- \pea I feel pangs of hunger (lit., 'I've been seized by hunger'). \psa Me agarró el hambre. \xrb a:pis \nse Compare <na>o:mik de a:pistli</na> in which the subject really died, to <na>ye miktok de a:pistli</na> 'he's dying of hunger,' 'he's really hungry,' 'he's starving,' etc. The sense of <na>miki de a:pistli</na> may be either literal or metaphoric, depending upon the context and the verb tense. For example, the perfective tends to orient a literal interpretation, the present or future is more metaphoric. \qry Check for possibility of possessed form. \ref 00323 \lxa tlatsmoli:nahli \lxac tlatsmoli:nahli \lxo tlatsmoli:nahli \lxoc tlatsmoli:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se shoot (of a plant [marked as possessor]) \ss retoño (de una planta [señalada como poseedora]) \pna Konkwin itlatsmoli:nahlo, nokwa. Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. \pea They go gather its shoots (of the <nba>yepakihli</nba> tree), they are edible. It (the tree) is used for firewood. \psa Van a traer sus retoños (delárbol <nba>yepakihli</nba>), se comen. Es (elárbol) bueno para leña. \xrb tsmoli: \nae This noun is almost always found in possessed form, with the possessed suffix <n>-yo</n>. \grm Nominalizations: Note the following deverbal noun: /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. There is no transitive form documented yet ?/itsmoli:na/. Classical Nahuatl has /itzmolinaltia/ as in RS /nitlatzmolinaltia/ 'hacer reverdecer.' The question, therefore, is the derivational process that lead to /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. Perhaps it involves a form, /itsmoli:na/ that is reflected only in this nominal form. Check that /tlatsmoli:nahlo/ is indeed correct. \mod This should be changed to /tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl/ or perhaps an additional entry made. YES. \ref 00324 \lxa Da:nsah de Bo:lah \lxac Da:nsah de Bo:lah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Danza de Bola \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week \ssa religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa \sem dance \syno kwa:tepáil \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this and <na>Da:nsah de Bo:lah</na> check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. \ref 00325 \lxa ikiti \lxacpend *kikiti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: Perfective <na>o:kikit</na> / <na>o:kikitik</na> \sea to weave on a loom (standing or backstrap) \ssa tejer en telar (parado o de cintura) \cfo tlako:hikiti \xrb hkiti \nae This word is now almost never used, and at the time of original fieldwork was known only by the eldest Ameyaltepequeños. There is some variation for inflected forms, undoubtedly related to the rarity of use of this word. I have recorded the perfective as both <na>o:kikit</na> (don Luis Lucena) and <na>o:kikitik</na> (others). Historically this is an intransitive although in Ameyaltepec it is used with a 3rd-person object marker. Cristino Flores was not familiar with this term \qry Since I have recorded this as a transitive in Ameyaltepec although historically it is intransitive, this should be checked. Perhaps Oapan speakers will need to be consulted for for possible transitive/intransitive alternation. It may also be that this verb, like /to:ka/, is not used with /tla-/. This too should be checked. \sj kikiti \ref 00326 \lxa mahka:miki \lxac mahka:miki \lxo mahka:miki \lxoc mahka:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to be overcome by fright \ssao morirse de miedo (figuritivamente) \xrb maw \xrb miki \nse Although several consultants when asked remarked that <n>mahka:miki</n> refers to a real death from fright, this is not the common use. \qry Recheck meaning and obtain example sentences. \ref 00327 \lxa kwe:chiwtok \lxac kwe:chiwtok \lxo kwe:chihtok \lxoc kwe:chihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be finely ground \ssao estar molido muy fino \se to have aches over ones whole body (a person) \ss tener dolores por todo el cuerpo (lit. 'estar molido') \xrb kwe:ch \nse The meaning of <na>kwe:chiwtok</na> referring to body pain might be a calque from Spanish 'estar molido.' To date it has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. \ref 00328 \lxa sempwalxo:chitl \lxaa sampwalxo:chitl \lxac sempwalxo:chitl \lxo sampwelxo:chitl \lxoa sempwelxo:chitl \lxoc sampwelxo:chitl \lxt sampwalxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao marigold (including several types of this flower) \ssao cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambí en flor de muerto \sem plant \sem fl \xrb sem \xrb powa \xrb xo:ch \cpl This is classified by consultants as both a <nla>xo:chitl</nla> and <nla>xiwtli</nla>. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (<i>Tagetes erecta</i>) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempasúchil, cempaxúchil, clavel de oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer \pqry Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \ref 00329 \lxa señó:r \lxac señó:r \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan señor \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea (vocative) compadre \ssa (vocativo) compadre \pna Pano:lti señó:r! \pea Good morning, compadre! \psa ¡Buenos días, compadre! \sea (poss.) compadre (male possessor and male subject) \ssa (pos.) compadre (poseedor masculino y sujeto masculino) \pna Mitspale:wi:s moseñó:r kwa:k nona:mikti:s mokone:w. \pea Your compadre will help you (male addressee) when your son gets married. \psa Tu compadre te va a ayudar (dirigiéndose a un hombre) cuando se casa tu hijo. \sem kin \cfo ko:mpáretsí:n \nse This borrowing from the Spanish is used as an address term by male speakers to their male <spn>compadres</spn> ; it may also be used as a two-place nominal predicate, e.g., <na>yewa moseñó:r</na> 'he is your <spn>compadre</spn>,' but only when the possessor is male. It is also used in the Spanish sense of 'sir.' \qry Apparently <na>señó:r</na> is only used in reference to a relationship among males. Check to determine whether <na>seño:rah</na> is similarly used in reference to females. \ref 00330 \lxa xokwi:chiwi \lxac xokwi:chiwi \lxo xokwi:chiwi \lxoc xokwi:chiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to wrinkle up (as one may do to ones nose or mouth in certain circumstances) \ssao fruncir (como en varias circunstancias uno puede hacer con la nariz o boca) \seao to bunch up or become bunched up (e.g., a wrap-around skirt poorly put in place) \ssao fruncirse (p. ej., una falda mal colocada por la cintura) \xrb xokwi:ch \nde No cognate forms have been found in other dialects studied to date. \ref 00331 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been eliminated as it duplicates 6699. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Assign the speech tokens here to #6699. However, remember that the links should generally be the later files, which are cleaner. \ref 00332 \lxa tsetselowilia \lxac kitsetselowilia \lxo tsétselowília \lxop tsetselowilia \lxoc kí:tselowília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:tselowília</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to shake out for (e.g., a blanket to remove dust) \ss sacudir para (p. ej., una cobija para sacarle el polvo) \pna Xne:xsetselowili nopetl! \pea Shake out my petate for me! \psa ¡Sacúdeme mi petate! \xrb tsel \xvba tsetselowa \xvbo tsétselówa \obj a:njoli:n \obj tlake:ntli \obj tale:gah \sj kitsetselowilia \vl Note that in my database before revision I had no pitch-accent in the headword for Oapan /tsetselowilia/ but pitch-accent in the elicitation form /kí:tselowília/. FK has this reduplicated form without /h/, so the Oapan form should be rechecked on tape and the entry corrected as needed. SJ will indicate if there is indeed an underlying /h/. For now I have standardized the Oapan forms to pitch accent, but the tape should reveal the correct orthography. \ref 00333 \lxa te:nana:nkilia:ni \lxac te:nana:nkilia:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea person who talks back and argues with people \ssa respondón; persona que contesta mal a la gente, enfrentándose a y discutiendo con los demás \pna Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni. \pea He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people. \psa Discute y discute con la gente, contesta fuerte a la gente. \syno te:í:xna:mikíni \xrb na:nki \ref 00334 \lxa tlakwalka:waltia \lxac kitlakwalka:waltia \lxo tlakwalka:waltia \lxoc kitlakwalka:waltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make (sb) lose his appetite (e.g., an illness [S]) \ssao hacer perder el apetito a (p. ej., una enfermedad [S]) \src DT#7: 596 \pna Xok tihkwa:s ni: un tli:n, yo:mitstlakwalka:waltih tsompi:hli. \pea You won't (want to) eat anything at all, a cold has made you lose your appetite. \psa Ya no vas que querer comer ni nada, la gripa te ha quitado el apetito. \equivao tlakwalkoto:na \equiva tlakwalki:xtilia \xrb kwa \xrb ka:wa \dis tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia \nse Although the difference between <na>tlakwalka:waltia</na>, <nla>tlakwalkoto:na</nla>, and <nla>tlakwalki:xtilia</nla> needs to be further researched, it appears that the first word in this list is used only when something adverse, such as a disease or illness, causes a person to lose his appetite. Although the latter two verbs apparently can also refer to this type of situation, they are often used when something or someone (e.g., a sudden visitor at dinner time) interrupts a meal. \nae Apparently <nla>ka:waltia</nla> is a ditransitive verb that always has its valency reduced by either a nonspecific object such as <n>tla-</n> or an incorporated noun such as <n>tlakwahli</n> ; see <nla>tlaka:waltia</nla>. \grm Valency; applicative; noun incorporation: Note the following three words: <na>tlakwalka:waltia</na>, <nla>tlakwalkoto:na</nla>, and <nla>tlakwalki:xtilia</nla> What is interesting is the similarity of meaning but the difference in valency structure between the noun and the verb. Thus, /ka:wa/ is a transitive verb, and /ka:waltia/ would be a ditransitive. Similarly, /ki:xtia/ is a transitive and /ki:xtilia/ would be a ditransitive (though the first is a causative and the second is an applicative). However, /koto:na/ is a transitive. Since all three verbs with the incorporation of /tlakwal/ are transitives, the first two undergo valency reduction with incorporation while the third does not. The basis for this difference is not clear, i.e., why does one not encounter */tlakwalkoto:nilia/. One might, in addition, compare /tlakwalkoto:na/ to /koto:na/ used reflexively, e.g., /nokoto:na noburroh/ 'my donkey snapped lose (of its tether).' Perhaps one could say that there are two /koto:na/ ver bs. The first takes an inanimate object as patient; the second takes an animate object as benefactive/malefactive. This should be explored. \ref 00335 \lxa ma:totomioh \lxac ma:totomioh \lxo má:tomíyoh \lxoc má:tomíyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \pa yes-lex \seao to have hairy arms \ssao tener los brazos peludos \xrb ma: \xrb tohmi \qry Check whether nonreduplicated form is used. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that whereas Am has reduplication, Oa has a reduced form even though the preceding vowel is long: Am: /ma:totomioh/ and Oa: /má:tomíyoh/. It may be the case in this instance, however, that the p-a on /ma:/ in Oapan is simply the result of the underlying /h/ in /tohmi/. \ref 00336 \lxa tlatska:westok \lxac tlatska:westok \lxo tlatska:westok \lxoc tlatska:westok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com Part-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be lying down from a sheer feeling of laziness \ssao estar acostado por sentir o estar con flojera \pna Nitlatska:westok, nikwalo. \pea I'm lying down from sheer laziness, I'm feeling ill. \psa Estoy acostado por pura flojera, no me siento bien. \xrb tlats \xrb wetsi \nse In general <n>tlatska:westok</n> refers to being in a lying down position because of laziness, although apparently the cause may also be something such as weakness brought on by feeling slightly under the weather or exhausted. It definitely does not refer to individuals who are in lying in bed because of a severe illness or other physical problems. \grm Participle: Note that the participial form of /-iwi/ verbs seems always to be without the final /w/ or /h/: thus /tlatska:/ instead of /tlatsihka:/. But check this. \ref 00337 \lxa te:ne:wa \lxac kite:ne:wa \lxo te:ne:wa \lxoc kite:ne:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to mention; to talk about (an event, a situation, a person, etc.) \ssao mencionar; hablar acerca de (un evento, una situación, una persona, etc.) \pna Xkita nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh! \pea Look at all the words that we have already mentioned (pronouncing one after the other)! \psa ¡Mira todas las palabras que ya mencionamos (una tras otra)! \seao to speak highly of; to praise (a person) \ssao hablar bien de; ensalzar (una persona) \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to gossip about; to bad-mouth; to speak poorly of (see <nla>te:tete:ne:wani</nla>) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chismear sobre; hablar maliciosamente o mal de (vé ase <nla>te:tete:ne:wani</nla>) \pna Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. I:wa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko. \pea He bad-mouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live, what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about what he had seen). \psa Habla mal de mítras mi espalda (lit.,"por ahí"). Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivía, quécomía, etc., para después contárselo a la gente). \se (refl. with <na>i:ka</na> [verb phrase]) to be highly regarded; to be recognized (in [verb phrase]) \ss (refl. con <na>i:ka</na> [frase verbal]) ser estimado; tener reconocimiento (en [frase verbal]) \pna Timote:ne:wa ika wel titekiti. \pea You are known to be a good worker. \psa Se te conoce como un buen trabajador. \se (refl. with <na>i:pan</na> [noun]) to make a name for oneself (doing an activity associated with [noun]) \ss (refl. con <na>i:pan</na> [sustantivo]) hacer un nombre para si (llevando a cabo una actividad asociada con [sustantivo]) \pna O:nkak timote:ne:waya ipan iswatl. \pea I heard that you made a name for yourself working in stripping corn leaves from the stalks before harvest (i.e., in the <nla>iswate:kilistli</nla>) \psa Oíque tenías buena fama para trabajar en el zacateo. \cfa powa \xrb te:n \xrb e:wa \grm Passive; reflexive: Note the phrases with the reflexive use of /te:ne:wa/. In these the meaning is not 'to speak highly of oneself' but, more precisely, 'to be highly regarded.' \ref 00338 \lxa sokiyowa \lxac sokiyowa \lxo sokiyowa \lxoc sokiyowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \seao (often reduplicated with short vowel) to become covered with mud \ssao (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) cubrirse o llenarse de lodo; enlodarse \pna O:nisosokiyowak. \pea I got covered in mud. \psa Me enlodé. \xrb soki \qry Cf. /sokioh/; for /sokiyowa/ also the only example in the corpus is with reduplicated stem. Check this. \ref 00339 \lxa te:malki:sa \lxac te:malki:sa \lxo te:malki:sa \lxoc te:malki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao for pus to come or ooze out (of an infection) \ssao salir pus (de una infección) \xrb te:mal \xrb ki:sa \qry Make sure that this refers only to pus oozing out of a wound, and not simply to pus forming in a wound. Also, clarify what the subject is of this verb compound, i.e., can one have a form such as /nite:malki:sa/, or is it the would that is the subject. \ref 00340 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepi:tka:tla:katl \lxoc tepi:tka:tla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao healthy man; stout and sturdy man (of body and health, who does not easily become sick) \ssao hombre sano; hombre fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente) \equiva tepi:tska:tla:katl \cfao kaxa:nka:tla:katl \cfo tepi:tka:siwa:tl \xrb tepi:ts \xrb tla:ka \nse <na>Tepi:tska:tla:katl</na> is used, for example, in talking about an old man who is still strong, sturdy, and able to work hard, or who never gets ill despite his age. \qry Check into Oapan and the use of /tepi:tka:/ instead of /tepi:tska:/. Apparently the latter is not acceptable in these contexts; cf. the Yale tape, which I believe might have a discussion somewhere on this point. Check for possessed form. \ref 00341 \lxa kwa:i:xiwintia \lxac kikwa:i:xiwintia \lxo kwa:i:xiwintia \lxoa kwa:i:xwintia \lxoc kikwa:i:xiwintia, kikwa:i:xwintia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia[x] \aff Op. <n>-te-</n> : <na>kwa:tei:xiwintia</na> \infv class-2a \seao to make the head of spin; to make dizzy \ssao marear; hacer girar la cabeza a; hacer sentir mareos a \pna Yo:pe:w ne:ckkwa:tei:xiwintia. \pea It (e.g., a drink) has started to make my head spin. \psa Me ha empezado a hacer girar la cabeza (p. ej., una bebida). \pna O:ne:chkwa:tei:xiwintih toroh. \pea The bull (I rode) made me dizzy. \psa El toro (que monté) me hizo sentir mareos. \xrb kwa: \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Apparently there is no reason to consider the initial /i/ not part of the root. \vl Apparently Inocencio lacks the /i/ of Florencia in the 3rd syllable. Check. \ref 00342 \lxa kwihlo:tia \lxac kikwihlo:tia \lxo kwihlo:tia \lxoc kikwihlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seao to put and lay down <nla>kwi:hlo:tl</nla> (wattle of rods made of <nla>tlapextli</nla>) in constructing the frame for the roof of a thatched house \ssao poner y colocar <nla>kwi:hlo:tl</nla> (cañas o varas hechas de <nla>tlapextli</nla>) en construir el techo de una casa de zacate o palma \sem build \flao kwihlo:tl \xrb kwi \qry Obtain all terms possible for house construction. \ref 00343 \lxa uwatl \lxac uwatl \lxo owatl \lxoc owatl \lxt owatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se sugarcane \ss caña dulce \pna Owatl | Ke:n me:roh mi:hlli, bwe:noh para pane:lah. \pea <na>Owatl</na> : It's just like the maize plant, it is good for making panela. \psa <na>Owatl</na> : Es casi como la milpa, es bueno para hacer panela. \xrb owa \qry Check for possessed form. I am almost certain at least alienable possession exists, hence I have coded N1/2. If intrinsic (e.g., /i:owayo/) then change as appropriate. \ref 00344 \lxa poti:xa \lxac poti:xa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan botija (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tepoti:xah</na> \sea to be pot-bellied; to have a bloated belly (a human or animal) \ssa ser barrigón; ser panzón (una persona o animal) \pna San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t. \pea He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child with a recently born sibling), he has sibling rivalry. \psa Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño con un hermano recién nacido), tiene chípil. \sea to have a big, round bulbous base (e.g, a pot, jug, etc.) \ssa tener una base redondo y muy grande (p. ej., una olla, cántaro, etc.) \pna Poti:xah motso:tsokol. \pea Your water jug has a big, round base. \psa Tu cántaro tiene una base muy grande y redonda. \syno ítipo:xá:tik \nse Although it is suggested above that <na>poti:xah</na> and related words may be related to Spanish <spn>botija</spn>, this might not be the case. Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl has the root <na>po:x</na> meaning 'belly' and this same root could perhaps be that of <na>poti:xah</na>. According to Cristino Flores <na>poti:xa</na> is used only to refer to the swollen belly of the <na>po:tetl</na> or certain children with <spn>chipil</spn>. However, for bowls and other ceramics the word <nla>itipoti:xa</nla> is used. \qry Recheck to see if intensifier is used: /tepoti:xah/. I had a note saying that this was acceptable, but no example. It might be in error. Also reconfirm final /h/; my card entry has simply /poti:xa/, but under /itipoti:xah/ the final /h/ was recorded. Cf. meaning of /poti:xah/ and /itipoti:xah/. Recheck vowel length in /poti:xatsi:n/; given that this is probably a loan word, length might shift to the penultimate syllabe. \mod Make illustration. \ref 00345 \lxa yeskwepa \lxac noyeskwepa \lxo yeskopa \lxoc noyeskopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \seao (refl.) to turn into or form a blood blister \ssao (refl.) volverse una ampolla con sangre \seao (refl.) to have an embryo form in (e.g., a chicken's egg) \ssao (refl.) formarsele un embrión en (p. ej., el huevo de una gallina) \pna Yo:noyeskwep un to:toltetl. I yaw para nochi:was de pio:tsi:n, xok bwe:noh para tihkwa:s. \pea That egg has already formed an embryo. It's on its way to becoming a chick, it's no longer good for you to eat. \psa Ese huevo ya formósu embrión. Está en camino para llegar a ser un pollito, ya no está bien para que te lo comes. \sem body-injury \dis yeskwepa, yestia, yeste:mi \xrb es \xrb kwepa \fl yestia \ref 00346 \lxa one:stok \lxac one:stok \lxo one:stok \lxoc one:stok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com Dir-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao (with <n>-pan</n>) to be reflected on \ssao (con <n>-pan</n>) estar reflejado sobre \pna Tone:stok ne:, ipan te:skatl. \pea You are reflected there, in the mirror. \psa Estás reflejado allí, en el espejo. \xrb ne:si \qry Recheck correctness of this. The phrase is taken from my memory of a conversation with Florencia Marcelino on this verb. \ref 00347 \lxa kechpachka:yo \lxacpend *i:kechpachka:yo \lxo kechpachka:yo \lxoc i:kechpachka:yo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-ki \infn N2 \seao collar or folded and sewn hem around the neck of a man's or woman's shirt \ssao cuello o dobladillo cosido alrededor del cuello de una camisa de hombre o mujer \cfo te:mpachka:yo \xrb kech \xrb pach \encyctmp tlake:ntli \nse The etymology of <n>kechpachka:yo</n> is uncertain, though perhaps in reference to the flatness of the collar it is related to same stem as that in <nla>pachiwi</nla>. Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with this word although it was documented in my notes from his village. \qry Determine whether the possessor of this word is the shirt, or the man: /ikechpachka:yo nokoton/, or /nokechpachka:yo/? \mod Create an /ono page on clothes: pants, mens shirts, sandals, hats, womens clothes (blusa, falta, vestido, corpiño, etc.). Also jewelry, etc. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6322. They should be tagged as 00347. Moreover, the two linked words should be taken from among the 4 tokens originally recorded at 6322. \ref 00348 \lxa sasa:l \lxac sasa:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s-; Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tesasa:l</na> \infv pl. <na>sasa:lmeh</na> \sea to be a slowpoke; to be very slow in what he does (e.g., walking, working, performing a task, etc.) \ssa ser lentón; ser muy lenta en hacer lo que sea (p. ej., en caminar, trabajar, hacer algo, etc.) \pna Ke:n titesasa:l. \pea You're a real slowpoke. \psa Eres un lentón. \pna Melá:k tesasa:lmeh. \pea They are real slowpokes. \psa Son muy lentos. \syno téyo:lítik \xrb sa:l \nse <na>Sasa:l</na> is used to refer to someone who takes a long time to do something, particularly when someone else is waiting. The same element <na>sasa:l</na> appears with <na>ma:</na> and <na>kama</na>, as in <nla>ma:sasa:l</nla> and <nla>kamasasa:l</nla>. \qry Determine any other incorporated forms; check to see if /masasa:l/ and /kamasasa:l/ can take the /te-/ intensifier. In one entry I have mentioned specifically that vowel length has been checked and found to be long on the final /a:/. \ref 00349 \lxa kwitlanexiwi \lxac kwitlanexiwi \lxo kwitlanexiwi \lxoc kwitlanexiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to lose luster or sheen; to acquire a faded look \ssao deslucir o perder el lustro y vista; ajarse \pna O:kwitlanex motepos. \pea Your rifle lost its sheen. \psa Perdiólustro tu rifle. \pna O:nikwitlanexiw ipan fle:chah de miák tla:ltekwtli. \pea I (i.e., my clothes) came to looked faded when riding on the bus from all the dust (that was stirred up). \psa En el camión (mi ropa) tomó una apariencia de deslucida por todo el polvo (que se levantó). \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \subadj a:tl \subadj i:xtetl \nse Although <na>kwitlanexiwi</na> and similar forms are often related to the act of becoming covered with dust, it appears that the primary sense is for some colored object to lose its sheen and brilliance. Thus <nla>kwitlanextik</nla> is applied to colors that are faded or dark (such as the green of certain pine trees) rather than bright and light (such as the green of most leaves). According to Cristino Flores (Am) this word can be used to refer to water that starts to get muddied, or to ones eye if it has been hit by a branch or other similar object. \qry Check whether /kwitlamonexiwi/ or /kwitlatenexiwi/ is correct. Check whether 'to fade' or 'desteñirse' (clothes) is acceptable as a translation of /kwitlanexiwi/ and related words. Check whether /kwitlanexe:wi/ is acceptable. It probably is but has not yet been documented. \ref 00350 \lxa sosolka \lxac sosolka \lxo sosolka \lxoc sosolka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final-vowel loss][freq.] \infv class-4a \sem sound \seao to make a rushing sound, or that of whirring, whizzing, etc. (such as that caused by a hard wind, a piece of ceramic or clay as it breaks off a pot and flies into the air, a radio with poor reception, an insect like a cicada, etc.) \ssao hacer un sonido como una ráfaga de aire, un zumbido, runrún, soplido, etc. (como el sonido de un viento fuerte, de un pedazo de cerámica que se bota de una olla y vuela rápido por el aire, de un radio con mala recepción, de un insecto como la cigarra, etc.) \pna Yeyeka wa:n tlasosolka. \pea There is wind and a rushing sound all over. \psa Hay viento y un sonido como de soplido por todos lados. \pna San sosolka morra:dioh. \pea Your radio is just giving off a buzzing sound (from poor reception). \psa Tu radio nada más produce un sonido como de zumbido (de mala recepción). \pna Sosolkatiw yeyekatl. \pea The wind is coming along making a rushing sound. \psa Viene bramando el viento. \pna Kakayo:tl sosolkatok kwa:k ye kiawis. \pea The <nla>kakayo:tl</nla> makes a whirring sound when it is about to rain. \psa El <nla>kakayo:tl</nla> hace un zumbido cuando está por llover. \pna Wa:lsosolkatiw un ka:rroh. \pea That car is coming whirring along. \psa Ese coche viene zumbando. \xrb solo: \xvbao solo:ni \nae In Classical Nahuatl the cognate is <na>sosoloka</na>, the expected and untruncated form (though Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl also has <n>zozolca</n> 'roncar'). Yet truncated frequentatives are not uncommon, as witness derivations such as <n>tsitsilka</n>. \qry Check whether correct is /san sosolka morra:dioh/ or whether it should be /sa: sosolka morra:dioh/. Check also the difference between /solo:ni/ and /sosolka/. \ref 00351 \lxa tsontekomawistli \lxacpend *tsontekomawistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea type of plant not yet identified \ssa tipo de planta todavía no identificada \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \xrb wits \qry My notes for this entry were not entirely clear. I list /witsapo:lin/ and simply have a mark"=tsontekomawistli."There is no other mention of this latter plant. \nse Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this plant. Asunción Marcelo and Silvestre Pantaleón suggested this might be the plant known as <nlo>tsi:yatsontekomatl</nlo> but where not sure of this. Cristino Flores said he had never heard of this but thta he was familiar with an archaic word, never used now, which means 'man of respect.' He equated this to /mawistla:katl/ (although this latter I have documented in the corpus). \qry Perhaps this entry should be removed. \ref 00352 \lxa tlakwaltia \lxac kitlakwaltia \lxo tlakwaltia \lxoc kitlakwaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to serve a meal to (a person); to feed (an animal) \ssao servir una comida a (una persona); alimentar (un animal) \pna Te:tlakwalti:s. \pea She will serve a meal. \psa Va a servir una comida. \pna Nikontlakwalti:s nobese:rrah. \pea I'm going to feed my calf (giving it food directly, but not by letting it out to graze). \psa Voy a ir a alimentar a mi becerra (alimentándola directamente y no simplemente dejándola apacentar). \seao to give a beating or thrashing to (see <nla>a:pismiki</nla>) \ssao dar una golpiza o paliza a (vé ase <nla>a:pismiki</nla>) \pna Xpia kwida:doh, moka wa:hlaw! Kas iwa:n timotlawe:lita, a:man mitstlakwalti:s. \pea Take care, he's coming for you! It must be that you have problems with him, now he's going to give you a thrashing. \psa ¡Ten cuidado, viene por tí! Debes tener algún problema conél, ahora viene a darte una paliza. \cfao a:pismiki \dis tlakwaltia; tlamaka (an animal); tlakukwaltia \xrb kwa \xbtlao kwaltia [03308] \ref 00353 \lxa xoloxtik \lxac xoloxtik \lxo xoloxtik \lxoc xoloxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao (usually reduplicated with long vowel) to be bunched up (e.g., curtains that are pulled open); to be pleated or taken in leaving pleats \ssao (generalmente reduplicado con vocal larga) estar fruncido (en el sentido de algo como tela que ha sido empujado, como cortinas abiertas); tener tablitas \xrb xoloch \nse <na>Xoloxtik</na> is most often used to refer to the appearance of cloth with small uneven pleats, as might occur where a large cuff is sewn to a shirt, or when a curtain is pulled open. It is almost always, though not necessarily, found in reduplicated form. \qry Note that in my original notes I had written /xoloxtok/. Perhaps this is correct and /xoloxtik/ should be changed, or perhaps both are correct. Nevertheless other occurrences of this word and my general understanding of Nahuatl suggests that /xoloxtik/ is also (if not exclusively) correct. Check. Check the general patter of vl for the reduplicant. \ref 00354 \lxa axi:ltilia \lxac kaxi:ltilia \lxo áxi:ltília \lxop axi:ltilia \lxoc káxi:ltília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to make up the difference for (e.g., sb, for example by giving money needed to complete a given amount) \ssao completarle (algo a alguien); cubrirle la diferencia a (p. ej., a algn con dinero que le hace falta para hacer algo) \pna Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n. Xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s. \pea Here is some (money), just in case it (sth to be bought) is more expensive. Pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (e.g., when you get back). \psa Aquíhay (dinero), en caso de que salga más caro. Complétale túy aquíte pago la diferencia (p. ej., cuando regreses). \se to complete (a task, load, etc.) for \ss completar (una tarea, carga, etc.) para \xrb ahsi \xvba asi \xvbo ásí \qry Check correctness of /axi:ltilia/ meaning"to complete (a task, load, etc.) for. Check /dya/ or /dyah/. \ref 00355 \lxa sempoliwi \lxac sempoliwi \lxo sempoliwi \lxoc sempoliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to disappear without a trace; to be destroyed, demolished, or lost forever (e.g., a construction or building) \ssao desaparecer sin dejar huella; perderse, derribarse o destruirse para siempre (p. ej., una construcción o edificio) \seao to die forever (e.g., a plant or tree that will never again sprout) \ssao morir para siempre (p. ej., una planta que jamás va a retoñar o reverdecer) \pna O:sempoliw un kuwtli, xok itsmoli:nis. \pea That tree has died for good, it won't ever sprout again. \psa Ese arból se muriópara siempre, ya no va a brotar jamás. \se to die out (a person's [S] lineage and last name) \ss acabarse (el linaje y apellido de una persona [S]) \pna Deke timikis, tisempoliwis. \pea If you die, you (your lineage and last name) will be gone forever (said of someone who was an only son). \psa Si te mueres, te perderás (tu linaje y apellido) para siempre (dicho de algn que era hijoúnico). \xrb sem \xrb pol \nse When used with a plant as a subject, <n>sempoliwi</n> refers to the fact that it will never sprout again, that it has died for good and forever. With a human subject <na>sempoliwi</na> indicates the end of a family line, something that could potentially be reborn or reinitiated. \ref 00356 \lxa no:xtli \lxac no:xtli \lxo no:xtli \lxoc no:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \seao inside fibers of the <nla>ó:rganoh</nla> cactus that remain when its fleshy exterior dries away \ssao fibras interiores del cactus conocido como <nla>ó:rganoh</nla> que se quedan cuando la parte carnosa de la planta se seca \syna teono:xtli \xrb no:ch \fl teono:xtli \qry Recheck length of first /o/ in /teono:xtli/. Check possible types of possession; ?nono:ch?, i:no:chyo? etc. \ref 00357 \lxa itikoltotsiwi \lxac itikoltotsiwi \lxo ítikoltotsíwi \lxop itikoltotsiwi \lxoc ítikoltotsíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have stomach cramps (particularly a feeling of ones stomach shrinking and tightening as one is unable to straighten up) \ssao tener calambres por el estómago (particularmente el sentido de que el estómago se le encoge a uno que queda doblado por el dolor) \sem disease \xrb hti \xrb koltots \encyctmp stomach ailments; disease \nse Both <na>itikoltotsiwi</na> and <na>itiko:tsi:liwi</na> refer to stomach cramps, but their senses are slightly different. The former relates to the verb <na>koltotsiwi</na> and inidcates a motion of coming together, shrinking, and tightening. The latter, related to the verb <na>ko:tsi:liwi</na> a twisting motion, in this case of the intestines. \qry Check for transitive. \rt Determine whether /koltots/ should be further divided. Offer extended commentary on meaning of /koltotsiwi/ in general. \ref 00358 \lxa ma:choh \lxac ma:choh \lxo ma:choh \lxoc ma:choh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan macho \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <na>ma:chos</na> \se male mule \ss macho \sem animal \sem domes \nct yo:lki \ref 00359 \lxa tlayo:lkimichin \lxac tlayo:lkimichin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea type of white maize planted almost exclusively in Ameyaltepec, along with <nla>tlayo:lyewahli</nla>, which has slightly larger kernels \ssa tipo de maíz blanco que se siembra casi exclusivamente en Ameyaltepec, aunque también se siembra <nla>tlayo:lyewahli</nla>, que tiene los granos un poquito más grandes \sem food-maize \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb o:ya \xrb kimich \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse <na>Tlayo:lkimichin</na> is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <nla>istá:k tlayo:hli</nla>. \qry Check for possessed form. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 00360 \lxa toli:na \lxac toli:na \lxo toli:na \lxoc toli:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao to desire or crave good things to eat (particularly said of sb recovering from an illness who starts eating well and desires delicacies that are not always immediately available such as fruit, meat, cheese, etc.) \ssao antojarse o desear buenas cosas para comer (dicho particularmente de algn recuperándose de una enfermedad que empieza a comer bien y antoja cosas buenas que no siempre están a la mano como fruta, carne, queso, etc.) \pna San tli:no:n yo:tikelna:mik tihkwa:s, titoli:na. \pea You just remembered something that you want to eat, you have a craving for something delicious. \psa Te acordaste que algo que querías comer, estás de antojo (para algo bueno de comer). \xrb toli: \qry I had an illustrative phrase /Nitoli:na nakatl/ 'I desire to eat meat' but this might be in error for /nihtoli:na/. The Classical use of this word is unclear. It is morphologically an intransitive /nitoli:na/ but translated by RS as transitive: 'tener ganas de comer una cosa sin poder procurársele \ref 00361 \lxa isa \lxac isa \lxo ísá \lxop isa \lxoc ísá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao to awaken; to wake up \ssao despertarse \pna O:isate:w \pea He woke up unexpectedly. \psa Despertórepentinamente. \pna Ma:ka isas! \pea Don't let him wake up! \psa ¡No lo dejes despertar! \xrb hsa \xvca ixitia \nse The metaphor of being asleep and away is often used in reference to a male erection. Thus an erect penis may be said to be awake (<na>isatok</na>) and the nonerect penis to be asleep (<na>koxtok</na>). Note that the common way to refer to getting an erection is through the causative form of <na>isa</na> along with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> ; see <nla>tlaxitia</nla>. \grm It is difficult to establish the precise difference between /isa/ and /isate:wa/. Most likely the first refers simply to awakening while the second to awakening while something else is happening, and realizing this immediately; or to awake and immediately head out somewhere. This word may be used in a vulgar to indicate a male getting an erection. \ref 00362 \lxa xa:yakapipilichiwi \lxac xa:yakapipilichiwi \lxo xa:yaká:pilichíwi \lxoa xa:yakapípilichíwi \lxoa xa:yá:pilichíwi \lxop xa:yakapipilichiwi \lxop xa:yá:pilichiwi \lxoc xa:yaká:pilichíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-red-rdp \seao to get a wrinkled face (from old age in particular) \ssao arrugarse la cara (de la vejez en particular) \xrb xa:yaka \xrb pilich \nse The reduplicated form is used as the main entry given that this verb is usually found reduplicated as the process affects both cheeks simultaneously. \nae Note that in Oapan there are several variations of this word. The base form would be <no>xa:yakapípilichíwi</no>, with the short vowel reduplication of the verbal stem and the unaltered incorporated noun. However, the reduplicant may be reduced onto the final short vowel of the incorporated noun, yielding <no>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</no>. In addition, the intervocalic /k/ may be lost yielding <no>xa:yá:pilichíwi</no>. Occasionally, the /ya/ syllable is lost, yielding <no>xa:ká:pilichíwi</no>. \ref 00363 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a duplicate entry for /kopalkihli/, #1543. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The tokens here should be tagged as 1543 since this present entry is a duplicate of later entries. \ref 00364 \lxa texixiwtli \lxac texixiwtli \lxo té:xihtlí \lxoc té:xihtlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes \seao type of rod-like plant, still not identified \ssao tipo de planta como de varas, todavía no identificada \pna Texixiwtli | Xtlah kihlian. \pea <na>Texixiwtli</na> : They don't use it for anything. \psa <na>Texixiwtli</na> : No lo utilizan para nada. \sem plant \sem tlako:tl \xrb te \xrb xiw \ref 00365 \lxa kakapaka \lxac kakapaka \lxo kakapaka \lxoc kakapaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make a clattering or drumming sound (such as that of fingers being tapped quickly and lightly on a table, or that made by a typewriter, a sewing machine, etc.) \ss hacer un sonido de traqueteo (como el sonido que se hace a golpear los dedos de la mano rápida y ligeramente sobre una mesa, o el sonido hecho por una máquina de escribir, de coser, etc.) \pna Kakapakatok imá:kinah. \pea His"machine"(i.e., typewritter, sewing machine, etc.) is making a clattering sound. \psa Su máquina (de escribir, de coser, etc.) está haciendo un sonido como de traqueteo. \pna Sa: tlakakapakatok ika moma:kinas. \pea There is nothing but clattering from your machines (e.g., sewing machines or typewriters, etc.). \psa Se oye nada más el sonido de traqueteo con tus máquinas (de coser, de escribir, etc.). \xrb kapa: \xvnao kapa:ni \subadj má:kinah kwa:k tlasasa:lo:lo deke xkitla:lilian ase:iteh \ref 00366 \lxa teketsa \lxac kiteketsa \lxo teketsa \lxoc kiteketsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \seao to place or stand upright; to place or hold in a vertical position \ssao parar (un objeto); poner o sostener en posición vertical \pna Xteketsa motso:tsokol! O:tsonakayah. \pea Stand your water jug upright! It fell over on its side. \psa ¡Pon tu cántaro parado! Se fue de lado. \pna Yo:kiteteketskeh kasti:yoh. \pea They've set up the <spn>castillo</spn> (i.e., raised it up and placed it vertically). \psa Ya pusieron (parado) el castillo. \pna Ma:ka xteketsa, xte:ka -=xpexte:ka- mowitso:k! \pea Don't hold your <nla>witso:ktli</nla> upright, incline it horizontally (e.g., when weeding, so that the blade enters the ground at a low angle)! \psa ¡No mantengas tu espátula (<nla>witso:ktli</nla>) en posición vertical, inclínalo horizontalmente (p. ej., para limpiar la milpa de hierba, colocando la éspatula para que la hoja entre la tierra a un ángulo muy cerrado)! \pna O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sahkó:n nomatis. \pea Your hat (i.e., its brim) has drooped down, it got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way. \psa (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo, se le cayó la lluvia encima. Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces asíse va a quedar. \pna Kiteteketsa ka:n to:na ite:ko pa:mpa itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl, ma xo:tla ikxiwa:n. \pea Because a scorpion's sting has affected it (in this case a chicken), its owner stands it up in the sun, so that it's legs get hot (and in this was the chicken is cured). \psa Dado que se le trabó el piquete de un alacrán (en este caso a una gallina), su dueño la para en el sol, para que se calienten bien sus piernas (y asíse alivia). \pna Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak. \pea The sea is swooshing up against a cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks). \psa Subiendo y bajando, el mar se golpea contra un risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras). \pna O:notekestekok. \pea It landed standing up (e.g., a cat falling from a height). \psa Cayóparado sobre sus pies (p. ej., un gato que se cayóde lo alto). \seao to bring to a stop (an animate being or that is walking or otherwise moving linearly, or a vehicle, etc.) \ssao parar (un ser animado que está caminando o moviendo en forma linear, un vehículo en movimiento, etc.) \pna Segi:doh kiteteketsa ino:biah ipan otli. \pea He continually (in the morning, afternoon, etc.) stops his girlfriend on the path (i.e., he waits and steps in front of her, stopping her to court her). \psa Seguido (en la mañana, tarde, etc.) detiene a su novia en el camino (esto es, la espera y le corta el paso para enamorarla). \pna Yo:mitsno:tskeh para xmoteketsa. \pea They called to you to come to a stop. \psa Te llamaron para que te detuvieras. \pna Xmoteketsa! Timitsno:tsasneki. \pea Stop! I want to talk to you. \psa ¡Párate! Te quiero hablar. \seao (refl.) to stand up (i.e., from a sitting or lying position) \ssao (refl.) incorporarse (esto es, al estar sentado, acostado, etc.) \pna Yo:notekets moburri:toh, seliktsi:n, kemech o:tla:kat. \pea Your little donkey has stood up (on its four legs), it is an infant, it was just born. \psa Tu burrito se paró (sobre sus cuatro piernas), es un infante, apenas nació. \se to stop (doing a task) \ss parar (en hacer algo que se estaba haciendo) \pna O:niktekets notekiw, tli:n nihchi:waya. \pea I stopped work, what I was doing. \psa Parémi trabajo, lo que estaba haciendo. \seao (refl.) to stop working (sth that moves or has moving parts, such as a watch) \ssao (refl.) pararse; dejar de funcionar (algo que se mueve o que tiene partes que se mueven, como un reloj) \pna O:notekets, xok tekipanowa. \pea It's stopped, it no longer works (a machine, watch, etc. that had been running). \psa Se paró, ya no trabaja (una máquina, un reloj, etc. que había estado funcionando). \se (refl.) to show up; to suddenly appear \ss (refl.) aparecer de repente \pna Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika. \pea If two rainbows show up, the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the sky). \psa Si de repente aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá (apuntando) y uno acá (apuntando al otro lado del cielo). \seao (<na>noteketsa a:tl</na>) for the rain to stop or pause (particularly after a storm, but also after the end of the rainy season; see <nla>ki:sa</nla>) \ssao (<na>noteketsa a:tl</na>) pararse o detenerse el agua (esto es, la lluvia, particularmente después de una tempestad, pero también al fin de la temporada de lluvias) \pna Yo:notekets a:tl. Xoh kiawi, ye tlapili:ni. \pea The rains have already stopped. It doesn't rain anymore, everything (in this case all the corn fields) have started to wither. \psa Ya se pararon las aguas. Ya no cae la lluvia, todo (en este caso las milpas) ha empezado a ponerse mustío. \seao (refl., reduplication with short vowel, and <n>-tiw</n>) to arrive \ssao (refl., reduplicación de vocal corta, y <n>-tiw</n>) venir, llegar \pna Xsan yemameh wa:lnotetekestia:skeh. \pea It is not just them who are going to arrive (but instead, their family). \psa No nomás ellos van a venir (sino con su familia). \pno Xsan nawa mpa niwa:hnó:tekéstiw. \peo I don´t arrive there by myself. \pso No voy a llegar allí nada más yo solo. \sem motion \xrb te \xrb ketsa \xv1a tlatetekestiw \dis teltia \nse The reason for the <n>te-</n> element at the beginning of this word is unclear; in other many other dialects outside the Balsas region (e.g., Classical) the simple form <na>ketsa</na> is used instead. However, in the Balsas region <n>ketsa</n> has the vulgar meaning of 'to screw (in terms of sexual intercourse).' Given this meaning the <n>te-</n> element might simply be something like a"dummy"morpheme, added simply to avoid a vulgarity. \qry The relationship between /ketsa/ and /teketsa/ should be examined. Note that in the Ameyaltepec-Oapan region /ketsa/ means 'to fuck' whereas /teketsa/ means 'to place or stand upright'. Perhaps the 'intensifier/dummy' morpheme /te/ is here used to avoid a sexual pun or meaning. Check with /noteketsa a:tl/ whether this refers to only the end of the rainy season, or to rain in general. It might even refer more to the end of a particular rain than the rain of the rainy season. With the reflexive meaning of 'to appear' check what other subjects can occur. Can it refer to a person? Is the sense that of 'to suddenly appear,' 'to show up,' etc. \mod Distinguish /teltia/ from /teketsa/, though often these seem to have equal meanings. Cf. Gram 1985 10-05.2 \ref 00367 \lxa xi:lo:tl \lxac xi:lo:tl \lxo xi:lo:tl \lxoc xi:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se young, tender green ear of maize (before it becomes edible as a <nla>ye:lo:tl</nla>) \ss jilote (la etapa del maíz antes de que se vuelva comestible como elote) \pna Ye kipia ixi:lo:w. \pea It (the maize plant) already has its young green ears of corn. \psa Ya tiene (el maíz) sus jilotes. \xrb xi:lo: \nae Although plant parts, apparently both <nao>xi:lo:tl</nao> and <nlao>ye:lo:tl</nlao> are only alienably possessed, either by a human possessor or by the whole plant of which it is a part. \encyctmp mi:hli stages and parts of \qry Check possibility of /-yo/ possession. \grm Possession: The reason for the possessed form as /i:xi:lo:w/ and not /i:xi:lo:yo/ is not clear. Cf. /i:xo:chiyo/ which is used with plants having flowers, in reference to this flower. Check to see if /i:xi:lo:yo/ is also correct. \ref 00368 \lxa ma:temonex \lxac ma:temonex \lxo ma:témonéx \lxoc ma:témonéx \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \pa yes-lex \seao to have dusty or dirty hands \ssao tener las manos sucias de polvo o tierra \pna Melá:k tima:temonex. \pea You really have dirty hands. \psa Tienes las manos muy sucias. \xrb ma: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \qry Check to determine whether one can also say /ma:monex(tik)/ or /ma:nex(tik)/; also /ma:temonextik/. Check to determine whether this can be used as a vocative. \rt It is not clear how to consider the relation between /nex-/, /tenex-/ and /temonex-/ as roots or stems. Obviously /nex/ should be considered a root. The word /monex/ is also used, but the meaning of the /mo-/ element is unclear. Similarly one finds /tenextli/ for 'lime,' which would seem to include both /te/ 'stone' and /nex/ 'grey.' Thus it becomes an interesting question whether /te-/ should be considered the intensifier, and how /mo/ should be analyzed. I have noted in my original card that the use of /temonex/ withough the adjectival ending /-tik/ is quite common and appears to indicate more of a quality than a temporary state. \ref 00369 \lxa ye:kma:te:roh \lxac ye:kma:te:roh \lxo ye:hma:te:roh \lxoc ye:hma:te:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>ye:kma:</n> \psm Adj \der N-Adj \infv Gender: <na>ye:kma:te:rah</na> \se to be right-handed \ss ser diestro, utilizando la mano derecha \xrb ye:k \xrb ma: \ref 00370 \lxa tlane:spahlo:tl \lxac tlane:spahlo:tl \lxo tlane:spahlo:tl \lxoc tlane:spahlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao light, including sunlight, that illuminates an area; clarity from a light source (that enables one to see) \ssao luz, incluyendo luz del sol, que ilumina; claridad (que permite ver a uno) \pna A:man o:kalak tlane:spahlo:tl. \pea Illuminating light has now entered (e.g., through a window). \psa Ahora algo de luz que ilumina ha entrado (p. ej., por una ventana) \xrb ne:si \xrl -pan \nae Apparently <n>tlane:xpahlo:tl</n> is derived from <nla>tlane:span</nla>, with final consonant change. The noun refers not to light in general, but to a light that illuminates an area that would otherwise be dark, as occurs with an opening through a window or door, or with light that streams in through a hole in a roof or wall. \qry Check for possessed form. \ref 00371 \lxa kechposteki \lxac kikechposteki \lxo kechposteki \lxoc kikechposteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to break the neck of (a person or animate being, or of a material object with a"neck,"such as a bottle) \ss romperle el cuello a (una persona o ser animado, o de un objeto material con"cuello", como una botella) \xrb kech \xrb posteki \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the word used to decribed the action of breaking an chicken's neck is <nlo>kechkoto:na</nlo> because it is long and can be streched (or snapped). \qry Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates. \mod Perhaps change format of dictionary so that verbs with varying valency have two entries. This should perhaps also be the case of interrogatives, relativizers, etc. that may function is various manners. \ref 00372 \lxa tlai:xpoya:wi \lxac tlai:xpoya:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-N-V1 \der V0-tla \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become dark from nightfall \ssa oscurecer por entrada la noche \equivo tlapoya:wi \equivo i:xtlapoya:wi \xrb i:x \xrb poya: \qry Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /i:xpoya:wi/. If it does enter it and also add /xbtl field here. \ref 00373 \lxa wapa:wa \lxac kwapa:wa \lxo opa:wa \lxoa kopa:wa \lxoc kiopa:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to raise (as a parent its offspring) \ssao criar (como un padre o madre a su hijo) \pna Ne:nkah, yewa o:ne:chwapa:w. O:mik notah kwa:ko:n nitsoyo:tl. \pea That person over there, he raised me as a child. My father died when I was a little pipsqueak. \psa Esa persona allá, me crióde niño. Se muriómi papácuando era un escuincle. \seao (refl.-anticaus.) to grow up (a child, young animal, that is still growing older); to grow (e.g., hair, shoots of a plant, etc., apparently things that grow upward or outward) \ssao (refl.-anticaus.) crecer (un niño, un animal joven, en general cualquier cosa que todavía está haciéndose más viejo); crecer (pelo, retoños, plantas, etc., aparentemente cosas que crecen hacia arriba o afuera) \pna Oksepa nowapa:was mote:ntson. \pea Your beard will grow out again. \psa Se te va a crecer otra vez la barba. \pna Kwa:k timoxi:ma petse:wi motsontekon. Xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. \pea When you get your hair cut (said to sb with curly hair) your head becomes smooth (as the hair that is left behind is short and straight). You no longer have curly hair. But when it starts to grow back, once again it starts (to get curly). \psa Cuando te cortas el pelo (dicho a algn con pelo chino) se te pone lisa la cabeza (porque el pelo que se queda es corto y derecho). Ya no tienes rizos. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los rizos). \se to build up (a construction that is raised off the ground, such as a wall) \ss levantar (al construir algo que se va haciendo más alto, como una pared) \xrb wapa: \nae In Oapan one occasionally finds <no>kopa:wa</no> after a vowel-final prefix: <no>nokopa:wa</no> although even here the form without /k/ is more common: <no>noopa:wa</no>. \nde Classical Nahuatl in this word and others in which this root is found has <n>wapa:</n> instead of <n>wepa:</n>. \grm Oapan phonology: Note /we/>/o>in initial position. \ref 00374 \lxa yekaposteki \lxac yekaposteki \lxo yekaposteki \lxoc yekaposteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to have the point break off (e.g., a knife, a machete, a pointed stick, pencil, etc.) \ssao rompersele la punta a (p. ej., un cuchillo, machete, palo puntiagudo, lapiz, etc.) \pna Te:ntetepon momache:teh, o:yekapostek. \pea Your machete has a short edge to its blade, its end broke off. \psa Tu machete es rabón, se le rompióla punta. \pna O:yekapopostek notlachpa:nwa:s. \pea The ends of (the bottom of) my broom broke off. \psa Se rompieron las puntas de (la paja de) mi escoba. \xrb yeka \xrb posteki \grm Reduplication with short vowel: Note /O:yekapopostek notlachpa:nwa:s/ 'The ends of (the bottom of) my broom broke off.' As expected it is the verb stem that reduplicates, not the IN. \ref 00375 \lxa i:xte:nkekexkia \lxac i:xte:nkekexkia \lxo i:xte:nkekexia \lxoc i:xte:nkekexia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se for ones eyes to itch \ss escocerle los ojos a \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kex \qry Check inflection for future, imperfective, perfective, etc. \mod Make sure that root of /kekexkia/ here is the same as with the main entry for this word. \ref 00376 \lxa a:toktli \lxac a:toktli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-k-pret \infn Stem 1(k) \sea sth carried away by a river, usually because of heavy rains (often <na>a:toktli</na> refers too wood that has been swept away by a rushing torrent and that may be collected along riverbanks and used for firewood, but can refer to anything carried away by the current) \ssa algo llevado por un río crecido a causa de las lluvias (por lo común <na>a:toktli</na> refiere a madera que ha sido llevada por una fuerte corriente, y que la gente junta para leña, pero también puede significar cualquier otra cosa asíllevada) \xrb a: \xrb toka \ref 00377 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwi:xwia \lxof [kwi:x 'wi ya] \lxoc kikwi:xwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to make a hissing sound at (e.g., a chicken to scare it away) \ss hacer un sonido como soplido a (p. ej., una gallina para ahuyentarla) \xrb kwi:x \xv1a tlakwi:xwia \xv1o tlakwi:xwiya \qry I was only able to obtain this verb with the prefix <n>tla-</n> ; but I have a definition as a transitive. This is unclear. Check. Perhpas this reference should be removed. I was only able to obtain it with the /tla-/ prefix as an intransitive: /tlakwi:xwia/. When there is an object (e.g., a chicken being hissed at) the form /kitlakwi:xwilia/ is used. \ref 00378 \lxa i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxac i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxo i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxoc i:xkwa:tili:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to have a headband or bandanna wrapped tightly around the forehead \ssao tener la frente amarrada por una tela o pañuelo (p. ej., un danzante en la <spn>danza de corona</spn>) \sea to have a swollen forehead (e.g., from being hit with a rock, in reference to the tightening of the skin on a swelling) \ssa tener la frente hinchada (p. ej., por haber sido alcanzado con una piedra, en referencia a la piel que queda algo"apretada") \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tili: \fl yetl \nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, <n>i:xkwa:tili:ntok</n> is not used in the vulgar sense used in the first definition but rather to refer to a state in which the subject has a"tight"(<n>tili:ntok</n>) forehead, in reference to the cloth or cloth-like material tightly tied. It can even be used to refer to a person (e.g., dancer) wearing a tight crown (e.g, in the <spn>danza de corona</spn>). \qry The meaning of /i:xkwa:tili:ni/ should be checked. Note that /tili:ni/, however, is often used to indicate swelling, such as that of a tightening that leaves the skin taught. I originally had this vulgar definition: '(vulg.) to have a full and swollen belly (i.e., to be pregnant)' that Cristino Flores denied was correct. \ref 00379 \lxa ye:ixiwtilia \lxac kiye:ixiwtilia \lxo ye:ixihtilia \lxoc kiye:ixihtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>-xiwtilia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-xihtilia</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>-xiwtilia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-xihtilia</nlo> (Oa) \xrb ye:i \xrb xiw \ref 00380 \lxa a:molo:nki \lxac a:molo:nki \lxo a:molo:nki \lxoc a:molo:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a bad smell from to have been left soaking too long in water \ss tener un mal olor por haber sido dejado demasiado tiempo en agua estancada \se to be foul-smelling (water from having mud) \ss tener un mal olor (agua, por tener lodo) \xrb a: \xrb molo: \subadj nextamahli \nae <n>A:molo:nki</n> is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as <spn>nixtamal</spn>, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated <n>a:-</n> to <n>molo:nki</n> is quite distinct from that between <n>a:-</n> and <n>poso:nki</n> in <nla>a:poso:nki</nla>, 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head. \qry Check to determine whether this adjective refers to items that smell bad from being too long in water, or to the water itself. \grm See discussion under /kwa:toto:nki/. <n>A:molo:nki</n> is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as <spn>nixtamal</spn>, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated <n>a:-</n> to <n>molo:nki</n> is quite distinct from that between <n>a:-</n> and <n>poso:nki</n> in <nla>a:poso:nki</nla>, 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head. \ref 00381 \lxa kwi:tia \lxac kikwi:tia \lxo kwi:tia \lxoc kikwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea (~ [SC]) to think (that sth or a certain situation exists that is not the case) \ssa (~ [CS]) pensar (que algo o algn situación impera que resulta no ser cierto) \pna Kikwi:tia na:nkah ikone:w pero xa:k. \pea He thinks that his child is here but he isn't. \psa Piensa que aquíanda su hijo pero no está. \sea (refl.) to come clean (e.g., confessing an action or admitting a crime, etc.); to tell the truth \ssa (refl.) confesar (no en el sentido religioso sino en admitir una falla, etc.); decir la verdad (en el sentido de admisión) \pna Xnokwi:ti:s, xte:chihli:s a:kino:n o:kichi:w. \pea He will not come clean, he will not tell us who did it. \psa No va a confesar, no nos va a decir quien lo hizo. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to accidentally stain or leave a mark on (e.g., a person while painting gets distracted and strikes sth accidentally with a paintbrush; usually with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) manchar; dejar una mancha o marca sobre (p. ej., una persona se distrae al pintar y por casualidad alcanza algo con un pincel y pintura; usualmente con el objeto no específico <n>tla-</n>) \pno O:tlá:kwí:tih, o:kitoya:wilih i:tlakwal. \peo He stained things, he spilled his food out on it. \pso Dejótodo manchado, le tirósu comida sobre ello. \cfao yo:lkwi:tia \xrb kwi \xvbao kwi \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive meaning of <na>kwi:tia</na> as 'to think' but did accept the meaning given for Oapan above (to accidentally leave a mark on). She also accepted a trivalent form (e.g., <no>kinokwi:tia i:kone:w</no>, which has been given a distinct entry for a V3 verb. \nae The transitive use of <na>kwi:tia</na> as in <na>Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k</na> is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has <n>cuitia. nicno.</n> 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a transitive (<nla>kwi</nla>) <na>kwi:tia</na> should be trivalent. Yet given that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object (e.g., <na>nokowilia</na> for <na>kinokowilia</na> 'he buys it for himself') this might explain the form <na>kikwi:tia</na>. Note also that in any case the Ameyaltepec reflexive use of <n>kwi:tia</n> is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, <n>nokwi:tia</n>, about something). \qry Check correctness of /kikwi:tia/ as the sentence with the transitive use was taken from an early file card. Check vowel length of /akinon/ in one sentence above. I believe that I originally had it recorded as a short vowel but changed it to a long one based on evidence from Oapan tapes (which might be in error and I have changed it to short). \grm The transitive use of <na>kwi:tia</na> as in <na>Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k</na> is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has <n>cuitia. nicno.</n> 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a transitive (<nla>kwi</nla>) <na>kwi:tia</na> should be trivalent. Yet Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object; this might explain the form <na>kikwi:tia</na>. Note also that in both cases, the transitive and the reflexive uses of <n>kwi:tia</n>, the terms is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, <n>nokwi:tia</n>, about something; or one thinks, <n>kikwi:tia</n>, about something). This suggests that causativization does not always increase the morphological valency of the verb, but may independently change the semantic roles of the participants. \ref 00382 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /kuhsombre:roh/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00383 \lxa fiská:l \lxac fiská:l \lxo fi:skal \lxoc fi:skal; bi:skal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan fiscal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao the highest officer of the village church, elected every year from among the adult men \ssao el oficial de más algo rango en la iglesia del pueblo, elegido cada uno de entre los hombres adultos \sem govern \encyctmp give list of village officials; church separate from secular \ref 00384 \lxa tekiwtia \lxac kitekiwtia \lxo tekihtia \lxoc kitekihtia \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to entrust or assign (a certain task) to \ssao encargarle o asignarle (una tarea o trabajo) a; importunar \pna I:n na:nkah yewa tikchi:was, xok tli:n ya:lwa o:timistekiwtih. A:man okse: timistekiwtia. \pea You will do <i>this</i> (thing, task) here, not what I had assigned you to do yesterday. Now I'm entrusting you with something different. \psa Vas a hacer <i>este</i> (cosa, tarea), no lo que te había encargado ayer. Ahora es una cosa diferente lo que te encargo. \pna Kwala:nini deke tiktlatekiwti:s. \pea He is easily angered if you give him a job to do. \psa Se enoja fácilmente si le encargas alguna tarea. \sea (refl.) to take responsibility for \ssa (refl.) tomar la responsabilidad de \pna Nimotekiwtia, san newa para nitlamis, xekah ne:xtekiwtia. \pea I take responsibility for it, it's just me who will finish, no one has has forced it on me. \psa Yo me encargo de ello, solamente yo estoy para terminarlo, nadie me ha insistido. \fla tekiwia \xrb teki \nae <na>Tekiwtia</na> seems to be a causative form of <nla>tekiwia</nla>, a denominal transitive verb that means 'to apply oneself to (a task).' Rather, <n>tequiuia</n> is a transitive verb with one object, the person who is"imposed upon' or 'charged with' a task. Thus the object of the transitive <na>tekiwia</na> becomes the secondary object of the causative <na>tekiwtia</na> and the new primary object is the person who applies himself to this task. Note that given that Ameyaltepec tends to delete the overt expression of a specific object with a reflexive, a form such as <na>nimotekiwtia</na> is perhaps best considered a ditransitive, underlying {nikmotekiwtia}. It is for this reason that the form <na>tlatekiwtia</na> remains a transitive. A comparison with a cognate Oapan reflexive might confirm this analysis. \nde Molina has for <n>tequiuia. nite</n> 'importunar algo a otro' and for <n>tequiuhtia. nicno</n> 'tomar algo a su cargo, o encargarse de algún negocio.' The other dictionary that <n>tequiutia</n> is that of Northern Puebla: <n>tequiutiya</n> as a reflexive (p. 96) is glossed as 'dedicarse, aplicarse' whereas the fully transitive form (p. 166) is listed with three senses: '1: mandar, gobernar, obligar, forzar; 2: invertir; 3: utilizar.' \qry Further determine the meaning of both /tekiwia/ and /tekiwtia/. The meaning and the derivation of each is somewhat obscure. \ref 00385 \lxa tlake:ntia \lxac kitlake:ntia \lxo tlake:ntia \lxoc kitlake:ntia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seao to put clothes on; to dress (from a state of lesser to more clothes) \ssao vestir (de un estado de menos a más ropa) \pna O:notlake:nti:to. \pea He went to put on some (different) clothes. \psa Fue a vestirse (esto es, a ponerse ropa diferente) \seao to buy an outfit of clothes for (usually in reference to godparents clothing their godchild) \ssao comprar un juego de ropa para (generalmente en referencia a los padrinos comprándole un juego de ropa para su ahijado) \pna On toba:leh o:tlakowato para te:tlake:nti:s. \pea Our friend there went to shop, he went to fulfill his obligation as a godfather (to cloth his godchild). \psa Nuestro amigo fue a comprar ropa, fue para cumplir con su responsabilidad como padrino (para vestir a su ahijado). \se (refl. with a directional affix) to buy clothes for oneself \ss (refl. con un afijo direccional) adquirir o comprar ropa para si mismo \se (fig.) (refl.) to get covered with folliage (a tree or landscape) \ss (fig.) (refl.) cubrirse de foliaje (unárbol o paisaje) \syno tlá:kiá \xrb ke:m \ono compadrazgo \qry Get a list of obligations of godparents vis-a-vis their godchildren, in regards to clothing. \ref 00386 \lxa tlikoyo:tl \lxac tlikoyo:tl \lxo tlikoyo:tl \lxoc tlikoyo:tl \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se type of tortilla of salted <nla>tixtli</nla> patted into a thick tortilla shape and then cooked directly on embers \ss tipo de tortilla gruesa de masa salada que se cuece directamente sobre las brasas \sem food-maize \qry Check for possessed form. \xrb tli \xrl -ko \ref 00387 \lxa tlape:wia \lxac tlape:wia \lxo tlape:wia \lxof [tla pe: 'wi ya] \lxoc tlape:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a)[x] \infv class-2a \seao to drive along (an animal such as a mule, donkey, etc., by a person who is either riding or walking alongside) \ssao arrear (un animal como una mula, burro, etc., por una persona que está montado o caminando al lado) \pna Tlape:witiw. \pea He goes along driving animals (e.g., as he takes them to sell). \psa Va arreando (esto es, animales, como los que se llevan a vender). \pna Xtlape:wi! \pea Hurry it up (an animal being ridden or driven)! \psa ¡Arré ale (un animal montado o que se está arreando a pie)! \xrb pe:wi \xbtla pe:wia \xbtlo pe:wiya \qry Check if an oblique can be used: /xtlape:wi i:ka moburroh/... or can one even say, /xtlape:wi moburro/ (perhaps /xtlasiwi:ti moburroh/). Check. The intransitive verb <na>pe:wia</na> differs in meaning and use from the intransitive <na>tlape:wia</na>. The former is used to indicate the chasing away of an animal, for example one that it trying to enter into a kitchen, irrigated garden, etc. <na>Tlape:wia</na>, on the other hand, is used to indicate the action of hurrying up an animal. The referent may be evident from context (e.g., when one person shouts to another, both riding on their respective animals, ' <n>Xtlape:wi!</n>, it is evident that the animal to be hurried along is the one being riden by the addressee). \ref 00388 \lxa kwa:tesonek \lxac kwa:tesonek \lxo kwa:tesonek \lxoc kwa:tesonek \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have uncombed hair that stands up on end \sso tener el pelo sin peinar y parado \cfa kwa:teteson \cfa kwa:tetesontik \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nae The etymology of the Oapan form here <no>kwa:tesonek</no> is unclear, specifically in reference to the final /ek/ sequence. \mod The word here should be /kwa:teson/ for Oapan. Note that /kwa:tesonek/ is used for someone who has hair that stands straight up, not just when recently cut. Even though the hair is wet, and that someone tries to comb it down, if when it gets longer, it still goes straight up. Thus this should be changed. Check recording and if the form /kwa:teson/ is there, then change. Otherwise perhaps create a new entry for /kwa:tesonek/, but determine the source of the /-ek/ ending. \ref 00389 \lxa tepotskuwtli \lxac tepotskuwtli \lxo teposkohtli \lxoc teposkohtli \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se generic name for a type of tree of which there are two types: <no>teposkohtli tli:ltik</no> and <no>teposkohtli tekwitlanextik</no> \ss generic name for a type of tree of which there are two types: <no>teposkohtli tli:ltik</no> and <no>teposkohtli tekwitlanextik</no> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tepos \xrb kow \nse This tree grows on lands of Oapan, where the information about two types was gathered (Silvestre Pantaleón, consultant). The name of the tree was known in Ameyaltepec, but the tree identification not made. Note, moreover, that neither of the two species were collected. It might be that this is an erroneous entry for <nao>tepotskohtli</nao>. This needs to be checked. \nct kohtli \ref 00390 \lxa xa:lite:koh \lxac xa:lite:koh \lxo xa:li:te:koh \lxoc xa:li:te:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-gen \infn N1(gender: <nao>xa:li:te:kah</nao>) \seao person from Xalitla \ssao persona de Xalitla \xrb xa:l \xrb -te:koh \qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilico's (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village. \ref 00391 \lxa i:xte:nxoxok \lxac i:xte:nxoxok \lxo i:xte:nxoxok \lxoc i:xte:nxoxok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have green eyes \ss tener los ojos verdes \seao to have ones eyes painted green with mascara \ssao estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje \seo to have a black eye \sso tener un moretón por el ojo \cfa i:xtexoxok \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb xo \nse In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form <no>i:xte:ntexó:xók</no> can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say <na>o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak</na>. \qry Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: <no>i:xte:ntexó:xók</no> whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular. \ref 00392 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /A:tlikpak/ switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 00393 \lxa pe:peto \lxac pe:peto \lxo pe:peto \lxoc pe:peto \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pepita \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \seao squash seeds cooked in water \ssao semilla de calabaza cocida en agua \nse Apparently <na>pepe:toh</na> is derived from the Spanish <spn>pepita</spn>. \ref 00394 \lxa tekoncho:ka \lxac tekoncho:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \sea to make a loud hollow, resonant sound (sth hollow, such as a gourd or earthen water jug, or ground that is hollow below the surface) \ssa emitir un sonido fuerte, hueco y resonante (algo como un calabazo o tinaja, o unaárea de tierra con un hueco abajo) \pna Tekoncho:ka a:tlawtli, kukuwilo. \pea The ravine resounds with a deep, hollow sound (in this case from the blows of an axe against a tree), someone is chopping wood. \psa La barranca resuena con un sonido fuerte y hueco (en este caso de los golpes de una hacha contra unárbol), alguien está leñando. \sem sound-material \xrb tekoma \xrb cho:ka \xvca tekoncho:ktia \qry Check length of /i/ in /kukowilo/. My notes had a long /i/ (/kukowi:lo/) but here I have changed it to a short /i/, as I would expect. This should be checked. \vl Check vowel length. \ref 00395 \lxa kuwtlatlapa:nani \lxac kuwtlatlapa:nani \lxo kohtlatlapa:nani \lxoc kohtlatlapa:nani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \seao person who is particularly adept at splitting wood \ssao persona buena para partir leña \sea (fig:) person who boisterous and has a loud laugh \ssa (fig.) vocinglero y que hace mucho ruido cuando se rie \pna Kuwtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal. \pea That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she has a loud voice. \psa Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se rí e, sueña su voz muy fuerte. \xrb kow \xrb tlapa: \nse The figurative use of <na>kuwtlatlapana:ni</na> is documented from Ameyaltepec, but might well have been an idiosyncratic and personal use. Cristino Flores, a consultant, has recently (2001) stated that he was unfamiliar with such a meaning. \ref 00396 \lxa kuwnextli \lxac kuwnextli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \sea corn dough (<nla>tixtli</nla>) that is made by mixing the dough with <nla>tenextli</nla> and <nla>tlikonextli</nla> ; <na>kuwnextli</na> is used in making the tamals called <nla>tamahli de kuwnextli</nla> \ssa masa de maíz que se hace mezclándola con <nla>tenextli</nla> y <nla>tlikonextli</nla> ; <na>kuhnextli</na> se usa para hacer <nla>tamahli de kuhnextli</nla> \xrb kow \xrb nex \cfa tamahli de kuwnextli \qry Check to make sure that /tenextli/ is mixed with the masa, or simply ashes, /tlikonextli/. Check for possessed forms, both Aln and Intrin \rt Apparently /nex/ no longer occurs as an isolated nominal root (*nextli) although it is so found in classical nahuatl. \ref 00397 \lxa tepepechyo:tia \lxac kitepepechyo:tia \lxo té:pechyó:tia \lxoc kité:pechyó:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \se to lay flagstones (on the ground, e.g., in a yard to keep it from getting muddy); to cobblestone (a street) \ss colocar losa sobre la tierra (p. ej., en un patio para evitar un lodazal durante la temporada de lluvias); poner adoquines (en una calle) \pna Nika:n yo:kitepepechyo:tikeh, ne: poliwi tepepextli. \pea Here they have already laid down flagstones, there flagstones (or cobblestones) still have to be laid down. \psa Aquíya le pusieron losa (o adoquín), allá todavía falta la losa (o adoquín). \syna tepepextia \xrb te \xrb pech \dis tepepechowa; tepepechyo:tia; tepepextia \grm /-yo/; verbalization: Note the use of /-yo/ in forms that mean to apply something or make something. In another example of Oapan Nahuatl I had /i:xteyo:tia/ (or ?/i:xte:nyo:tia/) referring to adding eyes to the moon in a drawing. It seems that the /yo/ is often used become the noun that is added is part and parcel of a larger entity. In this sense it will be very important to determine the difference between /tepepechyo:tia/ and /tepepextia/. \qry The reason for the /-yo/ is not clear, since the nominal is /tepepextli/. Check the possessed construction, i.e., /itepepechyo/? Check difference between /tepepechyo:tia/ and /tepepextia/. \ref 00398 \lxa tla:ltikpaktli \lxac tla:ltikpaktli \lxo tla:ltehpahtli \lxoc tla:ltehpahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-2 \infn Stem 1(l) \seao Earth \ssao la Tierra; el mundo \pna...ilwikak wa:n tla:ltikpaktli. \pea... the Heavens and the Earth. \psa... los Cielos y la Tierra. \cola xi:ktli \colo xi:hli \xrb tla:l \xrl -ikpak \nse This noun is never possessed; it is used to refer to the Earth as an entity and not to any specific section or region of the Earth. \ref 00399 \lxa tla:lko:nwia \lxac notla:lko:nwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to trip over a large hole in the ground \ssa (refl.) tropezar y caerse a causa de un hoyo grande en la tierra \pna O:notla:lko:nwih, o:ikxipostek. \pea He tripped over a large hole in the ground, he broke his leg. \psa Tropezó y se cayó a causa de un gran hoyo en la tierra, se rompióla pierna. \cfo tla:lko:nchi:wilia \xrb tla:l \xrb ko:m \qry Check whether transitive form exists, or if only the reflexive is possible. \grm Reflexive; -wia Note that the reflexive here indicates an event that happens to someone, but without any sort of volition. Note also the combination of reflexive with -wia, which often means 'to act with noun on' However, as this form shows, the N should be considered an instrument in all cases. \ref 00400 \lxa tlawe:i \lxac tlawe:i \lxo tlawe:i \lxoc tlawe:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com tla-Adj \der Adj-b \seao to be open or having a large, flat, clear and open area (e.g., an area of land that is flat and relatively free of stones, bushes, and trees) \ssao haber mucho campo; tener un espacio plano y abierto (p. ej., una sección de terreno plano y relativamente libre de piedras, arbustos yárboles) \pna Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech. \pea It would be better to ask for that there land where it's flat and open. It doesn't have rocks and it isn't steeply inclined. \psa Sería mejor pedir esa tierra allá donde hay campo. No tiene piedras y ni está inclinada. \seao to be roomy (an interior space that is large and open); to be spatious (in general any area in which there is open space that can be occupied) \ssao ser un lugar amplio o espacioso (un espacio interior grande, p. ej., una sala); ser unaárea donde hay lugar (para poner o colocar cosas, en general cualquier espacio donde cabe algo, p. ej., una persona, mueble, etc.) \pna Nika:n tlawe:i, nika:n wel titlamoya:wa. \pea Here there's a lot of room, here you can spread out your goods. \psa Hay campo aquí, aquípuedes poner (extender) tus cosas. \pna Na:nika tlawe:i. Na:nika xkwa:hki! \pea Over here there is a lot of room (in this case to store sth). Bring it over here! \psa Por acá hay mucho espacio (en este caso para guardar algo),¡Trá elo para acá! \seo (<no>sa:</no> ~) all in one place; all together \sso (<no>sa:</no> ~) todo en un lugar; todo junto \pno Sa: tlawe:i xi:ntikah nosen, i niatok nóntlapí:li:s. \peo My <spn>mazorcas</spn> are all just spread out in a single area (in this case that has been cleared for the purpose, i.e., <no>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</no>), I'm going to go keep an eye on it. \pso Mi mazorca estátodo extendido junto en un lugar (limpiado para tal fin, esto es, <no>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</no>), ya me voy a ir a vigilarla. \xrb we:i \nse Whereas <nla>we:i</nla>, one of the few underived adjectives in Nahuatl, is used to describe the physical size (or at times social status) of a particular person or thing, <na>tlawe:i</na> is used to describe an aspect of space: its relative"openness."This is described as relative because the utilization of <na>tlawe:i</na> depends on the purpose to which the space might be put, essentially whether it is large and open enough for the matter at hand. Thus an area of land might be described as <na>tlawe:i</na> to someone wishing to park his car there, but as <na>xtlawe:i</na> to someone wishing to build a house. \qry Determine difference (and cf. first illustrative sentence) between /ni:/ and /ni:n/. \grm tla- Note the use of /tla-/ with the adjective /we:i/. Whereas <nla>we:i</nla>, one of the few underived adjectives in Nahuatl, is used to describe the physical size (or at times social status) of a particular person or thing, <na>tlawe:i</na> is used to describe an aspect of space: its relative"openness."This is described as relative because the utilization of <na>tlawe:i</na> depends on the purpose to which the space might be put, essentially whether it is large and open enough for the matter at hand. Thus an area of land might be described as <nl>tlawe:i</nl> to someone wishing to park his car there, but as <na>xtlawe:i</na> to someone wishing to build a house. Note also the use of /tla-/ with words (nouns?) that describe places. \ref 00401 \lxa kwepo:naltia \lxac kikwepo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \sea to fold up and back (particularly sth that folds back upon itself, such as earth being plowed, spouting water, etc.) \ssa hacer doblar o plegar (particularmente algo que se dobla sobre si mismo, como tierra al ser arada, agua que brota, etc.) \pna O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak. \pea The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. \psa Al pasar el viento levantósu falda, hubo una fuerte ráfaga de viento. \pna Tihkwepo:naltitia:s tla:hli. \pea You will go along (while plowing) folding the earth back upon itself. \psa Vas a ir (al arar) haciendo que la tierra se vaya doblando sobre si misma. \cfo i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia; kopo:nia \xrb kwepo: \xvba kwepo:ni \qry Cf. entries under /kwepo:ni/ and /kwepo:nia/. Note and check the difference between /-kwepo:nia/ and /kwepo:naltia/. Get possible objects of each, and can each be used in reflexive? \grm Word order: /O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl i:kwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak/ 'The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. Note the word order: VSO. \ref 00402 \lxa ma:kextlan \lxac ima:kextlan \lxo ma:kextlah \lxoc i:ma:kextlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \seao wrist \ssao muñeca (de la mano) \se cuff (of a sleeve) \ss puño (de la manga de una camisa) \pna Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kextlan. \pea The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff. \psa Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños. \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb kech \xrl -tlan \nse Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with the use of <na>ma:kextlan</na> to indicate the cuff of a shirt. However, this acceptation has been retained pending further study. \mod Perhaps create separate field for locative and pospositions, e.g. /- tlan/. In terms of category field, it is not clear whether this word should be N-lopo or N-rel. \ref 00403 \lxa i:xa:mia \lxac ki:xa:mia \lxo i:xa:mia \lxoc ki:xa:mia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seao to lightly wash the face of \ssao lavar ligeramente la cara de \pna O:ki:xa:mih ikone:w. \pea She lightly washed off the face of her child (with water). \psa Limpióligeramente la cara de su niño (con agua). \pna Xmi:xa:mi:ti pa:mpa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon! \pea Go and rinse your face off because soap got in your eyes! \psa ¡Ve a enjuagarse la cara porque se te metió agua a los ojos! \se to paint (with a solid color); to varnish \ss pintar (con un solo color); barnizar \pna Yo:ki:xa:mikeh isiye:tas ika tlapahli. \pea They have already painted their chairs (with a solid color, not drawn figures). \psa Ya pintaron sus sillas (con un solo color, no figuritas). \pna Yo:ki:xa:mikeh intepalkawa:n ika barní:s. \pea They've already varished their ceramic bowls. \psa Ya barnizaron sus platos de cerámica. \se to plaster; to whitewash (a wall) \ss revocar; blanquear; enjalbergar; encalar (una pared) \pna Ki:xa:mi:skeh un tepantli. \pea They are going to plaster (or whitewash) that wall. \psa Van a revocar (o blanquear) esa pared. \xrb i:x \xrb a: \nae The etymology of <na>i:xa:mia</na> is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo (p. 217), which has many cognates with Balsas valley Nahuatl, has <n>i:xa:mia</n> 'le lava la cara' (although FK has this listed as <n>xa:mia</n> the initial /i:/ is long in Tetelcingo and thus clearly part of the verbal stem; the same mistake is made with ? <n>xa:huia</n>). Molina has <n>ixamia. nite.</n> 'lavar a otro la cara.' These two definitions fit in well with the initial senses of <na>i:xa:mia</na> in the Balsas area. However, the other sense, of painting or plastering, is covered by Molina <n>ixauia. nitla.</n> 'embarrar o enxalvegar pared' and perhaps Tetelcingo (p. 217) <n>i:xa:bia</n> 'enjuagar.' Balsas Nahuatl also have <nla>i:xa:wia</nla> with the meaning of 'to rinse.' At any rate the difference between <na>i:xa:mia</na> and <na>i:xa:wia</na>, both with the sense of 'to rinse,' needs to be further investigated. \qry Check etymology. Note that Molina has /i:xa:uia/ with virtually the same meaning; here the etymology seems to be {i:x + a: + wia}, meaning 'to act with Noun Stem.' Thus the change would be /i:xa:mia/ from /i:xa:wia/. This seems plausible. Thus check for /i:xa:mia/, /i:xa:wia/, /xa:mia/ and /xa:wia/. \grm Word order: /Xmi:xa:mi:ti pampa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon/. Note the word order of V-Loc-S. This seems quite usual from my feeling for the language. \rt Discuss the possibility that this is related to the roots /i:x/ and /a:/ at some level. \ref 00404 \lxa -ikpak \lxac ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-k(o) \infn N2(rel) \sea see <nla>tlakpak</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tlakpak</nla> \syno -ihpahtlah \xrb kpa \nae This relational ending is found only with <n>tla-</n> as a nonspecific possessor. \ref 00405 \lxa no: ihkón \lxaa no:hkón \lxac no: ihkón \lxo no: kió:n \lxoc no: kió:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \seao in that way too \ssao también de esa manera \pna No: ihkón niweli. \pea I can also do it that way. \psa Así(de esa manera) también lo puedo hacer. \pna No: ihkón nikchi:wa. \pea I also do it that way. \psa También lo hago así. \xrb no: \xrb iw \xrb on \qry Check whether this should be /no:hkón/. \ref 00406 \lxa tla:lxopo:nia \lxac tla:lxopo:nia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \sea to work the land \ssa trabajar la tierra \sem agriculture \syno xopo:nia \xrb tla:l \xrb xopo: \nse This entry needs to be checked; even though it was in the original corpus it has not been confirmed as a word. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <no>tlaxopo:nia</no> but not * <no>tla:lxopo:nia</no> ; see the transitive verb <nla>xopo:nia</nla>. \qry Check the correctness of this entry. Perhaps it is /tlaxopo:nia/ which perhaps since it always refers to land should receive a separate entry. \ref 00407 \lxa mesto:pi:hli \lxac mesto:pi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea (rare) thigh \ssa (raro) muslo \sem body \xrb mets \xrb to:pi:l \nse This term is rarely used, but has been noted once in speech (though it may be a borrowing from a neighboring village or region). \qry Check to see if this rarely used term refers to the thigh itself or to the thighbone, or even the lower leg, etc. \ref 00408 \lxa yekatla:ni \lxac kiyekatla:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to gain the lead on; to get to a destination before \ssa ganarle la delantera a; llegar a un destino antes de \pna O:te:chyekatla:n, yewa ma:s tlaksa ma:ka tewameh. \pea He got there (to a given point or destination) before us, he's faster than us. \psa Nos ganó a la meta, es más rápido que nosotros. \syno yekapanawiya \xrb yeka \xrb tla:ni \qry Check for applicative. Check correctness of -O:te:chyekatla:n, yewa ma:s tlaksa ma:ka tewameh/ the last part of which was added by me. \ref 00409 \lxa awiá:k \lxac awiá:k \lxo áwiá:k \lxop awia:k \lxoc áwiá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \seao to be fragrant or sweet-smelling (e.g., flowers, etc.); to be perfumed \ssao ser fragante o con un buen oler (p. ej., flores, etc.); estar perfumado \se to be flavorful (not bland, e.g., food with spices) \ss estar o ser sabroso; tener un buen sabor (p. ej., una comida tenerdimentada, que no está desabrida) \pna Xawiá:k, xnihkwa:sneki. \pea It is bland (doesn't taste good or doesn't smell good), I don't want to eat it. \psa Estádesabrida (no sabe bien o no huele bien), no lo quiero comer. \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \subadj tli:n iksitok: yetl, tlaxkahli, nakatl \subadj nana:ntsi:n \subadj xo:chitl \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Comparative evidence suggests that there is a coda {h} at the end of the first syllable. However, it also appears, semantically and in terms of the morphology of derivative forms, that the root {hya:}, which appears in many words that indicate smells, is also in this word. However, if it is the {h} of this root is lost. However, it might well be that there are words indicating smells of the form {root + ya:}. This would suggest that a better analysis of all these words would be {(i)h + ya:}, {xoh + ya:}, and, in the current case, {ahwi + ya:}. If this analysis is correct then perhaps <na>awiá:k</na> is one of the few that does not have a final /h/ in the root. \sj Check for position of {h}. \ref 00410 \lxa kweskomatl de munye:koh \lxac kweskomatl de munye:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>muñeco</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \sea type of grain storage bin made with coils of mud and straw \ssa tipo de troje hecha con manojos de zacate y adobe \syno tlásolkweskómatl \cfo kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \encyctmp granary; agriculture \ref 00411 \lxa a:pi:tsahli \lxac a:pi:tsahli \lxo a:pi:tsahli \lxoc a:pi:tsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao runny excrement; diarrea; the runs \ssao excremento aguado; diarrea; chorro \pna Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh, ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. \pea That steer has diarrea, runny excrement comes out. \psa Aquel novillo tiene diarrea, su excremento sale aguado. \qry Check for possessed form. \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \ref 00412 \lxa tenexkuwsa:watl \lxac tenexkuwsa:watl \lxt tenexkohsa:watl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of <nla>kuwsa:watl</nla> tree, still not identified \ssa tipo deárbol de los que se llaman <nla>kuwsa:watl</nla>, todavía no identificado \pna Tenexkuwsa:watl | Kwitlanextik itla:kayo, ixiwyo titila:wak. San para ika timopo:ktla:lili:s kwa:k yo:wa:k. San no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo, tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik. \pea <na>Tenexkuwsa:watl</na> : Its trunk is greyish, its leaves are thick. When it is dry it's just good for smoking the area around you. It's just like the <nla>kuwsa:watl</nla>, it also gets large fungus on its surface, the <nla>tekuhsa:wananakatl</nla>, it is tasty. \psa <na>Tenexkuwsa:watl</na> : Su tronco es algo gris, sus hojas son gruesas. Solamente sirve para que te eches humo cuando ya se secó. Es lo mismo que el <nla>kuwsa:watl</nla>, también se le salen hongos grandes, el <nla>tekuhsa:wananakatl</nla>, son sabrosos. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfo kohsa:watl \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \cpl This tree is considered a type of <na>kuhsa:watl</na>. Its wood is not good for anything except to produce smoke <na>deke timopo:ktla:lili:s</na>,"if you surround yourself with smoke"(in order to fend off biting insects). Note that neither Silvestre Pantaleón nor Inocencio Díaz were familiar with this tree. However, Asunción Marcelo of San Juan described it as a male variety of the /kuhsa:watl/ given that it does not flower. It is found around Zapotitlan. \nct kohtli; kohsa:watl \ref 00413 \lxa wepe:wi \lxac wepe:wi \lxo kope:wi \lxoc kope:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tewepe:wi</na> \infv class-3a(w) \seao to come loose; to become detached \ssao desprenderse \pna O:wepe:w ka:n o:nikpepechoka. \pea It came loose from where I had stuck it (or glued it) on. \psa Se desprendióde donde lo había pegado. \pna Wepe:wis un tetl iwa:n xiti:nis tekorrá:l. \pea That rock will come popping out (from its place in the wall) and the stone fence will tumble down. \psa Esa piedra se va a desprender (de su lugar donde está metido) y la cerca de piedra se va a derrumbar. \se to become uprooted \ss desarraigarse \pna Xtepacho un kohtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok! \pea Smash a rock against that stump to that it comes out (gets uprooted) there from where it's in the ground! \psa ¡Golpé a fuerte contra ese tocón para que se desarraigue de allá donde está metido en la tierra! \xrb wepe: \dis wepe:wi; kopi:ni \nse The difference between <na>wepe:wi</na> and <nla>kopi:ni</nla> is not altogether clear. <na>Kopi:ni</na> can refer to something coming out of a socket, and <na>wepe:wi</na> can refer to becoming uprooted. However, it seems that in general <na>wepe:wi</na> refers to things become loose from where they are attached, such as plaster coming off a wall, or a bandaid coming loose from the skin, whereas <n>kopi:ni</n> is used more to refer to things coming out of sockets or openings. \grm Pluperfect: Note the use of the pluscamperfect: /O:wepe:w ka:n o:nikpepechoka/ 'It came loose from where I had stuck it (or glued it) on.' This is the typical case of the pluperfect in which it references a state that is no longer found. In this case, by coming loose the state of being attached had come to an end. NOTE: it will be important to document all uses of this tense. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that the verb /kope:wi/ represents two phonological changes. The first is we>o. This is also found in other words such as /opa:wa/ for /wepa:wa/. The other is a 0>k insertation rule in word-initial position. This is found in /komitetl/ for /omitetl/. \ref 00414 \lxa i:xtlapachowa \lxac ki:xtlapachowa \lxo i:xtlapachowa \lxoc ki:xtlapachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \se to blindfold; to cover the eyes of \ss vendar; cubrir los ojos de \pna Newa nimi:xtlapachowa, ke:n ne:chi:xkwi:lia tla:wi:hli. \pea I cover my eyes, the light really makes it difficult for me to see. \psa Me tapo los ojos, la luz me quita la vista. \se to cuckhold; to fool by having a secret lover on \ss ponerle los cuernos a (un hombre o mujer al tener un amante en secreto) \seao (fig.) to cover the surface of \ssao (fig.) cubrir la superficie de \pna O:popoyo:t. O:ki:xtlapachoh to:naka:yo:tl. \pea It got rotten. It (a black rotten decay) covered the surface of the maize. \psa Su pudrió. Cubrió(la pudridumbre negra) la superficie del maíz. \xrb i:x \xrb tlapach \nse To refer to the action of covering the surface of an object, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) used <nlo>i:xtepoya</nlo>, reserving <no>i:xtlapachowa</no> for the act of blindfolding. \qry Check for other senses of /i:xtlapachowa/. \rt Relate /tlapach/ as a root to /pach/. \ref 00415 \lxa kwa:wawa:tsa \lxaa kwa:uwa:tsa \lxac kikwa:wawa:tsa \lxo kwá:wawá:tsa \lxoc kikwá:wawá:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ts) \seao (often in refl.) to dry the hair of \ssao (a menudo en refl.) secar el cabello de \xrb kwa: \xrb wa: \nae Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with <i>w-</i> initial words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with <i>h-</i> -final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening. \qry Check how etymologies have been recorded for -ki/-tsa words. An alternative form /-kwa:wawa:tsa/ also occurs. Note that I have only heard this reduplicated and in the transitive. Check for unreduplicated and intransitive forms. Although after Yale I had written /kikwa:wáwa:tsá/ during the first workshop this was corrected to /kikwá:wawá:tsa/. Recheck the Yale tape. \grmx Phonology: Note that the two words /kwa:uwatsa/ from Am and /kwá:wawátsa/ from Oa here illustrate well different patterns in reduplication of the two dialects.: Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with <i>w-</i> initial words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with <i>h-</i> -final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening. \ref 00416 \lxa tla:ltipan \lxac tla:ltipan \lxo tla:ltipan \lxoc tla:ltipan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \com N-N(rel) \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1(loc) \seao on the ground; on the floor; on the surface of the Earth \ssao sobre la tierra; sobre el piso o suelo \xrb tla:l \xrl -tipan \nae The plural of <na>tla:ltipan kristia:noh</na> is <na>tla:ltipan kristia:nos</na>. \qry Check for how /tla:ltipan/ can be used in context; do the same for /tla:ltipan kristia:noh/. Check coding for /ps field. \ref 00417 \lxa temonexe:wi \lxac temonexe:wi \lxo témonexé:wi \lxop temonexe:wi \lxoc témonexé:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao see <nla>monexe:wi</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>monexe:wi</nla> \xrb mohnex \sj temonexe:wi; determine the basis for the pitch-accent, which is apparently part of the sequence /monexe:wi/. Perhaps it comes from /moh/??? \qry Make sure that /temonexe:wi/ is synonymous with /monexe:wi/, with perhaps the /te-/ being an intensifier. \ref 00418 \lxa kwilowilia \lxac kikwilowilia \lxo 'ikwilowília \lxop ikwilowilia \lxoc kíkwilowília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to write (sth) for \ssao escribir (algo) para \pna Xne:xtlakwilowili, newa xniweli! \pea Write for me, I can't (write)! \psa ¡Escribe para mí, yo no puedo! \xrb hkwil \xvba kwilowa \ref 00419 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be tlato:tolopochka:n but was eliminated as the correct form seems to be /tla:lto:tolopochka:n/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00420 \lxa pestik \lxac pestik \lxo pestik \lxoc pestik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to be smooth (surfaces such as that of planed and sanded wood, ironed clothes, etc.); to be polished (e.g., ceramics) \ssao ser liso (superficies como la de madera cepillada y lijada, ropa planchada, etc.); ser pulido (p. ej., la cerámica) \pna Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik \pea The type of dress called <na>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</na> (i.e., a dress with a seam between two pieces of cloth haflway down) isn't smooth. \psa El tipo de falda llamada <na>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</na> (una falda que a la mitad tiene una costura entre dos pedazos de tela) no es lisa. \pna Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon. \pea He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair (lit., 'a smooth head').. \psa Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salióno estaba así, se fue con el cabello lacio (lit., 'con la cabeza lisa'). \se to be straight (e.g., furrows in a cornfield) \ss ser derecho (p. ej., surcos arados en un terreno) \pna Pepestik mosurkos. \pea Your furrows (of a field you plowed) are straight. \psa Tus surcos (de un terreno que trabajaste) se van derechitos. \se to be plain or simple (a pattern, such as that on a dress) \ss ser simple o liso (el diseño o los colores de una tela) \pna San pestik tlake:ntli. \pea The cloth is just plain (i.e., with no print or design). \psa La tela es simple (esto es, sin diseños ni una mezcla de colores). \sem texture \xrb pets \qry Check the meaning of 'straight' in regards to furrows. If /pestik/ has the meaning of 'straight,' determine what other objects it can be used to refer to. \grm Adjectives plural: /Pepestik surkos/ 'The furrows (of a plowed field) are straight.' Note the way in which reduplication works here. Apparently plural is marked by reduplication and not a suffix because they furrows are all within a covertly expressed unit, they are not individuated. \ref 00421 \lxa ma:temolo \lxac i:ma:temolo \lxo ma:temoloh \lxoc i:ma:temoloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se (unusual) elbow \ss (poco común) codo \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb temolo \cfa temolo \nse The etymology of this seldom used form is quite uncertain. Given the rarity of its use in Ameyaltepec, it might be a borrowing from another village. Also note the definition of <nla>temolo</nla>. \qry Given that /temolo/ refers to the flat part of a leg, recheck the definition of /ma:temolo/ (and /tsi:ntemolo/). Check for final /h/ in Ameyaltepec. Recheck Oapan final form and vowel length. \ref 00422 \lxa tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa \lxac tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa \lxo tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa \lxop tsi:ntlá:ka:lowa \lxoc tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-tla-V1 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \aff Irregular reduplication pattern (see below) \infv class-2b \pa yes \seao to walk slowly with ones legs very stiff and slightly spread apart \ssao caminar lentamente con las piernas muy tiesas y al mismo tiempo algo abiertas \pna San titsi:ntla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s. O:tisiaw. \pea You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open, you will go along feeling a burden on your legs. You got tired. \psa Nada más vas a ir caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas, vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas. Te cansaste. \syna tlaka:lowa \syno tlá:ka:lówa \xrb tsi:n \xrb ka:l \nae Oapan speakers during a literacy workshop rejected * <no>tsi:ntlaka:lowa</no> and would only accept the headword form, with a lengthened /a:/ and pitch-accent. The basis for this is not clear. The cognate form in Ameyaltepec appears to be <na>tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa</na> ; if this involves long vowel reduplication of <na>tlaka:lowa</na>, with an incorporated <n>tla-</n> prefix to the transitive verb <na>ka:lowa</na>. In Oapan the pitch-accent and vowel length pattern would seem to indicate an"underlying"form of {tla + kah + ka:lowa}. If this is the case then the two dialects, Ameyaltepec and Oapan, would manifest a different reduplication pattern. Ameyaltepec, as is clear from the surface form, shows long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> ; Oapan would show the reduced reduplication of the verbal root <n>ka:l</n>. Yet whereas the reduplicant of Ameyaltepec is bimoraic, that of Oapan is monomoraic. There is, however, evidence from other words that reduplication in the t wo dialects does vary in terms of stem vs. prefix. Thus in Ameyaltepec and Oapan the transitive verb <n>o:ya</n> means 'to shell maize (i.e., taking the kernels off the dried ear).' The unreduplicated form refers to carrying out this action with an <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> (or, in Oapan, <no>teo:lo:tl</no>). The reduplicated form refers to this action done with ones hands. However, whereas Ameyaltepec has <na>tlatlao:ya</na> (reduplication of the nonspecific object of the verbal root) Oapan has <no>tlaó:yá</no>, which involves reduced reduplication on a vowel-initial root (equivalente to {tla + oh + o:ya}). \qry During the workshop speakers corrected /tsi:ntla:ka:lowa/ to /tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa/ and rejected the form without pitch accent as correct. Recheck Yale tape. Note also that for Ameyaltepec I had two different entries, that have since been combined. One entry was for /tsi:ntlaka:lowa/ and the other for /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/. The second was that in the example sentence and therefore these two headwords have been combined to /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/. \vl Recheck Yale tape for length and p-a. \grm /tla-/ and indefinite null complement; valency descrease Note the form /tsi:ntlaka:lowa/. Apparently this involves the presence of the object prefix /tla-/ in non-initial position. However, here as in other similar cases it seems best to treat /tla-/ as a detransitivizing morpheme (an indefinite null complement) and the resultant form as an intransitive. Thus /tsi:ntlakalowa/ should not be considered as having /tla-/ in non-initial position but rather as having /tlaka:lowa/ as a new lexical item with an incorporated noun (/tsi:n/). \ref 00423 \lxa se: \lxac se: kone:tl \lxo se: \lxoa se:n \lxoc se: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Num-b \seao (~ [noun]) one [noun] \ssao (~ [sustantivo]) un(a) \pna Nihkwa:s se: tlaxkahli. \pea I'll eat one tortilla. \psa Voy a comer una tortilla. \seao (~ [verb]) one (of sth already mentioned in discourse) \ssao (~ [verbo]) uno (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso) \pno Se: nihneki. \peo I want one (of them). \pso Quiero uno (de ellos). \pna Miste:kwitlani, kwa:lti:tlani se: para tiá:s. \pea He sends word for you, he sends someone here so that you will go. \psa Te manda llamar, envía a alguien aquípara que te vayas. \seao (<n>san</n> ~) same; single \ssao (<n>san</n> ~) un solo; el mismo \pna San se: totlamachilis tikpian. \pea We have the same ideas (i.e., we are of one or a single mind). \psa Tenemos las mismas ideas (esto es, somos de un solo parecer). \seao (<na>san se: yewa</na> ; <no>san sé: yawá</no>) to be just the same (sin. <na>san no: yewa</na> ; <no>san nó: yawá</no>) \ssao (<na>san se: yewa</na> ; <no>san sé: yawá</no>) ser lo mismo (sin. <na>san no: yewa</na> ; <no>san nó: yawá</no>) \cfa se:meh \colao se: bi:dah \xrb se: \nse In composition the stem is <na>sen</na> : <nla>sempoliwi</nla>, <nla>sentetsi:n</nla>, etc. The phrase <na>se: bi:dah</na> meaning the afterlife might well be a shortened form of <na>o:kse: bi:dah</na>, although I have no documentation of the form with <na>o:kse:</na>. \qry Make sure that /san se: yewa/ and /san no: yewa/ are the same, i.e., synonyms, and that this is true for both dialects. \mod The /nae field in one numeral should have an explanation of the adjectival/attributive and pronominal use of numerals; hence their conflation in one entry (much as higher numerals are expressed in Websters). \grm Difference between /sa:/ and /san/. \ref 00424 \lxa xo:pantlah \lxaa xo:pantlan \lxap xo:pantlah \lxac xo:pantlah \lxo xo:pantlah \lxoc xo:pantlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlah \infn N1 \se summer; rainy season (from June to September, when things are green) \ss temporada de lluvias (de junio hasta septiembre, cuando todo es verde) \syna xo:pan \xrb xo: \xrl -pan \xrl -tlah \nae A few Ameyaltepec speakers pronounce <na>xo:pantlah</na> with a final /n/, though the final /h/ appears to be more common. Apparently as predicates <na>xo:pan</na> and <na>xo:pantlah</na> are synonyms (at least in Ameyaltepec), thoiugh in this function the latter is more common. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) <no>xo:pan</no> is not so used, as a predicate, but only attributively. It appears then, that when an attributive is needed <n>xo:pan</n> is more common (in fact it may be the only allowable form in Oapan). The question then is whether so used <n>xo:pan</n> should be fused orthographically to the head noun. Thus the choice is writing <na>xo:panotli</na> vs. <na>xo:pan otli</na>, and between <na>xo:panpo:cho:tl</na> and <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> ; see <nla>xo:pan otli</nla>. \ref 00425 \lxa sitli \lxac sitli \lxo sítlí \lxoc sítlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se hare, probably a species of white-sided jackrabbit, the <i>Lepus callotis</i> \ss liebre, probablemente la especie <i>Lepus callotis</i> \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb sih \nse Species name has been taken from Leopold (1959). \qry Check for possessed form. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 00426 \lxa ye:kchi:wa \lxo ye:hchi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \initial y-epenthesis \seao see <nla>e:kchi:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>e:hchi:wa</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>e:kchi:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>e:hchi:wa</nlo> (Oa) \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \nae An epenthetic /y/ is always inserted after the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> : <na>tlaye:kchi:wa</na>, which is used to indicate the general activity of making, preparing, fixing, etc. However, this word has been entered under <nla>ye:kchi:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ye:kchi:wa</nlo> (Oa) \vl Tag the Oapan tokens here with 5035. However, do not link them since the recordings actually made at 5035 are much better. \ref 00427 \lxa ma:kwitlapan \lxac ima:kwitlapan \lxo ma:kwitlapan \lxoa ma:kwitlapah \lxop ma:kwitlapan \lxoc i:ma:kwitlapah \dt 16/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-kwitlapan \seao back of the hand \ssao el revés de la mano \sem body \sem human \xrb ma: \xrl -kwitlapan \ref 00428 \lxa tlatski \lxac tlatski \lxo tlatski \lxoc tlatski \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-ki \seao to be lazy \ssao ser flojo \pna Titekipanowa:ni, xtitlatski. \pea You are a good worker, you are not lazy. \psa Eres un buen trabajador, no eres flojo. \pna Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. \pea Jesus that guy's a god-damn lazy bum! He never goes anywhere. \psa ¡Carajo, ese tipo es un pinche diablo flojo! Nunca va a ningún lado. \se to take a long time to come to fruit (<na>tla:ki</na>, e.g., beans, squash, watermelon) \ss tomar mucho tiempo en rendir (<na>tla:ki</na>, p. ej., frijoles, calabaza, sandía, etc.) \syna tlatsihki \xrb tlats \nse Beans that come to maturity late may be referred to as <na>tlatski yetl</na> ; those that come to fruit right away are called <na>kware:nte:nyoh</na>. \grm Participle: Note that verbs in /-iwi/ have a participial form without the"final"vowel. \ref 00429 \lxa tekitki \lxac tekitki \lxo tekitki \lxoc tekitki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seao to be hard-working \ssao ser trabajador \pna Tekitki katka! \pea He was hard-working, \psa Era trabajador. \xrb teki \dis tekitki, tekipanowa:ni, tekipanoke:tl \nae Although <n>tekitki</n> has the form of an agentive such as <nla>tio:pixki</nla> and could be translated as a modified noun ('hard worker'), it has been considered adjectival here. Since <n>tekitki</n> cannot be possessed or modified by a quantifier it has been considered an adjectival (though often used predicatively). \qry Check for possessive form and modifier by quantifier. \grm Agentive; adjectivals; compounds: Take care to differentiate between agentives and adjectival constructions based on participial formations with a final /-ki/ (e.g., molo:nki vs. kiki:ski). The adjectival form is perhaps less common than the nominal agentive. Also important is the question of compounding of an attributive adjective and a noun. For animates my information to date suggests that the participal precedes the noun: /toma:hka:tla:katl/, /kaxa:nka:sowatl/, etc. The participial form also precedes verbs that are the principal predicate: /ne:chkwala:nka:no:tsa/ 'he speaks to me in anger/angrily'. However, with inanimates the order is different. Thus one gets /a:molo:nki/, /chi:lposo:nki/ etc. for 'foul-smelling water,' 'boiled chile,' etc. All similar forms should be checked. Another thing to check is the difference between stative/resultatives in /-ki/ and those in /-tok/. Thus the difference between /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:ntok/. It does not appear that the difference is (or must be) one of stative vs.resultative. One way to distinguish between nouns and adjectives should be tests, such as the ability to be possessed (notio:pixka:w) and the ability to be numerically modified (o:me tio:pixka:meh). \ref 00430 \lxa we:wekatik \lxac we:wekatik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-adv \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tewe:wekatik</na> \sea to be far apart (stiches of sth sewn, rods placed to form the roof of a house) \ssa estar abierto (las puntadas a coser, varas colocadas para un techo) \pna Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik! \pea Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch! \psa ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta! \xrb wehka \nae The only documented use of <na>we:wekatik</na> was with long-vowel reduplication of the stem and it is not clear whether a nonreduplicated form ? <na>wekatik</na> would also be correct even though the predicate modifier <na>weka</na> is correct. \qry Note that the entry was formed on the basis of the example sentence /pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik/. It should be checked whether /wekatik/ by itself exists, whether it can occur with /te-/ without reduplication, etc. Since the meaning of /wekatik/ seems to indicate that the items are"far apart"it differs from /weka/, meaning simply"far away." \grm Adjectivals: Note that it will be important to have a large/long discussion of the way in which adjectives may be formed from other adjective/adverbs (i.e., modifiers): /a:yotik/, /wekatik/, we:itik?? \ref 00431 \lxa tlawe:lxa:yak \lxac i:tlawe:lxa:yak \lxo tlawe:lxa:yak \lxoc i:tlawe:lxa:yak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seao angry face \ssao cara de enojo \pna Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa. \pea He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work. \psa Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar. \xrb tlawe:l \xrb xa:yak \ref 00432 \lxa tewia \lxac kitewia \lxo tewia \lxof [te 'wi ya] \lxoc kitewia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao to gore (a bull [S] with its horns) \ssao cornear (un toro [S] con sus cuernos) \pna O:pe:w kitetewia kuwxiwtli. \pea It (in this case a young bull, playfully) has started to attack a <nba>kuhxiwtli</nba> shrub with its horns. \psa Empezó(en este caso un joven toro, al jugar) a atacar un arbusto con sus cuernos. \se to forcefully bang against (with a sudden and quick movement) \ss golpear con fuerza y repetinamente (con un movimiento rápido y directo) \pna Mitsa:ltetewitia:s pa:mpa kaxa:nki o:tsa:loh. \pea It will come along banging against you (in this case a sack one a beast of burden) because you tied it loosely. \psa Te va a venir golpeando (en este caso un costal sobre un animal de carga) porque lo dejaste flojo al atarlo. \xrb te \nse For Classical Nahuatl Molina glosses <n>teuia. nitla.</n> 'dar golpes con piedra, pisar con pison, o bruñir mantas, papel o cosa asi.' This is the meaning one would expect from the etymology, the nominal root <n>te</n> 'stone' plus the verbalizer <n>-wia</n> 'to act with [noun] on.' However, in Ameyaltepec and Oapan <na>tewia</na> is most commonly used to indicate the action in which a bull gores a person or animal, or attacks other objects with his horns. In Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan, the verb <na>tewia</na> is also used to indicate blows against a body part, which is incorporated. Thus one has, for example, <nla>ikxipi:ltewia</nla>, used reflexively to mean 'to stub ones toe.' In Oapan this meaning of <no>tewiya</no> is not found and it is not so employed with incorporated nouns. Rather <no>techakwania</no> is used for the same action, e.g., <nlo>ixipiltechakwa:nia</nlo>. \ref 00433 \lxa weyakilia \lxac kweyakilia \lxo weyakilia \lxoc kiweyakilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to lengthen (e.g., by pulling and streching sth) \ssao hacer más largo (p. ej., un laso que se estira) \se (refl.) to wind up stretch along the ground in an extended position (e.g., a person or animal who has died) \ss (refl.) quedarse en el suelo estirado a lo largo \pna O:noweyakilih ne:. O:mik. \pea It would up stretched out there on the ground. It died. \psa Se quedó estirado a lo largo allá por el suelo. Se murió. \se (recipr.) to stretch out in a line (e.g, people waiting for a popular movie) \ss (recipr.) alargarse en una cola (p. ej., gente esperando para entrar a ver una película popular) \pna Yo:noweyakilikeh, yo:miakiakeh. \pea They've stretched out in a long line, they've gotten to be quite numerous. \psa Se alargaron en una cola, ya se congregómucha gente. \xrb weya \ref 00434 \lxa n- \lxo n- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Pre-sub \se first person subject prefix (<i>I</i>) \ss prefijo de sujeto de primera persona (<i>yo</i>) \nse The prefix <n>n-</n> occurs before vowel-initial verb stems (its allomorph <n>ni-</n> may also occur in this context, but is less common) and before consonant-initial transitive verb stems with 3rd-person singular objects in the perfective and pluperfect (e.g., <n>o:ntek</n> for <n>o:niktek</n>, although the latter too occurs in more careful speech). Before predicate nouns and adjectives the personal prefix <na>ni-</na> is apparently commonly used before vowel-initial stems, e.g. <na>nia:tlakwintsi:n</na> instead of <na>na:tlakwintsi:n</na>, at times perhaps motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with the possessive (e.g., <na>na:tlakwintsi:n</na> 'my water boy.' Before consonant-initiatial predicates of any word class <n>ni-</n> is used: <n>nitisi</n> 'I grind corn' or <na>nisowa:tl</na> 'I am a woman.' In Ameyaltepec it is very common for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as <na>timits-</na>, although one does also hear <na>nimits-</na>. \ref 00435 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally for Oapan Nahuatl /ixipil komich/. However, this duplicates another entry, hence it has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the 4 tokens here as 6621, but do not link them. Rather use the 6621 tokens as links. \ref 00436 \lxa i:skixo:chitl \lxac i:skixo:chitl \lxo i:skixo:chitl \lxoc i:skixo:chitl \lxt kowi:skixo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of tree with large groups of white flowers, apparently <spn>cueramo</spn> in Spanish \ssao tipo deárbol con grandes grupos de flores blancas, aparentemente cueramo en el español regional \pna I:skixo:chitl | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, manse:rah de ara:doh, bwe:noh para kinxixi:nan masa:tsitsi:ntih To:nala:pan, bwe:noh para tlikohtli. \pea <na>I:skixo:chitl</na> : It is good for beams, for the handle of a plow, it is good for them to carve small figures of deer in Tonalapa, it is good for firewood. \psa <na>I:skixo:chitl</na> : Es bueno para morillos, para la mancera de los arados; es bueno para que hagan (de ello) venaditos tallados en Tonalapa, es bueno para leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb i:ski \xrb xo:chi \spk cueramo \cpl In northern Guerrero this is called"cueramo", an identification confirmed by many consultants in Ameyaltepec (Feb. 2001). cf. also Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Cueramo is not found in Schoenhals. The wood is good for"horcones."and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>cuéramo</spn>, a tree not in Schoenhals, and have a short initial vowel. Karttunen (1992) has a long vowel and mentions:"a tree that produces fragrant white flowers (Bourreria huanita) or any of a number of plants and trees that produce clusters of white flowers."In northern Guerrero this is called"cueramo"; cf. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. \nct kohtli \qry Note that in one entry I had /i:xkixo:chitl/. This is probably in error, but should be checked. I also have a long initial /i/ recorded here and in many entries, although in others I have a short vowel. This should be checked. \ref 00437 \lxa xi:hla:nkalaki \lxac xi:hla:nkalaki \lxo xi:hla:nkalaki \lxoc xi:hla:nkalaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to have ones belly or flank become sunken in (e.g., a person or animal that hasn't eaten well for a long time) \ssao sumirsele el vientre, costado o flanco a (p. ej., una persona o animal con bastante tiempo sin comer) \pna Xnakokwtok iti, xi:hla:nkalaktok. Xixwi, xtlakwa. \pea The belly (in this case of my ox) is not bulging, its flank is sunken in. It doesn't eat enough to get full, it doesn't eat. \psa La panza (en este caso de mi buey) no está combada, su costado está hundido. No se llena (de comer), no come. \xrb xi:lla:n \xrb kalak \vl See note under /xi:hlan/ \ref 00438 \lxa pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \lxac pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \lxo pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \lxoc pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:ntli \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(:) \seao moth \ssao palomilla o mariposa de la luz \seao term used generically for any very small flying insect not specifically named \ssao término utilizado genericamente para referirse a cualquier insecto que vuela que no tiene nombre propio \xrb pa:lo: \nse The diminutive <na>pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli</na> has been given a separate entry from <nla>pa:pa:lo:tl</nla> based on semantic considerations: it is used to denote small flying insects such as moths or other bugs and not small butterflies per se. In particular, it is used to refer to small unnamed insects that fly around things, such as those that get into corn, or which fly around lights at night. \mod Make sure that an account of pluralization of /tsi:n/ and /tsi:ntli/ nouns is in the grammar. \ref 00439 \lxa kalnepantlah \lxac kalnepantlah \lxo kalnepantlah \lxoc kalnepantlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \com N-N(rel) \der N-loc-1-nepantlah[poss] \seao in the middle of a house \ssao en medio de la casa \xrb kal \xrl -nepantlah \nse According to my Ameyaltepec notes, in <n>kalnepantlah</n> ; <nr>kal</nr> is in essence"plural"; the meaning of the compound is 'in the center of the houses' (i.e., the village) and not 'in the center of the house.' However, Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, only accepted <n>kalnepantlah</n> as meaning 'en medio de la casa,' referring to a specific house and not the houses of the village as a collective unit. This discrepancy should be clarified. \qry Recheck meaning: village plaza or single house. Also check for possibility of possessing, e.g., <na>kalnepantlah</na>, which might mean, 'in the center of my house.' \ref 00440 \lxa pipilixtik \lxac pipilixtik \lxo pípilíxtik \lxoc pípilíxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \pa yes-rdp \seao to be wrinked (e.g., the skin of an old person) \ssao estar arrugado (p. ej., la piel de una persona de edad avanzada) \seao to be shriveled (e.g., a fruit that has started to go bad) \ssao estar resecado (p. ej., una fruta como melón que empieza a pudrir) \pna Sa: pipilixtik nomeló:n. \pea My cantaloupe has been reduced to a shriveled-up fruit. \psa Mi melón quedóresecado nomás. \fla pipilichiwi \xrb pilich \nae Although the reduplication of the Oapan form has the potential to reduce, lengthening a preceding light syllable of a prefix, this seldom occurs given that <no>pípilíxtik</no> rarely takes a 1st- or 2nd-person prefix. Rather, when a person has wrinkled skin the point of the body at which this skin is wrinkled is often incorporated in"possessor raising"(e.g., <no>xa:yaká:pilíxtik</no>). It is for this reason that no specific example is given above of a reduced reduplicated form. \qry See query under /pipilichiwi/ re: presence of unreduplicated form. \ref 00441 \lxa Mo:ros Chi:nos \lxac Mo:ros Chi:nos \lxo Mo:rostih \lxoc Mo:rostih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Moros chinos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se religious dance in the past performed by young and adult men in Ameyaltepec (and perhaps other neighboring villages) \ss danza religiosa presentada anteriormente por hombres (jóvenes y adultos) en Ameyaltepec (y quizá otros pueblos circumvecinos) \sem dance \encyctmp dance \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Apparently there are two types of Moros, one is called /Mo:ros Chi:nos/ and the other /Re:yes Mo:ros/, at least this is what I have heard. The former uses teh /tsonkahli/. But the precise name of these dances should be checked. \ref 00442 \lxa kamachikipe:lowa \lxac kikamachikipe:lowa \lxo kamachikipe:lowa \lxoc kikamachikipe:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to pull or spread wide open the mouth of (a person or animal, e.g., a fish to take out <na>i:chichi:kaw</na>) \ssao abrirle mucho la boca a (una persona o animal, p. ej., un pez para quitarle <na>i:chichi:kaw</na>) \pna Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n. \pea Samson is pulling the lion's mouth wide open. \psa Sansón le está jalando la boca bien abierto al león. \xrb kama \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Cf. the possible relationship of /chiki/ as an intensifier to /chi:/. Cf. examples of both. However, perhaps /chiki/ is related to another root. Determine other uses of /chiki/ and /chi:/. \grm Word Order: /Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n/ A-V-O, note the word order in this phrase. \ref 00443 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been removed as a duplicate. \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 00444 \lxa oni \lxac koni \lxo oni \lxoc koni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \seao to drink \ssao beber \pna Nikoni:s se: refre:skoh. \pea I'm going to drink a soda. \psa Voy a beber un refresco. \pna Ma tikoni:kan. \pea Let's drink it (the Nahuatl equivalent of 'To your health!,' 'Cheers!,' etc.)! \psa ¡Vamos a beberlo! (en náhuatl equivalente a '¡Salud!', etc.) \pna Tlaoni:tok. \pea He is drinking (a liquid other than water or an alcoholic beverage). \psa Estábebiendo (un líquido que no sea agua o una bebida alcohólica). \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to absorb or soak up (a liquid by a porous material, such as certain paper [S]) \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) absorber o chupar (un líquido por algo espongoso o absorbente, como ciertos papeles [S]) \pna Kooni tlapahli, pochi:nki. \pea It absorbs paint (in this case an amate), it has a fuzzy surface. \psa Chupa pintura (en este caso un amate), su superficie es velluda. \xrb on- \xrb i: \xvcao oni:tia \xvcao oni:ltia \xvaa oni:lia \fla tlai \nse The verb <n>i</n> never appears without the directional prefix <nao>on-</nao> except in the lexicalized form <nlao>tlai</nlao>. With a specific object prefix the verb <nao>oni</nao> can refer to the act of imbibing any liquid at all: water, soda, beer, etc. However, when referring to the act of drinking an alcoholic beverage in general, the nonspecific prefix <n>tla-</n> is used without the directional prefix: <nlao>tlai</nlao>. For example, if someone says about another, <nao>o:pe:w tlai</nao> the meaning is 'he's started to drink' in the same sense as 'drink' would here have in English: to drink an alcoholic drink. Thus the following conversation could occur: A: <nao>Xkoni!</nao> B: <nao>Ka, xkaman nitlai!</nao> A: Drink it! B: No, I never drink! Or, often the impersonal passive <nao>tlai:lo</nao> is used to refer to the drinking that takes place during parties and fiestas; a coming wedding party may be referred to as <nao>Mo:stla tlai:lo:s</nao> 'There will be drinking tomorrow.' H owever, the <n>tla-</ n>prefix can be used with <nao>oni</nao>. In this case <nao>tlaoni</nao> also has a specific meaning in that it refers to drinking a non-alcoholic beverage. Moreover, given that the specific term <n>a:tli</n> exists to refer to drinking water, <nao>tlaoni</nao> seldom refers to drinking water. For example, after eating if one wants to take a drink of water from the water jug, one would say <nao>Ma na:tli</nao> and not ? <nao>Ma nitlaoni</nao>. \qry Determine difference, if any, between /oni:tia/ and /oni:ltia/. \ref 00445 \lxa chikna:wi \lxac chikna:wi \lxo chikna:wi \lxoc chikna:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Num \com S-Num \der N-b \seao nine (as numerical modifier) \ssao nueve (como modificador numérico) \seao nine (of them) \ssao nueve (de ellos) \xrb chik \xrb na:w \ref 00446 \lxa ayuyo:hli \lxac ayuyo:hli \lxo áyoyó:hli \lxop ayoyo:hli \lxoc áyoyó:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \seao squash seeds \ssao pepitas \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb yo:l \nse <na>A:yoyo:hli</na> is rarely used in Ameyaltepec; it is more common in San Juan although understood throughout the valley. Ameyaltepequeños generally use the Spanish loan <na>semi:yas</na>. \nct ayutli \qry Check difference between /a:yowextli/ and /a:yoyo:hli/; in general check for all types of squash. Check for possessive contruction, in Oapan particularly, where this term is more common. \ref 00447 \lxa xoya:wa \lxac kixoya:wa \lxo choya:wa \lxoc kichoya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to reduce the swelling of; to disinflame (e.g., an injury, severe bruise, etc.) \ssao desinflamar; deshinchar o aliviar (p. ej., la piel hinchada por cualquier razón) \se to make a dent in (a task or obligation); to lessen; to diminish (the quantity of sth, particularly sth that literally or figuratively can be piled up, like sth swollen) \ss aliviar (una obligación o tarea al terminar con una buena parte); reducir (la cantidad de algo, particularmente algo que puede ser, literal o figurativaamente amontonado, como algo hinchado) \pna O:nikxoya:w nosin. \pea I've diminished the amount of my dried corn on the cob (i.e., the amount I still have to shell). \psa Disminuíla cantidad de mi mazorca (que queda por desgranar). \pna Yo:pe:w nikxoya:wa, xok ma:s niweka:wis. \pea I've started to make a dent in it (in this case a task being undertaken), I won't be much longer. \psa Ya empecé a disminuirla (en este caso una tarea emprendida), ya no me tardo mucho. \pna Nikxoya:wtok, ye nitlantok tli:n nikchi:wa. \pea I'm lessening it, I'm finishing what I'm doing. \psa Lo estoy reduciendo, estoy terminando lo que estoy haciendo. \xrb xoya: \nse Classical Nahuatl has <n>xoyaui</n> referring to the darkening of wheat or, in its participial form <n>xoyauhqui</n> to something rancid. The relationship of this signification to the modern one in Balsas Nahuatl is not clear. \nae The alternation of /x/ and /ch/ in initial position in Oapan Nahuatl is not predictable in this case though such a change is not uncommon in certain phonological contexts. \nde Interestingly Classical Nahuatl shows an <i>i-</i> final intransitive: Molina has <n>xoyaui</n> 'añublarse el trigo o cosa semejante' (along with <n>xoyauhqui</n> 'cosa ranciosa'). In most cases of intransitive/transitive verbs with similar morphology there is no final vowel alternation (e.g., <n>tomaua</n>, with variation in inflectional patterns is both intransitive and transitive; * <n>tomaui</n> is not found in Classical). \grm Oapan phonology: Note the change ch-to=x in initial position. The motivation for this is not clear, although often in certain contexts (e.g., after the imperative /x-/) such an alternation is found. However, recheck this form (e.g., in reflexive /nochaya:wa/). \ref 00448 \lxa tsi:nkoltotsiwi \lxac tsi:nkoltotsiwi \lxo tsi:nkoltotsiwi \lxoc tsi:nkoltotsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to twist and turn ones rear end from pain (e.g., from cramps in ones intestines, from eating too much chile, etc.) \ssao retorcerse las nalgas por el dolor (p. ej., por tener calambres en los intestinos, por haber comido mucho chile, etc.) \pna O:titsi:nkoltotsiw pa:mpa o:tkwah chi:hli. \pea Your rear-end is twisting in pain because you ate chile. \psa Se te tuerce el trasero del dolor porque comiste chile. \xrb tsi:n \xrb koltots \ref 00449 \lxa kwalo:tla \lxac kikwalo:tla \lxo kwalo:tla \lxoc kikwalo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tla \infv class-4a \se to make ill (a disease [S] that affects a person or animal) \ss hacer enfermar (una enfermedad [S] que afecta a una persona o animal) \cfao kwalo \xrb kwa \xv1ao tlakwalo:tla \qry Check to make sure that this verb is not used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. recheck possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of ones family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household. Check validity of /kikwalo:tla/ and meaning difference with /tlakwalo:tla/ \grm Indefinite object deletion: Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/. The forms /kwalo:tla/ as a transitive verb and /tlakwalo:tla/ as a an example of indefinite object deletion. There is an interesting change in meaning. The transitive verb /kwalo:tla/ apparently refers to a disease that causes illness. Whether /-tla/ is used as a transitivizing element elsewhere is not clear, although obviously it does alternate with /-ti/ intransitive in forms such as /tlasohti/ and /tlasohtla/ (and these may be analyzed as denominal verbs, as would be /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ from the archaic /pa:/ for 'water'. Note, however, that in /kwalo:tla/ the /-tla/ is added onto a passive verb formation. The question of whether passives have /-tla/ is not clear, but I do not recall such a construction. So, then, there is first the problem of derivational morphology. Then there is the problem of meaning of the /tla-/ prefix. /tlakwalo:tla/ means 'to have a member of ones family ill.' This should be commented on in the grammar. However, in my original notes I stated that /kwalo:tla/ could not be used with a specific object prefix *kikwalo:tla. Thus the validity of the entry /kwalo:tla/ should be checked though it appears to be acceptable. \ref 00450 \lxa chi:chiwalpipixtik \lxac chi:chiwalpipixtik \lxo chi:chiwalpipixtik \lxoc chi:chiwalpipixtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have an udder that is rubbery and resistant \ss tener un ubre resistente, como hule \pna Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh. \pea The cow's udder is rubbery. It has a tough udder, it has a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. \psa La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Tiene el ubre duro, tiene un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. \sem body-descript \xrb chi:chi \xrb pich \ref 00451 \lxa tlanwepe:wa \lxac kitlanwepe:wa \lxo tlankope:wa \lxoc kitlankope:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to loosen the tooth of, making it fall out \ssao aflojarle el diente a, hasta que se caiga \pna O:ne:xtlanuwepe:w, o:ne:chkamawi:sok. \pea He knocked out several of my teeth, he hit me in the mouth. \psa Me tumbóvarios dientes, me golpeóla boca. \xrb tlan \xrb wepe: \nae Given the fact that the verbal root <no>kope:wa</no> is preceded by an incorporated noun with a light final syllable, the pluralized form in Oapan (plural of incorporated noun) would be <no>kitlá:nkopé:wa</no>. \nde The plural from Oapan would be <no>kitlá:nkopéwa</no>. \grm Reduplication; noun incorporation; number: /o:tlanuwepe:w/ 'several of his teeth fell out.' Note the use of reduplication of the verbal stem to indicate plurality within a single event/environment. In Oapan given the fact that the verbal root <no>kope:wa</no> is preceded by an incorporated noun with a light final syllable, the pluralized form in Oapan (plural of incorporated noun) would be <no>kitlá:nkopé:wa</no>. However, note that the plurality of the patient is manifested by verbal reduplication. Definitely quantity modification on the IN is reduced to simple singular vs. plural. But it will be important to note in the grammar in the section on NI that such reduced number modification is possible. \ref 00452 \lxa kwa:tenextli \lxac kwa:tenextli \lxo kwa:tenextli \lxoc kwa:tenextli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \sea ringworm (Oapan synonym: <nlo>kwa:tsónawátl</nlo> ; Ameyaltepec synonym <nla>kwa:tsonawatl</nla>) \ssa tiña (sinónimo de Oapan: <nlo>kwa:tsónawátl</nlo> ; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: <nla>kwa:tsonawatl</nla>) \pna O:kasik kwa:tenextli. Inakastlan tsotsoliwi, itson xi:ntiw. \pea He's gotten ringworm. The side (of his head) is getting some bald spots on it, his hair is falling out little by little (in a widening circle, as occurs with ringworm). \psa Se le pególa tiña. Se le está poniendo calvo el lado (de su cabeza), poco a poco se va cayendo su pelo (en un círculo más y más grande, como ocurre con la tiña). \seo dandruff (syn. <nlo>kwa:popolokatl</nlo>) \sso caspa (sin. <nlo>kwa:popolokatl</nlo>) \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb nex \nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <no>kwa:tenextli</no> only in the sense of 'dandruff' and as synonymous in this sense with <nlo>kwa:popolokatl</nlo>. For ringworm she gave <nlo>kwa:tsónawátl</nlo>. \qry Make sure that /kwa:tsonawatl/ and /kwa:tenextli/ are synonyms. Compare directly. \rt Here as elsewhere, the problem of etymology of /tenextli/, which obviously contains the root /nex/. The /te/ might be an intensifier or related to the root /te/ of /tetl/. Also, note here as in other cases the problem of determining whether the verbal /nexewi/, etc. is basic and the noun the result of a process of nominalization, or whether the noun root /nex/ is verbalized with /ewi/ or /iwi/. \ref 00453 \lxa so:lkuwatl \lxac so:lkuwatl \lxo so:lkowatl \lxoc so:lkowatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of snake, said to have wings and to fly \ss tipo de culebra, que se dice tiene alas y vuela \xrb so:l \xrb kowa \sem animal \sem sn \encyctmp snakes \nse A <n>çolcouatl</n> is mentioned in a primordial title published by Lockhart. The fact that the snake is said to have wings and fly is probably related to (or reflected in) the word's etymology: 'quail' + 'snake.' For speakers it appears that this type of snake is categorized with all others, without any suggestion that it might be a mythical or somehow"less real"creature. suggests flying, which is a characteristic of this snake (although in a language- or culturally-internal sense it is difficult to determine a means of distinguishing"real"from"mythical"creatures and events (e.g., <na>a:lamatsi:n</na>). \ref 00454 \lxa kukuwilia \lxo kokowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>tlakukuwilia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tla:kowilia</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>tlakukuwilia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tla:kowilia</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kowa \qry Qry from #282: Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also add a comment to this entry. \ref 00455 \lxa saka \lxac saka se: nixwi \lxo sayá: \lxoa sayá:n \lxoc sayá: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \seao (~ [noun] or [number]) just with [noun or number]; with nothing more than [noun or number] \ssao (~ [sustantivo] o [número]) solamente con [sustantivo o número]; con [sustantivo o número] nada más \pna Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin. \pea You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). \psa Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). \pna Saka se: nixwi. \pea I just get filled up with one (e.g., tortilla). \psa Me lleno nada más con uno (p. ej., tortilla). \seao (~ [verb]) just because [verb] \ssao (~ [verbo]) solamente porque \pna O:tisiahkeh pero saka xo:titlakwakeh. \pea We got tired, but it was just because we didn't eat. \psa Nos cansamos, pero solamente porque no comimos. \xrb san \xrl -ka \nse <na>Saka</na> is a function word that introduces subordinate clauses \nae As with several other words it is unclear whether the etymological analysis is based on the lexeme <nlao>san</nlao>, with loss of final /n/ in compounds, or on the lexeme <nlao>sa:</nlao>, with vowel shortening. The meaning of these compounds, such as <nla>saka</nla>, suggests an etymological derivation from <nao>san</nao> 'only.' For Oapan Nahuatl it is still uncertain what conditions (phonological, morphological, lexical/semantic) might motivate a final /n/ in words such as <no>sayá:n</no> and <no>ya</no> or <no>yan</no>. That it, it is still unclear whether or not the headword in this entry, <no>sayá:n</no> is a variant of <no>sayá</no> or not. It appeears that it might be, in which case the headword entry might well be <no>sayá</no> with the notation of an alternate form <no>sayá:n</no>. \qry Note and discuss difference between /sayá/ and /sayá:n/. \ref 00456 \lxa kalaktilia \lxac kikalaktilia \lxo kalahtilia \lxoc kikalahtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to stick or place into for (or in reference to; often a sexual pun) \ssao meterle a (o en referencia a; a menudo es un albúr sexual) \pna Nihkalaktili:s in kuchi:yoh. \pea I'm going to stick this knife into it. \psa Voy a meterle este cuchillo. \seao to score on (in a game that involves shooting a ball into a goal or net) \ssao anotarle a (en un juego, anotar un punto o gol en contra de) \pna O:mitskalaktilih! Xo:mitskokoh? \pea He put it into you (i.e., scored on you in basketball, though often said as a double entendre)! Did it hurt? \psa ¡Te lo metió(en este caso una canasta en el basquetbol, aunque a menudo dicho como albur)!¿No te dolió? \xrb kalak \xvba kalaki \nse Often the applicative <na>kalaktilia</na> is used as a sexual <na>albur</na>, thus 'I'm going to score on you' (e.g., in basketball) literally means, 'I'm going to stick it into you"(te lo voy a meter),' which can be taken as a sexual pun. However, the applicative <na>kalaktilia</na> is often used in a very direct, and vulgar, sense to refer to sexual intercourse and penetration by a male. \ref 00457 \lxa te:kwa:nyo:lki \lxac te:kwa:nyo:lki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \sea fierce, attacking animal (such as the <na>leó:n,</na> <nla>kuwpitso</nla>, and <na>lo:boh</na>) \ssa animal bravo que ataca (como el <na>leó:n,</na> <nla>kuwpitso</nla> y <na>lo:boh</na>) \xrb kwa \xrb yo:li \ref 00458 \lxa kwalo \lxac kwalo \lxo kwalo \lxoc kwalo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(pass) \seao to be sick or ill \ssao estar enfermo \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man xok kwalo, o:pat. \pea He used to be sick. Now he is no longer ill, he got better. \psa Antes estaba enfermo. Ahora ya no, se alivió. \seao to be giving birth (apparently a calque from the Spanish <spn>estar enferma</spn>) \ssao estar de parto (aparentemente un calco del español <spn>estar enferma</spn>) \pna O:pe:w kwalo isuwa:w. \pea His wife has started to give birth. \psa Su esposa empezó a dar a luz. \seao (<na>~ de me:stli</na>) to have ones period; to menstruate \ssao (<na>~ de me:stli</na>) bajar la regla (a una mujer); menstruar \pna O:kwalo:k de me:stli. \pea She had her period. \psa Le bajósu regla. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to be chronically ill or sick; to be sickly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar siempre algo enfermo; estar enfermizo \pna San kukwalo:tinemi. \pea He just goes around being sick. \psa Nada más anda todo el tiempo enfermo. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to get eaten by bugs (maize or other grains, or wood by termites) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picarse (maíz u otros granos, o la madera por la polilla) \pna O:kukwalo:k notlayo:l. \pea My maize got eaten by bugs. \psa Se picómi maíz. \pna A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s. \pea My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs. \psa Mi maíz ya está tratado. Le eché un remedio para que no se picara. \se (with long vowel reduplication, often preceded by <nao>me:dioh</nao>) to feel under the weather; to be sick on and off; to be up and down in health, not really sick but under the weather and then fine for a short period \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo con <nao>me:dioh</nao> antepuesto) estar algo enfermo, de vez en cuando \pna Xtlah kichi:wa a:mantsi:n, me:dioh kwa:kwalo. \pea He doesn't do much of anything now, he's sort of ill. \psa Estos días ya no hace mucho de nada, se siente algo mal. \pna Kwa:kwalo. \pea He is under the weather. \psa Anda medio enfermo (o mal). \xrb kwa \cfa kwalo:tla \nae <nao>Kwalo</nao> is one of the few examples of a lexicalized passive construction. It is clearly related to <n>kwa</n> a transitive verb meaning 'to eat,' as apparent from the meaning of the"passive" <nao>kwalo</nao> 'to be (bug-)eaten' or 'to be sick.' In Oapan short vowel reduplication of /kw/ does not reduce to /ku/ as in Ameyaltepec. Thus Ameyaltepec <na>kukwalo</na> is Oapan <no>kwákwaló</no>. \dis kwa:lo; kokoliskwi; kokolisyowa; kokoxka:ti \qry Check imperfect whether /kwaloa:ya/ or /kwalowa:ya/. Also, determine difference between /kwalo:tinemi/ and /kukwalo:tinemi/, etc. Check vowel length of /a/; passive would expectedly be ?/kwa:lo/. Check for p-a in Oapan form /kwákwaló/ and possibility of reduced reduplication. \ref 00459 \lxa iko:lah ko:lo:tl \lxac iko:lah ko:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon \ssa constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion está cerca del horizonte del sur \sem heavens \equiva okichko:lo:tl \equivo ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l \encyctmp stars \cfa okichko:lo:tl \ref 00460 \lxa pitsi:ni \lxac pitsi:ni \lxo pitsi:ni \lxoc pitsi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>tepitsi:ni</n> \infv class-3a \seao to have a slight crack or hole develop in the surface of (i.e., the hard surface of sth such as a gourd, an eggshell, etc.) \ssao rompersele a agrietarsele ligeramente la superficie a (en referencia a una superficie dura como la de un calabazo o el cascarón de un huevo) \pna O:tepitsi:n na:tekon. \pea My canteen (in this case of gourd) has gotten a light crack (or small pin-like opening) in it. \psa Se rompió(o se agujereó) ligeramente ni cantimplora (en este caso de calabazo). \sem distort-fissure \xrb pitsi: \subadj motsontekon deke yo:tlapa:n \subadj tso:tsokohli \subadj a:tekomatl \subadj to:toltetl \dis motsi:ni; pitsi:ni; tsaya:ni; tlapa:ni; siyo:toni, etc. \ref 00461 \lxa ma:xtlatl \lxac ma:xtlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea (rare) cotton pants (used of old) \ssa (raro) pantalones de manta (usadas antiguamente) \cfa ma:xtlatia \cfo a:ma:xtlatia \xrb ma:xtla \nae The word <na>ma:xtlatl</na> is no longer used, and is remembered by only a few old men in Ameyaltepec, who are unsure of its meaning. Luis Lucena gave me the possessed form <na>noma:xtlaw</na> but the "correct" form, according to don Martín de la Cruz, is <na>noma:xtli</na>, which is that which I have entered above. However, Cristino Flores also repeatedly used the possessed form <na>i:ma:xtlayo</na>. One speaker said that this word refers to the material that is wrapped around ones waist and legs; cf. <nla>ma:xtlatia</nla>. Another person said that it is a"calzón", the type of pants that men used to wear. \qry Recheck in Oapan. Also, not that while /maxtli/ and /maxaltik/ have short first vowels, /ma:xtlatl/ has a long /a:/. \ref 00462 \lxa maxak \lxac i:maxak \lxo maxak \lxoc i:maxak \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \seao inside of the thighs; crotch (just inside where the legs join the torso) \ssao entrepiernas (de una persona) \pna O:tsomo:n noma:xtlayo imaxak. \src Cristino Flores \pea The crotch of my cotton pants ripped. \psa Se rompióla parte entrepiernas de mis calzones. \seao inside the hind legs of an animal \ssao entre las patas traseras de un animal \sem body \xrb maxa \xrl -ko \qry Determine the precise location of /maxak/ with both humans and animals. \rt Obviously related to /maxV/ with a meaning related to bifurcation. Determine whether root should be give as /max/ or /maxa/. \ref 00463 \lxa ketsa \lxac kiketsa \lxo ketsa \lxoc kiketsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to fuck ([S] can be man or woman) \ss coger (a algn, sexualmente; [S] puede ser hombre o mujer) \pna Nite:ketsasneki. \pea I'm horny. \psa Tengo ganas de coger. \pna Nokestokeh. \pea They are fucking. \psa Están cogiendo. \xrb ketsa \cfa teketsa \grm Productivity /lo:ya:n/: Marcial Camilo told me the story of a man from Oapan (I forget his name) who when asked where he had been replied /te:ketsalo:ya:n/. I mention this here simply to note that the locative (deverbal) ending /-lo:ya:n/ is still productive in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 00464 \lxa a:ko:kopi:tsiwi \lxac a:ko:kopi:tsiwi \lxo a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi \lxop a:ko:kokopi:tsiwi \lxoc a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it \ss sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema \equiva ko:kopi:tsiwi \cfo a:kó:kokopitsíwi \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb pi:ts \pqry Of Oapan and Am form check for initial /a:/ and compare to other /a/-initial words. Check throughout for any changes to headwords. Recheck the vowel length of /i:/. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word originally recorded at 6436. These should be tagged as 464 and, moreover, two of these later recorded words should be chosen for the link. \ref 00465 \lxa techichikilxiw \lxac i:techichikilxiw \lxo téchichikílchiw \lxop techichilxiw \lxoc i:téchichikílchiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-xiw \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \pa yes-rdp \seao one who is drawn and haggard like [possessor] \ssao uno que es demacrado y enclenque como [poseedor] \pna Motechichikilxiw, ne:si no: kwalo. \pea He is drawn and haggard like you, it appears he is ill. \psa Es demacrado y enclenque como tú, parece que está enfermo. \xrb te- \xrb chikil \nae Although there is apparently no isolated nominal form ? <na>techichikihli</na> the <na>-xiw</na> construction is found, which basically signified 'for [S] to be [noun] like [Poss]'. The absence of a free-standing nominal form is not the case with other similar <na>-xiw</na> lexemes. \qry Check pitch-accent in Oapan form /téchichíkil/ and related forms. I am very inconsistent on this matter. I am also very inconsistent on whether or not the /te-/ intensifier morpheme can take the reduced reduplication that is typical of this dialect. I do have some examples with /techichil/, so these should be checked and forms without reduction should also be checked. It may be that this word is partially lexicalized, hence the reluctance (though not error) to reduce. \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note x>ch after l in /i::téchichikílchiw/. Apparently the same occurs after /x/ as in xcha:xa:wawili. Check all phonological contexts that motivate this sound change. \ref 00466 \lxa tlakotipan \lxac tlakotipan \lxo tlákotípan \lxop tlakotipan \lxoc tlákotípan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao half (of sth previously mentioned in the discourse or obvious from context) \ssao mitad (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso u obvio del contexto) \pna Tlakotipan xkoni! \pea Drink half! \psa ¡Bebe la mitad! \pna Xiksepowa un kuwtli, san tlakotipantsi:n xtsonteki, ma kwelpachiwi! \pea Chop through (the branches of) that tree, just cut halfway through, let them (the branches) fold over! \psa ¡Córtale (las ramas de) a eseárbol, córtale a la mitad nada más para que se puedan doblar! \pna Ma tihkoto:natin notla:l! Nikte:maka tlakotipan. \pea Let's go divide up my land! I am giving a part of it to someone. \psa ¡Vamos a ir a dividir mi parcela! Voy a darle una parte a alguien. \xrb tlahko \dis tlako; tlakotipan \nae The form <na>tlakotipan</na> is not used in an attributive, adjectival sense. For this <na>tlako</na> is used before an unpossessed or possessed noun, <na>tlako otli tinemi</na> 'We are halfway there.' \qry The difference between /tlako/ and /tlakotipan/ is not clear. Check to see whether both can be nouns. \ref 00467 \lxa po:poxowa \lxac kipo:poxowa \lxo popoxowa \lxoc nopopoxowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \seao to push into and roll around (on the ground) \ssao revolcar (sobre la tierra) \pna O:kipo:poxokeh ipan tla:hli. \pea They pushed him and rolled him around on the ground (for example, every time he tried to get up they pushed him right back down). \psa Lo revolcaron sobre la tierra (p. ej., cada vez que intentó incorporarse, lo empujaron hacia el suelo). \seao (refl.) to wallow or nestle around (such as a pig settling down in mud, or a hen creating a small depression in the soft earth in which to rest) \ssao (refl.) revolcarse o acurrucarse (como un marrano al acomodarse en el lodo, o una gallina que escarba una pequeña depresión en la tierra en que descansar) \pna O:nopo:poxoh un pito itik sokitl. \pea The pig wallowed around in the mud. \psa Se revolcó ese marrano en el lodo. \pna Yo:pe:w nopo:poxowa mópio. \pea Your hen has started to nestle itself into the ground (moving its lower body back and forth to accommodate itself). \psa Tu gallina ya empezó a acurrucarse (meneándose la parte inferior del cuerpo de un lado a otro para acomodarse). \flr pox \xrb pox \qry Check for other uses and cf. to Classical. RS gives the reflexive as 'labrar la tierra por segunda vez, arrejacar' and the transitive as 'cavar, trabajar la tierra.' Note that the meaning of this root is discussed in the root dictionary. Check accent in /mópio/. \pqry Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. \ref 00468 \lxa awayo:tia \lxac kawayo:tia \lxo áwayó:tia \lxop awayo:tia \lxoc káwayó:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:wa/yo:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to cover, fill, or cause to become covered with prickles (e.g., a person who might hit a plant with prickles, causing them to fly off and get on another person) \ssao hacer cubrir o llenar con aguates (p. ej., una persona a otra cuando la primera le tira a una planta con aguates) \xrb ahwa \qry Note that I originally had Am /Yo:ne:cha:wayo:tih, o:nitleko:k i:pan a:waxokotl/ 'It filled me with prickles, I climbed up an <na>a:waxokotl</na> tree.' but Cristino Floresstated that the subject of this verb is a person. \qry Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/. \vl Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/. \ref 00469 \lxa kichi:was \lxac kichi:was \lxo kichi:was \lxoc kichi:was \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \seao perhaps; possibly; there's a good chance that; just perhaps; just in case (in reference to the possibility that the predicate expression that follows might occur) \ssao a lo mejor; quizá; es posible; en caso de que (en referencia a la posibilidad de que el predicado que sigue no se lleve a cabo) \pna Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis. \pea Don't toss in any more (in this case beans in a pot)! They'll probably go bad and get wasted (from being left over). \psa ¡No le vayas a poner más (en este caso frijoles a cocinar)! A lo mejor se va a echarse a perder (al no comerse luego). \pna Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s \pea It fine right where it's being kept (in this case a strap being requested in loan), (if I gave it to you) you might well snap it on me. \psa Estámuy bien donde está guardado (en este caso algo como un tirante de cuero pedido prestado), (si te lo de) a lo mejor me lo vayas a reventar. \pna Kichi:was tine:chma:was. Xnikwalo:sneki. \pea You might well infect me. I don't want to get sick. \psa A lo mejor me vas a contagiar. No quiero enfermarme. \pna Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patiotsi:n, xkaxi:ti, dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s. \pea Here it is (in this case money to buy sth in market), in case it is more expensive make up the difference and I will pay you back here (later). \psa Aquí está (en este caso para un encargo), en caso de que salga más caro, complétale lo que falta y aquí(de vuelta) te pago la diferencia. \pna Kichi:was niá:s. \pea I just might go. \psa Puede ser que (a lo mejor) vaya. \pna Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall. \psa No voy a ir corriendo. Voy a ir despacio, no vaya a ser que me tropiece. \xrb chi:wa \cfa chi:wa \nse The transitive verb <na>chi:wa</na> in the 3rd-person singular future with a 3rd-person object is used in a modal function to express speakers expectation, but lack of certainty, that a given event will take place. Given this uncertainty <n>kichi:was</n> is often used after an admonitive-like phrase. Thus, for example, one might say, <na>xtlakwate:wa, kichi:was ta:pismikis</na> 'Eat before you leave! you might just get hungry (otherwise)! \ref 00470 \lxa tlikonexyowa \lxac tlikonexyowa \lxo tlikonexyowa \lxoc tlikonexyowa \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \se to get covered with ashes (e.g., a chick that rubs itself into ashes) \ss cubrirse de ceniza (p. ej., un pollito que se frota en la ceniza) \pna O:tlikonexyowak, o:wetsiko tliko. \pea It got covered with ashes, it fell into the hearth. \psa Se cubrióde ceniza, se cayó al hogar. \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrl -ko \ref 00471 \lxa kwiste:wa \lxaa kwite:wa \lxac kikwiste:wa \lxo koste:wa \lxoa kote:wa \lxoc kikoste:wa \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \inc V2-asp \der Asp \infv class-3a(w) \seao to lift up (off a surface such as the ground, a table, etc.) \ssao levantar (de una superficie como el suelo, una mesa, etc.) \pna Xkinkwiste:wa un pla:tos! \pea Pick up the plates (i.e., 'clear the table')! \psa ¡Levanta los platos (esto es, la mesa)! \seao to raise up in the air (sth from a non-upright position to an upright one) \ssao levantar en el aire (algo que no estaba en una posición vertical) \pna O:kikwiste:w yeyekatl. \pea The wind picked it up in the air. \psa El viento lo levantó. \seao to stand upright (e.g., cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth and are cleared of earth and then uprighted by an agricultural worker; see <nla>tlakwiste:wa</nla>) \ssao colocar de pie (p. ej., plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas al ararse la tierra; un trabajador sacude las plantas de tierra y después las coloca en posición vertical) \pna Kikwiste:wa mi:hli wa:n yetl. \pea He (clears the earth off and) uprights the corn and beans (following behind the plow as it goes over a field and uprighting plants that have been covered by earth or stones). \psa Endereza la milpa y los frijoles (siguiendo la yunta por la milpa y sacándoles tierra y piedras a las plantas para enderezarlas otra vez). \pna Nikonkwi:kwiste:was nomi:ltsitsi:wa:n. \pea I will go and upright my corn plants here and there (where they have been knocked down and covered by earth thrown by the plow). \psa Voy a ir a enderezar algunas de mis plantitas de maíz que han sido tapadas (por la tierra echada por el arado). \seao (refl.) to stand up (from a lying down position) \ssao (refl.) incorporarse; pararse (de una posición acostada) \pna Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa. \pea It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him. \psa Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo. \se (refl.) to awaken \ss (refl.) despertar \pna Kikwalka:nwia. saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. \pea He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away (early in the morning) and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). \psa Le llega desde una hora temprana. se levanta temprano (en la mañana) y termina temprano (, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). \se (refl.) to recover (from an illness) \ss (refl.) recuperar (de una enfermedad) \pna Kinekis nesawahli, xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w. \pea It (a herbal remedy, in order to work) needs a person who is fasting. Undertake a fast so that the member of your household who is ill will recover! \psa Necesita (un remedio, para que surta efectos) una persona en ayunas.¡Ponte en ayunas para que se recupere el miembro de tu familia que está enfermo. \se (~ <nao>a:ktah</nao>) to draw up a legal document or certification \ss (~ <nao>a:ktah</nao>) levantar un acta o documento legal \pna Nokwiste:was a:ktah. \pea A certifying document act will be drawn up. \psa Se va a levantar un acta. \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \xvaa kwiste:wilia \xv1a tlakwiste:wa \xv1o tlakoste:wa \nse The verb form <na>kwiste:wa</na> is apparently identical or nearly identical in meaning to <nla>kwiste:wa</nla> and both seem about equally common. In reference to drawing up an act, <na>kwiste:wa</na> may refer to a document drawn up at the end of a meeting, or to a birth certificate, a legal agreement, etc. The use of <na>kwiste:wa</na> in this sense is probably a calque from the Spanish"levantar un acta." \nae This term has been lexicalized and, in Oapan, has been documented with a following <no>-te:wa</no>, e.g., <no>nokote:hte:wa</no> 'he rises up and leaves.' \grm Auxiliary; aspectuals; ti-ligature The term /kote:wa/ has been lexicalized and, in Oapan, has been documented with a following <no>-te:wa</no>, e.g., <no>nokote:hte:wa</no> 'he rises up and leaves.' \ref 00472 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pro:weh \lxoc pro:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pobre \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seo to be poor \sso ser o estar pobre \equiva pro:beh \vl The diminutive /pró:wetsí:n/ from 5432 should be tagged with 472. It should not be linked, however. \ref 00473 \lxa cha:neka:w \lxac cha:neka:w \lxo chá:neká:w \lxoa chá:niká:w \lxop cha:neka:w \lxoc i:chá:neká:w \dt 03/May/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N2 \seao see <nlao>cha:neh</nlao> \ssao véase <nlao>cha:neh</nlao> \xrb cha:n \nse This word, at least in Ameyaltepec, it used to indicate a spouse, of either partner. \ref 00474 \lxa tekiti \lxac tekiti \lxo tekiti \lxoc tekiti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \seao to work (in the most general sense) \ssao trabajar (en el sentido más general) \pna Timote:ne:wa ika wel titekiti. \pea You are known to be a good worker. \psa Se te conoce como un buen trabajador. \pna San tekiti kwa:k kineki, xtlah kipolowa. \pea He only works when he wants to, he isn't lacking anything. \psa Solamente trabaja cuando quiera, no le hace falta nada. \xrb teki \dis tekiti; tekipanowa; tekichi:wa \ref 00475 \lxa kokokihli \lxac kokokihli \lxo kó:kihlí \lxoa kó:ihlí \lxoc kó:kihlí \lxt kokokihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com ST-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-rdp \se type of edible plant, in Spanish known as <spn>huazontle</spn>, that is grown in huertas \ss tipo de planta comestible que se cultiva en huertas (huazontle) \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb koko \xrb kil \nae The etymology of this term is unclear. In Ameyaltepec underlying {h} is lost word internally, thus one would not expect underlying {kohko-} to show up except as <na>koko-</na>. The Oapan Nahuatl term, however, suggests an initial underlying sequence of {kohko-} as the motivation for the pitch-accent noted. Nevertheless, preliminary indications (which should be checked) indicate that San Juan Tetelcingo (which retains underlying {h} in its surface forms, e.g., <nt>tahtle</nt> 'father') does not have an <i>h-</i> final initial syllable. Thus the underlying form of the first two syllables might be either {kohko} or {koko}. In Oapan the long /o:/ in the first syllable seems to be the obvious result of a <i>k-</i> deletion rule resulting in an /oo/ sequence that reduces to /o:/. But still, the source of the pitch-accent is not clear. Finally, note that in this latter village the form <no>kó:ihlí</no> seems to be somewhat more common than <no>kó:kihlí</no>, but both are used. \cpl RS gives <na>cocoquilitl</na> as"ajedrea, mostacilla silvestre."There is no such plant listed in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>huazontle</spn>. FK identifies it as Chenopodium bonus henricus, Chenopodium nuttalli. \nct xiwtli \qry Recheck vowel length. OK: Correct long for Oa. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \sj kokokihli; check for /h/ in reduplicant. Perhaps the /h/ is at /kokohkihli/. Check. \ref 00476 \lxa si:sikwiltik \lxac si:sikwiltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea striped \ssa rayado, meco \sea spotted; having polk-a-dots \ssa salpicado de color; pinto \sem color-pattern \syna tesi:sikwil \xrb sikwil \subadj sa:ndiah \subadj a:yotli \subadj bese:rroh \nse The etymology of <na>si:sikwiltik</na> its meaning in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl are still obscure. Molina has a series of words containing <n>cicicuil</n> and all relate to extreme thinness, e.g., <n>cicicuiliui. ni.</n> 'pararse flaco y seco.' The relationship to the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl acceptation, if there is one, is not clear. Cristino Flores translated this as"rayado."However, according to Inocencio Díaz this word is used to refer to cattle that is <spn>pinto</spn>. A boa constrictor is also called <nlo>si:sikwiltik</nlo> in reference to the pattern of its skin. \nae This word is often found with an initial /te/: <na>tesisikwiltik</na>. \qry Check this entry as it was recorded on a file card with no example of use. \ref 00477 \lxa tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl \lxac i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo \lxo tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl \lxoc i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao shedded skin (e.g., of a snake, lizard, etc.) \ssao piel mudado (p. ej., de una serpiente, lagartija, etc.) \pna Xkonta itlaxi:kopi:nahlo. \pea Look over there at its shedded skin. \psa Ve allá su piel mudada. \synao tlaxi:kopi:nahli \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \nse Both <nao>tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl</nao> and <na>tlaxi:kopi:nahli</na> are documented in the fieldwork corpus, with identical meanings. Both are usually, though not obligatorily, possessed. Animals that to date have been documented to have <nao>i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo</nao> are snakes and grasshoppers. \cpl Animals that to date have been documented to have <na>itlaxi:kopi:nahlo</na> are snakes and grasshoppers. \ref 00478 \lxa xiwi:teki \lxac kixiwi:teki \lxo xihwi:teki \lxoc kixihwi:teki \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut down weeds for (with a machete, e. g., to use in things such as thatching) \ss cortar maleza para (con un machete, p. ej., para usar como en un techo) \sem agriculture \xrb xiw \xrb wi:teki \nse At least in Ameyaltepec, this verb is most often used with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>. \nae As no example of this verb in context was obtained, it is not clear what the grammatical object would refer to. This should be clarified. \qry Check. Also check length of /i/. It might be that this word does not come from /xiw-tli/ plus /wi:teki/ but rather from /xiwi/ plus /teki/. If I remember correctly Oapan speakers contrasted this form with /kixiwi:teki/ 'he beats him/her on the legs.' Check. Recheck Am form that it is not /xihwi:teki/. \ref 00479 \lxa tlapestika:n \lxac tlapestika:n \lxo tlapestika:n \lxoc tlapestika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N-tla) \se area or place that is smooth \ss área o lugar que es plano (y algo liso) \pna Sa: tlapestika:n u:nkah nocha:n, kwaltsi:n o:nitlai:xman. \pea (The interior floor of) my house has gotten flat, I smoothed things out nicely. \psa (El piso interior de) mi casa quedóplano, allanébien la superficie. \xrb pets \xrl -ka:n \ref 00480 \lxa i:xiwintia \lxac ki:xiwintia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to make dizzy; to make the head of spin \ssa marear; hacer sentir mareos a; hacer girar la cabeza a \syno kwa:i:xiwintia \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. \ref 00481 \lxa selia \lxac kiselia \lxo selia \lxoc kiselia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to receive or accept (a gift) \ssao recibir; aceptar (un regalo) \seao to admit; to accept (sb as a guest in ones house, a person as a worker in ones group, etc.) \ssao admitir; aceptar; recibir (algn como huéspeded en la casa, algn como trabajador en un grupo, etc.) \xrb seli \xvaa selilia \ref 00482 \lxa i:xakukwi \lxac ni:xakukwi \lxo í:xakókwi \lxop i:xakokwi \lxoc ní:xakókwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-b[refl] \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \seao (refl.) to rise (bread or other similar items); to puff up (a tortilla) \ssao (refl.) leventarse (pan u otras substancias similares); alzarse o inflarse (la cara de la tortilla) \pna Ni:xakukwi motlaxkal. \pea Your tortillas puff up (as they cook on the griddle). \psa Se alzan tus tortillas (al cocerse sobre el comal). \cfao a:posa:wa \xrb i:x \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \subadj tlaxkahli kwa:k iksi \qry Check to see if only used in reflexive or if it can take an object (definite or indefinite). Cf. to /a:posa:wa:/. Also \vl Check to make sure first vowel, /a/, is short. \ref 00483 \lxa so:ya:tl \lxac so:ya:tl \lxo so:ya:tl \lxoc so:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao palm tree \ssao árbol de palma \se palm leaves (i.e., the dried palm leaves used for tying bundles, or for roofing, etc.) \ss hojas de palma (esto es, las hojas secas que se usan para amarrar, o para techar, etc.) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp so:ya:tl; make a study of the way that this is used, etc. \xrb so:ya: \nse During Holy Week palm is woven into several shapes. The following have been documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (no comparable list has yet been obtained from Oapan): <nla>kakalakatsi:n</nla> 'that makes a rattle' or 'que hace cascabeleo,' <nla>i:kamak kowatl</nla> 'serpent's mouth' or 'boca de serpiente,' <nla>i:kwech kowatl</nla> 'rattle of a rattlesnake' or 'cascabel de serpiente,' <nla>kanasti:tah</nla> 'little basket' or 'canastita,' <nla>i:kal chi:lpan</nla> 'wasp's nest' or 'panal de avispas,' and <nla>kokoloxtik</nla> 'curly' or 'chino.' \qry Check for /-yo/ possession: e.g., /i:so:ya:yo/. \cpl Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give one member of the <i>Palmae</i> family: <i>Brahea dulcis</i>, in Spanish called <spn>soyatl</spn> or <spn>palma maxclera</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) lists many types of palm. The <i>Brahea dulcis</i> is listed under <spn>palma de sombrero</spn> with the following comments:"'[type of] palmetto.' Bears yellow, cherry-size, edible fruit. The fronds are the raw material of the hat industry among the Mixtecs and are also used for brooms. Also called palma dulce, soyale, zoyate."Given that the villages to the east of the valley (Totolcintla particularly) weave palm for the hat industry in Chilapa, it would appear that the palm of the region is <i>Brahea dulcis</i>. However, it is not clear whether there are other types. Also, it appears that <na>so:ya:tl</na> refers to palm in general and perhaps various genera and species of trees. \nct so:ya:tl \ref 00484 \lxa chikiwtli \lxac chikiwtli \lxo chikihtli \lxoc chikihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se generic name for woven handleless baskets \ss nombre genérico para canastas sin astas \xrb chikiw \encyctmp chikiwtli \mod Add texts descriptions of how baskets are made, types of baskets, etc. \ref 00485 \lxa tla:lte:milia \lxac kitla:lte:milia \lxo tla:lte:milia \lxoc kitla:lte:milia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to get dirt or earth on (sth belonging) to \ssao echarle tierra a (algo) de \pna Ma:ka xne:chtla:ltemili nopla:toh! \pea Don't get dirt on my plate (e.g., in shoveling, be careful that dirt does not fly over where I am eating)! \psa ¡No me vayas a echar tierra sobre mi plato (p. ej., al estar excavando, teniendo cuidado que la tierra no vaya a caer sobre mi plato)! \xrb tla:l \xrb te:m \xvba tla:lte:mia \ref 00486 \lxa tlatlanilia \lxac kitlatlanilia \lxo tlátlanília \lxop tlatlanilia \lxoc kí:tlanília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>mí:stlanília</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to make a request of (sb) for (particularly for objects [SO] that are lent or given such as a plow animal or beast of burden, a monetary loan or gift, alms for the church, etc.) \ssao pedir a (algn, particularmente por objetos [OS] que se prestan o se regalan tales como un animal de carga o uno para trabajar la tierra, donaciones como las que se le dan a la iglesia, etc.) \pna Ne:chtlatlanilia notlayo:l. \pea He is asking to borrow maize from me. \psa Me está pidiendo maíz en préstamo. \pna Ne:xtlatlanilia noi:joh para iwa:n tekitis. \pea He asks me to lend him my son to work with him. \psa Me pide me hijo para que pueda trabajar conél. \se to request of (a daughter [SO]) in marriage (see <nla>tlai:tlani</nla>) \ss pedirle (su hija [OS]) en matrimonio a (vé ase <nla>tlai:tlani</nla>) \pna Kitlatlanili:skeh ichpo:ch. \pea They will ask him for his daughter's hand in marriage. \psa Le van a pedir a su hija en matrimonio. \pno Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis. \peo I ask him (in this case of a saint, in leaving an offering in the church) to give him health (an ill member of the family). \pso Le pido (en este caso a un santo al dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia) que le de fuerza (a un familiar enfermo). \fla tlatlani \xrb htlani \xvba tlatlani \qry Check translation of Oa /Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis/ 'I ask him (in this case of a saint, in leaving an offering in the church) to give him health (an ill member of the family).' \mod Make sure link in /xvb field is to /tlatlani/ as a transitive verb. \ref 00487 \lxa metsa:kayo \lxac i:metsa:kayo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \sea thigh bone \ssa hueso del muslo \sem body \equivo metskomiteyo \xrb mets \xrb a:ka \nse According to don Martín de la Curz, the term <na>metsa:kayo</na> refers to the part of the leg below the knee and above the ankle. However, Luis Lucena, who appeared somewhat unsure, stated that this word refers to the thigh bone. This word seems to be rarely used, and this might affect the \qry Determine precise meaning (which might not be possible if this word is rarely used). \ref 00488 \lxa kwa:pasol \lxac kwa:pasol \lxo kwá:pasól \lxop kwa:pasol \lxoc kwá:pasól \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nla>kwa:tepasol</nla> \pa yes \seao see <nla>kwa:tepasol</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>kwa:tepasol</nla> \xrb pahsol \ref 00489 \lxa tili:nia \lxac kitili:nia \lxo tili:nia \lxoc kitili:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \infv class-2a \seao to tighten (a bag by stuffing it, a screw by turning it all the way in, a post by packing earth around it, a knot by pulling it, etc.) \ssao apretar (un costal al atestarlo, un tornillo al meterlo lo más que se pueda, un poste al macizar la tierra a su alrededor, un nudo al jalarlo, etc.) \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih. Xtili:ni moma! Nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <spn>taravía</spn> used to make cord). Hold your arm tight! It (the rope) has begun to twist up here, the threads are no longer laying nice and flat (on each other), in various places they're getting wound up around each other. \psa Dejaste aflojar el brazo.¡Apriétalo! Aquíya empezó(la soga) a torcer, ya no se asientan bien (planos) los hilos, en algunos lugares ya se van enroscando. \pna Xtili:ni un komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis! \pea Tighten up that <spn>horcón</spn> (by packing earth and stones around it) so that it doesn't fall over! \psa ¡Apreta a ese horcón (al meter tierra y piedras a su alrededor) para que no se caiga! \xrb tili: \qry Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. \ref 00490 \lxa ne:ntlamati \lxac ne:ntlamati \lxo ne:ntlamati \lxoc ne:ntlamati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \seao to be distressed; to be worried \ssao estar angustiado; estar preocupado \pna Nine:ntlamati. O:kelna:mik pero xnikmati deke wel nikchi:was. \pea I am distressed. He remembered it (e.g., sth I was to do) but I don't know if I can do it. \psa Estoy angustiado. El se acordó(p. ej., de algo que debía yo hacer) pero no sési lo puedo hacer. \xrb ne:n \xrb mati \dis te:mati; ne:ntlamati \nse The precise meaning of <na>ne:ntlamati</na> needs to be further investigated. One short comment in my original notes reported a consultant's gloss for <nao>nine:ntlamati</nao> as 'mis pensamientos están allá,' apparently with the sense of worrying about an event that is taking place. Molina gives <n>nentlamati. ni.</n> 'estar descontento y afligido, o hazer lo que es ensíen algún negocio.' Other derivations refer to 'angustia, descontento, aflicción, etc.' \qry Get further examples of texts. \ref 00491 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /tlakiki:tskilia/ but has been removed as vulgar. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \mod Apparently this verb, with a lexicalized nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n>, can occur with either short or long vowel reduplication. Thus in my original notes I had the phrase <na>Ma timitstlaki:ki:tskili:to. Newa nowa:xka!</na>, which I had translated as 'Let me go grab at your penis. It's mine!' The use of the verb 'grab at' is meant to conveny the idea that the grabbing takes place once and once again, repeatedly yet not with hurried and random repetitions. Hence the reduplication with long vowel. Note that it is the verb stem that is reduplicated in both cases, and not the nonspecific object prefix, here used in a"taboo"sense (as is not uncommon). It can be used in the nonreduplicated form, at least in Ameyaltepec <na>tlaki:tskilia</na>. \grm Reduplication; /tla-/ Apparently this verb, with a lexicalized nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n>, can occur with either short or long vowel reduplication. Thus in my original notes I had the phrase <na>Ma timitstlaki:ki:tskili:to. Newa nowa:xka!</na>, which I had translated as 'Let me go grab at your penis. It's mine!' The use of the verb 'grab at' is meant to conveny the idea that the grabbing takes place once and once again, repeatedly yet not with hurried and random repetitions. Hence the reduplication with long vowel. Note that it is the verb stem that is reduplicated in both cases, and not the nonspecific object prefix, here used in a"taboo"sense (as is not uncommon). Note, however, that it is important to discuss in the grammar that it is the verbal stem that is reduplicated, and that the /tla-/ for the nonspecific (and here 'taboo') object is not reduplicated. Note also how this reflects the degree to which lexicalization of the /tla-/ occurs. The same lack of redupication of the initial element is found in most cases of Noun Incorporation, where it is the predicate (verb or adjectival) that is reduplicated. \ref 00492 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:te:nko tsi:katl \lxof [i: 'te:n kon 'tsi: katl] \lxoc i:te:nko tsi:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seo see <nlao>te:ntli</nlao> \sso vé ase <nlao>te:ntli</nlao> \syna i:te:n tsi:katl \syno tsi:yate:nko \syno tsi:yate:ntli \nde Note that although when pronounced separately <no>i:te:nko</no> does not have a final /n/, all consultants inserted a final /n/ in the sequence <no>i:te:nkon tsi:katl</no>. \grm Oapan phonology: Insertion of /n/ after vowel-final collocation: For /i:te:nkon tsi:katl/ Note that although when pronounced separately <no>i:te:nko</no> does not have a final /n/, all consultants inserted a final /n/ in the sequence <no>i:te:nkon tsi:katl</no>. \ref 00493 \lxa i:xkwi:lia \lxac ki:xkwi:lia \lxo i:xkwi:lia \lxoc ki:xkwi:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to make it hard for (sb) to see (e.g., a bright or blinding light, a sudden flash, the sun [S]) \ssao deslumbrar a (algn, una fuerte luz, un sol brillante [S]) \pna Ne:chi:xkwi:lia to:nahli. \pea The bright light of the sun interferes with my vision (making it hard for me to see). \psa Me deslumbra el sol (por brillante). \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \qry Check for use of /te-/. \grm Incorporation; applicatives: With /i:xkwi:lia/ in general, note the way in which the valency of /kwi/ changes with different types of incorporation. \ref 00494 \lxa teiksik \lxac teiksik \lxo teisik \lxoc teisik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seao to be hard-boiled (an egg) \ssao ser cocido duro (un huevo) \pna Teiksik nihkwa:s. \pea I'll eat it hard-boiled. \psa Me lo voy a comer duro. \xrb te- \xrb ksi \nse Although most consultants have indicated that <na>teiksik</na> refers to an egg that is hard-boiled, I have heard others state that <na>teiksik</na> is used to refer to soft-boiled eggs. \qry Although most consultants have indicated that <na>teiksik</na> refers to an egg that is hard-boiled, I have heard others state that <na>teiksik</na> is used to refer to soft-boiled eggs. Check. \ref 00495 \lxa komekatl de ye:i kosti:yah \lxaa komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah \lxac komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of vine as yet still unidentified \ssa tipo de bejuco todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \xrb ye:i \nct komekatl \ref 00496 \lxa westok \lxac westok \lxo westok \lxoa westikah \lxoa westotok \lxoa westotikah \lxoc westok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be lying down (particularly, on ones side) \ssao estar acostado (en particular, por el lado) \cfo ya:watok \nae The stative <nao>westok</nao> can be inflected with the aspectual marker <n>-tiw</n> in the complete range of tense, aspects, and modes. Interestingly, when this occurs the stative ending <n>-tok</n> is apparently maintained as <n>-ti</n> as in <nao>niwestitia:s</nao> 'I will go along (e.g., riding in a bus or train) lying down.' This is apparently related to the fact that whereas the <n>-tiw</n> marker indicates that a process or event is taking place over a space, the meaning of <n>westitiw</n> is that a particular state continues over a given space. The progressive form (which shows reduplication) means 'he goes along falling down': <na>wewestiw</na>. \xrb wetsi \ref 00497 \lxa peya:stik \lxac peya:stik \lxo peya:stik \lxoc peya:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be straight (sth long and thin such as a rod, tube, etc.) \ss estar derecho; estar recto (algo largo y delgado como una vara, tubo, etc.) \xrb peya:s \nse To date the only documented use of this adjectival is in reference to wooden sticks, such as long rods or poles. \ref 00498 \lxa xa:ltik \lxac xa:ltik \lxo xa:xa:ltik \lxoc xa:xa:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seao to have a mealy texture (e.g., watermelon) \ssao estar harinoso (como, p. ej., sandía) \pna Sa:ndiah, xa:ltik. \pea Watermelon, it is mealy in texture. \psa Sandía, es harinosa al paladar. \pna Bwe:noh un sándiah, melá:k xa:xa:ltik. \pea That watermelon is good, it's really meaty (with a"sandy"texture). \psa Esa sandía está muy bien, está muy carnosa (con una textura harinosa). \xrb xa:l \subadj sa:ndiah \subadj melo:n \nse Several Ameyaltepec speakers mentioned that watermelon is the only object that can be described as <na>xa:ltik</na>. However, in Oapan several consultants mentioned that both <nlo>sá:ntiah</nlo> and <nlo>mante:kah</nlo>. \nde Molina has <n>xaxaltic</n> 'cosa rala, asícomo manta, estera o cosa semejante,' a definition quite distinct from that of Balsas Nahuatl. \qry Check other possible items that may be described as /xa:ltik/. Check final /h/ in /sa:ndiah/. Also, recheck why a watermelon that tastes /xaxa:ltik/ is considered good. Also determine whether the correct Am form is reduplicated or not. \qry Note that in order to have /xa:ltik/ as a predicate in the phrase /sa:ndiah, xa:ltik/ a pause seemingly must be present. This should be checked. \grm Note that in order to have /xa:ltik/ as a predicate in the phrase /sa:ndiah, xa:ltik/ a pause seemingly must be present. This should be checked. \ref 00499 \lxa ite:ntson misto:n \lxac ite:ntson misto:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of plant, as yet not identified \ssa tipo de planta \pna O:ne:chihlih deke ipan se: la:soh noso kordó:n te:mowan kimichin i:n umpa xiksa:lo ite:ntson misto:n para ma kisos. \src Costa Venancio; note that her husband, Marcelo Venancio, claimed to have never heard of this plant. \pea I was told that if mice come down on a riata or rope (e.g., one hung from the thatch roof of a house to sustain things such as <nla>chitatli</nla>), you should tie a piece of <na>i:te:ntson miston</na> so that it will pierce it (i.e., the mice that comes down). \psa Me dijeron de que si ratoncitos descienden sobre un laso o cordon, allíle debe atar <na>i:te:ntson misto:n</na>, para que le pique. \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pending) \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb mis \xrb -to:n \nse Only one speaker in Ameyaltepec gave this plant name (her husband stated that he had never heard of it, and neither did other consultants who were asked although Inocencio Díaz mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant but that he couldn't identify it). Indeed, in Oapan <no>i:te:ntson misto:n</no> is used only to refer to the whiskers of a cat. Other Ameyaltepec consultants stated that this plant is referred to as <na>i:sti miston</na>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nct xiwtli \ref 00500 \lxa nenepi:hli \lxac nenepi:hli \lxo nenepi:hli \lxoc nenepi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 3 \se tongue (of an animal) \ss lengua (de cualquier animal) \sem body \xrb nene \xrb pi:l \nae The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan lexeme reflects the lack of an underlying {h}. There is apparently never any reduction of the"reduplicated"initial syllable of <nao>nenepi:hli</nao>. \pqry The /i:/ is definitely long as marked; this was checked with an acoustic analysis of the Oapan tapes. \rt In root entry note that this is possible related to /pi:l/ as it occurs in other contexts. \ref 00501 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:tik \lxac kwa:pa:ya:tik \lxo kwa:pa:ya:tik \lxoc kwa:pa:ya:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seao to be foolish; to be idiotic; to be like an imbecil; to be missing some marbles; to be fuzzy-brained \ssao ser idiota; ser tonto; ser como imbécil; estar mal de la cabeza \apao kwa:pa:ya \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \fl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n \ref 00502 \lxa tlekuwa \lxac kitlekuwa \lxo 'tlakówa \lxoa 'tlekówa \lxop tlakowa \lxocpend kítlekówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4c(tlekuwa) \pa yes-lex \se to mount (animals mating; vulg. when used to refer to human sexual relations) \ss montar (un animal a otro; vulg. cuando se emplea para referirse a las relaciones sexuales humans) \xrb tlehko: \dis As transitive /mitseko:s/ and /mistleko:s/> \nae In Oapan, and perhaps as well in Ameyaltepec, some people might say <no>kítlekówa</no>, others say <no>i:pan tlékowá</no>. There is no evidence of <na>tlekowa</na> as a transitive verb in other Nahuatl sources: everywhere else it is given as an intransitive. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; phonology: Note that my data shows that with the p-a marked verb /'tlekowa/ there are two forms of adjustment. In the first, with any of the object prefixes, stress shifts left as expected to the prefix /kítlekówa/. However, with a separate element, the relational noun /i:pan/ there is no leftward readjustment, perhaps in order to maximize input-output identity. Note that with a verb such as /yékó/ there is always shift. This is because the input is inherently unstable in that it has p-a on two adajent mora. This is not the case with /tlékowá/ in which there is"room"for the two p-a sequences within the single word; this might favor the retention of word-internal p-a in the face of a relational expression to the left. However, note that the shift does occur onto the prefix. Thus one has /kítlekówa/ and not */kitlékowá/. The first is more in accord with expected Nahuatl stress patterns in that it has penultimate stress both before the word boundary and before the un derlying {h}. \ref 00503 \lxa tlanne:nepan \lxac tlanne:nepan \lxo tlane:nepan \lxoc tlane:nepan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seao to have doubled teeth (i.e., perhaps a baby tooth did not fall out and the person has two teeth in the same"slot,"one behind the other) \ssao tener dos dientes, uno atrás del otro (esto es, quizácuando un persona era niño un diente no se le cayó y el otro salió adelante, dejando dos dientes, uno tras el otro) \apao tlane:nepantik \xrb tlan \xrb nepan \nae Two consultants from Ameyaltepec, Gabriel de la Cruz and Luis Lucena, when pronouncing this word slowly clearly articulated a double /nn/. This reflects careful pronunciation and the influence of an understanding of morphological forms on pronunciation. However, in all other contexts that I have heard this word and its cognates the underlying double nasal is reduced to /n/. \rt The root /nepan/ could perhaps be further analyzed as /ne/ and /pan/. However, this should only be mentioned in the root notes. \ref 00504 \lxa a:istaya \lxac a:istaya \lxo a:istaya \lxoc a:istaya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x] \infv class-4b(ya-s) \irregv In all dialects noted so far this verb is irregular in that the final /y/ converts to /s/, not /x/, probably the result of harmonization with the preceding /s/. \seao to become white from being sumerged a long time in water (perhaps some 3 days; particularly used in reference to maize that is allowed to soak too long in lime water in making <nla>nextamahli</nla>) \ssao ponerse blanco por quedar mucho tiempo sumergido en agua (tal vez unos 3 días; empleado particularmente para referirse al nixtamal que se deja demasiado tiempo en el agua acalada) \pna O:a:istayak monextamal. \pea Your <nla>nextamahli</nla> has turned white from being in the water a long time. \psa Tu nixtamal se volvióblanco por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua. \xrb a: \xrb sta \subadj nextamahli \subadj tixtli \nae To date this <na>a:istaya</na> has been the only intransitive verb of this type (with final <n>-ya</n>) that shows /s/ for /x/ in the progressive based on harmony with the preceding /s/. \qry Progressive with /s/ instead of /x/ is probably the result of consonant harmony. Recheck short /a/'s both penultimate and final. \grm Phonology: Note /s/ for /x/ in the progressive of /ai:staya/>/a:istastok/. \ref 00505 \lxa petlasa:kawi:teki \lxac kipetlasa:kawi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, such as to often making a loud sound upon striking the object \ssa golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces haciendo un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe \sem contact \syno petlawiya \syno petlá:solwíya \xrb petla \xrb sa:ka \xrb wi:teki \dis petlasa:kawi:teki; wisoki; wi:teki; telowa \nse Apparently the meaning of <na>petlasa:kawi:teki</na> derives from the action of hitting something with the same strong blows applied to a petate that has been used to transport things in order to clean it. In Oapan a similar concept of beating is expressed through <nlo>petlá:solwíya</nlo> (here the nominal stem is <no>petlá:sohlí</no> 'old petate') or through the simple verbalization of <nlao>petlatl</nlao>. Note also that other words containing the nominal stem <nr>petla</nr> refer to hard, striking actions or events (e.g., <na>wetsi ke:n</na> <nla>mihka:petlatl</nla>). \qry Recheck vowel length and possible relationship to /petlasa:kah/. Determine presence of {h} (e.g., {petlasa:kahwi:teki} by comparison to forms in Oapan and Tetelcingo. \ref 00506 \lxa tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik \lxac tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to have a tight-fitting dress \ssa tener una falda muy apretada \apa tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik \syno kwe:pi:stik \xrb tsi:n \xrb pi:tsa \nse Consultants mentioned that this word derives from the resemblance of a woman wearing a tight-fitting dress to a musical instrument, i.e., it appears like a large bell that tapers down (like the shape of certain horns). A few individuals have stated that <na>tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik</na> can also refer to a man wearing tight pants, although this is certainly not agreed upon by all. One consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, translated <na>tsi:ntlapi:tsal</na> as 'tacucado' [sic], a word that I have not been able to identify. \grm Adjectivals: Note /tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik/ 'having a tight-fitting dress.' Determine the manner in which this form of adjectivalization signifies. Apparently the form is used to indicate subjects that have some charatistic of the noun root. In the case of /tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik/ the reference is to a rear end that is shaped like a horn (/tlapi:tsahli/). Discuss the manner in which the metaphoric use of nouns occurs in adjectivalization: He is a lion, i.e., taking one characteristic. \ref 00507 \lxa ya:wtli \lxac ya:wtli \lxo ya:htli \lxoc ya:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se dark maize with a deep purple or blue color \ss maíz negro, o morado, con un color como morado o azúl oscuro \xrb ya:w \flao tlayo:hli \sem food-maize \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nae <na>Ya:wtli</na> apparently refers to the maize itself and not to the color; the stem <nr>ya:w</nr> is apparently the first element in Classical <n>yappalli</n> 'color negro,' with the expected /pp/ sequence from underlying {wp} (cf. <n>nappa</n> 'four times' from {na:w + pa}). However, in other forms that seem related (e.g., <n>yapaleua. niten.</n> 'tener lastimados o negros los beços' there is no double consonantl. <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>. \nct tlayo:hli \qry Check to determine if a color form exists: /yayaktik/, or if /ya:wtli/ itself can refer to a color, e.g., /ya:wtli mokoto:n/. Check for possessed form ?/noya:w/. \ref 00508 \lxa si:stli \lxac i:si:s \lxo si:stli \lxoc i:si:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seao grandmother \ssao abuela \sem kin \equiva lo:latli \cfa si:s \xrb si:s \nse As with the kin terms <nlao>na:ntli</nlao> and <nla>tatli</nla>, <nao>si:stli</nao> can be used, possessed in the 2nd person, as an interjection, often but not necessarily with a preceding <na>a:rah</na>, which should be consulted for this collocation. \qry Check vowel lenght, as Xalitla has /si:s/. \vl Check vowel lenght, as Xalitla has /si:s/. I had originally recorded a short vowel for Ameyaltepec, but with evidence of a long vowel in Oapan I have changed it. It should be rechecked! \ref 00509 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /i:xtexoxok/ and has been removed as it was only used by don Luis Lucena. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00510 \lxa tsompi:hli \lxac tsompi:hli \lxo tsompi:hli \lxoc tsompi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao common cold; runny nose and cold \ssao gripa; catarro \pna Kitlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli. \pea His cold makes him lose his appetite. \psa La gripa le quita el apetito. \xrb tsompi:l \qry I have several notes that the final vowel is definitely long and should be so recorded in all entries. Check for possessed form. \ref 00511 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo malakawistli \lxoc malakawistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo type of tree still not identified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \xrb malaka \xrb wis \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nct kohtli \nfe This is known as <no>malakawistli</no> because it has a thorn-like ending to its leaves. It is only found <no>i:pan so:ya:yoh</no> on the southern part of the Balsas River where there is a lot of palm. In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo remembered a tree that was brought to his village by those of San Francisco Ozomatlán and Totolcintla for morillos. It was known as <nt>malakakuhtle</nt>. Ameyaltepequeños know a tree by the name of <nba>malakakuwtli</nba>. It is not clear whether this is the same tree known in Oapan as <no>malakakohtli</no>. \ref 00512 \lxa xokotik \lxac xokotik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be a big talker; to be a braggart; to be a liar (in the sense of falsely claiming to have sth) \ssa ser fanfarrón; ser mentiroso (en el sentido de aseverar tener algo que no tiene) \cfo xokó:nó:tsa \fla kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb xoko \mod Cf. Flk 1984 05-03.1 \ref 00513 \lxa tsoyo:nki \lxac tsoyo:nki \lxo tsoyo:nki \lxoc tsoyo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be fried (foods, in oil, lard, butter, etc.) \ss estar frito (comida, en aceite, manteca, mantequilla, etc.) \xrb tsoyo: \ref 00514 \lxa kamana:lwia \lxac kikamana:lwia \lxo kamana:lwia \lxof [ka ma na:l 'wi ya] \lxoc kikamana:lwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao to joke around (with teasing words) at the expense of \ssao vacilarle (con palabras) a; chancearle a \pna Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia. \pea He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying. \psa Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice. \cfa a:wiltia \xrb kamana:l \ref 00515 \lxa te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl \lxac te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea see <nla>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</nla> \syno te:yéye:kano:chíliké:tl \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \qry Make sure possessed form is correct. \ref 00516 \lxa kwe:kokoxoktik \lxac kwe:kokoxoktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have a baggy or loose skirt \ssa tener una falda holgada y grande \syno kwe:tekoyahtik \xrb kwe: \xrb koxo: \ref 00517 \lxa ayakaxtsi:n \lxacpend ayakaxtsi:n \lxt ayekahtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea certain variety of the small, thin-skinned squash called <nla>tamala:yotli</nla> \ssa tipo de calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada de las llamadas <nla>tamala:yutli</nla> \sem plant \sem domesticated \fla tamala:yutli \xrb a:yakach \encyctmp a:yotli \nse According to Luis Lucena this type of small squash is not planted in Ameyaltepec but rather in in San Juan Tetelcingo and the <spn>huertas</spn>, irrigated riverbank plots, of Xalitla. For a list of types of <nla>tamala:yotli</nla> see the list under this latter entry. Both <na>a:yakaxtsi:n</na> and <na>a:yekaxtsi:n</na> are accepted pronunciations, with perhaps the first more common. \qry Check \mod Add /ono ref. to /a:yotli/ under /tamala:yotli/ and transfer all the information under the latter to the ono reference work. \ref 00518 \lxa manse:rah \lxac manse:rah \lxo manse:rah \lxoc manse:rah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan mancera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao plow handle \ssao mancera o esteva de arado \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp plow; cultivation tools; agriculture in general \mod Illustrate a plow with the parts named. \ref 00519 \lxa tlatsihki \lxac tlatsihki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea (rare) to be lazy \ssa (rare) ser flojo \syna tlatski \syno tlatski \xrb tlats \nde Classical, Northern Puebla, Tetelcingo all have <n>tlatsihki</n> ; it is the only participial form of <n>tlatsiwi</n> documented in these dialects. Ameyaltepec has <na>tlatsihki</na> only as a rarely used form. Much more common is <nlao>tlatski</nlao>, which is the only form found in Oapan. \qry Recheck whether this form is acceptable. It may be a"borrowing"from another dialect. The form * <na>tlatsihke:tl</na> is not acceptable. \grm Agentives; Note that /tlatsihki/ is an adjectival and thus does not accept the agentive /ke:tl/. It is important to note that whereas /-ki/ is used in adjectival forms, /ke:tl/ is a true agentive that only refers to human agents habitually undertaking an action. In general review all /-ke:tl/ and /-ki/ agentives and see if any pattern emerges. \grm Participles of /-iwi/ verbs: Classical, Northern Puebla, Tetelcingo all have <n>tlatsihki</n> ; it is the only participial form of <n>tlatsiwi</n> documented in these dialects. Ameyaltepec has <na>tlatsihki</na> only as a rarely used form. Much more common is <nlao>tlatski</nlao>, which is the only form found in Oapan. \ref 00520 \lxa tewa:hka:miki \lxac tewa:hka:miki \lxo tewa:hka:miki \lxoc tewa:hka:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to waste away to nothing \ssao quedarse casi demacrado por pérdida de peso \seao to waste away and die \ssao consumirse y morir \pna Tewa:hkamiki, ke:n kwi:sokin. \pea She (in this case a married woman) is wasting away, she really gets beaten up (by her husband). \psa Ella (en este caso una mujer casada) se está quedando demacrada, de veras es pegada (por su marido). \xrb tewa: \xvca tewa:hka:miktia \xvco tewa:hka:mihtia \dis tewa:hka:miki; techichikamiki \ref 00521 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mi:ltomatl \lxoc mi:ltomatl \lxt mi:ltomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo tomatillo or green tomato \sso tomate (de cáscara verde) \sem plant \sem edible \syna a:mi:ltomatl \xrb mi:l \xrb toma: \encyctmp tomatl \nct tomatl \cpl Ramírez (1991) does not list the <na>a:mi:ltomatl</na> ; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give it as 'tomatillo de cáscara verde.' Schoenhals (1988) lists tomate silvestre and tomate verde, and refers both to tomate de cáscara, where she states:"1. (<i>Physalis</i> spp. e.g., <i>P. pubescens</i>) 'ground cherry,' 'wild tomato,' husk tomato,' 'strawberry tomate' Grows in temperate climates. The calyx covers the fruit like a husk. Used in salsa de tomate. Also called guajtomate, miltomate, tomate silvestre, tomate verde, tomatillo, tomatillo del campo." \mod Note that given that the Am and Oa forms have different etymologies/roots, they have been given two different entries. \grm Discuss that perhaps /tomatl/ has a shortened final vowel (cf. /toma:wi/, etc.) as does /xokotl/ (cf. /xoko:ya/). This should be in a section on phonology/vowel shortening and lengthening. \ref 00522 \lxa a:chi \lxaa a:cho \lxac a:chi we:i \lxo kichi \lxoa kichin \lxoc kichin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \seao a little \ssao un poco \seao somewhat (used particularly before adjectivals) \ssao poco o poquito; algo (utilizado particularmente antes de formas adjectivales) \pna A:chi kana:wak. \pea It is somewhat thin. \psa Es algo delgado. \pna A:chi we:i. \pea It's somewhat big. \psa Es algo grande. \pna A:chi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili! \pea Serve me a little more! \psa ¡Sírveme un poquito más! \pno Kichi we:i \peo It is somewhat big. \pso Es algo grande. \seao (~ [adjective]) a little less or more (according to the comparison) [adjective] \ssao (~ [adjectivo]) un poquito menos o más (según la comparación) [adjectivo] \pno Kichi ma:s kana:wak xtla:litiw me:stlah! \peo Put the mortar on a little thinner! \pso ¡Ponle la mezcla un poquito más delagado! \xrb a:chi \nae The length of the first vowel is hard to determine (as is usual with word-initial vowels). However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) were quite clear in their observation that the first vowel of the stem <nr>a:chi</nr> was long. It has so been recorded here and in related entries and sentences. Oapan Nahuatl often manifests an alternation between final vowel and final /n/ the context of which is not clearly understood. Here, the documented headword for Oapan is <no>kichin</no>. Nevertheless, some other speakers seemed to pronounced <no>kichi</no>. This variation may be parallel to that found in <no>se:</no> ~ <no>se:n</no> or <no>yo</no> ~ <no>yon</no> in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 00523 \lxa wa:l- \lxac wa:lmo:stla \lxo wa:l- \lxoa wa:h- \lxocpend @wa:hkwalka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao (~ [noun indicating a particular time]) afterwards, come [the time] \ssao (~ [sustantivo indicando un tiempo en particular]) después, al llegar [el tiempo] \pna Wa:lmo:stla o:yah ina:k ino:biah, ka:n montis. \pea Come the next day he went to his bride's house, where he was going to do service as a son-in-law. \psa Viene el día siguiente fue a la casa de su novia, donde iba a dar servicio como yerno. \xrb wa:l \nae It is not clear whether forms such as <na>wa:lmo:stla</na> should be written as one or two words, and there seems no good way to make a nonarbitrary decision. For now the decision has been to write this as fused to nouns: <na>wa:lmo:stla</na> (Am) or <no>wa:hmo:stla</no> (Oa). \mod The example recorded here is not good and should be change to /wa:l kwalka:n/ or some similar form. \ref 00524 \lxa chi:tatli \lxac chi:tatli \lxo chí:tatlí \lxoc chí:tatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \seao cradle (for babies); household item used to store things on and made of a wooden rod bent and tied in a circle, with a slightly concave surface of woven palm strung through the center \ssao cuna (para bebés); utensilio casero empleado para guardar cosas; está hecho de una vara doblada y atada en un círculo, con una superficie de palma tejida en en centro y que se emplea para guardar cosas dentro de la casa \sem material-house \xrb chi:tah \ilus http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/chitatli.htm \nse RS cites from Betancourt:"Redecilla para llevar comida en viaje o para pescar."However, note that in Ameyaltepec a <na>chitlatli</na> is instead solely found only in homes or <spn>ramadas</spn>. It is hung high from a beam and things (such tortillas, papers, remedies, money, etc.) are stored on top of it. Or it is used as a cradle. Often a small, prickly cactus is placed on the cord sustaining the <na>chitatli</na> to prevent mice from climbing down onto its surface. \ilustmp Illustrated; make link. \ref 00525 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n \lxoc xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n \lxt kohmekatl peinexo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo type of vine as yet unidentified, so named in reference to the shape of its flower \sso tipo de bejucco todavía no identificada, asíllamado en referencia a la forma de su flor \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna to:to:xo:chikomekatl \equiva tsatsakawa:htsi:n \syno to:to:xo:chikohmekatl \xrb xo:chi \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \xrb tsaka \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>bejuco flor de pájaro</spn>. No Latin identification is given. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de pájaro states:"1. (<i>Brassica juncea, B. nigra</i>) 'mustard.' See mostaza. 2. (<i>Strelitzia reginae</i>) 'bird of paradise.' See ave del paraíso."Under mostaza:"Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as <spn>pájaro flor de bejuco</spn>. \nct komekatl \mod The Oapan form should be changed to /to:to:xo:chikomekatl/. Its flower is called /pepe:ni:tah/. In Ameyaltepec it is also called <na>tsatsakawa:htsi:n</na>. \ref 00526 \lxa me:yaltia \lxac kime:yaltia \lxo me:yaltia \lxoc kime:yaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to cause to spring forth (a liquid) \ssao hacer manar o fluir (un líquido) \seo to let or wait for water to accumulate in a riverbed spring (<nao>a:me:hli</nao>) \sso dejar o esperar a que agua se acumule en un pozo por el rio (<nao>a:me:hli</nao>) \pno Ka, xnitlami. Nika:n ni: xnihmeyaltia <no>na:me:l</no>. \peo No, I'm not finished. Here I haven't even let water accumulate in my riverside well. \pso No, no termino. Aquíni he esperado para que se llene mi pocito ribereño. \se to stimulate the production of milk in (a woman who has given birth) \ss estimular la producción de leche en (una mujer que dio a luz) \pna Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl, kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh. \pea Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out. \psa Ve a agarrar pescado (cangrejos también funcionan) para esa mujer. Va a hacer que fluya su leche, Apenas dio a luz, (hazlo) para que caiga su leche. \se (fig.) to increase the sexual drive of (men, apparently by increasing their quantity of semen; besides the foods given in the illustrative sentence, goat meat is particularly good for this) \ss (fig.) hacer aumentar el deseo sexual de (hombres, aparentemente al aumentar la producción de semen; aparte de las comidas mencionadas en la frase ilustrative, carne de chivo es particularmente bueno para esto) \pna Mitsmeme:yalti:s, segi:doh tikontila:nas suwa:tl. \pea It will increase your sex drive, you will be reaching for a woman all the time. \psa Te va a aumentar los deseos sexuales, seguido vas a estar buscando una mujer. \pna Deke tikoni:s chikwasen to:toltetl, dya se: sardi:nah de michin, dya se: kopi:tah de asie:teh de kome:r noso de resi:nah, mitsmeme:yalti:s. We:i tikpias mokohia:yo. \pea If you eat six raw eggs, and then a can of sardines, and then a cup of cooking oil or resin, it will make your sexual juices flow. You'll have a lot of semen. \psa Si bebes seis huevos, y después una sardinera de pescado, y después una copita de aceite de comer o de resina, te va a aumentar el deseo sexual. Vas a tener mucho semen. \xrb me:ya \xvba me:ya \qry Check to determine if the senses of 'to increase the milk output (of a woman)' and 'to increase the sexual desire of (a man)' are the only possible meaning of this word, or whether it can also be used in a non-sexual sense. Also determine whether nonreduplicated form can be used. Note also the use of /wa:lwetsis/ in the above example. First, this example should be used in a grammatical discussion of directionals. Also, note that the use of /wetsi/ here might well be a back formation from Spanish where 'caer' is used in this sense. \grm Directional: /Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un sowa:tl, kimich o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh/ 'Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out.' Note the use of the directional /wa:l-/ with /wetsis/. Perhaps /wetsi/ here is a calque from Spanish, but what is interesting is the use of the directional, which here seems to indicate that the"falling"took place from one side of a boundary (in this case the woman's skin) to another. Cf. to /wa:lchichipi:ni/ to indicate dripping from one side of a roof to the other (inside). \ref 00527 \lxa kamapo:tsakilia \lxac kikamapo:tsakilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-S-V3 \der V3-d-lia \aff Op. <n>-te-</n> : <na>kamatepo:tsakilia</na> \infv class-2a \sea to stuff full the mouth of with (sth [SO], so that his cheeks bulge) \ssa atestarle la boca a con (algo [OS], hasta que se le hinchen las mejillas) \pna Xihkamapo:tsakili, ma kikwa! \pea Stuff it into his mouth (forcibly, causing his mouth to bulge) so that he eats it! \psa ¡Metéselo bien a su boca (a fuerza, hasta que se hinche) para que se lo coma! \pna Nokamapo:tsakilitiw itlakwal. \pea He goes along stuffing his food into his mouth. \psa Anda llenando hasta atestar su boca con comida. \cfo kamapo:tsiwi \xrb kama \xrb po:tsak \xvba kamapo:tsakia \qry Recheck as this might not be a"real"word but instead one said by young boys as a joke. Particularly problematical is the applicative form?! \qry In general check for all verbs, roots, etc. with the (micro)morpheme /po:C/ as in /poti:xah/, /po:tetl/, /poxa:wi/, /posa:wi/, /poso:ni/, etc. all of which seem to have in common the meaning or sense of stuffed, bulging, puffy, spongy, etc. Cf. note with /kamapo:tsakia/ and the precise identification of the object of each. It would seem that with the applicative the primary object is the animate"eater." \rt Note that there are several words that have to do with entering a space, that end in /-ak(i)/ but whose first element is not always identifiable in other contexts: /polaki/ and /kalaki/; cf. also /tla:laki/ and, simply, /aki/. There is no evidence of a morpheme /pol/ meaning 'water.' For /kalaki/ there is evidence of /kal/ 'house' or 'shelter' that might have a bearing on the meaning of /kalaki/. With /po:ts/ there is no direct evidence, but words such as Azcapotzalco suggest that the /po:ts/ element might be a separate morpheme. Likewise, /tla:laki/ seems clearly a compound of /tla:l + aki/, and has been so divided in the root analysis of this word. \ref 00528 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for Am and Oa /mi:te:katl/. It is repeated elsewhere and for this reason has been deleted here. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00529 \lxa tlaki:sa \lxac tlaki:sa \lxo tlaki:sa \lxoc xitlaki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao for the rainy season to end \ssao terminar la temporada de lluvias \pna O:tlaki:s, xoh kiawis. \pea The rainy season has ended (usually early October), it won't rain anymore. \psa La temporada de lluvias ha terminado (generalmente a principios de octubre), ya no va a llover. \pna Ye tlaki:stiw, ye noteltia a:tl. \pea The rainy season is already coming to an end, the rains are already stopping. \psa La temporada de lluvias ya va terminando, ya se detiene el agua. \xrb ki:sa \xbtlao ki:sa \ref 00530 \lxa yo:lka:xiw \lxac i:yo:lka:xiw \lxo yo:lka:xiw \lxoc i:yo:lka:xiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \se animal that is like another [marked as possessor] \ss animal que es como otro [señalado como poseedor] \pna Kitoka iyo:lka:xiw, iyo:lka:ikni:w. \pea It follows the one that is an animal like it is, its fellow animal (of the same species). \psa Sigue al que es un animal comoél, a su compañero (de la misma especie). \cfao yo:lki \xrb yo:l \nse <na>Yo:lka:xiw</na> refers to an animal"companion"that a given animal is comfortable with, one with which it grazes, waters, etc. This second animal is the first's <na>yo:lka:xiw</na> or its <na>yo:lka:ikniw</na>, terms that are virtually synonymous. Often if one of the two is hard to catch the other, its <na>yo:lka:ikniw</na> will be brought to the same area and placed as close as possible to the problematic animal in the hope that they will come together and then both can be herded or driven back to the village or corral. \grm /-xiw/ Note the use of /-xiw/ and not /-chiw/ in the Oapan form. This should be checked. \ref 00531 \lxa topih \lxac topih \lxo topih \lxoc topih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao see <nla>-pih</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>-pih</nla> \ref 00532 \lxa xa:lmetlatl \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \dt 18/Apr/2005 \sea see <nla>xa:metlatl</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>xa:metlatl</nla> \nae Although <na>xa:lmetlatl</na> is documented in the Ameyaltepec data, so is <na>xa:metlatl</na> and it is not clear which is more common. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept * <no>xa:lmetlatl</no>, but only <nlo>xa:metlatl</nlo>. \ref 00533 \mod Here the word /tsi:nkoyak/ has been removed from the dictionary \dt 29/Dec/2004 \ref 00534 \lxa iso:tlaltia \lxac kiso:tlaltia \lxo íso:tláltia \lxop iso:tlaltia \lxoc kíso:tláltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to make vomit \ssao hacer vomitar \pna Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki. \pea You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit. \psa Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar. \xrb hso:tla \xvba iso:tla \xvbo ísó:tla \ref 00535 \lxa kextoponwia \lxac kikextoponwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to cause swelling in the neck of \ssa hacer hinchar el cuello de \syno tópowíya \flr tohpon \xrb kech \xrb tohpon \nde Florencia Marcelino would not accept this incorporated form (verb <nlo>tópowíya</nlo> with <n>kech-</n>), stating that the swelling can surge anywhere and the causing agent has no control over this. \qry Cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps this is the"causative"form (check meaning and possible other examples of"causative"with /-wia/. Also ask speakers for the transitive of /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps there is also a nominal form /kechtotopo:ntli/. Finally, after recording determine whether the beginning should be /kextoto-/ or /kechtoto-/. \ref 00536 \lxa se:wi \lxac se:wi \lxo se:wi \lxoc se:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \infv class-3a(w) \seao to go out (a fire, an electric light, etc.); to stop working (an electric appliance) \ssao apagarse (un fuego, una luz eléctrica, etc.); dejar de funcionar (un aparato eléctrico) \pna Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi. \pea It blinks on and off (e.g., lights on a Christmas tree). \psa Se enciende y se apaga (p. ej., las luces de unárbol de Navidad). \pna O:se:w notliw. \pea My lights went out. \psa Se fue mi electricidad. \se to die down; to go away (an individual disease or ailment, a community-wide epidemic) \ss calmarse; apaciguarse (una enfermedad o dolor particular); terminar (una epidemia) \pna Ke:no:n tikchi:waskeh para se:wis un kokolistli tli:n u:nkah nika:n? \pea What can we do so that the disease that is going around here goes away? \psa ¿Quévamos a hacer para que la enfermedad que anda por aquídesaparezca? \seao (with <n>tla-</n>) for there to be a blackout; for all the lights to go out; for all the fires to go out \ssao (con <n>tla-</n>) haber un apagón; apagarse todas las luces; apagarse todos las fogatas \pna O:tlase:w. \pea There was a blackout. \psa Hubo un apagón. \pna Oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis! \pea Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out! \psa ¡Atiza ese horno para cal para que no se apague! \xrb se: \qry Check why the form /tlasese:wis/ is used in one example phrase above, and not /tlase:wis/ or simply /se:wis/. Impersonal passive; reduplication: /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/ 'Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!' The reason for the impersonal passive and reduplication is not entirely clear. But perhaps some interpretation can be offered. First, it is not the topic of the discourse, the lime kiln, that goes out, but rather the fire around it. This may indicate one of the uses of /tla-/ with intransitive verbs: to indicate that an event or occurrence takes place around, or affecting, the topic of discourse (in this case cf. the phrase in reference to a path narrowing as a stone wall collapses). In this interpretation the use of /tla-/ indicates an event that occurs affecting the topic but without the topic being the subject of the verbal action. Note the options in /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/. Here it would seem that */oksep a xtoki un tenexko:ntlipara ma:ka (se)se:wis!/ would be infelicitous given that the subject of /se:wi/ would be the topic, in this case /tenexko:ntli/, but that this might not be an acceptable (however, the possibility of using /se:wi/ with /tenexko:ntli/ should be checked. At any event, speakers should be consulted as to why /tlasese:wi/ is used here, and not /tlase:wi/ or simply /se:wi/. \grm Impersonal passive; reduplication; /tla-/: /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/ 'Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!' The reason for the impersonal passive and reduplication is not entirely clear. But perhaps some interpretation can be offered. First, it is not the topic of the discourse, the lime kiln, that goes out, but rather the fire around it. This may indicate one of the uses of /tla-/ with intransitive verbs: to indicate that an event or occurrence takes place around, or affecting, the topic of discourse (in this case cf. the phrase in reference to a path narrowing as a stone wall collapses). In this interpretation the use of /tla-/ indicates an event that occurs affecting the topic but without the topic being the subject of the verbal action. Note the options in /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/. Here it would seem that */oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka (se)se:wis!/ would be infelicitous given that the subject of /se:w i/ would be the topic,in this case /tenexko:ntli/, but that this might not be an acceptable (however, the possibility of using /se:wi/ with /tenexko:ntli/ should be checked. At any event, speakers should be consulted as to why /tlasese:wi/ is used here, and not /tlase:wi/ or simply /se:wi/. \ref 00537 \lxa to:naya:nwia \lxac kito:naya:nwia \lxo to:naya:wia \lxof [to: na ya: 'wi ya] \lxoc kito:naya:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao to place in the direct sun; to place where the sun strikes directly (sth to dry, such as washed clothes, grains, chile, etc.) \ssao poner en el sol, donde pega directo el sol (algo para que se seque, como ropa lavada, granos, chile, etc.) \pna Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh -=o:temotso:lihkeh-. \pea When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up. \psa Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron. \pna Mo:stla tikto:naya:nwi:s motlake:n, wa:kis. \pea Tomorrow you will put your clothes in the sun, they will dry. \psa Mañana vas a poner tu ropa en el sol, se va a secar. \xrb to:na \xrl -ya:n \grm Denominal verbs; verbalization; /-yan/: Note the following derivation: /kito:naya:nwia/. \nse Note the use of /-wia/ with a locative nominalization. \ref 00538 \lxa sokia:tl \lxac sokia:tl \lxo sokia:tl \lxoc sokia:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao muddy puddle \ssao charco lodoso \xrb soki \xrb a: \ref 00539 \lxa un \lxaa u:n \lxap un \lxac un tla:katl \lxo on \lxoa o:n \lxop on \lxoc on \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer \seao that which; what; the one that is \ssao lo que es; lo; el que es \pna Deke tikasis wa:n tiktlampacho:s san yo:liktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. I:nakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke: itlah chi:hli. \pea If you catch it (the <nla>koko:ktsi:n</nla>) and hold it between your teeth slowly you'll feel what tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as it it were chile. \psa Si lo agarras (al <nla>koko:ktsi:n</nla>) y lo sostienes entre los dientes poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. \sea (<n>de</n> ~) of the one that is \ssa (<n>de</n> ~) del cual es \pna Nihkwa:sneki kamotli de un kokostik. \pea I want to eat yellow sweet potato. \psa Quiero comer camote amarillo. \cfa yewan \cfo yon \xrb on \nse <n>on</n> has many functions in the Nahuatl of Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec (and check for Oapan, perhaps <no>yon</no> is used), <na>on</na> can function to introduce a headless relative clause (in Oapan, perhaps <no>yon</no> is also used in this function; this should be checked). Thus in Ameyaltepec one can say: <na>Nikneki on we:i</na> 'I want the big one' (or, more literally, 'I want that one which is big'). It seems that whereas <nao>on</nao> is used in headless relative clauses, Ameyaltepec <na>yewa on</na> and Oapan <no>yo on</no> are used in nominally headed relative clauses: <no>Nihpale:wi:s noba:leh yo on ne:chpale:wia:ni</no> (Oa) 'I'll help my friend who (the one who) helps me.' \qry Determine use of /on/ in Oapan and separate all uses: demonstative adjective: /un tla:katl ne:chtlawelita/; demonstrative pronoun /nihkwa:s on/; relativizer: /nihneki un chi:chi:ltik/ 'I want that red one' (for headless clause). The difference needs to be determined between /un/ and /in/ (can they both function in all three categories) and between /on/ and /yon/ or /yewan/!!! \pqry Apparently all final /-on/ sequences in Oapan Nahuatl have a long duration (although this should be checked). This seems to definitely be the case with forms in which the final /-on/ represents. Certainly in the present case, the sequence /yo:on/ is extremely long. Measurements are approximately 417 and 402 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 354 and 358 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For now I have written this as /yó:ón/. If this orthography is maintained then perhaps a note should be added to the entry for /on/ and to the chapter on Oapan phonology that when final /-on/ represents the demonstrative it has a long duration (as occurs in /a:kinon/, /tli:non/, etc.). It will be important to check for the phonetic-accoustic difference between final /-on/ sequences from underlying {on} of the demonstrative, and from other sources of this sequence. \mod In the future change the linked sound file to /un chi:chi:ltik/. \ref 00540 \lxa nepaika \lxac nepaika \lxo napaika \lxoa napayá:; napáya:; nepayá:; nepáya: \lxoc napai:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \com Adv-N(rel) \der Adv-loc \pa yes-irregular \seao there (in a space cognitively separate from the space occupied by speaker); over there; over in that direction; over that way \ssao allá (en un espacio cognitivamente separado del espacio ocupado porél que habla); para allá ; por allí en esa dirección \pna Nepai:ka onkah. \pea There are some over there. \psa Hay algunos por allá. \pna Niá:s nepai:ka. \pea I'n going over there (in that direction). \psa Voy allá (en esa dirección). \xrb ne: \xrb -pa; -ka \cfa na:nika \ono Adverbs of place \nse <na>Nepa i:ka</na> is used to indicate a distant place that is, cognitively, across a boundary. Thus it was used by Florencia Marcelino to indicate the other side of a divided highway. But at the same time she mentioned that it would be used to refer to the location of someone who has crossed the border from Mexico to the United States. Her usage seems to suggest that even if within eyesight <no>nepayá</no> (her most usual pronunciation, she also uses <no>napa i:ka</no> less often) may be used. In such cases it implies a boundary. However, it also seems that <n>nepa i:ka</n> would be used for things that are out of sight if visibility is the key element of discourse. In this sense it constrasts with <na>nepa</na> (cf. Oapan <no>neyá</no> or <no>néya</no>) that indicates a place within sight (unless the speaker choses to stress the existence of a boundary, such as occurs between two sides of a highway). Thus the locative used with verbs indicating a precise activity (such as <na>chi:w a</na>) would seem to be mostly <na>nepa</na>. Note that Oapan does not have the form * <no>ne:yhka</no>, which is found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. \qry Check difference between <na>nepa</na> and <na>nepa ika</na>. \mod In subsequent version discussion reasons for writing this as two (or one) words. \ref 00541 \lxa kwilin \lxac kwilin \lxo kwilin \lxoc kwilin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao generic term for worms, caterpillers, and similar creatures \ssao término genérico para gusanos, orugas, y animales parecidos \pna San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan. \pea The worms wound up shriveling all up (having been left on a sidewalk after a rain), they were fat. \psa Los gusanos acabaron todo secados (al quedarse por una banqueta después de una fuerte lluvia), estaban gorditos. \pna Tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne:, ka:n kipia kwilin. \pea You'll stuff it deep into the place there, where there are worms (in this case pushing a remedy made from <nla>kowi:skitl</nla> into a wound on the back of a mule). \psa Le vas a meter bien apretado allá donde hay gusanos (en este caso un remedio hecho de <nla>kowi:skitl</nla> en una herida en de una persona o animal). \seao (<nao>kikwa</nao> ~ <nlao>tsontli</nlao>) to develop split ends (e.g., <nao>kikwa kwilin notson</nao> \ssao (<nao>kikwa</nao> ~ <nlao>tsontli</nlao>) quedarse los cabos del cabello rotos (p. ej., <nao>kikwa kwilin notson</nao> \seao (<nao>kikwa</nao> ~ <nlao>tlantli</nlao>) to develop a tooth cavity (e.g., <nao>kikwa kwilin notlan</nao> \ssao (<nao>kikwa</nao> ~ <nlao>tsontli</nlao>) tener caries en el diente (p. ej., <nao>kikwa kwilin notlan</nao> \sem animal \sem xiwtli \colao tlankwa \xrb okwil \nae In most forms in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the initial /o/ is lost, as in <na>kwilin</na>, <nla>a:tonkwilin</nla>, <nla>a:kwilin</nla>. However, it is found in Ameyaltepec <nla>okwilxi:ni</nla> and <nla>tsi:nokwihloh</nla> and in the word and root for 'worm' found in many other dialects. Hence the root is given as <nr>okwil</nr>. \qry Check for /-yoh/ form. \ref 00542 \lxa te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl \lxac te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl \lxo té:yeye:kano:chíliké:tl \lxoc té:yeye:kano:chíliké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se person who invokes the <spn>aires</spn> (<na>yeyekameh</na>) to harm another, particularly to make the victim ill; witch \ss persona que invoca los aires (<na>yeyekameh</na>) para dañar a otro, particularmente para hacer que se enferme; brujo \equiva te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \nae More research needs to be done on the agentive forms involving the invocation of the <na>yeyekameh</na>. In Ameyaltepec (though perhaps not Oapan) it appears that the word is seldom used and that for this reason there seems to be a lot of variation among speakers. Thus I have documented the agentive forms <na>te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl</na>, <na>te:ye:katlanono:chilike:tl</na>, <na>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</na>, <na>te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl</na>, and <na>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</na>, as well as the verbal <na>yeyekatlanono:chilia</na>. There are three axes upon which the variation occurs: 1) if the incorporated noun the stand-alone <na>yeyeka</na> or the root <na>ye:ka</na> ; 2) is the verbal form reduplicated as <na>nono:chilia</na> or unreduplicated as <na>no:chilia</na> ; 4) is the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> included in the nominal agentive; and 5) if it is included is it prefixed to the verbal construction or does it appear between the incorporated noun and the verbal root <na>no:chilia</ na>. Given that <na>no:chilia</na> is a trivalent verb we would expect two objects: a primary object as benefactive (in this case <n>te:-</n>) and a secondary object, the patient or that which is called (in this case <na>ye:ka</na> or <na>yeyeka</na>). Thus there would seem to be no grammatical motivation for <n>tla-</n> and the forms that have them might reflect the little use these terms are given. Note that in Oapan only one form has been documented: <no>té:yeyekano:chíliké:tl</no> and there is no <n>tla-</n> prefix. \qry Determine which is more common: /te:ye:katlanono:chilike:tl/ or /te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl/. Note that in the form without /tla-/ the incorporated noun /yekatl/ saturates one of the argument slots and reduces the valency of /nono:chilia/ by one argument. However, in /te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl/ the incorporated noun /yekatl/ is more like an instrumental. \pqry Check Oapan form to make sure that /ka/ syllable ending /yeyeka/ is not long and stressed from the reduced reduplicant. Note that the Ameyaltepec form has a reduplicated verbal root and the Oapan form does not. This might reflect a difference. It seems like the Oapan form is more likely since one 'calls' to the /yeyekameh/ and does not converse with them. \vl There are 4 tokens for this word from ref. 04645. These should be tagged as 542. And note that the female and male tokens that will be linked to the lexical entry should be selected from these originally 4645 tokens, and not from the 542 ones (which have too much echo). \ref 00543 \lxa sokititlan \lxac sokititlan \lxo sokititlan \lxoc sokititlan \dt 10/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N1(loc) \se place full of mud; muddy (in reference to a place) \ss lodal; lodero; lugar lleno de lodo o cieno \xrb soki \xrl -titlan \ref 00544 \lxa a:wilkorral \lxac a:wilkorral \lxo a:wilko:rral \lxoc a:wilko:rral \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>corral</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) (<na>toa:wilkorral</na>, <na>ta:wilkorral</na> > \seao bull ring \ssao ruedo de toros \syno tó:rokó:rral \xrb a:wil \nde In Oapan <nlo>tó:rokó:rral</nlo> is now the more common term, though <no>a:wilko:rral</no> is still understood and sometimes used. \vl Check /r/ in Oapan pronunciation. I had written /a:wilko:rral/ but in my notes had"In Oapan the /rr/ is not used, only /r/."These conflicting statements should be remedied. Check vowel length in Am, final /o/ of /a:wilkorral/. \ref 00545 \lxa wetskistli \lxac wetskistli \lxo wetskistli \lxoc wetskistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \se laughter \ss risa \pna O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli. \pea Laughter got the better of me. \psa Me ganóla risa. \se person who laughs a lot \ss persona que se rí e mucho; persona risueña \pna Melá:k wetskistli, ke:n wetskani. \pea He laughs a lot, he is always laughing. \psa Se rí e mucho, siempre está riéndose. \seao (often plural) young man who dresses up (often in women's clothes, as an old man, in tattered clothes, etc.) during the Carnival or a traditional marriage \ssao (a menudo plural) joven que se viste como mujer, como viejo, o en harapos durante la Carnaval o una ceremonia de matrimonio tradicional \xrb wetska \dis wetskistli; wetskani \nse Wide variation has been documented in the meaning of <nao>wetskistli</nao>, from the expected 'laughter' to two agentive-like meanings: person who laughs a lot, and carnival/wedding performer who makes others laugh. The latter meaning is quite common in Oapan, and Ameylatepec use might be a borrowing since this custom (of young males dressing up during Carnival and weddings) is not practiced in the latter village. However, the meaning 'person who laughs a lot' might not stand up under further scrutiny and consultation with other speakers. Nevertheless, note that in Northern Puebla both definitions are found: '1. <i>s</i> risa... 2. <i>adj</i> risueño' (note that use of <n>wetskistli</n> with the second definition is considered adjectival by the authors). \qry Check correctness of /O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli/. Check correctness of /wetskistli/ as a 'person who laughs a lot.' Cf. and differentiate from /wetskani/. On one file card I not that the two are the same. There is no mention of /wetskistli/ meaning laughter in most of the documented uses of this word. Check, though from the derivational point of view it seems a reasonable meaning. In another filecard I have /uwetskistli/ as 'payaso de Carnaval'. Check whether /uwetskistli/ is used, or only /wetskistli/. \ref 00546 \lxa ista:hkwe:tli \lxac ista:hkwe:tli \lxo ista:hkwe:tli \lxoc ista:hkwe:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \se light skirt that goes under a <nlao>kwe:pani</nlao> \ss falda ligera que se pone abajo de un <nlao>kwe:pani</nlao> \xrb sta \xrb kwe: \encyctmp tlake:ntli \qry Check to determine if this an /ista:hkwe:tli/ is simply from the waist down, or whether it can be a full slip. I think, if I remember correctly, that the latter is called a /korpiñoh/. Check. Elicit all names for clothes and parts thereof. \ref 00547 \lxa tlakwake:tl \lxac tlakwake:tl \lxo tlákwaké:tl \lxop tlakwake:tl \lxoc tlákwaké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao guest who is being fed \ssao visita que está comiendo \pna Xne:xchia, nikpia tlakwake:tl! \pea Wait for me, I have a guest who is eating! \psa ¡Espérame, tengo una visita que está comiendo! \xrb kwa \grm Agentive: Note that the use of the agentive /-ke:tl/ is not necessary limited to habitual or repeated actions. In the present case it indicates a very temporary event: eating by a guest. Right after finishing the person is no longer a /tlakwake:tl/. \qry Check for possessed form, /notlakwaka:w/. \ref 00548 \lxa kuwkihli \lxac kuwkihli \lxo kohkihli \lxoc kohkihli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao type of tree still not identified \ssao tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \pna Kuwkihli | Bwe:noh para yugoh, para timó:n, para itlah tli:n sole:rah, tira:ntes ipan kahli. \pea <na>Kuwkihli</na> : It is good for yokes, for plow beams, for whatever main beam or ridge beam used in a house. \psa <na>Kuwkihli</na> : Es bueno para yugos, para timones de arado, para cualquier viga o tirante que se utiliza en las casas. \xrb kow \xrb kil \nct kohtli \ref 00549 \lxa yekxowa \lxac yekxowa \lxo yexowa \lxoc yexowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to sneeze \ss estornudar \sem functions \xrb ekxo \xvca yekxo:ltia \nde Classical Nahuatl has <n>ecuxoa</n>, in Molina listed under <n>necuxoa</n>. RS has the expected entry under <n>ecuxoa</n>. \ref 00550 \lxa ma:sa:lowa \lxac kima:sa:lowa \lxo ma:sa:lowa \lxoc kima:sa:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \se to tie the hands together of (e.g., a prisoner, or in general of any person or animal) \ss atarle las manos a (un preso o en general de cualquier persona o animal) \pna O:kima:sa:lokeh, kwi:kaskeh. \pea They tied his hands together, they are going to take him away. \psa Le ataron las manos, lo van a llevar. \xrb ma: \xrb sa:l \ref 00551 \lxa tei:nia \lxac kitei:nia \lxo tei:nia \lxoc kitei:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to shatter; to break apart or break into pieces; to crumble (sth brittle) \ssao hacer añicos de; desmenuzar (algo quebradizo) \seao to break; to make change (money, i.e., changing a bill for coin, a larger denomination coin for a smaller one, or even money from one country for that from another) \ssao cambiar (dinero, cambiando un billete por monedas, una moneda de denominación grande por otras más pequeñas, o hasta dinero de un país por lo de otro) \pna Xwel niktei:nia notomi:n, xtlah tei:nki. \pea I can't change my money, there's no change. \psa No puedo cambiar mi dinero, no hay cambio. \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to shell (maize) \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) desgranar (maíz) \pna Xiktetei:nitiwetsi un sintli! \pea Shell that maize in a hurry! \psa ¡Desgrana ese maíz rápido! \xrb tei: \xvaa tei:nilia \dis tei:nia (sintli); o:ya \qry Determine, or rather make sure, that /tei:nia/ can refer not only to breaking a larger for smaller denomination of money, but to changing money from one country for that from other. \ref 00552 \lxa o:mexiwtilia \lxac ko:mexiwtilia \lxo o:mexihtilia \lxoc ko:mexihtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \dt 13/Nov/2001 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>-xiwtilia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>-xiwtilia</nla> \xrb o:me \ref 00553 \lxa i:xtaka \lxac i:xtakatsi:n te:no:tsa \lxo i:xtaka \lxoc i:xtaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \seao secretly, in secret; surreptitiously \ssao a escondidas; secretamente, en secreto \pna Ke:ch ika xakah a:k, i:xtaka titlakwa. \pea In the meantime that no one is around, you eat in secret. \psa Mientras no haya nadie, comes a escondidas. \pna I:xtakatsi:n o:tiah. \pea You secretly slipped away (without anyone knowing). \psa Te escabulliste en secreto (sin que nadie se enterara). \se silently or softly (in making a sound) \ss silenciosamente o despacito (en hacer un sonido) \pna I:xtakatsi:n tinenemi. \pea You walk very quietly (making little noise, as if doing sth in secret). \psa Caminas silenciosamente (como si fuera en secreto). \pna I:xtakatsi:n titlatowa, ma:ka yekah kikakis. \pea You speak softly (as if telling a secret) so that no one will hear it (what you say). \psa Hablas despacito (como comunicando un secreto) para que nadie lo escuche (lo que dices). \xrb i:xtaka \nae As an independent predicate modifier <nao>ixtaka</nao> most often occurs in the diminutive <nao>ixtakatsi:n</nao>. It also is found compounded with certain nouns and verbs: e.g., the nominal <nlao>ixtakakone:tl</nlao>, the intranstive verbs <nlao>ixtakao:sti</nlao> and <nlo>ixtakakoné:watí</nlo>, and the transitive verb <nlao>ixtakakwa</nlao>. \qry Check other occurrences of /ixtaka/. \grm Note placement of indefinite object /tla-/ in /ixtaka tlakwa/. However, one person at least gave /titlaixtakakwa/ as also correct. This should be checked. \ref 00554 \lxa toto:nixtok \lxac toto:nixtok \lxo toto:nixtok \lxoc toto:nixtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv Durative \seao to be having a fever (from an illness) \ssao tener o estar con fiebre (de una enfermedad) \se to feel overheated (from exposure to the sun) \ss sentirse calentado (por haber sido expuesto al sol) \xrb to:n \ref 00555 \lxa tlankechihli \lxac tlankechihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea bite mark \ssa mordedura \syno tlanketso:hli \cfao tlanketsowa \xrb tlan \xrb kechi \nse <na>Tlankechihli</na> refers to a single bite mark, apparently only when the teeth do not break the skin (e.g., a dog that has bit a person). The plural form <na>tlatlankechihli</na> refers to the fact that several teeth marks are visible in one location, as formed by a group of teeth in a single mouth. Molina has <n>tlanquechia. nite.</n> 'morder o dar dentellada sin sacar bocado' as well as <n>quequetzoma</n> o <n>quequetzuma</n> frec. de <n>quetzoma. nite.</n> 'mordisquear, despedazar a alguien, darle mordiscos.' \qry Check plurality of /tlatlankechihli/ and cf. to possible /tlankechilteh/. (Note that my original file card had /tlatlankechihli/ simply stated to be 'plural.' Check for verbal form as in \mod In my original notes for this entry I had under /lxo"see <n>tlantetso:hli</n> but have not found this entry in the dictionary. There might be an error in my annotation of the Oapan form, but I am not clear on this. However, I have added /tlanketso:hli/ which I assume is the form I intended, mistyping /t/ for /k/. \grm Reduplication; plurality: Note the singular /tlankechihli/ and plural /tlatlankechihli/. The plural here seems to indicate (and this should be checked) that the plurality refers to repeated bite marks that are close together, i.e., the result of a single bite, yet with multiple teeth. Nevertheless, this should be checked. \ref 00556 \lxa pio \lxac ---- \lxo pio \lxoc pio \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pio \psm Call \der Onom-loan \seo (often repeated three times) sound used to call chicks and chickens to feed \sso (a menudo repetido tres veces) sonido utilizado para llamar a comer a los pollitos y gallinas \xrb pio \encyctmp kwa:naka \nse The use of <nao>pio, pio, pio</nao> as a word to call chicks and chickens is borrowed from Spanish. Thus the <i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i> has, under <spn>pío</spn> 'Voz que forma el pollo de cualquier ave.ú. también de esta voz para llamarlos a comer.' According to Cristino Flores this call is not used in Ameyaltepec. However, it was documented and should be checked. \ref 00557 \lxa kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh \lxac kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan lomo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of saddle pad in which two <na>kwa:xtli</na> s are tied together with rope and thrown over a mule or donkey so that one hangs over each flank \ssa tipo de colcha que se coloca abajo de la silla de un burro o mula y que se cuelga en dos partes sobre cada lado del animal \pna Kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh, san kisasa:lowan itech si:yah, san tlapo:wtok. \pea A <na>cuaxtle de lomillo</na> (is so called because) it is just tied onto the saddle, it is open (on top). \psa Un cuaxtle de lomillo (asíse llama porque) simplemente lo atan a la silla, está abierto (por la parte de arriba). \sem material \xrb kwa:ch \encyctmp Horse and animal tools \ilustmp See illustration on 3x5 card; make illustration \ref 00558 \lxa mache:teh la:rgoh \lxac mache:teh la:rgoh \lxo machí:teh lá:rgoh \lxoc machí:teh lá:rgoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan machete; largo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao straight machete \ssao machete derecho \sem tool-cultivate \equiva mache:teh pia:stli \equivo machí:te peyá:stli \encyctmp machete; agriculture \ref 00559 \lxa matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxac matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxo mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni \lxop malapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxoc mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao see <nlao>ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni</nlao> \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \xrb kwetla: \vl Check vowel p-a in Oapan form from Yale tape as in my original entry here I had no p-a \ref 00560 \lxa pochi:nki \lxac pochi:nki \lxo pochi:nki \lxoc pochi:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seao to be fuzzy (the surface of certain items such as old bark paper or cloth, etc.) \ssao estar velloso o velludo (la superficie de cosas como papel de amate o tela vieja, etc.) \se to be unravelled (e.g., the edges of cloth) \ss estar deshilachado o deshilado (p. ej., la orilla de una tela) \sem texture \xrb pochi: \ref 00561 \lxa piomo:hli \lxac piomo:hli \lxo pio:mo:hli \lxoc pio:mo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se chicken dish with mole made from squash seeds \ss guisado de pollo con mole hecho de semilla de calabaza \xrb pio \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli; chicken (types and ages, terms, etc.) \qry Note that this should perhaps be written as two words /pio mo:hli/, which seems to be underlyingly long and is perhaps shortened in /piomo:hli/ for being word final. Cf. entry under /kwa:naka/. \vl Check vowel length of /piomo:hli/, particularly first /o/, which I have long in Oapan but had short in Ameyaltepec. \ref 00562 \lxa ye:kte:ne:wa \lxac kiye:kte:ne:wa \lxo ye:hte:ne:wa \lxoc kiye:hte:ne:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to speak well of; to praise \ssao hablar bien de; elogiar \pna Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xaka ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos. \pna Ma:ka xye:kte:ne:wa, yewa no: a:wilnemi! \pea Don't sing the praises of her, she also fools around! \psa ¡No la vayas a elogiar, ella también anda de loca! \xrb ye:k \xrb te:n \xrb e:wa \nse <na>Ye:kte:ne:wa</na> is most often used in reference to a young adolescent girl who maintains her virginity, who doesn't fool around with boys. According to Luis Lucena it is not used as a term to refer to the general praising of a person. Nevertheless, the full range of meaning of this term should be determined. \qry Make sure that epenthetic /y/ is always maintained. \ref 00563 \lxa popo:chkahli \lxac popo:chkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 3 \sea incense burner (the type consisting of a round pot that is held with <spn>alambre recocido</spn>) \ssa sahumerio (el tipo que se hace de una ollita que se sostiene con alambre recocido) \sem material \syna popo:chko:ntli \cfo po:chko:ni; po:chkaxitl \xrb po:ch \xrb kal \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 00564 \lxa tla:lpitsaktli \lxac tla:lpitsaktli \lxo tla:lpitsahli \lxoc tla:lpitsahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-k \infn Stem 1(:) \seao narrow piece of land \ssao pedazo de tierra angosta \xrb tla:l \xrb pitsa: \qry Check to determine whether this refers to a field, i.e., planted or worked land, or to any piece of land. Check to make sure that Oapan form is /tla:lpitsahli/ and not /tla:lpitsahtli/. If it is the former, it should be given a new entry and the xrefs added. \ref 00565 \lxa pano:ltia \lxac kipano:ltia \lxo pano:ltia \lxoc kipano:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take from one side to another (e.g., from one side of a river to another, across a street or highway, through a dangerous place, etc.) \ss llevar de un lado a otro (p. ej., cruzando un río, de un lado de la calle a otro, atravesando un lugar peligroso como un bosque, etc.) \pna Xne:chompano:lti! Pakateh chichimeh, ke:n te:muwtikeh! \pea Take me across (in this case your yard or patio)! There are dogs there, they are really fierce! \psa ¡Llévame al otro lado (en este caso de tu patio)! Hay perros,¡son muy bravos! \pna Nikimpano:lti:s nobaki:tas. A:man xnikaxilia, kichi:was te:tlakwali:skeh. \pea I'm going to move my cattle to the other side (in this case placing them inside a fenced area). Today I don't have time, (and I'm worried that) they well might eat people's maize (in the fields). \psa Voy a pasar mis vaquitas al otro lado (en este caso metiéndolas en un potrero). Hoy no me da tiempo (y estoy preocupado que) es posible que le van a comer la milpa a alguien. \se (reduplicated with short vowel) to continually pass over (e.g., lines in painting) \ss (reduplicado con vocal corta) rebasar repetidas veces (p. ej., líneas en pintar) \pna Ma:ka tikpapano:lti:s, nikna:makasneki! \pea Don't go over the lines (in this case painting an amate), I want to sell it! \psa ¡No vayas a estar rebasando (en este caso líneas al pintar un amate), lo quiero vender! \seao (refl.) to make ends meet \ssao (relf.) mantenerse \pna Xwel panowa, tlatski, xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:n pano:s. \pea He can't get by, he's lazy, he can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by. \psa No puede arreglarselas, es flojo, no puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas. \xrb pano: \xvbao panowa \xvaao pano:ltilia \ref 00566 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsómakó:ltsi:n \lxoc tsómakó:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, <l>Cathartes aura</l> \sso tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," <l>Cathartes aura</l> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174 \sem animal \sem bird \equiva tsomakwi:xin \equiva ko:leh bie:joh \equivo tsópí:lo:tl \xrb tsohma \xrb ko:l \nae The etymology of <no>tsómakó:ltsi:n</no> clearly includes a word for buzzards (cf. San Juan Tetelcingo <nt>tsohma</nt>) and the element <n>ko:l</n>, perhaps related to the root for 'grandfather.' \cpl This is a redheaded buzzard. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave this as the name for Ameyaltepec <na>tsomakwi:xin</na> but this might have been based on the identity of the first elements of each. Provisionally the Ameyaltepec bird seems to have been described as having a black head; some consultants translated <na>tsomakwi:xin</na> as 'gavilán negro.' In Oapan all consultants stated that <no>tsómakó:ltsi:n</no> was red-headed. If I remember correctly in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo the simple word <na>tsohma</na> is used to refer to a buzzard, although the precise arrangement of species is still quite uncertain. \mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. I seem to remember an entry /ko:leh bie:joh/, perhaps for Oapan, but it is not in the database. Check. \ref 00567 \lxa mimilo:hli \lxac mimilo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 3 \sea something round and cylindrical (particularly firewood that has not been split) \ssa algo redondo y cilindrico (particularmente en referencia a lena) \cfa tla:lmimilo:hli \cfo tla:lmilo:hli \xrb mil \nae Despite the fact that the Ameyaltepec form is reduplicated and the Oapan form not, both have been included under this single entry. \vl The Oapan entry here has been deleted and moved to entry 3564. Please tag all speech tokens here with ref # 3065. \ref 00568 \lxa po:ni \lxac po:ni \lxo po:ni \lxoc po:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a)[ca] \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \seao to bloom (flowers as they begin to open up) \ssao brotar (flores que empiezen a abrirse) \se to crumble, open up, or expand (rocks, such as lime rocks when water is poured on them, or certain crumbly rocks such as <nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla>, which is used to harden dirt floors, when sprinkled with water) \ss abrirse y expanderse (piedras, como de cal al mojarse, o ciertas piedras que se desmenuzan fácilmente como <nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla>, que se emplea para endurecer pisos de tierra, al ser rociadas con agua) \pna Popo:nis un tla:la:mo:hli, kwe:chiwis. \pea That clay will crumble apart (as water thrown onto it), it will become broken upon into fine pieces. \psa Esa arcilla se va a demoronarse (al aventarsele agua), va a quedarse como polvo fino. \se (fig.) to show up unexpectedly; to pop up (a person, particularly in showing up late for a task that is being avoided) \ss (fig.) dejarse ver; aparecer de repente (una persona, particularmente al llegar tarde para hacer una tarea que trataba evitar) \pna Kemech a:man o:tipo:n, tewameh o:tlan tito:kan. \pea You've just showed up now, now that <i>we've</i> finished planting. \psa Apenas te dejaste ver, <i>nosotros</i> ya terminamos de sembrar. \xrb po: \xvca po:naltia \ref 00569 \lxa to:nalisiwisioh \lxac to:nalisiwisioh \lxo tó:nalisiwísioh \lxoc tó:nalisiwísioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia[v] \pa yes-lex \seao to have heat rash (i.e., <nlao>to:nalisiwistli</nlao>) \ssao tener sarpullido a causa del calor (esto es, <nlao>to:nalisiwistli</nlao>) \sem disease \xrb to:na \xrb hsi \ref 00570 \lxa no:ntsi:n \lxac no:ntsi:n \lxo no:ntsi:n \lxoc no:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seao mute \ssao mudo \sem physical \xrb no:n \nse <nao>No:ntsi:n</nao> is one of very few nouns that are documented only with the diminutive/reverential ending <n>-tsi:n</n>. \qry Recheck for possibility of ?no:ntli. \ref 00571 \lxa pa:ya:wia \lxac kipa:ya:wia \lxo pápa:ya:wía \lxof ['pa pa: ya: 'wi ya] \lxop papa:ya:wia \lxoc kí:pa:ya:wía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa): <no>kí:pa:ya:wíya</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to confuse; to muddle (a person) \ss confundir; aturdir (a algn) \xrb pa:ya: \nae The Ameyaltepec form has been documented without reduplication; this is not the case in Oapan. \qry All these forms should be checked. Note that the Oa has rdp-s while Am does not. Check. Check p-a pattern in Oapan in light of comments in 3667. \ref 00572 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tomi:wah \lxoc tomi:wah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seo rich person; person with a lot of money \sso rico; persona con mucho dinero \syna tomi:nyoh \xrb tomi:n \nse The Ameyaltepec cognate is a denominal adjectival. \ref 00573 \lxa tsonpachiwtok \lxac tsonpachiwtok \lxo tsonpachitok \lxoc tsonpachihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao hunched or bent over with ones head down (e.g, a person intently writing, painting, working, etc.) \ssao agachado; cabizbajo (p. ej., una persona que está intentamente escribiendo, pintando, trabajando, o también triste o melancólica, etc.) \xrb tson \xrb pach \ilustmp Make illustration of this position. \ref 00574 \lxa i:xakawa:ki \lxac i:xakawa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \infv class-3a(k) \sea to start to dry off at the surface or along an outer area (e.g., bricks, <spn>tejamanil</spn>, cinderblocks, materials made of clay or other similar substances; heavy clothes; land after a rain; squash seeds taken out and left in lumps to partially dry before being spread out flat to complete the process) \ssa empezar a secarse por la superficie o partes exteriores (p. ej., ladrillo, tejamanil, blokes, material hecha de cerámica o barro o sustancias similares; ropa gruesa; la tierra después de una lluvia; semilla de calabaza al dejarse amontonado antes de extenderse plenamente para que se seque por completo) \pna Yo:pe:w i:xakawa:ki motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki. \pea The outermost part of your clothes have started to dry off, but they still haven't dried completely. \psa Ya empezó a secarse la superficie de tu ropa, pero todavía no se seca bien. \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki. \pea In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (in this case into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. \psa En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezarlo, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (en este caso de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. \xrb i:xaka \xrb wa: \qry In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. The meaning of this word is unclear. Check. Also make sure that the first sequence is /i:xaka/, with no other possible derivation. Make sure there is no /h/ (e.g. i:xahka:wa:ki?). I doubt it, but check. It is unclear why /i:xaka-/, which usually refers to 'face down' here means 'superficie'; but it might be simply related to 'face' or 'surface' and the meaning of 'to dry on the face (i.e., surface). \vl Check all pronuncations of /melá:k/ for vowel length of final /a:/. In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. \rt Unclear whether /i:x/ should be considered in etymology of /i:xaka/. \ref 00575 \lxa tla:kaneki \lxac tla:kaneki \lxo tla:kaneki \lxoc tla:kaneki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to want a man (as a sexual partner, usually in reference to a"loose woman"[S] but may also be used in reference to a man aleged to be homosexual); to be horney (for a man) \ssao estar caliente sexualmente; querer acostarse con un hombre (generalmente dicho en referencia a una mujer"fácil"[S], pero también se puede emplear en referencia a cualquier persona que desea sexualmente a un hombre) \pna Gri:ngas melá:k mitsyo:kolian. Tla:kanekin. \pea American women (<na>gringas</na>) really provoke you. They desire men (as sexual partners, i.e., they are sexually aggressive). \psa Gringas de veras te provokan. Quieren a los hombres (como parejas sexuales, esto es, son agresivas sexualmente). \xrb tla:ka \xrb neki \ref 00576 \lxa po:lkoh \lxac po:lkoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan polco \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea see <nla>ara:doh de po:lkoh</nla> \ssa see <nla>ara:doh de po:lkoh</nla> \sem tool \encyctmp List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de kuhtli/ \ref 00577 \lxa ikne:lia \lxac kikne:lia \lxo ihne:lia \lxoc kihne:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to pity; to feel sorry or have compassion for (sb poor, ill, etc.) \ssao tener o sentir lástima por (algn pobre o enfermo, etc.) \pna Xte:iknelia. \pea He doesn't pity anyone. \psa No le tiene lástima a nadie. \pna O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia. \pea He lowered (the price) for you, he takes pity on you. \psa Te bajó(el precio), te tiene compasión. \xrb kne:li \qry Check to make sure that the initial vowel is epenthetic. \ref 00578 \lxa tepitsi:n \lxac tepitsi:n \lxo tepitsi:n \lxoc tepitsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seao a little (of sth such as food or drink) \ssao un poco (de algo como comida o bebida) \pna Achi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili! \pea Serve me a little more! \psa ¡Sírveme un poquito más! \se (<nao>san</nao> ~) a moment (measure of time) \ss (<nao>san</nao> ~) un momento (medida de tiempo) \pna San tepitsi:n, xne:xchi:xtiwetsi! \pea Just a moment, just hold up (wait) for me for a second! \psa ¡Un momento, aguántame (espérame) un poquito más! \pna San te:tepitsi:n niá:s. \pea In just a little bit I'll go. \psa Voy en un rato más. \seao (<nao>san te:tepitsi:n</nao>) in a very short time \ssao (<nao>san te:tepitsi:n</nao>) en muy poco tiempo \pno San te:tepitsí:n yekós. \peo He will arrive in a very short time. \pso Va a llegar en poco tiempo. \cfo weliá \xrb tepi \nse In terms of time, <na>te:tepitsi:n</na> indicates a period slightly longer than that indicated by <na>tepitsi:n</na>. In Ameyaltepec the phrase <na>san te:tepitsi:n</na> is not common; it is also apparently also used with <nla>sa:</nla> as in <na>sa: te:tepitsi:n</na>. According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) the phrase <na>san te:tepitsi:n</na> indicates a very short period of time; it is similar in meaning to <no>a:mantsi:n</no> but indicates a shorter period than <nlo>ma:yatsi:n</nlo>. \qry Check and determine the proper part of speech of this term and the phrase <na>san tepitsi:n</na>, which functions adverbially. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: In terms of time, <na>te:tepitsi:n</na> indicates a period slightly longer than that indicated by <na>tepitsi:n</na>. Note that the previous is from my original notes. This should be checked and, once confirmed, entered into the grammar. \ref 00579 \lxa -kwitlapan \lxac ikwitlapan \lxo -kwitlapan \lxoc i:kwitlapan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2 \seao in back of \ssao atrás de; a espaldas de \pna Ikwitlapan mokal o:noka:w. \pea It was left behind your house. \psa Se dejó atrás de tu casa. \pna Pakah nokwitlapan. \pea It is there in back of me. \psa Allá está, atrás de mi. \pna Ikwitlapan tlaxkahli. \pea The bottom part of a tortilla (i.e., the thicker section of a tortilla that puffs up, opposed to <nao>i:xa:yak</nao>). \psa La parte inferior de una tortilla (esto es, la capa más gruesa de una tortilla que se alza, opuesto a <nao>i:xa:yak</nao>). \xrb kwitla \xrl -pan \qry Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym. Check. \ref 00580 \lxa tsonakatlalo:xtia \lxac kitsonakatlalo:xtia \lxo tsonakatlalo:xtia \lxoc kitsonakatlalo:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to push or move sideways \ss empujar o conducir hacia un lado \pna Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s. \pea The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you). \psa El viento te va a estar empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento). \xrb tsonaka \xrb tlal \ref 00581 \lxa kukuwke:tl \lxac kukuwke:tl \lxo kókohké:tl \lxoc kókohké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:kohké:tl</no> n \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \seao woodcutter; one who chops wood and sells it as firewood \ssao leñador \xrb kow \nse Derived from the verb <na>kukowi</na> or <no>kókowí</no> 'to chop wood.' \grm Oapan reduplication reduction: <no>Kókohké:tl</no> is derived from the verb <no>kókowí</no> 'to chop wood.' In Oapan when the agentive noun is preceded by a prefix having a short vowel the reduplication is reduced: <no>ní:kohké:tl</no>. \ref 00582 \lxa kókoneh kókoneh \lxaa kú:kuneh kú:kuneh \lxac kókoneh kókoneh \lxo kókoneh kókoneh \lxoc kókoneh kókoneh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Call \der Onom \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se feeding call used (by women) for baby male turkeys \ss palabra utilizada (por mujeres) para llamar a guajolotitos machos a comer \encyctmp animal sounds \nse This call is usually uttered in groups of two: <na>kókuneh kokuneh</na>. Perhaps it is related to the root <na>kone:</na> although it might simply be used for its sound. An alternative pronunciation is <na>kókoneh kókoneh</na>. \vl There are four additional female tokens at 6087, which should be tagged as 00582. These probably have better sounds so two should be chosen for the final sound file, which should have two female sequences of /kókoneh kókoneh/, which is the utterance from 6087. \qry Check to see if /kókuneh kókuneh/ is only used with baby male turkeys.Finally, more commonly this word is pronounced with /u/: /kúkoneh kúkoneh/. \ref 00583 \lxa kopaxokotl \lxaa kopaxokotl \lxac kopaxokotl \lxo kopaxokotl \lxoc kopaxokotl \lxt kopaxokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of wild plum tree \ssao tipo de ciruelo silvestre \se braggart; liar; big-talker; person who misleads by words \ss fanfarrón; engañoso; persona que engaña con palabras \pna Kopaxokotl pa:mpa kamantika xo:chiyowa wa:n xi:ni, xmelá:k tla:ki, istlakatki. \pea He (a liar) is called a <na>kopaxokotl</na> because it (a <nao>kopaxokotl</nao>) sometimes flowers and then sheds its flowers, it doesn't really come to fruit, it"lies." \psa El (un mentiroso) es un <nao>kopaxokotl</nao> porque a veces florea y después se caen, no da fruta de veras,"miente". \pna Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k. \pea You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true. \psa Parloteas como un ciruelo (esto es, engañas), dices cosas aunque no son verdad. \pna Tikopaxokotl pa:mpa xokotl titlatowa. Tistlakatki, tikitowa tlato:hli ma:ski xmelá:k. \pea You're a big-talker because you speak like a plum tree. You lie, you say things even though they aren't true. \psa Eres un mentiroso porque hablas como un ciruelo, dices cosas aun cuando no son ciertas. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni \cfa kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb kopa \xrb xoko \nse Apparently the <na>kopaxokotl</na> is one species of tree that has separate male and female. Both flower but the male does not come to fruition. Speakers are often able, given their experience and knowledge of the local ecosystem, to point out which <nao>kopaxokotl</nao> tree is male (i.e., hasn't ever and won't come to fruit). The metaphoric use of <nao>kopaxokotl</nao>, therefore, comes from the fact that the male trree (like the female) flowers and thus promises the fruit that flowers usually generate. But unlike most species the fruit never appears, the tree having promised what it did not deliver. \cpl The <na>kopaxokotl</na> is a type of <na>xokotl</na> that comes to fruit in late summer (<na>tla:ki xo:pantlah</na>), i.e., from August to September. The fruit is yellow when ripe. According to Cornelio Lucino, the wood from this tree may be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>ciruelo berraco</na>. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the <na>ciruelo copajocote</na>, of the family <na>Rosaceae</na>. Schoenhals (1988) has a tree called <na>copalcojote</na> of which she says:"(<na>Cyrtocarpa procera</na>) '[family cashew]' see coco de cerro."And under this latter plant she states:"(<na>Cyrtocarpa procera</na>) '[family cashew].' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small, round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 154, 156) seem to have two species of the <i>Anacardiaceae</i> family that bear edible fruit. One is the <i>Spondias purpure a I</i> known in Spanish as <spn>ciruelo</spn> or <spn>ciruelita de cerro</spn>. Of this:"El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera."This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i> known as <spn>coco de cerro</spn>. Of this:"Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales."Perhaps one of the two is the <na>masa:xokotl</na> and the other is the <nla>kopaxokotl</nla>. At this point my guess is that of the two the <na>kopaxokotl</na> might well be <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i>, while the <na>masa:xokotl</na> would seem to be the <i>Spondias purpurea</i>. See <nla>masa:xokotl</nla>. \nct kohtli \nfe In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo considers that there are two types, one that forms fruit and the other that doesn't. But both form flowers in April, its fruit is found in July and August. \qry Note that in two entries I had recorded /kopalxokotl/ and /kopalxokonono:tsa/, probably the correct for is /kopaxoko.../ but possible presence of /l/ should be checked for. Note that I have checked and this is definitely /kopaxokotl/ and not *kopalxokotl. Any occurrences of the latter should be corrected. Check and correct if necessary: Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa. Perhaps /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/. \grm Note the following syntax and its importance for understanding the marking of subjects in phrases: /Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k/ 'You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true.' Here we see that the subject marker is placed at the left of the phrase, before a noun in a modifying function with a verb. There is no incorporation since the absolutive is still with the noun. Thus we have a predicate 'speak' with the adverbial function of a noun, though not incorporated. Another phrase indcates a problem of subject marking: /Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa/ Perhaps here there is simply a /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/. This phrase should be checked and corrected if necessary. However, the major point is the sequence /tikopaxokotl tlatlatlowa/; cf. /tiwe:i chichi/. Other simiilar examples should be noted and discussed in the grammar. \vl Additonal tokens will be tagged from #3794, which has been deleted. \ref 00584 \lxa ye:i \lxac ye:i \lxo ye:i \lxoc ye:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Num-b \infv pl. for humans only: <na>ye:imeh</na> \seao (~ [noun]) three [noun] \ssao (~ [sustantivo]) tres \pna Ye:i nokone:wa:n. \pea I have three children. \psa Tengo tres hijos. \pna O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl. \pea He thrashed him three times with a switch. \psa Le diótres latigazos. \pna Ka:dah ye:i to:nahli tekipanoti:askeh. \pea They will go along working every third día. \psa Van a ir trabajando cada tres días (no cada tercer día en el sentido de un día si, otro día no, etc.). \seao (~ [verb]) three (of sth already mentioned in discourse) \ssao (~ [verbo]) tres (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso) \pna Ye:i mitsmakas, newa san se: o:ne:chtoka:roh. \pea He will give you three (of them), I just got one. \psa Te va a dar tres (de ellos), a míme tocónada más uno. \se (<na>i:pan</na> ~) the third time \ss (<na>i:pan</na> ~) la tercera vez \pna I:pan ye:i to:kas. \pea He will plant on the third time (his plow passes over the field). \psa Va a sembrar la tercera vez (su arado pasa sobre el terreno). \seao (with short vowel reduplication) three by threes; in threes \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tres por tres; en treces \pna Yeye:i nikto:ka. \pea I plant it (e.g., maize) three by three (i.e., with three seeds per hole). \psa Lo siembro (p. ej., maíz) tres por tres (esto es, tres semillas cada pocito). \se (<na>ka:dah</na> ~ (with short vowel reduplication)) every third \ss (<na>ka:dah</na> ~ (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada tres \pna Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl. \pea I'll be coming to drop of water here every three days. \psa Voy a estar viniendo para dejar agua aquícada tres días. \xrb e:i \encyctmp tla:hli; re: /i:pan ye:i to:ka/. \nse One can plant either the third or fourth time the plow passes over the earth. \qry Make sure that /ye:imeh/ is only for humans and not for other animates as well. Check whether /ka:dah ye:i/ means 'every other day' like it would in Spanish 'cada tercer día' or it means every three days; my feeling is that the latter is the case. \qry Note that I have both /ka:dah yeye:i/ and /ka:dah ye:i/. However, /ka:dah ye:ye:i/ does not seem correct. Check. In general check long and short vowel reduplication with numbers and the meaning. \grm Directionals; aspectuals: Note the following modification of an aspectual with a directional prefix: /wa:l-/ with /-tiw/: /Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl./ 'Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl' \ref 00585 \lxa kwe:xtik \lxac kwe:xtik \lxo kwe:xtik \lxoc kwe:xtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to be finely ground (polvo de chile, sesame, etc.) \ssao estar finamente molido (chile powder, ajonjolí, etc.) \seao to be very small; tiny; fine (in size) \ssao ser muy pequeño; chiquititos (en tamaño) \pna Xo:chika:w, ti:roh kwe:xtik nosin. \pea They didn't mature, my <na>mazorcas</na> are really small. \psa No se maduraron, mis mazorcas quedaron muy pequeñas. \pna Kwe:xtik -=pi:pitik- xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i. \pea Write it in small letters, not large ones! \psa ¡Escríbelo en letras chiquitas, no grandes! \pna Kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh. \pea They are really small (e.g., little baby chicks, turkeys). \psa Son chiquititos (p. ej., pollitos, guajolititos). \pna Asta ihkón patioh xnihkowas! Ti:roh kukwe:xtsitsi:ntih. \pea At such an expensive price I won't buy them! They (in this case ceramics) are really small. \psa ¡Asíde caro no me los voy a comprar! Son (en este caso cerámica) muy chiquititas. \se to be close together (e.g., a weave of thread or straw, a stitch in sewing, a painting in black ink with the lines close together, etc.) \ss estar bien apretado (p. ej., un tejido de tela o palma); pegado o fino (p. ej., un dibujo en blanco y negro tener las líneas muy pegadas) \pna Ma:s kwe:xtik nosombre:roh. \pea My hat is finer (i.e., with a finer weave of the palm). \psa My sombrero es más fino (esto es, más finamente tejido). \pna Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih. \pea He painted it in fine detail. \psa Lo pintó en fino detalle. \pna Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli. \pea It is stiched close together, it is finely sewn. \psa El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido. \pna Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik. \pea You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together. \psa Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino. \se in great detail (an explanation); meticulously (a task performed) \ss en gran detalle (una explicación); meticulosamente (una tarea llevada a cabo) \pna Kineki kwe:xtik xkimihli. \pea It's necessary for you to explain it to them in great detail. \psa Es necesario que se lo expliques en gran detalle. \xrb kwe:ch \nse Note that only the reduplicated and plural form (<na>kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh</na>) is used in reference to small animals. \qry Check /Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih/ or should it be /-tlapahlo:ltia/. Correct here and elsewhere. Recheck /teskaltik/ and give appropriate meaning here. \ref 00586 \lxa mali:na \lxac kimali:na \lxo mali:na \lxoc kimali:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \seao to spin into twine against a part of the body (e.g., in ones hand, or, as is often the case, against ones leg) \ssao torcer algún hilo o cosa parecida en la palma, contra la pierna, etc. aunque generalmente contra la pierna \xrb mali: \nse <na>Mali:na</na> is used, for example, to describe the action of making hemp thread. The artisan pulls strands of maguey from a bunch of the dried fiber and rolls them together, into twine, against his shin. He is then able to use the twine to make things such as hemp bags (see <nlao>tema:tlatl</nlao>). According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) if one does not have hair on ones shin one can make twine on the shin, however, those who have hairy shins must make twine on the thigh of their pants leg. He also said that if one starts rolling the twine from the bottom of the thigh or shin toward the top and then down again, the cord is tightly wound. However, when starting from the top and going down and then back up, the twine is less tightly wound. This type is called, again according to Roberto Mauricio, <nlo>ma:pochmekatl</nlo>. \ref 00587 \lxa tlakomo:ni \lxac tlakomo:ni \lxo tlakomo:ni \lxoc tlakomo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to thunder; for there to be thunder (the rolling thunder of a distant storm, or the thunder accompanying heat lightning) \ssao haber truenos (los truenos que acompañan una tempestad todavía distante o lo que en inglés se llama <i>heat lightning</i>) \pna Tlakomo:ni, ye kiawis. \pea There is thunder, it's going to rain. \psa Hay truenos, va va a llover. \sem weather \cfa tlatlatsi:ni \xrb komo: \xbtlao komo:ni \dis distinguish different types of truenos, perhaps remit to discussion on weather page. \encyctmp Encyclopedia of whether phenomenon: rain (i.e., thunder, lightening, different types of rain storms, hail, drizzle, etc.). Also an account of the /a:wakeh/. \ref 00588 \lxa xi:kole:wa \lxac kixi:kole:wa \lxo xi:kole:wa \lxoc kixi:kole:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to cause an abrasion or scrape on \ssao raspar o dejar un raspón a \pna O:ne:chxi:kole:w tetl. \pea The rock left a scrape on me. \psa La piedra me dejó un raspón. \se (refl.) to mess up (in the sense of causing sb to have very bad luck, to get ruined in an endeavor, etc.) \ss (refl.) arruinar; chingar (en el sentido de causar mala suerte, arruinar a algn en un negocio, etc.) \xrb xi:kol \nde No cognates of this word have been yet found in other dialects although the verbal ending <n>-e:wa</n> (or <n>-e:wi</n>) would seem to indicate an action that affects the surface or appearance of an object. \qry Check meaning of /xi:kole:wa/ and /xi:kole:wi/ as"chingarse." \ref 00589 \lxa chi:koyo:ni \lxac chi:koyo:ni \lxo chi:koyo:ni \lxoc chi:koyo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se for a wide gaping hole to form in (cloth, the surface of some object) \ss quedarse con un gran y ancho agujero (tela, una fruta comida por animales) \pna O:hne:xti:to o:chi:koyo:n tosándiah we:i. Xnikmati tli:n yo:lki o:kikwah. \pea I went and found our watermelon with a wide gaping hole in it. I don't know what animal ate it. \psa Fui a encontrar que nuestra sandía tenía un gran y ancho agujero. No séque animal lo había comido. \cfao koyo:ni \xrb chi:- \xrb koyo: \nse As with other derivatives with <na>chi:</na>, this verb appears to have the sense of something that occurs in excess. \rt Note possible relation of /chi:-/ to the intensifier /cho/, which, however, is an independent, not bound, morpheme. \ref 00590 \lxa kuwxio:tl istá:k \lxaa kuwxio:tl de un istá:k \lxac kuwxio:tl de un istá:k \lxo ista:h kohxio:tl \lxoc ista:h kohxio:tl \lxt kohxio:tl ista:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seao type of <spn>cuajiote</spn> tree \ssao tipo de cuajiote \pna Istá:k kuwxio:tl | Xma:s kanah serbi:rowa, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pa:n. \pea <na>Istá:k kuwxio:tl</na> : It can't be used for much, [but] it's good for baking bread. \psa <na>Istá:k kuwxio:tl</na> : No sirve para mucho, [pero] es bueno para cocer pan. \pna Istá:k kuwxio:tl | A:ntes nokwiyan ikopahlo, ia:xi:xmi:kiyo kohxio:tl de un istá:k para ika kipawia:yan michimeh. Kixi:nian itik a:tl, pe:wa kikoxo:nian ka:n wekatlan, pe:wa ki:san un michin ke:n papa:ya:tsitsi:nteh. \pea <na>Istá:k kuhxio:tl</na> : In the past the resin, the sap of the <na>istá:k kuhxio:tl</na> was used to poison fish. They sprinkle it in the water, they begin to stir it around where the water is deep, the fish start to come up to the surface like they were reeling and dizzy. \psa <na>Istá:k kuhxio:tl</na> : Antes la savia, la resina del <na>istá:k kuhxio:tl</na> se usaba para envenonar peces. Lo rocían en el agua, empiezan a batirla en un lugar profundo, empiezan a salir los peces a la superficie como atarantados. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb sta \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna istá:k kohxio:tl \syno kohxio:tl ista:k \cpl Guizar and Sánchez (1991) mention a <i>Bursera</i> called <i>Bursera fagaroides</i>, which in Spanish is known as <spn>cuajiote blanco</spn>. This is perhaps the <na>kuhxio:tl de un istá:k</na>. See entry under <nla>kuhxio:tl</nla> for a more complete account. According to Asunción Marcelo there are two types of this tree. One has smooth bark; the other has sap that hardens into resinous balls. Both have white wood. They are found in a place called <na>Tepe:kwa:tsotsoltsi:n</na>. \nct kohtli; kohxio:tl \qry Recheck Yale tape. I originally had /istá:k kuhxio:tl/, which I have changed after the workshop to /ista:h kohxio:tl/, removing the final stress of the first word, changing /k/ to /h/, and changing /u/ to /o/. \ref 00591 \lxa tata:nah \lxac tata:nah \lxo tátá:nah \lxop tata:nah \lxoc tátá:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \seao to be baggy (particularly pants) \ssao estar holgado (particularmente pantalones) \apa tata:natik \apo táta:nátik \xrb ta:nah \qry Check to determine whether Oapan rdp-s form can be reduced (e.g., to /ní:ta:nátik/). Most likely it can be. \ref 00592 \lxa nakastepalka \lxac nakastepalka \lxo nakastepalka \lxoc nakastepalka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N(ap) \der N-ap \seao to be hard of hearing \ssao tener dificultades para oir \seao to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise because of"thick ears,"like ceramic bowls) \ssao tener poca sensibilidad al ruido con tal de que duerme profundamente (el que no despierta fácilmente a pesar de mucho ruido porque tiene las orejas"gruesas"como tepalcates) \equiva nakastlantepalka \cfa nakastekakanak \xrb nakas \xrb tepalka \nae Given that <nao>nakastepalka</nao> lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as <nao>se:</nao>, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective. \qry In my notes I also had /nakastepalkah/; I entered /nakastepalka/ here because of my understanding of the nature of apocopated nouns, which simply lose the absolutive. This should be checked. Also, check with Launey if this should be categorized as an adjective. \grm Adjectives; apocopated: Given that <nao>nakastepalka</nao> lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as <nao>se:</nao>, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective. \ref 00593 \lxa tlane:wilia \lxac kitlane:wilia \lxo tlane:wilia \lxoc kitlane:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to borrow from \ssao pedir prestado de \pna Ne:xtlane:wili:sneki noara:doh. \pea He wants to borrow my plow from me. \psa Quiere pedirme prestado mi arado. \xrb tlane:wi \xvba tlane:wi \qry Check if this can be used like /tlane:wia/ in Oapan. Check all forms of this verb: /tlane:wi/, /tlane:wtia/ and /tlane:wilia/. Also check for nominalizations. Check for /tlane:wia/, perhaps this exists in Oapan. Check the difference in Oapan between /kitlane:wilia/ and /kitlane:wiya/ or between /(ki)notlane:wilia/ and /(ki)notlane:wiya/. \ref 00594 \lxa ma:ski \lxac ma:ski \lxo ma:si \lxoc ma:si \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \se That's the way it is! Never mind! Whatever! So be it! I don't care! (used to express resignation that a certain event has or will occur) \ss ¡Ni modo!¡Así es!¡Qué asísea!¡No me importa! (utilizado para expresar como resignación que algo pasó o va a pasar) \pna Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s. \pea Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you. \psa Aquívoy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar. \pna Ma:ski, xya! \pea OK then, go (I don't care)! \psa ¡Ni modo, vete! \pna A: Newa xok timitspale:wi:s! B: Ma:ski! \pea A: I won't help you anymore! B: So be it! \psa A:¡Ya no te voy a ayudar! B:¡No me importa! \xrb ma \xrb so \xrb iw \nse The use of <na>ma:ski</na> as an interjection seems to follow from its function as a subordinator indicating 'even though (in Spanish <spn>aunque</spn>). Molina glosses what is apparently the cognate form from Classical <n>maciuhqui</n> as 'aunque sea tal, o tal qual es.' He also has <n>maciui</n> as 'aunque, o dado que, o puesto caso.' \ref 00595 \lxa kwalne:ska \lxac i:kwalne:ska \lxo kwalne:ska \lxoc i:kwalne:ska \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N(at)-N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \seao that which gives a pleasing appearance to \ssao lo que le da una buena apariencia o vista a \pna Yewa ikwalne:ska. \pea That's what makes it look good (e.g., a decoration on a house, a piece of jewlery on a young girl, etc.) \psa Eso es lo que le da vista (p. ej., una decoración a una casa, algo de joyería a una muchacha, etc.) \xrb kwal \xrb ne:si \nse This obligatorily possessed participal refers to something that is done or put on to give a good appearance. It may refer to a part of a whole object, or something that is placed on something else to better its appearance. \qry Obtain a more illustrative use (phrase) of this word. Note that I had orriginally recorded ikwalne:xka but changed to ikwalne:ska after speaking to Florencia. Recheck. \ref 00596 \lxa chia:wa \lxac kichia:wa \lxo chia:wa \lxoc kichia:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to make greasy (e.g., a utensil, drinking water by contaminating it, etc.); to grease (e.g., a pot or cooking utensil) \ssao hacer grasoso (p. ej., un utensilio, agua potable al contaminarla, etc.); engrasar (p. ej., una olla o sartén) \pna Yo:kichia:w iko:n \pea He has made his pot greasy (e.g., by cooking something greasy in it). \psa Ha dejado grasosa su olla (p. ej., al cocinar en ella algo grasoso). \pna O:tchia:w ma:w. O:tpolaktih moma, xka:wa, chia:wak katka. \pea You made your water get greasy. You stuck your hand in it and, you know what! it was greasy. \psa Hiciste que tu agua quedara grasosa. Le metiste la mano y,¡sabes!, estaba grasosa. \pna O:tine:xchiya:wilih tli:n o:timistlane:wtih. Xka:wa, niktlasotlaya, xnikchia:wa:ya. \pea You got what I lent you greasy. Indeed, I really took loving care of it (I valued it), I didn't get it greasy (the time I had it). \psa Cubriste de grasa lo que te presté. De veras, lo cuidaba mucho, no lo dejaba engrasar. \xrb chiya: \xvaao chia:wilia \nae Note the pronunciation for Oapan Nahuatl of <no>kichiya:wa</no> in which the first /i/ of the verb stem is virtually unnoticeable, <no>kichya:wa</no>. \qry Check to see if use of intensifier /te-/ is acceptable. Also check form for 'to grease,' as in a pot to prevent sticking. Applicative used? \ref 00597 \lxa tewa:hki \lxac tewa:hki \lxo tewa:hki \lxoc tewa:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seao to be skinny; to be thin (from not eating well, from illness, or simply as a physical trait) \ssao estar delgado (por no comer bien, por enfermedad o simplemente como caracter físico) \xrb tewa: \dis tewa:ki; kana:wi \nae The diminutive form in Oapan is <no>tewa:hka:tsi:n</no>. \grm Diminutive: The diminutive for Oapan <no>tewa:hki</no> is <no>tewa:hka:tsi:n</no>. Note the ki to ka: change. Check what it is in Ameyaltepec. \vl Add token from 3427. \ref 00598 \lxa tlakomolko \lxac tlakomolko \lxo tlakomolko \lxoc tlakomolko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \seao place characterized by a <nla>tlakomohli</nla>, an extended flat area of land \ssao lugar characterizado por un <nla>tlakomohli</nla>, unaárea extendida y plana \sem topography \xrb komol \xrl -ko \ref 00599 \lxa i:xpetla:ni \lxac i:xpetla:ni \lxo i:xpetla:ni \lxoc i:xpetla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to enjoy improvement in ones health (from a state of reduced consciousness) \ssao mejorar en cuanto a la salud (recuperando de un estado de debilitamiento) \pna Ya:lwa sa: koxtoya. A:man ye i:xpetla:ni, kas medioh ye patitsi:n. \pea Yesterday he was just sleeping (from illness). Today he's already started to become more aware (e.g., opening his eyes and talking, looking around), it seems that he's improving a little. \psa Ayer no más estaba durmiendo (por estar enfermo). Hoy ya se le ve más lúcido (con los ojos abiertos y más alerto, atento a su alrededor), quizáya se está mejorando un poquito. \se to have flashes of lucidity or clear moments (e.g., after having gotten very drunk) \ss tener momentos de lucidez (p.ej., después de haberse emborrachado) \pna I:xpetla:ntiw. \pea He's having some clear moments. \psa Estáteniendo algunos momentos de lucidez. \se to become cognizant or aware; (fig) to see things clearly; (fig) to see the light, (fig.) to open up ones eyes \ss ver las cosas claras; (fig) abrir los ojos; tener conciencia (de algo) \pna Kemech a:man i:xpetla:ni. Kwa:k itie:mpoh katka xo:kinemilih para kichi:was -on tekitl-. \pea He's just now starting to see things clearly. When he was in his prime he didn't think of doing it (e.g., a particular job or task). \psa Apenas ahora está viendo las cosas claras. Cuando estaba en plena juventud no pensóhacerlo (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en particular). \xrb i:x \xrb petla: \nde The Classical definition for a transitive form of this word has little to do with the Balsas Nahuatl definition: Molina has <n>ixpetlania. nitla.</n> 'derramar algo de lo que estáen el vaso o copa, o escandalizar a otros.' Of modern dialects only Zacapoaxtla has this term with a similar acceptation to Ameyaltepec and Oapan: <n>i:xpeta:ni</n> 'vuelve, se le pasa la borrachera' and <n>i:xpeta:ntoc</n> 'en su juicio.' \qry Check for transitive forms (with /-nia/ or /-naltia/) and code accordingly. \ref 00600 \lxa a:xi:xtitlan \lxac a:xi:xtitlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Rel-titlan \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N1 \sea covered with urine or the smell of urine (a place or person) \ssa cubierto con o lleno de orina o con su olor (un lugar o persona) \pna Nochipa a:xi:xtitlan onkah. \pea She is always covered with (smelling of) urine (e.g., a woman with a baby who is always urinating on her). \psa Estásiempre llena de (oliendo a) orina (p. ej. una mujer cuyo bebésiempre le orina). \pna A:xi:xtitlan pa:mpa na:xi:xalo:tok. \pea It is (a place) full of the smell of urine because people are constantly urinating there. \psa Es (un lugar) lleno del olor de orines porque la gente está orinando ahíconstantemente. \syno a:xi:xtesokwiyá:k \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrl -titlan \ref 00601 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be simply /ka:siah/ but this entry has been removed and changed to /flor de ka:siah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00602 \lxa to:pi:leh \lxac to:pi:leh \lxo to:pi:leh \lxoc to:pi:leh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \seao <spn>topile</spn>, a position in the village cargo system immediately under the <nla>fiská:l</nla> (of the church) or the <nlao>komisa:rioh</nlao> (in the secular, political sector) \ssao topile, una posición en el sistema de cargos comunicarios inmediatamente bajo el mando del <nla>fiská:l</nla> (de la iglesia) o el <nlao>komisa:rioh</nlao> (del juzgado y el sistema político y secular) \sem govern \xrb to:pi:l \encyctmp government \nse Even though the nominal root of <na>to:pi:hli</na> is archaic and virtually never used in spontaneous speech, the possessor form <na>to:pi:leh</na> is the commonly used form for a series of officials positions in the village. The village mayor (<nao>komisa:rioh</nao>) has his own set of <spn>topiles</spn> divided into two groups. They are generally at his service and are used most often to summon individuals to the <spn>juzgado</spn> in order that the <nao>komisa:rioh</nao> or <nla>segundoh</nla> may address them (e.g., in the event of a complaint or litigation, to inform them of fees or services due, etc.). The <na>fiská:l</na> of the church also has two sets of <spn>topiles</spn> (as in the <spn>juzgado</spn>, each under the direction of one of two <na>to:pi:leh mayo:res</na>) who are more involved in the day-to-day activities of the church (opening it in the morning, sweeping it, helping with the religious ceremonies associated with the church, etc.). \vl There is one female token from 5181. But since there will be such a discrepancy in sound quality with the male token, perhaps it shouldn't actually be linked to the lexicon. Use your judgement. \ref 00603 \lxa cho:ktia \lxac kicho:ktia \lxo cho:htia \lxoc kicho:htia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make cry (particularly a human, though various animals as well) \ssao hacer llorar (particularmente a una persona, pero varios animales también) \pna Kicho:ktia ika o:mik itah. \pea It makes him cry that his father died. \psa Le hace llorar que se muriósu papá. \se to irritate the eyes of \ss irriatarle los ojos a \pna Ne:xcho:ktia po:ktli. \pea The smoke irritates my eyes. \psa El humo me irrita los ojos. \se to sound (e.g., a horn on a car) \ss pitar; soñar (p. ej., el klaxon de un coche) \pna Kicho:ktitok ikarri:toh, i yaw. \pea He is sounding the horn on his car, he is about to go. \psa Estáhaciendo sonar el claxon de su coche, ya se va \se to cause to or make whistle (e.g., a rock by throwing it through the air) \ss hacer silbar (p. ej., una piedra aventada fuertemente por el aire) \pna Xwel tikcho:ktia tetl? \pea Can you make a rock whistle (throwing it hard in a certain way so that it whistles)? \psa ¿Puedes hacer silbar una piedra? (al aventarla fuertemente para que se haga el sonido de silbido). \xrb cho:ka \xvba cho:ka \ref 00604 \lxa komo:ni \lxac komo:ni \lxo komo:ni \lxoc komo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>tekomo:ni</n> \infv class-3a \seao to make a thudding or banging sound \ssao tronar; hacer un sonido como de tronar \pna Tekomo:ni. \pea It resounds deeply. \psa Resuena bien. \pna Tekomo:ntok. \pea It is booming (e.g., a bass drum). \psa Estáresoñando fuertemente (p. ej., una tambora). \seo (with <n>te-</n>) to send out (a tree top) ample branches and leaves in a wide circle \sso (con <n>te-</n>) extender (la copa de unárbol) ramas llenas de hojas en un gran círculo \seo (with <n>te-</n>) to have a slightly hoarse yet reverberating voice (a human [S]) \sso (con <n>te-</n>) tener la voz que es ligeramente ronca pero reverbera (un ser humano [S]) \sem sound \cfa komo:nteko \cfa komo:ntasi \xrb komo: \xvcao komo:naltia \xv0ao tlakomo:ni \xvkao kokomoka \nae Perhaps given the nature of this verb, it usually occurs with the intensifying prefix <na>te</na>. The durative ending <n>-tok</n> with this verb indicates a progressive, not stative, aspect. \ref 00605 \lxa ikxitetlanwia \lxac kikxitetlanwia \lxo ixitlawia \lxof [ix i tla 'wi ya] \lxoc kixitlawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> (Am) \infv class-2a \seao to trip and cause to fall by placing ones leg in front of those of another, or by hitting the other's legs with ones own \ssao hacer tropezar al poner el de uno pie frente a los del otro, o al usar las piernas para hacer tropezar;; dar una zancadilla a \se (refl.) to trip or get tripped up (e.g., by getting ones feet tangled up, or by tripping, such as over a rock jutting out of the ground) \ss (refl.) tropezar (p. ej., al enredarsele las piernas, o al tropezar sobre algo como una piedra empotrada que sale de la superficie de la tierra); darse una zancadilla \pna O:nimokxitetlanwih, o:niwets. \pea I got my feet tangled up, I fell. \psa Me tropecé al enredarme las piernas, me caí. \pna Ma:ka mokxitetlanwi:s moburroh! \pea Don't have your donkey get tripped up and fall! \psa ¡Quéno se vaya a tropezar tu burro! \sem contact \cfa ma:tetlanwia \xrb kxi \xrl -tlan \nae The Ameyaltepec version of this verb manifests the intensifying affix <n>te-</n> in a unique position: before the relational element <n>-tlan</n> and <n>-wia</n>, used to form denominalized verbs. Likewise, the use of <n>-wia</n> itself after a relational noun formation seems slightly unusual, though this derivational process has still not been completely studied. What appears to be the case in Ameyaltepec is that a denominal verb such as Classical <n>icxitlanuia</n>, which Molina glosses as 'çancadilla, dar a otro,' (note that this is taken from the Spanish to Nahuatl side, fol. 33v; the Nahuatl to Spanish section has <n>icxitlauia</n>, without the /n/) as been reinterpreted by Ameyaltepequeños so as to allow the inflixation of the intensifier <n>te-</n> before the relational noun <n>-tlan</n>. This is not the case in Oapan, nor Classical. Note also that Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan or Classical, has the additional form <nla>ma:tetlanwia</nla> which is used reflexively in reference to an imals th at trip over their own front legs. \grm /te-/ intensifier; /-wia/ verbalization: Note Ameyaltepec /ikxitetlanwia/ and Oapan /ixitlawia/. According to RS this is derived from /ikxitlan + wia/. This seems a valid observation that had escaped me given the presense of /te-/; yet there is no isolated verb */tetlanwia/. There are two points from this that need to be added to the grammar. The first is that /te-/ can obviously be affixed between a verbalizing element for denominals and the nominal/locative stem. The second is that /-wia/ can be used after a relational construction. \qry Check etymology and grammatical categorization. Note that /nokxitetlanwia/ can refer to tripping over a rock or other object, because on catches ones sandal, tangles ones feet, etc. In the active form it refers to the action of tripping someone by sticking ones leg out so that the other will fall. Cf. to /ma:tetlanwia/. \ref 00606 \lxa a:kapilo:hli \lxac a:kapilo:hli \lxo a:kapilo:hli \lxoc a:kapilo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao light beams that form part of a house; these run from the <spn>caballete</spn> down to the <nla>kontrasole:rah</nla> Am / <nlo>tlaxipacholo:ni</nlo> \ssao ciertas vigas que forman parte de una casa; corren desde el caballete a la <nla>kontrasole:rah</nla> Am / <nlo>tlaxipacholo:ni</nlo> \xrb a:ka \xrb pil \encyctmp kahli \ilustmp Make illustration of house frames; perhaps photograph \nse The <nao>a:kapilo:hli</nao>, part of a thatched roof house (of grass, <nlao>sakatl</nlao>, or palm, <nlao>so:ya:tl</nlao>), are thin rods of wood that descend vertically along the roof of the house from the <spn>caballete</spn> to the <spn>solera</spn>. They are distinct, however, from the <spn>cabezas</spn>. The <nao>a:kapilo:hli</nao> along with the <nlao>kwihlo:tl</nlao> form the major part of the house frame. \qry Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there, and also diagram under"casa"on the Spanish-Nahuatl filecards. \ref 00607 \lxa a:wakatl \lxac a:wakatl \lxo a:wakatl \lxoc a:wakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao avocado (the fruit) \ssao aguacate (la fruta) \seao avocado tree (by extension) \ssao árbol de aguacate (por extensión) \sem plant \sem edible \apa a:wakakohtli \apo a:wakakohtli \xrb a:waka \nct kohtli \ref 00608 \lxa mana \lxac kimana \lxo mana \lxoc kimana \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to lay down on a flat surface (e.g., placing tortillas on a <spn>comal</spn>) \ssao extender or acostar sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., tortillas sobre el comal) \pna O:pe:w kimana tlaxkahli, ye titlakwa:skeh. \pea She's started to make tortillas, we're about to eat. \psa Empezó a echar tortillas, ya vamos a comer. \pna Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni. \pea They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the <nla>itakatl</nla>, (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces. \psa Echaron las gorditas (<nla>itakatl</nla>) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose. \seao to wear or put on ones head (a hat, cap, etc.) \ssao ponerse en la cabeza (un sombrero, gorra, etc.) \pna Xkaman kimana sombre:roh. \pea He never wears a hat. \psa Nunce se pone un sombrero. \se (refl.) to sit or collect (as water in a puddle) \ss (refl.) estancarse (como agua en el suelo) \pna Xtlapowili para ma: ki:sa ka:n o:nomanka a:tl! \pea Open it up (in this case by digging a little drainage ditch) so that the water flows out from where it has collected on the ground! \psa Abréle (en este caso abriendo una zanja pequeña) para que salga el agua de donde se ha estancado sobre el suelo. \se (refl.) to gather together on the ground (as people who sit themselves down in a small gathering to talk, watch an event, etc.) \ss (refl.) juntarse sobre el suelo (como gente sentada para parlotear, para ver un evento, etc.) \pna Xmomanaka:n! \pea Gather around (sitting on the ground)! \psa ¡Júntense (sentados por el suelo)! \se (refl. + <na>yewahli</na>) for night to fall \ss (refl. + <na>yewahli</na>) caerse la noche; anochecer \src CF Nakas 1:10 \pna Wa:lnomana yewahli, pe:wa tlatsotsonan ika gita:rrah. \pea Come night, they begin to play their guitars. \psa Viene la noche, empiezan a tocar sus guitarras. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to transplant (seedlings, particularly of chile) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) transplantar (plantas de semillero, particularmente chile) \pna O:kimamanato chi:hli. \pea He went to replant the chile seedlings. \psa Fue a transplantar las plantas de semillero del chile. \pna Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas. \pea (To make a <na>tlapacho:hli</na>) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro, or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them (the seeds), then you cover them with grass and water it so that they sprout. When they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them. \psa (Para hacer un <na>tlapacho:hli</na>) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballo por el suelo y les cubres (las semillas) con una capa delgada de tierra, después les echas encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron, las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to pass from one hand to the other (tortillas as they are being made) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasar de una mano a la otra (tortillas al hacerlas) \xrb man \xvcao mani:ltia \xvaao manilia \xv1ao tlamana \xv1ao tlá:maná \nse In reference to seed gardens, <na>mana</na> describes an action performed in cultivating chile. First the seeds are sprinkled on the ground and lightly covered with earth. Later, the sprouted chile is uprooted when small and transplanted in holes dug with a <na>wi:tsoktli</na>, where they grow to full size. \qry On a file card from the original series I have /kimamanas itla:lpan/ 'lo va a transplantar a su terreno.' Check whether this is OK. \ref 00609 \lxa tlasema:nke:tl \lxac tlasema:nke:tl \lxo tlasema:nke:tl \lxoc tlasema:nke:tl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao storeowner; reseller; merchant \ssao tendero; rescatador; mercader; revendedor \xrb sem \xrb a:na \qry In my original notes I had both /tlasema:nke:tl/ and /tlasema:nki/. However, I now think that the second entry or form might be incorrect, or at least very rare. Check and make the necessary adjustments. \mod Perhpas in the future change N-ag-ke:tl to mark whether derived from a V1, V2, or V3. \ref 00610 \lxa techikilia \lxac kitechikilia \lxo téchikília \lxop techikilia \lxoc kitéchikília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to scrape for; to rub (sth) hard for \ssao frotar (algo) para; restregar (algo) para \pna Ne:chipachowilia notlake:n, kite:techikilia ika pla:nchah para ma petsiwi. \pea She irons her clothes for me, she rubs an iron back and forth on them so that they get smooth. \psa Le plancha la ropa para mí, le frota (la ropa) de un lado a otro con una plancha para que se alise. \cfo 'techíki \xrb te- \xrb hchiki \xvba techiki \nde The most common use of <nao>techikilia</nao> is with a reduplicated stem, as in Oapan <no>kité:chikília</no>. The same perhaps applies to Classical Nahuatl. Molina has under <n>chiqui. nitla.</n> 'raspar, o rallar algo.' However, under <n>chichiqui</n> he has two entries <n>chichiqui. nitla.</n> 'extretexer agujero de manta, y raspar, o rallar algo' and <n>chichiqui. nino.</n> 'estregarse, o rascarse a la pared, o a otra cosa.' Both nominalize, as <n>tlachiquiliztli</n> and <n>tlachichiquiliztli</n>, respectively. \qry Determine the nature of this verb. In Am does one have /kitechichiki/ or /kitetechiki/. Also determine again for Oa. And discuss why one or the other might be more common. \ref 00611 \lxa ma:kukwa \lxac kima:kukwa \lxo ma:kokowa \lxoc kima:kokowa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa): Am verb has an irregular lexical stem formation that inflects otherwise as a class-2b verb: <na>o:kima:kokoh</na> and <na>kima:koko:s</na> \seao to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of \ssao doler o herir ligeramente el brazo (o, menos comunmente, la mano) de \seao to hurt the forelegs of (an animal) \ssao herir o lastimar las patas delanteras de (un animal) \xrb ma: \xrb kowa \qry Check etymology in entry for /kukwa/ and standardize with the present entry. Check for transitive form with definite direct objects. \ref 00612 \lxa tsi:nto:ne:wi \lxac tsi:nto:ne:wi \lxo tsi:nto:ne:wi \lxoc tsi:nto:ne:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to feel a burning pain or sensation in ones anus, rectum, or rear end \ssao sentir un arder en el ano, recto o nalgas \pna Titsi:nto:ne:wtos, we:i o:tkwah chi:hli. \pea Your will feel a burning sensation in your anus, you ate a lot of chile. \psa Vas a sentir un arder en el ano, comiste mucho chile. \pna O:titsi:nxakwaliw, titsi:nto:ne:wtok. \pea You scraped your bottom (e.g., while riding on a beast of burden), your rear end is smarting. \psa Te raspaste las nalgas (p. ej., al andar en bestia), se te arden. \xrb tsi:n \xrb to:n \nae <na>Tsi:nto:ne:wi</na> and its corresponding transitive form are most often employed to indicate the burning sensation that accompanies passing chile. However, this is not always the case, as the illustrative sentence <na>o:titsi:nxakwaliw, titsi:nto:ne:wtok</na> indicates. \ref 00613 \lxa nakaskwitlatl \lxac nakaskwitlatl \lxo nakaskwitlatl \lxoc nakaskwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se ear wax \ss cerilla \sem body \sem human \xrb nakas \xrb kwitla \ref 00614 \lxa ikxipihli \lxac ikxipihli \lxo ixipihli \lxoc ixipihli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sem body \sem human \se toe (any one) \ss dedo de pie (cualquier) \xrb kxi \xrb pil \qry Check vowel length of final /i/; cf. to /mapihli/. Also, elicit the names of all the fingers and toes. \ref 00615 \lxa ni- \lxac nipa:ki \lxo ni- \lxoc nipa:ki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pref(sub) \der Pre-sub \se see <nao>n-</nao> \ss vé ase <nao>n-</nao> \ref 00616 \lxa xomiltlatlama \lxac xomiltlatlama \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-1 \sea to catch <spn>jumiles</spn> (catching them in the rocky areas they inhabit and placing them in a"bottle"made of woven palm; see <nla>pi:tso:tl</nla>) \ssa juntar jumiles (agarrándolos con las manos y metiéndolos en un recipiente como botella, a menudo hecho de palma; vé ase <nla>pi:tso:tl</nla>) \xrb xomil \xrb ma \cfa tlama \encyctmp tlama: different types of hunting and the way that hunting occurs \ref 00617 \lxa a:yawtli \lxac a:yawtli \lxo a:yahtli \lxoa a:yehtli \lxoc a:yahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \seao mist; fog; haze \ssao neblina; bruma \sem weather \xrb a:yawi \nde Classical Nahuatl has <n>ayauitl</n>, as expected given the generalized alternation between <n>-wtli</n> and <n>-witl</n> in Balsas and Classical Nahuatl, respectively. \ref 00618 \lxa tlakoteki \lxac kitlakoteki \lxo tlákotéki \lxop tlakoteki \lxoc kitlákotéki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seao to cut in half (sth that can be cut such as cloth, paper, etc.); \ssao cortar en la mitad (algo que se puede cortar como tela, papel, etc.) \pna O:kitlakotehkeh noa:mawa:n. \pea They cut my paper in half. \psa Cortar mi papel por la mitad. \seao to divide in half (e.g, an area) \ssao dividir en la mitad (p. ej., unaárea) \pna Kitlakotekis un pa:tioh. \pea He will divide the patio in half. \psa Va a dividir el patio en mitades. \sem distort-break \xrb tlahko \xrb teki \qry Remember to add /yeltsakwa/ to Oapan forms. \ref 00619 \lxa tsonakaita \lxac kitsonakaita \lxo tsonakaita \lxoc kitsonakaita \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular; see <nlao>ita</nlao> \seao to observe or look at out of the corner of ones eyes \ssao mirar o observar de soslayo \pna Mitsa:ltsonakaistokeh. \pea They are looking over here at you out of the corner of their eyes. \psa Te están echando una mirada de soslayo hacia acá. \xrb tsonaka \xrb ita \ref 00620 \lxa tlateki \lxac tlateki \lxo tlateki \lxoc tlateki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to be sharp (a knife, machete, etc.) \ssao tener filo; ser cortante (un cuchillo, machete, etc.) \pna Xtlateki, xihkowas. \pea It isn't sharp, I won't buy it. \psa No tiene filo, no me lo voy a comprar. \seao to be corrosive; to burn (lime, fertilizer, salt, etc., e.g., sth that causes pain or bleeding when in contact with the cut) \ssao ser corrosivo; quemar (cal, fertilizante, sal, etc., esto es, algo que causa dolor o que salga sangre cuando en contacto con una cortada) \pna Tlateki istatl, kiyeski:xtia. \pea Salt is corrosive, it causes it to bleed (e.g., a wound). \psa La sal es corrosiva, lo hace sangrar (p. ej., una herida). \cfao tlatekitia \xrb teki \xvcao tlateki:ltia \xbtlao teki \qry Check for inflection /tlatekis/ and /tlatekíya/ or /tlateki yes/ and /tlateki katka/. \ref 00621 \lxa pai:kú:n \lxac pai:kú:n \lxo payáon \lxop payáon \lxoa pai:káon \lxoc payáon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-loc \pa yes \seao over there; over that way (with a specific place in mind) \ssao allí; por allí(con un lugar específico en mente) \pna Ma:ka tiá:s pai:kú:n, pakah wi:wih! \pea Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there! \psa ¡No te vayas allí, allá hay un animalito! \xrb pa \xrb -ka; on \encyctmp Or, in grammar, a whole section on adverbs, locatives, etc. \nse The difference between adverbs such as <nla>nepai:ka</nla>, <nla>pai:ka</nla>, and <na>pai:kún</na> is unclear. The deictic demonstrative <na>un</na> seems to indicate a more specific location. That is, whereas <na>pai:ka</na> and <na>nepai:ka</na> seem to indicate a general direction, <na>pai:kún</na> apparently is more specific, perhaps more like 'right over there.' \qry Determine the difference of /pa ika/ and /pa ikún/. Recheck if /pa ika/ exists. The etymology of /pa ikún/ is uncertain, as is whether it should be written as one or two words. Here it would seem that the deictic /un/ is added, perhaps as an emphatic. Determine how these words should be written (as one or two) Check for this phonology of Am /na:ni:ka/. \vl Check vowel length for all locatives/deictics ending in /-ika/ or /-i:ka/. \ref 00622 \lxa sasa:lia \lxac sasa:lia \lxo sasa:lia \lxoc sasa:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to become sticky \ssao ponerse pegajoso \xrb sa:l \dis sasa:liwi; sasa:lia \nae Whereas <nla>sa:liwi</nla> refers to the event of 'getting stuck (as food on a griddle)' the secondary derivation <na>sasa:lia</na> refers to the acquisition by the subject of a quality, 'stickiness.' It has thus been classified as within the paradigm of variation represented by such sequences as <nla>yema:nki</nla>, <nla>yema:nia</nla>, and <nla>yema:nilia</nla>. It is not clear how common this variation between unaccusative verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> and inchoative verbs ending in <n>-ya</n> are. \grm Verbal contrasts: note that the root /sa:l/ enters into a verbal /iwi/ form and an inchoative form, /sasa:lia/. The distinction seems to be the following. /sasa:liwi/ means 'to become stuck (to sth)' whereas /sasa:lia/ means 'to become sticky.' That it, the first verbal form refers to an event with subject as thematic patient whereas the second refers to the acquisition of a characteristic, 'stickiness.' Other cases of this type of variation should be explored. \ref 00623 \lxa se:me:sti \lxac se:me:sti \lxo se:me:m \lxoc se:me:sti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao see <nlao>-me:sti</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-me:sti</nlao> \xrb se: \xrb me:s \ref 00624 \lxa a:wistli \lxac a:wistli \lxo a:wistli \lxoc a:wistli \lxt a:wistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seao type of tree, identified by several consultants as <spn>chabuco</spn> \ssao tipo deárbol, identificado por varios asesores como 'chabuco' \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a: \xrb wits \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>chabuco</na> as did one informant. Ramírez (1991) gives the same Spanish name, and identifies this of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>. The only trees of this family in Guizar and Sánchez (1991) are the <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, which they state to be <spn>atopol</spn> or <spn>atepule</spn> in Spanish (see <nla>a:to:po:lin</nla>), as well as the <i>Hintonia standleyana</i> (in Spanish <spn>quina</spn>) and <i>Randia echinocarpa</i> (in Spanish <spn>granjel</spn>). Schoenhals (1988) has nothing under <i>Hintonia standleyana</i> or <spn>quina</spn> but does have a listing for granjel:"(<i>Randia</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. echinocarpa, R. armata</i>) 'randia,' 'thorn tree,' 'ink tree.' Branches come out at right angles to the stems. Yellow flowers, edible fruit; tree is well supplied with thorns. The tree is a good source of firewood and is protected as a land stabilizing agent. Fruit juices are used as ink. Also called crucecito, escambrón, maluco de montaña, papache, tintero, torolillo."This description of the <spn>granjel</spn> seems to correspond to that of the <spn>chabuco</spn> in Ramírez (1991). \nct kohtli \nfe Although one consultant once said that this was good for <spn>morillos</spn> this is not the case. It is just used for firewood. \qry Check homophony with /a:wistli/ meaning 'dew'. \pqry Determine variation /a:wistli/ 'dew' and /a:wistli/ 'chabuco'. \vl There are 4 more tokens at #4451. These will be tagged with 624. Note that the final link should include the tokens originally at 4451, which have a much better sound quality. \ref 00625 \lxa lo:lah \lxac lo:lah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N0/1; Aln(0=2) \sea (alienable possession) grandmother \ssa (posesión enajenable) abuela \sea (vocative) grandmother! \ssa (vocativo)¡abuelita! \cfa lo:latli \xrb lo:lah \nse This kin term is mostly used as an address term (e.g., <na>ka:n tiáw lo:lah</na>) or in possessed form. However, it can also be used with the absolutive and for this reason the principal entry is under <nla>lo:latli</nla>. \xrb lo:lah \ref 00626 \lxa tlatsotsonalistli \lxac tlatsotsonalistli \lxo tla:tsonalistli \lxoc tla:tsonalistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(s) \seao music (from a radio, record player, or directly from musicians such as a violinist, <spn>música de viento</spn>, etc.) \ssao música (de un radio o tocadiscos, o directamente de músicos como un violinista, música de viento, etc.) \xrb tsona \ref 00627 \lxa tlami:na \lxac tlami:na \lxo tlami:ni \lxoc tlami:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to hunt with a bow and arrow \ssao cazar con arco y flecha \pna Tontlami:naskeh. \pea We're going to go hunting with a bow and arrow. \psa Vamos a ir de caza con arco y flecha. \xrb mi:na \xbtla mi:na \xbtlo mi:ni \ref 00628 \lxa a:xi:xmi:skitl \lxac a:xi:xmi:skitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea balls of partially dried up resin or sap; resin \ssa bolitas de resina o savia parcialmente secas; resina \pna Kipia ia:xi:xmi:skiyo. \pea It (a tree) has balls of dried resin on it. \psa Tiene (unárbol) sus bolitas de resina seca. \pna A:xi:xmi:skitl, mi:skitl ka:n ki:sa ikopahlo. \pea It is resin, it is (on) a mesquite tree where its resin comes out. \psa Es resina, es (sobre) un mesquite donde sale su resina. \sem plant \sem part \equivo mí:ska:xí:xtli \xrb a: \xrb xi:x \xrb mi:ski \encyctmp barro; kuhtli \nse The trees that have <na>i:mi:skiyo</na> are, according to Luis Lucena: <nba>mi:skitl</nba>, <nba>tepe:mi:skitl</nba>, <nba>kopalkuhtli</nba>, <nba>tsina:kan kuhtli</nba>, <nba>kopalchinoh</nba>, <nba>xo:chikopahli</nba>, <nba>kuhsa:watl</nba>, <nba>kuhxio:tl</nba>, and <nba>tlakwa:mpets</nba>. These were the ones he gave, though there might perhaps be some others. <na>A:xi:xmiskitl</na> is often collected by children and sold to potters, who use it to make natural color paints. \mod Add onomasiological discussion under barro on how ceramics are made, and under /kuhtli/ on the parts of a tree. \mod Add -w/yo inf under kopal and made sure -yo definition is given. \ref 00629 \lxa kochya:yatok \lxac kochya:yatok \lxo kochya:yáyatók \lxop kochya:yayatok \lxoc kochya:yáyatók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1-asp \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \pa yes-rdp \infv Durative \seao to be on the verge of involuntarily falling asleep; to nod off \ssao estar a punto de quedarse dormido sin querer \pna Kochiya:yatok. \pea He is falling asleep (but trying to stay awake). \psa Estáquedándose dormido (pero tratando de mantenerse uedarse despierto). \xrb kochi \xrb yaw \nse This verb is used to refer to a person who is falling asleep while trying to stay awake, e.g., a person who might be either sitting or standing and whose head periodically falls over to one side as he is overcome by sleep but who every once in a while suddenly wakes up and jerks his head back. \nae To date this verb has only been documented with the <na>-tok</na> aspectual marker, which may occur in other tenses. \qry Check length of final vowel in the imperfect. The verb may be /kochiya:yaw/ but I have only heard this with the progressive aspect. Perhaps try to elicit /xkochiya:yaw/, etc. or with other aspectual endings. Note that the long vowel reduplication seems to suggest the periodic repetition of the movement/action. Check for the positioning of the overt subject prefixes to reconfirm. Check, for example, if it is /kochiya:yatiw/ or /kochiya:yatitiw/, etc. Check \ref 00630 \lxa mekayo:tilia \lxac kimekayo:tilia \lxo mekayo:tilia \lxoc kimekayo:tilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to place a cord or string around (e.g., a gourd that will be carried as a canteen) for \ssao ponerle un mecate o cordón (a, p. ej., un tecomate que se va a llevar como cantimplora) para \pna Ma mitsmekayo:tili ma:tekon! Weli. \pea Let him weave cord around your canteen for you! He can do it. \psa ¡Deja que te ponga un mecate a tu bule! El lo puede hacer. \flao mekayo:tia \xrb me:ka \xvba mekayo:tia \ref 00631 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /kuwchaltik/ 'lesbian' which has been removed as offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00632 \lxa a:kwitlayá:k \lxac a:kwitlayá:k \lxo a:kwítlayá:k \lxoc a:kwítlayá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \seao to smell, giving off an odor typified by <nla>nextamahli</nla> that has gone bad from sitting too long in water \ssao ser hediondo, emitiendo un olor comoél del nixtamal que se ha echado a perder \pna A:kwitlayá:k motlaxkal. \pea Your tortillas are foul-smelling and foul-tasting (because the <na>nextamahli</na> had spoiled from sitting too long in water, i.e., <na>o:a:kwitlaya:yak</na>). \psa Tus tortillas están mal de olor y saber (porque el nixtamal se había echado a perder en el agua, esto es, <na>o:a:kwitlaya:yak</na>). \xrb a: \xrb kwitla \xrb hya: \nse <na>A:kwitlayá:k</na> is apparently used only to refer to <nlao>nextamahli</nlao>, masa, or tortillas. <nla>A:molo:nki</nla> (and the verb form <nla>a:molo:nia</nla>) can also be used to refer to the smell acquired by things that sit too long in water that then becomes rancid. \qry Check for other possible subject of <na>a:kwitlayá:k</na>, such as clothes left too long sitting in water. Also check the difference between <na>a:kwitlayá:k</na> and <na>a:molo:nki</na>. \ref 00633 \lxa tsi:npo:ni \lxac tsi:npo:ni \lxo tsi:npo:ni \lxoc tsi:npo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b-(ni/ltia) \infv class-3a \seao to be bent over (standing or kneeling) with ones rear end jutting up (at times used to refer to a sexual position in which the woman assumes such a posture) \ssao agacharse (parada o sostenida por las manos y rodillas) con las nalgas alzadas (a veces empleada para referirse a una posición sexual tomada por una mujer) \seao to be with the posterior part raised (e.g., a bucket or other type of container propped up in so its contents might flow out) \ssao estar con la parte posterior alzada (p. ej., una cubeta u otro tipo de recipiente apoyada asípara que salga un líquido que estaba adentro) \xrb tsi:n \xrb po: \xvcao tsi:npo:naltia \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) <nao>tsi:npo:ni</nao> is used only in reference to people. For objects in this position <no>notekestok</no> is used; see also <nlo>tsi:ntepolkestok</nlo>. \qry Get bodily positions: sitting, standing, on all fours, lying down /ixakamantok/, hands on hips \grm Phonology: the sequence /np/ is definite and should be referred to in the section on phonology. There is no assimilation here, and in many other cases, of the nasal to the point of articulation of the following labial. \ref 00634 \lxa kwala:nka:miki \lxac kwala:nka:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to be or get boiling mad, really mad; to be or get in a foul mood \ssa ponerse o estar furioso, muy enojado; estar o ponerse de mal humor \pna O:tikwala:nka:mik pa:mpa o:toya:w ma:w. \pea You got really mad because your water spilled out. \psa Te pusiste furioso por que se tirótu agua. \syno tlawe:lmiki \xrb kwala: \xrb miki \qry In one entry I note that /kwala:nka:miki/ refers to being annoyed, in a bad mood and snappy (literally, 'suffering from ire'), i.e. a person who is in a bad mood and snaps back to anything said. However, in another note I recorded that /kwala:nka:miki/ apparently refers to a greater anger than /kwala:ni/. The precise meaning of the verb should be checked. Check for causative. \ref 00635 \lxa a:sia:wi \lxac a:sia:wi \lxo a:sia:wi \lxoc a:sia:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to soak or be soaking in water (without soap) \ssao remojarse en agua (sin jabón) \pna Xka:pacho! Ma a:sia:wi! \pea Put it in water! Let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)! \psa ¡Ponlo en agua!¡Que estéremojando (p. ej., palma que se va utilizar para atar, ropa para lavar, etc.). \cfao a:sia:wa \xrb a: \xrb sia: \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this is used only in reference to materials such as mud on which water is poured and which, as a result, softens up. \ref 00636 \lxa pi:ntoh kakapaxtli \lxac pi:ntoh kakapaxtli \lxo pí:ntoh te:kapáxtli \lxop pi:ntoh te:kapaxtli \lxoc pí:ntoh te:kapáxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pinto</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(x) \pa yes \seao type of <spn>pinto</spn> (a skin disease) that leaves one with rough skin that flakes away \ssao tipo de pinto que le deja a uno con la piel rasposa y pelándose \sem disease \xrb kapax \nae Even though {h} is lost in non-phrase final position, in the practical orthography used here it is written, along with the pitch-accent that it motivates to the left in Oapan Nahuatl. This orthographic convention (of writing /h/ in these circumstances) might be changed in the future. \nde Note that in Oapan the underlying form is {pi:ntoh te:kapaxtli} with the pitch-accent of the surface construction deriving from the final /h/ of <no>pi:ntoh</no>. \qry Check for other types of pinto. \ref 00637 \lxa tlaxkaltsoyok \lxac tlaxkaltsoyok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea (woman) to have ones tortillas disappear so quickly that those eating have to wait (i.e., slow at making tortillas, unable to make them fast enough to keep a supply at the table) \ssa (mujer) ser lenta en hacer tortillas con tal de que se le acaban las tortillas (porque es lenta para hacerlas, y por eso no puede mantener la mesa surtida) \pna Titlaxkaltsoyok pa:mpa tlami motlaxkal. \pea You are (called) <na>tlaxkaltsoyok</na> because your tortillas get finished up (i.e., people eat them faster than you can make them). \psa Eres una persona de las que se llaman <na>tlaxkaltsoyok</na> porque se te acaban las tortillas (antes de que termine la gente de comer). \xrb xka \xrb tsoyo \nse This apocopated adjectival refers to a woman who cannot make tortillas fast enough, with the result that those eating have to wait for them to cook. Aurora Baeza (Am) linked this word to the verb <na>tsoyo:ni</na> but did not elaborate on the connection between the verb and the adjectival form. Undoubtedly, however, it is based on the fact that like something fried, (<nlao>tsoyo:ni</nlao>) the tortillas seem to shrivel up and disappear before ones eyes. \ref 00638 \lxa poxaktik \lxac poxaktik \lxo poxahtik \lxoc poxahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>tepoxaktik</n> \seao to be crumbly; to be loose (particularly in regard to the consistency of certain stones) \ssao ser de una consistencia que se desmigaja, se desmenuza, o se desmorona fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras) \se to be loosely tied (e.g., a braided rope or hair, etc.) \ss estar flojo; estar no apretado (p. ej., una soga, trenzas, etc.) \se to be easily tired or exhausted; to easily become sick or weakened (particularly from work) \ss agotars y cansarse fácilmente; ser débil; ser enfermizo (particularmente a causa de un sobrecargo de trabajo) \pna Yema:nki itla:kayo, san a:chitsi:n tekichi:wa, niman kwalo:sneki, poxaktik suwa:tl. \pea Her body is not resistant, she works just a little, right away she's on the verge of becoming ill, she's a weak-bodied woman. \psa Su cuerpo está flojo, nada más hace un poquito de trabajo, luego luego quiere enfermarse, es una mujer débil. \pna Poxaktik tla:katl, san kukwalo:tinemi, xtepi:stik. \pea He's an easily weakened man, he goes around a little sick all the time, he's not strong. \psa Es un hombre débil, solamente anda enfermándose, no está fuerte. \xrb poxa: \dis xiti:nki; poxaktik; poxawa:k \nse Certain consultants greatly favored an incorporated form (e.g., <nla>poxa:hka:tla:katl</nla>) to the unincorporated (e.g., <na>poxaktik tla:katl</na>). Nevertheless, both have been documented in conversation. Apparently the former, incorporated form is used for new discourse topics whereas the unincorporated form is used to further specify an already identified topic of discourse. \qry Note that here I have the /te'/ as optional. This should be checked. Also, the difference between /poxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/ should be discussed. Obtain plural of /poxaktik tla:katl/ to fully ascertain if the form is a compound (one word) or two. \ref 00639 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:tilia \lxac kikwa:pa:ya:tilia \lxo kwa:pa:ya:tilia \lxoc kikwa:pa:ya:tilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make woozy, dizzy, or light-headed; to fluster \ssao aturdir; dejar como mareado; aturullar \pna O:kikwa:pa:ya:tilih tra:goh. \pea The drink made him woozy. \psa El trago lo hizo marear. \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \xvba kwa:pa:ya:ti \nde At first Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that situations that might cause this would be a beating, or perhaps many children that are always crying, making trouble, etc. However, in reviewing this entry, FM stated that the word used in Oapan is <nlo>pa:ya:kwi:tia</nlo>, which is probably the more usual verb for this situation. \qry Check meaning of this and whether it is used in Oapan; cf. to /pa:ya:kwi:tia/, etc. \ref 00640 \lxa yeyekawi:lo \lxac yeyekawi:lo \lxo yéye:kawí:lo \lxop yeye:kawi:lo \lxoc yéye:kawí:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a(pass) \pa yes-rdp \seao to get blown over by the wind (e.g., a field of maize, trees during a bad storm, etc.) \ssao arrastrarse por el viento (p. ej., la milpa,árboles durante una tempestad, etc.) \pna O:yeyekawi:lo:k nomi:l, o:pe:w yeyeka chika:wak. \pea My corn field got blown over in the wind, the winds started to blow hard. \psa Se arrastrómi milpa por el viento, el viento empezó a soplar fuerte. \sea to be a victim of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> (<spn>aires</spn>); to lose ones <na>to:nal</na> to the <na>yeyekameh</na> \ssa ser víctima de los aires; perder el <na>to:nal</na> a los aires \pna O:yeyekawi:lo:keh pa:mpa o:noma:muwtih. \pea They lost their souls to the <spn>aires</spn> because they got frightened (i.e., the suffered from the condition known as <spn>susto</spn>) \psa Perdieron sus <na>to:nal</na> a los aires porque se asustaron (esto es, sufrieron por la condición conocida como susto). \pna O:yeyekawi:lo:k nokone:w. Kwalo. O:kasikeh yeyekameh. \pea My child is a victim of the <spn>aires</spn>. He is sick. The <spn>aires</spn> got hold of him. \psa Mi niño es una víctima de los <spn>aires</spn>. Está enfermo. Los aires lo agarraron. \sem weather \xrb e:ka \nse According to Florencia Marcelino <no>yéye:kawí:lo</no> is used only in reference to fields (e.g., corn fields). The term <nlo>yéye:káyoh</nlo> is used to refer to a human who has been affected by the aires. \ref 00641 \lxa ikxitilia \lxac kikxitilia \lxo ixitilia \lxoc kixitilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to cook (food) for \ssao cocinar para \seao to fire (ceramics) for \ssao cocer (cerámica) para \pna Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawa:n! \pea Go fire my ceramics for me! \psa ¡Ve a cocer mi cerámica para mi! \xrb ksi \xvba iksi \grm Antipassive: /Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawan!/ 'Go fire my ceramics for me!' Again, note the antipassive construction here with a secondary object cross-referenced by /tla-/ and expressed obliquely. \ref 00642 \lxa ple:n \lxac ple:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \sea blanket \ssa cobija \equivao pilisa:l \xrb plen \nae The etymology of <na>plen</na> is unclear, although it might be related to <nla>pilisa:l</nla>. No similar form has been documented in any other dialect. \qry Check etymology and vowel length. Also check whether /e/ is simply nasalized, or whether there is a velarized nasal at the end. \vl Check vowel length w/ recording. \ref 00643 \lxa xiti:ni \lxac xiti:ni \lxo xiti:ni \lxoc xiti:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>texiti:ni</n> \infv class-3a \se to crumble down; to come apart and fall down (e.g., an old wall of a house, a cliff etc.) \ss desmoronarse; derribarse; derrocarse (p. ej., una vieja pared de una casa, un risco etc.) \pna Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki. \pea The earth comes sliding down the slope, it crumbles by itself, the area has a lot of loose earth. \psa La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es unaárea de tierra es suelta. \se to come apart at the seams (e.g., clothes); to become undone (braids or objects similarly made) \ss descoserse por la costura (p. ej., la ropa); desatarse; deshacerse (trenzas o algo de hechura similar) \pna O:xiti:n ikwe. \pea Her skirt came apart at the seams. \psa Su falda se descosiópor las costuras. \xrb xiti: \xvkao xixitika \cfa xi:ni \dis xi:ni; xiti:ni; uweliwi; itlakawi \nse Although <nao>xiti:ni</nao> is most commonly heard in reference to cliffs and walls that fall down, it appears that its most core meaning involves"coming apart."Thus the subject of the intransitive predicate may be clothes that come apart at the seam or braids that come apart and loose. Similarly when refering to a house that falls down <nao>xiti:ni</nao> refers not only to walls that crumble but, in the case of a house with a wooden frame, for things to come apart (such as one beam detaching from another). Thus when the transitive <na>kixiti:ni:s i:kal</na> is used, for example, it usually does not mean simply knocking a house down, but knocking down some parts and dismantling others. \ref 00644 \lxa kiawtli \lxac kiawtli \lxo kiahtli \lxoc kiahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao rain \ssao lluvia \pna Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli. \pea I won't drink it because it is just rainwater. \psa No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia. \syno kiaha:tl \syno tlakiahlo:tl \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae It might be possible to analyze this as a deverbalized noun, given the verb <n>kiawi</n>. \ref 00645 \lxa po:cho:ichkatl \lxac po:cho:ichkatl \lxo po:cho:ichkatl \lxoc po:cho:ichkatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se cotton fibers from the pods of the <nlao>po:cho:tl</nlao> tree \ss las fibras como algodón de las vainas del pochote (<nlao>po:cho:tl</nlao>) \xrb po:cho: \xrb chka \encyctmp ceramics \nse These fibers are added to clay to strengthen it for ceramics. For this reason, and given the fact that <spn>pochotes</spn> grow in the higher areas around Ahuehuepan and Ahuelicán, villages without a strong ceramic tradition and that lack the necessary sources for clay, pochote cotton fibers are often sold in Oapan, in large gunnysacks and rather expensively. \qry Check possibility of possessed form. \ref 00646 \lxa moji:nteh \lxacpend *moji:nteh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan mojinete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea gable, part of a house with a ceramic tile roof (this beam is located between the <nlao>tira:nteh</nlao> and the <nla>tsopi:lo:te:rah</nla>) \ssa mojinete, parte de una casa con techo de teja (esta viga se coloca entre el <nlao>tira:nteh</nlao> y la <nla>tsopi:lo:te:rah</nla>) \sem construct-part \syno punta:l \encyctmp kahli \qry Check precisely the location of this, also that it is a beam since the file card indicates only that it is"parte de una casa de teja."Check /tsopi:lo:te:rah/, at this point I have two different spellings, one for Am and the other for Oa. Correct in the entry and then correct xrefs. Check for possessed form? Cristino Flores denied that this is a word from Ameyaltepec; he gave the Spanish loan /mojinete/. \ilustmp Illustrate, perhaps in a detailed study of a house. \ref 00647 \lxa takache:wi \lxac takache:wi \lxo takache:wi \lxoa tekache:wi \lxoc takache:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to chip or get chipped; to have part of the surface split off (e.g., a stone that easily flakes, ceramics, etc.) \ssao desportillar; desconchar; descascararse (p. ej., una piedra que se desportilla fácilmente, una cerámica, etc.) \pna O:tatakache:w un tepalkatl. \pea The surface of that ceramic bowl got chipped off in places. \psa Se desconchó ese plato de cerámica en varios lugares. \equiva takachwe:pe:wi \xrb takach \nse Although one consultant gave me the Spanish translation of <spn>desmoronarse</spn>, it appears from all examples that this refers to the chipping or flaking that affects certain hard objects, particularly stone. To illustrate the meaning of this verb one speaker mentioned what happens to a stone when it is struck by a hammer or chisel. The absence of a documented transitive form in the Nahuatl of both Ameyaltepec and Oapan seems to reflect the fact that this action is considered to occur accidentally, and that there is no immediate context in which the consultants asked could conceive of a person deliberately undertaking an action that would lead to this 'flaking off' occurring. Nevertheless, I imagine that in the future a transitive form will be documented. \qry Note that as often the case, verbs that end in /e:wi/ refer to changes in teh surface of an object. This is the case here. Check whether /iwi/ is an alternate form. \grm /-e:wi/ : Note that as often the case, verbs that end in /e:wi/ refer to changes in teh surface of an object. This is the case here. Check whether /iwi/ is an alternate form. \ref 00648 \lxa me:stli \lxac me:stli \lxo me:stli \lxoc me:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seao moon \ssao luna \seao month \ssao mes \se (<na>kwalo de ~</na>) to menstruate; to have ones period \ss (<na>kwalo de ~</na>) menstuar; bajarsele la regla a \seao (<na>nokwa</na> ~ (Am); (<no>tlami</no> ~ (Oa)) for a lunar eclipse to occur (see <nlo>tlami</nlo> <no>me:stli</no>) \ssao (<na>nokwa</na> ~ (Am); (<no>tlami</no> ~ (Oa)) haber un eclipse lunar (vé ase <nlo>tlami</nlo> <no>me:stli</no>) \pna O:nokwah me:stli. \pea There was a lunar eclipse. \psa Hubo un eclipse lunar. \cfa te:nkwah \xrb me:ts \flao to:nahli \encyctmp eclipses \nse In the reflexively marked passive construction (<na>nokwa me:stli</na>), the Ameyaltepec collocation to indicate a lunar eclipse, it is said that the stars are the ones that"eat"the moon (or the sun, during a solar eclipse). \ref 00649 \lxa a:tekomatl \lxac a:tekomatl \lxo a:tekomatl \lxoc a:tekomatl \lxt a:tekomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \com N-N \infn Stem 2 \seao type of plant that bears gourds as fruit \ssao tipo de planta cuya fruta es un buleque se utiliza como cantimplora; tecomate \se type of gourd used as a canteen; (by extension) canteen \ss bule, guaje o tecomate para llevar agua al campo; (por extensión) cantimplora \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \nse The gourd of the <na>a:tekomatl</na> is used as a canteen, a cord woven around it and a corncob used as a stopper. Now these are seldom used since they can crack, instead plastic canteens or bottles are used (but still referred to by the term <nao>a:tekomatl</nao>); they don't break but heat up the water considerably. \nct xiwtli \qry Determine whether the there is any difference between /a:tekomatl/ and /kuhtekomatl/, i.e.,, are they they same, is the /a:tekomatl/ indeed only the gourd when used as a canteen? \rt Relate /tekoma/ to /ko:ntli/, and probable relation between {ko:m} and {koma}. \ref 00650 \lxa muwi \lxacpend *muwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be frightened or scared \ssa sentir miedo o susto \sem emotions \syno mómowí \xrb mowi \dis mowi; momowi \nse Although <na>mowi</na> has been documented in the corpus of material from Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used. Much more common is the reduplicated <nla>momowi</nla>. However, one speaker mentioned that there was a difference between the two terms with the reduplicated form referring to a more specific cause and the unreduplicated form indicating a general state or character trait of a person. In Oapan only the reduplicated form, <nlo>mómowí</nlo> is used. \qry Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/. \ref 00651 \lxa yekapitsiwi \lxac yekapitsiwi \lxo yekapitsiwi \lxoc yekapitsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to get a sharp and pointed end; to become sharpened (a stake, pencil, etc.) \ss quedar puntiagudo (una estaca, lapiz, etc.) \xrb yeka \xrb pits \nse Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned that this verb does not exist as an intransitive, since things that become pointed are always made so by someone. He only accepted the transitive <na>yekapitsowa</na>. \qry Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects. It may be that there are two verb forms here, <na>yekapitsiwi</na> 'to become pointed at the end' and <na>yekapipi:tsiwi</na> 'to get a stuffed-up nose.' My original notes indicate that <na>yekapipi:tsiwi</na> had a long vowel as indicated. However, I also had an entry with a short vowel, with the gloss 'to become pointed at the end.' The first spelling, with a long /i:/, would be consistent with the meaning of <nlao>pi:tsowa</nlao> as 'to narrow; to take in (a passageway, clothes too loose, etc.).' \vl Check vowel length as indicated above; perhaps two words /yekapitsiwi/ and /yekapipi:tsiwi/!! \ref 00652 \lxa sakapepextli \lxac sakapepextli \lxo saká:pextlí \lxoc saká:pextlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes-rdp \seao type of grass not yet identified; used as a bedding in pots in which tamals are steam-cooked \ssao tipo de zacate todavía no identificado; utilizado como colcha en las ollas donde se cuecen tamales \sea grating-like bed of a particular type of grass placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (particularly used in cooking tamals; see <nlo>tlá:pextlí</nlo> \ssa rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se está cociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales; vé ase <nlo>tlá:pextlí</nlo>) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \xrb pech \encyctmp cooking \nse In both villages this word is used to refer to a type long, easily coiled up type of grass that is used in steam-cooking. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec this bedding for pots is called by the same name as the grass (i.e., <na>sakapepextli</na>) in Oapan the bedding receives the name of <nlo>tlá:pextlí</nlo>, which in Ameyaltepec would be <nla>tlapepextli</nla>). \cpl Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the <i>Gramineae</i> family, named in Spanish <spn>zacate acostado</spn>. \mod Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. Originally I had this as an entry for Oapan (4394); however, in Oapan <no>saká:pextlí</no> refers only to the grass as it grows. Thus I have removed the entry of Oapan for this word here and substituted a cross-reference to the term used: \vl There are 4 additional tokens for this word at 4394. One of these latter words, which has less echo, should be linked to the lexicon. \ref 00653 \lxa pa:kilia \lxac kipa:kilia \lxo pa:kilia \lxoc kipa:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to wash (particularly clothes) for \ssao lavar (ropa en particular) para \pna Ne:chtlapa:kilia, wan newa nihkokowilia. \pea She washes clothes for me, and I chop firewood for her. \psa Ella lava para mí, y yo le corto leña. \pna Timitsonpa:kili:s motlake:n, ma:ka xkwala:ni! \pea I'm going to wash your clothes for you, don't get mad! \psa Voy a ir a lavarte la ropa,¡no te vayas a enojar! \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops) for \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas) para \pno Xwel ninotlá:pa:kília. \peo I can't wash (dishes) for myself. \pso No puedo lavar (platos) por mi mismo. \xrb pa:ka \xvbao pa:ka \qry Perhaps the /tla-/ forms of each of these verbs should be given a separate entry. Check for the form used in washing nixtamal. I can't remember if it is /papa:kilia/ or /pa:kilia/ (and the respective non-applicative forms). \ref 00654 \lxa mole:wa \lxac kimole:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \sea to spread or smooth out (sth that is piled up on a flat surface) \ssa dispersar o extender (algo que está amontonado o apilado sobre una superficie plana) \pna Xmole:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok! \pea Spread that earth around where it is piled up (i.e., smoothing it down so that there is no mound left)! \psa ¡Esparce la tierra allídonde está amontonada (esto es, aplanándola para que desaparezca el montículo)! \pna Xmo:mole:wa tekohli para titlatoto:ni:skeh! \pea Spread the coals out flat so that we can heat our food (tortillas) up on them! \psa ¡Extienda las brasas para que podemos calentar la comida (tortillas) sobre ellas! \pna Xmo:mole:wa xa:hli! Ma:ka ihkón ma xoto:nto, ye wa:hlaw seme:ntoh para iwa:n tiknelo:skeh. \pea Spread the sand out! Don't leave it just piled up like that, the cement that we will mix with it (to make mortar) is on its way! \psa ¡Extienda la arena!¡No deje que estétodo amontonada, ya viene el cemento con que la vamos a mezclar (para hacer mezcla)! \cfo moya:wa \xrb mol \xrb e:wa \nde All entries in Molina refer to the action of working the earth: <n>moleua. nitla.</n> 'amollentar la tierra.' On the Spanish to Nahuatl side he has 'amollentada tierra' <n>tlamoleuhtli</n> ; 'amollentadura de tierra' <n>tlamoleualiztli</n> ; and 'amollentador así' <n>tlamoleuani</n>. As RJC notes, the same root is found in <n>ixcamuleua</n> 'pintar las cerezas o las ciruelas'; a list of lexemes with this root is found on p. 192. Zacapoaxtla has <n>tamole:ua</n> 'hocicar' (i.e., 'to push up things with ones snout'). The Ameyaltepec signification of <na>mole:wa</na> is related, it seems, to the meaning of pushing or moving around, or softening up (land) by moving it around. \qry "FK changes the first vowel to a long /o:/, apparently based on an etymological interpretation that links the verb to the nominal stem <n>mo:l</n>, but there is no evidence for this."This was originally in my /nde field. Check length. Check for other meanings and also for possible use/existence of intransitive. \ref 00655 \lxa te:ntsonpochik \lxac te:ntsonpochik \lxo te:ntsonpochik \lxoc te:ntsonpochik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-ap \seao to have a fuzzy beard \ssao tener la barba velosa \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n te:ntsonpochik! \pea You fuzzy-beared slime! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo y tu barba velosa! \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb pochi: \vl Check here as elsewhere the length of /miktlan/. It should be long by historical data. \ref 00656 \lxa kwaltia \lxac kwaltia \lxo kwaltia \lxoc kwaltia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to get fixed (sth that was broken such as a machine and starts working); to get better (e.g., a prepared dish food that at one time had tasted bad and that had become better tasting) \ssao componerse; ponerse bien; restaurarse (una maquina que se había descompuesto, una comida que en un momento sabía mal, etc.) \seao to recover (e.g., a field that had been affected by drought) \ssao recuperarse (p. ej., una milpa que había sido afectada por una sequía, peste, etc.) \xrb kwal \qry Recheck to certify that this verb can have a human subject. \qry For all class 4c and class 4b verbs, check for progressive /-itok/ or /-ixtok/? \ref 00657 \lxa ikpatl \lxac ikpatl \lxo ihpatl \lxoc ihpatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao thread \ssao hilo \xrb kpa \nae In regard to vowel length, Lockhart (2001:219) notes:"Some evidence points to the <i>i</i> being long, but since it is seen elided in some sources, for at least some spaekers it must have been short, which fits better with the structure of the word, for initial <i>i:</i> in a simple root was rare and before two consonants much rarer.' The documentation on a long vowel, however, has apparently been misinterpreted. FK reports a long vowel on the basis of Tetelcingo evidence. However, in Tetelcingo, as a perusal of the entries from pages 127 to 128, initial /i/ is almost always reported as long (in Tetelcingo an unmarked /i/ is the reflex of the long vowel, an underlined /i/ is the reflex of a short vowel), even before the reflex of the 'saltillo' as in <n>i:jcatica</n> and <n>i:jyöya</n>. \qry Check epenthetic quality of /i/ and that both possessive constructions exist. \vl Check vowel length; FK has a long first vowel. \ref 00658 \lxa ma:pasol \lxac ma:pasol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be a kleptomaniac \ssa ser cleptómano \syno mátlayéhli \xrb ma \xrb pahsol \nse The etymology of <na>ma:pasol</na> includes the root <nr>pahsol</nr>, which is used to indicate tangling and things tangled. <na>Ma:pasol</na> seems to refer to someone who is always sticking his hands in something and getting them"tangled up"in material objects that are then removed. \qry Check length of first /a:/ as this word is taken from a file card in the first series without vowel length. \ref 00659 \lxa kwitlanexowa \lxac kikwitlanexowa \lxo kwitlanexowa \lxoc kikwitlanexowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to remove the luster or sheen of; to make (sth) look faded \ssao hacer perder el lustro y vista; ajar; deslucir; \pna O:te:chkwitlanexoh tla:ltektli kwa:k o:te:chpanawih fle:chah. \pea The dust made us (i.e., our clothes) look faded when (it swirled up as) the bus passed us. \psa El polvo hiciera que nosotros (esto es, nuestra ropa) perdieramos su lustro cuando (se levantócuando) nos rebasó el camión. \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \flao kwitlanexiwi \ref 00660 \lxa a:tsetselwia \lxac ka:tsetselwia \lxo á:tsilwía \lxop á:tsilwia \lxoc ká:tsilwía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes \syna a:tsitsilwia \seao to finely sprinkle water on (e.g., a plant to water it lightly; a floor to settle the dust; the action indicated by <na>a:tsetselwia</na> is often accomplished by pouring water out of a bucket held in one arm while moving the other hand rapidly under the stream of water to make it sprinkle) \ssao rociarle agua muy fina a o sobre (una planta para regarle ligeramente, un piso para que no se levente polvo; la acción indicada por <na>a:tsetselwia</na> se realiza al verter agua de una cubeta sostenida con un brazo, mientras que la otra mano se menea rápidamente dentro del chorro de agua para que se rocie) \pna Xka:tsetselwi para tika:te:ki:s. \pea Sprinkle water on it to water it (e.g., flowers, plants, etc.). \psa Rocíale agua para regarle (p. ej., flores, plantas, etc.). \pna Nika:tsetselwi:s para ma:ka nokwite:was tlaltekwtli. \pea I'm going to sprinkle water on it (a dirt floor) so that dust doesn't come up. \psa Voy a rociarle agua (al piso de tierra) para que no se levante el polvo. \pna Ka:tsetselwitiw. \pea He goes along sprinkling water on it. \psa Va rociándole agua. \xrb a: \xrb tsel \dis Check if any different from /a:ichwia/. \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>a:tsitsilwia</na> is an alternative pronunciation of <na>a:tsetselwia</na>. For example, both Gabriel de la Cruz and his mother Aurora use <na>a:tsitsilwia</na> although many others say, <na>a:tsetselwia</na>. It is not clear which pronunciation is more common. In Oapan I have only documented <nlo>á:tsilwíya</nlo>, not * <no>á:tselwíya</no>. \nae Apparently because of the type of action referred to <na>a:tsetselwia</na> occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such as <na>a:po:poxowa</na>. However, the usual development with Oapan <no>á:tsilwíya</no> concerns the application of pitch-accent on the <no>a:-</no>, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has <no>naká:skayá:wa</no> for what in other dialects is <n>nakaskahkaya:wa</n>, or <no>ní:kí:ski</no> from"underlying"{ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be <no>kíkí:ski</no>. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., <no>a:polaki</no> redupilcates as <no>á:poláki</no>). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form <no>á:tsilwíya</no> appears to be a vo wel-initial stem that, because of certain semantic considerations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb <no>kákayá:wa</no>). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ? <no>a:tsilwiya</no> that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as <no>a:polaki</no> and <no>á:poláki</no>) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. <no>má:kwaló</no> along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative"morpheme."On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl <no>á:tsilwíya</no> is one of those few words in which the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an inc orporated noun. However, a further complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for <n>atzelhuia</n>, each with a different prefixation pattern: <n>nin.</n> 'rociarse con agua'; <n>nite.</n> 'rociar a otro con agua'; and <n>nitla.</n> 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (<n>a:</n>) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root <n>tzel</n> with no incorporated noun is always reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the basic compound <n>a:tselwia</n>. In Ameyaltepec <n>a:tselwia</n> is treated as a nominal stem incorporated into a verbal stem, as often occurs in such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to <na>a:tsetselwia</na>. However, in Oapan the compound <n>a:tsilwiya</n> is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in <no>á:tsilwíya</no>. Note the similar situation with <nla>a:toto:nilwia</nla>. \nde Whereas Ameyaltepec has both <na>a:tsetselwia</na> and <na>a:tsitsilwia</na> Oapan only has only been documented with the <no>á:tsilwíya</no> variant. Other dialects such as Classical (see above) only have the form with /e/. \grmx Oapan reduplication: Apparently because of the type of action referred to <na>a:tsetselwia</na> occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such as <na>a:po:poxowa</na>. However, the usual development with Oapan <no>á:tsilwíya</no> concerns the application of pitch-accent on the <no>a:-</no>, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has <no>naká:skayá:wa</no> for what in other dialects is <n>nakaskahkaya:wa</n>, or <no>ní:kí:ski</no> from"underlying"{ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be <no>kíkí:ski</no>. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., <no>a:polaki</no> redupilcates as <no>á:poláki</no>). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form <no>á:tsilwíya< /no>appears to be a vowel-initial stem tha t, because of certain semantic considerations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb <no>kákayá:wa</no>). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ? <no>a:tsilwiya</no> that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as <no>a:polaki</no> and <no>á:poláki</no>) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. <no>má:kwaló</no> along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative"morpheme."On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl <no>á:tsilwíya</no> is one of those few words in whic h the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an incorporated noun. However, a further complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for <n>atzelhuia</n>, each with a different prefixation pattern: <n>nin.</n> 'rociarse con agua'; <n>nite.</n> 'rociar a otro con <n>agua</n> ; and <n>nitla.</n> 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (<n>a:</n>) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root <n>tzel</n> with no incorporated noun is always reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the bas ic compound <n>a:tselwia</n>. In Ameyaltepec <n>a:tselwia</n> is t reated as a nominal stem incorporated into a verbal stem, as often occurs in such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to <na>a:tsetselwia</na>. However, in Oapan the compound <n>a:tsilwiya</n> is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in <no>á:tsilwíya</no>. \grmx Note that this is not a metathesized applicative. This can be determined by noting the valency. A word such as /popolwia/ is an applicative of the transitive /popolowa/. Thus it is a ditransitive 'to erase sth to sb.' However, the primary object of /a:tsetselwia/ is the object onto which water is sprinkled, i.e. the"direct object"and hence the derivation is from a noun (*a:tsetsehli) which, in this case might not exist in isolated form. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in /á:tsilwíya/ for Oapan Nahuatl and the fact that the Am form is /a:tsetselwia/ indicates that the reduplication is of the verbal stem. Note that the preceding vowel is long (from /a:/ 'water') but that nevertheless this takes pitch-accent. \ref 00661 \lxa eko \lxac neko \lxo ékó \lxop eko \lxoc yékó \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao to arrive (toward a deictic reference point) \ssao llegar (hacia un punto de referencia) \pna Xnikmati kamanon yekos motah, xtlah o:ne:chihlite:w. \pea I don't know when your father will arrive here, he didn't say anything about it to me before he left. \psa No sécuando va a llegar aquítu papá, no me dijo nada al respeto antes de salir. \pna I yekotok. \pea It is now arriving here. \psa Ya está llegando aquí. \seao (<n>-pan</n> ~) to arrive at the place where (sb [marked as the possessor of <na>-pan</na> ] is at) \ssao (<n>-pan</n> ~) llegar a un lugar donde está (algn [señalado como el poseedor de <na>-pan</na> ]) \pna Nopan yekos noba:leh, nika:n nikchias. \pea My friend will arrive here where I am, I'll wait for him. \psa Mi amigo va a llegar aquídonde estoy, lo voy a esperar. \pna A:mantsi:n mopan yekos. \pea He'll arrive here where you are very soon. \psa Ahorita va a llegar aquídonde está s. \se (<n>-pan</n> ~) to suddenly affect (sb [marked as the possessor of <na>-pan</na> ], particularly by mental illness) \ss (<n>-pan</n> ~) de repente afectar (a algn [señalado como el poseedor de <na>-pan</na> ], particularmente por una enfermedad mental) \pna A:chitsi:n noteltia iwa:n oksepa ipan yeko. \pea It dies down for a while and then once again it suddenly affects him (in this case a person who was suffering from an illness that at times makes him lose his wits). \psa Se detiene por un rato y después otra vez le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que sufría una enfermedad que le hacía perder el juicio de vez en cuando). \pna Sa: ipan yeko. \pea It just hits him every once in a while (in this case a person who had occasional fits of madness). \psa De repente le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que periodicamente sufría por la demencia) \pna I:pan yo:yekok kokolistli. \pea He suddenly got ill. \psa De repente le llegó una enfermedad. \cfa asi \sem motion \nae The collocation of <na>yeko</na> (or <no>yékó</no>) with <nao>-pan</nao> shows interesting variations between Ameylatepec and Oapan, particularly in how certain combinations of <nao>-pan</nao> with different person prefixes on <na>yeko</na> and <no>yékó</no> are realized. Ameyaltepec shows, for example, <na>i:pan neko</na>, <na>i:pan teko</na>, and <na>i:pan yeko</na>. In Oapan one finds <no>i:pánéko</no> <no>i:pá[n] tekó</no>, and <no>i:páyekó</no> \xvca yeko:ltia \cfa asi \xrb ehko \qry Next elicitation get /nékó/ for Oapan Nahuatl. \vl Link the additional tokens (one of each) from 3737, these have less echo than the ones recorded here, on tape 4. Thus the linked tokens, male and female, should be above"b". Note also the best female token from 3737 is the second. \ref 00662 \lxa tlatsakwtok \lxac tlatsakwtok \lxo tlatsahtok \lxoc tlatsahtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao closed (e.g., a business); closed up (a building such as a house, etc.) \ssao cerrado (un edificio como una casa, tienda, etc.) \pna Tlatsakwtok. Mo:stla oksepa tiwa:hla:skeh. \pea It's closed (in this case a store). Tomorrow we will come again. \psa Estácerrado (en este caso un una tienda). Mañana vamos a venir otra vez. \pna Nochiwiá:n tlatsatsakwtok. \pea Everywhere the buildings are closed up (p. ej., all the stores). \psa Por todos lados todo está cerrado (p. ej., todas las tiendas). \xrb tsakwa \xbtla tsakwtok \xbtlo tsahtok \qry Recheck if /tlatlatsakwtok/ is correct. Also check for /tla:tlatsakwtok/. It would seem (but check) that Oa /tlá:tsakwtók/ is the equivalent of Am /tlatsatsakwtok/. Check. \grm Reduplication; indefinite null complements; lexicalization of /tla-/: Note the pattern of reduplication in /Nochiwiá:n tlatsatsakwtok/ 'Everywhere the buildings are closed up (p. ej., all the stores).' The headword /tlatsakwtok/ has been analyzed as a manifestation, in a stative, of an indefinite null complement. However, when reduplicated note that at least in this case it is the verbal root that is reduplicated, not the compound with /tla-/. This is not always the case (cf. /tla:tlakwa/, etc.), but it seems to be the most common pattern. In general all cases of what I have indicated to be indefinite null complements should be checked for the possibility that the compound as a new stem can be reduplicated. In the present this would be /tlatlatsakwtok/. Note that Oapan a store: /tlatsahktok/. A drawer /tsahtok/. A desk /tsa:tsahtok/, and a city with all the stores closed, e.g., /no:wiya:n tlá:tsahktók/. One can also say <no>no:wiya:n tlatsa:tsahtok</no> but this seems to h ave the impli cation of many places being closed in a single place, e.g., all the doors leading out of a house so that one cannot get out. If Oapan /tlá:tsahtók/ is the equivalent of Ameyaltepec /tlatsatsakwtok/ the this would indicate that what is reduplicated is the verbal stem. \ref 00663 \lxa limo:nkuwtli \lxac limo:nkuwtli \lxo limo:nkohtli \lxoc limo:nkohtli \lxt limo:nkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>limón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn Stem 1(w) \se lemon tree \ss árbol de limón \pna Kipia itekal nolimo:nkuwtsi:n. \pea My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it. \psa Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor. \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>Citrus limon</spn>, of the family <i>Rutaceae</i>. It is a cultivated plant, not growing in the wild. \nct kohtli \ref 00664 \lxa monti \lxac monti \lxo monti \lxoc monti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao to live at the house of one's wife's parents with the traditional work obligations of a son-in-law \ssao vivir en la casa de los parientes de la esposa con las tradicionales obligaciones de trabajo de un yerno \pna Umpa montilo:tok. \pea There are sons-in-law living there (with the implication that they are fulfilling the obligations of a sons-in-law). \psa Hay yernos allá viviendo (con la implicación que están cumpliendo con las obligaciones de un yerno). \xrb mon \nse The impersonal passive construction <na>montilo:tok</na> refers to a household situation where one or more daughters have brought their husbands to live with them. The verb <na>monti</na>, often used with an extraverse directional, implies that the man went to live in his wife's family's household, giving service with his labor instead of paying bridewealth. \qry Note that the phrase /nika:n montilotok/ was added in a recheck of the database; it was mistakenly left out when the original filecard was entered in. Thus, the phrase should be checked. \ref 00665 \lxa tsi:ntsomo:ni \lxac tsi:ntsomo:ni \lxo tsi:ntsomo:ni \lxoc tsi:ntsomo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao to have its bottom rip (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, etc.) \ssao romperse por el fondo (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, etc.) \pna O:tsi:ntsomo:n mokube:tah, yo:weka:w o:tko:w. \pea The bottom of your bucket has ripped open, you bought it a long time ago. \psa Se rompió el fondo de tu cubeta, ya tiene mucho que lo compraste. \xrb tsi:n \xrb tsomo: \ref 00666 \lxa tlanchikohli \lxac tlanchikohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 3 \sea see <nla>tlanchikohlo</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tlanchikohlo</nla> \syno chíkohlí \xrb tlan \xrb chihkol \qry Check the vowel length of the final /o/. It should perhaps be long. Check to see if /notlanchikol/ is correct; I don't think it is. \sj tlachikohli \ref 00667 \lxanotes zzz \lxac ---- \mod Was /I:pan Lo:mah/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 00668 \lxa da:nsah \lxac da:nsah \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan danza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea religious dance \ssa danza religiosa \encyctmp da:nsah (give a list: and link to page with a description) \nse The Spanish loan <na>da:nsah</na> is used specifically to refer to religious dances performed during town fiestas, such as <nla>da:nsah de bo:lah</nla>, <nla>da:nsah de koro:nah</nla>, <nla>bake:ros</nla>, etc. \qry Recheck if there is a Oapan word; note that originally <nlo>nitó:tiké:tl</nlo> was here, but this seems to refer to the dancers themselves and not to the"dance."Check. \ref 00669 \lxa petla:ni \lxac petla:ni \lxo petla:ni \lxoc petla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \seao to shine; to glimmer; to sparkle; to gleam \ssao brillar; estar resplandeciente; relucir \pna Petla:ntok a:tl. \pea The water is glimmering (e.g., after having innundated an area) \psa El agua está resplandeciente (p. ej., después de haber anegado unaárea). \pna Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah. \pea That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit). \psa Esa barra de luz florescente está centelleando (en este caso en referencia a la luz tenua que se ve al arrancarse, inmediatamente antes de que el foco se prende definitivamente). \xrb petla: \xvcao petla:naltia \dis petla:ni; pepetlaka \nae The phrase <na>tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah</na> is interesting in that it has a specific subject with what seems to be an impersonal verb, i.e., one that would seem to negate the possibility of such specificity. The phrase should be rechecked. \qry Determine why /tlapetla:ni/ is used in /tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/. \qry Determine if there is any transitive form, either ?petla:nia or ?petla:naltia. Determine potential subjects of /petla:ni/, e.g., shined shoes? And the difference between this verb and /pepetlaka/. Check for /petla:nia/. \qry /tla-/; impersonal passive; subjectless: Although in previous notes I have analyzed /tla-/ and /-lo/ as manners of creating subjectless constructions in which subsequent reference or anaphora is not possible, the present case of /Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/ 'That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit)' runs counter to this. Here there is an intransitive verb with a /tla-/ prefix that takes a specific and definite, known to both speaker and hearer, referent ('that light'). This verb /tlapetla:ni/ used in this context can be compared to /tlachichipi:ni/ in the context of /nitlachichipi:ni/ 'I am sexually aroused.' In both cases the verb /tlapetla:ni/ and /tlachichipi:ni/ the verbal predicate seems to indicate something that takes place 'on' the subject. But this interpretation does not seem entirely satisfactory and it will be necessary to determine, for example, the differen ce between /tlapetla:niun ba:rrah/ and /petla:ni un ba:rrah/. Also, check for other occasions on which one can state /tlapetla:ni/. \grm /tla-/; impersonal passive; subjectless: Although in previous notes I have analyzed /tla-/ and /-lo/ as manners of creating subjectless constructions in which subsequent reference or anaphora is not possible, the present case of /Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/ 'That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit)' runs counter to this. Here there is an intransitive verb with a /tla-/ prefix that takes a specific and definite, known to both speaker and hearer, referent ('that light'). This verb /tlapetla:ni/ used in this context can be compared to /tlachichipi:ni/ in the context of /nitlachichipi:ni/ 'I am sexually aroused.' In both cases the verb /tlapetla:ni/ and /tlachichipi:ni/ the verbal predicate seems to indicate something that takes place 'on' the subject. But this interpretation does not seem entirely satisfactory and it will be necessary to determine, for example, the differen ce between /tlapetla:niun ba:rrah/ and /petla:ni un ba:rrah/. Also, check for other occasions on which one can state /tlapetla:ni/. \ref 00670 \lxa tlamachilispolowa \lxac kitlamachilispolowa \lxo tlamachilispolowa \lxoc kitlamachilispolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl; +Caus (Am) \infv class-2b \seao to make (sb) lose his common sense or sense of good judgement; to keep or impede (sb) from thinking clearly and reflectively \ssao hacer perder el sentido común o juicio a; impedir a (algn) de pensar y reflexionar bien \pna Ne:xtlamachilispolowa serbe:sah! \pea Beer makes me lose my ability to think clearly. \psa La cerveza me hace perder el sentido común. \syna tlamachilispolo:ltia \syna tlamachilispoliwi:tia \xrb mati \xrb pol \nae Whereas Oapan Nahuatl manifests a simple opposition between intransitive <no>tlamachilispoliwa</no> and transitive <no>tlamachilispolowa</no>, Ameyaltepec has an additonal transitive form, <na>tlamachilispolo:ltia</na> that consultants stated was equivalent in meaning to transitive <na>tlamachilispolowa</na>. Nevertheless, this needs to be confirmed since <n>polo:ltia</n> is normally a ditransitive verb. According to Cristino Flores <na>tlamachilispolowa</na> is incorrect; the correct form is <na>tlamachilispolowi:tia</na>. However, the former has been documented in speech. \qry Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for the lexical entry /tlapolo:ltia/. \grm Transitivity; valency; causatives: Whereas Oapan Nahuatl manifests a simple opposition between intransitive <no>tlamachilispoliwa</no> and transitive <no>tlamachilispolowa</no>, Ameyaltepec has an additonal transitive form, <na>tlamachilispolo:ltia</na> that consultants stated was equivalent in meaning to transitive <na>tlamachilispolowa</na>. Nevertheless, this needs to be confirmed since <n>polo:ltia</n> is normally a ditransitive verb. If both /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are simple transitives, this would indicate that in /tlamachilispolowa/ the IN is not valency-reducing whereas with /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ it is. Check! \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 4604; these should be tagged with 670; note that the two linked tokens (F and M) should be taken from the later (4604) speech tokens, which have less echo. \ref 00671 \lxa seknek \lxac seknek \lxo sehnek \lxoc sehnek \dt 12/Jun/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \seao (<na>san ~</na>) together (yet separate from others) \ssao (<na>san ~</na>) juntos (pero apartados de otros) \pna O:kikni:wtih pa:mpa san seknek o:kitla:lih. \pea He made it one with the others (i.e., other similar objects) because he put it together (with them). \psa Lo juntócon los demás porque lo colocó en un solo lugar. \pna San seknek tia:skeh,¿xtikneki? \pea We will go together (perhaps separately from the rest), do you want to (join us)? \psa Vamos juntos (quizá aparte de los demás)¿Quieres (ir con nosotros)? \pna San seknek xtla:li! \pea Put them all together (in a single and separate place)! \psa ¡Pónlos juntos (juntos en un solo lugar aparte)! \pna San seknek ma ye! \pea Let them all be together (in their own separate place)! \psa ¡Quétodos estén juntos (en un solo lugar aparte)! \pno San sehnek nincha:ntih. \peo They live together in one place. \pso Viven juntos en un solo lugar. \pna Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh. \pea He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group). \psa Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte). \xrb seknek \nse <na>Seknek</na> apparently refers to something (an event, a group of objects, etc.) that is separate from others, i.e., in located or occurring in a separate or distinct place.' Yet it appears that <na>seknek</na> can only be used to refer multiple objects that are both together and separate, and that it is always preceded (at least in all documented cases to date) by <nlao>san</nlao>. \nde Apparently <na>seknek</na> is cognate to Classical <n>cecni</n>, which Molina glosses as 'en otra parte o lugar, o en cierta parte, o por si aparte.' The motivation for the variation in final segment is unclear but not unique. Oapan has <nlo>ni:sik</nlo> for Ameyaltepec <nla>ni:siw</nla>. \qry Determine precise meaning. This is probably related to classical /cecni/, which is usually glossed as 'in a separate or distinct place.' \ref 00672 \lxa sakapostektli \lxacpend *sakapostektli \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \sea type of grass, still not identified \ssa tipo de zacate, todavía no identificado \xrb saka \xrb posteki \encyctmp zacate \nse Although <na>sakapostekli</na> was in my original notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that he was not familiar with this type of grass; neither were three consultants who worked on botanical identification in September 2001. \mod If not confirmed this entry should be removed. \nct sakatl \ref 00673 \lxa te:nyekapistik \lxac te:nyekapistik \lxo te:nyekapistik \lxoc te:nyekapistik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-(N-Adj) \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to have a pointed end (e.g., a pencil) \ssao tener un punto agudo (p. ej., un lápiz) \seao to have a narrow, pointed beak (the majority of birds) \ssao tener el pico delgado y puntiagudo (la mayoría de los pájaros) \cfa te:nweyak \xrb te:n \xrb yeka \xrb pits \nae <na>Te:nyekapistik</na> is derived from a verbal form <nao>yekapitsiwi</nao>, with a root analyzed as <nr>pits</nr>. This seems the same or closely related to <nr>pitsa:</nr>, found in <nlao>pitsa:wi</nlao> 'to become thin.' \qry Recheck vowel length. There is /pi:stik/ meaning 'tight' (e.g., an opening or passageway) and /pitsa:wi/ 'to become thin.' I would have thought that this would have been ?/te:nyekapitsaktik/, but it isn't. Recheck all words with /pitsiwi/, /pitsa:wi/, etc. \ref 00674 \lxa yenkwia \lxaf ['yen kwia] \lxac yenkwia \lxo yenkwia \lxof [yen 'kwi ya] \lxoc yenkwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to become new again \ssao renovarse \pna O:yenkwiak nokal. \pea My house has gotten to be like new again (i.e., after certain repairs fixed what had gotten worn down and old). \psa Mi casa se volviócomo nuevo (p. ej., con ciertos cambios a las partes que se habían envejecidas). \xrb yenkwi \qry Check whether this is /yenkwia/ with the accent on /yen/ or /yenkwiya/ with the accent on /kwi/. If the latter change to /yenkwiya/ here and elsewhere. \ref 00675 \lxa kwe:temonexe:wi \lxac kwe:temonexe:wi \lxo kwe:témonexé:wi \lxop kwe:temonexe:wi \lxoc kwe:témonexé:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to have one's skirt to fade \ss desteñirsele la falda a \xrb kwe: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \qry Apparently also correct is /kwe:monexe:wi/ but not /kwe:nexe:wi/. Check. Also, in general look into problems of etymological analysis of /(te)(mo)nex- /. If /kwe:monexe:wi/ is correct, first determine if there is any difference with /kwe:temonexe:wi/; if there is not, change this entry to /kwe:monexe:wi/, with possibility of /te-/. Or, perhaps create two entries with a link through /syn field. \sj Check all words with /temonex/ etc. for /h/. Oa shows pitch-accent; Am gives no relevant information on this point. \ref 00676 \lxa a:xi:xkokoyá:k \lxac a:xi:xkokoyá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-S-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \seao to have a smell of urine \ssao tener un olor de o oler a orina \pna A:xi:xkokoyá:k mopantaló:n pa:mpa o:titla:wa:n wa:n mopan o:tima:xi:x. \pea Your pants smell of urine because you got drunk and urinated on yourself. \psa Tus pantalones huelen a urina porque te emborrachaste y te orinaste. \syno a:xi:xtésokwiyá:k \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb koko \xrb hya: \qry Check analysis of root /koko/, perhaps should be entered as /ko/. Note the use of /koko/ to indicate the abundance or proliferation of a smell, but check cognates. Check pronunciation of /pantaló:n/. \mod Add under /koko/, either in root section or dictionary section, idea of abundance of a smell. Check for other uses of this form with this meaning. \ref 00677 \lxa -na:k \lxac i:na:k \lxo -na:k \lxoc i:na:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N(rel) \infn N2(rel) \sea (~ [noun representing a human]) at the site (worksite, housesite, location, etc.) of; from \ssa (~ [sustantivo indicando un ser humano]) en el (sitio, lugar de trabajo, ubicación, etc.) de; en relación a \pna A: Ka:n tiaw? B: Niá:s te:tla:lpan. A: A:kinonina:k? B: I:na:k nomontah. \pea A: Where are you going? B: To work in someone's field. A: Whose is it? B: It's my father-in-law's. \psa A:¿Dónde vas? B: A trabajar en una milpa ajena. A:¿De quién? B: Es de mi suego. \pna Kwa:k timikis tiá:sina:k tota:tah. \pea When you die, you'll go to be with Our Father. \psa Cuando mueras, irás al lado de Nuestro Señor. \pna Niá:sina:k in na:nkah toba:leh. \pea I'm going to work for this here friend of ours. \psa Voy a ir a trabajar por este amigo aquí. \pna Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki. \pea I will gain rights to use your oxen by working them in your fields. I also want to plant. \psa Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes al trabajarlos en tu milpa. también quiero sembrar. \pna I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k mú:sikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh. \pea Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol. \psa Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son losúnicos que tienen mucho trago. \sea (~ [noun representing an animal]) in an activity (e.g., hunting, gathering) related to [animal] \ssa (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) en una actividad (p. ej., cazando o juntando) relacionada con [animal] \pna O:nyekaina:k masa:tl. \pea I went deerhunting (but have now returned). \psa Fui a cazar venado (pero estoy de regreso). \pna Nontlatlamo:tlasina:k wi:lo:meh -= ika wi:lo:meh-. \pea I'm going to go hunting <na>huilotas</na>. \psa Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. \sea (~ [noun representing a plant]) gathering [plant] \ssa (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) cortando, colectando [planta] \pna Niá:sina:k wa:xin. \pea I'm going to pick <spn>huajes</spn>. \psa Voy a ir a cortar huaje. \syna -na:wak \xrl -na:k \nse The relational noun <no>-na:k</no> is rarely used in Oapan, apparently only by a limited number of elders. For example, in the first phrase above, instead of asking <na>Akinon i:nak?</na>, someone from Oapan might ask <no>ainoh i:tla:lpah</no>, etc. \nae In Ameyaltepec this relational noun often appears as simply <na>na:k</na> with the 3rd-person possessive prefix (i.e., for <na>ina:k</na>). In transcriptions this is represented as <na>'na:k</na>. \qry It appears that there is a difference between <na>-tech</na> and <na>-na:k</na>, although the precise nature of this difference needs to be further determined. It seems that <na>-tech</na> is used mostly to indicate physical proximity to things considered in their material aspect, whereas <na>-na:k</na> is used more in relation to activities or activities in relation to a particular person. Syntactically <na>-na:k</na> is used to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses that further clarify the nature of the predicate, which is often a verb indicating motion or activity. Thus note that in response to the question <na>Ka:n tiyáw?</na> one may respond <na>Te:tla:lpan</na> 'somebody's field.' The person who first asked might then ask again," <na>Akinon ina:k?</na> 'Whose field?' (lit. 'in regard to/next to whom?') and be answered with, for example, <na>ina:k Robe:rtoh</na> 'Robert's (field).' In this context <na>itech</na> is unacceptable since it only communicates physical proximity to th e possessor. Note also the use of <na>ina:k</na> in phrases such as <na>ina:k masa:tl</na>, which further clarifies the activity (in this case hunting) already mentioned in the predicate. \qry Marcial Camilo gave me the phrase /i:na:k a:tl/. I don't quite know the meaning of this. Check. \qry Note however, that the above phrase as /ina:k músikah/, cf. to the possible form (check) /itech músikos/. Finally, cf. /ina:k tota:tah/, vs. /itech tota:tah/? The full use of /-na:k/ needs to be determined. Check final vowel of /so:lo/ for possible /h/. \ref 00678 \lxa patlach \lxac i:patlach \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea broad and flat side of (e.g., of a 2 x 4, the 4-inch. side, or of a bundles of maize leaves (<nlao>iswatl</nlao>) tied and left on the ground, the flat, pressed side that had been lying face down) \ssa lado ancho y plano de (p. ej., de una table de 2 x 4 pulgadas, el lado de 4 pulgadas, o de un manojo de zacate, el lado que había estado pegado junto al suelo) \pna Xtla:li ika ipatlach, ma:ka tikteketsas! \pea Place it down on its flat side (e.g., a 2 x 4), don't stand it up! \psa ¡Acuéstala por su lado ancho (p. ej., una tabla de madera), no vayas a ponerlo parado! \pna... ipatlach iswatl \pea... the wide side of a bundle of maize leaves (tied together) \psa... el lado ancho y plano de un manojo de zacate \xrb patlach \qry Check for use as a vulgar term to refer to a woman's crotch. This is now in the censored part of the dictionary. \ref 00679 \lxa suwa:tia \lxac suwa:tia \lxo siwa:tia \lxoc siwa:tia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to become a woman (e.g., by having at least one child) \ssao llegar a ser mujer (p. ej., al tener por lo menos un hijo) \xrb sowa: \qry In Oapan <no>siwa:tia</no> is used to refer to the process whereby a girl becomes a woman. In Ameyaltepec, however, it can apparently also be used to refer to men who turn into women, or who are in danger of doing so, as when they grab a woman's clothing (a <spn>rebozo</spn> in particular). \qry In Oapan it is used to refer to girls who become women; in Ameyaltepec it apparently can also refer to men who turn into women or who are threatened so, e.g., if they grab a woman's clothing. Check to see if /sowa:kwepa/ is also a word and, if so, the difference between /sowa:tia/ and /sowa:kwepa/. \ref 00680 \lxa tlatewitska:n \lxac tlatewitska:n \lxo tlatewitska:n \lxocpend @tlatewitska:n \psm Loc \der N-loc-? \infn N(loc) \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seao see <nla>tlatetewitska:n</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>tlatetewitska:n</nla> \syno tla:ltewitska:n \xrb tewits \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted only <nlo>tla:ltewitska:h</nlo> and not * <no>tlatewitska:h</no>. \qry Check to see if this is actually a proper entry for Am. If not, delete. Perhaps only the rdp form is accepted (and check vowel length). Or perhaps, like in Oapan, only the form with /tla:l-/ is acceptable. \ref 00681 \lxa chi:hlo:tia \lxac kichi:hlo:tia \lxo chi:hlo:tia \lxoc kichi:hlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj \infv class-2a \seao to put chile in; to sprinke chile on (e.g., a food as a spice) \ssao echar o agregar chile a (p. ej., a un guisado para darle sabor) \pna Xne:xchia san a:chitsi:n, ma nikchi:hlo:ti i:n yetl! Yo:iksik. \pea Wait for me just a moment, let me sprinkle chile on these beans! They've already gotten cooked. \psa ¡Espérame un moment, déjame echarle chile a estos frijoles! Ya se cocieron. \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to stain with chile \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) manchar con chile \xrb chi:l \qry Check second definition. Probably the adjectival /chi:hloh/ exists, check and change codes as needed. \ref 00682 \lxa wetskiswa:xkuwtsi:ntli \lxac wetskiswa:xkuwtsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-tsi:n \infn Stem 1(n) \sea see <nla>wetskiswa:xin</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>wetskiswa:xin</nla> \mod In the future all such words should be pointed to the botanical database. \xrb wetska \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \xrb tsi:n \ref 00683 \lxa kukwalatsa \lxac kikukwalatsa \lxo kwakwalatsa \lxoc kikwakwalatsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \seao to make boil intensely (a liquid or, by extension, the container holding this liquid) \ssao hacer hervir fuertemente (un líquido o, por extensión, el recipiente que contiene el líquido) \pna Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! \pea Bring your pot of <nla>nextamahli</nla> to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat tamales, even if just a couple! \psa ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer tamales aunque sean nada más dos! \xrb kwala: \xvnao kwala:ni \qry Recheck whether the Oa form can be reduced. Apparently it can't be, or I would have so mentioned in my notes from Summer 2001. \ref 00684 \lxa me:dioh \lxacpend *me:dioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan medio \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea monetary measure of 6 centavos \ssa medida monetaria de 6 centavos \pna Nikpia san me:dioh. \pea I only have six centavos. \psa Sólo tengo seis centavos. \cfao tomi:n \cfa rreá:l \encyctmp tomi:n and monetary measures \nse This is an old way of counting money, apparently from the time of the Mexican Revolution. It is no longer used but referred to half a real, of 12 1/2 centavos. \ref 00685 \lxa tlankoxtisi \lxac notlankoxtisi \lxo tlankoxtesi \lxoa tlankoxtisi \lxoc notlankoxtesi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \seao (refl.) to grind ones molars \ssao (refl.) rechinar o apretar las muelas \xrb tlan \xrb koch \xrb tisi \nse In Oapan it seems that <no>tlankoxtisi</no> is more common than <no>tlankoxtesi</no>, but this needs to be consulted with a larger number of speakers. \ref 00686 \lxa eko:tia \lxac keko:tia \lxo ékó:tia \lxop eko:tia \lxoc kékó:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to take to or help arrive at a destination \ssao hacer o ayudar llegar a un destino \pna Sana:man ne:cheko:tia. Ke:n wel nenemi! \pea It (in this case a mule) gets me to my destination right away. It can really walk! \psa Rápido me hace llegar a mi destino (en este caso una mula).¡Cómo camina! \pna Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok. \pea My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's getting tired. \psa Mi burro me hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se está cansando. \sem motion \xrb ehko \qry Check /yo:lik/ to make sure final vowel /i:/ is not long. \ref 00687 \lxa a:matla:lia \lxac ka:matla:lia \lxo a:matla:lia \lxoc ka:matla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to write down on paper (e.g., a loan or other transaction) \ssao apuntar sobre un papel (p. ej., un préstamo u otra transacción) \seao to register (a person) on a written-down list \ssao registar a (una persona) en una lista apuntada \pna O:kima:matla:likeh ko:koneh. \pea They registered the children (e.g., for school). \psa Registraron a los niños (p. ej., en la escuela). \xrb a:ma \xrb tla:l \xvaao a:matla:lilia \ref 00688 \lxa ma:chih \lxac ma:chih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N0/2; (0=2) \sea (vocative) term of endearment for addressing close female relatives (mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter and, occasionally, grandmother) \ssa (vocativo) vocativo cariñoso para la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta y, a veces, la abuela \syn ma:n \syno na:nah \xrb ma:n \cfa ma:n \cfa pa:chih \nse <na>Ma:chih</na> is most often used as a vocative although apparently it may be used in possessed form, with the referents indicated; see the reference under <na>pa:n</na> for a discussion. \nae The etymology of <na>ma:chih</na> is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for female relations <na>ma:n</na> followed by what may be considered a suffix of endearment, <na>-chih</na> (perhaps a palatalization of <na>-tsi:n</na>). It appears that <na>ma:chih</na> and <na>ma:n</na> are identical in meaning, though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that occasionally <na>ma:chih</na> may be possessed as a term of reference. \qry Check meaning of /ma:chih/ and /ma:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /ma:n/. This should be checked. It is the counterpart of /pa:chih/. Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots are uncertain (i.e., can it be used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /ma:(n)/ for female kinwomen. \ref 00689 \lxa masa:kowatl \lxac masa:kowatl \lxo masa:kowatl \lxoc masa:kowatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao boa \ssao mazacuate; boa constrictor \sem animal \sem sn \xrb masa: \xrb kowa \encyctmp snake \cpl According to Luis Lucena, this snake is not deadly. \ref 00690 \lxa xo:chiowa \lxac xo:chiowa \lxo xo:chiowa \lxoc xo:chiowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-4a \seao to come into flower (a plant) \ssao florear (una planta) \xrb xo:chi \vl Check Oapan form and determine whether it should be written /xo:chiyowa/ or /xo:chyowa/. \ref 00691 \lxa i:yeya \lxac ni:yeya \lxo í:yeyá \lxop i:yeya \lxoc ní:yeyá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(y) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to fart; to break wind \ss (refl.) echar un pedo \pna Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k ni:yeya tekolo:tl. \pea There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts. \psa Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo. \se to fart on \ss echar un pedo a o sobre \sem functions \xrb hye \xvcao i:yeltia \nae The pitch-accent of the Oapan form, <no>ní:yeyá</no> suggests that the elicitation form given was actually reduplicated: the reflex of the reduplicant with a long initial vowel is simply pitch accent on the stem-initial vowel. Most other dialects researched (Classical, Tetelcingo, Northern Puebla, Mecayapan, Zacapoaxtla) either do not have cognate forms or, when they do, do not manifest a 'saltillo' suggesting that Oapan pitch accent is not derived from underlying {h}, but rather reduplication. However Pipil (Campbell, 226) does show /h/ in the nominal <n>ihyal</n> 'fart.' Undoubtedly cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo or other villages in the in the Balsas region where the"saltillo"has been maintained would clarify any uncertainty about the proper root form. Moreover, it might be that a singular form exists, <no>ni:yeya</no>, as occurs in Ameyaltepec. \qry Determine causative form (?iyexi:tia); check to see that specific object is possible, e.g, /ne:chiyeya/. Check initial vowel in Am, noting that it is long in Oapan and FK has it long. I would imagine a long initial /i:/ in Am /i:yeya/, but my original notes had a short vowel. \vl Check initial vowel and for /h/ or p-a. Use second male token. \ref 00692 \lxa sokimatilowa \lxacpend *kisokimatilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \sea to wrap coils of mud around (e.g., in making a <nla>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</nla>) \ssa poner tiras de lodo alrededor de (p. ej., en hacer un <nla>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</nla>) \pna Kisokimatilowan, yo:li:k ke:kchi:wan. \pea They wrap coils of mud around it, they make it slowly. \psa Le ponen tiras de lodo a su alrededor, despacio lo hacen. \xrb soki \xrb matil \ref 00693 \lxa tla:katele:le:tik \lxac tla:katele:le:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik \sea to be a foolish man \ssa ser hombre sonso \fla tele:le:tik \apa tla:katele:leh \xrb tla:ka \xrb tele:le: \qry The derivational process here is not clear; check. Make sure link to /tla:katele:le:tik/ is correct as vowel length might change. \ref 00694 \lxa mania \lxop ma nia \lxac ma nia \lxo manya \lxop ma nia \lxoc ma nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao <nlao>ma</nlao> and the verb <nlao>yaw</nlao> in first person; see <nlao>ma</nlao> \ssao <nlao>ma</nlao> y el verbo <nlao>yaw</nlao> en primera persona; vé ase <nlao>ma</nlao> \xrb ma \xrb yaw \mod Clarify under /ma/ conventions for writing. \ref 00695 \lxa ma:noh \lxac ma:noh \lxo ma:noh \lxoc ma:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan hermano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \seao (vocative) term of address (male or female speaker) for adult and adolescent men; this is the standard term in Oapan and is used by Ameyaltepequeños when addressing a man from this former village \ssao (vocativo) término (empleado por hombres y mujeres) para saludar a hombres adolescentes y adultos; es el término general en Oapan, pero también se utiliza por Ameyaltepequeños cuando se dirigen a un oapaneco \pna Ka:n tiaw ma:noh? \pea Where are you going brother Oapaneco? \psa ¿Dónde vas hermano oapaneco? \seao (<nao>toma:noh</nao>) man from Oapan \ssao (<nao>toma:noh</nao>) hombre de Oapan \pna Na:nkah se: toma:noh. \pea Here's a man from Oapan. \psa Aquí está un hombre de Oapan. \pna O:ne:chihlih un toma:noh, xnikmatiya. \pea That man from Oapan told me, I didn't know it. \psa Me lo dijo ese hombre de Oapan, no lo sabía. \cfa na:ni:tah \nse This term is used in Oapan to refer to elder men, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in referring to inhabitants from that village. Thus although this is a term used in Oapan, Ameyaltepequeños use it in greeting men from Oapan, or even at times in greeting (or referring to) men from other villages, particularly those far east of Oapan, such as San Juan Totolcintla and San Francisco Ozomatlán. The possessed form is only found with a 1st-person plural possessor. \ref 00696 \lxa sakati:yah \lxac sakati:yah \lxo sakatsi:n \lxoc sakatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan zacatilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se a variety of <na>wi:lo:tl</na>, apparently the <l>Zenaida macroura</l> or a related species \ss tipo de pájaro del grupo llamado <na>wi:lo:tl</na>, aparentemente <l>Zenaida macroura</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 20, p. 324 \sem animal \sem bird \equiva sakawin \nse Apparently a borrowing from a Spanish term (itself perhaps derived from Nahuatl <na>sakatl</na>) that refers to a type of <na>huilota</na> or 'dove', although many of the terms beginning with /zaca-/ in Schoenhals (1988) refer to 'sparrows.' According to my information there are three types of <na>wi:lo:tl</na>, one of which is the <na>sakati:yah</na>. It seems that this is the same bird as the <nla>sakawin</nla>, although this should be checked. \ref 00697 \lxa kokostik xo:chitl \lxacpend *kokostik xo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea see <nla>kostik xo:chitl</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>kostik xo:chitl</nla> \sem plant \sem fl \syno kostik xo:chitl \xrb kos \xrb xo:chi \nse According to Cristino Flores the proper name of this flower (of which there are two types) is simply (and only) <nla>kostik xo:chitl</nla>. \ref 00698 \lxa kaxa:nilia \lxac kikaxa:nilia \lxo kaxa:nilia \lxoc kikaxa:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to loosen for (e.g., a rope, knot, saddle, etc.) \ssao aflojar para (p. ej., un laso, nudo, silla de una bestia, etc.) \pna Ma timitskaxa:nili, ti:roh tili:ntok. \pea Let me loosen it for you (e.g., knot), it is really tight. \psa ¡Déjame aflojartelo (p. ej., un nudo), está muy apretado. \fla kaxa:ni \xrb kaxa: \xvba kaxa:nia \mod Here as elsewhere determine for applicatives, causatives, etc. how to cross-reference them. I am not sure I have been consistent but probably the most useful mechanism is simply to lower valency by one for the"xb"field and raise it by one for the"xap"field. \ref 00699 \lxa -itik \lxac i:tik \lxo -ítík \lxoc í:tík \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \pa yes-lex \seao inside of \ssao dentro de \pna Tlaitik onkah. \pea There are some inside. \psa Hay adentro. \pna O:noka:w itik kahli. \pea It got left inside the house. \psa Se dejó adentro de la casa. \se (<na>i:tik mona:ntsi:n</na>) (vulg.) Screw your mother! \ss (<na>i:tik mona:ntsi:n</na>) (vulg.) Chinga a tu madre! \xrb hti \xrl -ko \qry Check /nitik/ as a body part and, if it exists, cf. to /niti/. \ref 00700 \lxa nepaniwi \lxac nepaniwi \lxo nepaniwi \lxoc nepaniwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top of (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another) \ss estar puesto sobre; cruzar sobre (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro \pna Yo:tlane:nepaniw ka:n te:to:kalo, xok tlawe:i. \pea People are now buried one on top of the other in the cemetery, there is no more free space. \psa Ya se sobreponen (los cuerpos) donde se entierra a la gente, ya no hay lugar. \equivao nepane:wi \xrb nepan \nse Both <nao>nepaniwi</nao> and <nao>nepane:wi</nao>, which apparently are identical in meaning, most often occur with long vowel reduplication although nonreduplicated forms have been documented (see entry under <nlao>nepane:wi</nlao>). \nde The intransitive <n>nepaniui</n> (or <n>nepane:ui</n> is not listed in Molina. However, RS gives for the former: 'Juntarse, unirse, concordar, confundirse, etc.; <n>nepaniui in tlatolli</n>, los discursos concuerdan, los pareceres son los mismos; <n>amo nepaniui in tlatolli</n> 'no hay acuerdo en los sentimientos, los pareceres son distintos.' \qry The possibility of other forms (nonreduplicated or with short vowel reduplication) should be checked. But note that under the entry for /nepane:wi/ I do have an example of an unreduplicated form. \ref 00701 \lxa kaltsontekomatl \lxac kaltsontekomatl \lxo kaltsontekomatl \lxocpend kaltsontekomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the <na>kabe:sas</na> are joined together with a <nla>neko:xtli</nla>, or rivet, forming a pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four <na>kaltsontekomatl</na> \ssa parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las <na>kabe:sas</na> se juntan con un <nla>neko:xtli</nla>, o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados <na>kaltsontekomatl</na>. \pna Ke:ch kaltsontekomatl kipia mokal? \pea How many <na>kaltsontekomatl</na> does your house have? \psa ¿Cuántos <na>kaltsontekomatl</na> tiene tu casa? \sea (<na>tlako</na> ~) half a <na>kaltsontekomatl</na> (i.e., with only two <na>cabe:sas</na> joined together at this point instead of the usual four, which would make a complete <na>kaltsontekomatl</na>) \ssa (<na>tlako</na> ~) media <na>kaltsontekomatl</na> (esto es, con sólo dos cabezas juntadas en este punto, en lugar de cuatro, que lo haría completo \synao kaltsonko \xrb kal \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \nse Since a <na>kaltsontekomatl</na> or <na>kaltsonko</na> comprises four <na>cabe:sas</na>, a house may have have a construction with two <na>kaltsontekomatl</na>, one at each end, and a <na>tlako kaltsontekomatl</na> in the middle. \qry Check possibility of possessed form. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. \ref 00702 \lxa tata:natik \lxac tata:natik \lxo tátá:natík \lxop tata:natik \lxoc tátá:natík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(pre-s): <no>ní:tá:natík</no> \pa yes-lex \seao to be baggy (particularly pants) \ssao estar holgado (particularmente pantalones) \pna San tata:natik -=tata:nah- nopantalón. \pea My pants are baggy. \psa Mis pantalones son holgados. \apa tata:nah \apo táta:náh \xrb ta:nah \dis kokoxoktik \qry After the Yale sessions I had /tatá:natík/. However, during the workshop in Oapan I corrected this to /tátá:natík/. Recheck. \vl After the Yale sessions I had /tatá:natík/. However, during the workshop in Oapan I corrected this to /tátá:natík/. Recheck. \sj Check /tata:natik/? Perhaps /tahta:nahtik/. \ref 00703 \lxa chikipe:liwi \lxac chikipe:liwi \lxo chikipe:liwi \lxoc chikipe:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to flare open; to severely split, rip, or burst apart (lengthwise: cloth, sacks, or even structures such as granaries that may burst and split apart) \ssao reventarse; abrirse profundamente a lo largo (cosas como telas, costales, o hasta estructuras como trojes que se revientan por no aguantar el peso de su contenido) \pna Yo:tetsaya:n mokoto:n, yo:chikipe:liw. \pea Your shirt has gotten a big tear in it (e.g., the sleeve), it's flared wide open. \psa Se rasgótu camisa (p. ej., la manga), se abrió a lo largo. \pna O:chikipe:liw kwesko:matl. Mlá:k o:tili:n ika tlayo:hli a:sta o:chikipe:liw. \pea The corn bin split apart. It got so stuffed with maize that it split open. \psa Se reventóla troje. Tanto se atestóde maíz hasta que se reventó. \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Recheck length of first /i/ to make sure it is short, and compare to the particular /chi:-/, which is an intensifier as in /chi:patla:wi/. Also, I had first thought that the etymology might be /chiko/ 'crooked', but I have discarded this; it should be reexamined. It might be that there are two forms: /chi:-/ and /chiki-/ \ref 00704 \lxa patla \lxac kipatla \lxo patla \lxoc kipatla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \tran -Trans; check for antipassive \seao to change (i.e., replacing one thing or person with another); to relieve (of an obligation, by putting another person in charge) \ssao cambiar (esto es, remplazando una cosa o persona con otra); relevar (de una obligación al poner otra persona en su lugar) \pna O:kipatlak isuwa:w, okse: suwa:tl yo:kwi:kak. \pea He changed wives, he took another woman as his wife. \psa Cambióde esposas, tomó otra mujer como esposa. \pna O:kipatlak iko:chin. \pea He's changed cars (i.e., bought a new one). \psa Cambióde coches (esto es, se compró uno nuevo). \pna Xenopatla. \pea He still has not been relieved (or replaced, i.e., of a job, service in a cargo, etc.). \psa Todavía no se ha relevado (o remplazado, esto es, de un trabajo o cargo, etc.). \pna Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros. \pea We will exchange hats. \psa Vamos a trocar sombreros. \pna Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya. \pea You've changed addresses (i.e., changed where you live). \psa Cambiaste de dirección (esto es, donde vives). \pna A:man o:kipatlak ika:yeh, okse: la:doh nowitia. \pea Now has has changed his route (lit. 'his street'), he takes himself through another part (of town). \psa Ahora ha cambiado su ruta (lit., 'su calle'), pasa por otro lado. \seao to take the place of (i.e., with one human agent [S] taking the place of another [O]) \ssao tomar el lugar de; remplaza a (esto es, con un agente humano [S] tomando el lugar de otro [O]) \pna O:kipatlak ikni:w. \pea He took his brother`s place (e.g., in a <spn>cargo</spn> position, in a job, etc.). \psa Tomó el lugar de su hermano (p. ej., en un cargo, en un trabajo, etc.). \pna Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin. \pea I'll be the one to see to it that you take someone's place, they listen to me (what I say). \psa Voy a ser yo quien veráque vas a remplazar a alguien, a mi me hacen caso. \pna Na:nkah, yewa te:patlas. \pea This one here, he will take someone's place. \psa Este que esté acá, el tomará el lugar de alguien. \pna Yo:nkak tewa timitspatlas. \pea I've heard that it is you who I will replace. \psa Oíque eres tu a quien voy a remplazar. \pna Te:patlalo:s. \pea New people will be selected as replacements (e.g., for cargo offices, dances, etc.). \psa Se va a cambiar la gente (p. ej., en sus cargos, en las danzas religiosas, etc.). \xrb patla \xvbao patilia \nse With a human subject and object <na>patla</na> may mean 'to take (someone's) place.' That is, in addition to relieving someone from a position, obligation, etc., it is the agent that then takes the place of the person removed. Thus <na>timitspatlas</na> may mean both 'I will replace you (with someone else)' and 'I will replace you (with myself)' or 'I will take your place.' With non-human objects, of course, the meaning is limited simply 'to replace' or 'to (ex)change.' The ambiguity is manifest with nonspecific objects. <na>Nite:patlas</na> means both 'I will take someone's place' and 'I will change one person (or some people) for another (or others).' <na>Nitlapatlas</na> always simply means 'I will exchange (things).' \qry Check difference between /titlapatlaskeh i:ka sombre:ros/ and /tikpatlaskeh sombre:ros/. \grm Headless relative clause: /Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya/ 'You've changed addresses.' Here /ka:n ticha:tiya/ seems to function as a headless relative clause, a NP that is the object of /tikpatla/. It is perhaps best interpreted as 'the place where you live.' \grm Antipassive: /Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros/ 'We will exchange hats.' \ref 00705 \lxa pa:pankwia \lxac kipa:pankwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \sea see <nla>pa:pankwi</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>pa:pankwi</nla> \equivao pa:pankwi \xrb kwi \xrl -pan \nse <na>Pa:pankwia</na> has been documented in Ameyaltepec. It is equivalent to, but much less common than, <nla>pa:pankwi</nla>. In fact it might be determined that this is an error and that the record should be eliminated. \qry This entry might be an error. Check! \ref 00706 \lxa eltsi:mia \lxac neltsi:mia \lxo eltsi:mia \lxof [el tsi: 'mi a] \lxoc keltsi:mia \lcl elcima \lcldef elcima. nin. atravesarseme el bocado en los gaznates. Pre. oninelcin. (M 28v) \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to choke on ones food or drink \ssao (refl.) ahogarse por la comida o bebida \pna O:neltsi:mih ika o:tlai:k. \pea He choked from drinking. \psa Se ahogó por beber. \seao to cause to choke (certain foods or drink [S], but not animate agents) \ssao hacer ahogar (ciertas comidas o bebidas [S], pero no agentes animados) \pna O:ne:cheltsi:mih ka:ldoh, chia:wak katka. \pea The broth made me choke (by coming up my throat after I had swallowed it), it was greasy. \psa El caldo me hizo ahogar (al subir por mi garganta después de que lo había tragado), estaba grasoso. \sem functions \xrb el \xrb tsi:mi \nse <na>Eltsi:mia</na> is documented most often in the reflexive as referring to what happens when food or drink does not stay down in ones stomach but comes up again, making one choke by cutting off ones breath. This is usually not fatal, but it can be. In also is used to refer to death by drinking. Thus in Oapan when a man apparently died from too much liquor, people said <na>o:neltsi:mih</na>. \ref 00707 \lxa no: \lxac no: kakisti \lxo no: \lxoc no: ya:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm PM \der Adv-b \seao also; too; as well; likewise \ssao también \pna No: ya:s. \pea He will go too. \psa También vaél. \pna A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:. \pea Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant. \psa Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar. \pna No: ihkón niweli. \pea I can also do it like that. \psa También lo puedo hacer así. \pna No: ihkón nikchi:wa. \pea I also do it that way. \psa También lo hago así. \pna No:! \pea That too! \psa ¡Eso también! \xrb no: \cfa no:hki \qry Check here and everywhere /ihkón/ to determine whether it actually has a short vowel. Correct as necessary. Also check length of /o:ksehka:n/. Definitely decide whether to write /no: ihki/ or /no:yhki/, or perhaps even /no:ihki/. Also, perhaps even this should be /no:hki/. Check in texts. \qry To get minimal pair, check and compare /no: posteki/ 'it also breaks' to /noposteki/ 'it gets broken'. \grm Word order: /a:man niaw o:ksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:/. 'Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant' Note the placement of /no:/ in phrase-final position. My feeling is that placement could be /ka:n no: nito:kas/. However, this suggests that single word adverbs are more likely to be placed in post-verbal position in subordinate rather than main clauses. Whether this observation will prove true through an examination of a corpus remains to be seen. \ref 00708 \lxa toya:wi \lxac toya:wi \lxo toya:wi \lxoc toya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to spill out; to leak out (a liquid from a container) \ssao tirarse; verterse (un líquido de un recipiente) \pna A:man xte:ntsakwa! Ma:ka to:toya:wtia:s! \pea Now put a cap (top, lid, etc.) on it! Don't let it go along spilling out (in this case water in a canteen)! \psa ¡Ahora pónle un tapón (o tapadera, etc.)!¡Qúe no se vaya tirando (en este caso agua en un cantimplora)! \pna Wa:ltoya:wtok ipan ta:nkeh. O:nomanka nika:n ipan kahli. \pea It is coming pouring down into the water tank (i.e., rainwater from heavy rains), it (the water) had accumulated on top of the house. \psa Venía tirándose en el tanque (agua de una lluvia fuerte), se había acumulada sobre (la azotea de) la casa. \xrb toya: \grm Directionals; aspectuals: Note in the phrase /Wa:ltoya:wtok i:pan ta:nkeh. O:nomanka nika:n i:pan kahli./ 'It is coming pouring down into the water tank (i.e., rainwater from heavy rains), it (the water) had accumulated on top of the house.' that the directional prefix is used because the water is descending (vertically) to the ground. The progressive /-tok/ is used because there is no horizontal movement, i.e., the water is not going along. This would occur, for instance, with a leaky water jug on a donkey: /wa:ltoya:wtiw/. \ref 00709 \lxa a:kwilin \lxac a:kwilin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea type of water worm, still not positively identified \ssa tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem animal \sem marine \syno a:kwe:roh \syno a:kwitlaxtli \xrb a: \xrb okwil \cpl This is not classified as a <nla>michin</nla>. \ref 00710 \lxa ya:wxo:chitl \lxac ya:wxo:chitl \lxo ya:hxo:chitl \lxoc ya:hxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of yellowish flower not definitively identified, but perhaps the <spn>flor de pericón</spn> \ssao tipo de flor amarillenta todavía no identificado definitivamente, pero quizála que se conoce como 'flor de pericón' \pna Ya:wxo:chitl | Xo:pantlah ixwa ne: ipan tepe:tl. Nokwi kwa:k tlapo:kwi:lo, kitla:litiweh ipan iswayotsi:n un mi:hli. Ma:s ihkón kikwin San Juan, Ameyaltepec xma:s nokwi. \pea <na>Ya:wxo:chitl</na> : During the summer it sprouts there, in the hills. It is used when incense is offered (in the fields, e.g., during Santa Cruz of September), they go along placing it on the maize leaves. This is more the custom in San Juan Tetelcingo, in Ameyaltepec this plant is not used too often. \psa <na>Ya:wxo:chitl</na> : En el verano brota allá en el cerro. Se utiliza cuando queman incienso, lo van poniendo sobre las hojas del maíz. Emplearla así es más la costumbre en San Juan Tetelcingo, en Ameyaltepec no se usa mucho. \xrb ya:w \xrb xo:chi \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'flor del pericón.' \nct xo:chitl \ref 00711 \lxa tili:ntok \lxac tili:ntok \lxo tili:ntok \lxoc tili:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be tight (a knot, clothes that are small for the wearer, etc.) \ssao estar apretado (un nudo, ropa que queda chica, etc.) \pna Tili:ntok, xne:chasi. \pea It is tight (a hat, clothes, etc.),. it doesn't fit me. \psa Está apretado (un sombrero, ropa, etc.), no me queda. \pna A:mantsi:n tili:ntok tla:hli, xkaman noto:ka. Newa nikyema:ni:s. \pea Now the earth is hard, it's never been planted. I'm going to loosen it up (by plowing). \psa Ahora la tierra está dura, nunca se ha sembrado. Yo la voy a aflojar (con el arado). \seao packed together (earth that has been pounded, a crowd in a small space, etc.) \ssao apisionado (tierra que ha sido golpeada para apretujarla); apiñado (gente en un lugar) \se to be swollen (an infection or injured part of the body as the skin swells and stretches) \ss estar hinchado (una infección o parte lastimada del cuerpo al hincharse y estirarse la piel) \pna Tili:ntok ka:n ne:chkukwa. \pea It is swollen where it hurts me. \psa Estáhinchado donde me duele. \xrb tili: \nse Although often <nla>tili:nki</nla> and <na>tili:ntok</na> are synonomous, only <na>tili:ntok</na>, and not <na>tili:nki</na>, is used with the sense to 'to be swollen.' \grm Stative; resultative: One important question is whether verbal participals ending in /-ki/ are the same as those ending in /-tok/ and, if they aren't, in what the difference lies. Perhaps one way to determine the difference is to analyze in what semantic contexts one can be used and in what contexts others can be used. \ref 00712 \lxa xama:ni \lxac xama:ni \lxo xama:ni \lxoc xama:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se to get crushed (e.g., fruit) \ss aplastarse; machucarse (p. ej., la fruta) \pna O:xaxama:n noma:ngos. \pea My mangos got crushed. \psa Se aplastaron mis mangos. \se to crumble; to break up into many pieces (e.g., sth brittle) \ss desmoronar; despedazarse; romperse, quebrarse o hacerse añicos (a algo quebradizo) \se to get completely exhausted so that ones very bones ache; to become weak and sore to the core \ss agotarse tanto que duele hasta los huesos; estar débil y adolorido del cansacio \pna O:nixaxama:n, nochi to:nahli o:nitekit. \pea I'm weak and sore to the core, I worked the entire day. \psa Estoy agotado y me duelen hasta los huesos, trabajétodo el día. \xrb xama: \ref 00713 \lxa xo:koyo:tl \lxac xo:koyo:tl \lxo xo:koyo:tl \lxoc xo:koyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao last born (among human children or the offspring of an animal) \ssao último nacido (entre niños o la cría de un animal) \cfa kemechkayo:tl \xrb xo:koyo: \nse According to at least one consultant, Santiago Ramírez, <na>xo:koyo:tl</na> (which is often used in the diminutive <na>xo:koyo:tsi:n</na>) implies that the child is the last that will be born; otherwise the word <nla>kimichkayo:tl</nla> would be used. \qry According to at least one consultant, Santiago Ramírez, <na>xo:koyo:tl</na> (which is often used in the diminutive <na>xo:koyo:tsi:n</na>) implies that the child is the last that will be born; otherwise the word <nla>kimichkayo:tl</nla> would be used. This should be checked. Check possessed form? \ref 00714 \lxa a:tlahko \lxac a:tlahko \lxo a:tlahko \lxoc a:tlahko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \seao in the gorge \ssao en la barranca \xrb a:tlaw \xrl -ko \ref 00715 \lxa bwe:yeh \lxac bwe:yeh \lxo bwe:yeh \lxoc bwe:yeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan buey \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) (pl. <na>bwe:yesteh</na>, <no>bwe:yestih</no> ; poss. <nao>nobwe:yeh</nao> ; <nao>nobwe:yeswan</nao> \se ox \ss buey \ref 00716 \lxa uwa:na \lxac kuwa:na \lxo wawa:na \lxoc kiwawa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \seao to scratch (e.g., the skin of sb) \ssao rascar (p. ej., la piel de algn) \pna Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep. \pea I got sores on my skin. <spn>Ajes</spn> bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores. \psa Se me salieron granos en la piel. Me mordieron los ajes; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas. \pna Melá:k nikekexkia, san nimouwa:ntok. \pea I really itch a lot, I'm just scratching myself (all the time). \psa De veras tengo comenzón, nada más me la paso rasgándome. \pna Deke tikekexkia, xmouwa:na! \pea If you itch, scratch yourself! \psa ¡Si tienes comezón, ráscate! \xrb wa:na \xtla tlauwa:na \nae Given the active semantics of <na>uwa:na</na> and the absence of an intransitive, it has been classified as a basic verb, not one of nondirected alternation. \qry Check for underlying {h} and for vowel length in penultimate /a:/. FK reports variation in these features across sources. Apparently a nonreduplicated form does not exist; also this has been \ref 00717 \lxanotes zzz \mod This word, /kextotoponi/ was not acceptd by Cristino Flores. Rather one has the transitive /kextoponwia/ (to cause swelling) or /kextotonia/ 'to cause the neck to snap. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry Originally I had the definition here for 'for one's neck to swell up' and the example sentence /O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih on kwa:teh./ 'His neck swelled up, one of a pair of twins caused his neck to swell up (given the powers that twins are said to have).' However, C. Flores did not accept this as a valid word, accepting only on the transitive form. \qry Check this statement:"There is a difference between <na>kechtotoponyoh</na>, etc., referring to swelling, and <na>kechtotopo:ni</na> referring to popping or cracking as ones knuckles." \qry Check possibility that root is /topo:ni/, or perhaps /tohpo:ni/. If I remember correctly there is a form in Oapan /tópontlí/, which has its S. Juan equivalent in /tohpontli/, meaning to swell up or burst (e.g. a blister). Check this in the present word, in which case perhaps it should be /kechtotoponi/ related to a possible Tetelcingo form /kechtohtohponi/. For a discussion of this word cf. Flk 1984-12-29.1. Although in one entry I had /kechtotopo:ni/ I have a later entry which states that this is incorrect and should be corrected to /kextotopo:ni/; recheck for /ch/ or /x/. \vl Recheck vowel length. Recheck nature of /ch/ or /x/ in headword pronunciation. \ref 00718 \lxa ko:pi:liwi \lxac ko:pi:liwi \lxo ko:pi:liwi \lxoc ko:pi:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to hang down limply in a clump or clumps of strands (e.g., wet hair, an item of clothing that sticks together and hangs down when wet) \ss colgarse como como en hebras pegadas, enmarradas y flojas (p. ej., cabello largo cuando está mojado, ropa mojada) \pna Ko:pi:liwi tlake:ntli kwa:k yo:nopa:tsoh. \pea When clothes (e.g., hanging on a line to dry) get wet, they hang down in clumps. \psa Cuando ropa (p. ej., tendida para secarse) se moja, se cuelga en hilos. \pna Yo:koko:pi:liw notson. \pea My hair (wet, e.g., from bathing or rain) got so that it is hanging down in clumpy strands. \psa Mi cabello (mojado, p. ej., de la lluvia a un baño) se quedócolgado en hilos algo pegados. \se to limply droop down (e.g., the leaves or branches of certain plants as they dry) \ss colgarse hacia abajo flojamente (p. ej., las hojas o ramas de ciertas plantas al secarse) \pna Patla:wtoya, a:man o:ko:pi:liw moso:ya:w. \pea Your palm (in this case palm that was going to be used) was well fanned out (when it was green on the tree), now (that it has been cut) it is limply hanging down in strands (from having lost its moisture). \psa La palma (en este caso que se iba a utilizar) estaba bien abierta en forma de abanico (cuando estaba verde y sin cortar), ahora (después de cortarse y secarse) ya está encogida y doblada (por haberse secado). \pna Sana:man o:pe:w wa:ki, sa: ko:pi:liwtok. \pea It started to dry immediately (e.g., a tree), it's now just dropping down (its branches and leaves hanging down close to its side). \psa Luego luego se empezó a secar (p. ej., unárbol), ya está nomás con sus ramas y hojas aflojadas y colgadas. \pna O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh. Ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sayhkó:n nomatis. \pea Your hat (i.e., its brim) has become drooped down. It got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way. \psa (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo. Le llovió(sobre el sombrero). Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces asíse va a quedar. \se to be huddled up or hunched over with ones arms close to ones side (a person, particularly when sick or cold) \ss acurrucarse con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (una persona, particularmente cuando tiene frío o está enferma) \pna San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak. \pea You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold. \psa Estás nada más acurrucado, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo, te ha agarrado el frío. \pna Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl. Kwalo. \pea That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick. \psa Ese hombre está nomás acurrucado y encogido. Está enfermo. \sea (with the aspectual <na>-tiw</na>, at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix <n>te-</n> : <na>tekoko:pi:liwtiw</na>) to go along slowly with ones legs and arms drawn close to the side \ssa (with the aspectual <na>-tiw</na>, at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix <n>te-</n> : <na>tekoko:pi:liwtiw</na>) to go along slowly with ones legs and arms drawn close to the side \pna Tiko:pi:liwtiw. Timona:palotiw. Tisekwi. \pea You are going along hunched over with your arms closed tightly to your side. You are going along with your arms wrapped tightly around your body. You are cold. \psa Vas caminando todo encogido, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo.. Vas agarrándote con los brazos. Tienes frio. \pna San tiko:pi:liwtiw, tle:ka xtimotlalowa? \pea You're just going along taking tiny steps, why don't you get a move on? \psa Vas caminando con pasos chiquitos,¿Por quéno andas más rápido? \cfa ikxiko:pi:liwi \cfo ko:pi:lyaw \xrb ko:pi:l \dis compare pili:ni, ko:pi:liwi, pipi:ltia, nokolochowa and other words for drooping. Check difference between /ko:pi:liwi/ and /nokolochowa/. \nse Cristino Flores (Am) explained the meaning of this word with the following phrase: <na>Ko:pi:liwi pa:mpa noma:tsowa</na>, i.e. 'one says <na>ko:pi:liwi</na> because it folds back upon itself.' The example he repeatedly gave was of palm that when on the tree is spread out in a fan-like form, but after it is cut it folds and doubles in on itself. When used in reference to a stationary person, <na>ko:pi:liwi</na> refers to an individual, hunched over at the shoulders, slightly curved over and drooping. When applied to someone walking, <na>ko:pi:liwtiw</na> refers to a slow walk, with ones arms at ones side and taking small steps, perhaps somewhat hunched over. \qry Check whether /sa:/ or /san/ is correct, or each in the particlar circumstances: /San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak/ 'You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold.' /Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl, kwalo/ 'That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick.' In Aug. 1986 I rechecked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded: /ko:pi:liwi/. Again, in June 1993, I have definitely checked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded (Karttunen has /ko:pil.../. In phrase /san tiko:pi:liwtok.../ check possibility that first word should be /sa:/, as it is in the similar phrase I have recorded. \rt Perhaps discuss the division of /ko:pi:l/ into /ko:/ and /pi:l/. \ref 00719 \lxa miki \lxac miki \lxo miki \lxoc miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(k) \seao to die \ssao morir \pno Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin. \peo We will come next year if we don't suddenly die. \pso Vamos a venir el año venidero si no nos murimos de repente. \se to shrivel and dry up (a fruit on a stalk) \ss secarse y morirse (una fruta sobre la planta) \pna Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. \pea The small ears of maize known as <na>kakamatsitsi:nteh</na>, they just dry up at the side of the <na>jilote</na>. \psa Los pequeños elotes llamados <na>kakamatsitsi:nteh</na>, nada más se secan allíal lado del jilote. \seo (<no>wa:hmikitsi:n</no>) to come to be lukewarm (water) \sso (<no>wa:hmikitsi:n</no>) llegar a ser tibia (agua) \pno Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwáxwel koni a:tl yón sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n. \peo Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. \pso ¡Caliéntale agua para tu hermano! No puede tomarlo frío (p. ej., porque apenas le picóun alacrán), debe ser nada más tibia. \xrb miki \xvca miktia \xvco mihtia \nae The inflectional paradigm of <nao>miki</nao> is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: <na>miki:lo</na>. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: <no>mikilo</no>. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb <nlao>kochi</nlao>. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name <na>ka:n o:miki:wak</na> located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form <na>-wa</na> was still in common use. \grm Impersonal in /-wa/: The inflectional paradigm of <nao>miki</nao> is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: <na>miki:lo</na>. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: <no>mikilo</no>. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb <nlao>kochi</nlao>. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name <na>ka:n o:miki:wak</na> located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form <na>-wa</na> was still in common use. \grm /tsi:n/ with verbs; directional: Note: /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwáxwel koni a:tl yún sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n./ 'Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. Note taht the question is whether /wa:-/ in these cases is /wa:h-/. I do not hear an /h/, but in the literacy class several times we discussed this point and each time \grm /wa:l/: Note the following phrase by Florencia Marcelino: /Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin/ 'We will come next year if we don't suddenly die.' The translation of 'suddenly' may not be the most accurate in this case; I just give it by intuition. In the future Florencia should be asked for the difference in /wa:lmiki/ and /miki/ in the phrase given here. \grm Oapan phonology: Note x>ch /x___ as in /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl/. The first word is the imperative of /xo:tla/, but since it follows the imperative /x=/ the initial /x/ of the verb surfaces as /ch/. \ref 00720 \lxa tlastekwtli \lxac tlastekwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \sea morsel (e.g., of meat, cheese, etc.) \ssa poquito (de algo comestible como carne, queso, etc.) \pna San se: tlastekwtli o:tine:xtla:lilih. \pea You just served me up (e.g., on a plate) a tiny morsel. \psa Me pusiste (p. ej., sobre un plato) solamente un poquito. \xrb sti \xrb kwi \ref 00721 \lxa tlayenkwili:ltia \lxac kitlayenkwili:ltia \lxo tlayenkwili:ltia \lxoc kitlayenkwili:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give new clothes to \ss dar ropa nueva a \pna Ne:chtlayenkwili:lti:skeh, ne:chtlasotlan \pea They will get me new clothes, they love me. \psa Me van a dar ropa nueva, me quieren. \xrb yenkwi \qry Causatives: Up till this word, /yenkwili:ltia/ I have not documented any causatives of causatives. The present seems, however, to be such a case. /Yenkwilia/ is a causative using the"applicative"ending /-lia/, which is common for inchoatives. Query is this is correct; check for other causatives of causatives. \grm Causatives: Up till this word, /yenkwili:ltia/ I have not documented any causatives of causatives. The present seems, however, to be such a case. /Yenkwilia/ is a causative using the"applicative"ending /-lia/, which is common for inchoatives. \ref 00722 \lxa mo:hli \lxac mo:hli \lxo mo:hli \lxoc mo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao mole sauce (of ground chile and other ingredients) \ssao mole (de chile molido y otros ingredientes) \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli (list recordings by Florencia Marcelino) \nse The following types of <nao>mo:hli</nao> from Ameyaltepec were part of my original documentation: <na>anjolîn mo:hli, a:yomo:hli, a:yowechmo:hli, chi:lmo:hli, ichkayo:mo:hli, michmo:hli, piomo:hli, to:ntomo:hli,</na> and <na>tlimo:hli</na>. Different types of <nao>mo:hli</nao> are found in Oapan, many of which have been discussed in recording sessions with Florencia Marcelino. \ono mo:hli \qry Check lenght of /o/ in /piomo:hli/. Recipes should be given under each entry. Check if possessed form can be used. \ref 00723 \lxa kamana:lowa \lxac kamana:lowa \lxo kamana:lowa \lxoc kamana:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \seao to joke around and tease (e.g., by saying"white lies"in order to provoke reactions) \ssao bromear; chancear (particularmente tomándole el pelo a algn); vacilar \pna Kakamana:lowa. \pea He goes around making bad jokes. \psa Anda haciendo chistes ya cansados. \pna Kemech tikamana:lotoyan. \pea A short time ago we were joking around. \psa Hace poco tiempo estabamos bromeando. \se (<n>de</n> ~) in jest; in play \ss (<n>de ~</n>) de broma; de juego \pna Hermelinda García isusuwa:w, xmelá:k isuwa:w, san de kamana:lowa. \pea Hermelinda García is his lover, she's not really his wife, just in play. \psa Hermelinda García es su amante, no es su esposa de veras, solamente de vacilada. \xrb kamana:l \nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz the reduplicated form <na>kakamana:lowa</na> with a short vowel indicates the actions of a person who goes around saying things that aren't true, but neither are they still funny. The person goes beyond simple jest and does not know when to stop. \qry Check whether the reduplicated form has a short or long vowel. \ref 00724 \lxa tsotsoltelowa \lxac kitsotsoltelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to take the clothes off of (a person) \ssa quitarle la ropa a (una persona) \pna Xmotsotsoltelo! Ihkón tikochiskeh! \pea Take off your clothes! That's how we're going to sleep (in the nude)! \psa ¡Quítate la ropa!¡Asívamos a dormir (desnudos)! \seao to husk \ssao quitarle la chala al maíz \pna O:pe:w niktsotsoltelowa nosin. \pea I've started to husk my dried cobs of maize. \psa Empecé a quitarle la chala a mi mazorca. \equivo te:tsolowa \xrb tsol \xrb tel \dis tsotsolowa; tsotsoltelowa \ref 00725 \lxa tepi:nia \lxac kitepi:nia \lxo tepi:nia \lxoc kitepi:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seo to poke (a beast of burden by a rider with his heels) \sso darle con algo puntiagudo (una bestia por un jinete, que le dan con los tobillos) \seao (with long vowel reduplication) to rap on; to strike (particularly with ones knuckles, but also ones feet, fist, etc.) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga) golpetear; golpear ligeramente (particularmente con los nudos de la mano, o con los pies, el puño, etc.) \pna Xte:tepi:ni me:sah! Ma te:cha:lkwi:li:ka:n serbe:sah! \pea Rap on the table (several times) so that they bring us some beer! \psa ¡Golpeté e la mesa (varias veces)!¡Quénos traigan cerveza! \pna Tlatepi:nitok, u:nkah ka:n a:skatlan. \pea He is stomping on the ground, he is there where there are a lot of ants. \psa Estágolpeando la tierra fuertemente, está parado allá donde hay muchas hormigas. \pna Xte:tepini pwe:rtah, ma kitlapoka:n! \pea Knock on the door, let's hope they open it! \psa ¡Golpeté e la puerta, quéla abran! \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to repeatedly poke at (e.g., in typing; see <nla>tlatetepi:nia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:tepí:nia</nlo>) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) golpetear repetidas veces (p. ej., al escribir a máquina; vé ase <nla>tlatetepi:nia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:tepí:nia</nlo>) \xrb tepi: \xv1a tlatetepi:nia \xv1o tlá:tepí:nia \dis tepi:nia; telowa \nse It appears that the major difference between <na>tepi:nia</na> and <nla>telowa</nla> is that the latter indicates a much more forceful and violent action, 'to hit,' whereas the former seems better translated as 'to knock on' or 'to rap on.' Thus in reference to knocking on a door, both verbs may be used. <na>Telowa</na> implies a strong pounding motion, perhaps with the flat part of the fist (front or side); <na>telowa</na> suggests a rapping with the top or middle knuckles of ones hand. \qry In the phrase /Tlatepi:nitok, unkah ka:n a:skatlan/ make sure that /unkah/ is correct. Perhaps /nemi/? In regard to poking with ones heels, check other possible contexts other than an animal being ridden. \ref 00726 \lxa yo:hlo \lxac iyo:hlo \lxo yo:hlo \lxoc i:yo:hlo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seao feelings \ssao sentimiento \pna Ne:chkukwa noyo:hlo. \pea My feelings are hurt. \psa Me duelen los sentimientos. \seao (<na>i:ka</na> or <no>ya</no> ~) gladly; happily; readily; voluntarily; on purpose; in peace \ssao (<na>i:ka</na> or <no>ya</no> ~) de buena gana; con gusto; a propósito; en paz \pna Xika iyo:hlo te:pale:wia. \pea He doesn't help people happily. \psa No ayuda de buena gana. \pna Xkimela:wa, xika iyo:hlo o:kichi:w. \pea It is not appropriate (in this case anger was not an appropriate response), he didn't do it on purpose (and thus doesn't deserve such a harse treatment). \psa No le queda (en este caso en enojo no fue una respuesta apropriada), no lo hizo a propósito. \pna Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. \pea I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness. \psa Aquí estoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad \se (<n>kipia</n> ~ para [future verb]) to have a strong desire to [verb]; to really want to [verb] \ss (<n>kipia</n> ~ para [verbo en el futuro]) tener muchos deseos para [verbo]; tener muchas ganas de [verbo] \pna Kipia iyo:hlo para ya:s mocha:n. \peo He really wants to go to your house. \pso Tiene muchas ganas de ir a tu casa. \se (<na>o:nkah ika</na> ~) to be at peace with oneself; to be calm \ss (<na>o:nkah ika</na> ~) estar tranquilo; estar en paz con si mismo \pna Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh. \pea He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself. \psa Es de mal genio. Siempre está enojado, nunca está en paz. \sem emotions \xrb yo:l \nae Oapan often has <no>ya</no> for Ameyaltepec <na>i:ka</na>, although the latter is also at times used by Oapan speakers. \qry Check whether Oapan has /unkah i:ka ~ / or rather /nemi ya ~/. Perhpas AM has both too. \ref 00727 \lxa isiwi:tia \lxac ---- \lxo ísiwí:tia \lxop isiwi:tia \lxoc ísiwí:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \seao see <nla>tlasiwi:tia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>tlasiwi:tia</nla> \xrb hsi \ref 00728 \lxa peya:siwi \lxaa pia:siwi \lxac peya:siwi \lxo peya:siwi \lxoc peya:siwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become straight \ssao enderezarse; ponerse derecho \sem distort-break \xrb peya:s \ref 00729 \lxa masa:xokokuwtli \lxac masa:xokokuwtli \lxo masa:xokokohtli \lxoc masa:xokokohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao see <nlao>masa:xokotl</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>masa:xokotl</nlao> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao masa:xokotl \xrb m:sa: \xrb xoko \xrb kow \nct kohtli \cpl According to Inocencio Díaz and Silvestre Pantaleón there are two different types that differ in the color of their fruit. One has fruit that turns red, another has fruit that turns yellow. However, the trees of both are identical in all other aspects and it is impossible to differentiate them except when they are bearing fruit. Inocencio Díaz also mentioned a type of plum called <na>mihka:xokotl</na> that was used in food prepared when someone died. He thinks that this looks the same as the <na>masa:xokotl</na> except in its fruit, which is small and purple. This was later confirmed by Honorio de la Rosa. \ref 00730 \lxa mekayo:tia \lxac kimekayo:tia \lxo mekayo:tia \lxoc kimekayo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seao to weave a cord or string around (e.g., weaving it around a gourd so that it can be carried as a canteen) \ssao atarle o tejerle un mecate o cordón alrededor de (p. ej., un tecomate para que se pueda llevar como cantimplora) \pna Ma:tekon xkipiaya imekayo, pero a:man o:kimekayo:tih. \pea Your water gourd didn't have a cord, but now he wove a cord around it (e.g. to carry). \psa Tu tecomate tenía su mecate, pero ahora ya le ataste uno (p. ej. a un tecomate que se iba a utlizar como cantimplora). \seao to tie a carrying cord to \ssao atarle un mecate a \pna Xetikmeyo:tia motso:tsokol. \pea You haven't yet put a rope on your water jug (to enable you to carry it). \psa Todavía no le has puesto un mecate a tu cántaro (para poderlo cargar). \nse Generally the verb <nao>mekayo:tia</nao> refers not to the simple action of putting a cord on something to be carried (as in tying a rope through the ears of a water jug), but to weaving a cord on a round object, such as a gourd canteen, so that it may be carried. \xrb me:ka \xvaa mekayo:tilia \qry Check precise meaning: simply putting a cord on, or weaving one around sth like a gourd canteen. Check whether in tyring a rope around a donkey, /mekayo:tia/ can also be used. \qry Check vowel length of /tso:tsokohli/ in phrase above. Check also if this refers only to tying or weaving a cord around objects, or also to placing a tether on an animal (or should sth like /xtla:lili imekayo/ be used?) Is /mekayo:tl/ a word? \grm Note how /mekatl/ can be nominalized with a possessed form in /mekawtli/ and how another possessed form, /mekayo/ can be verbalized as /mekayo:tia/. In general discuss how possessed forms can be used as the basis of nominalization or verbalization. \ref 00731 \lxa tetekwitsa \lxac kitetekwitsa \lxo tetekwitsa \lxoc kitetekwitsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \seao (<nao>tlatetekwistiw</nao>) to go along stomping, making the ground shake with ones footsteps \ssao (<nao>tlatetekwistiw</nao>) ir pisando fuerte, haciendo la tierra temblar con las pisadas \pna O:notlalote:w, a:sta o:tlatetekwistiah. \pea He took off running, he even made the ground tremble (with his pounding his feet) as he ran along \psa Saliócorriendo, hasta hizo la tierra temblar al correr (con la fuerza de sus pisadas). \xrb tekwi: \xvbao tekwi:ni \nae I have only documented this verb with an aspectual marker, in the example sentence <na>-tiw</na>. It is unclear whether it is only used to refer to the stomping of feet that causes the ground to tremble slightly, but this the only sense recorded so far in the corpus. \ref 00732 \lxa tlaxtekio:tl \lxac tlaxtekio:tl \lxo tlaxtekihlo:tl \lxoc tlaxtekihlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao something stolen or robbed \ssao algo robado \syna tlaxtektli \xrb xteki \qry Ameyaltepec entry originally had /tlaxtekiyo:tl/, which might well be /tlaxtekihlo:tl/. Check. \vl Check vowel lenght of /i/. Cf. to /tla:ki:hlo:tl/, which perhaps should be /tla:kihlo:tl/. \ref 00733 \lxa ka: \lxac ka: \lxo ka: \lxoc ka: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Neg \der Neg \seao No! (in response to a question) \ssao ¡No! (en respuesta a una pregunta) \pna Ka:, xkaman! \pea No, never! \psa ¡No, nunca! \syno ka:yoweh \xrb ka: \nae <nao>Ka</nao> is used only as a one-word response to a question. The preclitic <na>x-</na> is used to negate predicative expressions. Ramírez and Dakin report <na>ka:</na>, with a long vowel, but given that the pronunciation of this word seems always to be phrase final, it seems to always surface as [ka']. Nevertheless, the Oapan cognate <nla>ka:yoweh</nla> has long vowel, and this fact (perhaps indicative of historical length) has been a factor in \ref 00734 \lxa ikwa:k \lxac ikwa:k \lxo íkwá:k \lxoc íkwá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord-b \pa yes-lex \seao see <nla>kwa:k</nla> (Am) \ssao vé ase <nla>kwa:k</nla> (Am) \xrb hkwa:k \ref 00735 \lxa miahka:n \lxac miahka:n \lxo miahka:n \lxoc miahka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \seao in many places \ssao en muchos lugares \pna Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh. \pea The record got warped in many places. \psa Se deformó el disco (al quedar ondulado) en muchos lugares. \pna Miahka:n tinemi. \pea You live in a lot of places. \psa Vives en muchos lugares. \xrb miak \xrl -ka:n \ref 00736 \lxa te:nakaskokoh \lxac te:nakaskokoh \lxo te:nakaskokoh \lxoc te:nakaskokoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seao to be bothersome to the ears (e.g., loud music, a vehicle with a bad muffler, a drunk running off at the mouth, etc.) \ssao ser lastimoso o molestoso a los oídos (p. ej., música fuerte, un vehículo con un mal silenciador, un borracho que habla sin cesar, etc.) \sem sound \xrb nakas \xrb kowa \ref 00737 \lxa -na:wak \lxac mona:wak \lxo -na:wak \lxoc nimona:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss \infn N2 \se (ritual) in the house of; near to (a person; used only in <na>we:we:tlato:hli</na>) \ss (ritual) en la casa de; junto a (una persona; empleado solamente en los <na>we:we:tlato:hli</na>) \pna... mona:wak mawistla:katl... \pea... in your presence, honorable sir... \psa... en su presencia, respetable señor... \synao -na:k \xrl -na:wak \nse Apparently <na>-na:wak</na> is equivalent in meaning to <na>-na:k</na> except that the former is found only in archaic and ritual speech. To date it has been documented only in the recorded <na>we:we:tlato:hli</na> of don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec. According to Luis Lucena (Am) <na>-na:wak</na> is used only as a greeting in these ritual speeches. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) in Oapan very few people use this form. One person she remembers hearing it from is Feliciano Domínguez, a former schoolteacher from Oapan, who would enter town meetings saying, <no>nimona:wak ma:nomeh</no>. Others would occasionally use this same greeting in the same context. \ref 00738 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh/ but has been removed and the entry changed to /kuwsa:wananakatl de i:a:xi:x burroh/ \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00739 \lxa a:molo:nia \lxac a:molo:nia \lxo a:molo:nia \lxoc a:molo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to spoil and acquire a bad smell from being left in sitting water \ssao echarse a perder y adquirir un mal olor por haber sido dejado en agua estancada \pna O:a:molo:niak monextamal. \pea Your <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> became foul-smelling from sitting in water too long (e.g., 3 days or so). \psa Tu nixtamal se echó a perder por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua (tal vez tres días o más). \xrb a: \xrb molo: \dis a:kwitlayaya; a:molo:nia \ref 00740 \lxa te:nkwatik \lxac te:nkwatik \lxo té:nkwatík \lxoc té:nkwatík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \pa yes \seo to have a harelip \sso tener el labio leporino \seao to have a broken-off lip or edge, leaving a tooth-like gap (e.g., the top edge of a bucket, a bowl, a cliff whose edge has crumbled down, etc.) \ssao tener la borde u orilla desportillada, dejando un espacio en forma de diente faltante (p. ej., la orilla de una cubeta, un frutero, un risco o peñasco cuyo borde ha derrumbado, etc.) \equivao te:nkwah \sem physical \syna te:nkwi:tah \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \mod See illustration on original filecard for /te:nkwi:tah/ \ref 00741 \lxa chi:lwa:hki \lxac chi:lwa:hki \lxo chi:lwa:hki \lxoc chi:lwa:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seao any type of dried chile (not simply the type in Spanish called <spn>huajillo</spn>) \ssao cualquier tipo de chile seco, no solamente el que se conoce como huajillo \sem food \cfa chi:lwa:ktli \cfa chi:hli de wa:ktli \xrb chi:l \xrb wa: \encyctmp chile \ref 00742 \lxa tlaxkalowa \lxac tlaxkalowa \lxo tlaxkalowa \lxoc tlaxkalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-owa \infv class-2b \seao to make tortillas \ssao hacer o echar tortillas \sem cook \xrb xka \dis tisi; tlaxkalowa \nse <na>Tlaxkalowa</na> refers not only to the specific act of making tortillas and placing them on the clay griddle, but also in general to the entire process beginning with the grinding of the <nlao>nextamahli</nlao>. \ref 00743 \lxa chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n \lxaa chikolo chila:doh \lxac chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea bird of the rather red generic type called <na>chikolo</na>, perhaps one of the following: Speckled Mourner <l>Laniocera rufescens</l>, Rufous Mourner <l>Rhytipterna holerythra</l>, or Rufous Piha <l>Lipaugus unirufus</l>. It is rarely seen in the area. \ssa pájaro del tipo genérico llamado <na>chikolo</na>, quizá uno de los siguientes:"Speckled Mourner" <l>Laniocera rufescens</l>,"Rufous Mourner" <l>Rhytipterna holerythra</l>, o"Rufous Piha" <l>Lipaugus unirufus</l>. Es poco visto en la zona. \src Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 43, pp. 519, 506, 523 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chihkolo \xrb chi:l \encyctmp chikolo; birds \qry Check plural formation of /chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n/. \sj Check for /h/ \ref 00744 \lxa ikxinepaniwtok \lxac ikxinepaniwtok \lxo ixinepanihtok \lxoc ixinepanihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \sea to be sitting with ones legs crossed (see <nlo>mesnepanihtok</nlo>) \ssa estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas (vé ase <nlo>mesnepanihtok</nlo>) \pna Asta ikxinepaniwtok. Tlatski! \pea He's just sitting there with his legs crossed. He's lazy! \psa Hasta está sentada con las piernas cruzadas.¡Quéflojo! \seo to be sitting with ones legs crossed near the ankles (see <nlo>iximali:ntok</nlo>) \sso estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas cerca de los tobillos (vé ase <nlo>iximali:ntok</nlo>) \xrb kxi \xrb nepan \encyctmp body postures and positions; perhaps \nse According to my original documentation in Ameyaltepec <na>ikxinepaniwtok</na> was used in reference to a man sitting with his legs crossed at the thighs, with one leg over the other. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that the Oapan word with the same meaning is <nlo>metsnepanihtok</nlo>. In Oapan, the formal equivalent to the Ameyaltepec headword is <no>ixinepanihtok</no>, and a synonym of this is <nlo>ixí:malí:ntok</nlo>. \qry Check etymology. Check to see if intranstive form exists as such, i.e. /ikxinepaniwi/. Note that in the original cross-reference from here I had this Oa word written as /ixí:malí:ntok/. Check which form, the reduplicated one with reduction on /ixi-/ or the headword here /iximali:ntok/. \grm Statives; Unrealized intransitive verbs: Balsas Nahuatl seems to manifest many cases of statives/resultatives that morphologically would derive from an intransitive verb (e.g., kweptok) but for which the intransitive is not independently documented. In some cases it may perhaps be assumed that this is just a lack of full language documentation. However, in some cases, like the present with /ikxinepaniwtok/ it is hard to imagine the semantics of an intransitive form, i.e., what would ?/ikxinepaniwi/ mean, since it is hard to imagine the process occurring without an agent. Thus the transitive /ikxinepanowa/ has been documented only as a reflexive. \rt Note that a discussion in the root dictionary should be given for /nepan/. \ref 00745 \lxa kalitik \lxac kalitik \lxo kálitík \lxop kalitik \lxoc kálitík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] \pa yes-lex \seao inside (of a house or building) \ssao adentro (de una casa o edificio) \se toward the inside (of a bowl or other type of container; the opposite is <nlao>kia:wak</nlao>) \ss hacia adentro (de un recipiente u otro tipo de plato hondo; lo contrario es <nlao>kia:wak</nlao>) \se toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows) \ss hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas) \pna Nokwepo:nian para kalitik -=tlaitik-. \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside and then go back (to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea). \equivao kali \xrb kal \xrb hti \ilustmp Cf. drawing in original file card for above phrase about dancers. \ref 00746 \lxa a:xi:xkokoya:ya \lxac a:xi:xkokoya:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-S-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to acquire or become covered with the smell of urine \ssa agarrar el olor a orina \pna Mlá:k o:ta:xi:xkokoya:yak. Nochipa mitsa:xi:xtok mokone:tsi:n. \pea You've really gotten to smell of urine. Your little baby is always peeing on you. \psa De veras agarraste un olor a orina. tu hijito siempre te está meando. \syno a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb koko \xrb hya: \ref 00747 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /montoneri:tos/, removed as a duplicate. \dt 06/Jun/2003 \ref 00748 \lxa kiki:ske:tl \lxac kiki:ske:tl \lxo kíki:ské:tl \lxoc kíki:ské:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Reduced rdp-s(pre): <no>ní:ki:ské:tl</no> \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se rambler; drifter; wanderer; vagabond \ss parandero; vagabundo \pna Yewa san kiki:ske:tl, xmelákineki cha:ntis. \pea He's just a tramp, he doesn't want to settle down (e.g., in this village as a resident). \psa El no es más que un vago, no quiere establecerse (p. ej., en este pueblo, como ciudadano). \cfa kiki:ski \flao ki:sa \xrb ki:sa \qry Check for difference between /kiki:ski/ and /kiki:ske:tl/ as my glosses are distinct. \ref 00749 \lxa tele:le:tik \lxac tele:le:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-? \infv pl. <na>tele:le:tikeh</na> \sea to be foolish \ssa ser sonso \pna Ma:ka xtele:le:tik! \pea Don't be a fool! \psa ¡No seas sonso! \xrb tele:le: \nse The etymology of <na>tele:le:tik</na> is highly uncertain, however the vowel length pattern has been repeatedly checked. It is said not only of"fools"but about a man who takes no pleasure in anything, not even women (hence the applicability of the Spanish translation <spn>sonso</spn>). It is perhaps related to the root for <na>tete:ltik</na> 'agarroso' (in reference to a taste that leaves ones mouth puckered). \ref 00750 \lxa kuwtlatlapa:na \lxac kuwtlatlapa:na \lxo kohtla:tlapa:na \lxoc kohtla:tlapa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seao to chop wood (particularly firewood) \ssao partir madera (particularmente leña) \xrb kow \xrb tlapa: \nae Apparently because of the nature of the action involved, <na>kuhtlapa:na</na> is often found in reduplicated with a long vowel: <na>kuhtla:tlapa:na</na>. Note that in the Am elicitation session with C. Flores he stated that in Ameyaltepec the form with short vowel reduplication is used. \vl Check vowel length and document in grammar. \grm Reduplication: If the entry for /kuhtla:tlapa:na/ is confirmed (check vowel length for both dialects and make sure that the unreduplicated form is either not used or not very common) this would show how some words have been lexicalized with long vowel reduplication. \ref 00751 \lxa umpa \lxaa ompa \lxaa 'mpa \lxac umpa \lxo impa \lxoa ompa \lxoa 'mpa \lxoa impá \lxoc impa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se right there \ss allímero; allímismo \pna A: Nika:n ka:n o:ntla:lih? B: Ke:mah, umpa! \pea A: Here where I placed it? B: Yes, right there! \psa A:¿Aquídonde lo puse? B:¡Si, allímismo! \pno A: O:mitsna:mik tlake:ntli? B: Ke:mah, yempa! \peo A: Did the clothes fit you? B: Yes, just right! \pso ¿Te quedóla ropa? ---Si, asímero, me quedóbien. \pno Impániaw! \peo I'm going there! \pso ¡Allívoy! \pno Impa nemi. \peo He is over there. \pso Alláestá. \se just right (i.e., in vacilating between points on a continuum of any type; <na>ompa</na> is used to signal the correct and right point in questions as varied as the loudness with which a loudspeaker should be set to the correct amount of salt to be added to a dish) \ss justamente (esto es, en señalar un punto en un continuo que es lo más indicado; <na>ompa</na> puede emplearse para precisar lo adecuado en asuntos tan variados como el nivel de sonido apropriado para un tocadiscos hasta la cantidad de sal que se debe agregar a un guisado) \cfo yempa \xrb on \xrb pa \encystmp adverbs of location; complete study \nse The precise meaning of Ameyaltepec <na>ompa</na> (often pronounced <na>umpa</na>) is hard to determine. It seems to indicate a precise location that the speaker has in mind. The form <na>yompa</na> is very similar but suggests a previous movement that is to stop (or has stopped, depending on the tense/aspect of the associated verbal predicate). That is, the speaker may point to a given location and say" <na>Umpa xtla:li!</na> 'Put it right there!' If, however, someone is moving something around and the speaker wishes to indicate in response to a question if the right spot (or level of something being raised or lowered, etc.) has been reached, then apparently <na>yompa</na> may be used. In Oapan the situation is somewhat different. Perhaps <no>impa</no> is the cognate of Ameyaltepec <na>ompa</na> and <no>yempa</no> the cognate of Ameyaltepec <na>yompa</na>. This needs further study. However, there are also a series of forms that vary with person: <no>nompa</no>, <no>tompa</no>, and <no>yompa</no> that are apparently combinations of the shortened emphatic pronouns (<nlo>no</nlo>, <nlo>to</nlo>, and <nlo>yo</nlo>) and <nlo>pa</nlo>. The nasal /m/ seems to be epenthetic. This is indicated by the fact that the plural cognates are <no>tó:méh pa</no> [verb]; <no>nó:méh pa</no> [verb]; and <no>yó:méh pa</no> [verb], as in <no>tó:méh pa tikitaseh</no> 'We will see it over there.' For a more detailed discussion, see <nlo>pa</nlo>. \nae As noted above, in Oapan the adverbial <no>ompa</no> apparently occurs only, or most often, in combination with another preceding word. Indeed, it is perhaps best to consider the base form <nlo>pa</nlo> with an epenthetic /m/ inserted between a preceding vowel and the following /p/ of <no>pa</no>. Hence the alternate form <no>mpa</no>, which is also found in Ameyaltepec, particularly after words ending in a vowel. \qry Cf. /mod notes: a general and careful study of deictics needs to be carried out. \mod In general a careful study of deictics of place and their representations needs to be conducted. Words such as /ompa/, /ne:/, /ne:yhka/, /na:n/, etc. need to be fully documented. Note that after talking to Florencia Marcelino, Roberto Mauricio and other members of the workshop, it seems clear that /impa/ means something different and should be given a new entry. Apparently it means /ye ompa/ or 'ya allá.' The use is something like /impa nemi/ 'ya estáallá.' This can be contrasted to /yempa/ which has the sense of 'allímero' and is used when something is correct. \grm Oapan phonology: Note these two phrase: /Impániaw!/ and /Impa nemi/. In the first /niaw/ acts is extrametrical. This seems to commonly occur with /yaw/ and /ye/ and should be thoroughly analyzed. However, note also that /niaw/ is monsyllabic whereas /nemi/ is disyllabic. \ref 00752 \lxa tla:kini \lxac tla:kini \lxo tla:kine \lxoa tla:kini \lxoc tla:kine \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seao bearing fruit (a tree or other plant that has born fruit in the past and is expected to continue to do so) \ssao que produce o da frutos; que rinde (unárbol u otra planta que ha producido fruto en el pasado y al que se le espera que siga haciéndolo) \xrb tla:ki \nse One documented use in Ameyaltepec is with a human reference, of a speaker stating <na>nitla:kini</na> meaning that he had fathered a lot of children, others have denied the correctness of this usage. Nevertheless, note that the plant metaphor for human reproduction and family is generalized (e.g., <nla>xina:xtli</nla>, <nla>nelwatl</nla>, etc.) and that for this reason the use of <na>tla:ki</na> in this same domain is not unexpected. \ref 00753 \lxa peto:ni \lxac peto:ni \lxo peto:ni \lxoc peto:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao to become detached; to become loose (e.g., a bandaid or sth stuck on a surface, a snap becoming unsnapped, etc.) \ssao desprenderse; aflojarse (p. ej., algo que estaba fijado, como algo pegado con pegamento) \se to slip out (e.g., a button that slipping out out of a buttonhole) \ss zafarse (p. ej., botones que salen de los ojales) \pna Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n. \pea My buttons slip out (of the buttonholes), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out. \psa Se desbotona mi ropa, sus ojales se han estirados. \pna Peto:ni nokoto:n pa:mpa we:i kipia i:xtew. \pea My shirt becomes unbottoned because its buttonholes are big. \psa Se desbotona mi camisa porque tiene los ojales grandes. \xrb peto: \qry Determine full range of possible subjects. Cf. to RS \ref 00754 \lxa pepechowa \lxac kipepechowa \lxo pepechowa \lxoc kipepechowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se to close an opening on; to patch up a hole of (a material object [O] with a hole or fissure) \ss cerrar una hendedura o fisura de; parchar un agujero de (un objeto material [O] con un agujero o hendedura) \pna Yo:kokoyo:n nopéro:l ipan itsi:ntew, kipepechowa tlapepechoke:tl ika soldadurah. \pea My metal water jug has gotten several holes in its bottom, a welder is patching it up with soldering. \psa La base de mi perol se agujereó en varios lugares, un soldador lo está soldando con soldadura. \pna Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok. \pea Join (the boards of) your table together, it's started to open up, it's coming apart in places (e.g., the boards that make up its surface). \psa Junta (las tablas) de tu mesa, ya se está abriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), en algunos lugares ya se está separando. \se (~ <nao>-pan</nao>) to stick on (i.e., to place sth with a sticky surface on sth else, as a bandaid on a wound) \ss (~ <nao>-pan</nao>) pegar sobre (p. ej., colocar algo con una superficie pegagosa sobre otra cosa, como una curita a una herida) \se to bring or place close to (e.g., a person to a certain location or other individuals); to bring together (e.g., a group of people); to round up (e.g., a group of animals that are already in the same vicinity) \ss acercar; arrimar (p. ej., una persona a otros individuos o rodear; juntar (p. ej., un grupo de personas); reunir (p. ej., un grupo de animales sueltos pero en una solaárea) \pna Yo:kito:tokaya isuwa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah icha:n. \pea He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again, she's come back to his home. \psa Había corrido a su esposa de la casa, pero ya otra vez la trajo, ya vino (ella) a su casa. \pna Xkimpepecho un burros, ma tikintlama:malti:ka:n, ye tio:tlak! \pea Round up those donkeys, let's load them up, it's already late in the afternoon! \psa ¡Arrima estos burros, vamos a cargarlos, ya es tarde! \pna Tewa xtitlakwa:s? Yo:pe:w ye nopepecho:lo:tok. \pea Aren't you going to eat? People have started to come together (i.e., at a table during a fiesta). \psa ¿No vas a comer tu? La gente ya empezó a arrimarse (p. ej., a una mesa durante una fiesta). \se (refl. with <na>-tech</na> or <na>-na:k</na>) to place or move oneself close to (subject is an animate, volitional agent) \ss (refl. + <na>-tech</na> o <na>-na:k</na> ; a menudo refl.) acercarse a; arrimarse a; colocarse junto a (sujeto es un agente con volición propia) \pna Motech nimopepecho:s ti:yoh, nocha:n ne:xto:tokan. \pea I will come to live with you, uncle, they are kicking me out of my house. \psa Me voy a ir contigo, tio, me corren de la casa. \pna Xmopepecho notech, ke:n weka tonkah! \pea Come closer to me, you are really far away! \psa ¡Acércate a mi, quélejos está s! \pna I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k mú:sikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh. \pea Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol. \psa Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son losúnicos que tienen mucho trago. \xrb pech \xvaa pepechowilia \nse In the sense of 'to close an opening on; to patch up a hole of' note that the syntactic object of <nao>pepechowa</nao> is the material object that has a hole or fissure in it, not the material that is stuck on (e.g., as would be the case of soldering). However, <na>pepechowa</na> also has another sense in which it is the items that is placed on something else that is the grammatical object whereas the item that has something stuck or placed on it is expressed obliquely with the relational noun <nlao>-pan</nlao>. With animates the grammatical object is that which is moved close to another location; this may be understood from the discourse (as in <na>Yo:kito:tokaya i:sowa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah i:cha:n</na>) but is often expressed obliquely with <nlao>-tech</nlao> or, less commonly, <nla>-na:k</nla>. With a plural animate object the sense is often 'to place together.' \nae Oapan does not have a reduced form: * <no>ki:pechowa</no>, given the fact that the reduplication is lexicalized and an unreduplicated root does not exist. \qry I have only heard this reduplicated. This should be checked. \grm Pluperfect; phonology: /Yo:kito:tokaya isowa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah icha:n/ 'He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again, she's come back to his home.' This phrase demonstrates both the semantics and phonology of the pluperfect. In the first place, it is used because the effects of the action are no longer valid. That is, while the man had chased his wife out of the house, he had gone to fetch her and bring her back. Thus the effects of the first action are no longer present (i.e., the separation of the wife). Also note the use of /-ya/ for the pluperfect after a verb ending in /ka/; this is also found with /to:ka/. Check to see if it occurs with verbs such as /cho:ka/, i.e., does one find /o:cho:kaya/ or /o:cho:kaka/. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology; lexicalization: Oapan does not have a reduced form: * <no>ki:pechowa</no>, given the fact that the reduplication is lexicalized and an unreduplicated root does not exist. Cf. /pepechowilia/. \ref 00755 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /Xo:chikwe:tlan/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 00756 \lxa i:xkwa:tetepontilia \lxac ki:xkwa:tetepontilia \lxo i:xkwa:tetepontilia \lxoc ki:xkwa:tetepontilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca[x] \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \seao to cut the bangs off of \ssao cortarle los flecos a \syna i:xkwa:teteki \xrb kwa: \xrb tepon \qry Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepon/ for 'without branches on top (a plant or tree)'; check if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject and whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree or plant as object. Check for /kwa:tetepontia/ as intransitive. If it exists, then remove [x]. Originally I had for Ameyaltepec <na>kikwa:tetepontilia</na> but Oapan has /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec form. \grm Grammaticalization; causatives: /kwa:tetepontilia/. It might be that in some cases the causative /-lia/ follows a /-ti/ verbalizing element even when the intransitive form does not exist. Here, check if ?/kwa:teteponti/ or ?/kwa:tetepontilia/ exist. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that lack of reduction in /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. Check other examples of /tetepon/, which does not seem to ever reduce. \ref 00757 \lxa ka:xiwi \lxac ka:xiwi \lxo teka:xiwi \lxoc teka:xiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> (Am); Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \seao to bend or sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal carrying a heavy load) \ssao pandear o doblarse en medio (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal cargando algo pesado) \pna O:nika:xiw. \pea My back gave in (curving to create a concave form). \psa Se me doblóla espalda. \se to sink or slightly cave in (e.g., soft ground after a heavy rain) \ss sumirse o hundirse ligeramente (p. ej., la tierra después de un aguacero). \xrb ka:x \nae Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying <n>te-</n> element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study may reveal that the <n>te-</n> is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec <na>uweliwi</na> (which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan <no>té:welíwi</no>. \mod Perhaps modify this entry after determining whether the /te-/ is optional in Ameyaltepec or mandatory in Oapan. Perhaps a cross-reference should be created, but if the meanings are so close, then a single entry should be used. \qry It is unclear when the intransitive form is used and when the reflexive transitive is used. This should be check as I would expect that /noka:xowa/ would not occur but rather /ka:xiwi/. However, my data does show /o:nika:xiw/ and not /o:nimoka:xoh/. Probably this is related to the involuntary nature of the action. \qry For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity. \grm /te-/: Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying <n>te-</n> element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study may reveal that the <n>te-</n> is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec <na>uweliwi</na> (which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan <no>té:welíwi</no>. \ref 00758 \lxa xi:ntok \lxac xi:ntok \lxo xi:ntok \lxoc xi:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao scattered or strewn out on the ground (e.g., objects such as grain or coins that have fallen out of a sack, fruit that has fallen off a tree, etc.) \ssao regado o esparcido por el suelo (p. ej., objetos como granos o monedas que se cayeron de una bolsa o costal, fruta que se cayóde unárbol, etc.) \pna San xi:ntok, xte:te:ntok. \pea It is just scattered on the ground (in this case <nla>iswatl</nla>), it is not arranged neatly on the ground. \psa Están nada más regado por el suelo (en este caso hojas de maíz arrancadas del tallo), no están bien ordenadas sobre el suelo. \pna Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli. \pea Their heads are even resting up against each other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground. \psa Hasta sus cabezas están recargando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo. \se (<nao>tlaxi:ntok</nao> or, in Oapan, also <no>tlaxi:ntika</no>) for things to be scattered on the ground; for the ground to be covered with things lying about \ss (<nao>tlaxi:ntok</nao> o, en Oapan, también <no>tlaxi:ntika</no>) haber cosas regadas por todos lados; estar cubierto el suelo o piso por cosas regadas \pna Tlaxixi:ntok. \pea Things (not specified) are scattered all over (on the ground). \psa Hay una regadera de cosas (por el suelo). \pna Nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo. \pea My house has people flat in bed, unable to get up because they are sick. \psa Mi casa tiene gente tirada en la cama por la enfermedad. \xrb xi: \mod Perhaps create a category for impersonal passives of stative: /tlakoto:ntok/, etc. NOTE: In reviewing the dictionary take all statives and check for impersonal forms. \grm ** Impersonal passive; antipassive; /tla-/; /-lo/: Note the following phrase: /Nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo/ 'My house has people flat in bed, unable to get up because they are sick.' The translation might be a little infelicitious, but it is difficult to find a better solution. There are two impersonal (or subjectless) verbal constructions in this phrase: /tlaxi:ntok/ and /kwalo:lo/, the first of a stative/resultative and the second of an intransitive verb with a human subject. As documented in the entry for /xi:ntok/ and /xi:ni/, this verbal root can refer to exhausted or sick humans and animals that are simply laid out on the ground (literally or figuratively). Like with other statives ending in /-tok/, or adjectivals such as /wekatlan/, the use of /tla-/ indicates the lack of a specific referent. Indeed, this is the general use of /tla-/ with statives (except with certain lexemes with with /tla-/ changes the semantics significantly (e.g., /tsakwtok/ and /tlatsakwtok/). Thus in t he phrase /nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo/, /tlaxi:ntok/ refers to the fact that a certain state exists, but the subjects are nonreferential. The following verbal phrase continues this subjectless clause, but here the verb is"unergative"with a human subject. Therefore it would seem that the /tla-/ and /-lo/ distinction with verbs is more closely related to +human and -human subjects, whereas with statives/resultatives it is only based on the word class. That is, /-lo/ combines with /-tok/ (as /-lotok/) only with a progressive sense; and /tla-/ combines with /-tok/ (as /tla- V -tok/) only in a stative sense. Occasionally, nevertheless, /tla-/ is used with a human subject. Launey (p. 137) gives the example of /tlacuecuechca/ 'se tiembla' indicating that there is (one or more persons) shivering. The /tla-/ and not /te:-/ (he states this with an exclamation point) is used:"Notése el empleo de tla- (¡y no te:-) en los verbos que se refieren a un sujeto humano, pero que indican que 33;ste recibe una influencia exterior, reaccionaa un evento independiente de us voluntad y no actúa por decisión propia. Existen menos de diez verbos de este tipo. El más común es: /nicuecuechca/"tiemblo"; /tlacuecuechca/"se tiembla." \ref 00759 \lxa tlasoka:mati \lxac tlasoka:mati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \com Part-V2 \der Interj \seao many thanks \ssao muchas gracias \xrb tlasoh \xrb mati \dis tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mati \nse In Oapan <nlo>tlásokamáti</nlo> exists only as a transitive verb and is not used to mean 'many thanks.' Nevertheless, given that this is a common form in other dialects (and is often used by non-Nahuatl speakers who visit Oapan) many Oapanecos understand this nonverbal usage. \qry Check how common this is as an interjection, compared to /tlaxtla:wi/. \ref 00760 \lxa tetomaktik \lxac tetomaktik \lxo tetomahtik \lxoc tetomahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seao to be heavy-set; to be fat; to be hefty (a person or animal) \ssao ser o estar gordo; ser robusto (una persona o animal) \pna Melá:k tetomaktik mokaba:yoh, tlachi:xtok. \pea Your horse is really hefty, it's looking good. \psa Tu caballo está muy robusto, se está viendo bien. \se to be thick and round (a beam, log, etc.) \ss ser grueso y redondo (un morillo, tronco, viga, etc.) \xrb toma: \dis tetomaktik; toma:wak \dis tila:wak; toma:wak (e.g., beams) \nse In regard to objects such as beams, logs, etc., the word <nlao>toma:wak</nlao> (or <na>tetomaktik</na>) is used as opposed to <nlao>tila:wak</nlao> (or <nla>tetilaktik</nla>) given that the object has both depth and width. <nao>Tila:wak</nao> is used to express the thickness of flat things. \grm Adjectivals; /te-/: When consulted both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez did not accept either * <no>tomaktik</no> nor * <no>tetoma:wak</no>. This appears to be the general case, that /te-/ is associated with the shortened adjectival /-ktik/. However, I do have in the corpus examples of /-ktik/ without /te-/ (though, if I remember correctly) I do not have forms such as /pitsa:wak/ etc., with /te-/. ALL THESE SHOULD BE CHECKED. \nde Oapan does not accept * <no>tomaktik</no> nor * <no>tetoma:wak</no>. \ref 00761 \lxa tlake:ntsotsomok \lxac tlake:ntsotsomok \lxo tlake:nté:tsomók \lxoc tlake:nté:tsomók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seao to be raggedly clothed \ssao estar vestido con ropa arraposa \pna Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok! \pea Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags! \psa ¡No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos! \xrb ke:m \xrb tsomo: \ref 00762 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /kuhpitentsi:n/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00763 \lxa xi:kmatilowa \lxac kixi:kmatilowa \lxo xi:hmatilowa \lxoc kixi:hmatilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \se to push and twist a piece of cloth with <spn>copal</spn> stuck on it into the navel of \ss empujar y torcer en el ombligo de, un pedazo de ropa con copal pegado sobre ella \pna Ma mitsxi:kmatiko:ka:n, tikpia para tlatsi:ntlah! \pea Let them twist a piece of cloth with copal on it into your navel, you have diarrhea! \psa ¡Deja que te empujan, torciéndolo, un pedazo de tela con copal en tu ombligo, tienes diarrea! \sem medicine \syna xi:hkopalwia \syno xi:hkopalwiya \xrb xi:k \xrb matil \ref 00764 \lxa kastiyokuwtli \lxac kastiyokuwtli \lxo kastí:yokóhtli \lxoc kastí:yokóhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>castillo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes \seao tall, thick post buried deep in the ground to which the <spn>castillos</spn> (firework towers) are tied upright \ssao poste alto y grande que se empotra bien en el suelo y al que se atan los castillos (de cohetes) \xrb kow \ref 00765 \lxa tlikuwtli \lxac motlikuw \lxo tlikohtli \lxoc tlikohtli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se firewood \ss leña \xrb tli \xrb kow \nae The final /w/ in the underlying (or historical) form shows up. In Oapan those who have a voiceless palatal fricative manifest this alternation in final positon of <no>i:tlikow</no>. \mod Obtain recording of possessed form for final dictionary. \ref 00766 \lxa dia:bloh \lxac dia:bloh \lxo dia:bloh \lxoc dia:bloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan diablo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0 \seao Devil \ssao el diablo \se (<na>~ miktlan</na>) god-damn (etc., used with a following insulting adjective in insulting phrases) \ss (<na>~ miktlan</na>) pinche (etc., utilizado antes de un adjetivo insultante en frases injuriosas) \pna Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok. \pea Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags. \psa No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos. \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak! \pea The hell with you, you toothless hag! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes! \cfa miktla:n \nse According to L. Lucena only women say <na>dia:bloh miktlan ~</na> because only they can shout such insults (can <na>te:uwicaltia</na>) without being ashamed. Men either fight or use other words often, it seems, Spanish loans (<na>pende:joh, pi:ncheh</na>, etc.). Note that the phrase <na>dia:bloh miktlan</na> is used as a vocative onl, that is, it is never accompanied by subject pronoun. For instance <na>dia:bloh miktlan te:ntsonpochik</na> translates as '(you) god- damn fuzzy bearded thing' or something similar. Often the adjectives found in this collocation are not found in general speech as descriptive terms and are considered highly insulting (whether or not preceded by <na>dia:bloh miktlan</na>). They often refer to a part of the body, clothes, etc. \qry Check length of /miktlan/ and correct if necessary. \ref 00767 \lxa kuwchi:chi:hli \lxac kuwchi:chi:hli \lxo kohchi:chi:hli \lxoc kohchi:chi:hli \lxt kohchi:chi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea type of tree as yet not fully identified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no identificada definitivamente \pna Kuwchi:chi:hli | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, siye:tas, para yugoh, tlapechbanki:toh. \pea <na>Kuwchi:chi:hli</na> : It is good for main beams, for chairs, for yokes, for the sawhorses that support beds. \psa <na>Kuwchi:chi:hli</na> : Es bueno para morillos, para sillas, para yugos, para los banquitos sobre que se ponen las camas. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb chi:l \cpl The wood of this tree, which is reddish, is good for yokes, chairs, sawhorses and <na>mori:yos</na>, the heavy beams used in houses. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <na>cuachichil</na>. Ramírez (1991) does not list this. Schoenhals (1988) has <na>cuachichil</na>, although apparently this is a small plant or flower, not the <na>kuhchi:chi:lhli</na> under examination. Schoenhals mentions:"(<na>Loeselia mexicana</na>) 'hummingbird flower' See espinosilla." \nct kohtli \ref 00768 \lxa tlatlaxispatli \lxac tlatlaxispatli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(h) \sea type of vine still not identified \ssa tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado \pna Tlatlaxixpatli | Para deke titlatlasi, tikpo:ki:s. \pea <na>Tlatlaxixpatli</na> : It is for it you have a bad cough, you smoke it. \psa <na>Tlatlaxixpatli</na> : Es para si tienes tos, te lo fumas. \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \xrb tlasi \xrb pah \nct komekatl \nfe Asunción Marcelo said he had heard this plant named but does not know it. Neither Silvestre Pantaleón nor Inocencio Díaz knew of this plant. \qry Luis Lucena, who gave me the information re: the use of this plant as a remedy, was not sure how it was smoked, or what part of the plant was used. \ref 00769 \lxa tsotsokatl \lxac tsotsokatl \lxo tsotsokatl \lxoc tsotsokatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \seao miserly; selfish; stingy; unsharing \ssao mezquino; egoista; envidioso (de sus bienes) \pna Tsotsokatl, xkineki kite:tlayo:kili:s itlah tli:no:n. Ma:ski kipia, pero xkite:maka. \pea He is selfish, he doesn't want to give anything away. Even though he is rich, he doesn't give things away. \psa Es mezquino, no quiere darle nada a nadia. Aunque tiene, no quiere dárselo a la gente. \pna Ma:ka tiá:s, tsotsokatl! \src DT#7: 285 \pea Don't go, he's stingy (e.g., he won't offer you any food, even though you might be hungry)! \psa ¡No te vayas, es mezquino (esto es, no te va a ofrecer de comer, aunque tengas hambre)! \pna Ma:ka xtsotsokatl, mejó:r tikwi:kas! \pea Don't be selfish, it would be better if you take him (or it) along! \psa ¡No sea egoísta, sería mejor que te lo lleves! \xrb tsoka \nse See FK for a brief discussion of the use of <n>tsotsokatl</n> to mean 'pimple' and 'miserly person' (and the fact that in Spanish the word <spn>mezquino</spn> refers to both. In Oapan and Ameyaltepec <nao>tsotsokatl</nao> refers only to the person, although <nlao>tsotsokatewistli</nlao>, an obviously related term, is used to refer to a type of pimply rash. \vl There is one female token from 4880; this should be the female token linked to the lexicon since it is of better acoustical quality. \grm Imperative; noun predication: Note that following imperative /Ma:ka xtsotsokatl, mejó:r tikwi:kas!/ 'Don't be selfish, it would be better if you take him (or it) along!' Here there is a predicate noun, /tsotsokatl/, with a negative or vetative, i.e., 'Don't be N.' Note how no overt mark of predication is used. However, the negative is marked as a negation of a predication, so /ma:ka x-/ implies that what follows is a predicate. \ref 00770 \lxa tsatsapaltik \lxac tsatsapaltik \lxo tetsatsapaltik \lxoc tetsatsapaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a rough surface \ss tener la superficie aspera \cfao tetsapa \xrb tsapa \cfa tetsapa \nse Apparently <nao>tsatsapaltik</nao> is the fully adjectival equivalent of the apocopated <nlao>tetsapa</nlao>, even though the origin of the coda /l/ is not clear. \qry It is unclear whether the /l/ has been correctly recorded in this headword, or whether the correct form is ? <n>tsatsapatik</n>, an adjectivalization of a noun? \grm Adjective tense/aspect inflection: Note the use of the copula in future to inflect an adjectival predicate: /San tetsatsapaltik moi:joh, ti:roh xwe:i yes/ 'Your son is short, he won't be big at all.' \ref 00771 \lxa -kwa:tlan \lxac ikwa:tlan \lxo -kwa:tlan \lxoc i:kwa:tlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-tlan \infn N2(rel) \seao higher up than (but on the same surface or plane as the deictic reference point [Poss]) \ssao arriba de; al lado superior de (pero sobre la misma superficie que el punto de referencia deíctica [Pos]) \pna... ikwa:tlan kwentli \pea... on the uphill side of the furrow \psa... al lado cuesta arriba del surco \pna... mokwa:tlan \pea... up from where you are (e.g., uphill on a slope, higher up on the bed on which you are lying, etc.) \psa....arriba de donde estás (e.g., ; cuesta arriba de donde estás parada, arriba de donde estás acostada en la cama, etc.) \se overhead; above \ss arriba de (p. ej., colgado sobre) \pna Mokwa:tlan pilkatok. \pea It is hanging above your head. \psa Estácolgado arriba de tu cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrl -tlan \encyctmp deixis \nse The phrase <na>mokwa:tlan</na> referring to something being on the uphill side of a slope from where"you"(in this case) are standing, has its deictic opposite in <na>mokxitlan</na>. Note that <nao>-kwa:tlan</nao> is not equivalent to <nlao>-kwa:tipan</nlao>, which cannot be used in the sense of a horizontal place indicated by the phrase <na>i:kwa:tlan kwentli</na>. Often <nao>kwa:tipan</nao> refers to things that are overhead in relation to a specific point of reference, whereas <na>-kwa:tlan</na> refers to things that are above but on the same basic plane (e.g., higher up on a hill, further up on a bed, etc.). <nao>Kwa:tipan</nao> is not used to mean 'above (on the same plane).' Note that when used to mean 'overhead' <na>-kwa:tlan</na> refers to a more general or distant overhead (as in <na>mokwa:tlan pilkatok</na>) whereas <nao>-kwa:tipan</nao> seems to refer to an overhead that is only a short distance above the possessor, which is a more specific, limited object or point than tha t indicated in phra ses with <nao>-kwa:tlan</nao>. \ref 00772 \lxa -yekapan \lxac iyekapan \lxo -yekapan \lxof [ye 'ka pah] \lxoc i:yekapan \dt 16/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \seao in front of \ssao enfrente de \pna Xmoteketsa noyekapan! \pea Stand up in front of me! \psa ¡Párate frente de mí! \pna Xya iyekapan! \pea Go along in front of it (e.g., a child walking in front of a team of oxen)! \psa ¡Ve yendo adelante deél (p. ej., un niño caminando frente a una yunta)! \cfao -i:xko \xrb yeka \xrl -pan \dis yekapan; i:xko \qry I seem to remember that one term is used for material objects (I think /i:xko/) and /yekapan/ only for animates. Check. \ref 00773 \lxa -pal \lxac ipal \lxo -pal \lxoc ipal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \seao by the grace of; with the help of; depending on \ssao con la ayuda de; dependiendo de \pna Te:pal nonkah. \pea I'm dependent on other people. \psa Soy dependiente de otra gente. \pna San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh. \pea He is making do at my expense (i.e., sb poor, without money or maize, who is living off me), we are feeding him here. \psa Se la está pasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz, que vive con mi ayuda), le estamos dando de comer. \pna Nopal onkah, ke:n tlatski! \pea He is living off me, what a lazy person! \psa Se está manteniendo por mi cuenta,¡quéflojo es! \se (<na>tlakwa:w</na> ~) to hell with [Poss] \ss (<na>tlakwa:w</na> ~) al diablo con [Pos] \pna Tlakwa:w mopal! Timistlake:waya, xo:tiknek. Xka:wa! newa milá:k niknekiya para tikchi:waskia un tekitl. \pea The hell with you! I wanted to hire you, you didn't accept. What a surprise! I really wanted you to do that job. \psa ¡Al diablo contigo! Estaba por alquilarte, no quisiste.¡Vaya! yo de veras quería que hicieras ese trabajo. \cfa te:palwia \cfa te:palkochi \xrl -pal \nae There are a few cases in which <nao>-pal</nao> is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are <nla>a:xi:xpal</nla> and <nla>kochpal</nla>. Note also that the relational form <nao>te:pal</nao> can occur either verbalized, as <nla>te:palwia</nla> or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in <nla>te:palkochi</nla>. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of <nao>te:pal</nao>, as in <na>nite:palkochi</na>, although the non-incorporated form is also correct (<na>te:pal nikochi</na>). \qry Disambiguate /koxtetl/ from /koxpal/ and, in the process, /-tetl/ from /-pal/. \grm Relational nouns: See discussion under /te:palkochi/. There are a few cases in which <nao>-pal</nao> is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are <nla>a:xi:xpal</nla> and <nla>kochpal</nla>. Note also that the relational form <nao>te:pal</nao> can occur either verbalized, as <nla>te:palwia</nla> or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in <nla>te:palkochi</nla>. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of <nao>te:pal</nao>, as in <na>nite:palkochi</na>, although the non-incorporated form is also correct (<na>te:pal nikochi</na>). \ref 00774 \lxa tei:nilia \lxac kitei:nilia \lxo tei:nilia \lxoc kitei:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to break (sth) into pieces for; to make (sth) shatter for \ssao desmenuzarle (algo) a; hacerle añicos (de algo) a \seao to break (e.g., a monetary bill) for; to make change (of a certain denomination of money) for; to exchange (one type of money) for \ssao cambiar (p. ej., un billete) para; hacer cambio (de una moneda por otras más pequeñas) para; cambiar (un tipo de dinero por otro) para \pna Xne:xtei:nili notomi:n! \pea Change my money for me (e.g., a bill for coins)! \psa ¡Cambiáme mi dinero (p. ej., un billete por monedas)! \xrb tei: \xvbao tei:nia \mod Determine the best way to translate and give entry definitions for malefactives. \ref 00775 \lxa tlanketsowa \lxac kitlanketsowa \lxo tlanketsowa \lxoc kitlanketsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to take a bite into \ssao mordisquear \pna O:ne:xtlanketsoh. \pea He took a bite out of me. \psa Me dio un mordisco. \pna San sepatsi:n o:kitlanketsoh. \pea He just took one bite out of it. \psa Solamente le dio un solo mordisco. \pna San o:tiktlatlanketsoh wa:n xkwahli o:tkwah. O:tiki:xpoloh. \pea You just took some bites out of it and didn't eat it all (lit., 'properly'). You wasted it. \psa Solamente le mordisqueaste y no te lo comiste bien. Lo echaste a perder. \xrb tlan \xrb ketso \nse <nao>Tlanketsowa</nao> refers to the action of taking a small piece out of something by biting into it, though not necessarily eating it. \nde Apparently <nao>tlanketsowa</nao> is related to the Classical <n>quetzoma</n> or <n>quetzuma</n>, which Molina gives in its reduplicated form with a human, nonspecific object prefix as meaning"adentellar, morder a otro, o dar bocados." \qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check for presence of /h/. \ref 00776 \lxa kuwxiwyoh \lxac kuwxiwyoh \lxo kohxihyoh \lxoc kohxihyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area) \ssao estar (unaárea) llena de matas y arbustos \xrb kow \xrb xiw \ref 00777 \lxa tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi \lxac tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi \lxo tsi:npaxia:lki:stimi \lxoc tsi:npaxia:lki:stimi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-asp \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \seao to rove around; to act like a vagabond; to travel and visit a lot with no definite goal \ssao vagabundear; andar de vago o tratamundos; viajar o visitar mucho sin ningún fin definitivo \xrb tsi:n \xrb paxia:l \nae This word has only been documented with the aspectual ending <n>-tinemi</n>. Whether or not it can occur without this aspectual endings is unclear. \qry Check whether /tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi/ is found without the aspectual ending /-tinemi/. \ref 00778 \lxa tekakapaxio \lxac i:tekakapaxio \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \aff Lex. rdp-s; Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infn N2 \sea dirty and dried sap that has dripped from a cut in a tree \ssa resina sucia y seca que ha salido de un corte en la cáscara de unárbol \pna... itekakapaxio kuwtli \pea... the dried sap of a tree \psa... la resina seca de unárbol. \sea rough skin of certain animals (e.g., <nla>kohketspalin</nla>, <nla>tepa:xin</nla>, and certain <na>michin</na>) \ssa pieláspera de algunos animales (p. ej., <nla>kohketspalin</nla>, <nla>tepa:xin</nla>, y algunos <na>michin</na>) \cfa kakawayo \cfa pi:ntoh kakapaxtli \xrb kapax \nse The precise referents of <na>-kakapaxio</na> and <na>-tekakapaxio</na> have yet to be determined; it seems that they are different and that some surfaces may be described by one term and others by the other. Perhaps the semantics will prove to be distinct enough, and nonpredictable, to motivate two entries. Note also that in many cognate forms, Ameyaltepec <na>kakapax-</na> is equivalent to Oapan <no>te:kapax-</no> (e.g., Am. <na>kakapaxioh</na> and Oa. <no>te:kapaxioh</no>). This suggests that Oapan might have an obligatorily possessed form <no>te:kapaxio</no> that needs to be added. This too should be checked. \qry Check for other possible objects that have their /-(te)kakapaxio/, i.e. plants, animals, etc. Also check whether only /tekakapaxio/ can be used to refer to the skin of /kuhketspalin/ and /tepa:xin/ and correct as necessary. Xref answer to /kuhketspalin/ and /tepa:xin/, etc. What is the skin of fish called: with or without /te-/ or are both correct? Check vowel length although all related words have all short vowels. Etymology uncertain. Also check relative use or non-use of /te/. In one notecard I have stated that I had always heard this word with the prefixed /te-/, as /tekakapaxio/. Check to see if the word can be used without /te-/ and whether this changes its meaning or to what it may refer. Apparently this can also refer to the rough bark of certain trees like the /po:cho:tl/. This should be checked. If so, perhaps this should be given as the primary definition. Check for verbal form (?(ka)kapaxiwi). \qry Query re: the following: The precise referents of <na>-kakapaxio</na> and <na>-tekakapaxio</na> have yet to be determined; it seems that they are different and that some surfaces may be described by one term and others by the other. Perhaps the semantics will prove to be distinct enough, and nonpredictable, to motivate two entries. Note also that in many cognate forms, Ameyaltepec <na>kakapax-</na> is equivalent to Oapan <no>te:kapax-</no> (e.g., Am. <na>kakapaxioh</na> and Oa. <no>te:kapaxioh</no>). This suggests that Oapan might have an obligatorily possessed form <no>te:kapaxio</no> that needs to be added. This too should be checked. \ref 00779 \lxa amanka:ita \lxac kamanka:ita \lxo ámanka:íta \lxop amanka:ita \lxoc kámanka:íta \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \pa yes-lex \seao to get angry or annoyed with; to find (sb [O]) bothering or annoying \ssao enojarse o enfadarse con \pna O:pe:w nikamanka:ita. \pea I began to find him annoying. \psa Empecé a enfadarme conél. \xrb ahmana \xrb ita \nae In essence the grammatical subject of <na>amanka:ita</na> is the thematic experiencer, the person who experiences the annoyance that is caused by what is, in this construction, the grammatical object. \qry Perhaps find a better translation. \ref 00780 \lxa ma:toka \lxac kima:toka \lxo ma:toka \lxoc kima:toka \dt 08/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to pet; to run ones hand over; to caress; to rub or massage (if the action is repeated, as it usually is, then reduplication with a long vowel is used) \ssao acariciar; correr la mano sobre en una manera cariñosa; sobar (si la acción se repite, como generalmente occure, se utiliza la forma reduplicada con vocal larga) \pna Kima:tokas itskwin. \pea He will run his hand (once) over his dog. \psa Va a correr su mano (una vez) sobre su perro. \seao (with long vowel reduplication of entire stem) to rub ones hands over repeatedly (e.g., as in spreading an ointment on sb) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga de la raíz entera) correr la mano repetidamente sobre (p. ej., al aplicar ungüento sobre algn) \pna Axtopa xma:ma:toka, ma ki:sa un tlasohli! \pea First run your hand over it (in this case a horse) so that the brush that has stuck to it comes off! \psa ¡Primero, corre tu mano sobre ello (en este caso un caballo) para que se le quite la mugre (p. ej. ramitas y pedazos de hojas) que le está pegada! \pna Tikma:ma:tokas un la:soh para ma ki:sa sokitl. \pea You should run your hand along that rope so that the mud falls off. \psa Debes correr la mano sobre ese laso para que se le caiga el lodo. \pna Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan! \pea Rub (carress) my back! \psa ¡Sóbame la espalda! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to earnestly pursue; to pay close attention to; to show affection for (a person); to make an effort (to do sth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) prestar atención a; proseguir (p. ej., en tramitar un asunto); mostrar cariño a (una persona); esforzarse (para hacer algo) \pna Newa nikma:totoka, o:niktlasiwi:tih. \pea I pursued the matter in earnest, I hurried it up. \psa Proseguí el asunto, lo apuré. \pna Xkima:totoka ikone:w. Ma:ski cho:katok xkichi:wilia kwe:ntah. \pea She doesn't pay attention to her child. Even though he is crying, she doesn't pay attention. \psa Ella no le presta atención a su hijo. Aunque está llorando, no le hace caso. \pna Xkima:totoka para kipati:s. \pea He doesn't make much of an effort to cure him (a sick child, i.e., he doesn't bother to take him to a doctor). \psa No hace ningún esfuerzo para curarlo (en este caso para curar su niño, no se molesta en llevarlo a un doctor). \pna Xkima:totoka para kichi:chi:ti:s. \pea She doesn't hurry up to breast feed him (even though he is crying). \psa No se apura para darle pecho (aunque está llorando). \pna Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian! \pea Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you! \psa ¡Acéptalo rápidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to spread ones arms out in order to catch or hold (e.g., sb coming down from a high place, a child that is about to fall, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abrir los brazos para agarrar o sostener (p. ej., a una persona que está bajando de un lugar alto, o a un niño que está a punto de caerse) \pna Xma:totoka! Ma:ka wetsis chika:wak! \pea Spread your arms out to catch him (in this case to catch a child who is falling)! Don't let him fall down hard! \psa ¡Abre los brazos para agarrarlo, (en este caso a un niño que está cayendo)!¡No lo dejes caer fuerte! \se (with short vowel reduplication and <na>tie:mpoh</na>) to hurry up \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta y <na>tie:mpoh</na>) apurarse \pna Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa. \pea He is hurrying up to plant it (a particular field), he has already started clearing the field. \psa Se apura para sembrarlo (un terreno en particular), ya empezó a limpiar el campo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to touch or grab repeatedly at; to feel around for (sth) with ones hands \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tocar o agarrar repetidamente (algo, o a algn); tantear \pna Xo:mitsna:nkilih para tikma:to:tokatinemis. \pea She didn't consent to you going around grabbing her by the arm. \psa No consintióque la anduvieras agarrando por el brazo. \pna Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh. \pea You are reaching your arm out (e.g., feeling into the underbrush) feeling for the <na>huilota</na>. It fell to the ground, you wounded it. \psa Estás estirando el brazo tanteando (p. ej., para buscar en la maleza) por la huilota. se cayó a la tierra, la heriste. \xrb ma: \xrb toka \xvaa ma:tokilia \nae The verb <nao>ma:toka</nao> is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., <na>ma:ma:toka</na>) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., <na>ma:totoka</na> or <na>ma:to:toka</na>). Apparently <na>ma:ma:toka</na> indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas <na>ma:to:toka</na>, with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, <na>ma:totoka</na> ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. \qry All meanings and the vowel reduplication pattern should be checked: /ma:ma:toka/ 'caress'; /ma:to:toka/ 'to feel around with ones hands'; and /ma:totoka/ 'to pay attention to'; 'to catch in ones arms.' Finally, note that a grammatical record should be made of these differences and compared to other words which should different types of reduplication of root and prefix. Perhaps with the noun is reduplicated a separate entry should be given, since usually the IN is not reduplicated. \qry The verb <nao>ma:toka</nao> is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., <na>ma:ma:toka</na>) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., <na>ma:totoka</na> or <na>ma:to:toka</na>). Apparently <na>ma:ma:toka</na> indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas <na>ma:to:toka</na>, with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, <na>ma:totoka</na> ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. \qry Check this phrase: /Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian!/ This is what I originally had. \grm /Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan!/ Rub my back. Note that /nokwitlapan/ is syntactically as if it were an object (e.g., one might expect an applicative ?xne:chma:ma:tokili nokwitlapa, or an oblique: ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokwitlapan. Perhpas this is avoided (cf. Launey) because that /-pan/ is already in the body part. But what would be the case with /nokxi/, ?xne:chma:ma:toka nokxi or ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokxi. Check. \grm /Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa/. ' He is hurrying up in order to plant the field, he has already started clearing..'Note here how reference shifts. We have /kito:kas/, which seems to refer to a specific field (discuss or explore the use of /ki-/ with /to:ka/ (and the use of specific objects with verbs for which the nonspecific object is not acceptable *tlato:ka. Then the following phrase does not have /yo:pe:w kipupwa/, which would maintain the reference/focus, but the detransitivized /tlapupwa/. This too should be discussed. \grm Reduplication: note that /ma:toka/ can be reduplicated in various ways: /kima:ma:toka/ 'to caress'; /kima:to:toka/ 'he feels around for'; and /kima:totoka/ 'he pursues it; he spreads his arms to catch it,' etc. These all should be checked as /ma:toka/ is one of the few verbs with IN that can take reduplication of either the nominal or verbal stem. Later I added: The verb <nao>ma:toka</nao> is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., <na>ma:ma:toka</na>) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., <na>ma:totoka</na> or <na>ma:to:toka</na>). Apparently <na>ma:ma:toka</na> indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas <na>ma:to:toka</na>, with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, <na>ma:totoka</na> ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay at tention t o.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. \ref 00781 \lxa patlachowa \lxac kipatlachowa \lxo patlachowa \lxoc kipatlachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to flatten and widen (e.g., a piece of wood planed and shaved, for a sawhorse, an ax or other handle, <nla>tixtli</nla> in making an <na>itakatl</na>, etc.) \ssao aplanar y ensanchar (e.g., un pedazo de madera cepillada y aplanada, para una burra, la manga de una hacha u otra cosa, masa para hacer un <na>itakatl</na>, etc.) \pna Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n. \pea You! Reach over here and flatten out my <na>itakatl</na> (by lightly pressing down on it once and again in even and determined motions). \psa ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acá para aplanar mi <na>itakatl</na> (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez, en movimientos despacios y determinados)! \se to squash (e.g., an animal under a stone) \ss aplaster (p. ej., un animal bajo una piedra) \xrb patlach \nse <na>Patlachowa</na> refers to various ways of flattening things. They can be made flat with a tool as in wood, or with ones hands as in making an <na>itakatl</na>. They can also be flattened, or squashed, with a stone, as in crushing an animal. \ref 00782 \lxa kamotli de un kokostik \lxaa kamotli de un kostik \lxac kamotli de un kokostik \lxo kámokóstik \lxop kamokostik \lxoa kámotlíkóstik \lxoc kámokóstik \lxt kostik kamohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of sweet potato, so called for its color (yellow) \ss tipo de camote, asi llamado por su color (amarillo) \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \xrb kamoh \xrb kos \encyctmp kamotli \nct kamotli \qry Note that in one entry I have simply /kamotli de (un) kostik/. Check to see which form is correct (or more common), /kamotli de (un) kokostik/ or /kamotli de (un) kostik/, i.e., with or without the reduplication. Also, for this and other similar cases, in certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur without /un/. This type of camote was collected in fieldwork (#129). \ref 00783 \lxa mi:skiyo \lxac i:mi:skiyo \lxo mi:skiyo \lxoc i:mi:skiyo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se fruit of certain trees, the range of which has not yet been determined \ss fruta de ciertosárboles, cuya extensión todavía no ha sido determinada \xrb mi:ski \nae This noun has been documented only in possessed form with the expected possessed suffix <n>-yo</n>. The relationship between <nao>mi:skitl</nao> and <nao>mi:skiyo</nao> is perhaps similar to that between <nao>wa:xin</nao> and <nao>wa:xio</nao> in the first term refers to a tree with a very notable or marked type of fruit and the second term to this fruit as it is born by the same tree as well as others. Thus, perhaps as <nao>wa:xin</nao> refers to the fruit of a tree that can also be called <na>wa:xkuhtli</na> (or <no>wa:xkohtli</no>) so too does <nao>mi:skitl</nao> most directly refer to the fruit of the mezquite (or <na>mi:skikuhtli</na>, <no>mi:skikohtli</no>). And, just as the maple tree has <na>i:wa:xio</na> so too to many other trees (for example, <na>wicha:chin</na> and <na>witspatlaxtli</na>) have <nao>i:mi:skiyo</nao>, i.e., fruit of the type born by the mezquite tree. \qry Check for other trees that have their /miskio/. \ref 00784 \lxa moxtli \lxac moxtli \lxo moxtli \lxoc moxtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \se cloud(s) \ss nube(s) \pna Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl. \pea The clouds are gathered around (lit., 'seated on') the top of the hill. \psa Las nubes están descansando (lit., 'sentados') sobre la cima del cerro. \sem weather \xrb mox \qry Check for possible metaphoric meanings. I have never heard this used in plural. \ref 00785 \lxa pipiyá:k \lxac pipiyá:k \lxo pípiyá:k \lxoc pípiyá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:piyá:k</no> \pa yes-lex \seao to be foul-smelling 'to be foul-smelling (said to be typified by the smell of animals such as live goats, as well as that of dogs and cows; unbathed humans are also said to acquire this smell as are, when they rot, plums) \ssao ser apestoso; tener un mal olor (olor tipificado por el de chivos, como también lo de perros y vacas; seres humanos que no se bañan también adquieren este olor asícomo ciruelas, <nlao>xokotl</nlao>, cuando se pudren) \sem smell \xrb pipi \xrb hya: \nae Given the lack of evidence for a root <n>pi</n>, the root entered for this and related words is <nr>pipi</nr>. \qry Determine what other things have this smell. Apparently many barnyard animals have this smell, though this should be checked. \mod Create a function for smells/adjectives. Note that smells in the semantic field includes verbs of smell, not only adjectives. \vl There is an extra female token at 5887. It should be the one that is linked. \ref 00786 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /tila:nilia/; it has been eliminated as a duplicate. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 5301. Tag the 786 tokens with 5301, but at 5301, use the 5301 tokens and not those originally 786 for the links. \ref 00787 \lxa a:te:kilia \lxac ka:te:kilia \lxo a:te:kilia \lxoc ka:te:kilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to water (particularly plants and seedlings) for \ssao regar (particularmente plantas y plantas de semillero) para \pna Ma ne:cha:te:kilitiw noxo:chiw, ma:ka wa:kis! \pea Let him be watering my flowers for me so that they don't dry up! \psa ¡Quévaya dándole agua a mis flores, para que no se sequen! \se to give water to (certain animals such as pigs and chickens, who are given water that is poured into a bowl or container) for \ss dar de beber (a animales tales como marranos y gallinas, que toman agua de un recipiente al que se vierte agua) para \se to give water to (certain animals such as pigs, i.e., for which one pours water) \ss dar de beber a (a algunos animales tales como marranos, a que se les da agua en piletas) \pna Ma kima:te:kili:ki nopitsowa:n -nopiowa:n-! Newa niá:s fériah. \pea Let him come and give water to my pigs (or chickens) for me! I'm going to the festival. \psa ¡Quévenga a darles agua a mis marranos (o gallinas)! Yo voy a ir a la feria. \fla te:kilia; a:te:kia \xrb a: \xrb te:k \xvba a:te:kia \xvbo a:te:kiya \grm Make sure to discuss the question of valency with this word in part of the grammar. \ref 00788 \lxa ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n \lxac ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea blade of obsidian or flint found scattered on the ground \ssa cuchillo de obsidiana o pedernal encontrado tirado por el suelo \xrb wa:k-2- \nse Apparently the meaning of <na>i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n</na> derives from the identity of the <nla>wa:ktsi:n</nla> as an avatar of Tezcatlipoca, a deity related to war in the Mexica pantheon. In Oapan it is said that the <no>wa:htsi:n kipiya i:neba:jah</no>, although this is not applied to obsidian blades. In Oapan one may say <no>o:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n</no>. This is said when one finds a cut on the bottom of ones foot, near the toes. It is said in Oapan that the <no>wa:htsi:n</no> has <no>i:neba:jah</no> ; cf. to the Ameyaltepec term <no>i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n</no> in reference to obsidian blades. \ref 00789 \lxa pitentsi:n \lxac pitentsi:n \lxo pitentsi:n \lxoc pitentsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \infa tsi:n>tsitsi:nteh/tih \seao to be small (in bulk size) \ssao ser pequeño (en tamaño) \se to be young (in age) \ss ser joven (de edad) \se (<na>kemech</na> ~) to be just rising (the sun or moon) \ss (<na>kemech</na> ~) estar apenas saliendo (el sol o la luna) \pna Kemech pitentsi:n to:nahli, kemech o:wa:lki:s. \pea The sun is just rising (still low on the horizon), it just emerged. \psa El sol apenas está saliendo (está cerca del horizonte), apenas salió. \se (<na>sa:</na> ~) to be setting (the sun or moon) \ss (<na>sa:</na> ~) estar por ponerse (el sol o la luna) \pna Kwa:k sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli o:titlankeh. \pea We finished when the sun was just about to set. \psa Terminamos cuando el sol estaba por ponerse. \pna Sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli, i kalakis. \pea The sun is near the horizon, it is about to set. \psa El sol está nomás poco arriba del horizonte, ya se va a poner. \sem size \cfao pi:pitik \xrb piten \ref 00790 \lxa ihkí:n \lxaa hkí:n \lxac ihkí:n \lxo hkíi:n \lxoc kíi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(demon) \der Pr-dem \pa yes \seao in this very manner \ssao así, de esta misma manera \pna Ihkí:n tikchi:was. \pea This is the way you will do it (e.g., a particular task or job). \psa Esta es la manera en que la vas a hacer (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en específico). \cfa no: ihkí:n \cfo no: kíi:n \fl sayhkó:n \xrb iw \xrb i:n \qry Check vowel length. Also problematical is the difference between /ihki/ and /ihkí:n/. In the phrase above I checked the possibility of substituting /ihki/ for /ihkí:n/, but it was not accepted in Ameyaltepec. Note that for the Oapan sound I had first recorded /kíí:n/ in my notes based on the Yale recording session. However, later in Oapan with Tom Smith-Stark and the pronunciation was definitely [kíi:n] althought the final sound was a velarized or nasalized vowel and not an /n/. \ref 00791 \lxa yumpa \lxaa yompa \lxac yumpa \lxo yempa \lxoc yempa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se right there (in regard to space) \ss allímismo (en cuanto al espacio) \pna Yumpa ka:n onkah! \pea Right there where it is! \psa ¡Allímismo donde está ! \se just right \ss justamente como está \pna Xmati deke yumpa! \pea Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right! \psa ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si está justamente bien! \pna Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was. \pea Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right. \psa Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien. \pna Timimiltik. San yumpa, xtitoma:wak. \pea You have a solid, stout body. It's just right (the way you are), you aren't fat. \psa Tienes un cuerpo sólido y macizo. Estájustamente bien, no estás gordo. \pna Yumpa ke:n o:tike:kchi:w! \pea You made it just right (e.g., a food prepared, a job done, etc.)! \psa ¡Lo hiciste justamente bien (p. ej., una comida preparada, un trabajo hecho, etc.)! \cfa umpa \xrb ye \xrb on \xrl -pa \ref 00792 \lxa kechkoxtitlan \lxac ikechkoxtitlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-S)-N(rel) \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \sea nape of the neck \ssa nuca \sem body \cfa kechkoxtlan \xrb kech \xrb koch \xrl -titlan \cfa kechkoxtlan \nde <na>Kechkoxtitlan</na> is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. And neither Inocencio Jiménez nor Florencia Marcelino knew the Nahuatl word for nape of the neck. \ref 00793 \lxa a:tli:ya:n \lxac noa:tli:ya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \sea natural and customary source of drinking water for (sb or some animal [Poss]) \ssa fuente natural y regular de agua de beber para (algn o algún animal [Pos]) \pna Toa:tli:ya:n. \pea It is the place from where we get customarily draw water (in Ameyaltepec, the toponym of place is called simply <na>A:pan</na>). \psa Es el lugar de donde tenemos la costumbre de traer agua (en Ameyaltepec, este lugar simplemente se llama <na>A:pan</na>). \xrb a: \xrb i: \xrl -ya:n \nse No cognate term has been documented in Oapan, but there is a similar construction <no>tlakwa:ya:n</no> referring to a customary place of eating (or, if an animal, grazing). \ref 00794 \lxa ma:teyo:ti \lxac ma:teyo:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to have a good hand (i.e., one that causes good things to happen, e.g., beans to become many when tossed into a pot, etc.) \ssa tener buena mano (para que buenas cosas resulten de lo que se hace con la mano; p. ej., frijoles echados a una olla se multiplican y rinden una buena comida) \pna Tewa xkonxi:ni yetl, tewa tima:teyo:ti! \pea You be the one to throw the beans into the pot, you're the one with a splendid hand! \psa ¡Echa túlos frijoles, tienes buena mano! \pna Ma:teyo:ti pa:mpa kwa:k konxi:nia yetl ipan ko:ntli, miakia. \pea She has a good hand because when he tosses beans into a pot, they become many. \psa Tiene buena mano porque cuando echa frijoles a la olla, se multiplican. \sea to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit) \ssa tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembre rinda bien) \pna Newa nima:teyo:ti, kwa:k nito:ka, tla:ki, kwaltsi:n ki:sa. \pea I have a green thumb, when I plant, it bears fruit, it turns out well. \psa Tengo dedo verde, cuando siembro, rinde, sale bien. \cfao ma:tlakwa \cfa teyo:ti \cfo ma:tla:ki \xrb ma: \xrb te \nse The etymology and basis for the meaning of <na>ma:teyo:ti</na> is unclear. Obviously the stem for 'hand' is present in <na>ma:-</na>. Vowel length should be rechecked, but the Ameyaltepec word might be related to the Classical noun <n>teyotl</n> and the transitive verb <n>teyotia. nite.</n>, glossed by Molina as 'fama, o honra,' and 'afamar a otro,' respectively. These are alternate pronunciations of <n>tenyotl</n> and <n>tenyotia</n>, both of which involve the stem <n>te:n-</n>, 'lip,' with a long vowel. Vowel length in Ameyaltepec <na>ma:teyo:ti</na>, an intransitive verb, should therefore be rechecked, but the reference might be to someone whose 'hand' is famed (for its"productivity"). If <na>ma:teyo:ti</na> has a short /e/ and the root <n>te-</n> 'stone,' then the etymology is less clear. \qry Check vowel length. \ref 00795 \lxa te:lpokawah \lxac te:lpokawah \lxo te:lpakawah \lxoc te:lpakawah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1/2: Irregular: <nao>note:lpo:ch</nao> ; pl. <na>te:lpokameh</na>, <no>te:lpokameh</no> \se young boy of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 or 25 years old \ss joven de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 o 25 años de edad \pna Ye te:lpokawah. \pea He's now a young man (of marriageable age). \psa Ya es muchacho (de una edad en que se puede casar). \sem age \synao te:lpo:xtli \xrb te:lpo:ch \encyctmp te:lpo:xtli \nae For a discussion of the presence of final /h/, see <nla>ichpokawah</nla>. \qry Check difference between /te:lpo:xtli/ and /te:lpokawa/. The following words would seem to exist (or at least some of them) given that I have them with the beginning /ichpo:ch/. Check to see if the"male"version is found: /te:lpo:chka:wahli/, and /te:lpo:chwia/. Check final /h/. \ref 00796 \lxa tlamachilispoliwi \lxac tlamachilispoliwi \lxo tlamachilispoliwi \lxoc tlamachilispoliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to loose ones common sense; to loose ones sense of good judgement, or ability to think and reflect clearly \ss perder el juicio; perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar con claridad \xrb mati \xrb pol \ref 00797 \lxa kukwa \lxac kikukwa \lxo kokowa \lxoc kikokowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa):, Irregular: class-2b (Oa); irregular (Am): perfective <nao>o:kikokoh</nao> ; fut. <nao>kikoko:s</nao> \se to hurt; to lightly wound (as opposed to kill) \ss doler; lastimar; herir ligeramente (y no matar) \pna Ne:chkukwa, xok niki:yowia. \pea It hurts me, I can't stand it anymore. \psa Me duele, ya no lo aguanto. \pna San o:kikokokeh. \pea They just wounded him lightly (i.e., not killing him, nor wounding him seriously). \psa Solamente lo lastimaron (no lo mataron, ni lo hirierion gravemente). \pna Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh. \pea You are reaching your arm out (e.g., into the underbrush) feeling for a <spn>huilota</spn>. It fell out of the sky, you wounded it. \psa Estás estirando el brazo buscando (p. ej., en la maleza) una huilota. se cayó, la heriste. \cfa pupwa \xrb kowa \xvaa kokowilia \nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan inflectional forms are equivalent, the main difference between the two dialects is based on the fact that the lexical stem for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the change to <na>kukwa</na> from <na>kokowa</na>. However, other tenses and aspects are formed as if the Ameyaltepec base is \nde In other dialects the form of this verb is <n>kokoa</n>. Note that the morphology of the perfective and irrealis in Ameyaltepec suggests an underlying form {kokowa}. Apparently the short /o/ has been lost. \qry Check meaning of /ma:to:tokatiw/ is phrase example. \ref 00798 \lxa tlikonextli \lxac tlikonextli \lxo tlikonextli \lxoc tlikonextli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seao ashes (from the hearth) \ssao ceniza (del hogar) \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrl -ko \nae Note that the nominal compound <nao>tlikonextli</nao> involves a locative construction, <nao>tliko</nao> combining with another nominal root. There are other examples of such use of the nominal, as in Classical <n>tlecoaquia. nite.</n>, which Molina glosses as 'entregar a otro en manos de sus enemigos, llevándolo co cautela a donde le puedan hazer mal y vengarse del.' Here <n>tleco</n> is figuratively used. \ref 00799 \lxa tena \lxac tena \lxo tena \lxoc tena \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-4a \seao to grunt; to groan; to make sounds of pain and discomfort (e.g., under a heavy weight, because of an illness or pain, etc.) \ssao gemir; hacer un sonido de dolor o de un gran esfuerzo físico (p. ej., bajo la presión de un gran un peso, o a causa de una enfermedad o dolor, etc.) \pna Tetena pa:mpa kwalo. \pea He groans a lot because he is sick. \psa Gime mucho porque está enfermo. \pna Deke ipan yo:titleko:k, ipan tiatiw, pe:wa tena. \pea If you get on it (in this case said to heavy person about to mount a donkey), if you go along riding it, it will begin to groan. \psa Si te lo subes (en este caso dicho a una persona pesada a punto de subir a un burro), si vas montado, va (el burro) a empezar a gemir. \xrb te:na \xvcao te:naltia \nse Apparently <na>tena</na> refers to sounds of complaint or discomfort such as groans and grunts, but not to actual words. \ref 00800 \lxa a:kawtia \lxac a:kawtia \lxo ákahtiá \lxop akahtia \lxoc ákahtiá \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes-lex \seao to become light (particularly items that lose water and, concommitantly, weight) \ssao ponerse liviano, de poco peso, o ligero (particularmente cosas que pierden agua y por está razón, peso) \pna Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih. O:wawa:hkeh; yo:aa:kawtiakeh. \pea The squash has dried up in the sun. They didn't get harvested right away. They dried up; they got light (from loss of water; as a result they are no longer good to eat and are valued only for their seeds). \psa Las calabazas se han secado en el sol. No se cosecharon luego. Se secaron; se quedaron ligeros (por haberse perdido su jugo; como resultado ya no sirven para comer sino solamente para semillas). \xrb ahkaw \mod Under /piska/ etc. note that the common reference to harvest for squash is /sentla:lia/. The length of the first /a:/ needs to be carefully checked here and for all words containing this root. The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl would suggest an initial sequence of /ah-/, but the long vowel in Ameyaltepec suggests otherwise. Check the San Juan form. Oapan speakers during the workshop suggested that the initial vowel was short. \vl Check vowel length; check for initial /h/ in San Juan. \sj a:kawtia. \ref 00801 \lxa osto:wia \lxac noosto:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to fall off of a cliff or precipice (and, by extension, to fall off anything from very high up) \ssa (refl.) despeñarse (y, por extensión, caerse desde cualquier lugar muy alto) \syno tepexiwiya \xrb osto: \dis tepe:xiwia; osto:wia \nse The use of this Ameyaltepec word is close to that of <na>tepexiwia</na> (note that in Oapan only has <no>tepe:xiwiya</no>, and not <no>osto:wiya</no>, are used. However, whereas <na>osto:wia</na>, when reflexive, refers to the action of falling off something such as a cliff and hitting the ground upon landing, in Ameyaltepec <nla>tepexiwia</nla> is used to refer to the action of falling down a hill or mountain and rolling, rather than falling off something, such as a cliff, and hitting the ground. Nevertheless, note that Molina gives for <n>tepexiuia. nite.</n> 'despeñar a otro.' Oapan only has <no>tepe:xiwiya</no>, not <no>osto:wiya</no>. \qry Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be explored. One speaker, Rey de la Cruz (Am) understood this to mean that a person, standing under a cliff, is hit or covered by parts that come loose. However, he said that perhaps others use this word to refer to a person who falls off a cliff along with a piece of the edge that comes loose. \ref 00802 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /tlakokopi:nilia/ and entry for Ameyaltepec meant to refer to the act of making a man ejaculate. Test whether this is correctly used. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00803 \lxa kalse:wahlo:tl \lxac nokalse:wahlo:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 2 \sea (ritual) shade of the house of ([Poss], honorifically speaking) \ssa (ritual) sombra de la casa de ([Pos] hablando respetuosamente) \pna Timose:witokeh ipan mokalse:wahlo:w. \pea We are resting in the shade of your venerable house. \psa Estamos descansando en la sombra de la venerable casa de usted. \sem ritual \xrb kal \xrb se: \nse Pronunciation of this word varied among speakers, probably a reflection of its restricted use in ritual bride-asking speech. Some included the final possessed marker <n>-w</n> while others did not (e.g., <na>mokalse:wahlo</na>). If it is indeed an abstract noun ending in <n>-yo:tl</n>, the <na>-w</na> possessed marked should not be present. \nae In the recording of this word Cristino Flores pronounced the possessed form with a clear final /w/: <na>nokalse:wahlo:w</na>. \qry Check for presence of <na>-w</na>, as well as for the possibility of an unpossessed /kalse:wahlo:tl/. \ref 00804 \lxa to:naya:n \lxac to:naya:n \lxo to:naya:n \lxoc i:to:naya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n[imp] \infn N1; in Oapan obligatorily possessed with 3rd-person possessor. \seao place where it is very hot \ssao lugar donde pega el sol \pna Notla:lian ka:n to:naya:n. \pea They place themselves where it is very hot. \psa Se colocan donde hace mucho calor. \pno Ne: San Agustín, mila:k i:to:naya:n. \peo There San Agustín it is a place where it is very hot. \pso Alláen San Agustín es un lugar donde hace mucho calor. \cfo kiawia:n \xrb to:na \nae Note the use of the adverbial <nao>ka:n</nao> along with nominal <na>to:naya:n</na>, which ostensibly should not occur with a locative adverb given that the suffix <na>-ya:n</na> already signifies location (in Launey's term, it is an 'autolocative.') Note that the use of <n>-ya:n</n> with a verb and as unpossessed signifies that the verb is an impersonal (see Launey thesis: 814). \ref 00805 \lxa a:waxokotl \lxac a:waxokotl \lxo á:waxókotl \lxoc á:waxókotl \lxt ahwaxokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao plum, fruit of the tree known as <na>a:waxokotl</na> \ssao circuela, fruta delárbol conocido como <na>a:waxokotl</na> \seao type of wild plum tree \ssao tipo deárbol de ciruelo silvestre \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ahwa \xrb xoko \nae As with many lexemes that at point had an initial /ah/ sequence, Ameyaltepec and Oapan seem to manifest lengthening here. This should, however, be checked. The native speakers' etymological understanding of this word, and its relation to <spn>aguates</spn> suggests that they connect it with what in other dialects is <n>ahwatl</n> 'thorn.' \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as the <spn>aguajocote</spn> with no further identification. There is no immediately apparent cognate term in either Schoenhals (1988), who gives under ciruelo <i>Spondias</i> spp. and <i>Prunus mexicana</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list for <i>Spondias</i> only <i>Spondias purpurea</i>, of the family <i>Anacardiaceae</i>, which might be either the <nla>masa:xokotl</nla> or <nla>kopaxokotl</nla> ; they give the Spanish name as <spn>ciruelita de cerro</spn> or simply <spn>ciruelo</spn>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>ahuajocote</spn>. According to some consultants <na>a:waxokotl</na> is a remedy: <na>deke mitskukwa mitik</na> 'if your belly hurts you.' \nct kohtli \qry Cf. folklore notes. In one entry I have a short initial vowel, /awaxokotl/, recheck. Cf. entry under /awatl/. When Roberto Mauricio of Oapan mentioned this tree to me he also seemed to pronounce it with a long initial /a/ and no pitch accent. This should be rechecked. Felix Pantaleón also seemed to give <no>a:waxo:tl</no> as a variant name of this plant (this would be the result of loss of /k/ between two identical vowels). \vl Check vowel length of initial /a/! Roberto Mauricio of Oapan seemed to pronounce this without vowel length distinctiveness; this should be checked. \grm Phonology: after a full study of vowel-initial stems and the relative contrast in vowel length, determine whether initial vowel length is neutralized. \ref 00806 \lxa kwa:tlapo:wi \lxac kwa:tlapo:wi \lxo kwa:tlapo:wi \lxoc kwa:tlapo:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran +Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become opened up at the top (a box, a sack or back, a chest, etc.) \ssao abrirse por la parte de arriba o por la tapadera (una caja o baúl, un costal o bolsa, etc.) \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapo: \qry I added this definition based on the occurrence of /kwa:tlapo:wtok/ as a Stative. The intransitive verb should be confirmed; check also for a transitive cognate. \ref 00807 \lxa tlayo:lwe:wekatik \lxac tlayo:lwe:wekatik \lxo tlayo:lwá:wakátik \lxop tlayo:lwa:wakatik \lxoc tlayo:lwá:wakátik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \pa yes-lex \seao maize cob with kernels spaced far apart \ssao mazorca con los granos muy abiertos uno del otro \pna San tlayo:lwe:wekatik, xtepa:ntok. \pea It is a cob of corn with its kernels spaced far apart, they are not close together. \psa Esa una mazorca con los granos muy abiertos, no están encimados. \xrb o:ya \xrb wehka \qry There might well be a mistake in this entry of an illustrative phrase, although it is from the second set of corrected file cards. Nevertheless, the possiblity that the form should be /tekpa:ntok/ should be checked. Also, recheck vowel length. \vl Vowel length of /we:wekatik/. Check \ref 00808 \lxa tekioh \lxac tekioh \lxo tekiyoh \lxoc tekiyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be bothersome; to be troublesome, causing a lot of work (e.g, in reference to sb who keeps others busy, who makes a lot of work for people, e.g., by always requesting sth, asking others to do one thing or another, etc.) \ss ser latoso o trabajoso (p. ej., en referencia a algn que hace o da mucho trabajo a los demás, p. ej., a uno que siempre estar pidiendo algo, pidiendo a otros hacer cualquier cosa) \xrb teki \qry Get normal pronunciation. \ref 00809 \lxa kwe:tetepon \lxac kwe:tetepon \lxo kwe:tetepon \lxoa kwe:tetepoh \lxoc kwe:tetepon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \seao to be short-skirted; to have on a short skirt \ssao tener puesta una falda corta \flao tetepon \xrb kwe: \xrb tepon \nse This is often found in the diminutive, <nao>kwe:tetepontsi:n</nao>. In reference to dresses <na>tetepontsi:n</na> is shorter than <na>tetepon</na>. According to Luis Lucena the latter refers to a dress that ends shortly below the knees whereas the former is used for knee length. \dis tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon \qry Check as to whether the diminutive refers to a shorter skirt than /kwe:tetepon/. \ref 00810 \lxa tlanxokopetsiwi \lxac tlanxokopetsiwi \lxo tlahxokopetsiwi \lxoc tlahxokopetsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran No documented transitive \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones teeth to acquire a smooth feel (from eating things such as wild plum, <nlao>xokotl</nlao>, lime, lemon, grapefruit, etc., thus making it hard to eat tortillas) \ss quedarsecon la sensación de tener los dientes lisos (por comer cosas como circuela silvestre, <nlao>xokotl</nlao>, lima, limón, toronja, etc., y asíse le dificulta a algn comer tortillas) \se to become dull at the edge (e.g., a sword, machete, axe, etc.) \ss quedarse embotado por la orilla o filo (p. ej., una espada, machete, hacha, etc.) \pna Yo:tlanxokopetsiw nomache:teh, xok tlateki. \pea My machete has gotten a dull edge, it is no longer sharp. \psa Se quedó embotado mi machete, ya no corta. \xrb tlan \xrb xoko \xrb pets \nse In reference to the sensation in ones mouth, <na>tlanxokopetsiwi</na> refers to what happens to someone after eating something sour (<spn>agrio</spn>) such as green plums, lemons, limes, etc. Ones mouth begins to hurt and ones teeth become, or at least feel, somewhat slippery, making it difficult to chew, particularly foods such as tortillas. \nae Note in <na>tlanxokopetsiwi</na> the incorporation of two nominal roots, each with a different semantic relation to the verbal predicate. \mod Obtain description of this word in Nahuatl. Add a"monolingual Nahuatl"section to the certain entries. \grm Incorporation: Note in <na>tlanxokopetsiwi</na> the incorporation of two nominal roots, each with a different semantic relation to the verbal predicate. \ref 00811 \lxa ye:lchikiwtli \lxac ye:lchikiwtli \lxo ye:lchikihtli \lxoc ye:lchikihtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao ribcage \ssao caja torácica \sem body \xrb e:l \xrb chikiw \nae The possessed forms I have documented maintain the initial"epenthetic"/y/. For other forms containing the root <na>(y)e:l</na> the /y/ would sometimes be retained and sometimes not. For purposes of cross-dialect comparison, the /y/ has been considered epenthetic. \ref 00812 \lxa koxtlatlatowa \lxac koxtlatlatowa \lxo koxtlátlatówa \lxop koxtlatlatowa \lxoc koxtlátlatówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der tla-V2 \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to talk in ones sleep \ss hablar dormido \pna Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa. \pea He talks in his sleep, it is just while he is sleeping that he begins to babble. \psa Habla dormido, solamente en su sueño empieza a parlotear. \xrb kochi \xrb hto \qry Check why the Oapan form does not manifest reduction of the reduplication to /kó:xtlatówa/ or even the leftward movement of p-a to /kóxtlatlatówa/. \ref 00813 \lxa te:sotla:wani \lxac te:sotla:wani \lxo te:sotla:wani \lxoa te:sotla:wane \lxop te:sotla:wani \lxoc te:sotla:wane \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se sth that causes people to faint \ss algo que hace desmayar a la gente \cola chi:lpa:n \xrb sotla:wa \qry Check; in the verb entry I have /sotla:wa/ as an intransitive. Perhpas it should be /sotla:wi/ and /sotla:wa/. Check what also could be the subject of /te:sotlawani/ as a predicate. \ref 00814 \lxa kechye:kchi:wa \lxac nokechye:kchi:wa \lxo kechye:kchi:wa \lxoc nokechye:kchi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran Only reflexive has been documented \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to clear one's throat \ssa (refl.) despejarse la garganta \seo (refl.) to twist and turn ones neck when it is stiff or hurting \sso (refl.) voltear y torcer el cuelo cuando esta tieso o adolorido \syno a:kókoye:hchí:wa \xrb kech \xrb ye:k \xrb chi:wa \ref 00815 \lxa yeski:xtia \lxac kiyeski:xtia \lxo yeski:xtia \lxoc kiyeski:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V1-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make bleed \ssao hacer sangrar \pna Ma:ka tihkwis tenextli! Yewa xkwahli, oksepa pe:wa kiyeski:xtia. \pea Don't use lime (in this case to cure an animal's wound of worms)! It's no good, it begins to make it bleed again. \psa ¡No vayas a emplear cal (en este caso a curar la herida agusanada de un animal)! No está bien, otra vez empieza a hacerlo sangrar. \xrb es \xrb ki:sa \xvbao yeski:sa \nde RS has for <n>ezquixtia. nite.</n> 'herir a alguien a golpes, sacarle sangre al golpearlo.' \ref 00816 \lxa chi:kwatsi:n \lxac chi:kwatsi:n \lxo chí:kwatsí:n \lxoc chí:kwatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao type of Nightjar, family Caprimulgidae, probably of the genera <l>Chordeiles</l> or <l>Caprimulgus</l>. This is called <spn>poxacuate</spn> in local Spanish. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca el río Balsas. \ssao tipo de"Nightjar,"family Caprimulgidae, probablemente de los genera <l>Chordeiles</l> o <l>Caprimulgus</l>. Llamado <spn>poxacuate</spn> en el español local. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca del río Balsas \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 27, various \equivao po:xakwatl \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chi:kwah \nse L. Lucena translated <na>chi:kwatsi:n</na> as Spanish <spn>tlacuacuanah</spn>. C. Flores stated that this is the same as <na>kopa:ktekolo:tl</na> and <na>metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n</na>. \nde In Oapan <no>chí:kwatsí:h</no> is a small bird that is said to be a <nlo>te:tsa:htli</nlo> that comes at night. In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect. \qry Recheck length of /a/. \qry Compare Oapan and Am forms for this word and make sure they are not both referring to an insect, or bird, as the case may be. \ref 00817 \lxa tewa:tsa \lxac kitewa:tsa \lxo tewa:tsa \lxoc kitewa:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to make (sb) lose weight; to cause to become thin (an animate being) \ss adelgazar; hacer quedar flaco o enflaquecer (un ser animado) \pna Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k, ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlaka xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw. \pea I've really gotten thin, the fruit of the <spn>capires</spn> tree has made me lose a lot of weight. Really, it's not any good (contrary to what I thought), it got stuck in my belly. \psa De veras he perdido mucho peso, la fruta del capires me ha hecho adelgazar. De veras no está bien (contrariamente de lo que pensaba), se atoró en mi estómago. \xrb tewa: \dis tewa:ki; kana:wi \ref 00818 \lxa ikxikuwso \lxac nokxikuwso \lxo ixikohso \lxoc noxikohso \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in ones foot \ss (refl.) enterarsele en el pie una astilla o espina \pna O:nimokxkuwsok. \pea I got a splinter (or thorn) in my foot. \psa Se me enteró una astilla (o espina) por el pie. \xrb kxi \xrb kow \xrb so \nae Usually this is found in the reflexive, since the action is involuntary. But perhaps grammatically the fully transitive form would also be correct. \qry Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chikxikuhso. \ref 00819 \lxa tepepextli \lxac tepepextli \lxo té:pextlí \lxoc té:pextlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes-rdp \seao flagstones; cobblestones; stones laid down on the ground \ssao losa; adoquín; piedras puestas sobre la tierra \pna Nika:n yo:kitepepechyo:tikeh, ne: poliwi tepepextli. \pea Here they have already laid down flagstones on it, there flagstones (or cobblestones) are still lacking. \psa Aquíya le pusieron losa (o adoquín), allá todavía falta (la losa o adoquín). \xrb te \xrb pech \qry Check for occurrence of /tepepechyotl/ and for the nature of possessed forms, e.g., /itepepechyo/? \ref 00820 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /kuhchi:maltik/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00821 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatsili:nika:tsi:n \lxoa tlatsilí:niká:tsi:n \lxoc tlatsili:nka:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \seo type of small bird, probably a Towhee or Brushfinch; it is called this name because during the night every hour it sings (<nlo>tsátsí</nlo>). It might be the Orange-billed Sparrow, <l>Arremon aurantiirostris</l>, the Rufous-sided Towhee, <l>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</l>, or a related species. \sso tipo de pájaro pequeño, probablemente un Towhee o Brushfinch; asíllamado porque durante la noche cada hora grita (<nlo>tsátsí</nlo>). Quizá es el"Orange-billed Sparrow," <l>Arremon aurantiirostris</l>, el"Rufous-sided Towhee," <l>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</l>, o una especie cercana. \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, pp. 693, 698 \sem animal \sem bird \syna tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n \xrb tsili: \xrl -ka:n \nct to:to:tl \nae The derivational process producing this noun is unclear. The Ameyaltepec cognate suggests that the final /ka:/ sequence might reflect <n>-ka:n</n>, given that in Ameyaltepec the cognate has <n>-ya:n</n> and the frequency with which Oapan Nahuatl loses /n/. However, the /ka:/ sequence might also represent a participial form of <no>tlatsili:nia</no>. Given that Oapan Nahuatl varies a lot speaker to speaker, more fieldwork might resolve this question. \qry Check vowel length, particularly of first /tla-/ as Am has reduplication and Oapan might have reduced this with lengthening. Check p-a as Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounced it with pitch accent as indicated in the alternate pronunciation. \ref 00822 \lxa a:kia \lxac ka:kia \lxo a:kia \lxoa na:kia \lxoc ka:kia \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to wear or put on oneself (clothes, shoes, etc.) \ssao vestirse o ponerse (ropa, zapatos, etc.) \pna Xka:ki mowera:ch. \pea Put your sandals on! \psa ¡Ponte tus sandalias! \pna Xka:ki mokoto:n. \pea Put your shirt on! \psa ¡Ponte tu camisa! \pna Momo:stla nika:kia. \pea I put it on every day (e.g., a particular shirt, shoes, etc.). \psa Me lo pongo todos los días (p. ej., una camisa en particular, zapatos, etc.). \cfo tlá:kiá; tlá:kí:ltia \xrb a:k \xvcao a:ki:ltia \xvao a:kilia \nse The object of the transitive verb <na>a:kia</na> is the item of clothing, shoe, etc., that one puts on. This contrasts, at least in Oapan, with <nlo>tlá:kiyá</nlo>, which apparently is the same verbal stem with no increased valency, i.e., despite the prefixation of <n>tla-</n> the valency of <no>a:kiya</no> (now reduplicated) is still two: subject and object. However, the object of <no>tlá:kiyá</no> is not the item of clothing but the person (reflexive object) who puts the clothes on. Apparently, although this needs confirmation, Oapan <no>tlá:kiyá</no> only accepts a reflexive object. The fully transitive, causative form, is Oapan <nlo>tlá:kí:ltia</nlo> which is perhaps best considered a causative of the reflexive verb <no>tlá:kiyá</no>. Finally, note that in Oapan the alternative form <no>na:kia</no> exists, apparently with a lexicalized incorporation of the reflexive prefix <n>n-</n>. \qry Note that previously I had a definition:"to place in a housing (where the object belongs (cf. notes)."I'm not sure to what this refers. Check. Check also potential objects of this form. Check length in Am and Oapan forms. Check for ca and ap in each. \ref 00823 \lxa kwempilowa \lxac kikwempilowa \lxo kwempilowa \lxoc kikwempilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive documented \infv class-2b \se to"lap"someone in plowing (i.e., to finish and start a new furrow before another worker has finished a previous one) \ss sacarle una vuelta (surco) de ventaja a (esto es, en trabajar un campo sembrado, adelantar por un surco completo a otro que está trabajando la yunta) \xrb kwem \xrb pil \nse The event described with <nao>kwempilowa</nao> refers to one in which two people are plowing side by side and one passes the other completely (i.e., going ahead by two furrows so that they again are parallel, but separated by an additional furrow). \qry The precise definition should be checked, and illustrated with a diagram. Apparently, if two people are plowing and one passes another completely (i.e. going ahead by two surcos), then this verb is used. Check. Also check whether it can be used for other types of labor: the zacateo, etc. \ref 00824 \lxa to:naltsatsilia \lxac kito:naltsatsilia \lxo to:naltsátsiliá \lxop to:naltsatsilia \lxoc kito:naltsátsiliá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to call or pray (lit. 'shout') to the soul (<nlao>to:nahli</nlao>) of \ssao llamar o suplicar (lit. 'gritar') a la alma (<nlao>to:nahli</nlao>) de \pna O:kito:naltsatsilih ikoko:l. \pea He called (prayed) to the soul of his grandfather (i.e., during All Saints Day he called to God, prayed to God, to have the spirit of his grandfather return to consume the offering that had been placed for him). \psa Llamó(hizo una súplica) al alma de su abuelo (esto es, durante Todos Santos le llamó a Diós, rezó a Diós, para que el espíritu de su abuelo regresara a consumir la ofrenda que le había sido tendido). \pna Xto:naltsatsili nokoko:l tlai:xpan! Ma kalaki! \pea Call to the soul of your grandfather from before the altar! Have him come eat (i.e., during the All Saints festivities)! \psa ¡Lláma a la alma de tu abuelo desde el altar!¡Quévenga a comer (durante las ofrendas de Todos Santos)! \pno Kito:naltsátsiliái:na:n para ma ka:naki. \peo She calls out to the <nao>to:nal</nao> of her mother so that she will come get her. \pso Le grita a la alma de su mamápara que la venga a recoger. \xrb to:na \xrb tsahtsi \ref 00825 \lxa a:kopilkatinemi \lxac a:kopilkatinemi \lxo ákopilkatími \lxop akopilkatimi \lxoc ákopilkatími \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Stat-Asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \seao to go around looking up in the air \ssao andar mirando hacia arriba \pna Nopióye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s. \pea My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself. \psa Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Está a punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido. \xrb ahko \xrb pilka \xrb nemi \dis akotlachia; akopilkatinemi \qry Check to determine whether /a:kopilkatok/ is an actual verb. I seem to remember it, but it is not in the lexicon. If it is, add it and mention why /a:kopilkatinemi/ and /a:kopilkatok/ are given separate entries (i.e., because of the rarity that a word would have these alternations). \vl Check here the vowel length. Am perhaps has a long vowel (there are numerous cases where I have written this down) whereas Oa has pitch-accent. However, many Oapanecos and Oapanecas seem to pronounce /ákopilatinémi/ with a long initial vowel that also receives how pitch. \rt Discuss relation between /pilka/ and /pil/. \ref 00826 \lxa xewa \lxaa xowa \lxac xewa \lxo xáwá \lxoa xéwá \lxop xawa \lxoc xéwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \seao not he, she, or it \ssao noél o ella \seao not him, her, it \ssao no aél o a ella \xrb yehwa \nae This entry comprises the negative clitic <nlao>x=</nlao> and the emphatic pronoun <nlao>yewa</nlao>. \ref 00827 \lxa kwa:istal \lxac i:kwa:istal \lxo kwa:istal \lxoc i:kwa:istal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb \infn N2 \se white or grey hairs \ss canos \xrb kwa: \xrb sta \qry Check to see if a form such as /kwa:istaleh/ or /kwa:istahloh/ exists. Also determine codes for nouns forms by this process /istaya/, /istalia/ and /istahli/. Check the vowel length, perhaps it should be /kwa:ista:l/. Determine whether a non-possessed form exists, /kwa:ista:hli/. \vl check length of final /a/. \grm The derivation process for /kwa:istal/ is not clear. It is clearly related to the metaphoric use of /istatl/ as 'white', which is the meaning in the sequence /istá:k/, /ista:ya/ and /ista:lia/. Thus it would seem that the derivation is from the causative /ista:lia/. Here then a comparison should be made between basic nouns and re-nominalizations, /istatl/ and /ista:hli/ or /istahli/. \ref 00828 \lxa mihka:tia \lxac nomihka:tia \lxo mihka:tia \lxoc nomihka:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran Only reflexive \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have a relative die on one \ss (refl.) morirsele un pariente \pna O:nomihka:tih. \pea He had a relative die. \psa Se le murió un pariente. \xrb miki \nse This verb is derived from the nominal form * <na>mihka:tl</na>, which in Ameyaltepec is found only in the diminutive <na>mihka:tsi:ntli</na>. It refers to the death of a close relative; in all recorded cases it refers to the death of a parent, sibling, or child. \qry Check to see if transitive form is acceptable. Apparently, however, there are many verbs that use a reflexive and /-tia/ to indicate 'to N for one' or similar concepts. \ref 00829 \lxa se:poxiwtli \lxac se:poxiwtli \lxo xé:poxíhtli \lxoc xé:poxíhtli \lxt se:boxiwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes \seao type of plant used as a remedy for <nla>pa:smoh</nla> \ssao tipo de planta que se utiliza como remedio para <nla>pa:smoh</nla> \pna Deke se: tla:katl noso suwa:tl o:kelo:n, notla:lili:s para ma:ka kasis pa:smoh, ma:ka pa:smayowas \pea If a man or a woman severely sprains a bone, it (<na>se:poxiwtli</na>) is placed on it so that it doesn't get heavily infected, so that it <na>pa:smoh</na> doesn't develop. \psa Si a un hombre o una mujer se le hace un esguince, se le pone (el <na>se:poxiwtli</na>) para que no se infecte, para que no le salga <na>pa:smoh</na>. \sem plant \sem medicine \xrb xiw \nae The etymology of this plant name is not certain. Cognates in Hernández have not been located, nor are they apparent in any of the Classical sources. Any relationship to the verb <n>sepowi</n> 'to become numb,' seems negated by the discrepancy in vowel length. The palatalization in Oapan Nahuatl seems to be a subsequent development; it is not shared by the other villages or dialects. The first nominal stem might even be a borrowing from Spanish <spn>sebo</spn>. \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives this as <na>xepoxiwtli</na>, for which she gives the Spanish name of <spn>higuerilla</spn>. She states it to be of the <i>Euphorbiaceae</i> family and the genus/species <i>Ricinus communis</i> L. Schoenhals (1988) under higuerilla states:"(<i>Ricinus communis</i>) 'castor bean.' The soruce of castor oil; related to cassava and tapioca plants; seeds are poisonous. Also called ricino, tlapate." \nct xiwtli \qry Determine whether there is an {h} before /xiwtli/. Determine the meaning of /pa:smoh/, which I have in the dictionary with a temporary definition. Check spelling of /pa:smayowa/ perhaps should be /pa:smoyowa/. Make sure the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are equivalent. Determine length of /e/ in Oapan Nahuatl as when Silvestre Pantaleón pronounced it, it seemed to be with a long /e:/. \ref 00830 \lxa abió:n tarabi:yah \lxac abió:n tarabi:yah \lxo abion tarabi:yah \lxoc abion tarabi:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan avión; tavarvía \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao helicopter \ssao helicóptero \syno kohpa:pa:lakaxtli \nse This word is derived from the spinning action of a <spn>tarabilla</spn>, which is likened to the action of the blades on a helicopter. \ref 00831 \lxa a:yewahli \lxac a:yewahli \lxo a:yewahli \lxoc a:yewahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se deep place in a river where the water slowly circles around (rather than running straight through) \ss lugar algo profundo en un río donde el agua gira despacio (en lugar de fluir recto y rápidamente) \se whirlpool \ss remolino de agua \xrb a: \xrb yewal \qry In this and other examples it is difficult to distinguish a basic noun form a derived one. Cf. /-yewalowa/, /yewaltik/, etc. Check also meaning: a whirlpool, a calm of circling water, or both. \ref 00832 \lxa maxakawia \lxac kimaxakawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to straddle; to place oneself astride of \ssa ponerse a horcajadas sobre \pna Nitlamaxakawitia:s. \pea I'm going to go along with my legs in a straddling position (e.g., on an animal being ridden) \psa Voy a ir a horcajadas (p. ej., sobre un animal como mula o burro). \pna O:kimaxakawih. \pea He straddled it. \psa Se sentó a horcajadas sobre ello. \syna tlamaxakape:lowa \syno tlamaxikipe:lowa \xrb maxa \xrl -ko \dis maxakape:lowa; maxakawia \qry Originally I had listed here a Oapan cognate of /maxaka:na/. But I now (Dec. 2001) discover that this lexeme is not listed in the /lxo field, so I have removed it from the /cogo field. It should be checked, as well as the difference between /maxakawia/ and /maxakape:lowa/. \ref 00833 \lxa ima:tl tokatl \lxac ima:tl tokatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea spiderweb (with a live spider) \ssa telaraña (con una araña viva) \cfo takatsa:wahli \xrb ma:tla \xrb toka \encyctmp nest (animal and insect nests) \dis ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli \nse There are two Ameyaltepec words for spiderweb: <na>i:ma:tl tokatl</na> and <nla>tokatsa:wahli</nla>. The difference between the two is not entirely clear but it may be that the former refers to the web of a live spider (with the spider in it) and the second to cobwebs. However, this interpretation will need further confirmation with speakers. \qry Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/. \mod Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.) \ref 00834 \lxa cho:kistlatowa \lxac cho:kistlatowa \lxo cho:kistlátowá \lxop cho:kistlatowa \lxoc cho:kistlátowá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der tla-V2 \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to speak while crying or about to cry; to speak while on the verge of tears \ssao hablar al punto de llorar; hablar entre llanto \xrb cho:ka \xrb hto \nae The incorporation of <nao>cho:kis</nao> is to the lexicalized intransitive verb <na>tlatowa</na>, itself derived from the transitive form to which the nonspecific object prefix has been added. For this reason the compounding has been considered N-V1, which could also be represented N-(tla-V2). \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; noun incorporation; boundaries: Note that in /cho:kistlátowá/ the pitch accent does not cross the boundary of the incorporated noun. This is the case even though the"location"of the p-a mark is as here indicated: /cho:kistla'towa/. \ref 00835 \lxa tekipano:ltia \lxac kitekipano:ltia \lxo tekipano:ltia \lxoc kitekipano:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make (sb) work; to give work to (sb, particularly the task of plowing a field) \ssao hacer trabajar a; dar trabajo a (algn, particularmente la tarea de trabajar la tierra con una yunta) \pna Kitekipano:ltia ikone:w. \pea He makes his child work (e.g., with a team of oxen). \psa Hace trabajar a su niño (p. ej., con una yunta). \seao to use, or to make use of (e.g., a tool or machine); to work (e.g., a team of oxen in the field) \ssao hacer funcionar; emplear o utilizar (p. ej., una herramienta o máquina); trabajar (p. ej., una yunta en el campo) \pna Wel kitekipano:ltia ira:dioh. \pea He can make his radio work (i.e., he knows how to run it). \psa Puede hacer funcionar a su radio (esto es, tiene el conocimiento para hacerlo funcionar).. \xrb teki \xrb pan \xvbao tekipanowa \qry Get example with /kitekipano:ltia i:yuntah/. \ref 00836 \lxa tlai:xmomoyoka \lxac tlai:xmomoyoka \lxo tlai:xmomoyoka \lxoc tlai:xmomoyoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \seao to be dark at dusk (so that one can barely recognize others, just past vespers) \ssao estar obscuro (al atardecer, como por el tiempo de las oraciones vespertinas, cuando se está poniendo difícil ver y reconocer a las personas) \pna Tlai:xmomoyoka, ma tiá:n! \pea It is dusk, let's go! \psa Ya es el atardecer,¡vamonos! \xrb moyo: \xbtla i:xmomoyoka \nse In Ameyaltepec I have only documented this impersonal verb in reference to the evening sky although Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that this term can refer to the appearance of the sky either just before dawn or just after dusk, when one is barely able to recognize people. \ref 00837 \lxa tekpinyowa \lxac tekpinyowa \lxo tekpinyowa \lxoc tekpinyowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to get covered or full of fleas \ss llenarse o cubrirse de pulgas \xrb tekp \ref 00838 \lxa i:xtlamati \lxac i:xtlamati \lxo i:xtlamati \lxoc i:xtlamati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \seao to know a terrain or the lay of the land; to be familiar with a a place \ssao conocer a un terreno; estar familiarizado con un lugar \pna Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih. \pea He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been. \psa Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido. \cfao tlai:xmati \xrb i:x \xrb mati \nse In Oapan the reduplicated form <no>í:xtlamáti</no> refers to a wide-ranging knowledge of the terrain all over. To date, I have not documented a reduplicated form ? <na>ii:xtlamati</na> in Ameyaltepec. \nae The <nao>tla</nao> element in <nao>i:xtlamati</nao> is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with <na>a:tlakwi</na> and <na>o:tlatoka</na>, both common across many dialects. The verb <nao>i:xtlamati</nao> would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem. \qry Check precise meaning of /i:xtlamati/, i.e., whether it only refers to terrain and places. The meaning of /-tla-/ is extremely unclear, though it might be an archaic absolutive (which is how I have it analyzed here). \grm Noun incorporation; tla-: The <nao>tla</nao> element in <nao>i:xtlamati</nao> is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with <na>a:tlakwi</na> and <na>o:tlatoka</na>, both common across many dialects. The verb <nao>i:xtlamati</nao> would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem. \ref 00839 \lxa te:nto:ne:wa \lxac kite:nto:ne:wa \lxo te:nto:ne:wa \lxoc kite:nto:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to cause a burning sensation in the mouth of (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) \ss hqcer sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca a (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) \xrb te:n \xrb to:n \ref 00840 \lxa xaki \lxac xaki \lxo xaki \lxoc xaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seao Oh my! Listen! \ssao ¡Vaya!¡Oye! \xrb kaki \nse <nao>Xaki</nao> functions both as an interjection, indicating disbelief or surprise at something said, and as an imperative form of the verb <nlao>kaki</nlao> with the loss of both the object prefix and the initial consonant of the verb stem. Often the two senses are hard to distinguish. Thus in saying <nao>Xaki!</nao> a speaker might be asking the addressee to listen carefully to something, or he might be commenting on something he had just heard. Note that in a phrase such as <na>Xaki tli:n kitowa!</na> 'Listen to what he says!' <nao>xaki</nao> is simply a reduced imperative construction (missing the root-initial /k/). \ref 00841 \lxa ma:kokoxka:tia \lxac ma:kokoxka:tia \lxo ma:kokoxka:tia \lxoc ma:kokoxka:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea for ones arms (or hands) to be hurting \ssa tener los brazos (o manos) adoloridos \seo to get sick from being cuddled too much in sb's arms (e.g., a young pup) \sso enfermarse por estar apapachado demasiado tiempo (p. ej., un cachorro) \pno Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós. \peo The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so. \pso El cachorrito se estáenfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no estáhecho para estar abrazado. \xrb ma: \xrb koya \dis makokoxkatia; makuhtia \nse The question of etymology and whether the reference is to pain or sickness is well illustrated here. The Ameyaltepec lexeme refers to pain, perhaps from sickness (this is still not clear). The Oapan lexeme clearly refers to sickness. The signification of 'pain' seems to come from the verbal root <n>kowa</n>, as in the Ameyaltepec transitive verb <nla>kukwa</nla> and Oapan's <nlo>kokowa</nlo>. The signification of illness seems to relate to the stem <nr>koya</nr>, which has a"combinatory"form <n>kokoxka:</n>. \qry Check carefully this entry. First it is important to check the meaning as to whether this refers to pain from an illness or from overwork. Also, I have changed this entry. My original file card had /timomacocoxcatiac/ and /nimomacocoxcatitok/. This would almost certainly be an error, since the perfective /-tiak/ and the relationship to the intransitive /kokoka:tia/ suggest that /ma:kokoxka:tia/ is intransitive. Thus it should not have a reflexively marked subject. Nevertheless this should be checked. Check what other body parts might be incorporated. Further research words with /kokoya/ and /kokowa/. \ref 00842 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /Jodi:yah We:roh/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 00843 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n \lxo á:tlapántsi:n \lxop a:tlapantsi:n \lxoc á:tlapántsi:n \lxt á:tlapántsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of edible plant of which there are two types \ss tipo de planta comestible de que hay dos tipos \pna A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para ika titlakwa:s. \pea <na>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</na> : It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal. \psa <na>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</na> : Es fragante. También sabe bien para acompañar una comida. \sem plant \sem edible \xrb ah \xrb tlapa: \nse <na>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</na> is often eaten raw with tortillas. \nae The duration of the final /a/ in Oapan speech seems to have a short duration. Ameyaltepec forms need to be rechecked. \cpl Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as <spn>pipicha</spn>. Ramírez (1991) gives both <spn>pápalo</spn> and <spn>pipicha</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has no plant listed under <spn>pipicha</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has pápaloquelite as follows:"(<i>Propphyllum</i> spp., e.g., <i>P. coloratum</i> 'odora.' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."According to Inocencio Díaz there are two of these one <na>tlatla:katl</na> that is more purplish and with a stronger taste and one <na>susowa:tl</na> which is also eaten; it has round leaves. \nct xiwtsi:ntli \grm Antipassive; obliques: Note /A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para i:ka titlakwa:s./ ' <na>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</na> | It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal.' Note the use of an obliquely marked subordinate. \vl Four additonal tokens of this follow 02937 \ref 00844 \lxa ma:nakayo \lxac i:ma:nakayo \lxo ma:nakayo \lxoc i:ma:nakayo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seao flesh on the arm of (sb, [Poss]) \ssao carne del brazo de (algn, [Pos]) \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb naka \qry Determine whether other body parts are commonly used with /-nakayo/. \ref 00845 \lxa te:nka:yo:tl \lxacpend *i:te:nka:yo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea leftovers (food) \ssa sobras (de una comida) \pna Deke tihkwa:s ma:ski san note:nka:yo:w. Xok itlah un tli:n tihkwa:skian okseki, saka nochi katka. \pea Maybe you can eat it even though it's just my leftovers. There is no longer anything else that we might eat, that was all there is. \psa Tal vez podrías comer de lo que me sobró. Ya no hay nada más que podemos comer, esto fue todo lo que había. \syno te:nka:wihli \xrb te:n \dis te:nka:wihli; te:nka:yo:tl \nae The etymology of this \qry Check to determine whether this can in fact occur in the unpossesed /te:nka:yo:tl/. Also recheck length of /a:/ in /ka:/. the etymology and derivational process that leads to this is not entirely clear. Finally, note that although I originally had /te:nka:yo:tl/ as having the possessed form /-te:nka:yo:w/, this might be in error. Check! abd correct in example sentence and /inf field. \qry Check length of penultimate /i/ in /te:nka:wihli/. In one entry I had /te:nka:wi:hli/. Check for possessed form. \ref 00846 \lxa tixi:ltia \lxac kitixi:ltia \lxo tixi:ltia \lxoc kitixi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (sb) grind <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> on a metate \ss hacer (a algn) moler nixtamal sobre un metate \pna Kitixi:ltia isuwa:mon. \pea She makes her daughter-in-law grind <na>nextamahli</na> on a metate. \psa Hace a su nuera moler nixtamal sobre un metate. \xrb tisi \xvbao tisi \grm Causative: There are not many causatives of transitive verbs. These are coded as V3-d-ca in the /cat field. One is /na:maka/ and /na:makiltia/ although the morphological causative here does not have causative semantics. Another is /tlato:ltia/ although in this case given that */ito:ltia/ is not found, it is probably better to consider this as a causative of the intransitive /tlatowa/. One of the few clear ditransitive causatives is /kwaltia/, but in this case the causative has a lexicalized meaning of 'to feed' or 'to give to eat' and the primary object has lost his or her agentive qualities. With /tixi:ltia/ although the verb /tisi/ is morphosyntactically intransitive, it is semantically transitive, with a null object complement not expressed. The primary object of the causative retains an agentive quality, unlike that which occurs in most other ditransitive causatives. \ref 00847 \lxa tejo:n \lxac tejo:n \lxo tejo:h \lxoc tejo:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan tejón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>tejo:meh</na> \seao coati, small mammal called <spn>tejón</spn> in Spanish (<l>Nasua nasua</l> syn. <l>Nasua narica</l>) \ssao tejón, una pequeña mamífero (<l>Nasua nasua</l> sin. <l>Nasua narica</l>) \sem animal \sem mammal \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>tejo:meh</na> may be refer as either <nba>tejo:meh de montone:ros</nba> or <nba>solita:rioh</nba>. The former is used to refer to this animal when it is found in large groups; the latter is used for a large (male) <spn>tejó:n</spn> that is found alone. Leopold (1959:432ff.) notes this distinction in his discussion of the <l>Nasua narica</l> or coati for which he gives an alternate name of"solitario"for old males. He then remarks that"Female coatis and their young are highly sociable. It is not uncomon to find groups of 15 or 20, and aggregations of as many as 200 are mentioned in the literature. Some old males, on the other hand, are solitary in habit. This differential behavior is well known to the rural people of Mexico; in many localities the lone males are designated as <spn>solitarios</spn> and the mixed bands of young males, females, and young are called simply <spn>tejones</spn> or <spn>cholugas</spn>. There is even confusion over whether these animals are all of the sae species"(pp. 433--35). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check pronunciation for stress and length. \ref 00848 \lxa toktia \lxac notoktia \lxo tohtia \lxoc notohtia \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \tran Only documented in reflexive \sea (refl. + <na>-na:k</na>) to hide behind; to place oneself behind \ssa (refl. + <na>-na:k</na>) esconderse atrás de; colocarse atrás de \pna O:notoktih ina:k Juan. \pea He placed himself behind Juan (perhaps, but not necessarily, to hide) \psa Se colocó inmediatamente atrás de Juan (quizá, pero no necesariamente, para esconderse). \seo to lean against; to place (sth) to lean against \sso recargarse contra; colocar (algo) para recargarse contra o sobre (ello) \pno Notohtia ya:n tlake:ntli. \peo He leans himself up against the cloth (in this case that he has placed as a rest). \pso Se recarga contra la tela (en este caso un bulto de tela colocado como un apoyo). \xrb toka \nae Only the reflexive use of <na>toktia</na> has so far been documented in the corpus. Molina has several occurrences of <n>toctia</n> among which is <n>toctia. nicno.</n> 'esconderse, o ampararse detras de algo' RS gives the phrase <n>tlayoalli nicno-toctia</n> 'esconderse en la oscuridad.' In Classical Nahuatl <n>toktia</n> is a causative formation of the transitive <nla>toka</nla>, which would make it ditransitive. Often in Ameyaltepec the specific object of ditransitives used reflexively is not marked on the verb (even though it would be in Oapan, in Classical, and in perhaps other dialects). Thus Classical <n>nicnocouilia</n> 'I buy it for myself' is <na>nimokowilia</na> in Ameyaltepec, with the object marker <na>k-</na> deleted even though it could be expressed as a core argument with no oblique. However, in the phrase above, <na>O:notoktih i:na:k Juan</na> the object (here a person) hidden behind is obliquely expressed and thus not a core argument. This suggests that in Ameyaltep ec <na>toktia</na> i s simply transitive (at least in the example given). Whether it is ditransitive in Oapan remains to be seen. \qry Check for non-reflexive use of /toktia/. \grm Causative; valency: Only the reflexive use of <na>toktia</na> has so far been documented in the corpus. Molina has several occurrences of <na>toctia</na> among which is <n>toctia. nicno.</n> 'esconderse, o ampararse detras de algo' RS gives the phrase <n>tlayoalli nicno-toctia</n> 'esconderse en la oscuridad.' In Classical Nahuatl <n>toktia</n> is a causative formation of the transitive <nla>toka</nla>, which would make it ditransitive. Often in Ameyaltepec the specific object of ditransitives used reflexively is not marked on the verb (even though it would be in Oapan, in Classical, and in perhaps other dialects). Thus Classical <n>nicnocouilia</n> 'I buy it for myself' is <na>nimokowilia</na> in Ameyaltepec, with the object marker <na>k-</na> deleted even though it could be expressed as a core argument with no oblique. However, in the phrase above, <na>O:notoktih i:na:k Juan</na> the object (here a person) hidden behind is obliquely expressed and thus not a core argument. This sugges ts that in Ameyalt epec <na>toktia</na> is simply transitive (at least in the example given). Whether it is ditransitive in Oapan remains to be seen. \ref 00849 \lxa ma:namaka \lxaa ma:nemaka \lxac kima:namaka \lxo ma:namaka \lxoa ma:nemaka \lxoc kima:nemaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \seao to sell itinerantly, by walking around and holding merchandise in ones hands (as opposed to selling in a fixed location; i:e., in a stand = or store) \ssao vender como ambulante, llevando mercancía en las manos (y no en un lugar fijo, como un puesto o tienda) \pna Kima:namaka, se:sentetl kinamakatinemi. \pea He sells it itinerantly, he goes around selling (the merchandise) one by one. \psa La vende como ambulante, la anda vendiendo (su mercancía), uno por uno. \xrb ma: \xrb namaka \rt Cf. etymology of all verbs beginning in /na:/. \ref 00850 \lxa tlane:spantia \lxac tlane:spantia \lxo tlane:spantia \lxoc tlane:spantia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to dawn \ssao amanecer; alborecer \pna Ye wa:ltlane:spantitiw. \pea It is getting light with the coming dawn. \psa Viene haciendo claridad con el amanecer. \se for there to be visibility as light appears \ss llegar a haber visibilidad con una luz entrante \pna Xtlapo un korti:nas para ma tlane:spantia! \pea Open the curtains so that it becomes light (in here)! \psa ¡Abre las cortinas para que haya claridad (aquíadentro)! \xrb ne:si \dis tlane:si; tlane:spantia \nse Although in general <na>tlane:spantia</na> refers to the dawn itself, it can also refer to the increased visibility that might occur, for instance inside a house, as dawn breaks. Thus, inside a house one might say <na>nika:n o:tlane:spantiak</na>, and never ? <na>nika:n o:tlane:s</na>. \qry Check progressive form. Check comments made in /nte field. \ref 00851 \lxa inakas chichi \lxac inakas chichi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of food made by tearing apart tortillas and tossing them into <nlao>chi:lmante:kah</nlao> ; the result is similar to chilaquiles \ssa tipo de comida hecha al echar tortillas despedazadas en <nla>chi:lmante:kah</nla>, el resultado es como sopes o chilaquiles \pna I:nakas chichi | Tlaxkahli. Ke:kchi:wan chi:lmante:kah pero san a:tki dya umpa kiko:koto:nan tlaxkahli. \pea <na>I:nakas chichi</na> : It is a (food made of) tortillas. They make a boiled red chile sauce and then they rip up pieces of tortilla into it. \psa <na>I:nakas chichi</na> : Es una (comida hecha de) tortilla. Hacen una salsa de chile verde hervido con manteca y allá le despedazan tortillas. \sem food-maize \xrb nakas \xrb chichi \ref 00852 \lxa tlatlaxi:ltia \lxac kitlatlaxi:ltia \lxo tlatlaxi:ltia \lxoc kitlatlaxi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to make cough (e.g., a cigarrette, sth eaten, etc. [S]) \ss hacer toser (p. ej., un cigarro, algo comido, etc. [S] \pna Mistlatlatlaxi:lti:s, ma:ka xkoni! \pea It will make you repeatedly cough, don't drink it! \psa Te va a hacer toser seguido,¡no lo vayas a beber! \xrb tlasi \xvbao tlatlasi \nae Given the lexicalization of <nao>tlatlasi</nao>, the reduced reduplicative form * <no>ki:tlaxi:ltia</no> is not accepted in Oapan. \qry Check correctness of /mistlatlatlaxi:lti:s/, i.e., reduplication. FK has the causative as /tlatlaxi:tia/; check this and the form given here, including for vowel length of the stem-final /i:/ since in one entry/filecard I had a short /i/ here. \grm Oapan reduplication: Given the lexicalization of <nao>tlatlasi</nao>, the reduced reduplicative form * <no>ki:tlaxi:ltia</no> is not accepted in Oapan. \ref 00853 \lxa ompeti \lxac ompeti \lxo ompeti \lxoc ompeti \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V1-b \dt 18/Apr/2005 \infv class-3d(ti) \seao see <nao>peti</nao> \ssao vé ase <nao>peti</nao> \nae In tense/aspect inflection <nao>ompeti</nao> manifests an alternation between directional prefixes and suffixes: <nao>ompetis</nao> for the future, for example, and <nao>o:petito</nao> for the perfective. \ref 00854 \lxa ye:lo:tl \lxac ye:lo:tl \lxo ye:lo:tl \lxoc ye:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao green ear of corn, still moist on the stem but at the stage when it can be eaten \ssao elote, maíz todavía tierno pero ya en una etapa cuando se puede comer \sem food \xrb e:lo: \encyctmp mi:hli (all stages and parts) \nse Traditionally <spn>elotes</spn> are eaten during the fiesta of San Miguel, on September 29. Shortly afterward they begin to dry on the maize stalk. \nae Although plant parts, apparently both <nao>xi:lo:tl</nao> and <nlao>ye:lo:tl</nlao> are only alienably possessed, either by a human possessor or by the whole plant of which it is a part. \mod In the /ono field give all the stages and parts of the mi:hli plant. \ref 00855 \lxa kekextlami \lxac kekextlami \lxo kekextlami \lxoc kekextlami \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(m) \seao to see an end to ones party days; for ones days for fun to be over \ssao acabarsele los dias de paranda, acabarsele a uno los dias alegres \xrb kex \xrb tlami \nse Throughout various compounded forms, the metaphor of"itch"(<na>kekex</na>) is used to indicate a type of party-like attitude, of a person likes to dance, to have a good time, etc.; cf. <nlao>kekechpo:ni</nlao>. \ref 00856 \lxa to:puwatl \lxac to:puwatl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao dried stalk of corn (below where the picked <spn>mazorca</spn> had been) \ssao tallo de maíz secado; huasol (hacia abajo de donde estaba la mazorca ya cosechada) \sem plant \sem part \syna mi:lowatl \syno omi:lkohtli \nse Other Ameyaltepec consultants, if my notes are correct, gave the form <na>to:kowatl</na>. However, Cristino Flores stated that he has always used <na>to:powatl</na>. \mod See diagram under /mi:hli/. \ref 00857 \lxa poyé:k \lxac poyé:k \lxo poye:k \lxoc poye:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \seao to be salty (a food or beverage) \ssao estar salado (una comida o bebida) \pna Poyé:k motlakwal, o:pano:k de istatl. \pea Your food is salty, it has too much salt in it. \psa Tu comida está salada, pasóde sal. \xrb poye \grm Adjective predication /Poyé:k motlakwal/ 'Your food is salty.' This illustrates clearly the position of predication in Nahuatl. Thus rather than simply VS, perhaps one could consider this as Pred-S with predicates preceding subjects. \ref 00858 \lxa tlaxitia \lxac tlaxitia \lxo tláxitiá \lxop tlaxitia \lxoc tláxitiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to get an erection; to get a hard-on \ssao pararsele el pene a \pna O:nitlaxitih, nisowakochisneki. \pea I got a hard-on, I want to sleep with a woman. \psa Se me paró el pene, quiero acostarme con una mujer. \pna Yo:pe:w tlaxitia moburroh. Xikpia kwida:doh, ma:ka ipan tsikwinis burrah, tla:mo mitsa:ltlakalis! \pea Your donkey has started to get an erection. Take care that it doesn't try to mount a female donkey, for if it does it will throw you to the ground! \psa Ya empezó a pararsele a tu burro.¡Ten cuidado que no vaya a montarle a una burra porque si lo hace, te va a aventar al suelo. \xrb hsa \xbtla ixitia \ref 00859 \lxa ye:ime:sti \lxac ye:ime:sti \lxo ye:ime:sti \lxoc ye:ime:sti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao see <nlao>-me:sti</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-me:sti</nlao> \xrb ye:i \xrb me:s \ref 00860 \lxa komanda:nteh \lxac komanda:nteh \lxo komanda:ndeh \lxoc komanda:ndeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan comandante \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao village police office \ssao policía del pueblo \nse In Ameyaltepec, during the time of my fieldwork, a person would be chosen for this office and hold it for 2 years working in what is called a <na>komisió:n</na>. \nae Note the voicing of the alveolar stop in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 00861 \lxa selia \lxac selia \lxo selia \lxoc selia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to reach a tender, green, or unripe stage of growth (a growing fruit or plant) \ssao llegar a ser tierna, verde y todavía no madura (una fruta o planta que está creciendo) \se to become sensitive or tender (skin, a part of the body) \ss ponerse sensible (la piel, parte del cuerpo) \pna O:seseliak nokxopal. Ne:chkukwa. \pea The bottom of my feet have become tender (e.g., from using shoes). They hurt. \psa Las plantas de mis pies se han puesto sensibles (p. ej., al usar zapatos por la primera vez). Me duelen. \pna Xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw. \pea The bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's already gotten toughened. \psa La planta de tu pie no se va a poner tierno, ya quedóduro y resistente. \xrb sel \qry The meaning and use of /seliya/ as 'to become tender, green, or unripe is still not clear and should be clarified. Does this, for example, refer to a plants that have just sprouted, can one say ?xeseliya. Perhaps it is mostly used in the negative. Also check to make sure that /i/ is accented as would be indicated by the spelling with /y/. P \ref 00862 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /ye:wa/ xref'd to /e:wa/. It has been deleted. \dt 07/Jun/2002 \ref 00863 \lxa xkanah \lxac xkanah \lxo xkanah \lxoc xkanah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pronoun \der Pr-indef \seao see <nlao>kanah</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>kanah</nlao> \ref 00864 \lxa kwilowa \lxac kikwilowa \lxo íkwilówa \lxop ikwilowa \lxoc kíkwilówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \seao to write (a letter, a symbol, etc.) \ssao escribir (una carta, una letra, etc.) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to scribble (e.g., a message) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) garrapaear (p. ej., un mensaje) \pna O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl. \pea That child scribbled it. \psa Ese niño lo garrapateó. \xrb hkwil \xvaa kwilowilia \xvao íkwilowília \nse Although in Classical and other dialects this verb is found as <na>(i)hkwiloa</na>, with an initial epenthetic /i/, this epenthesis seems to have entirely disappeared from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, as evidenced in the applicative <na>ne:chkwilowilia</na>, for example. Since the basic verb always takes either the 3rd person specific object or the nonspecific <n>tla-</n>, it is impossible to tell whether there is an epenthetic /i/. However, the applicative, which can take <na>ne:ch</na> and <na>mits</na>, for example, as benefactives, clearly demonstrates the absence of epenthetic /i/ in Ameyaltepec. The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. But since the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., <na>ne:chikwilowilia</na>, the basic verb probably has an initial /i/ as well, although it would be hard to tell since the object has only been documented with the 3rd person singu lar <n>ki-</n>. \qry The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. Still unclear is whether the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., is it <na>ne:chkwilowilia</na> or <na>ne:chikwilowilia</na>. Check in Oapan and San Juan for presence of /h/ and /i/. Note that the phrase /Okikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ is taken from an original file card without recorded vowel length. However, since I would expect /kukwilowa/ for short vowel reduplication I have tentatively entered this phrase with long vowel reduplication. This should be checked. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: Note the following use/meaning: 'to scribble (e.g., a message)' /O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ 'That child scribbled it.' \ref 00865 \lxa tsotsolowa \lxac kitsotsolowa \lxo tsotsolowa \lxoc kitsotsolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se to uncover and leave exposed (e.g, my removing a blanket) \ss descubrir y dejar expuesto (p. ej., al quitarle a algn su cobija) \sea to remove (some or all) the clothes of (Oapan synonym: see <nlo>tlá:kopí:nia</nlo>) \ssa quitarle (todo o alguna parte de) la ropa a (Oapan sinónimo: vé ase <nlo>tlá:kopí:nia</nlo>) \pna Xmotsotsolo! \pea Take off your clothes! \psa ¡Quítate la ropa! \seo to skin (e.g., a pig that has been slaughtered) \sso despellejar (p. ej., un marrano sacrificado) \xrb tsol \dis tsotsolowa; tsotsoltelowa \ref 00866 \lxa yeye:i \lxacpend *toyeye:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der Num \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea (<na>toyeye:i</na>) threesies (in a game of jacks) \ssa (<na>toyeye:i</na>) treses (en un juego de matatena) \pna A:man -i:pan- toyeye:i. \src DT#8: 811 \pea Now (let's go for) threesies (i.e., in a game of jacks) \psa Ahora (vamos a jugar) treses (p. ej., en matatena). \xrb ye:i \cfa ye:i \fl nana:wi \nse When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, <na>yeye:i</na> is used to refer to"threesies"in the game of jacks. Apparently it is more common or correct to use the form <na>i:pan toyeye:i</na> for 'threesies.' Note that the numeral <na>ye:i</na> may also be reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'three by three,' 'every three,' etc. For this usage, see <nlao>ye:i</nlao>. \mod Make sure all numbers used (e.g., yeye:i), etc. is in the lexicon. \ref 00867 \lxa tlachichi:hki \lxac tlachichi:hki \lxo tlá:chí:hke:tl \lxoc tlá:chí:hke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn Stem 2 \seao stud animal (e.g., horse, bull, etc.) \ssao semental (p. ej., caballo, toro, etc.) \pna Tlachichi:hki, kitlachichi:wilia ba:kah. \pea It (a bull in this case) is used for stud, it impregnates cows. \psa Es un toro semental, empreña a las vacas. \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \sea producer; person who makes things \ssa fabricante; persona que fabrica cosas \pna Tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl. \pea She is a ceramicist. \psa Ella es alfarera. \sea (fig.) gigolo; man who has sexual relations with many women \ssa (fig.) gigoló; hombre que mantiene relaciones sexuales con muchas mujeres \xrb chi:wa \nse In Oapan this term is used only for an animal used as stud. Manufacturers are referred to by terms such as <no>tla:lchi:hke:tl</no>, in which the material worked is represented as an incorporated noun. The Ameyaltepec antipassive-like construction <na>tlachichi:hki i:ka tepalkatl</na> is not acceptable in Oapan. Cf. the form with long-vowel reduplication <nlo>tlachi:chi:hki</nlo> which is used for someone who doesn't like anything, who is very particular. \qry Determine whether re: /tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/ the form /tepalkachichi:hke:tl/ or sth similar is also correct and equivalent. Check if /tlachichi:hki/ can refer to an animal used for stud. In one entry I have this definition, but in another I specifically mention it as not acceptable. But in two note cards I mention this as acceptable. Check whether a possessed form is possible. \grm Oblique; antipassive; agentive: Note the following: /Tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/. It seems that there are two options to express an agentive construction: NI+Agentivized verb and tla+Agentivized verb + oblique NP. The phrase here is an example of the latter; unfortunately the corpus has little documentation on these forms. Yet such agentive constructions parallel what has been called the antipassive construction (e.g., /nontlate:mo:s ika wa:kax/). Perhaps in a literal translation /tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/ signifies more 'she is a maker of ceramics' than 'she is a ceramicist' (/tepalkachichi:hke:tl/?). \ref 00868 \lxa sakamowa \lxac sakamowa \lxo sakamowa \lxoc sakamowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran Specific (i.e., only accepts specific objects) \infv class-2b \se to plow land after the rainy season, breaking up the earth in preparation for the coming year \ss arar un terreno después de terminar la temporada de lluvias, asíabriéndolo y preparándolo para la temporada siguiente \pna Sakamotok, tlayema:nilitok para se:xtli kito:kas. \pea He is breaking up the ground, he is softening it up so that the coming year he will plant it. \psa Está abriendo la tierra con el arado, lo está suavizando para que el año próximo lo pueda sembrar. \xrb sakam \cfa teki \nse <na>Sakamowa</na> refers to the action of plowing land at the end of the rainy season, over half a year before it will actually be planted. In this way the ground will have been softened when it is plowed for planting in late May or early June, after some nine months of dryness. \nde Molina has <n>çacamoa. ni.</n> an intransitive verb glossed as 'abriar, o labrar de nuevo la tierra, o roçar la yerva.' Apparently, as RS indicates, the verb is related to the nominal <nao>sakatl</nao>, but the etymological connection is not clear. \qry Determine whether this refers to land that has been previously planted, or to land that has been recently cleared and that will be planted for the first time. \mod Note that this as well as several other verbs are transitive and end in /-owa/ but clearly do not have intransitive froms. The question for coding is whether to consider these nondirected alternations or simply classify them as basic verbs. This should be determined later. Also, the verb would seem to be related to /sakatl/ although there is no clear motivation for the /m/. Hence the root is listed as /sakam/. \rt The root <na>sakam</na> is found only in <na>sakamowa</na>. It would seem to be related to <na>saka</na> of the noun <na>sakatl</na>, but no clear derivational process has been found. \ref 00869 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /kuhyekapi:stik/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00870 \lxa te:ntsontli \lxac te:ntsontli \lxo te:ntsontli \lxoc te:ntsontli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seao beard or moustache (of men) \ssao barba o bigote (de hombres) \seao whiskers or"beard"(of cats, dogs, catfish, donkeys, oxen) \ssao bigotes (de gatos, perros, bagres, burros, bueyes, etc.) \se facial hair (of men and some women); \ss pelo facial (de hombres y algunas mujeres) \xrb te:n \xrb tson \ref 00871 \lxa a:ntok \lxac a:ntok \lxo a:ntok \lxoc a:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be adjoined or adjacent to; to be one continuous unit \ss estar contigua a; ser una sola unidad continua \pna I:wa:n a:ntok. \pea It is one (e.g. piece of property) unit with the other. \psa Es uno solo (p. ej., parte de una sola propiedad) con el otro. \pna Tlama:kwilo:hli, san se: a:ntok. \pea Written script is just one continuous thing (line). \psa La letra cursiva es una cosa continua. \cfa a:nahlo \cfo a:nka \xrb a:na \nse Note that <nao>i:wa:n a:ntok</nao> might be said of a field that now has one owner but comprises lands that used to be separate. Since they are now together under one owner it is said of one parcel that, with the other, <nao>i:wa:n a:ntok</nao>. \qry Make sure of difference between <na>iwa:n a:ntok</na> and <na>ia:nahlo</na>. \ref 00872 \lxa ikxitlapowa \lxac kikxitlapowa \lxo ixitlapowa \lxoc kixitlapowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to open the legs of (sb or, figuratively speaking, sth) \ssao abrir las piernas de (algn o, figurativamente, algo) \pna Xmokxitlapoto, motlampa ma nipano! \pea Keep your legs open, let me pass (e.g., crawl) underneath you! \psa ¡Manténte con las piernas abiertas, déjame pasar abajo de tí!! \xrb kxi \xrb tlapo: \nse Cf. note with /ikxitlapowi/. \ref 00873 \lxa teposko:ntli \lxac teposko:ntli \lxo teposko:ntli \lxoc teposko:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se metal pot \ss olla de metal \xrb tepos \xrb ko:m \ref 00874 \lxa ikximonexe:wi \lxac ikximonexe:wi \lxo iximónexé:wi \lxop iximonexe:wi \lxoc iximónexé:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>ikxitemonexe:wi</na> (Am) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have ones feet (or legs) to get grayish white (e.g., from not having bathed for several days after which time salt from dried sweat, or dried powder from walking in lime or dusty white earth, covers ones legs) \ssao ponersele gris o grisceo las piernas o los pies a (p. ej., por no haberse bañado por much tiempo, secándose sal que se dejópor el sudor, o por secarsele polvo blanco que acumulópor haber uno caminado en cal o tierra blanca y polvosa) \xrb kxi \xrb mohnex \qry Question is semantic difference and basis for alternation. Cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/: is there a /ikximonexiwi/? This alternation is significant for discussions of vowel length stability. Finally, note here problem of etymology. Obviously related to root /nex/ 'ashes'. However, Ameyaltepec more commonly uses forms such as /monextik/ and /temonextik/, as in the present compound word. Perhaps related to reflexive /mo-/ and intensifier /te-/. Check these problems. \sj ikximonexe:wi; check for reason for Oapan p-a. \ref 00875 \lxa i:xmahki \lxac i:xmahki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea to be untamed; to be wild and easily startled or frightened (an animal) \ssa ser cerrero y asustadizo (un animal) \pna Na:kopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki. \pea Your burro will rear up because it is untamed and easily startled. \psa Se va a recabritar tu burro por cerrero. \pna I:xmahki, ma:s san tli:n konta, nomuwtia. \pea It's easily startled, whatever it sees out there, it gets frightened. \psa Es asustadizo, cualquier cosa que ve por ahí, se espanta. \syno mahki \syno mahkitik \xrb i:x \xrb maw \cfa mahka:tsi:n \nse <na>I:xmahki</na> is used to refer to animals such as machos, burros, oxen, etc. that startle easily, simply by catching sight of something such as a small lizard or animal that moves in the grass. \qry Check final /h/ on /burroh/. Check long /a:/ in /a:kopanketsa/. Check difference of /i:xmahki/ to /mahki/ and of both to /mahka:tsi:n/. Check /ma:s san tli:n/. Probably this should be /ma:s san tli:non/. \mod Under /mahki/ I have noted that FM makes a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. However, I have /i:xmahki/ here with no Oapan form. Recheck that it does exist, and if so enter. Also, recheck difference between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. \ref 00876 \lxa tlayo:hli \lxac tlayo:hli \lxo tlayo:hli \lxoc tlayo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao shelled maize \ssao maíz desgranado \se maize in general \ss el maíz en general \cfa pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \xrb o:ya \encyctmp tlayo:hli \qry Check for possession with /-yo/. \cpl There are several types of <na>tlayo:hli</na> so far documented. Some are categorized by color, others by name. Of the colors, note: <nla>istá:k tlayo:hli</nla>, <nla>ya:wtli</nla>, <nla>xo:koyo:lin</nla> or <nla>chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli</nla>, and <nla>kostik tlayo:hli</nla>. Of those that are named they are all white maize (<na>istá:k tlayo:hli</na> : <na>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</na> or simply <nla>chi:noh</nla>, <nla>tlayo:hli de arrosi:yoh</nla> (see below), <nla>tlayo:lkimichin</nla>, <nla>tlayo:lyewahli</nla>, and <nla>tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</nla> have been documented to date. Some consultants also described <na>tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</na> as <nla>a:kawtik</nla>, 'light (in weight)' while others mentioned <na>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</na> as 'light.' Note finally, that whereas some Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that <na>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</na> is the same as the maize called <spn>arrocillo</spn> in local Spanish, others suggested that the two were different. \ref 00877 \lxa tlaksaltia \lxac kitlaksaltia \lxo tlasaltia \lxoc kitlasaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to place weight on (an arm or leg) \ss cargarse sobre (un brazo o pierna) \pna Tiktlaksaltitiá:s moma wa:n mokxi, tima:nenemis. \pea You will go along placing your weight on your arms and legs, you will crawl. \psa Vas a ir cargando tu peso sobre los brazos y piernas, vas a andar a gatas. \se (~ <na>-pan</na>) to set or place upright on (so that a heavy weight is being born, as occurs when a supporting pole [O] is placed on top of sth) \ss (~ <na>-pan</na>) parar o colocar en posición vertical sobre (para que un peso se carga, por ejemplo como ocurre cuando un poste o soporte [O] se coloca sobre una base) \pna Sole:rah, ipan kitlaksaltian kabe:sas. \pea In regard to the <nla>sole:rah</nla>, it is on them that the <nla>kabe:sas</nla> (which bear the weight of a thatched roof) are stood upright. \psa En cuanto a las soleras, es sobre ellas que se paran las cabesas (que soportan el peso de un techo de palma o zacate). \xrb tlaksa \xvba tlaksa \xvbo tlasa \ilustmp See illustration on original 3x5 card. \ref 00878 \lxa koto:ni \lxac koto:ni \lxo koto:ni \lxoc koto:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekoto:ni</nao> \infv class-3a \seao to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) \ssao reventarse o romperse (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) \pna Ye koto:ntok. \pea It is about to snap in two (e.g., a belt, a sandal strap partially torn and on the verge of ripping, etc.). \psa Estápor reventar (p. ej., un cinturón, un tirante de un huarache parcialmente roto y al punto de reventar, etc.). \pna O:tekoto:n la:soh. \pea The lasso suddenly snapped. \psa De repente se reventóla riata. \pna Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik! \pea It won't stand up anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better place a new one (e.g., a strap or lasso) on it. \psa Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar en pedazos. Mejor ponle uno que sea nuevo (p. ej., un tirante o laso). \se to fragment; to break apart in isolated portions (e.g., a brook that during the dry season dries up, leaving strings of poorly connected ponds; or clouds that become scattered and broken up by the wind) \ss fragmentarse; quebrantarse en secciones aisladas (p. ej., un arroyo que se seca durante la temporada de secas, dejando una serie de pocitos poco profundos; o nubes que se dispersan por el viento) \pna O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis. \pea The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain accompanied by a driving wind. \psa Se han despejado las nubes en partes. Se han rasgado, quizáva a llegar un aguacero con fuerte viento. \se to cease to occur (p. ej., a pattern of behavior, events, or actions that have continued for a long time, such as customs, traditions, litigation, etc.) \ss cesar; dejar de occurir (un patrón de comportamiento, o eventos y acciones, que han perdurado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones, litigios, etc.) \se to come to an end (a lineaje or family) \ss acabarse (un linaje o familia) \se to break loose (in snapping bonds, e.g., an animal that snaps its teather) \ss soltarse (al reventar algo, como un animal al reventar su \xrb koto: \qry /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb. \grm Reduplication: /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb. \ref 00879 \lxa te:milia \lxac kite:milia \lxo te:milia \lxoc kite:milia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to fill (some sort of container) for \ssao llenar (cualquier tipo de recipiente) para \pna Xne:xte:mili na:ko:n! \pea Fill my water cistern for me! \psa ¡Lléname mi tinaja! \pna Xne:xte:te:mili notlayo:l, ma niktlapo nokostal! \pea Fill my sacks with maize for me (one by one), I'll open them! \psa ¡Lléname mis costales con maíz (uno por uno), yo los voy a abrir! \se (with short vowel reduplication, but plural object only) to place in order or line for; to stack or pile up for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta, pero solamente con objeto plural) colocar o enfilar para; apilar para \pna Xne:xtete:mili noswaw! \pea Stack my <nla>iswatl</nla> up for me! \psa ¡Hazme un montón con mi zacate! \flao te:ma \xrb te:m \xv1ao tlate:milia \xvbao te:ma \nse As in other cases (e.g., <nlao>te:ma</nlao>) it is not clear whether there are two homophonous verbs <n>te:ma</n> one referring to filling things (which has an intransitive in <n>te:mi</n> and an alternative transitive in <n>te:mi:tia</n>) and the other to laying things down (on the ground) in order. However, it might be that this second sense is only found with a plural object and usually with long vowel reduplication. \qry Check for other acceptations. Note that it is not clear whether two verbs are being referred to. One would be /te:mi/ and /te:mi:tia/ 'to fill' and the other /te:ma/ 'to lay down flat.' Check. \ref 00880 \lxa siawistli \lxac siawistli \lxo siawistli \lxoc siawistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \seao tiredness; fatigue \ssao cansancio; fatiga \pna Tikpia siawistli. \pea You are tired. \psa Estás cansado. \xrb siawi \grm Pro-verb: In Nahuatl note how verbs such as /pia/ and /asi/ (intransitive and transitive respectively) act as proverbs with nouns (cf. English 'to get tired' for 'to tire'). Thus in Nahuatl, /tikpia siawistli/ for /tisiawi/ and /ne:chasi a:pistli/ for /na:pismiki/. \ref 00881 \lxa kwa:tepasoltik \lxac kwa:tepasoltik \lxo kwa:tépasóltik \lxoc kwa:tépasóltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \seao to have disheveled, entangled, uncombed, or messy hair \ssao tener el pelo desarreglado, despeinado, desgreñado \apa kwa:tepasol \apo kwa:tépasól \fla kwa:pasoliwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \qry Check as in associated words, whether the form without /te/ is correct, or whether this should be /kwa:tepasoltik./. \vl I have added the p-a to the Oapan form even though after recording I did not have it. But comparative evidence from other entries suggest it should be there. Remove if this is in error. \ref 00882 \lxa tlayehli \lxac tlayehli \lxo tláyehlí \lxop tlayehli \lxoc tláyehlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pss Adj(pred) \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \seao playful; mischievous; bothersome or a bother (because of overexuberant playfulness) \ssao juguetón; latoso; travieso \pna Mlá:k tlayelteh motskwinwa:n, ne:chontlai:xpolowilian nocha:n. \pea Your dogs are really mischievous, they go mess things up in my house. \psa Tus perros son muy latosos, van a maltratarme las cosas en mi casa. \pna Mi:te:ka, nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh. \pea The (insect known as) <nla>mi:te:ka</nla> lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They (these insects) are somewhat reddish. \psa El (insecto conocido como) <nla>mi:te:ka</nla> vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son (estos insectos) algo rojizos. \xrb tlahyel \qry Check vowel length as in one entry I had a long /e:/. Check etymology. \ref 00883 \lxa nexi:ko:listli \lxac nexi:ko:listli \lxo nexi:ko:listli \lxoc nexi:ko:listli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \seao selfishness; self-centeredness; enviousness \ssao egoísmo; envidia \flao nexi:ko:leh \xrb xi:ko \qry Check for possessed form. \ref 00884 \lxa a:wi:teki \lxac ka:wi:tekin \lxo a:wi:teki \lxoc ka:wi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran Irregular \infv class-3a(k) \sea to be struck by lightening (person struck is [O] of 3rd-person plural transitive; Oapan synonym: <nlo>tsontewi:teki</nlo>) \ssa pegarsele un rayo a (persona pegada es [O] de un verbo transitivo en 3a persona; sinónimo en Oapan: <nlo>tsontewi:teki</nlo>) \pna Ne:cha:wi:tekiskeh. \pea I will be struck by lightening. \psa Me va a pegar un rayo. \pna O:kitsaya:nih pa:mpa o:ka:wi:tehkeh. \pea It got split lengthwise because it got hit by lightning. \psa Se partió a lo largo porque se le pegó un rayo. \seao to thrash (e.g., an animal with its tail) in the water \ssao dar látigos (p. ej., un animal con su cola) en el agua \seo to thrash around in the water (e.g., clothes in order to remove soap) \sso sacudir en el agua (p. ej., ropa para quitarle el jabón) \seo to waste (money) on a liquido (particularly beer) \sso malgastar (dinero) en bebida (p. ej., un cartón de cerveza u otro líquido parecido) \pno O:ka:wi:tek nowe:wentsi:n i:tomi:ntsi:n. \peo Mi husband wasted his money on drink. \pso Mi esposo malgastósu dinero en bebida. \sem weather \xrb a: \xrb wi:teki \nae In Ameyaltepec this verb is always found in transitive form with the object being the person or thing struck by lightening. The subject is always third person plural, suggesting that the lightening was caused by some volitional plural agent, although an"impersonal"interpretation is also valid. This is related to causitivity which people feel related to being struck by lightening, i.e. that others, plural, do it to the victim. In Oapan 'to be struck by lightening' is manifested in the verb <nlo>tsontewi:teki</nlo> ; the verb <no>a:wi:teki</no> is used to indicate the act of rapidly drinking a large quantity of beer. \qry Check why the 3rd person plural, i.e., who does the striking. Check this phrase, note difference in number of subject/agent: /O:kitsaya:nih pampa o:ka:wi:tehkeh./ Check, perhaps simply /o:tsaya:n/ or /o:notsaya:nih/. \ref 00885 \lxa kwa:ki:tskia \lxac kikwa:ki:tskia \lxo kwa:ki:tsia \lxoc kikwa:ki:tsia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to place ones hands behind the head of \ss poner las manos atrás de la cabeza de \pna Nihkwa:ki:tskia nokone:w. \pea I place my hand behind my child's head (e.g., to guide him along). \psa Pon mi mano atrás de la cabeza de mi niño (p. ej., para guiarlo). \pna Nokwa:ki:tskitok ika o:me ima. \pea He has placed both his hands behind his head (e.g., while relaxing). \psa Tiene las dos manos puestas atrás de la cabeza (p. ej., al relajarse). \xrb kwa: \xrb ki:tski \ref 00886 \lxa wa:wah \lxac wa:wah \lxo wa:wah \lxoc wa:wah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan agua (?) \psm Baby \der N-bb \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao water \ssao agua \xrb a: \nae <na>Wa:wah</na> is a word used in speaking to babies. Although it follows the pattern for baby-talk words, with a long vowel in the first syllable and a final /h/, the etymology is unclear. It might be derived from Spanish <spn>agua</spn> or it might be derived from Nahuatl <nlao>a:tl</nlao>. \qry See Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 00887 \lxa istachichi:ya \lxac istachichi:ya \lxo istachichi:ya \lxoc istachichi:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become overly salty \ss pasarse de sal \xrb sta \xrb chichi: \qry Check to see if /istamolo:nia/ exists, and whether it has the same meaning. Also, check for transitive form of this verb. \vl Check Oapan vl. I originally had a short final /i/ here in my entry (after the recording session but before analysis). However, for the simple /chichi:ya/ I did have a long vowel recorded (and this present entry would undoubtedly have the same vowel. \ref 00888 \lxa tekakapaxioh \lxac tekakapaxioh \lxo te:kapaxioh \lxoc te:kapaxioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \sem Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \se to be rough-surfaced (e.g., trees with particularly rough bark such as the <nbao>koxio:tl</nbao> and <nbao>po:cho:tl</nbao>) \ss tener una superficieáspera (p. ej., ciertosárboles tener cáscara particularmenteáspera como el <nbao>kuxio:tl</nbao> y <nbao>po:cho:tl</nbao>) \pna Kuwxio:tl no: tekakapaxioh. \pea The <na>cuajiote</na> tree tree is also rough surfaced. \psa El cuajiote también tiene la cáscaraáspera. \se to have rough skin (a person with a disease; certain animals from their skin or scales) \ss tener la piel dura yáspera (una persona tener una enfermedad de la piel; algunos animales) \pna Tekakapaxioh, kipia pi:ntoh de kakapaxtik, xi:ni ipolokayo. \pea He is rough-skinned, he has <na>pinto</na> of the type that leaves a rough skin, flakes of his skin fall off. \psa Tiene la pieláspera, tiene pinto del tipo que deja la pieláspera, se le cayen hojuelitas de piel. \xrb kapax \qry As with all entries in which I have Am /kakapaxioh/ or similar forms, with the possibility of /te-/ (i.e., /tekakapaxioh/), and Oa cognates that all have /te-/ and reduplication reduction, determine the potential subjects. First, what is the difference between Am /kakapaxioh/ etc. and Am /tekakapaxioh/. Then, what Oa cognates are applied to the subjects of the Am words. \ref 00889 \lxa wi:tsapo:hloh \lxac wi:tsapo:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea to be covered (an area) with many plants of the type called <nba>witsapo:lin</nba> \ssa estar cubierta (unaárea) con muchas plantas de la que se llama <nba>witsapo:lin</nba> \fla wi:tsapo:lin \ref 00890 \lxa po:yoh \lxac po:yoh \lxo po:yoh \lxoc po:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pollo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao rooster \ssao gallo \seao (fig.) stud; man who sleeps around with a lot of women \ssao (fig.) hombre caliente, que se acuesta con muchas mujeres \sem animal \sem domes \ref 00891 \lxa kwa:xo:tlaltia \lxac kikwa:xo:tlaltia \lxo kwa:xo:tlaltia \lxoc kikwa:xo:tlaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to anger and exasperate; to frustrate or to cause frustration to (e.g., a problem or situation that is difficult to resolve, a person who is bothersome [S]); to cause (sb) to rack their brains out \ssao fastidiar; exasperar (p. ej., un problema o situación de resolución difícil, una persona latosa [S]) \pna O:ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltih mokone:w. San tli:mach yo:ne:chiihlih. \pea Your child has exasperated me (perhaps I'm on the verge hitting him). He's said to me just about anything that occurs to him. \psa Tu hijo me ha fastidiado (quizá estoy a punto de pegarle). Ya me ha dicho cualquier cosa (que se le occura). \seao (refl.) to rack ones brains (trying to figure sth out or find a solution to a particular problem or situation) \ssao (refl.) devanarse los sesos (en buscar una solución a un problema o situación) \pna Nokwa:xo:tlaltia, kitete:mowilitiw ke:n ke:kchi:was. \pea He is racking his brains out, he's going along looking for a way to do it. \psa Se está devanando los sesos, le va buscando como lo va a hacer. \xrb kwa: \xrb xo:tla \qry Check other meanings and usages besides to exasperate and to cause someome to rack his brains. \ref 00892 \lxa tlakpaikni:wtli \lxac tlakpaikni:wtli \lxo tlahpaihni:htli \lxoc tlahpaihni:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao stepsibling \ssao hermanastro(a) \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb kni:w \nse This refers to the relationship between the children of two adults who get married, each having born these children in a previous marriage. \ref 00893 \lxa tla:lto:ntsi:n \lxac tla:lto:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea type of rod-like plant, <nla>tlako:tl</nla>, as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de vara, <nla>tlako:tl</nla>, hasta ahora no identificada \pna Tla:lto:ntsi:n kipia inelwayo ke:n po:cho:ko:niah, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:hli. \pea The <na>tla:lto:ntsi:n</na> has a root like a <nla>po:cho:ko:niah</nla>, it is called <nla>tla:ltepo:so:hli</nla>. \psa El <na>tla:lto:ntsi:n</na> tiene sus raices como un <nla>po:cho:ko:niah</nla>, se llama <nla>tla:ltepo:so:hli</nla>. \pna Tla:lto:ntsi:n | Xtlah kihlian. Kipia itla:kihlo itik tla:hli, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:lin. \pea <na>Tla:lto:ntsi:n</na> : Its not used for anything. It has its fruit inside the earth, it is called <nla>tla:ltepo:so:lin</nla>. \psa <na>Tla:lto:ntsi:n</na> : No se usa para nada. Tiene su fruta dentro de la tierra, se llama <nla>tla:ltepo:so:lin</nla>. \equiva tla:ltepo:so:lin \equiva tla:ltepo:so:hli \equivo tla:ltepisolin \xrb tla:l \xrb -to:n \nse The etymology of this plant name is unclear. Probably the element <na>-to:n</na> is the modifying suffix <n>-to:n</n> found in Classical Nahuatl as suggested by the long vowel. However, my original data on vowel length of this element is unclear, and varies between <na>-ton</na> and <na>-to:n</na> so vowel length should be confirmed. \cpl There is no documentation of this plant in any of the sources for the area. Consultants mentioned that it was a <na>tlako:tl</na>, suggesting that it is a bush-like plant with long, straight branches that can be used for switches. Others mentioned that it was a type of vine (<nla>komekatl</nla>). On another note I have recorded that this plant is also called <nla>tla:ltepo:so:lin</nla>. Listen to tape for more information. \nct tlako:tl \qry Check vowel length in /tla:lteposo:hli/ and correct if necessary; occasionally I had this as /tla:ltepo:sohli/ and sometimes as /tla:ltepo:so:hli/. Recheck and correct in all entries. Also check and correct Oapan Nahuatl /tla:ltepiso:lin/, which might also be in error. I have checked by measuring the speech of Chen Diaz and both /o:/'s are long. \ref 00894 \lxa ko:pi:lowa \lxac kiko:pi:lowa \lxo ko:pi:lowa \lxoc kiko:pi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-w \infv class-2b \se to fold or push up the sides of (sth more of less flat, e.g., a hat with the brim pushed upward in order to make a cupped-like object) \ss doblar las orillas (de algo plano) hace arriba (p. ej., un sombrero con las alas empujadas hacia arriba, para hacer algo como un recipiente o cono) \pna Xko:pi:lo -=xikxo:pi:lo- mosombre:roh! \pea Push up the brim of your hat! \psa ¡Dóbla las alas de tu sombrero hacia arriba! \se (refl.) to hunch over and pull ones arms close to the body (e.g., a person who is sick or cold); to shrink up and pull in ones arms (as a person trying to make himself or herself thin to fit through a small space); to shrink or pull back, to withdraw into a shell (e.g., a timid girl in withdrawing from the advances of a suitor) \ss (refl.) acurrucarse y jalar los brazos pegándolos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que está enferma o que tiene frío); encogerse y pegar los brazos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que se hace delgada para poder caber por un espacio apretado); encogerse y ir para atrás (p. ej., una joven tímida al evitar los avances de un pretendiente) \pna Tle:ka san timoko:pi:lotok? Tikwalo? \pea Why are you all huddled up with your arms tight to your side? Are you sick? \psa ¿Por qué estás todo acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo?¿Estás enfermo? \pna Noko:pi:lowa, kwalo. \pea He is huddling up with his arms close to his side, he is sick. \psa Está encogiéndose con sus brazos pegados al cuerpo, está enfermo. \pna Xmoko:pi:loka:n para wel tipano:skeh! Ma:ka xpatla:wtokan! \pea Hug your arms close to your side so that we can fit through that space! Don't be all loose with your arms hanging out! \psa ¡Pégense con los brazos al cuerpo para que podamos caber por ese espacio!¡No estén con los brazos todos desplegados! \pna Timoko:pi:lowa, tipipina:wi. \pea You shrink back, you are ashamed. \psa Te encoges hacia atrás, te da pena. \seo (refl., often with <n>-tiw</n>) to go along slowly, taking baby steps (e.g., sb ill or just recovering) \sso (refl., a menudo con <n>-tiw</n>) ir despacio, con pasos pequeños (p. ej., algn que está enfermo o que apenas se está recuperando) \xrb ko:pi:l \dis ko:pi:lowa; xo:pi:lowa (e.g., in reference to a sombrero) \ilustmp Cf. drawing with original 3x5 filecard. \ref 00895 \lxa ikxikwepaltik \lxac ikxikwepaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crooked foot (particularly in reference to humans) \ssa con el pie chueco (particularmente en referencia a los humanos) \pna Sahkó:n itekiw, ikxikwepaltik. \pea That's his condition, he has a crooked foot. \psa Así es de por si, tiene chueco el pie. \xrb kxi \xrb kwepal \nse The plural <na>ikxikukwepaltik</na>, which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise, <na>ikxikwepaltikeh</na> refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. \grm Plural of adjectives: The plural <na>ikxikukwepaltik</na>, which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise, <na>ikxikwepaltikeh</na> refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. Note, therefore, that when reduplication occurs in reference to an action or state, it refers to several points at which one entity is affected. This should be further explored, e.g., /totoma:wak/ vs. /toma:hkeh/ or /totoma:hkeh/. Etc. \ref 00896 \lxa tsapotl \lxac tsapotl \lxo tsapotl \lxoc tsapotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao fruit of the zapote tree \ssao fruta delárbol llamado zapote \se generic name for the zapote tree; see <nla>tsapokuwtli</nla> \ss nombre genérico para elárbol llamado zapote; vé ase <nla>tsapokuwtli</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tsapo \encyctmp tsapotl \qry Check for possessed; is this vulgar? \cpl According to Luis Lucena there are three types of <na>tsapotl</na> : <nla>xo:chi:tsapotl</nla>, <nla>tli:ltsapotl</nla>, and <nla>ila:mah</nla>. Other consultants gave two other types: <nla>tsatsapotsi:n</nla> and <nla>a:no:nah</nla>. According to the three consultants of the first botany session there are three types of zapote: <n>tli:ltsapotl</n>, called the same in all three villages; <no>kochitsapotl</no> or <nt>kohtsapotl</nt>, with smaller fruit (note that Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this tree); <no>xo:chitsapotl</no> (also called by the same name in Tetelcingo), which is the mamey bought in Cuetzala (note that although I have heard this used in Ameyaltepec, Inocencio Díaz referred to this simply as <na>tsapotl</na>). There is also another called <na>i:la:makuhtli</na> in Ameyaltepec. Both Inocencio Díaz and Asunción Marcelo stated that this is not a <n>tsapotl</n> and that the fruit is called simply <n>i:la:mah</n>. However, Silvestre Pantaleón stated that the frui t is c alled <no>tsapotl de i:la:mah</no> and the tree simply <no>i:la:mah</no>. He also stated that this is a type of <n>tsapotl</n>, which differs from what the others stated. \nct kohtli \ref 00897 \lxa popolwia \lxo pópolwía \lxop popolwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): see <nlo>tlá:polwíya</nlo> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao see <nla>tlapopolwia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>tlapopolwia</nla> \xrb pol \nse To date, the only documented occurrence of this trivalent verb in the corpus is with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> as an indefinite null complement. \qry Determine whether this word occurs only with the object prefix /tla-/ or whether such forms as /ne:chpopolwia/ also exist. If only with /tla-/, then change entry to /tlapopolwia/ and give a xref from /popolwia/. \ref 00898 \lxa tsi:nilpikatl \lxac tsi:nilpikatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 2 \sea cloth cord used to tie a diaper around a child (made from the same material as the diaper) \ssa cordón de tela que se emplea para amarrarle el pañal a un niño (y que se hace del mismo material que el pañal) \syno ma:ilpikatl \qry Check possessive form; whether possible and morphology. \xrb tsi:n \xrb lpi \ref 00899 \lxa yo:lamana \lxac kiyo:lamana \lxo yó:lamána \lxop yo:lamana \lxoc kiyó:lamána \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao to make (sb) feel slightly ill to the stomach; to make (sb) feel slightly nauseous (e.g., things such as bad food, a car ride, etc.) \ssao causarle algo de nausea a; causar algo de molestias al estómago de (p. ej., algo como comida mala, una excursión en coche, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w ne:chyo:lamana, o:nikwe:lilih. \pea It's started to make me ill to my stomach, I liked it a lot (and thus ate to much, harming my system). \psa Ya empezó a hacerme sentir mal del estómago, me gustóF3 mucho (y por esta razon comídemasiado, haciéndome daño). \pna O:pe:w kiyo:lamana ika kinekwtiw un ka:rroh. Me:dioh tsoyá:k. \pea He got nauseous from smelling the car (fumes). They have a somewhat burnt odor. \psa El olor del coche ya empezó a hacerle sentir nausea. Huele (el vapor que le sale al coche) algo como quemado.e, etc. \xrb yo:l \xrb ahmana \dis yo:lamana; yelmoya:wi \fl yelmoya:wi \ref 00900 \lxa tsi:kanekwteh \lxacpend *tsi:kanekwteh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of honey-producing flying insect that lives in the ground and are said to bite; <na>tsi:kanekwteh</na> are slightly smaller than <nla>koko:smeh</nla> \ssa tipo de insecto que vuela pero que vive en la tierra; produce miel y se dice que muerde; los <na>tsi:kanekwteh</na> son un poquito más pequeños que los <nla>koko:smeh</nla> \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tsi:ka \xrb nekw \syno tsómanéhtih \encyctmp nekwtli \nse <na>Tsi:kanekwteh</na> has only been documented in the plural. Apparently the Oapan cognate is <nlo>tsómanéhtih</nlo>, but until a definite identification is made, this concordance remains slightly uncertain. \grm Compound nouns: note the semantic relationship between the two nouns of the compount /tsi:kanekwtli/, which seem to be types of flying insects that produce honey (/nekwtli/). \ref 00901 \lxa pa:ti \lxac pa:ti \lxo pa:ti \lxoc pa:ti \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \seao to melt (ice, lead heated up, chocolate left in the sun, etc.) \ssao derritirse (hielo, chocolate dejado en el sol, etc.); fundirse (p. ej., plomo al calentarse, etc.) \se to erode or partially wash away (from water, e.g., adobe with a heavy rain) \ss erosionarse (a causa de agua, p. ej., adobe después de una fuerte lluvia) \src CF Am 901/00:38 \pna Deke pa:tsiwi, tikito:s"O:pa:t noxa:n!"pa:mpa un, o:pa:tsiw. Ya pa:ti ke:itlah kwe:chiwi teh. \sound_ref_Am 00901_02_am \pea If it (adobe) gets wet you'd say,"My adobe has eroded!"because, it, it got wet. And it erodes, like it sort of crumbles, y' know. \psa Si se moja (el adobe) dirás,"¡Se derritiómi adobe!"porque ese, se mojó. Ya se derrite pues, como que se desmorona. \se to rot and fall apart from being very wet and soggy \ss pudrirse y deshacerse por estar muy mojado y empapado \src CF Am 901/00:09 \pna Ke a:man un sila:ntroh kwa:k kite:man, ya ka:te:kian, niman deke xkonwi:teki to:nahli sa: xkita yo:pe:w pa:ti. Papala:ni seki ya sa: wewekatsitsi:n noka:wa. \sound_ref_Am 00901_01_am \pea Now corriander, when they put seeds on the ground, and they water them, if the sun doesn't beat down on them right away, just look and they´ve started to fall apart. Some rot and the rest are just left there spaced far apart from each other. \psa Ahora cilantro, cuando ponen sus semillas en la tierra, y le echan agua, si no le pega el sol luego luego, ve nada más, ya empezó a derritirse. Pudren algunos y los demás se quedan nada más esparcidos lejos, unos de otros. \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. \pea My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because its seedlings have fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). \psa Ya se empezó a pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzó a disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayeron las plantas del semillero (esto es, se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). \se to lose skin tone (e.g., in getting old) \ss perderse el tono de la piel (p. ej., al envejecerse) \pna O:tlan pa:ti noma:xi:lo:w. \pea My biceps have started to loose their skin tone. \psa Mi bicéps ya empezaron a perder su forma. \nse The primary meaning of <na>pa:ti</na> seems to refer to things that melt in the heat, such as ice, chocolate, etc. However, it is quite often to refer to things that turn to sludge from contact with water, such as adobe in heavy rains or a seed garden that becomes soggy and putrid, as might occur with rotting hay or straw in a seedbed garden called <nla>tlapacho:hli</nla>. \qry Check for precise meaning of /xi:ni/ in /yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni/; also check for other things that might be the subject of /pa:ti/. \ref 00902 \lxa ma:chika:wa \lxac noma:chika:wa \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.) \ssa (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo no se vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.) \pna Dya mi:tsihli:skeh,"Xmoma:chika:wa!"noso"xmoma:kuwtili!"deke yetí:k. Pos, xtepi:tso moma para tikakukwis. Xmoma:chika:wa! \src CF 901/01:05 \sound_ref_Am 00902_01_am \pea And then they'll say to you,"Make your arm hard!"or"Tense your arm!"if it is heavy. Well then, tighten up your arm so that you can lift it up. Make your arm hard! \psa Y entonces te dirán,"¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! o"¡Haz el brazo duro!"si está pesado. Pues, aprétale el brazo para que lo puedas alzar.¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! \cfa ma:kuwtilia \cfo ma:kohtilia \xrb ma: \xrb chika: \dis ma:chika:wa; ma:kuhtilia \qry Check to see if /ma:tepitsowa/ or a similar form exists. Recheck meaning and check for transitive as opposed to reflexive. If meaning holds, cf. Oapan semantic equivalent /ma:kuhtilia/. Check for difference in Am between /ma:chi:wa/ and /ma:kuhtilia/. \ref 00903 \lxa ko:kotetsi:n \lxac ko:kotetsi:n \lxo ko:kotetsi:n \lxoc ko:kotetsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \seao type of small greyish bird called <spn>tortolita</spn> in Spanish, apparently the Inca Dove, <l>Columbina inca</l>, or a related species \ssao tipo de pájaro pequeño y algo gris llamado tortolita en español, aparentemente el <l>Columbina inca</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 19, p. 325 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb ko:koh \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identity this as the 'tórtola.' \sj Check where /h/ is present \vl Check for p-a; I would expect it if this is a diminutive on /ko:koh/. \ref 00904 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /a:wichwia/ but it has been removed and placed as an alternate pronunciation of /a:ichwia/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00905 \lxa nakatlatliwa:tsahli \lxac nakatlatliwa:tsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea roasted meat, that is roasted directly on coals, or even on a clay griddle \ssa carne asada, sobre las brazas o hasta sobre un comal \src CF Am 901/03 \syno nakatliwa:hki \sem food \sem meat \xrb naka \xrb tli \xrb wa: \nse In Oapan <no>nakatliwa:hki</no> refers to meat that is fried in a pan; in Ameyaltepec <na>nakatlatliwa:tsahli</na> apparently refers to meat (beef, venison, chicken, etc.) that is cooked directly on coals or in a coal pit. \qry The /nse notes should be checked. Check for documentation of possessed form. \ref 00906 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /kekerehwia/ but has been removed as vulgar. \dt 07/Jun/2002 \ref 00907 \lxa kwepaliwi \lxac kwepaliwi \lxo kopaliwi \lxoc kopaliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran No transitive documented to date in either this form or with the same verb and incorporated nouns. \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become warped \ssao alabearse; combarse \pna Yo:kwepaliw motimó:n, xok peya:stik. \pea The beam of your plow has warped, it is no longer straight. \psa El timón de tu arado ya se combó, ya no está derecho. \pna O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w. \pea Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) got warped, it rose up (in a few places). \psa Se combótu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó(en algunos lugares). \pna O:kwepaliw mosombre:roh. \pea The brim of your hat warped (e.g., because you slept on it). \psa Las alas de tu sombrero se combaron (p. ej., porque dormiste sobre ello). \pna Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh. \pea That record has become warped in many places. \psa Ese disco se combó en muchos lugares. \seo to become stuck together (e.g., pork rinds as they are fried, sticking together so that they cannot be separated) \sso pegarse (p. ej., chicharron al freirse, pegándose hasta que no se pueden separar) \xrb kwepal \nse The word <na>kwepaliwi</na> refers to things that warp, such as a ceramic bowl that has been poorly fired, the edges and side twisting, and other items such as records left in the sun, a wooden tray (<na>kwexomatl</na>) that is poorly cured or dried, etc. \nde No cognate of this verb has been found in other reported Nahuatl dialects, including Classical. \qry Check for all objects that can be so altered. Check for transitive. \grm Phonology: The alternation of /kwe/ Am to /ko/ Oapan is a fairly standard alternation. \rt Check etymology. Note again the presence of the (micro)morpheme /kwe/ in words that indicate a bending. Make a comment in root dictionary. \ref 00908 \lxa kuwmi:naltia \lxac kikuwmi:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to prop up with a stick \ssa apuntalar con un palo \syno kohmi:ni \xrb kow \xrb mina \dis kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia \nae The Ameyaltepec Nahuatl form of this verb comprises a ditransitive causative verb, with"saturating"(valency reducing) noun incorporation. Note that the Oapan cognate apparently has a transitive verb (<nlo>mi:ni</nlo>) with a"modifying"(non-valency reducing) noun incorporation. \qry Check transitivity difference in Am and Oa form and make sure the objects of each are the same, i.e., the thing being propped up. \grm Causative: An important question here is the nature of valency change with the causative of /mi:na/. Historically the base verb is a transitive, meaning 'to shoot with an arrow.' In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the verb /mi:na/ is now used to signify 'to 'shoot' with a type of sorcery' that The object is the thing shot. The possible meaning that a causative of 'to shoot' might have is not immediately clear. It appears that the incorporated noun here is an instrumental, thus it would be unusual (typologically speaking). One might, however, understand how an applicative would be appropriate in this context, an applicative that has the meaning of 'at' (e.g., 'hit X' vs. 'hit at X'), and in this case the change would be 'shoot X with wood' to 'shoot at X with wood.' The applicative would also be understandable give that in propping something up with a stick that is"shot into"the object. In other words, when one props up at falling object with a stick one is more 'shooting at' it than 'shooting it ' directly. But if an applicative meaning is understandable, a causative is more difficult to understand. \ref 00909 \lxa pa:wia \lxac kipa:wia \lxo pa:wia \lxof [pa: 'wi ya] \lxoc kipa:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao to masticate and thereby soften food for (sb, particularly a baby, though also occasionally old people with no teeth, before giving it to the person to eat) \ssao masticar y ablandar comida para (algn, particularmente un bebé antes de darsele a comer, pero también a gente de mayor edad sin dientes) \pna Nikpa:wia nopo:tsi:n, xe wel tlakwa. \pea I chew my baby daughter's food for her before giving it to her to eat, she still cannot eat. \psa Le mastico la comida a mi hijita antes de darsela a comer, todavía no puede comer. \xrb pa: \nse Semantically <na>pa:wia</na> is similar to an applicative, since the object (the child, for example) benefits from the action. \nae Note that while <na>pa:wia</na> might well be derived from the archaic root <na>pa:</na> 'water,' the <na>wia</na> ending is not precisely the same 'instrumental' ending found with some other denominal verbs (e.g., <nla>a:mo:lwia</nla>, <nla>teposwia</nla>, etc.) However, it is similar to perhaps other denominal verbs of this form (e.g., <nla>kochwia</nla>, <nla>cha:nwia</nla>). Thus given the wide range of meaning of the <n>-wia</n> verbalizing suffix, it might well be that <na>pa:wia</na> is from this verbalizing suffix on the archaic noun stem <n>pa:</n>. \ref 00910 \lxa tila:wa \lxac kitila:wa \lxo tila:wa \lxoc kitila:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -ND \infv class-3a(w) \seao to make thick (in terms of reducing"thinness"of a object such as cloth) \ssao hacer grueso (en cuanto a hacer menos delgado un objeto como tela) \seao to make dense; to thicken (e.g., the amount of brush in a brush and thorn fence) \ssao engruesar; hacer más denso o grueso (p. ej., al agregarle ramas de púas a una cerca) \pna Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l para ma:ka pano:s yo:lki. \pea You've started to increase the thickness of your fence (of thorns, by adding more branches) so that animals don't pass through. \psa Has empezado a hacer tu corral (de púas) más denso (al echarle más ramas) para que no pasen los animales. \xrb tila: \nse Both this transitive form and the intransitive <nlao>tila:wi</nlao> often refer to the denseness of brush and to areas becoming overgrown with weeds or plants. In the phrase <na>Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l</na> the reference is to an artificially produced density to plant growth as thorn fencing is made thicker by adding branches. Note that the adjectival <nlao>tila:wak</nlao> can refer to thickness such as that of cloth. \grm Plural: Note the use of the singular in the following phrase to indicate a generic group: /Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l para ma:ka pano:s yo:lki/ 'You've started to increase the thickness of your fence (of thorns, by adding more branches) so that animals don't pass through.' In this phrase /yo:lki/ is used to indicate animals in general. \ref 00911 \lxa chi:lkuwtli \lxac chi:lkuwtli \lxo chi:lkohtli \lxoc chi:lkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao generic name for chile-bearing plants or bushes (<nla>kohtsi:ntli</nla>) \ssao nombre genérico para los arbustos (<nla>kohtsi:ntli</nla>) que dan el chile \pna Chi:lkuwtli, wel nokwa ixiwio, ke:n chi:pi:lin yeskia, kikwan Wa:pan. \pea The chile plant, its leaves are edible, just like <nbao>chi:pi:lin</nbao>, they eat it in Oapan. \psa La planta del chile, se puede comer sus hojas como si fuera <na>chi:pi:lin</na>, la comen en Oapan. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb chi:l \xrb kow \nct chi:hli \qry Used to refer to may types of chile; check types. Check possibility of possessed form. Recheck lenght of /chi:pi:lin/. \ref 00912 \lxa te:tla:kaitani \lxac te:tla:kaitani \lxo te:tla:kaitane \lxoa te:tla:kaitani \lxoc te:tla:kaitane \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seao person who is respectful of others \ssao persona respetuosa de los demás \pna Te:tla:kaitani. Xsan ke:n ihki mitsihli:s. \pea He is a respectful person. He won't tell it to you just in any sort of way (i.e., without proper respect). \psa Es una persona respetuosa. No te lo va a decir comoquiera (esto es, sin respeto). \xrb tla:ka \xrb ita \ref 00913 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \lxac i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \lxo i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-[N-V1] \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao for the ones eye to get covered with a thin white film (of the disease in Spanish called <spn>carnosidad</spn>) \ssao sufrir de carnosidad en un ojo \cfao i:xte:ntenexe:wi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \nse The verb <na>i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi</na> refers to an eye condition called <na>carnosidad</na>, in which a thin white translucent film forms over the eye, often from the effects of sun and dust. \qry Check for altenate form possible: /i:xte:nkwitlanexiwi/. Etymology is uncertain, or at least morphology. Note forms such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/, /monextik/, etc. Definitely /nex/ can be considered a root, which is here joined to /kwitla/. However, the role of /mo-?/ and /temo-?/ is unclear. Also important to check is the meaning of words such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/ and /monextik/, etc. Check for difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. \ref 00914 \lxa kamachaleh \lxac kamachaleh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \sea big-mouth; one who talks a lot \ssa bocón; hablador \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \nse The sense of <na>kamachaleh</na> is not simply of one who is garrulous, but of someone who is something of a braggart or overly opinionated. \nae In other derivatives involving <nr>chal</nr> the /a:/ is long, including in a word such as <nla>kamacha:lowa</nla>. However, I have consistently recorded short /a/ in <na>kamachaleh</na>. \rt For /kamachaleh/ I have consistently recorded a short vowel, although in the verbal forms such as /kamacha:lowa/ there is a long /a:/. Vowel length should be rechecked. However, the root is obviously the same. \grm Note that with /kamachaleh/ the /-eh/ is suffixed but there does not seem to be any independent nominal form, i.e. *kamachahli. But, cf. /kamachalko/, which is also formed on the"nominal"stem. This would seem to indicate quite clearly that derivations can take place on"covert"or"phantom"forms. Another point to make is that vowel length can obviously change with no obviously phonological conditioning environment. \vl Check! \ref 00915 \lxa itiyo:ltsi:n \lxac itiyo:ltsi:n \lxo í:tiyó:ltsi:n \lxoc í:tiyó:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao the pistil and stamen of a flower, the part that turns into seed \ssao el pistilo y"estamen"de la flor, la parte que se convierte en semilla \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlah, wa:n wa:ki. \pea Worms or <na>kwe:tlan</na> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o <na>kwe:tlan</na> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que después se seca. \xrb hti \xrb yo:l \ono xiwtli \nse In Oapan <no>ítiyó:ltsi:n</no> refers to the part of corn plant that is in the center as it grows up. \qry Check actual translation, i.e. whether this refers to the pistil and stamen, or perhaps only to the ovary of the flower. Cf. to /itiyo:l/, probably the same and the entries should be combined. \mod Determine meaning of /xiwtli/, whether meaning is plant or weed. \ref 00916 \lxa tsotsomi:ntik \lxac tsotsomi:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be leafless (plants, trees, etc.) \ssa estar sin hojas (plantas,árboles, etc.) \pna Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayotsi:n \pea The maize plants in my field are baren of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves. \psa Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no está bien y además les cayó un granizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus hojas. \pna Yo:kikwah kwilin un kohteh, ne:n kateh o:kitlamilih itlake:n, ixiwio. O:noka:hkeh sa: tsotsomi:ntikeh. \pea Worms have eaten those trees, they've finished off the covering, the leaves, on those over there. They (the trees) have been left bare and leafless. \psa Gusanos han comido esosárboles, a los que allá está n, les acabaron su follaje, sus hojas. Se quedaron (losárboles) sin foliaje. \sea to be hairless (an animal with fur) \ssa estar pelón (un animal) \pna Tsotsomi:ntik un to:roh. \pea That bull is hairless. \psa Ese toro es pelón. \syno té:mí:ntik \xrb tsomi:n \ref 00917 \lxa tetepontik \lxac tetepontik \lxo tetepontik \lxoa tetepontsi:n \lxoc tetepontik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-deadj-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to be short; to be cut off or shortened \sso ser corto; estar cortado o truncado \fla tetepon \xrb tepon \mod Add list of words that have this element. \ref 00918 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /techachahli/ but it has been deleted since it appears that this noun root only occurs with /-yoh/. See /techachahloh/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00919 \lxa tsopi:lo:kuwtli \lxac tsopi:lo:kuwtli \lxo tsopi:lo:kohtli \lxoc tsopi:lo:kohtli \lxt tsopi:lo:kohtle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \se <l>Swietenia humilis</l> Zucc.; type of tree of the Meliaceae family; see <nlao>tsopilo:tl</nlao> \ss <l>Swietenia humilis</l> Zucc.; tipo deárbol de la familia Meliaceae; vé ase <nlao>tsopilo:tl</nlao> \pna Tsopi:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para komaxahli, tlapechbanki:tos. Seki kiteki para yugoh pa:mpa ke:n yetí:k. Bwe:noh kitekin para sa:ntah krus. \pea <na>Tsopi:lo:tl</na> : It is good for forked supports, for the legs of beds. Some cut it for yokes because it is so heavy. It is also good to cut for holy crosses. \psa <na>Tsopi:lo:tl</na> : Es bueno para horcones, para las patas de las camas. Algunos lo cortan para yugos porque es tan pesado. Es bueno para cortar para las santas cruces. \sem plant \sem kohtli \apa tsopi:lo:tl \apo tsopi:lo:tl \xrb tsopi:lo: \nae The isolated Oapan form <nlo>tsó:pí:lo:tl</nlo> manifests pitch-accent, which is not present in <nlo>tsopi:lo:kohtli</nlo>. The reason for this is not clear but it may be related to the fact that whereas <nlo>tsopi:lo:kohtli</nlo> is a common term for this tree, the buzzard is often called <nlo>tsómá</nlo> and <nlo>tsópí:lo:tl</nlo> is rarely used (and it might have acquired pitch-accent through analogy to <no>tsómá</no>. The phonology of both words should be checked with more than one speaker. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>zopilote</spn> of the family <i>Meliaceae</i>. Schoenhals (1988) lists zopilote, under which she states:"(<i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>) 'mahogany', 'Honduras mahogany'. See caoba."Under caoba:"(<i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>) 'mahogany', 'Honduras mahogany' An evergreen with hard wood used for furniture, ships, etc. 'Buzzard head' name comes from shape of the fruit. Also called cedro montés, cóbano, zopilocahuite, zopilote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:144) list of the family <i>Meliaceae</i> the genus/species <i>Swietenia humilis</i>, which they identify as <spn>zopilote</spn> or <spn>caobilla</spn>. They mention the hard, heavy, and extremely strong red wood. \nct kohtli \mod Note that I originally had this recorded as /tsopi:lo:tl/ for Oapan. This should be changed to /tsopi:lo:kohtli/. \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: In the four tokens that were originally on 14_1 at 30 min. 30 secs. (record 3584) there is an interesting pattern. It seems that for both FM and IJ the length of the vowels and the liquid /l/ have an interesting interaction. For Florencia the vowels have a long duration, as expected. For Inocencio, it appears that the liquid is longer and, as a result, the vowels are shortened. This should be checked with a phonologist. \vl The speech tokens for this tree are at word 3584, which has been deleted as a duplicate. Thus, when you get to 3584, tag all the words as 919. And here, for /tsopi:lo:tl/, tag these four words as 4210. \ref 00920 \lxa yo:li:tia \lxac kiyo:li:tia \lxo yo:li:tia \lxoc kiyo:li:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran Intransitive /yo:li/ has not been documented. \infv class-2a \se to resuscitate (an animate being) \ss resuscitar (un ser animado) \pna Kemech no: kone:wah, kemech noyo:li:titok ikone:tsi:n. \pea She too has just become pregnant, her child (fetus) is just coming to life. \psa También apenas quedó encinta, su niño (fetu) apenas está llegando a tener vida. \se to start up (e.g., a fire that seemed to have gone out) \ss resuscitar (p. ej., un fuego que aparentemente se había apagado) \pna Oksepa o:noyo:li:tih tlitl. \pea The fire started up again. \psa Se resucitó el fuego. \pno I:pan o:noyo:li:tih tlitl. \peo The fire flared up on it (e.g., on some dry plants). \pso El fuego se creciósobre ello (p. ej., algunas plantas secas). \se to make or build up from scratch \ss hacer o construir desde cero \pna Tikyo:li:tian tepalkatl pa:mpa tihki:xtian tla:hli iwa:n xa:hli iwa:n ichkatl iwa:n kima:xakwalowan. Noka:wa ya i sokitl, de un sokitl kiki:xtian itlah tli:no:n. \pea We make ceramics from scratch because we get earth, sand, and cotton and we knead them together. It winds up like clay, and from this clay anything might be made. \psa Hacemos cerámica desde cero porque sacamos la tierra y la arena y el algodón y todo lo amasamos. Se queda ya barro y de ese barro se hace lo que sea. \xrb yo:l \dis yo:li:tia; yo:ltilia and the reflexive forms of both with /yo:ltia/. \nae To date most of the documented uses of <nao>yo:li:tia</nao> are transitive. <nao>Yoli:tia</nao> is the causative form of intransitive <n>yo:li</n>, which is found in Classical sources but has not yet been documented in the Balsas region. \qry Check for non-reflexive use of /yo:li:tia/ with the senses re: resuscitate, etc. given above in the first two senses. \ref 00921 \lxa tlatekpa:ntli \lxac tlatekpa:ntli \lxo tlatehpa:ntli \lxoc tlatehpa:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \seao row (of things that have been set in line) \ssao fila (de cosas que han sido puesto en línea) \pna Xiktla:li se: tlatekpa:ntli! \pea Set up one row! \psa ¡Colócalos una sola fila! \pna San se: tlatekpa:ntli o:ntla:lih noxo:chiw. \pea I planted my flowers in only one row. \psa Sembrémis flores en una sola fila. \pna Onkah o:me tlatekpa:ntli. \pea There are two rows (in this case lines of dancers in a religious line dance). \psa Hay dos filas (en este caso de danzantes en una danza religiosa). \pna Yo:nikitak yo:htla:lih na:wi tlatekpa:ntli de anjolí:n. \pea I saw that you set up four rows of sesame (i.e., to dry after being set in an <nla>anjolí:n burroh</nla>). \psa Ya vi que pusiste cuatro hileras de anjojolí(esto es, para secar en un <nla>anjolí:n burroh</nla>). \pna San se: tlatekpa:ntli xmotla:li:kan! \pea Line yourselves up in just one row (e.g., dancers in a religious dance)! \psa ¡Colóquense en una sola fila (p. ej., danzantes en una danza religiosa)! \xrb tekpa: \ref 00922 \lxa a:sta:tl \lxac a:sta:tl \lxo a:sta:tl* \lxoc a:sta:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao type of bird, apparently a heron (no illustration of this bird has been found in Howell and Webb, 1995) \ssao tipo de ave, aparentemente una garza (ninguna ilustración de este ave ha sido encontrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a:sta: \nse The <na>a:sta:tl</na> is a large white bird, about the size of a chicken. Apparently it is a <na>garza</na>. \nct No overt category. \qry Check to see if the /a:sta:tl/ is the same as the loan /a:rsah/. \ref 00923 \lxa machio:tia \lxac nomachio:tia \lxo machio:tia \lxoc nomachio:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to cross oneself \ss (refl.) persignarse \pna Xmomacho:ti, ye tikalakis tio:pan! \pea Cross yourself! you are about to enter the church \psa ¡Persígnate! ya vas a entrar a la iglesia. \cfa tlamachio:tia \xrb mati \nae <nao>Machio:tia</nao> is a transitive verb that has only been documented in the reflexive. In the sense of 'to decorate' (as in painting on ceramics) it is also preceded by the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>, which does not reduce the verbal valency, <na>tlamachio:tia</na> remaining transitive; cf. <nla>tlamachio:tia</nla>. \qry Check etymology. This might be related to the paradigmatic sequence N-Adj-Inchoative-Transitive, which in this case would be machio:tl/machioh/machiowa/machio:tia. The question is whether all these forms exist, particularly the adjectival and the inchoative. Here the derivation seems to be /-tia/ meaning 'to provide with' i.e., 'to provide oneself with a sign (machio:tl) I believe that in Oapan /machio:tia/ is 'to decorate' cf. if the same meaning occurs in Ameyaltepec. \ref 00924 \lxa kwa:texi:tlats \lxac kwa:texi:tlats \lxo kwa:texi:tlats \lxoc kwa:texi:tlats \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seao to be bald \ssao estar calvo \apao kwa:texi:tlastik \xrb kwa \xrb xi: \xrb tlats \qry Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms. \ref 00925 \lxa tlatlako:ltia \lxac notlatlako:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran Only documented in reflexive \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to make a strong effort (to accomplish a task or reach a goal, learn sth, etc.) \ssa (refl.) esforzarse (para cumplir con una tarea, alcanzar una meta, aprender algo, etc.) \pna O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis. \pea I've seen it with others (in this case a certain ability or way of doing sth). Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn. \psa Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, lo he de aprender. \cfa iyekowa \cfo táreachiya \xrb yeko \xbtla yeko:ltia \nae The verb <na>tlako:ltia</na> is apparently based on the causative formation of the transitive verb <nla>iyekowa</nla> with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> incorporated and reducing the valency again to a transitive verb. The form without <n>tla-</n> is also found in the corpus; see <nla>yeko:ltia</nla>. \qry Check; entered under itilia. Reconsider etymology; check for /kiyeko:ltia/. \ref 00926 \lxa tlato:lweyak \lxac tlato:lweyak \lxo tláto:lwíyak \lxop tlato:lwiyak \lxoc tláto:lwíyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \seao to be long-winded; to be talkative; to have a propensity to speak a long time \ssao ser prolija en hablar; tener la característica de hablar por tiempos muy extendidos \pna Tlato:lweyak, xkimati tlami itlato:l. \pea He is long-winded, he never runs out of words. \psa Habla por periodos muy extendidos, sus palabras no conocen su fin. \xrb hto \xrb weya \dis tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak; tlato:lchi:kwepok \qry Recheck as in all cases, the length of /weyak/ and the Oa equivalent. \ref 00927 \lxa kwala:nka:no:tsa \lxac kikwala:nka:no:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to speak in an angry voice to \ssa hablar o llamar con una voz de enojado \syno tlawe:lno:tsa \xrb kwala: \xrb no:tsa \ref 00928 \lxa chichi:kamotli \lxac chichi:kamotli \lxo chichi:h kámotlí \lxop chichi:h kamotli \lxoc chichi:h kámotlí \lxt chichih: kámotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se type of wild sweet potato still not identified \ss tipo de camote silvestre todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem tuber \sem edible (pend) \xrb chichi: \xrb kamoh \encyctmp kamotli \cpl Ramírez (1991) has this as <na>chichikamotli</na>, in Spanish <spn>camote amargo</spn>. She identifies it as of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. Schoenhals (1988) lists a plant called <spn>chichicamole</spn> :"(<i>Microsechium</i> spp. e.g., <i>M. helleri</i>) '[family] squash.' Fruit resembles a big squash. Also called amole amargo, camote de cerro, chayotillo, sanacoche."This does not seem to correspond to the Nahuatl <na>chich:kamotli</na>. Under camote, Schoenhals (1988) lists the genus/species identification as <i>Ipomoea batatas</i> as a"sweet potato"also stating, however, that <spn>camote</spn> is used as a general term for any root of tuber shape. \nct kamotli \qry In my original notes I had /chichihkamotli/, which this appears to be an error. Nevertheless, check this form on the tape for all dialects. \ref 00929 \lxanotes zzz \mod This word was for /xi:tetl/ and has been removed for now. \dt 28/Jun/2002 \ref 00930 \lxa mapil we:i \lxac i:mapil we:i \lxo mápil wé:i \lxop mapil we:i \lxoc mápil wé:i \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao thumb \ssao dedo pulgar \pna Toma:wak momapil we:i. \pea Your thumb is fat. \psa Tu pulgar está grueso. \sem body \sem human \syn mapil bie:joh \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb we:i \qry In one entry I had /momapil we:i/ as 'the middle finger' equal to /momapil nepantlah/. This should be rechecked. \vl Check Oapan citation form; in my original notes I did not have a possessed form for /lxoc field but only /mápil wéi/, which seems to be in error. \ref 00931 \lxa te:no:tsalo:ni \lxac te:no:tsalo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \infn N1 \sea (ritual) sth used to accompany and enable formal conversation (word used in <nla>we:wetlato:hli</nla> in reference to the cigarrattes and alcohol that are brought along to facilitate the conversation that takes place between the father of the potential bride and the representatives of the potential bridegroom) \ssa (ritual) algo empleado para acompañar y promover la pláctica formal (palabra utilizada en los <nla>we:wetlato:hli</nla> en referencia a los cigarros y alcohol que trae el representante del novio para facilitar y estimular la pláctica con el padre de la novia) \pna O:nikonwa:hkik te:no:tsalo:ni. \pea I have brought that which will accompany our conversation (i.e., cigarrettes and alcohol). \psa He traido lo que nos va a acompañar en la pláctica (esto es, cigarros y alcohol). \cfo té:tlapalowá:ni \xrb no:tsa \nse This instrumental noun is documented only in a ritual bride-asking speech by don Plutarco Ramírez. It refers to those material objects that enable the conversation between the two parties to commence. Once face to face (which itself might not occur until several visits have been made), the representative of the bridegroom offers the bride's father cigarrettes and alcohol, acceptance of which means that the formal conversation about the petition can begin. \ref 00932 \lxa kechkwa \lxac kikechkwa \lxo kechkwa \lxoc kikechkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to bite on the neck (e.g., one animal fighting another) \ss morderle el cuello a (p. ej., un animal peleándose con otro) \xrb kech \xrb kwa \ref 00933 \lxa a:kawtik \lxac a:kawtik \lxo ákahtík \lxop akahtik \lxoc ákahtík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes-lex \seao to be light, of little weight \ssao ser ligero, ser de poco peso \se to be springy; to be fleet or light-footed; to be able to jump high \ss ser ligero o liviano; ser capaz de brincar lejos o alto \pna Na:kawtik. \pea I am springy. \psa Soy ligero. \pna On ne:nkah, ma ya toba:leh. Mlá:k a:kawtik. \pea That one there, let's have him go (as a messenger). He's really swift on his feet. \psa Aquella que está allá, quévaya el (como mensajero). Es muy ligero y rápido. \xrb ahkaw \vl Check vowel length of Oapan data; and Am when available. Note that in general there seems to be a tendency either for Vh to go to V: or for length distinctions to be hard to hear in initial position. Check. \ref 00934 \lxa tla:kaita \lxac kitla:kaita \lxo tla:kaita \lxoc kitla:kaita \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular; see <nlao>ita</nlao> \seao to respect; to have respect for \ssao respetar; tener respeto a \pna San kito:ka:yo:tia, xkitla:kaita. \pea He just calls her by name (in this case in addressing a mother-in-law, calling her by name instead of properly using the address term <nla>na:nah</nla>), he doesn't respect her. \psa Solamente le llama por nombre (en este caso al dirigirse a una suegra, en lugar de utilizar, como indicado, el término <nla>na:nah</nla>), no le tiene respeto. \xrb tla:ka \xrb ita \ref 00935 \lxa tlatska:ita \lxac kitlatska:ita \lxo tlatska:ita \lxoc kitlatska:ita \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \seao to find or feel (sth) tiresome; to have little inclination to do (i.e., sth boring or fastidious); \ssao sentir tedioso; tener aversión a; sentir desagradable; tener pocas ganas de hacer; ver con desgana (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo aburrido o fastidioso) \pna Niktlatska:ita, xnikintlapahlo:tis. \pea I find it tiresome, I'm not going to paint them. \psa Lo siento tedioso, no los voy a pintar. \xrb tlats \xrb ita \grm Compounding; /-iwi/ verbs: Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is charaterized by two basic treatments of /-iwi/ verbs. The first is that they for adjectivals without the /-iwi/ endings. Thus one finds /mimiltik/, /tli:ltik/, /tlatski/, etc. A similar derivational process held in Classical Nahuatl. Thus one finds /tli:ltik/, /mimiltik/, etc. However, there is also a process whereby /-iwi/ becomes /-iwki/ or in composition /-iwka:/. Thus Classical in addition to /tli:ltik/ has /tli:liwki/. Ameyaltepec doesn't have the latter although Oapan Nahuatl does (here /tli:lihki/, with a semantic difference from /tli:ltik/). Note, moreover, that in composition Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has /tlatska:-/. This represents, apparently, the same loss of /-iwi/ after roots that occurs with words such as /tli:ltik/. Here Classical Nahuatl only has the /-iuhca-/ compound form but does not have (at least at first glance) the shortened forms found in Ameyaltepec. Thus in Classical one finds /tlatziuhcachiua/ and /tlatziuhcanequi / along with forms suchas /tlatziuhmaua/ and /tlatziuhcaua/ in which there is no participial /-ka:/. However, the shortened form /tlatska:-/ is not found with compounded root /tlats-/. \ref 00936 \lxa patla:wi \lxac patla:wi \lxo patla:wi \lxoc patla:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran +ND \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become wide; to widen out \ssao ensancharse \pna Ye patla:wtiw otli. \pea The road is getting wider as it goes. \psa El camino se va ensanchando. \xrb patla: \ref 00937 \lxa texa:hli \lxac texa:hli \lxo texa:hli \lxoc texa:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao pebble or pebbly sand \ssao guijarros; arena con piedrecitas \pna Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli. \pea Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that on the other hand, fine-grained sand would be good to plant in). \psa Aquí(en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa porque el suelo es de arenaáspera con piedrecitas (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar). \xrb te \xrb xa:l \ref 00938 \lxa totopo \lxac totopo \lxo to:topo \lxoc to:topo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se type of edible grasshopper as yet unidentified \ss tipo de chapolín comestible hasta ahora no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb topo: \encyctmp chapolin \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of this grasshopper, one female and the other male. The male does not have a tail, <nlo>tsi:nkoli:tah</nlo> as does the female. The female is simply called <no>to:topo</no> whereas the male is called <nbo>kwékwetlaxahtsi:n</nbo>. \vl Check for final sound: glottal stop or /h/. Check for plural. Recheck Ameyaltepec data; this might be a long vowel there too, mistakenly written down on my filecards. \ref 00939 \lxa posteki \lxac posteki \lxo posteki \lxoc posteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>teposteki</nao> \infv class-3a(k) \seao to snap or break (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.) \ssao romperse o quebrarse (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, una manga de alguna herramienta, etc.) \seao to break a bone (a person or animal, of his own body) \ssao quebrarse o romperse un hueso a (una persona o animal, de su propio cuerpo) \pna Ma:ka tipostekis! \pea Don't go breaking a bone! \psa ¡No te vayas a romper un hueso! \pna O:nitepostek. \pea I broke a bone (e.g., an arm, leg, etc.). \psa Se me rompió un hueso (p. ej., el brazo, la pierna, etc.). \xrb posteki \qry Check re: /o:nitepostek/ for 'I broke a bone' whether /o:nimo(te)postek/ is also acceptable. Note that the form /o:ni(te)postek/ is used for 'I broke a bone' and not ?/o:nimo(te)postek. Whether this latter form is possible should be checked. \vl Additional token with 3491. \ref 00940 \lxa pitsa:wa \lxac kipitsa:wa \lxo pitsa:wa \lxoc kipitsa:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \seao to make thin (sth long such as a strap of leather, a wooden handle or stick, etc.) \ssao hacer más delgado (algo largo como una manga o palo, un tirante de cuero, etc.) \pna Xpitsa:wa pa:mpa ke:n toma:wak un kohtli! \pea Make it thinner (e.g., a handle, by shaving it down) because that piece of wood is quite thick! \psa ¡Hazle más delgado (p. ej., una manga de un herramienta al cepillarla), porque ese pedazo de madera está muy gorda! \se to narrow (an open space, such as that between rows, or furrows in a plowed field) \ss hacer más angosto (un espacio, como el que está entre filas, o entre los surcos de un campo sembrado) \pna Xpitsa:wa un kwentli, ti:roh patla:wak! \pea Make that furrow narrower, it's really wide! \psa ¡Haz más angosto a ese surco, está muy ancho! \xrb pitsa: \dis pitsa:wa; tewaki \qry Determine the meaning of a reflexive use of this term. Check for use of intensifier. Check to determine whether this can refer to sounds also. \ref 00941 \lxa tsakawa:stli \lxac tsakawa:stli \lxo tsakawa:stli \lxoc tsakawa:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-was \infn Stem 1(s) \seao comb used for delousing, with finely spaced teeth on both sides, but one side spaced slightly further apart than the other \ssao peine para despiojar, con dientes muy cerrados por los dos lados, pero con un lado un poquito más abierto que el otro \sem tool-house \xrb tsaka \nde The etymology of <nao>tsakawa:stli</nao> is uncertain, and the form varies among dialects. Molina has both <n>tzicauaztli</n> and <n>tziquauaztli</n> glossed simply as 'peyne.' Zacapoaxtla has both <n>tzicahua:s</n> and a shortened <n>tzicua:s</n> ; the length of the middle /a/ in the first form varies, but is often long, particularly in verbalizations (i.e., <n>tzica:hua:s</n>). Neither source identifies this comb as one used especially for removing lice. Northern Puebla has <n>tzecahuastli</n> (this dictionary doesn't mark vowel length). Thus the first vowel varies among dialects between /i/, /a/, and /e/, always short. \ilustmp Create illustration. \ref 00942 \lxa wiyo:ni \lxac wiyo:ni \lxo wiyo:ni \lxoc wiyo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \seao to wobble (a table, chair, etc.); to move slightly; to shake \ssao tambalearse (una mesa, silla, etc., que no está bien parado sobre el piso); bailar (un objeto no estable que se mueve ligeramente de lado a lado); moverse ligeramente \pna Wiwiyo:ni, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh. \pea It wobbles (in this case a table with uneven legs), they didn't make it well. \psa Tambalea (en este caso una mesa con las patas disparejas), no la fabricaron bien. \xrb wiyo: \xvka uwiyoka \xvko wiwiyoka \qry Check as to whether it is /wiwiyo:ni/ as on the file card, or ?/uwiyo:ni/. Perhaps it should be a long vowel, ?/wi:wiyo:ni/. Cf. Gram 1985 06-10.1. Cf. query with /wiyo:nia/. \ref 00943 \lxa yenkwika:n \lxac yenkwika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \sea place that is new; place that has returned to its original state or a new state \ssa lugar que es nuevo; lugar que ha regresado a su estado original o uno nuevo \sea (~ <nla>suwa:tl</nla>) first wife (said of a divorced or deceased wife) \ssa (~ <nla>suwa:tl</nla>) primera esposa (dicho de una esposa divorciada o fallecida) \xrb yenkwi \qry Check whether /tlayenkwika:n/ is also acceptable. Get examples and further define this word. \ref 00944 \lxa tenextli \lxac tenextli \lxo tenextli \lxoc tenextli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seao lime \ssao cal \sem stone \xrb te \xrb nex \qry Check other possible meanings. Get example sentence. See if /-yo/ possessive form is OK. \ref 00945 \lxa a:pi:si:hli \lxac a:pi:si:hli \lxo a:pi:si:hli \lxoc a:pi:si:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao mist or spray; misty rain; vapor or spray that comes in a window during a heavy rain \ssao neblina o brizna; neblina o brizna que entra por la ventana durante una fuerte lluvia \pna Xok mlá:h kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok. \pea It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down. \psa Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más está cayendo una brizna fina. \synao a:kwe:xtli \xrb a: \xrb pi:si:l \nae Whether or not <nao>pi:si:hli</nao>, the second element of <nao>a:pi:si:hli</nao> and <nla>xa:lpi:si:hli</nla>, should be considered a nominal root is unclear. For a list of words containing <nr>pi:si:l</nr> see RJC (p. 250). \ref 00946 \lxa kochxi:xa \lxac nokochxi:xa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \tran Only reflexive documented \infv class-3a \sea (refl.) to defecate while sleeping \ssa (refl.) defecar mientras uno duerme \sea to defecate on (sb) in ones sleep \ssa defecar sobre (algn) al estar dormido \xrb kochi \xrb xi:xa \nse Defecating in ones sleep is considered a <nla>te:tsa:wtli</nla>, bad omen; see <na>te:tsa:wtli</na>. \qry Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V. \ref 00947 \lxa ikxitepachowa \lxac kikxitepachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive documented \infv class-2b \sea to drop a rock on the foot of \ssa dejar caer una piedra sobre el pie de \pna O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s. \pea I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand. \psa Me apachuré el pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano. \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb pach \ref 00948 \lxa i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik \lxac i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik \lxo i:xte:mpa:chika:tik \lxoc i:xte:mpa:chika:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seao to be completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed, leaving an empty or near-empty eye socket \ssao estar totalmente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o por una herida se quedómarchitado y físicamente deformado, dejando la cuenca del ojo vacío o casi vacío \fla pa:chaka:tl \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:chaka: \ref 00949 \lxa te:nka:wi:hli \lxac te:nka:wi:hli \lxo te:nka:wihli \lxoc te:nka:wihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao leftovers (food) \ssao sobras (de una comida) \syna te:nka:yo:tl \xrb te:n \xrb ka:wa \dis te:nka:wihli; te:nka:yo:tl \qry Determine any other meaning. Check length of final vowel. \pqry Recheck vowel length. I had the /i/ of /kwi/ short but during the elicitation session with C. Flores heard it long. I had previously thought that the Oa cognate had a short vowel here. This should be rechecked. \ref 00950 \lxa popoloxtla:katl \lxacpend *popoloxtla:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea man who mumbles and doesn't speak clearly \ssa hombre que habla mal, no pronunciando bien sus palabras, murmullando y balbaceando \syno tla:kanenepoch \fla popoloxtik \xrb polo: \xrb tla:ka \qry Check for /popoloxsowa:tl/. \grm Compounding: Note that the combination of an adjective ending in /-tik/ with a noun is achieved through the elimation of the adjectival ending /-tik/ and direct compounding to the nominal stem. \ref 00951 \lxa tsi:npeto \lxac tsi:npeto \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>peto</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea piece of leather and small twig that is tied to a belt and placed at the small of ones back and from which a machete is hung \ssa pedazo de cuero y una pequeña ramita que se ata al cinturón y se coloca en la región baja de la espalda para que sobreél se cuelge un machete \xrb tsi:n \nse The device is used in Oapan, but neither of my consultants at this time, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, could remember what it is called. \ilustmp Illustrate. See illustration on original 3x5 filecard. \ref 00952 \lxa u:nkah \lxac u:nkah \lxo o:nkah \lxoa u:nkah \lxoc o:nkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \seao for there to be something \ssao haber \pna Ke:mah, o:nyes. \pea Yes, there will be some (e.g., soda, beer, etc.). \psa Si, va a haber (p. ej., refrescos, cerveza, etc.). \pna O:nyes a:kin kinekis. \pea There will be someone who wants to (do it). \psa Habrá alguien quien va a querer (hacerlo). \xrb kah \nae See grammar for account of inflectional pattern and usage. Note that the tendency is for the vowel to be lower in the present form <nao>unkah</nao> than in the past (<nao>onkatka</nao>) or future (<nao>onyes</nao>). \ref 00953 \lxa itipo:xatia \lxac itipo:xatia \lxo ítipó:xatiá \lxop itipo:xatia \lxoc ítipó:xatiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bolsa</spn> (?) \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seao to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, illness, etc.) \ssao quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, enfermedad, etc.) \syna itipoti:xatia \xrb hti \qry Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference. \ref 00954 \lxa sa:kah \lxac sa:kah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea petate that has been rolled and tied into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains \ssa petate enrollado y atado como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos \sem tool \syna petlasa:kah \syno petlako:xtal \xrb sa:kah \nae <na>Sa:kah</na> might be derived from the verb <na>saka</na>, meaning 'to transport,' although the long vowel would seem to negate this. \qry Recheck the vowel in /sa:kah/ and determine etymology if possible. Check for possible possessed form. \ref 00955 \lxa ti- \lxac tikalaki \lxo ti- \lxoc tikalaki \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Pref(sub) \der Pref-sub \seao see <na>t-</na> \ssao vé ase <na>t-</na> \sea (before <na>-mits</na>) 1st-person subject prefix ('I') \ssa (antes de <na>-mits</na>) prefijo de sujeto de 1a. persona ('yo') \pna Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis. \pea I will cry for you when you die. \psa Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras. \nse In Ameyaltepec it is very common for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as <na>timits</na> although one does also hear <na>nimits-</na>. \qry Check on frequency of /nimits-/. \ref 00956 \lxa kocha:xi:xa \lxac nokocha:xi:xa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-[N-V2] \der V2-b \tran Reflexive; different sense with specific object \infv class-3a \sea (refl.) to urinate while sleeping; to wet ones bed while sleeping \ssa (refl.) orinar dormido en la cama \pna O:nimokocha:xi:x, xe nisaya. \pea I urinated in my sleep. I hadn't woken up yet. \psa Orinémientras que dormía. Todavía no me había despertado. \sea to urinate on (sb) in ones sleep \ssa orinar sobre (algn) al estar dormido \pna O:ne:chkocha:xi:x nokone:w, ok pitentsi:n. \pea My child urinated on me in his sleep, he's still little. \psa Mi niño me orinómientras que estaba durmiendo, todavía es pequeño. \syno koxtlapia:sowa \xrb koch \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nse Urinating in ones sleep is considered a <nla>te:tsa:wtli</nla>, a bad omen. \qry Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V. \ref 00957 \lxa xo:chio:tia \lxac kixo:chio:tia \lxo xo:chio:tia \lxoc kixo:chio:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to embroider \ssao bordar (una tela con hilo) \pna Kixo:chio:ti:s isuwa:tlake:n. \pea She will embroider her clothes. \psa Va a bordar su ropa de mujer. \obj a:matl \obj tepalkatl \obj la:soh \xrb xo:chi \ref 00958 \lxa popoloka \lxac popoloka \lxo popoloka \lxoc popoloka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[x][freq.] \infv class-4a \seao to babble; to mumble, to jumble ones words; to utter things that cannot be understood \ssao balbucear; murmullar; no hablar o pronunciar claro \pna San xma:s tihkakis tli:n kitowa, popoloka. \pea You won't be able to understand much of what he says, he babbles. \psa No vas a poder entender bien lo que dice, no pronuncia bien. \pna Xwel kipanki:xtia tlato:hli, san popoloka. \pea He can't pronounce words well, he just makes babbling sounds. \psa No puede pronunciar bien las palabras, solamente balbucea. \sem sound-human \xrb polo: \nse Although not documented in Ameyaltepec or Oapan (as yet), the verb <na>polo:ni</na> which would be expected from <na>popoloka</na> is given in Carochi (fol. 477); Molina gives only <n>popoloni</n> ; for further discussion, see <nla>popoloxtik</nla>. \qry Determine entry for different ways of speaking, 'to speak in a high voice,' 'low voice,' etc.: /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc. Make sure all sounds are properly coded as sound-human/animal/material. \ref 00959 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a repeated entry for /yo:hlo/ and has been removed, with the information going to entry 726. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00960 \lxa kuwyoh \lxac kuwyoh \lxo kowyoh \lxoc kowyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \se (<na>i:tik ~</na>) woods; forest (lit., 'in an area full or covered with trees) \ss (<na>i:tik ~</na>) bosque; selva (lit., 'en unaárea cubierta deárboles) \pna I:tik kowyoh nemi. \pea It lives in the woods (i.e., in the wild). \psa Vive en el bosque (esto es, es silvestre). \pna I:tik kowyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl. \pea People live in the woods, in the hills (or mountains). \psa Gente vive en el bosque, en los cerros (o montañas). \xrb kow \qry Check the correctness of /mlá:k kowyoh/ 'there are a real lot of trees' or /kuhioh/ as an adjective describing a location. \ref 00961 \lxa tla:ni \lxac kitla:ni \lxo tla:ni \lxoc kitla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to defeat; to better or best (e.g., another person [O] in a game, a race, etc. [Obl], e.g., <na>i:pan</na> + [Noun]) \ssao ganar a; vencer a (p. ej., a algn [O] en una carrera, un juego, etc. [Obl]; p. ej., <na>i:pan</na> + [Sustantivo]) \pna O:timistla:n! \pea I beat you (e.g., in a race)! \psa ¡Te gané(p. ej., en una carrera)! \pna O:mistla:tla:n ipan iswatl! \pea I got ahead of you each lap in stripping corn leaves off the stalks (i.e., getting ahead each time we reached the edge of the field having finished a group of three furrows)! \psa ¡Te gané una vuelta tras otra en el zacateo (esto es, iba adelante cada vez que salíamos a la orilla de la milpa después de haber zacateado un grupo de tres surcos)! \pna Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. \pea He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. \psa Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. \seao to earn (a wage or other sort of remuneration) \ssao ganar (un sueldo o pago, u otro tipo de remuneración) \pna We:i tiktla:ni pa:mpa tite:maxtia. \pea You earn a lot because you teach. \psa Ganas mucho porque enseñas. \pna Notla:ni a:chitsi:n. \pea The pay is poor. \psa Se gana poco (de sueldo). \seao (recipr.; or refl. + <na>-wa:n</na>) to compete with (each other); or bet against (each other); to compete with; to bet against \ssao (recipr.; or refl. + <na>-wa:n</na>) hacer competencia o apostar (entre si); hacer competencia o apostar con \pna Mitskwenti:s deke iwa:n timotla:nis. \pea He will beat you if you compete (have a contest) with him. \psa Te va a ganar si haces competencia conél. \pna Iwa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah. Tihkwenti:s. \pea Have a contest with him racing. You'll beat him. \psa échate una carrera conél. Le vas a ganar. \pna Ma timotla:nika:n kamanon wa:hla:s. \pea Let's bet over when he will come. \psa Vamos a apostar sobre cuando va a venir. \se (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to contest back and forth; to litigate over the long term; to dispute or argue back and forth (e.g., two people insulting each other, first one and then the other) \ss (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) contestar, litigar, primero ganando uno y después otro; discutir uno contra otro (p. ej., dos personas insultándose, primero uno y despúes otro) \pna Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian. \pea We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement). \psa Estamos discutiendo, alegando uno y después otro, no nos podemos arreglar. \pna Notla:tla:ntoyan ika tla:hli Oapan iwa:n San Miguel. \pea Oapan and San Miguel were in dispute over land for a long time. \psa Oapan y San Miguel litigaban sobre terreno por un largo tiempo. \pna Notla:tla:ntokeh ika tlato:hli. \pea They are arguing back and forth. \psa Están discutiendo, primero uno y después otro. \pna Notla:tla:ntokeh, itlah tli:no:n nokwi:kwi:lian. \pea They are fighting back and forth, over something that they are struggling over (i.e., taking one from the other, time after time). \psa Están discutiendo uno contra otro, sobre algo que toman una y otra vez, primero uno y después el otro. \se (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to seesaw back and forth (e.g., loads placed on each side of a beast of burden) \ss (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) oscilar de un lado a otro, o arriba y abajo (p. ej., cargas colocadas por cada lado de una bestia) \pna Notla:tla:ntokeh tlikohtli, sehka:n ma:s yetí:k. \pea The firewood (loaded on both side of a donkey) seesaws back and forth, one side is heavier. \psa La leña (cargada por los dos lados de un burro) sube y baja, un lado está más pesado. \se to get the best of (e.g., a task or chore [S] of a person [O]) \ss vencer; ganar (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo [S] a una persona [O]) \pna Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n. \pea Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me. \psa ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarren, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó. \pna O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k. \pea The edge of my ceramic bowl has cracked here and there over its surface, it's gotten the better of me, its edge dried. \psa La superficie de la orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitó en varios lugares, me ganó, se le secósu orilla. \pna Nomi:l sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, yo:ne:chtla:n, yo:wa:k. \pea My cornfield is just turning reddish, it's gotten the better of me, it's dried up. \psa Mi milpa se está quedando rojizo, me ganó, se secó. \equiva kwentia \xrb tla:ni \xvaao tla:nilia \nae In many cases the type of activity in which one person did better than another, or in which two people raced, etc. is indicated by an oblique nominal phrase: <na>Nite:tla:ni i:pan iswatekilistli</na> 'I beat people (I am better than others) in the <spn>zacateo</spn>, or <na>Notla:tla:ntoyan i:ka tla:hli Oapan i:wa:n San Marcos</na> ' The verb <na>tla:ni</na> has not been documented with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> but only with <n>te:-</n>, the reflexive markers, and the specific object markers. \qry In the phrase /Notla:tla:ntokeh tlikuhtli, sehka:n ma:s yetí:k/ I originally had /se:ka:n/. This should be checked. Check whether /tla-/ can be used in any circumstances. /te:-/; /tla-/: Note that the verb /tla:ni/ has only been documented with specific and reflexive prefixes and with the nonspecific marker /te:-/, but not with /tla-/. This needs to be rechecked, and may relate to the fact that the object is usually +human. But what about a horse that is faster than all the rest: /te:tla:ni/ or /tlatla:ni/? check. \grm /te:-/; /tla-/: Note that the verb /tla:ni/ has only been documented with specific and reflexive prefixes and with the nonspecific marker /te:-/, but not with /tla-/. This needs to be rechecked, and may relate to the fact that the object is usually +human. But what about a horse that is faster than all the rest: /te:tla:ni/ or /tlatla:ni/? check. \ref 00962 \lxa tekwi:ntlakali \lxac kitekwi:ntlakali \lxo tekwí:ntlakáli \lxop tekwi:ntlakali \lxoc kitekwí:ntlakáli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao to throw down hard to the ground (e.g., as a child might do to himself in a temper tantrum) \ssao aventar con fuerza a la tierra (p. ej., como un niño podría hacerse durante un ataque de berrinche) \pna Notetekwi:ntlakali un burroh, o:pe:w kwalo. \pea That donkey has started throwing himself down hard to the ground (once and once again), he's started to get sick. \psa Ese burro ya empezó a aventarse al suelo, empezó a enfermarse. \xrb tekwi: \xrb tlahkali \grm Compounding. Reduplication. In this case note the compound form /tekwi:n + tlakali/. The second element is a verb, so there is not much difficulty here. However, the first element, /tekwi:n/, is quite clearly the shortened form of /tekwi:ni/. It is much the same in this compound as /koch-/ is in certain other compounds. Yet the precise reason, basis, or semantic implications of this compounding is unclear. \ref 00963 \lxa xa:yakatsotson \lxac xa:yakatsotson \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N(ap) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have facial hair; to be bearded \ssa tener pelo sobre la cara; ser barbudo \cola xa:yakatsotsoneh \syno xa:yaká:tsonéh \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tson \grm Apocopated adjectives: Note that in general it is difficult to determine whether certain apocopated forms are nouns or adjectives. This is the case with /xa:yakatsotson/. It is apparently the shortened form of /xa:yakatsotsoneh/, which is clearly a noun given that /-eh/ forms can be possessed, at least theoretically although in the case of /xa:yakatsotsoneh/ there is no possessed form (but cf. /noto:pi:leka:w/). Consult with Launey about this question. \ref 00964 \lxa tlakpatatli \lxac tlakpatatli \lxo tlahpátatlí \lxop tlahpatatli \lxoc tlahpátatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \seao stepfather \ssao padrastro \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb tah \nse The Spanish version of RS mistakenly has 'suegro' (father-in-law) for <na>tlakpatatli</na> ; Molina has 'padrastro' for this same word. In general the significations of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl words beginning with <n>tlakpa-</n> are in accord with the definitions given by Molina. \ref 00965 \lxa tekwisitli \lxac tekwisitli \lxo tekwísitlí \lxoc tekwísitlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \seao crab \ssao cangrejo del río \sem animal \sem marine \syna tekwisiri \fla tekwisiri \xrb tekwisih \ref 00966 \lxa ye:skatl \lxac i:ye:skayo \dt 03/May/2005 \loan yesca \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 2 \sea rotten and powdery interior of a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside \ssa parte interior pudrido y polvorizado de un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro \pna Xoh kipia iyo:l chika:wak, san puro iye:skah, iye:skayo. \pea It no longer has hard heartwood, it has only its rotten interior, its interior of powdery wood. \psa Ya no tiene su madera del corazón duro, solamente tiene un interior pudrido, un interior hecho polvo. \pna Xkwahli pa:mpa mama:yoh. Kipias ye:skatl, pala:nki yes itik. \pea It's no good (a branch cut from a tree) because it has a lot of knots. It surely has powdery wood inside, it's bound to be rotten inside. \psa No está bien (una rama cortada de unárbol) porque tiene muchos nudos. Tendrámadera pulvorizada adentro, ha de estar podrido por adentro. \syna ye:skah \xrb ye:ska \nse <na>Ye:skatl</na> is formed in wooden branches and trunks when water gets into the interior and starts rotting the wood out on the inside, leaving a narrow ring of hard and good wood on the exterior. \nae Both <na>ye:skah</na> and <na>ye:skatl</na> have been documented in the corpus as the unpossessed form. Likewise, consultants have given the possessed as <na>iye:skah</na>, <na>iye:skaw</na>, and <na>iye:skayo</na> (Am; Oa would have a long initial <i>i:-</i>). It is not clear whether one is more correct than the other. The reason for these irregularities is undoubtedly the origin of this word as a Spanish loan. \ref 00967 \lxa tekomo:ntok \lxac tekomo:ntok \lxo tekomo:ntok \lxoc tekomo:ntok \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv Durative \se to be puffed up; to be flared out \ss estar inflado \pna Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kechtlan. \pea The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff. \psa Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños. \seo to be fully branched with a large, leafy and luxurious crown (a tree) \sso estar con muchas ramas y la copa frondosa (unárbol) \subadj tlake:ntli kwa:k nosowa \subadj terra:yah kwa:k htlakalis \xrb te- \xrb komo: \qry Again, determine whether /komo:ntok/ is correct in the above instance. Also, make a determination whether /komo:ntok/, /komo:ni/, /komo:nia/, etc. should be distinguished by a different entry from /tekomo:ntok/, /tekomo:ni/, /tekomo:nia/, etc. \rt Note the use of /komo:ni/ and related words to deal with things that are large and puffed out, e.g., dresses, turkeys, trees, etc. Check full range. \ref 00968 \lxa -tsitsi:nteh \lxaa -tsitsi:nteh \lxac kwaltsitsi:nteh \lxo -te:tsi:ntih \lxoa tsitsi:ntih \lxoc kwalte:tsi:ntih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Suf(adj) \der Suf-adjval \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \seao plural of the diminutive adjectival suffix <nao>-tsi:n</nao> \ssao plural del sufijo adjectival diminutivo <nao>-tsi:n</nao> \flao -tsi:n \xrb -tsi:n \nae Apparently in Oapan the reduced reduplicative form <no>te:tsi:ntih</no> is more common than <no>tsitsi:ntih</no>, particularly among the more recent generations, but this will need to be further researched before any definitive statement can be made. The form <no>te:tsi:ntih</no> manifests vowel lengthening on the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n>, which lengthens in assuming the function of a reduplicant based on the stem. \ref 00969 \lxa i:xmon to:nahli \lxac i:xmon to:nahli \lxo i:xmon to:nahli \lxoc i:xmon to:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \seao rays of the sun that sometimes appear filtering through the clouds \ssao rayos del sol que a veces aparecen filtrándose a través de las nubes \pna Yo:pe:w notla:lia i:xmon to:nahli \pea The rays of the sun (filtering through the clouds) have started to appear. \psa Los rayos del sol (filtrándose a través de las nubes) han empezado a aparecer. \pna Kwa:k tlamoxte:mi, ki:sa i:xmon to:nahli. \pea When there is a cloud cover, the rays of the sun can be seen filtering through. \psa Cuando el cielo está tapado de nubes, se ven filtrándose los rayos del sol. \pna Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli. \pea The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds). \psa Los rayos del sol están filtrándose hacia abajo (a través de las nubes). \sem weather \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb to:na \nse This lexical item refers to the rays that are visible either above or below the sun, depending on the position of the clouds, when the sun is partially behind them. Most often, however, they point toward the ground. \vl Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. \ref 00970 \lxa tlama:tsowahli \lxac tlama:tsowahli \lxo tlama:tsowahli \lxoc tlama:tsowahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao taco; tortilla that has been folded over in half while hot, (often with chile, beans, or some other item sprinkled inside \ssao taco; tortilla doblada cuando caliente (que a menudo tiene algo como chile, frijoles, u otra cosa echada adentro) \pna Ni:n se: tlama:tsowahli o:ne:chmak. \pea He didn't give me even one taco. \psa Ni un taco me dió. \xrb ma:ts \qry Make sure that possessed form is acceptable as I have indicated in the /infn field. \ref 00971 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /chi:hli de wa:ktli/ but has been eliminated for /chi:lwa:ktli/ \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00972 \lxa xali:toh \lxac xali:toh \lxo xali:toh \lxoc xali:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan xales \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao small pieces of fried pork rinds \ssao xales, pedazos de piel de marrano frita \nse This should be distinguished from <na>chicharrón</na>, which refers to large pieces of fried pork rinds. \ref 00973 \lxa ikxitlake:ntli \lxac ikxitlake:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \sea (rare) sock \ssa (raro) calcetín \se stockings \ss medias (de mujer) \cfo ixitlaké:sohlóh \xrb kxi \xrb ke:m \qry Check meaning as 'sock.' The first meaning above, however, was checked. \ref 00974 \lxa weka:wi:tia \lxac kweka:wi:tia \lxo 'wika:wí:tia \lxoc kíwika:wí:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to delay; to make (sb) take a long time, to occupy for a long time (sb, e.g., a task o chore [S]) \ss demorar; entretener (a algn); ocupar por un buen rato (a algn, p. ej., un trabajo o tarea [S]) \pna Pipi:nki un kohtli. Xwel niktlapa:na, ne:chweka:wi:ti:s. \pea That wood (in this case firewood being chopped) is tough. I can't split it, it will keep me occupied for a long time. \psa Esa madera (en este caso leña para partir) es resistente. No lo puedo partir, me va a entretener mucho tiempo. \xrb weka: \xvba weka:wi \nae Cristino Flores accepted both <na>kweka:witia</na> and <na>kiweka:wi:tia</na>. \vl Check p-a pattern of Oa form \ref 00975 \lxa tete:mowilia \lxac kitete:mowilia \lxo téte:mowília \lxop tete:mowilia \lxoc kí:te:mowília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \seao to look for or search for (sth) for \ssao buscar (algo) para \pna Niktete:mowili:s, xnikelna:miki ka:no:n o:ntla:lih. \pea I'm going to look for it for him, I don't remember where I put it down. \psa Se lo voy a buscar, no me acuerdo donde lo puse. \seao to divine for (with cards, maize and copal, etc., particularly in reference to divining to find the location of lost animal that had been let out to graze) \ssao adivinar para; echar suertes para (con maíz y copal, con cartas, etc.; particularmente para determinar la ubicación de un animal perdido que había sido dejado en el campo) \pna Xne:xtete:mowili -=xne:xtete:moli- noyo:lka:w! \pea Divine (the location of) my animal for me! \psa ¡Adivina (donde está) mi animal para mí! \pna Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo. \pea He is a diviner, he knows how to read fortunes from things tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your family, about the source of his illness. \psa Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal en un plato de agua) para buscarle a un pariente tuyo la razón con que está enfermo. \se (usually with an extraverse directional) to look for (an animal) in the hills or plains for (see <nla>tlate:mowilia</nla>) \ss (generalmente con una direccional extraversa) sabanear para; buscar (un animal, en las montañas o llanos) para (vé ase <nla>tlate:mowilia</nla>) \pna Xne:xtete:mowili:ti -=xne:xtete:moli:ti- noyo:lka:w! \pea Go look for my animal (left grazing or lost) for me! \psa ¡Ve a sabanear por mi animal para mí! \syna tete:molia \xrb te:m-2- \xv1ao tlate:mowilia \xv1a tlatete:mowilia \xv1o tlá:te:mowília \xvba te:mowa \nse In the sense of 'to divine' <na>(tla)tete:mowilia</na> is the same as <na>(tla)tete:molia</na>. A phrase with <na>tete:mowilia</na> and a specific object (the benefactive) will often have the meaning of 'to divine for' if there is no directional, but with a directional it takes on the sense of 'sabanear,' i.e., 'to (go) look (in the mountains or plains) for an animal (or animals) of someone.' This is a good example of how the primary interpretation of a predication may change with a directional. For further explanation, see <nla>tlate:mowilia</nla>. When the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> is used the unreduplicated base applicative verb is used to mean 'sabanear para' whereas the reduplicated form (<na>tlatete:mowilia</na>) is used for the general act of divination. \mod Get both forms in the entry for digital sound: /kite:mowa/ 'he misses him' and /kitete:mowa/ 'he looks for him.' \grm Directionals: In the sense of 'to divine' <na>(tla)tete:mowilia</na> is the same as <na>(tla)tete:molia</na>. A phrase with <na>tete:mowilia</na> and a specific object (the benefactive) will often have the meaning of 'to divine for' if there is no directional, but with a directional it takes on the sense of 'sabanear,' i.e., 'to (go) look (in the mountains or plains) for an animal (or animals) of someone.' This is a good example of how the primary interpretation of a predication may change with a directional. \rt Distinguish <na>te:m</na> from another <na>te:m</na> related to lips, borders, filling, etc. \ref 00976 \lxa a:pe:to \lxac i:a:pe:to \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan apetito \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea stomach \ssa estómago \pna O:te:n ia:pe:to. \pea He's had his fill \psa Ya se llenó(de comer). \sem body \sem human \nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz, from whom I did not hear this word, this is a derivation from the Sp. <na>apetito</na>. It is a recent introduction and is used jokingly (as in the illustrative phrase) to mean 'stomach.' \qry Check for final /-h/. \ref 00977 \lxa te:teh \lxac te:teh \lxo te:teh \lxoc i:te:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao beddy-bye! \ssao ¡camita! \pno Mote:teh nia:mah! \peo Beddy-bye mi child! \pso ¡Acuéstate mi hijo(a)! \xrb te:ka \nae This word can be used in various forms. In Oapan <no>To no: mote:teh!</no> '¡Tútambién acuéstate!'. In Ameyaltepec one can use an imperative: <na>Xmote:teh ne:neh!</na> 'Go lie down little sibling!'. \nse <na>Te:teh</na> follows the form of words used in speaking to babies and young children: long vowel reduplication of a CVCV root, the deletion of the root-final syllable, and a final /h/. As with other command-like words used with children, there are several equivalent alternate forms. Here <na>te:teh</na>, <na>mote:teh</na>, and <na>xmote:teh</na> are all equivalent. It is often said to a young child who is starting to sit up, for example in a hammock or bed. It is probably derived from <nla>te:ka</nla> although it may be related to <nla>te:ma</nla>. \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1. Note that the Oapan elicited form /i:te:teh/ is probably a very infelicitous choice of possessive prefixes. Change this in the future. \ref 00978 \lxa tli:lkuwatl \lxac tli:lkuwatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of snake, as yet unidentified; lit. 'black snake' \ssa tipo de culebra, todavía no identificada; lit. 'culebra negra' \pna Kanah u:nkah kowatl mitsyesa:tli:s. Kihlian tli:lkowatl, kikalakti:s iko:lah itik moyekatso:l. Kwa:kon kiki:xti:s yestli. \pea In some places there is a snake that drinks your blood. It is called a <na>tli:lkowatl</na>. It puts its tail into your nose, then it takes out blood. \psa En algunos lugares hay una culebra que te bebe la sangre. Lo llaman <na>tli:lkowatl</na>.' Mete su cola por la nariz, entonces te chupa la sangre. \encyctmp snakes \xrb tli:l \xrb kowa \qry It is unclear whether this is a real type of snalke or one that is just imagined. \ref 00979 \lxa nexi:ko:leh \lxac nexi:ko:leh \lxo nexi:ko:leh \lxoc nexi:ko:leh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \aff Nom. <n>ne-</n> \infn N1 \seao person who is selfish, self-centered o egotistic \ssao persona que es egoísta \pna Nexi:ko:leh, tli:n kipia xkite:tlane:wtia. \pea He is selfish, what he has he doesn't lend out (i.e., he wants to be the only one who has it). \psa Es egoísta, lo que tiene no lo quiere prestar (esto es, quiere ser elúnico quien lo tenga). \pna Nexi:ko:leh, xkineki ma tlanamakalo. \pea He is selfish, he doesn't want any selling to take place (e.g., in a market place where he has rights, he wants to be the only one selling). \psa Es egoísta, no quiere que haya venta (p. ej., en un mercado donde tiene derecho a vender,él quiere ser elúnico vendiendo). \seao person who is envious or jealous (e.g., of the success, wealth, good fortune, etc., of others) \ssao persona envidiosa o celeosa (p. ej., deléxito, dinero, suerte, etc., de otros) \sem emotions \xrb xi:ko \nse <na>Nexi:ko:leh</na> refers to a person who is selfish, particularly one who refuses to let others share a certain materal object or right (such as a permit to sell in a given location). Thus a person who refuses to lend out something that another person needs, or who uses his influence to prevent others from obtaining permits to sell is called <na>nexi:ko:leh</na>. It might refer to someone who has a nice house and doesn't want others to build equally nice homes. Or it can be used to refer to someone who begrudges the success of others, who sees others who have made money, have a lot of friends, etc. and is jealous. The derivation of <na>nexi:ko:l</na> is clearly related to the verb <na>xi:kowa</na> plus the reflexive prefix <n>ne-</n>, used here to refer to changes that affect the emotions or physical state of a person. \grm Possessor with -wah and -eh: Note that care should be taken to mention that the forms ending in /-wah/ and /-eh/ often function as"adjectives." \ref 00980 \lxa sasa:lik xiwtli \lxac sasa:lik xiwtli \lxo sasa:lih xihtli \lxoc sasa:lih xihtli \lxt sasa:lik xiwtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 1(w) \seao any of several types of weeds with burrs that stick to ones clothes \ssao cualquier de varias plantas, malezas con púas que se pega a la ropa \pna Sasa:lik xiwtli | San para ma kasi mopantaló:n, noso ikwe suwa:tl ka:n nowi:tian, ka:n pixkan. \pea <na>Sasa:lik xiwtli</na> : It's only good for getting on pants, or on women's skirts where they pass through (a field), where they harvest. \psa <na>Sasa:lik xiwtli</na> : Solamente sirve para pegarse a los pantalones, a las faldas de las mujeres por donde pasan (en el campo), donde cosechan. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb sa:l \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \ref 00981 \lxa e:kchi:wilia \lxac ke:kchi:wilia \lxo e:hchi:wilia \lxoc ke:hchi:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>ye:kchi:wilia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>ye:kchi:wilia</nla> \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \xvba e:kchi:wa \xvbo e:hchi:wa \nae Given that the historically epenthetic /y/ is maintained after the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> (and in the nominal form <nla>ye:ktli</nla>) this verb is found under <nla>ye:kchi:wilia</nla>. \ref 00982 \lxa sehka:n \lxac sehka:n \lxo séhneká:n \lxoc séhneká:n \dt 12/Jun/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N(loc) \pa yes \seao (in or at) one place \ssao (en) un solo lugar \pna San sehka:n u:nkah. \pea There is some in only one place. \psa Solamente un lugar hay. \se (<n>san</n> ~) in one place (together) \ss (<n>san</n> ~) en un lugar (juntos) \pna San sehka:n ticha:nti, ni:n se: nokone:w noxelowa. \pea We live (together) in one place, not even one of my children has separated. \psa Vivimos (juntos) en un solo lugar, ni uno de mis hijos se ha apartado. \pea As for me, I'm going to another place (i.e., distinct from where you had gone, where you had requested I go, etc.). \psa En cuanto a mí, voy a ir a otro lugar (esto es, distinto de donde tu habías ido, de donde me pediste que fuera, etc.) \xrb sem \xrl -ka:n \ref 00983 \lxa tlako:lo:hli \lxac tlako:lo:hli \lxo tlako:lo:hli \lxoc tlako:lo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se hillside field that is cleared, planted, and worked by hand (i.e., with a <nla>witso:ktli</nla> and not with a plow) \ss terreno sobre una cuesta que se limpia, se siembra, y se trabajo a mano (esto es, con un <nla>witso:ktli</nla> y no con arado y yunta) \xrb tlako:l \encyctmp tla:hli; agriculture \vl Check vowel length. \ref 00984 \lxa ikxiweyakilia \lxac nokxiweyakilia \lxo ixiwiyakilia \lxoc noxiwiyakilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Only documented in reflexive; no intransitive documented *ikxiweyakia \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg \ssao (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna \pna Xmokxiweyakili, ma:ka tikxikohtias! \pea Stretch out your leg, don't let it get stiff! \psa !Enderézate la pierna; quéno se te vaya a agarrotear! \syno iximela:wa \xrb kxi \xrb weya \qry Determine whether intransitive and adjectival exist: /ikxiweyakia/ and /ikxiweyak/. Check for reduplication. \rt With this and other words with the root /we:ya/ reanalize to determine whether root should be /we:ya/, /we:i/, /we:iya/, etc. \ref 00985 \lxa itilia \lxac kitilia \lxo itilia \lxoc kitilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to see (sth) on or in the possession of (e.g., a missing object seen on or in the possession of sb); to notice about (a person, e.g., that a certain person has particular skills or has done a specific task) \ssao verle (algo) a (p. ej., verle o descubirle un objeto perdido o robado en la posesión de otra persona); fijarse en (algo) sobre (una persona, p. ej., que tiene una cierta habilidad o que ha hecho algo en particular) \pna O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis. \pea I've noticed it (in this case a certain ability) with others. Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn. \psa Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, he de aprender. \pna O:nikitilih noperó:l. O:mpoloka, o:niki:xmat. \pea I saw him with my metal water container. I had lost it, I recognized it. \psa Le vi mi perol. Lo había perdido, lo reconocí. \pna San tikchi:wa ihkón pa:mpa o:tine:chitilih. \pea You just do it that way because you saw it (being done that way) by me. \psa Solamente asílo haces porque me lo viste así. \pna O:timitsitilih wa:n o:nikwelitak tli:n o:tike:kchi:w. ihkón nikchi:wili:s. \pea I saw it about you (in this case sth you made) and I liked what you made. I will do it the same way. \psa Te lo vi (en este caso algo que fabricaste) y me gustólo que hiciste. Asímero le voy a hacer. \seao to see or take a look at (sth) for (i.e., the benefit of sb) \ssao verle (algo) a (algn y en su beneficio) \pna Kite:tlato:ltia ka:no:n kitilian. \pea He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he is looking for). \psa Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que está buscando). \se to look at (sth) for (sb; with a directional: to go/come take a look at sth for sb) \ss examinar o echar una mirada a (algo) para (algn; con una direccional: ir/venir a ver algo para algn) \pna Xmotili:ti tla: tikneki! \pea Go take a look at it for yourself if you want! \psa ¡Ve a verlo para ti mismo si quieres! \pna Newa xnikaxilia. Tewa xn:echonitili! \pea I don't have time. You go take a look at it for me! \psa A míno me alcanza el tiempo,¡Tu ve a verlo para mí! \se to figure out (sth about sth); to solve a problem in regard to \ss descifrar (algo sobre algo); solucionarle (algo en referencia a algo o algn) \pna Xekitilia. Xki:sa. \pea He hasn't figured it out yet (i.e., the proper way to make something, to paint, etc.). It (what he does) doesn't turn out right. \psa Todavía no le ve la manera (p. ej., cómo pintar, hacer algo, etc.). No sale. \xrb ta \xvbao ita \mod Check and change all occurrences of /wa:n/ to /wan/ if a short vowel is definitely determine to exist here. \ref 00986 \lxa wa:xka:tl \lxaa a:xka:tl \lxac i:wa:xka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea see <nla>a:xka</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>a:xka</nla> \xrb a:xka \ref 00987 \lxa tlakachikas \lxac tlakachikas \lxo tlákachíkas \lxop tlakachikas \lxoa tlákachékas \lxoc tlákachékas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \pa yes-lex \seao see <nlao>tlakah</nlao> ; <nla>chika</nla> \ssao vé ase <nlao>tlakah</nlao> ; <nla>chika</nla> \flao tlakah \xrb tlakah \xrb chika \nae The pitch-accent in the Oapan form <no>tlákachékas</no> is a reflex of the underlying final {h} in <no>tlakah</no>. \ref 00988 \lxa yo:lkaxa:ni \lxac yo:lkaxa:ni \lxo yo:lkaxa:ni \lxoc yo:lkaxa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Determine transitive form \infv class-3a \seao to easily break down; to be weak of heart or spirit; to be overly sensitive (and easily intimidated into a change of heart) \ssao perder luego luego elánimo; ser débil del espíritu; ser sensitivo (al grado de que fácilmente cambia de idea) \pna Yo:lkaxa:ni. Niman yo:lkaxa:ni kwa:k kawan, niman noyo:lkukwa noso cho:ka, noso tlayo:koya. \pea He is sensitive. He breaks down right away when scolded, right away he feels hurt, or he cries, or he gets sad. \psa Es sensible. Luego luego pierde elánimo cuando lo regañan, luego luego le duele el corazón, o llora, o se pone triste. \xrb yo:l \xrb kaxa: \ref 00989 \lxa tlasotla \lxac kitlasotla \lxo 'tlasótla \lxop tlasotla \lxoc kítlasótla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tla \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao to cherish \ssao apreciar \pna Yewa nikpia de xina:xtli. Niktlasotla. \pea That one (e.g., a pig, goat, donkey, cow, etc.) I keep to produce offspring. I cherish it. \psa Ese (p. ej., una marrana, chiva, burra, vaca, etc.) tengo para cria. Lo aprecio mucho. \seao to be careful not to waste (e.g., sth that is scarce, such as water during the dry season) \ssao cuidar mucho para no desperdiciar (p. ej., algo que escasea, como agua durante la temporada de secas) \pna Kitlasotla a:tl, xoh kiawi. \pea He is careful not to waste water, it doesn't rain anymore. \psa Tiene cuidado de no desperdiciar agua, ya no llueve. \seao to love (e.g., a child, spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, etc.) \ssao amar; querer (p. ej., un niño, esposo o esposa, novio o novia, etc.) \nae In Oapan pitch accent can fall on either the prefix or first syllable of the verb stem (i.e., either <na>kítlasótla</na> or <na>kitlásotlá</na>, although on shift of high pitch-accent to prefix is apparently more common. The intransitive cognate to this verb ends in <n>-ti</n> : <nla>tlasoti</nla>. \xrb tlasoh \grmx In Oapan pitch accent can fall on either the prefix or first syllable of the verb stem (i.e., either <na>kítlasótla</na> or <na>kitlásotlá</na>, although on shift of high pitch-accent to prefix is apparently more common. The intransitive cognate to this verb ends in <n>-ti</n> : <nla>tlasoti</nla>. \ref 00990 \lxa iyo:te:mi \lxac iyo:te:mi \lxo íyo:té:mi \lxop iyo:te:mi \lxoc íyo:té:mi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \seao to fill with air \ssao llenarse con aire \se (vulg.) for ones belly to swell up (e.g., a pregant woman) \ss (vulg.) hincharsele la barriga a (p. ej., a una mujer embarazada) \pna A:man xkita! Melá:h kwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli. \pea Take a look at her! Her belly is swollen up! You wouldn't have thought it, but it's just because she's pregnant. \psa ¡Véla!¡Su barriga está bien hinchanda! No lo hubieras pensado, pero es simplemente por estar embarazada. \xrb hyo: \xrb te:m \qry Remove reference to pregnancy which is a"burla." \ref 00991 \lxa mihka:siwi \lxac mihka:siwi \lxo míhkasíwi \lxop mihkasiwi \lxoc míhkasíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have an alergic reaction characterized by red itchy spots on ones skin \ssao tener alergias caracterizado por un sarpullido o mal de la piel con ronchas rojas que escocen \pna Mihkasiwi. Kekexkia. Nakokwi itla:kayo. Poso:ni itlaka:yo. \pea He has a skin rash called <na>mihkasiwi</na>. He itches. His skin puffs up. His skin pops up. \psa Tiene un sarpullido llamado <na>mihkasiwi</na>. Tiene comezón. Se alza su piel. Se le salen bolitas. \sem disease \xrb miki \xrb hsi \spk hervor de sangre; alergia \nse The type of skin disease is like a rash from an allergy, the rash appears as large raised patches on ones skin. Some Ameyaltepec speakers will pronounce this word as <na>mehkasiwi</na>. The Nahuatl-speaking nurse in the Oapan clinic translated this word as 'alergia.' \nae Apparently <na>mihkasiwi</na> derives from the participial form of <n>miki</n> compounded with <n>ihsiwi</n>, as suggested by the pitch-accent in Oapan <no>míhkasíwi</no>. The initial {h} of the final root {hsiwi} would account for the short /a/ in a participial form that usually has a long /a:/ in this position. \qry Check for {h} in cognate dialects (e.g., ?mihkahsiwi). In one note I have recorded that the /a/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that this might be the result of underlying {-hsiwi} with vowel shortening before the reflex of the glottal stop. Cf. Gram 1986-06-06.1. Recheck vowel length. Check for absence of causative/transitive. Word seems to have long /a:/ in Am and short in Oapan. Check. \mod For the cure of this, see Flk 1984- 03-12.1. \vl Check /a/ \sj Check for /h/. \ref 00992 \lxa tlampapatiltik \lxac tlampapatiltik \lxo tlá:mpatíltik \lxoc tlá:mpatíltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-rdp \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seao to have crooked teeth \ssao tener los dientes chuecos \se to have the teeth crooked (as in a wood saw) \ss tener los dientes chuecos (p. ej., una sierra para madera) \apa tlampapatil \xrb tlan \xrb patil \nae Given the semantics of this compound, i.e., that crookedness of teeth implies more than one tooth, it has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal root. \qry Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases. \ref 00993 \lxa ikxikelo:ni \lxac ikxikelo:ni \lxo ixikelo:ni \lxoc ixikelo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Apparently no transitive from \infv class-3a \seo to severely strain (but not dislocate) ones leg or foot \sso torcersele duro o fuertemente la pierna o pie (pero no hasta luxarse) \pno Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n. \peo Pull on my leg for me, I sprained it badyly it. \pso Jálame la pierna, se me torciófuertemente. \flao kelo:ni \xrb kxi \xrb kelo: \nse Although at one point some consultants from Ameyaltepec gave the meaning of <nao>kelo:ni</nao> as 'to dislocate' (a bone, that gets out of socket), Florencia Marcelino mentioned that <nao>kelo:ni</nao> refers to a severe strain but not dislocation. Many speakers would illustrate the meaning of <na>ikxikelo:ni</na> by illustrating the movement of a donkeys foot as it gets doubled back upon landing on an uneven surface, getting severely sprained but not dislocated or broken. \qry Check to see if the intensifier /te-/ can be use, ?ikxitekelo:ni, etc. \ref 00994 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /to:chia:yotl/ or /to:cha:yo:tl/ (Oapan) has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 00995 \lxa -ki \lxac xtlakwa:ki \lxo -ki \lxoc xtlakwa:ki \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao inverse directional used in the imperative and optative modes \ssao direccional inverso utilizado en los modos imperativo y optativo \nae This suffix, which has a plural <na>-kin</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>-kih</no> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <nlao>-ko</nlao> and <nlao>-ko:ya</nlao>. \ref 00996 \lxa te:nmotsi:ni \lxac te:nmotsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran No transitive form documented \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>te:ntemotsi:ni</na> \infv class-3a \sea (with long vowel reduplication) for ones lips to crack (e.g., from the cold) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) agrietarsele los labios a (p. ej., del frío) \pna O:nite:mo:motsi:n, ke:n se:wa. \pea My lips have cracked, how cold it is! \psa Se me agrietaron los labios,¡quéfrío hace! \seao (with long vowel reduplication) for the edge of to show light cracks on its surface (e.g., a ceramic bowl) \ssao (con reduplicacion de vocal larga) agrietarse por la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica) \pna O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k. \pea The edge of my ceramic bowl has cracked here and there over its surface, it's gotten the better of me, its edge dried. \psa La superficie de la orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitó en varios lugares, me ganó, se le secósu orilla. \xrb te:n \xrb motsi: \nae As with most verbs containing the element <na>motsi:ni</na> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. Note that in Ameyaltepec the double nasal reduces in rapid speech. \qry Check form with /te-/: /te:ntemotsi:ni/. Check the two types of reduplication and different circumstances; also check the potential subjects of each type of reduplication. \sj Check both types of reduplication and potential subjects; complete study. \ref 00997 \lxa te:ntsonwe:weyak \lxac te:ntsonwe:weyak \lxo te:ntsonwe:weyak \lxoa te:ntsonwe:wiyak \lxoc te:ntsonwe:weyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao to be long-bearded \ssao tener la barba larga \cfa te:ntsonkukwa:ch \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb weya \qry Check the length of the reduplicated syllable here and in all other words with /weweyak/. Check in Oapan/Ameyaltepec re the possibility of using /te-/. \ref 00998 \lxa nakastekopi:na \lxac kinakastekopi:na \lxo nakastekopi:na \lxoc kinakastekopi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran No intransitive form documented. \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \seo to pull the handles off of (a jug or other objects that have"ears") \sso quitarle las"orejas"de (un jarro, jarra, cántaro, etc., objetos que tienen"orejas") \se (fig.) to pull strongly on the ear of \ss (fig) arrancarle un oreja a \xrb nakas \xrb kopi: \qry Determine whether form without intensifier can occur; also whether an intransitive exists (and what it would mean). Determine all material objects that have"ears"which can be pulled off. \ref 00999 \lxanotes zzz \mod I originally had /kexsasawati/ meaning 'ponerse ronco'; however, during the recording it was apparently established that this is an error and it should be /kexsasawak noka:wa/ or some similar phrase. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01000 \lxa kwitlapepenke:tl \lxac kwitlapepenke:tl \lxo kwitlá:penké:tl \lxoc kwitlá:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seao person who gathers up dried 'cow pies' for use in firing ceramics \ssao persona que pepena estiercol de ganado para cocer cerámica \xrb kwitla \xrb pena \ref 01001 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /a:uska:n/ as an alternative pronunciation of /a:wiska:n/, but it is apparently incorrect and has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01002 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohchichi \lxoc kohchichi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea stud; hot to trot (a man); horney (a man); having many lovers (a man) \ssa cogelón; con muchos amantes (un hombre) \pna Kuwchichi katka, miák ikone:wa:n. \pea He used to be a real stud, he has a lot of children. \psa Era un cogelón, tiene muchos hijos. \seao child who is nimble in climbing trees, even those with few branches \ssao niño que es adepto a subir losárboles, aun ellos sin muchas ramas \xrb kow \xrb chichi \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>kuwchichi</na> has a sexual connotation; it refers to a man who, like a dog, is always looking to have sexual intercourse. No such sense is present in the Oapan use of this word. \qry Note that on one file card I have recorded that this word can be applied to both men and women; however, this should be checked. I have removed /kuwchichi/ the Am word from the lexicon given its sexual connotations. The Oapan word has been kept for now. \grm Noun incorporation: /kuhchichi/. Note here one explanation might be from /ikuh chichi/ that has been nominalized. However, it might be that it is the second noun that performs a modifying function: /nikuhchichi/ would, therefore, be an example of possessor raising (subject = possessor) and the second noun functions to modify, i.e. the"type"of penis (dog-like). \ref 01003 \lxa tlaxkahli \lxac tlaxkahli \lxo tlaxkahli \lxoc tlaxkahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao tortilla \ssao tortilla \pna Xwel kikwa tlaxkahli. \pea He can't eat (doesn't like to eat) tortillas. \psa No puede comer (no le gusta comer) tortillas. \se (<na>kokoyo:nki</na> ~) type of tortilla in which the surface is pinched and the top sprinked with salt and, sometimes, chile sauce (called <spn>picada</spn> in Spanish) \ss (<na>kokoyo:nki</na> ~) picada, tipo de tortilla con la superficie picada (pellizcada) y cubierto con sal y, a menudo, salsa de chile \sem food-maize \cfa tlatlaxkahli \xrb ixka \grm Reduplication; metaphor: note the reduplicated form of /tlaxkahli/ to signify the fungus that grows on trees. Check whether this is used to refer to the leaves of certain nopal cacti. \ref 01004 \lxa iwiá:n \lxac iwiá:n \lxo iwiá:n \lxoc iwiá:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \infv pl. <i>iwia:meh</i> \se sharp, clever, or intelligent \ss listo, abusado o inteligente \pna Xtiwia:meh. \pea We're not sharp. \psa No somos listos. \pna Xiwiá:n nokone:w. \pea My kid's dumb. \psa Mi hijo es menso. \pna Meláiwiá:n, sana:man weli. \pea He is really sharp, he learns right away. \psa De veras es muy listo (dotado), aprende luego luego. \se to be well advanced (a cornfield that is growing) \ss estar avanzado (una milpa al crecer) \pna Ye iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l. \pea My cornfield is taking off (i.e. its grown up, its pretty high). \psa Va bien mi milpa (ya creció, ya está alta). \pna Xe iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l, selik. \pea My cornfield is not yet advanced, it is still young. \psa Todavía no está avanzada mi milpa, está verde. \xrb iwia:n \qry Etymology uncertain; check. Also check length of initial vowel and categorization. \ref 01005 \lxa xokochi:hli \lxac xokochi:hli \lxo xokochi:hli \lxoc xokochi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao type of chile sauce made with wild plums \ssao tipo de salsa de chile hecho con ciruelas silvestres \sem food \syno xokochi:lmo:hli \xrb xoko \xrb chi:l \nse <nao>Xokochi:hli</nao> is prepared by toasting the chile on a griddle and then grinding it up. Wild plums that have been cooked in boiling water are then added to the chile sauce. Any type of chile will do. \qry Check whether /xokochi:lmo:hli/ is also used in Ameyaltepec. Check for posssessed form. \ref 01006 \lxa tambori:stoh \lxac tambori:stoh \lxo tambole:roh \lxoc tambole:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tamborista; tambor \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se drummer who plays the big round (bass) drum (the <spn>tambora</spn>) \ss tamborista, persona que toca la tambora \ref 01007 \lxa te:tete:moke:tl \lxac te:tete:moke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea person who looks for people who are willing and able to perform a particularly activity (e.g., to form the members of a religious dance, etc.) \ssa persona que busca a gente dispuesta y capaz de componer un grupo o llevar a cabo una actividad en particular (p. ej., participar como miembros de un grupo de danzantes religiosos) \xrb te:m-2- \nse When asked, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that this headword form was not used in Oapan, where only the fully verbal form <no>té:tete:mowa</no> is used. \qry I have coded this as N1/2 possession. Make sure that the possessed form can be used as indicated in the /infn field. \ref 01008 \lxa kakayo:tl \lxac kakayo:tl \lxo kakayo:tl \lxoc kakayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \seao type of small, cicada-like insect \ssao tipo de pequeño insecto, como cigarra \pna Kakayo:tl | Tsatsi ok kware:smatsi:n, kima:maltian ika ye ki:sas yepakihli, ye kiawis. \pea <nao>Kakayo:tl</nao> : It makes noise when it is still the dry season (though near the end), they consider this (fact that it makes noise then) to indicate that <nlao>yepakihli</nlao> will soon appear, that it will soon rain. \psa <nao>Kakayo:tl</nao> : Grita cuando todavía es la temporada de secas (aunque ya por terminar), le cargan (al hecho de que grita) que ya va a salir el <nlao>yepakihli</nlao>, que ya va a llover. \pna Kakayo:tl | Kwa:k ye pe:was tie:mpo, tsatsi. \pea <nao>Kakayo:tl</nao> : When the rainy season is about to being, it makes noise. \psa <nao>Kakayo:tl</nao> : Cuando la temporada de lluvias está por comenzar, grita. \sem animal \sem insect \cfao teposkakayo:tl \xrb kayo: \cpl There is another named insect, the <nla>teposkakayo:tl</nla> that seems to have many of the characteristics of the <nao>kakayo:tl</nao>. They might be variants of the same species, or even different names for the same animal. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check final vowel/h of /tie:mpo/. \ref 01009 \lxa a:kwitlaya:ya \lxac a:kwitlaya:ya \lxo a:kwítlayá:ya \lxop a:kwitlaya:ya \lxoc a:kwítlayá:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seao to acquire a foul smell from sitting in water (e.g., <nlao>nextamahli</nlao>) \ssao adquirir un mal olor por quedarse en agua estancado (p. ej., nixtamal) \pna O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kplakayo:tl. \pea Your <na>nextamahli</na> has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long in water). It's already from the day before yesterday. \psa Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse estancado en el agua. Ya es de antier. \xrb a: \xrb kwitla \xrb hya: \dis a:molo:nia \mod Add entry under /wikplakayo:tl/. \vl Check p-a as my original notes/entry/orthography for the Oapan word did not have p-a and I have added it based on the morphology. \ref 01010 \lxa ye:ilia \lxac kiye:ilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-lia \infv class-2a \seao to do (sth) a third time (particularly passing over a field with a plow a third time before planting) \ssao hacer (algo) por una tercera vez (particularmente pasar con el arado sobre un terreno por la tercera vez antes de sembrar) \pna Mo:stla pe:was nikye:ili:s. \pea Tomorrow I'll begin to go over (my field) with a plow for the third time. \psa Mañana voy a empezar a arar mi terreno por la tercera vez. \equiva ye:itilia \equivo yéye:tetília \cfa o:melia \cfo ó:meliá \xrb ye:i \encyctmp tla:hli \nse The potential objects of the transitive verb <na>o:melia</na> have been found to include both cornfields (as they are plowed for planting) and clothes (e.g., apparently as they are resewn). However, for <na>ye:ilia</na> I have only documented this verb for the action of plowing over a field for the third time before planting. For a full discussion, see entry under <nlao>teki</nlao>. \nae In Oapan <no>ye:tetilia</no> is reduplicated. With a specific 3rd-person object this yields <no>kí:ye:tetília</no> ; with the nonspecific object marker this yields <no>tlá:ye:tetília</no>. The fact that the only documented form of <nlo>ó:meliá</nlo> is the reduplicated form (note that with long-vowel initial stems"reduplication"simply results in this is reflected simply in pitch-accent on the initial vowel) it is quite possible that <no>ye:tetilia</no> is found mostly in the reduplicated form as well. Unlike <na>o:melia</na>, which is basically the same word for Ameyaltepec and for Oapan (the latter having the pitch accent associated with reduplication), the headword for this entry is slightly distinct for the two dialects, with the Oapan lexeme having the added morpheme <n>te</n>, apparently related to an archaic numerical classifier derived from <n>tetl</n> 'stone,' and an additional verbalizing suffix. Nevertheless, given their common semantics, both forms have been given a single entry. \qry Note that fields and clothes have been documented as objects of the transitive verb <na>o:melia</na>. For /ye:ilia/ I have only fields; check for other possible objects. Check possibilities of \mod For a diagram of the different ways in which one goes over a field the second time, depending on whether one will plant on the third pass (/ipan ye:i to:ka/) or on the fourth pass (/i:pan na:wi to:ka/), see the illustration with /o:melia/). Note that the Oa Nahuatl elicitation form /kiye:tetilia/ is now under entry 7502. It should be linked there. \ref 01011 \lxa nakaskaki \lxac kinakaskaki \lxo nakaskaki \lxoc kinakaskaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to hear of; to get wind of \ssao escuchar por casualidad \xrb nakas \xrb kaki \dis kaki \qry Check and inquire about difference between /kaki/ and /nakaskaki/. \ref 01012 \lxa kwitlapan \lxac ikwitlapan \lxo kwitlapan \lxoa kwitlapan \lxoc i:kwitlapan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \sea back (of humans and animals) \ssa espalda (de humanos); lomo (de animales) \pna Ne:chkukwa nokwitlapan. \pea My back aches. \psa Me duele la espalda. \sem body \xrb kwitla \xrl -pan \nse <nao>Kwitlapan</nao> is one of the few words (see also <nlao>i:xpan</nlao>) that functions without alteration as both a relational noun (which takes only possessor prefixes) and a body part in the most literal sense (cf. <nla>ikxitl</nla>, which is the body part, and <nla>ikxitlan</nla>, which is the relational noun). However, it is only used as a body part in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan the synonymous form is <nlo>tla:kapan</nlo>. \qry Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym. Check. \grm Obligatory possession: In the grammar or the introduction to the lexicon it will be important to explain why obligatorily possessed nouns are not given with a hyphen. The reason is that obligatory possession is similar to obligatory predication: i.e., all verbs have a person marking, though this is zero. However, transitive verbs are also obligatorily headmarked with an object. Nevertheless, no hyphen is used. Hyphens are reserved for affixes and for relational nouns. This is done to distinguish relational nouns from other entries, although in the future maybe I'll change this. Ask Thom! \ref 01013 \lxa -to:n \lxo -to:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Suf(adj) \der Suf-adjval \seao archaic nominal"adjectival"suffix now rare but found in such lexicalized forms as <nlao>misto:n</nlao> \ssao sufijo nominal"adjectival"raro pero que se encuentra en formas lexicalizadas como <nlao>misto:n</nlao> \nde For Classical Nahuatl, Sullivan (1988:21) states:"This form denotes disdain and smallness. It is equivalent to Spanish form in <spn>-illo</spn> and <spn>-huelo</spn>."Carochi (fol. 7v) mentions that"las partículas <n>to:ntli</n>, y <n>to:n</n> significan diminución con menosprecio de la cosa que significa el nombre, como <n>ichcato:ntli</n>, ovejuela: <n>chiìchìto:n</n> perillo." \qry Check for use in non-lexicalized forms, i.e., besides /misto:n/. \ref 01014 \lxa tsotsoyoka \lxac tsotsoyoka \lxo tsotsoyoka \lxoc tsotsoyoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \infv class-4a \seao to make a sizzling sound (e.g., heated oil, a radio with static, etc.) \ssao hacer un sonido como de chispotear o crepitar (p. ej., aceite muy caliente, un radio con está tico, etc.) \sem sound \xrb tsoyo: \xvnao tsoyo:ni \qry Check for transitive frequentative. \ref 01015 \lxa tlitl \lxac tlitl \lxo tlitl \lxoc tlitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao fire \ssao fuego \pna Ma:ka xmopepecho itech tlitl, tla:mo titlatlas! \pea Don't move close to the fire, if you do you'll get burned! \psa ¡No te vayas a acercar al fuego, si lo haces, te vas a quemar! \seao (poss. with <n>-yo</n>) flame of (sth such as a coal or piece of firewood) \ssao (poss. con <n>-yo</n>) flama de (algo como una brasa o pedazo de leña) \pna Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. \pea The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. \psa Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. \se light (from any number of sources that involve fire or artificial sources) \ss luz (de cualquier de muchas fuentes que involucran fuego o fuentes artificiales) \pna Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh. \pea I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light. \psa Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado está echando una luz. \se electricity \ss luz eléctrica \pna Xkipia tlitl ka:n cha:nti. \pea He doesn't have electricity where he lives. \psa No tiene luz eléctrica donde vive. \xrb tli \nde In many other dialects the root is <n>tle</n> and the absolutive form is <n>tletl</n>. \grm /-yo/; possession: Note the use of the intrinsic possession marker: /Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok i:tliyo./ 'The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.' Here it is because the flames are part of the fire. \ref 01016 \lxa kwi:tsiwi \lxac kwi:tsiwi \lxo kwi:tsiwi \lxoc kwi:tsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill \ss estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo hogar); sentirse mal y desganado \pna Nopio:tsi:n, tli:no:n kipia? San kukwi:tsiwi, san tlachi:xtok. \pea My little chick, what's wrong with it? It's just listless (showing no interest in moving about), it's just staring blankly. \psa Mi pollito,¿quétiene? No se halla, solamente está con una mirada de perdido. \se to be bored and without energy, apathetic \ss estar aburrido y sin energía; sentirse apático o desganado; enfadarse; fastidiarse \xrb kwi:ts \spk estar desganado o sin ganas \nse <nao>Kwi:tsiwi</nao> is hard to translate. When applied to animals it often indicates that an animal is taken someplace (e.g.. bought and brought home) and does not accustom itself. It does not eat or move around; it is not lively: <nao>kwi:tsiwi</nao>. With people, it refers to someone who is bored and uncomfortable (e.g., listening to a long speech, studying, or doing something tedious). It may also refer to a person who is unlively, under the weather, perhaps because of parasites, and who slouches around with little energy, etc. The reduplicated form seems to indicate that the person is always, at every moment like this. Thus the translation <na>san kukwi:tsiwi</na> 'he goes around always listless, without energy.' In Spanish, consultants in Ameyaltepec often gave as a translation"estar desgañada, sin ganas."This refers to a feeling when one is in a place where one doesn't wish to be, e.g. one goes to school without"ganas"of studying. \nae In Oapan, particularly, this verb is often found reduplicated, with apparently little change in meaning: <no>ní:kwi:tsíwi</no>. \ref 01017 \lxa tlapachoke:tl \lxac tlapachoke:tl \lxo tlapáchoké:tl \lxop tlapachoke:tl \lxoc tlapáchoké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se hen (or other bird) that is incubating its eggs \ss gallina echada (u otro pájaro que está empollando) \xrb pach \qry Note that this was an original file card that was not checked in a second round. It should be checked. Also check whether /tlapachoki/ is correct (though my impression is that it is not correct). Check for possible possessed form. \ref 01018 \lxa temowia \lxac kitemowia \lxo temowia \lxocpend tlatemowia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a)[ca] \infv class-2a \sea to take down; to lower (a physical object, such as sth hanging); to unload (e.g., sacks and other similar items off a beast of burden, the back of a truck, etc.) \ssa bajar (un objeto material, como algo colgado); descargar (p. ej., bultos de una bestia, una camioneta, etc.) \sea to lower (a price) \ssa reducir (un precio) \pna Niktemowi:s, xok a:sta hkó:n patioh nikte:makas. \pea I will lower its price, I won't be giving it to people that expensively any more. \psa Voy a bajarle el precio, ya no se lo voy a estar dando a la gente asíde caro. \sem motion \syna temo:ltia \syno temo:ltia \xrb temo: \xvba temowa \nse <na>Temowia</na> is documented in the oral sources for this dictionary but is apparently rarely used; much more common is <na>temo:ltia</na>. When <nao>temowia</nao> is used it is most often found with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. \ref 01019 \lxa rreso:rteh \lxac rreso:rteh \lxo rreso:rteh \lxoc rreso:rteh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan resorte(ra) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao slingshot \ssao resortera; honda \sem tool \nse Certain trees, given the forms of their branches, are particularly suitable for making slingshots. One such tree is the <na>yo:yotli</na>. \qry Check which trees are good for making slingshots, and recheck that the /yo:yotli/ is used for this purpose. \ref 01020 \lxa tlatlaxistli \lxac tlatlaxistli \lxo tlatlaxistli \lxoc tlatlaxistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(s) \se mucous or phlegm that is coughed up from the throat \ss flema que sale de la garganta al toser \xrb tlasi \qry Make sure that this refers to the actual phlegm coughed up and not to the cough (disease) itself. \ref 01021 \lxa pa:lakachiwi \lxac pa:lakachiwi \lxo pa:lakachiwi \lxoc pa:lakachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to whirl around; to spin around on an axis (e.g., like propellers of a plane) \ss darse vueltas en círculo; girar (p. ej., como las astas de un avión) \pna Tarabi:yah, so:lo yewa wel pa:lakachiwi. \pea The <nla>tarabi:yah</nla>, it is the only thing that spins around (by itself). \psa La tarabilla, es laúnica cosa que da vueltas (solo). \xrb pala:kach \nde Also, in Oapan, 'to turn to the side (as a monitor of a computer so that others can see). \ref 01022 \lxa po:ktlan \lxac po:ktlan \lxo po:htlah \lxoa po:htlan \lxoc po:htlah \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \seao place or area with a lot of smoke \ssao lugar oárea con mucho humo, o lleno de humo \pna Nika:n po:ktlan, ne:chamana. \pea There is a lot of smoke here, it bothers me. \psa Hay mucho humo aquí, me molesta. \xrb po:k \xrl -tlan \dis po:kioh; po:ktlan \ref 01023 \lxa i:xpoliwi \lxac i:xpoliwi \lxo i:xpoliwi \lxoc i:xpoliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get ruined or destroyed (sth material being made, como adobe or ceramics, land, and other things that have been prepared) \ss echarse a perder o destruirse (algo hecho como adobe, cerámica; o algo preparado como un terreno para sembrar) \pna O:i:xpoliw itabi:keh, o:pa:tsiw. \pea His bricks got ruined, they got wet (i.e., before firing). \psa Se echaron a perder sus tabiques, se mojaron (esto es, antes de cocerse). \pna O:i:xpoliw motla:l. We:i o:kitek a:tl, we:i o:xi:kopi:n. \pea Your land has been ruined. Water has eroded a lot of it away, a lot of the surface soil has been swept away. \psa Se echó a perder tu terreno. Lo erosionómucho el agua, se deslavómucho la capa superior del suelo. \se to spoil or become spoiled (a food); to be wasted and become spoiled (a food served in excess) \ss echarase a perder (una comida); desperdiciarse y echarse a perder (un exceso de comida) \pna O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw. \pea My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled. \psa Mi fruta acabópor podrirse. No terminéde venderla, se echó a perder. \pna Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis. \pea Don't put anymore up to cook (in this case beans in a pot)! There's a good chance it will just get wasted and go bad. \psa ¡No pongas más a cocinar (en este caso frijoles)! A lo mejor solamente se va a desperdiciar y echarse a perder (al no comerse luego). \se to get messed up (e.g., a person after a bad beating) \ss desfigurarse; lastimarse y quedar golpeado (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza) \pna O:kwisohkeh, o:i:xpoliw. \pea They beat up on him, he was a mess (disfigured and hurt from being beaten). \psa Lo golpearon, quedótodo golpeado. \se to become ruined (financially); to become impoverished \ss arruinarse (económicamente); empobrecerse \pna O:ni:xpoliw. O:ntla:lih ye:i yuntas, o:nikintlane:w, xo:tla:k. \pea I got ruined. I plowed with three yuntas, I borrowed them [and] there was no yield (leaving me stuck with the rental payment) \psa Me arruiné. Puse tres yuntas, las pedíprestado [y] no rindióla milpa (dejándome sin recursos para pagar la cuenta) \pna Yo:i:xpoliw. Yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomi:n. \pea He's ruined. He's finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money. \psa Quedó en la ruina, lo terminó(quizásu dinero o ganado), tenía mucho dinero. \se to follow an erroneous path in life; to go a bad way (particularly, for a girl to become sexually promiscuous); to lose ones virginity out of wedlock (a young girl) \ss ir por un mal camino (en la vida, particularmente una joven que empieza a andar con hombres); perderse la virginidad (una muchacha) \pna O:i:xpoliw, a:man xok wel kikaka:wa itra:goh. \pea He's messed up his life, now he can't stop drinking anymore. \psa Fue por un mal camino, ahora ya no puede dejar de tomar. \pna San i:xpoliwis. Xok nona:mikti:s, yo:pe:w a:wilnemi. \pea She will wind up in a bad way. She won't get married anymore, she has started to fool around. \psa Terminarámal. Ya no se va a casar, ya empezó a andar con chavos. \xrb i:x \xrb pol \qry Note that this is an extremely versatile word; check out further uses. \grm Note the word order of the quantifier: /Yo:i:xpoliw. yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomin/ 'He's ruined, he finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money'. This (miak kipiaya tomin) seems more natural that ?kipiaya miak tomin, although this might be worth checking. \grm Note use of the auxiliary: /O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw/ 'My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled.' The second use of /tlami/ is prototypical, no marking of person. Use in the grammar. \ref 01024 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /tekwi:nteyoh/ 'to be stoney; to be rocky (a field with many stones or embedded rocks that cause a plow to bounce along as the earth is tilled) as in /Tekwi:nteyoh, pampa tetekwi:ntiw ara:doh, onye:ye:wi./ 'It (a field) is said to be <na>tekwi:nteyoh</na> because the plow goes bouncing along (when one plows), it repeatedly runs up against something (a barrier, in this case the rocks inside the ground).' I had these notes:"The term <na>tekwi:nteyoh</na> is most likely an idiosyncratic form that should later be removed from the main dictionary. It has been documented only in the speech of don Luis Lucena. Whereas others denied that this term was correct, don Luis insisted that it was proper. The embedded verbal root <na>tekwi:n</na> either refers to what the rocks cause the plow to do or to how the rocks scatter when hit by a plow."Cristino Flores stated that the word doesn't exist and it has been removed. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 01025 \lxa ma:chi:wa \lxac kima:chi:wa \lxo ma:chi:wa \lxoc kima:chi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to take good care of (e.g., an animal in nourishing it well, grooming it, etc.) \ssao cuidar bien (p. ej., un animal, alimentándolo bien, cepillándolo, etc.) \pna Kimima:chi:wan noyo:lka:wa:n. \pea He takes good care of my animals. \psa Cuida bien a mis animales. \se (refl.) to take good care of oneself (eating well, taking regular bathes, putting cream on ones skin (a woman), etc.) \ss (refl.) cuidarse bien (en la dieta, en bañarse regularmente, en cuidarse la cutis con crema (una mujer), etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb chi:wa \dis malwia; machi:wa \nse Apparently <nla>malwia</nla> refers to delicate and careful treatment of something that is fragile or can be destroyed or lost (e.g., money). <na>Ma:chi:wa</na>, on the other hand, refers to an active effort to keep an animate being healthy and properly cared for. In essence, then, <na>malwia</na> is an effort to preserve a positive original condition, often of an inanimate that could be harmed, whereas <nao>ma:chi:wa</nao> is an effort to improve the physical condition of a live being. \nde In Classical <n>machiua</n> is documented solely in the reflexive form as 'to masturbate.' Thus Molina has <n>machiua. nino.</n> 'hazerlo en las manos.' \qry Check for applicative. Check for 'classical' meaning. \vl Check first element and whether it should be /ma:/ or /mah/. This word was taken from the original set of file cards with no vowel length marked. The difference with /malwia/ is not clear. \ref 01026 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was originally and entry for stative/resultative /tetsa:wtok/, but subsequent research indicates that this is used only as a progressive. Instead, the form /tetsa:hki/ is used as a resultative/stative. For this reason this entry has been removed. \grm Stative; progressive; durative: Although I have documented <na>tetsa:wtok</na> in Ameyaltepec as a stative/resultative, this appears to be In Oapan <no>tetsa:htok</no> is used only in the progressive sense. In Ameyaltepec it is apparently usually used in this progressive sense as well, although it has been documented as a stative. \dt 12/Apr/2005 \ref 01027 \lxa wetska \lxac wetska \lxo wetska \lxoc wetska \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \seao to laugh \ssao reirse \se (with short vowel reduplication) to laugh repeatedly and without sense (e.g., sb who is mentally deficient) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) reirse repetidamente pero sin mucho sentido (p. ej., algn que está mentalmente deficiente) \pna San uwetska, pa:ya:tl. \pea He just laughs repeatedly, he's a little crazy. \psa Se rí e continuamente, es loquito. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to smile lightly; to grin; \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) reirse ligeramente; tener una sonrisa dibujándose por los labios \pna San cho we:wetskatok, kwahli suwa:tl. \pea She is always smiling, she's a good woman. \psa Siempre está risueña, es una buena mujer. \se (<n>-ka</n> ~) to laugh at; to make fun of (particularly at someones misfortune, such as having lost a boyfriend or girlfriend to a rival) \ss (<n>-ka</n> ~) reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., de algo desafortunado que le pasa a algn, como cuando se le baja el novio o novia) \pna Noka tiwetska. \pea You laugh at my expense. \psa Te rí es de mídesgracia. \sem communicate \xrb wetska \xvaao wetskilia \nse The difference between an oblique expression such as <nao>noka wetska</nao> and an applicative with the same participants, such as <nao>ne:chwetskilia</nao>, is often difficult to determine. In this case it appears that the former indicates a more general situation that is not immediately visible, whereas the latter indicates a more direct reaction to a witnessed event. Thus if one hears about someone's misfortune and then laughs, the oblique construction with <n>-ka</n> is used. But if one is in sight of someone, such as someone who falls down, then one would use the applicative. In regard to reduplication, <na>uwetska</na> indicates a laughing without sense, as in the case of a person who is mentally ill. The long vowel reduplication (<na>we:wetska</na>), however, indicates a continual smile. It refers to someone who is good-natured and always smiling or on the verge of smiling ('risueño'). \qry Check this:"The difference between an oblique expression such as <na>noka wetska</na> and an applicative with the same participants, such as <na>ne:chwetskilia</na>, is often difficult to determine. In this case it appears that the former indicates a more general situation that is not immediately visible, whereas the latter indicates a more direct reaction. Thus is one hears about someone's misfortune and then laughs, the oblique construction with <na>-ka</na> is used. But if one is in sight of someone, such as someone who falls down, then one would use the applicative.' Check difference between /wetska/ and /uwetska/. \qry Check this sentence: /San uwetska, pa:ya:tl/ that is given above. My original file card had /San uwetska, pa:yo:tl/, but I did not have /pa:yo:tl/ in the database (only /pa:ya:tl/ and /papayoh/, etc.). Check whether /pa:yo:tl/ is a word, whether it is different than /pa:ya:tl/, the vowel length of the former (and, e.g., why /papayoh/ has also short vowels if /pa:yo:tl/ has long ones, etc. ALSO: check /papa:yah/ or equivalent, as in /kwa:papayoh/, etc. \ref 01028 \lxa ikxiwelati \lxac ikxiwelati \lxo ixiwelati \lxoc ixiwelati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get exhausted and sore legs (from overexertion, a long walk or run, etc.) \ss tener las piernas agotadas y adoloridas (de gran esfuerzo, mucho caminar, etc.) \pna O:nikxiuwelat, mlá:h o:nimotlaloh. \pea My legs got sore and exhausted, I really ran hard. \psa Mis piernas quedaron agotadas y adoloridas, corríduro de a de veras. \cfa ikxiuwelaxtik \xrb kxi \xrb wila: \nae The reason for the reduplication in Ameyaltepec and not in Oapan is unclear. Probably in the former reduplication of the verbal stem results from a reference to the two legs together. Yet it is not clear why the Oapan Nahuatl form does not manifest reduplication. Note that the lexical form <na>welati</na> is probably derived from the verb <nlao>wila:na</nlao> ; note that Molina gives <n>uilantli</n> 'tollido que anda a gatas.' \qry Cf. notes under /ikxi(te)uwelaxtik/. Not clear whether /ikxiuwelati/ also may take incorporated intensifier. This should be checked. \grm Cf. /ikxiuwelaxtik/. Note that in the present derivation there seems to be a type of verbalization on a stem, using /-ti/. This suggests the varied use of /-ti/ verbalizer, not only limited to nouns. \ref 01029 \lxa kokomotsa \lxac nokokomotsa \lxo kokomotsa \lxoc kikokomotsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to speak in a loud, booming, and angry voice \ss (refl.) hablar en una voz alta, resonante e iracunda \pna Timokokomotsa pa:mpa xmitstla:kaita mosuwa:w. \pea You speak in a loud, angry voice because your wife does not respect you. \psa Hablas en una voz alta e iracunda porque tu esposa no te respeta. \sem sound \xrb komo: \mod Orthography; syllables: Check the actual pronuncation of /koh a:yo:tl/. Apparently it would be OK to write an /h/ here and then specify a further rule in Oapan Nahuatl (or Balsas Nahuatl in general) that /h/ is always in coda position. Thus the only possible division and pronunciation would be [koh 'a: yo:tl]. This would not be the case with a /w/ as there are clear cases of onset, e.g., /kowaskeh/. At times I have thought of changing /hi/ to /hy/ to force a coda reading pronunciation, but this is not even possible in the Oapan term /koha:yo:tl/. Also, a word division does not seem heuristic ?/kow a:yo:tl/ or /koh a:yo:tl/. Hence the rule for coda interpretation, which seems to hold. \xvnao komo:ni \qry Recheck semantics of reflexive form. Also, of course, other uses of this word. \ref 01030 \lxa we:i tepostli \lxac we:i tepostli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(s) \sea see <nla>tepostli</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tepostli</nla> \xrb we:i \xrb tepos \ref 01031 \lxa kwa:tetesontilia \lxac kikwa:tetesontilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran No intransitive \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \ssa cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \pna Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh. \pea They cut his hair real short. \psa Le cortaron el pelo muy corto. \sea to give a rough and uneven short haircut to \ssa cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a \syna kwa:tetesontla:lia \syna kwa:tetesonowa \syno kwa:tesmero:ntilia \syno kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse The basic verbal stem of <na>kwa:tetesontilia</na> is denominal, derived from <n>tesontli</n>, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival <nao>tesontik</nao> refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb <na>kwa:tetesontilia</na> refers to cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch. \nae A nonreduplicated form (<na>kwa:tesontilia</na>) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two. \qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. \qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. \ref 01032 \lxa we:ia \lxac we:ia \lxo we:ia \lxoc we:ia \dt 30/Mar/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to increase in size; to get bigger \ssao hacerse grande; crecer \pna Yo:note:kak a:tentli. Ye we:ixtiw, yo:we:iyak. \pea The river has overflowed its banks and inundated the adjoining land. It's swelling, it's gotten big. \psa El río ha rebasado su cauce e inundado el terreno colindante. Va creciendo, ya se hizo grande. \xrb we:i \ref 01033 \lxa teki:xtia \lxac kiteki:xtia \lxo teki:xtia \lxoc kiteki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to clear of stones and rocks (e.g., a field) \ss limpiar de piedras (p. ej., un terreno) \xrb te \xrb ki:sa \nae Although the incorporated noun <n>te-</n> 'stones' is an inanimate that is themtically the patient (directly affected by the verbal action), the valency of the verb <na>ki:xtia</na> is not"saturated"by the incorporation. Rather, <nlao>ki:xtia</nlao> remains a transitive. In Classical Nahuatl (Molina) <n>tequixtia</n> is both intransitive and transitive:" <n>tequixtia. ni.</n> '... sacar piedra de la cantera' and <n>tequixtia. nitla</n> 'desempedrar algo.' Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl have only been documented with the transitive form, in which the transitive object is the place from which stones are removed. \qry Check in Ameyaltepec whether /teki:xtia/ can be both transitive and intransitive. Also check whether it can accept /tla-/, or whether it is like /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa/, etc. in only taking a specific object. That is, for the activity itself (with no location/field specified). Check difference between /kisaka tetl/ and /kiteki:xtia/. \grm Indefinite deletion: in the entry for /teki:xtia/ in RS the word appears both with no object (e.g., tequixtia ni-) and with the /tla-/ (e.g., tequixtia nitla-). The question arises, however, whether the entry /nitla-/ is simply the coditification of a signification (in which the object is the place from which stones are removed) or whether the word can actually occur with /tla-/. Note that with certain verbs (e.g., /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa/, etc.) only a specific object marker can be used. In these cases what can be called"indefinite deletion"is maked both syntactically and morphologically (on the verb itself). Thus one says /to:ka/ 'he plants' and /kito:ka/ 'he plants it' but not */tlato:ka/ 'he plants.' Compare this to other cases (the majority) of indefinite deletion in which the deletion is marked on the verb: /tlakwa/ 'he eats' There are also cases of indefinite deletion (perhaps from Spanish calques) in which the deleted indefinite (a canonical object) is marked on the verb with a sp e cific marker, but not mentioned in discourse: /kipia/ 'he is rich' (lit., 'he has it') or /kite:tlane:wtia/ 'she is an easy woman' (lit., 'she lends it out'). Or, cf. the case of /kite:maka/ 'she is an easy woman' (the interpretation is no object is recoverable from context). In this case /te:tlamaka/ would indicate the giving of food, since /tlamaka/ has a canonical indefinite object as 'fodder.' Check the thematic role of the object in /teki:xtia/. \ref 01034 \lxa tlapa:na \lxac kitlapa:na \lxo tlapa:na \lxoc kitlapa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>tetlapa:na</n> \infv class-3a \seao to break (sth brittle such as ceramics, glass, etc., breaking off a piece or simply causing a fissure) \ssao romper (algo duro y quebradizo como la cerámica, vidrio, etc., rompiéndole un pedazo o haciéndole una fisura) \se to split; to split open (e.g., firewood, seeds, nuts, beans and bean pods, etc.) \ss partir (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, frijoles y sus vainas, etc.) \pna Kitlatlapa:na a:yowextli para kikwa:s. \pea He splits open the squash seeds (with his teeth) to eat them (discarding the shell). \psa Parte las pepitas (con los dientes) para comérselas (tirando la cáscara). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to intercalate; to place in an alternating pattern (e.g., different beads being strung, color applied to a drawing such as an amate frame, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) intercalar; alternar (p. ej., distintas cuentas ensartadas, colores aplicados a algo como el marco pintado de un amate, etc.) \pna Xtla:tlapa:ntiw moko:skaw! \pea String different colored beads along your necklace, alternating one color with another! \psa ¡Ensarta tu collar con cuentas de colores distintos, alternando un color con otro! \xrb tlapa: \xvaao tlapa:nilia \nse The reduplicated form with a long vowel (e.g., <na>Xtla:tlapa:ntiw moko:skaw!</na>) refers most often to the action of alternating different items (in this case colored beads on a necklace) one after another. Many consultants suggested that the verb refers to the action of using a set pattern (for example: green, red, blue, white, green, red, blue, white...). Yet Luis Lucena mentioned that the reduplicated verb form refers simply to the breaking up of a pattern in any type of alternating sequence, with no constant order. Rather, the objective is to break up a constant field of color, such as is done in painting the border around an amate. Here every two or three units are filled with a given color, then the next bunch is filled in with another color, etc. \mod See 3x5 filecard illustration. \vl There is a token of this word with the intensifier /te-/ at 5276 (kitetlapa:na). It should be tagged as 1034 but not linked since it contains the intensifier/ \grm Reduplication: Short vowel reduplication can be used with /tlapa:na/ to indicate splitting firewood. Long vowel reduplication can be used to signify alternating the colors of a pattern, with the long vowel reduplication being used because of the evenness and continuity of the action. \ref 01035 \lxa kopi:ni \lxac kopi:ni \lxo kopi:ni \lxoc kopi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>tekopi:ni</n> \infv class-3a \seao to become detached (e.g., sth stuck on sth else) \ssao desprenderse (p. ej., una cosa pegada a otra) \seao to fall out (e.g., of a socket or niche, or similar place in which the object is embedded, inserted, or stuck) \ssao salirse (un objeto que se sale de un lugar donde estaba empotrado o inserto) \pna Yo:kopi:n. Xpia kwida:doh! Ma:ka mopan wa:lwetsis! \pea It came loose (e.g., a stone from a wall). Be careful! Don't let if fall down on you! \psa Se desprendió(p. ej., una piedra de una cerca).¡Ten cuidado!¡Quéno se te caiga encima! \xrb kopi: \ref 01036 \lxa tlakpak \lxac tlakpak \lxo tlahpak \lxoc tlahpak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der N-loc-3 \seao high up (e.g., sth that is hung high above the ground or flying high overhead) \ssao en una parte alta (p. ej., un cerro, edificio, etc., o algo que está colgado arriba del suelo o volando arriba) \pna Tlakpak, xwel tikontila:nas. \pea It is high up, you won't be able to reach it. \psa Está alto (algo colgado), no lo vas a poder alcanzar. \se high (e.g., a hill, building, or other material object) \ss alto (p. ej., un cerro, edificio, u otro objeto material) \se (<na>ye</na> ~) late (in the planting season or, apparently, any other temporal period) \ss (<na>ye</na> ~) tarde (en la temporada de siembra o, aparentemente, cualquier otro periodo temporal) \pna Ye tlakpak o:to:kak. \pea He planted late in the season (either because of the lack of early rains, or other reasons). \psa Sembró ya avanzada la temporada (o porque las lluvias llegaron tarde, o por otras razones). \pna Ye tlakpak tekipanolo:s. \pea People will be working the land until late in the season. \psa La gente va a estar trabajando la tierra ya avanzada la temporada. \dis tlakpak; wekapan \nae Note that <na>tlakpak</na> can be used to modify a verbal predicate or as a predicate itself. Thus one may say <na>tlakpak cha:nti</na> 'It lives (e.g., a certain type of animal) in high places.' However, it may also be a predicate itself. Thus one can simply say, at least in Ameyaltepec, <na>Tlakpak</na> 'It is high up.' In this usage it is similar to 'tall' (cf. <nla>wekapan</nla>) though slightly different. The word <na>wekapan</na> refers most directly to height, in the sense of 'tall,' particularly in reference to constructions and natural objects. However, <na>tlakpak</na> is used more to signify that the highest point of a building, tree, etc., is high up. Thus, for example, if one is looking down off a cliff at a tall tree one could refer to it as <na>wekapan</na>, 'tall,' but not <na>tlakpak</na>, 'high,' since in relationship to the speaker it is not high. \vl There are four additional tokens at 04853. The linked files (1 female and 1 male) should be taken from the first two tokens (female and male) of the 4853 tokens. \xrl -kpak \ref 01037 \lxa yo:ltemi:miki \lxac yo:ltemi:miki \lxo yo:ltemi:miki \lxoc yo:ltemi:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(k) \sea to stutter \ssa tartamudear \seo to be forgetful \sso ser olvidadizo \xrb yo:l \xrb miki \nse For this (and mutatis mutandi all derivations) Classical Nahuatl has <n>elmimiqui</n>, which Molina glosses as 'ser tartamudo, o tartamudear.' \ref 01038 \lxa tlatlikwi:ltilia \lxac kitlatlikwi:ltilia \lxo tlatlikwi:ltilia \lxoc kitlatlikwi:ltilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to light candles for (in an offering) \ssao prender velas o veladoras a (una ofrenda) \pna Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl. \pea I give an offering to my maize. During a fiesta I light a candle in offering to all my seed. \psa Le hago una ofrenda a mi maíz. Durante una fiesta le prendo una vela como ofrenda a toda mi semilla. \pna Mosa:ntoh xkipia itla:wi:l. Tle:ka xtiktlatlikwi:ltilia? \pea Your saint (on a household altar) doesn't have a votive candle. Why don't you light one for it? \psa Tu santo (en un altar casero particular) no tiene su veladora.¿Por quéno le prendas una? \xrb tli \xrb kwi \xbtlao tlikwi:ltilia \vl Check to make sure /l/ does not preceded /-tilia/. \ref 01039 \lxa to:tolopoxtik \lxac to:tolopoxtik \lxo to:tolopoxtik \lxoc tolopoxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-iwi-tik \seao see <nlao>tolopoxtik</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>tolopoxtik</nlao> \mod Note that this entry was originally /tolopoxtik/ with a note:"see /to:tolopoxtik/."However, this latter form did not have an entry, but rather /tolopoxtik/ was repeated. Hence, this entry was switched to /to:tolopoxtik/ with a note:"see <nlao>tolopoxtik</nlao>. However, the recorded Oapan word here for this entry is apparenty (I need to listen again) /tolopoxtik/. In the future this entry should be corrected. Perhaps have /to:tolopoxtik/ as the main entry if there is no evidence of unreduplicated forms (/tolopoxtik/) or forms with short vowel reduplication (to(h)tolopoxtik). Check. \ref 01040 \lxa ikximatiliwi \lxac ikximatiliwi \lxo iximatiliwi \lxoc iximatiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to get ones legs tangled up \ssao enredarse las piernas \pna Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli. \pea Your burro is always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. It's no good. \psa En seguida se cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno. \xrb kxi \xrb matil \qry Check meaning of /sa: chika/ and offer better translation. Note that the phrase /sa: chika ikximatiliwi.../ has been entered under /chika/ as headword. Recheck whether /sa: chika/ should be written as one or two words (to date I have it as two). Check for transitive form of /ikximatiliwi/ and use. \ref 01041 \lxa kekextsi:n \lxac kekextsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea live wire; person who is a party-goer; person who is a barrel of fun and full of energy \ssa persona alegre o llena de energía; persona que festeja mucho; persona alivianada \pna Kekextsi:n katkah, a:man xok! \pea He used to be a live wire, no longer! \psa Antes era aliviando,¡ya no! \syno kekextik \xrb kex \nse <na>Kekextsi:n</na> is said of someone who is <spn>alegre</spn>, who likes to dance, or who goes to parties and has a good time. The root or stem <n>kekex</n> is used in many derivations to indicate this type of lively person, though its original acceptation has to do with"itching." \qry In Nahuatl /kekextli/ is often explained as /ale:greh katkah/. Check to see if /kekextli/ is used to describe a person who used to be like this... or whether it can also apply to someone who is currently like this. \ref 01042 \lxa pika:doh \lxac pika:doh \lxo pika:doh \lxoc pika:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan picado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se alcoholic beverage prepared with a sweet drink (e.g., a cola or a fruit drink such as that of tamarind) and pure alcohol \ss bebida alcohólica preparada con un una bebida dulce (p. ej., un refresco de cola o un agua fresca como de tamarindo) y alcohol puro \nse In general pure alcohol is mixed with drinks such as Pepsi or Coca-Cola or, less often, with prepared drinks such as that of tamarind. Mezcal, on the other hand, is added to Squirt. \qry Check to determine if the beverage of mezcal and Squirt is also called <na>pika:doh</na>. \ref 01043 \lxa sa:yo:lin \lxac sa:yo:lin \lxo sa:yo:lin \lxoa sa:yo:lin \lxoc sa:yo:lih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se mosquito, still not fully identified \ss mosco (no igual al zancudo), todavía no identificado plenamente \cfa mo:yo:tl \cfa xiwsa:yo:lin \sem animal \sem insect \xrb sa:yo:l \encyctmp insects \nse The precise range of insects to which <nao>sa:yo:lin</nao> refers is still not clear, although probably more than one species is involved. \ref 01044 \lxa koltotsowa \lxac kikoltotsowa \lxo koltotsowa \lxoc kikoltotsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \infv class-2b \se to curl upward \ss enrizar \se to shrink and shrivel (as occurs with meat when it is placed on a griddle, with plastic left in the sun, etc.) \ss achicar y hacer encoger (como sucede a carne puesta sobre un comal, a plástico dejado en el sol, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli. \pea That meat on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up. \psa Esa carne que está sobre las brazas ha empezado torcerse, ha empezado a achicarse. \pna Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl. Yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis. \pea That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked. \psa Esa carne ya empezó a achicarse. Ya la echaron sobre el comal, ya está por cocerse. \se (refl.) to twist and turn (e.g., a person from pain) \ss (refl.) retorcerse y doblarse (p. ej., una persona del dolor) \pna Pe:was timoko:koltotso:s, pe:was tikwalo:s. \pea You will begin to twist and turn (in pain), you will begin to get ill. \psa Vas a retorcerse (del dolor), te vas a empezar a enfermar. \xrb koltots \nse When asked to describe the meaning of <nao>koltotsowa</nao>, almost all speakers turn their hand upside-down, palm up, and then close it slowly, curling up their fingers. \rt Note the possible relation to /ko:l/, although vowel length is different. In one of my notes for /koltotsiwi/ I have recorded that the vowel /o/ is short as recorded and should be written as such in all entries. Note short vowel in /kolochiwi/. \grm Note the following two phrases: /Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli/ 'That meat placed on the coals has started to get all curved, it has started to shrink and shrivel up.' And /Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl, yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis/ 'That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked.' It is interesting to compare this to the phrase with an intransitive: /O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na/ 'It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun.' This is an extremely interesting example since it quite well demonstrates the nature of transitivity and agentivity. In the first the reflexive is used much like a 'get' passive in English. The implication is that there was an agent, i.e., the people who placed the meat on the coals or griddle. Cf. the use of the reflexive for a passive as in /nochi:was mokal/. In the second example note the use of the intransitive. Here a true transitive is not felicitous because the sun's agency is involuntary. The sun is not a full agent. At the same time, the reflexive is probably avoided because of the fact that there is no human agency involved. I would imagine that in some case the sun could be an agent, or in some people's speech, etc. But the general tendency seems to be to not use transitive constructions with inanimate agents, but rather an oblique as in /ika to:nahli/. \ref 01045 \lxa chi:waltia \lxac kichi:waltia \lxo chi:waltia \lxoc kichi:waltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to obligate or force to do (e.g., a task or chore, etc.); to boss around \ss obligar o forzar a hacer (p. ej., una tarea u otra obligación, etc.); mandar \pna On suwa:montli, ke:n kichi:waltia imona:n. Kina:watia tli:no:n ma kichi:wa se: tekitl. Ma:ski kihlia xweli, kichi:waltia. \pea That daughter-in-law is really bossed around by her mother-in-law. She orders her to perform a certain task, even though she says that she can't (do it), her mother-in-law obligates her. \psa A aquella mujer¡cómo la hace trabajar su suegra! Le manda hacer una cosa (y) aunque ella diga que no puede, a fuerza la obliga (a hacerlo). \pna Ne:xchi:walti:skeh. \pea They will force me to do a lot of work (e.g. housework). \psa Me van a obligar a trabajar mucho (p. ej., en los quehaceres de la casa). \pna Xonite:chi:waltih para afwe:rsah ma titlami:ka:n. \pea I didn't force people so that we would finish. \psa No obligué a nadie para que termináramos. \se (with 3rd-person specific object <n>ki-</n>) to eat or drink with relish \ss (con objeto específico de 3a persona, <n>ki-</n>) comer o beber con gusto \pna A:ndaleh, xikchi:walti:kan! Xtlakwa:kan! Newa kemech o:nikwa:lchi:waltite:w. \pea Come on, go for it (food)! Eat! I just had something to eat before coming this way. \psa ¡órale!¡Lléguenle a la comida!¡Coman! Yo apenas comíalgo antes de venirme. \se (with 3rd-person specific object <n>ki-</n>) to go all out (e.g., in throwing a party) \ss (con objeto específico de 3a persona, <n>ki-</n>) hacer con todo entusiasmo (e.g., una fiesta) \pna O:kichi:waltikeh, ye wi:kpla ipan domi:ngoh. Mlá:k o:tlai:lo:k. \pea They threw a party, the day before yesterday, on a Sunday. People really got drunk. \psa Hicieron una fiesta, fue antier, domingo. Fue una verdadera borrachera. \xrb chi:wa \xvbao chi:wa \nae Although <nao>chi:waltia</nao> is apparently a ditransitive verb with two objects, it seems that in many cases the secondary object is not directly expressed. This is particularly true in regard to the two idiomatic meanings, 'to eat or drink with relish' and 'to go all out (in doing sth).' \qry Note that the meaning of /chiwa:ltia/ is unclear and should be checked. Apparently it is a ditransitive with the primary object being human. Thus the sense of /ne:xchi:walti:skeh/. Apparently this can stand alone. But there is a question as to how the second object is expressed. That is, does one have /ne:xchi:walti:skeh tekitl/ or is there a complement: /ne:xchi:walti:skeh ma nitlachpa:na/. Or are all correct. Also, with /o:kichi:waltikeh/ determine what the object refers to. Can was say: /xikchi:walti mokone:w/? etc. \ref 01046 \lxa totomioh \lxac totomioh \lxo tómiyóh \lxoc tómiyóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \pa yes-lex \se to be hairy (e.g., an animal, person, etc.) \ss ser peludo (p. ej., un animal, persona, etc.) \seao to be prickly; to have small prickles or spines (certain plants such as the <nbao>a:kawtomitl</nbao>) \ssao ser velloso; tener púas pequeñitas (ciertas plantas como el <nbao>a:kawtomitl</nbao>) \xrb tohmi \nse The term <na>uwitsyoh</na> is used to refer to plants such as <nba>a:chikalin</nba>. \ref 01047 \lxa a:to:lko:ntli \lxac a:to:lko:ntli \lxo a:to:lko:ntli \lxoc a:to:lko:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \seao pot used for making atole \ssao olla utilizada para hacer atole \pna O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n. \pea He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole. \psa Metióla mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole. \xrb a:to:l \xrb ko:m \ref 01048 \lxa wa:lkwi:lia \lxac kwa:lkwi:lia \lxo wa:hkwi:lia \lxoc kwa:hkwi:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to bring (sth) for; to bring (sth) back for (see <nlao>kwi:lia</nlao>) \ssao traer (algo) para (vé ase <nlao>kwi:lia</nlao>) \xrb kwi \qry Check to make sure /wa:hkilia/ is acceptable as the applicative of /wa:hki/, or whether the /w/ reappears in this applicative. If so, add entry for /wa:hkilia/ and xref at /kwi:lia/. Originally I had this as having a synonym as /wa:hkilia/ but don't have this entry. Check. \ref 01049 \lxa mihka:tlatlasi \lxac mihka:tlatlasi \lxo mihka:tlatlasi \lxoc mihka:tlatlasi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se to have whooping cough \ss tener tosferina \sem functions \xrb miki \xrb tlasi \qry In one entry I had recorded /mihka:tlatlaxi/. This should be checked; it is probably in error. \ref 01050 \lxa kaltelo:ni \lxac kaltelo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-inst-ni \infn N1 \sea thick piece of wood, flat on one side, used to flatten the <nbao>sakatl</nbao> of a thatched hut after it has been thatched \ssa grueso pedazo de madera, plano por un lado, utilizado para aplanar zacate después de que ha sido colocado sobre el techo de una casa rústica \sem tool \xrb kal \xrb tel \nse The <na>kaltelo:ni</na> that I saw was a round piece of wood, about 1.5 feet long, that had been split in half in order to give it a flat surface. Apparently this is one of the few lexicalized words for instruments that is still used in Ameyaltepec. \encyctmp kahli \mod Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. \grm Morphology; instrumentals: Note that /kaltelo:ni/ does not seem to manifest the derivational process of impersonal + /ni/ that I expected. \ref 01051 \lxa ma:pochwia \lxac kima:pochwia \lxo ma:pochwia \lxof [ma: poch 'wi ya] \lxoc kima:pochwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones left hand \ssa hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano izquierda \pna Xma:pochwi! \pea Do it with your left hand! \psa ¡Hazlo con la mano izquierda! \seo to hit lightly with ones left hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad) \sso golpear ligeramente con la mano izquierda (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar) \cfa ye:kma:wia \xrb ma: \xrb poch \nse Here the difference between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl is that in Ameyaltepec <na>ma:pochwia</na> indicates a determined and controlled action with ones left hand, whereas in Oapan the left hand is simply an object with which someone is accidentally struck. The difference is mirrored in the word <nla>ye:kma:wia</nla>. \qry Note that in my notes I had the following (the original filecard should be checked): /O:pe:w ma:pochwia/ 'He started to go at it with his left hand (e.g. writing, etc.)' I would imagine an error for /o:pe:w kima:pochwia/, but this should be checked. \ref 01052 \lxa momoloka \lxac momoloka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \sea to become fluffed up (cotton in particular) \ssa esponjarse (el algodón en particular) \syna momolo:ni \syno mómoló:ni \xvnao momolo:ni \qry Obtain a better definition and an example sentence. Disambiguate from /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/. \ref 01053 \lxa ia:xi:x tenextli \lxac ia:xi:x tenextli \lxo tenextli i:a:xi:x \lxoc tenextli i:a:xi:x \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(x) \seao drippings of honey-like consistency that trickle down a lime oven as rocks are fired and baked and the cooking process is nearly finished \ssao líquido de la consistencia de la miel que se escurre de un horno de cal cuando está por terminar el proceso de cocer las piedras que están adentro \pna Yo:pe:w wa:ltemo:tiw ia:xi:x tenextli. \pea The drippings from the lime (i.e., from rocks cooked in a lime oven) has started to run down. \psa El líquido que se escurre de la cal (esto es, de las rocas que se cuecen en un horno de cal) ha empezado a bajar. \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb te \xrb nex \ref 01054 \lxa xonakamatlapahli \lxac xonakamatlapahli \lxo xonakamátlapáhli \lxop xonakamatlapahli \lxoc xonakamátlapáhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \seao stem of the onion plant (i.e., the part located above ground) \ssao tallo de la cebolla (esto es, la parte arriba de la tierra) \sem plant \sem part \xrb xonaka \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nae For a discussion of the etymology of <nla>matlapahli</nla>, see the entry under this word. \qry My original file card had /xonakamatlatlahli/, but I have assumed this to be an error for /matlapahli/. Nevertheless, it needs to be checked. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; noun compounding: Note that Oa /xonakamátlapáhli/ is underlyingly {xonaka - mah - tlapal - li}. In this case the p-a is on the syllable with the {h} coda. One analysis would see this as the result of coda loss and subsequent high pitch on the syllable nucleus. This is perhaps the original motivation for the p-a system. However, p-a does often shift off the stem/root onto a penultimate syllable before the lost {h}. Another consideration is L-S Identity which would promote the preservation of underlying forms (e.g., of incorporated nouns, of stems such as /mátlapáhli/, etc.). \ref 01055 \lxa tio:pankalaktia \lxac kitio:pankalaktia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to take into the church (particularly a violinist [S] who takes in the members of the religious dance he is leading) \ssa meter en o conducir a la iglesia (particularmente un violinsta [S] a la danza que conduce) \xrb tio: \xrb kalak \xrl -pan \nse To express a similar concept Oapan speakers will use an unincorporated form: <no>kikalahtia tiopah</no>. \qry Check entire range of subjects/objects for this Am compound. \ref 01056 \lxa patla:wak \lxac patla:wak \lxo patla:wak \lxoc patla:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to be wide (e.g., a road or path, piece of cloth, wooden board, table, tortilla, etc.) \ssao estar ancho (p. ej., un camino o senda, una corte de tela, una tabla, una mesa, etc.); ser amplio (en cuanto a anchura) \pna Patla:wak itlaxkal. \pea Her tortillas (the ones she makes) are wide. \psa Sus tortillas (las que hacen) son anchas. \pna Papatla:wak -=kokoya:wak- kwentli. \pea The furrows are wide (i.e., wide and spaced far apart). \psa Los surcos están anchos (esto es, anchos y muy separados entre si). \xrb patla: \nse The phrase <na>papatla:wak kwentli</na>, which is synonymous to <na>kokoya:wak kwentli</na>, indicates that the furrows were plowed far apart, i.e., that the space between the furrows is wide. The antonym of both these expressions is <na>pipi:stik kwentli</na>. \ref 01057 \lxa istlakawia \lxac kistlakawia \lxo í:stlakawía \lxop í:stlakawia \lxoc kí:stlakawía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) (Oa) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to lie to \ssao mentirle a \xrb stlaka \nae Apparently the Oapan elicitation form reflects reduplication on a vowel-initial stem (hence the lengthening and pitch-accent). During the recording session Florencia Marcelino gave the reduplicated form; it is not clear whether ? <no>kistlakawiya</no> is also acceptable. \qry Etymology and cat uncertain. \vl Check p-a and length in Oapan form. \grm It appears that /istlaka-/ is a stem that appears in many compounds and that has been verbalized with /istlakawia/, even though the absolutive nominal form is nonexistent. Check /iztlakati/ (as in RS). Check RS meaning of 'calumniar, acusar falsamente, engañar', etc. \ref 01058 \lxa ikxiko:pi:liwi \lxac ikxiko:pi:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran No transitive form documented, perhaps given the semantics involved \infv class-3a(w) \sea to walk like a slow-poke; to move along slowly (with small-sized steps) \ssa andar muy lentamente (con pasos muy pequeños) \pna Ikxikoko:pi:liwtiw. San yo:li:k notetekestiw. \pea He goes walking along at a snail's pace. He goes along slowly, stopping a lot as he walks. \psa Anda lentamente. Va yendo despacio, parándose cada rato. \syno ko:pi:lyaw \cfa ikxikoko:pi:l \xrb kxi \xrb ko:pi:l \qry Check possible transitive form. Recheck etymology and other occurrences of /ko:/. Note that this word /ikxiko:pi:liwi/ is the virtual equivalent of /ko:pi:liwi/ in some of the latters uses. Check. \ref 01059 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for Am /tewa/ and Oa /táwá/. It has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Assign the four tokens here to 5355. However, note taht it is the later tokens, from 5355, that should be linked to the lexicon. \ref 01060 \lxa a:kaxtetl \lxac a:kaxtetl \lxo a:kaxtetl \lxoc a:kaxtetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao stone trough or bowl for giving water to animals \ssao pileta de piedra para darles de beber a los animales \xrb a: \xrb kax \xrb te \nse An <nao>a:kaxtetl</nao> is usually a large, flat, and probably volcanic stone in which a central depression has been created to hold water that is usually given to pigs, although also to dogs and chicks. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 01061 \lxa to:to:tla:wi:lowa \lxac to:to:tla:wi:lowa \lxo to:to:tla:wi:lowa \lxoc to:to:tla:wi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to illuminate (in hunting at night) sleeping birds with light from a torch made of <nla>teono:xtli</nla> \ss iluminar (en cazar durante la noche) pájaros con la luz de una antorcha hecha de <nla>teono:xtli</nla> \pna Xkwiti teono:xtli para tito:to:tla:wi:lo:skeh! \pea Go get some of the inner dried sticks of the <nba>ó:rganoh</nba> cactus so that we can (use them as torches to) illuminate sleeping birds! \psa ¡Ve a tomar unos palos secos del interior de un <nba>ó:rganoh</nba> para (que los podamos usar como antorchas para) iluminar pájaros mientras que estén durmiendo. \sem hunting \xrb to:to: \xrb tla:wi:l \nse <nao>To:to:tla:wi:lowa</nao> indicates the action of making a torch of sticks taken from the inside of the <na>ó:rganoh</na> cactus (or, by extension, using any other type of lighting) and holding this up to the branches of a tree in which birds are sleeping. Another person can thus see the birds and shoot them with a slingshot or other hunting instrument. \qry It is not clear whether /tla:wi:lowa/ is a transitive or intransitive, since /tla:wi:lwia/ exists as 'to illuminate.' When completed my entries for words having to do with lighting should be checked and this entry corrected/adjusted as needed. \vl Check vowel length; Am filecards originally had a short vowel, changed to long on the basic of Oapan elicited form. \ilustmp Illustrate general scene. \ref 01062 \lxa ichpo:chkihli \lxacpend *ichpo:chkihli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea type of plant or small bush still unidentified \ssa tipo de planta o abusto todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pending) \xrb chpo:ch \xrb -kil \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>hierba muchacha</spn>. Luis Lucena stated that he had heard the name of this plant but could not identify it. \ref 01063 \lxa tlai:xwia:ni \lxac tlai:xwia:ni \lxo te:i:xwia:ne \lxoa te:i:xwia:ni \lxop te:i:xwia:ni \lxoc te:i:xwia:ne \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seao person who gives the evil eye (affecting children, animals, etc.) \ssao persona que echa mal de ojo (afectando a niños, animales, etc.) \xrb i:x \nae The potential for variation between the nonspecific object markers <n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n> is well illustrated by these cognate forms from Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with each village using a different prefix although the patient is in both cases human. \grm /te:-/ vs. /tla-/: With Am /tlai:xwia:ni/ and Oapan /te:i:xwia:ne/ 'person who gives the evil eye (affecting children, animals, etc.): The potential for variation between the nonspecific object markers <n>te:-</n> and <n>tla-</n> is well illustrated by these cognate forms from Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with each village using a different prefix although the patient is in both cases human. \ref 01064 \lxa te:kwa:ntsi:katl \lxac te:kwa:ntsi:katl \lxo te:kwa:ntsi:katl \lxoc te:kwa:ntsi:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao ant that bites, of the type known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \ssao hormiga que muerde, del tipo conocido como <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kwa \xrb tsi:ka \encyctmp tsi:katl \ref 01065 \lxa xa:yakapapa:ka \lxac kixa:yakapapa:ka \lxo xa:yaká:pá:ka \lxoc kixa:yaká:pá:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(k) \seao to wash the face of \ssao lavarle la cara a \pna Noxa:yakapapa:ka, kemech yo:isak. \pea He washes his face, he just woke up. \psa Se lava la cara, apenas se despertó. \xrb xa:yaka \xrb pa:ka \qry Check to make sure /kimich yo:isak/ is OK, and that it should not be /kimich o:isak/. \ref 01066 \lxa ko:pi:liwtok \lxac ko:pi:liwtok \lxo ko:pi:lihtok \lxoc ko:pi:lihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be drooping down in clumped strands (e.g., wet hair, clothes hanging on a line, cut and dried palm) \ss estar colgado y pegado en tiras enmarranadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojada, palma secada) \se to be hunched over with ones arms at the side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold) \ss estar acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona enferma o con frío) \flao ko:pi:liwi \xrb ko:pi:l \qry Check precise meaning of this term and the potential subjects of the predication. \ref 01067 \lxa i:to:ni:lwia \lxac ki:to:ni:lwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to cover with sweat; to sweat on \ssa empapar con sudor; sudor sobre \pna Yo:tiki:to:ni:lwih motlake:n. \pea You've gotten your clothes sweaty (i.e., from working hard, from wearing them a long time, etc.). \psa Empapaste tu ropa con sudor (por trabajar mucho, por tenerla puesta mucho tiempo, etc.). \cfao i:to:nia \xrb i:to:ni \qry Check difference between /ki:to:ni:lwia/ and /ki:to:nia/. Perhaps the latter is in error. \vl Check length of /i:/. In my original notes I have it recorded long in the nominal form /i:to:ni:hli/ but short in the verbal form /i:to:nilwia/. Probably one of the two is in error. \ref 01068 \lxa tlakaka:wihli \lxac tlakaka:wihli \lxo tlá:ká:wahli \lxoc tlá:ká:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao offering left at the sight where the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> are appealed to \ssao ofrenda dejada en un lugar donde se les suplica a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \xrb ka:wa \nae Although the derivational process for these two terms is slightly different, Ameyaltepec <na>tlakaka:wihli</na> and Oapan <no>tlá:ká:wahli</no> have been joined in a single entry. The Oapan form shows reduction of a reduplicant through lengthening of a prefix vowel, in this case the /a/ of <n>tla-</n>. \nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has both <n>tlacaualli</n> 'sobras de algo, o el que es dexado y desamparado de otros' and <n>tlacauilli</n> 'sobras.' Balsas Nahuatl has <nla>te:nka:wihli</nla> for 'sobras' (leftovers) in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. \qry Check meaning again and correctness of the term, particularly Oapan ending in /-ahli/. Check for the possibility of a possessed form. \vl Check vowel length. The Am term is /tlakaka:wihli/, as expected (i.e., with reduplication of verbal stem). After the recording sessions \ref 01069 \lxa sekwi \lxac sekwi \lxo sekwi \lxoc sekwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(kw) \seao to get or feel cold \ssao sentirse el frío \pna Ye:wa melá:k nisekwtoya. \pea Just a while ago I was really feeling the cold. \psa Hace rato estaba sintiendo el frío mucho. \pna O:pe:w nise:sekwi. \pea I've started to feel a little chilly. \psa Empecé a sentir algo de frío. \xrb se \xrb kwi \dis sehkalaki; sekmiki \nae Although the isolated form * <n>setl</n> has not been documented so far for Balsas Nahuatl, the form <nao>sekwi</nao> has been considered a compound with an incorporated nominal root. In reference to <n>setl</n>, FK notes:"In compounds the element CEC is generally found instead of CE, but the free form CEC-TLI is attested only in Z[acapoaxtla], which lacks CE-TL."Then, uncer <n>cectli</n> she notes:"This is found as a free form only in Z, where once out of four times it is given with a long vowel. Z also gives it in some compounds with a long vowel. CEC is abundantly attested in the other sources as an element of compounds, always with a short vowel." \qry Check for difference in meaning between /o:pe:w nisekwi/ and /o:pe:w nise:sekwi/. Add this difference to the grammar. \grm Cf. Gram 1986-08-01.1 \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /O:pe:w nise:sekwi/ 'Just a while ago I was really feeling the cold.' Note that the long vowel reduplication here seems to indicate a mitigated or interrupted process. \rt Both <nr>se</nr> and <nr>sek</nr> indicate 'cold' and are found in various lexemes with this meaning. \ref 01070 \lxa kalte:ntli \lxac kalte:ntli \lxo kalte:ntli \lxoc kalte:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se eave, the small overhang at the edge of a house \ss alero pequeño de una casa \sem construct-part \xrb kal \xrb te:n \encyctmp kahli \ref 01071 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kopalpo:tsahli \lxocpend kopalpo:tsahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo resin from the <spn>copal</spn> tree that produces the resin known locally as <nla>sa:ntokopahli</nla> \sso savia o resina delárbol de copal que produce la resina conocida como <nla>sa:ntokopahli</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kopal \xrb kow \cpl According to Silvestre Pantaleleón this is the product of a tree named <nlo>kopalpo:tsahli</nlo>. Silvestre mentioned that this tree is found near Asesecan, north of Ahuelicán and about 5-6 hours by mule from Oapan. Note that one of these trees was actually found near Zapotitlan (land of Ameyaltepec), to the surprise of the native language consultants. If I remember correctly the minidisk recording of this tree offers a good source of the terms for the tree, resin, etc. The term /kopalpo:tsahli/ is used in Oapan and San Juan Tetelcingo, but is not found in Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked. \nct kohtli; kopahli \ref 01072 \lxa tsi:ntepolkechilia \lxac kitsi:ntepolkechilia \lxo tsí:ntepolkechília \lxop tsi:ntepolkechilia \lxoc kitsí:ntepolkechília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-[PM-V3] \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to turn or place upside-down for or on (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty it of a liquid onto sb [PO]) \ss voltear o poner cabeza abajo para o a (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro sobre algn [OP])adentro) \pna O:timotsi:ntepolkechilih a:tl ika kube:tah. \pea You poured water on yourself by turning a bucket upside-down. \psa Te echaste agua al voltearte una cubeta de agua encima. \xrb tsi:n \xrb tehpol \xrb ketsa \xvba tsi:ntepolketsa \xvbo tsí:ntepolkétsa \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana \sj For all words /tsi:ntepolketsa/, etc. check SJ for /h/. Although there is no evidence from here or other dialects, it would seem that the /h/ would have to be the coda of the syllable {h}. \ref 01073 \lxa xa:lpachiwi \lxac xa:lpachiwi \lxo xa:lpachiwi \lxoc xa:lpachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become or get covered by sand (e.g., a garden that gets covered in sand from a rising river) \ssao cubrirse o taparse con arena (p. ej., una huerta que se cubre por arena de un río creciente) \cfo xa:lpopoliwi \xrb xa:l \xrb pach \ref 01074 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /tsontekonamana/ but has since been combined with /tsontekonyamana/, entry 137, and deleted here. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01075 \lxanotes zzz \lxac ---- \mod Was /I:pan Tla:lchi:chi:hloh/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 01076 \lxa tsi:nkwe:tia \lxac kitsi:nkwe:tia \lxo tsi:nkwe:tia \lxoc kitsi:nkwe:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to place or tie diapers on \ss atar pañales a \pna Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian. \pea He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on. \psa Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo). \syno tsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia \syno a:ma:xtlatia \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwe: \nse Although apparently <no>tsi:nkwe:tia</no> is a word in Oapan, it is rarely used. Much more common are <nlo>tsi:ntlaké:sohlo:tia</nlo> and <nlo>a:ma:xtlatia</nlo>. \qry Recheck whether /kitsi:nkwe:tia/ is a word in Oapan. During the first check Florencia said it was not, but in the elicitation session she said it when it appeared on the screen by mistake. Thus it might be correct. However, it seems that both <nlo>tsi:ntlaké:sohlo:tia</nlo> and <nlo>a:ma:xtlatia</nlo> are the more common forms. \ref 01077 \lxa chi:kwepo:nia \lxac kichi:kwepo:nia \lxo chi:kopo:nia \lxoc kichi:kopo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran No trans. form documented \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>techi:kwepo:nia</nao> \infv class-2a \seao to rip or cut open so that the sides of the opening flare out and fold or double back (e.g., skin cut so deeply so as to open up in a wide swatch and fold back on itself) \ssao rasgar o abrir a tal grado que los lados de la apertura salen para un lado y se doblan (p. ej., piel cortada a lo largo con un cuchillo) \se to turn or fold back upon itself, or inside-out (e.g., ones eyelid) \ss voltear y poner al revés (p. ej., el párpado superior) \pna Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew! \pea Turn your eyelid inside-out! \psa ¡Pon tu párpadeo superior al revés! \xrb chi: \xrb kwepo: \ono teki \qry I seem to have lost my original definition for this word and have reconstructed it from memory. It should be checked, as well as possible objects/patients. Recheck whether one may say /Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew/; also check if it is also correct to say /Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew/. If so, add entry. \mod Under /teki/ in /ono, discuss /teki/, /tsonteki/, and various /chi:-/ words: /chi:patla:wa/, /chi:koya:wa/, /chi:koyo:nia/, etc. Add entry if needed under /kwepo:nia/. Distinguish if possible from /chi:kwepo:nia/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note shift /kwe/ to /ko/ in /kwepo:nia/ to /kopo:nia/. \ref 01078 \lxa itekiw \lxac itekiw \lxo i:tekiw \lxoc i:tekiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se it is certain that; in the end (indicate that the following predication is more or less inevitable, almost certain to occur) \ss es cierto de; seguro; a fin de cuentas (indica que es muy probable, casi un hecho, que la predicación que sigue va a suceder) \pna Itekiw newa nikchi:was. \pea I'm bound to be the one to do it. \psa Es casi un hecho que yo seréquien lo va a hacer. \pna Itekiw wi:ts! \pea He's sure to come! \psa ¡Seguro va a venir! \pna Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol! \pea When all is said and done you don't have anything, you're in dire poverty (in other words, Don't brag about anything!)! \psa ¡A fin de cuentas no tienes nada, estás en la ruina (en pocas palabras,¡No te jactes!)! \cfao tekitl \xrb teki \dis kipia para \qry In /Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol!/ check to make sure that first element is /sa:/, not /san/. I believe the /sa:/ is correct. Check vowel length since often final /n/ will delete internal to phrase when followed by V. \ref 01079 \lxa nakayoh \lxac nakayoh \lxo nakayoh \lxoc nakayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be fatty; to be chubby (a person) \ssao estar o ser gordo (una persona) \seao to be meaty; to be fleshy (an animal) \ssao ser carnoso (un animal) \xrb naka \ref 01080 \lxa yo:ltemi:mihki \lxac yo:ltemi:mihki \lxo yo:ltemi:mihki \lxoc yo:ltemi:mihki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \sea person who stutters \ssa tartamudo \seo forgetful; absent-minded \sso olivdadizo \syna yo:ltemi:mikini \xrb yo:l \xrb miki \ref 01081 \lxa se:xkayo:tl \lxac se:xkayo:tl \lxo se:xkayo:tl \lxoc se:xkayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao see <nlao>-xkayo:tl</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-xkayo:tl</nlao> \synao pochawistli \xrb se: \xrb xiw \xrb kayo: \qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short. \ref 01082 \lxa tlakwiste:wilia \lxac kitlakwiste:wilia \lxo tlakoste:wilia \lxoc kitlakoste:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to clear the dirt off and stand upright cultivated plants for (the benefactive [O] is the person doing the plowing, behind whom another person [S] uprights the plants that have been covered with earth and stones) \ssao limpiar o sacudir de tierra y colocar de pie plantas cultivadas para (el benefactivo [O] es el que trabaja la yunta, atrás de quien otra person [S] endereza las plantas que han sido cubiertas por tierra y piedras) \pna Tine:chontlakwiste:wili:s, nokone:w xwel ne:chpale:wia. \pea You will go upright plants behind the plow that I will drive, my child can't help me. \psa Vas a ir a enderezar plantas atrás del arado que estarétrabajando, mi niño no me puede ayudar. \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \xbtla kwiste:wilia \grm Oapan phonology: Note the historic sound shift here from /kwi/ in Ameyaltepec (which appears to be the archaic form) to /ko/ in Oapan. \ref 01083 \lxa tlapepenke:tl \lxac tlapepenke:tl \lxo tlá:penké:tl \lxoc tlá:penké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seao gleamers; gatherers (individuals who pick things up off the ground, such as corn cobs, fish, and other objects that others have harvested or caught) \ssao recogedores; pepenadores (gente que recoge cosas como olotes, pescados u otras cosas que han quedado sobre el suelo, dejado atrás durante la cosecha, la pesca, etc.) \xrb pena \qry Check whether a possessed form is correct, as I have indicated in the coding for the /infn field. \ref 01084 \lxa ko:lo:kokoxki \lxac ko:lo:kokoxki \lxo ko:lo:koxki \lxoc ko:lo:koxki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \seao one (a person or animal) ill from a scorpion's bit \ssao uno (una persona o animal) enfermo por los efectos de una mordida de alacrán \pna Koxtok noko:lo:kokoxka:w. \pea The member of my household who is ill from a scorpion bite is sleeping. \psa Estádurmiendo la persona de mi hogar que está enferma por una mordida de alacrán \xrb ko:lo: \xrb koya \nse The animal to which <na>ko:lo:kokoxki</na> most often refers is a hen. \nae The reason for the absence of a reduplicated sequence in Oapan <no>ko:lo:koxki</no> is not clear (it may even reflect an error at some point and should be checked). \qry Check /ko:lo:koxki/ from Oapan, perhaps /ko:lo:kokoxki/?! Make sure that a possessed form is acceptable. I have coded this into the /infn field assuming that this noun can be possessed, but there is no documentation of this. \grm Noun incorporation: This word is an interesting example of NI: /ko:lo:kokoxki/ one ill from a scorpion's bite. \ref 01085 \lxa te:lpo:tsi:n \lxac te:lpo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea very young boy, between some 8 and 13 years of age \ssa muy joven muchacho o niño entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad \sem age \syna te:lpokatsi:n \syno te:lpakatsi:n \xrb te:lpo:ch \encyctmp age \qry Check difference between /te:lpo:tsi:n/ and /te:lpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Also, indeed, recheck whether /te:lpo:tsi:n/ is a correct word, whether it can be possessed, etc. For now I have coded this as possessable, but this should be checked. \ref 01086 \lxa kel \lxac kel ke:n tikmati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Mod; Subord \der Particle \sea as if \ssa como si \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g., in not lending sth out), as if it were yours. \psa Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo. \pna On ne:nkah, ye tlatsopi:ni:hloh. O:nikitak! Xka:wa, kel ichpokawah. \pea That one there, she's been deflowered. I saw it (know it for sure)! You wouldn't think it, (she acts) as if she's a virgin (though she isn't). \psa Aquella, ya le han desflorado. Yo lo vi (esto es, estoy seguro de esto). No lo pensarías, (actua) como si fuera una virgen (pero no es). \sea as they say that (that the following predication were true, with the implication that the speaker does not believe it) \ssa dizque o dicen que (la predicación que sigue es verdad, con la implicación que el que habla no lo cree) \pna Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi. \pea They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men. \psa Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen).¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres. \pna O:tito:nalka:w kel te:wa mistewi:s. \pea You got scared out of your wits as if it was you it was about to gore. \psa Te asustaste de a deveras como si fuiste túél que iba a cornear. \cfo ké:tlá \xrb kel \nse The word <n>kel</n> may be used modally, in which case it communicates speakers doubt of the truth of a certain proposition, which is thus relegated to hearsay status. The implication is that while others may believe a certain statement, the speaker is doubtful. Note that <na>kel</na> may also be used to subordinate an 'if' condition to a main predicate. The English 'as if' captures the sense very well. \nde In Classical one finds <na>kil</na>, which Carochi (fol. 123) glosses as 'dizque,òdizen que.' Lockhart (2001: 451, n 8) states in regard to <n>quilmach</n> :" <i>Quil</i> may be related to the <i>il</i> in <i>ilhuia</i>, to tell someone, and the <i>qu-</i> may be the third prson singular object prefix. <i>Mach</i> is dubitative."Indeed, the use of the similar forms in Balsas Nahuatl is quite common. Thus <na>kitowa</na> is used (with 3rd-person singular subject and object) to indicate 'it is said that.' \mod In the Oapan tape, eliminate /ké:tláh/ from this entry as it has its own. \qry Check vowel length. Etymology is unclear as this word is not found in other dialects; recheck pronunciation and cognates in surrounding dialects to Ameyaltepec. Perhaps the most important think to check is the meaning. Carochi states that it means that"lo que se dice en este momento no es una ficción."It will be necessary to determine whether that is the case, or whether, as"dizque"etc., it suggests that the speakers distances himself from claiming the veracity of what is to follow, i.e., 'it is said that... but I don't have strong, firsthand evidence.' The other use of /kel/ that should be checked into is that glossed as 'as if', an adverbial that modifies to some degree the action, and subordinates the following clause. \qry Check further the meaning of /kel/ and get more example sentences/. \ref 01087 \lxa temo:tok \lxac temo:tok \lxo temo:tok \lxoc temo:tok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao inexpensive; cheap (the price of an object) \ssao barato; económico (el precio de algo) \pna Temo:tok, xihkowa! \pea It's inexpensive, buy it! \psa Es barato,¡cómpratelo! \xrb temo: \qry Check for other meanings. \ref 01088 \mod Removed as a duplicate entry. \dt 29/Dec/2004 \ref 01089 \lxa kakapatsa \lxac kikakapatsa \lxo kakapatsa \lxoc kikakapatsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-3a(ts) \seao to cause (sth) to make a clattering sound \ssao hacer (que algo) emita un sonido de traqueteo \flao kakapaka \xrb kapa: \xv1ao tlakakapatsa \xvnao kapa:ni \ref 01090 \lxa i:xtlalowa \lxac ki:xtlalowa \lxo i:xtlalowa \lxoc ki:xtlalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \seao to run ones eyes over; to look over; to check out (by looking over) \ssao relojear; ojear detalladamente; revisar (al correr la vista sobre) \pna O:ki:xtlaloh. Kwelita. \pea He ran his eyes over her. He likes the way she looks. \psa La relojeó. Le gusta. \pna Axtopa ki:xtlaowa deke kwahli yes. \pea First he looks it over up and down to see if it will be good (e.g., an animal to buy, etc.). \psa Primero lo ve todo de arriba abajo para ver si sería una buena compra (p. ej., an animal, etc.). \cfao ma:tlalowa \xrb i:x \xrb tlalo \grm Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. \ref 01091 \lxa kechpapatlats \lxac i:kechpapatlats \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea wide, flapping collar of (a blouse or shirt, but particularly that which goes around the neck of an adult woman's outside blouse or <nlao>sa:koh</nlao>) \ssa cuello ancho de (una blusa o camisa, pero particularmente el cuello de la blusa, <nlao>sa:koh</nlao>, de una mujer adulta) \pna Kipia ikechpapatlats nokoto:n. \pea My shirt has a wide collar. \psa Mi camisa tiene un cuello ancho. \xrb kech \xrb patla: \nae Apparently the etymology of <na>kechpapatlats</na> involves derivation from a transitive derivation of <nlao>papatlaka</nlao>, which refers to the sound made by flapping wings, and not to the root for wide, <nr>patlach</nr>. \encyctmp clothes parts \qry It is quite possible that the correct form is <na>kechpapatlach</na>. Check for /kechpapatlastik/ o /kechpapatlaxtik/. Also check for /patlatsiwi/, although probably it should be /patlachiwi/.. /kechpapatlats/ refers in particular to the wide collar around the neck of a woman's outside blouse, /sa:koh/. Check \ref 01092 \lxa kechmiktia \lxac kikechmiktia \lxo kechmihtia \lxoc kikechmihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran No intransitive documented so far \infv class-2a \seao to strangle (with ones hands, or a rope or similar object) \ssao estrangular (con las manos, o con una soga u otro objeto parecido) \cfa kechpatska \cfo kechpitsi:nia \xrb kech \xrb miki \qry Check for existence of intransitive form. Compare to other ways of strangling. \grm Causatives: Note that it is uncertain whether /kechmiktia/ is found in an intransitive form. If not it shows that causatives are not derived from intransitive equivalents, but can be constructed on the basis of lexicalized causatives, particularly when this involves noun incorporation. I.e., many intrans/trans. pairs that exist with no IN do not exist with an incorporated form. \ref 01093 \lxa i:tia \lxo i:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao see <nlao>oni:tia</nlao> and <nlao>tlai:tia</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>oni:tia</nlao> y <nlao>tlai:tia</nlao> \nae Like the intransitive verb <n>i:</n> from which the causative <n>i:tia</n> is derived, only forms with the"directional"marker <n>on-</n> or the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> are documented. \ref 01094 \lxa a:te:ntli \lxac a:te:ntli \lxo a:te:ntli \lxoc a:te:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se river; stream \ss río; arroyo \pna Nochi a:te:ntli xya! \pea Go all along the river! \psa ¡Ve por toda la orilla del río! \cfao tlate:ntli \xrb a: \xrb te:n \nse <nao>A:te:ntli</nao> is never pluralized, even after numerical modifiers, viz. <nao>o:me a:te:ntli</nao>. \qry Check difference in use of /a:te:nko/ and /a:te:ntli/. \ref 01095 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /So:la:pan/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 01096 \lxa ni:siw \lxac ni:siw \lxo ni:sik \lxoc ni:sik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \seao nearby; close by \ssao cerca \pna Ni:siw onkah, xkwiti! \pea It is close by, go get it! \psa Estácerca,¡ve por ello! \pna Ni:siw niá:s. \pea I'm going nearby. \psa Voy cerca. \se (with long vowel reduplication) close together (in reference to the ordered placement of various objects) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cercano; juntos (en referencia a la colocación de varios objetos puestos en orden) \pna Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka. \pea The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart. \psa Las varas deórgano están colocadas cercas unas a otras (p. ej., en el techo de una casa), no están distantes. \pna Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin. \pea They live (i.e., their houses are) close together. \psa Viven cerca (esto es, sus casas están cerca, una a otra). \xrb ni:siw \nae The etymology of <na>ni:siw</na> is uncertain although it seems to be clearly related to Classical forms such as <n>ici</n> and <n>iz</n>. Molina gives in the Spanish to Nahuatl section 'cerca, preposición' <n>çaniz.çan nican. amo ueca</n> ; the <n>çaniz</n> form (from <n>çan</n> + <n>iz</n>) suggests a possible basis for Balsas Nahuatl <na>ni:siw</na>, although vowel length differs. \qry Check to see if /nini:siw/ is correct and, if so, what the difference between /ni:ni:siw/ and /nini:siw/ is. \grm Word order: adverbs. In the phrases under <na>ni:siw</na> note the word order, with the one-word adverb preverbal. This is a general pattern in Nahuatl. \grm Reduplication: long vowel. Note the following phrases: /Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka/ 'The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart.' and /Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin/ 'They live (i.e., their houses are) close together.' In general note how with adverbs indicating location long vowel reduplication is used to indicate the repetition of the spatial pattern over various examples of the same object. Thus in house contruction, if one places the rods that run the length of the house close together, with row after row showing this pattern, then the long vowel reduplication is used: /ni:ni:siw/ Note how with /weka/ the same is found: /xwe:weka/. Query if /nini:siw/ is also correct and, if so, in what circumstances. \ref 01097 \lxa a:chia \lxac a:chia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3c(chia) \sea (for plants) to be"thirsting for water"and start drying up for lack of rain during the rainy season \ssa estar a la espera de agua (plantas) durante la temporada de lluvias cuando ha dejado de llover por algún tiempo \pna O:nosiahka:w nomi:l, a:chi:xtoya. Xo:tla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. \pea My cornfield got tired of waiting, it was waiting for rain. It didn't yield abundant fruit, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. \psa Mi milpa se cansóde esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindiófruta, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. \sea to wait for water (a person, such as one waiting for rain to fall before beginning to plow a field, or waiting as a well slowly fills up before drawing water) \ssa esperar el agua (una persona, p. ej., que espera la lluvia para poder empezar a zurcar su milpa, o que espera mientras un pozo se llena lentamente) \pna Sa: na:chia, yo:nike:kchi:w ka:n nito:kas. \pea I'm just waiting for rain, I've finished plowing where I'm going to plant (i.e., I am waiting for it to rain in order to plow over the tilled land for the final time, planting the seed). \psa Solamente estoy esperando el agua (de la lluvia), ya he terminado de surcar donde voy a sembrar (en otras palabras, estoy esperando la lluvia para volver porúltima vez a arar la tierra ya labrada, para entonces sembrar la semilla). \xrb a: \xrb chia \nae During an elicitation session I asked Gabriel de la Cruz whether the form <na>a:chialtia</na> existed, as a causative of <na>a:chia</na>. He pondered the question for a while and then answered that one could say this, for example, if a person was watching over a well and made others wait to fill up their jugs until the well filled up. \ref 01098 \lxa kamakekexkilia \lxac kikamakekexkilia \lxo kamaké:kexília \lxop kamaké:kexilia \lxoc kikamake:kexilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to make the mouth of (sb) itch \ssao causar que se le escoza la boca a (algn) \pna Ne:chkamakekexkilia to:tolo:ktsi:n. \pea The fruit of the <nba>to:tolo:ktsi:n</nba> makes my mouth itch. \psa La fruta del <nba>to:toloktsi:n</nba> me hace escocer la boca. \xrb kama \xrb kex \xvba kamakekexkia \vl Check vowel length in Oapan form. \ref 01099 \lxa kuwayoh \lxac kuwayoh \lxo kowayoh \lxoc kowayoh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have (a woman) hair on her back in the form of a snake that"eats"her children as they are born so that they die within a month or two at most \ss tener (una mujer) pelos en la forma de una culebra por la espalda; esta culebra"come"a sus niños a poco tiempo de que nazcan, un mes o dos cuando mucho \pna Kuwayoh nosuwa:w, nochipa miki ikone:tsi:n. \pea My wife has a"snake,"her child always dies. \psa Mi esposa tiene"una serpiente", siempre se le muere el niño. \pno Xkwahli un siwa:tl, kowayoh. \peo That woman is no good, she has hair in the form of a snake on her back. \pso Esa mujer estámal, tiene su pelo en forma de culebra por la espalda. \se to have worms (more accurately, <nla>tsonkowayoh</nla>) \ss tener lombrices (más precisamente, <nla>tsonkowayoh</nla>) \pna Kowayoh, xwel kikwa chi:hli. \pea He has worms, he can't eat chile. \psa Tiene lombrices, no puede comer chile. \xrb kowa \nse The cure for a woman who is <nao>kowayoh</nao> is to place a newborn baby on top of the"snake"(or"snakes") so that the baby kills it (or them) and lives. <na>Kowayoh</na> in the sense of having worms is apparently an elipsis for <nlao>tsonkowayoh</nlao>, which is the proper word for 'lombrices'. \mod For a fuller description of a <nao>kowayoh</nao> woman cf. DT #7 207ff. and Flk note on this subject. ADD TEXT. \qry Check to determine if /kipia i:kowayo/ is correct. \vl Check vowel length of /kowatl/, final /a/ has been problematical. \ref 01100 \lxa ima:kti \lxac ima:kti \lxo i:ma:hti \lxoc i:ma:hti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to get legal possession of (land, an animal, a housesite, etc.) \ss lograr posesión legal de (un terreno, animal o solar, etc.) \pna O:i:ma:ktik para nochipa yewa ia:xka -iwa:xka- yes. \pea He has obtained official (legal) possession so that it will always be his. \psa Ha conseguido posesión legal para que siempre sea suyo. \xrb ma: \xrl -ko \nae The 1st person singular is <na>noma:kti</na>, the 2nd person singular is <na>moma:kti</na>, the 1st person plural <na>toma:kti</na>, 2nd person plural <na>amoma:kti</na>, and the 3rd person plural <na>i:nma:kti</na> (according to Cristino Flores, he also accepted <na>i:mima:kti</na>. This final form should be checked with other consultants. \qry Check to determine how the object is expressed. I.e., how can one say 'he gained possession of his house'. I would suspect that there is a form /imaktia/, but I'm not sure if this is used reflexively, etc. Check. \vl Originally for the Am entry I had /ima:kti/, with a short initial /i/. However, given the Oapan data and the probable etymology, I have provisionally changed this. It should be checked. \grm Unusual etymology which seems to have a possessed locative construction that is verbalized. This clearly illustrates the very productive use of /-ti/. Cf. Launey's discussion of words like /i:masewalti/? or similar forms. \ref 01101 \lxa kwa:pano:hli \lxac kwa:pano:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn Stem 3 \sea (arch.) door lintel; top cross-beam above a doorway (formerly of wood, now mostly made of cement) \ssa (arc.) lintel (antiguamente de madera ahora ya a menudo de cemento) \sem construct-part \xrb kwa: \xrb pano: \nae The irregular stress pattern of <na>kwa:panó:l</na> is perhaps related to the loss of the absolutive ending. \qry Recheck to make sure that this is not used in the possessive form ever; or perhaps the headword is a possessed stem. \ref 01102 \lxa kwa:petsowa \lxac kikwa:petsowa \lxo kwa:petsowa \lxoc kikwa:petsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive documented to date \infv class-2b \seao to comb the hair of \ssao peinar a \syna kwa:peya:sowa \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \qry Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. \ref 01103 \lxa xoyá:k \lxac xoyá:k \lxo xóyá:k \lxop xoya:k \lxoc xóyá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans; -Intrans (Oa) \pa yes-lex \se to be foul-smelling (particularly referring to the smell of <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> and <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla> when they are ground up) \ss ser apestoso (particularmente para referirse al olor de <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> y de <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla> molido) \pna Yo:nikpa:pa:xoh noyew, xoyá:k pa:mpa xo:nikpapa:k. \pea I crushed my beans (on a metate), they are foul-smelling because I didn't wash them. \psa Triturémis frijoles (sobre un metate), huelen mal porque no los lavé. \sem smell \xrb xo \xrb hya: \encyctmp smells \mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyâk/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Check possible subjects. ista:kyetl Cf. note under ex entry for 3806. \ref 01104 \lxa limo:n a:tl \lxac limo:n a:tl \lxo limo:a:tl \lxoc limo:a:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>limón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao lemonade \ssao limonada \xrb a: \nae The documented possessed form of Ameyaltepec <na>limo:na:tl</na> is unusual in that it manifests the retention of the absolutive; see <nlao>pa:tla</nlao>. The Ameyaltepec form is written as two words given that the accent falls on the final syllable <na>a:tl</na>. \qry Note that in the example sentence under /-pa:tla/ I have recorded the possessed form of /limo:na:tl/; this should be checked. \grm Oapan phonology: n>0 is common, as in /limo:a:tl/. The fact that n>0 often occurs in the environment #V suggests that this perhaps should be written as two words although the stress pattern suggests a single word; check for velarization in Am form. \ref 01105 \lxa ichkakukwintsi:n* \lxac ichkakukwintsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea type of very small grey and spotted bird, still not identified \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño, salpicado de gris, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem bird \equiva che:che:tl \equivo chiáchiá:tl \xrb chka \xrb kwi \cpl Type of very small bird that makes its nest out of light things such as cotton, hence its name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'tentelito.' \nct to:to:tl \ref 01106 \lxa mulah \lxac mulah \lxo mulah \lxoc mulah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan mula \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <nao>mulas</nao> \seao female mule \ssao mula \sem animal \sem domes \nct yo:lki \ref 01107 \lxa tlato:ktli \lxac tlato:ktli \lxo tlato:htli \lxoc tlato:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \se plants that have have been sown by human hands (and that will later be harvested) \ss plantas que han sido sembradas por manos humanas (y que van a ser cosechada después) \pna Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis! \pea Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let it (the field) get overgrown on you! \psa ¡Abrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza! \pna O:toto:nka:wi:lo:k tlato:ktli, o:panwets toto:nki. \pea The planted crops got damaged by the heat, the heat came up (out of the ground). \psa La siembra se dañópor el calor, el calor salió a la superficie de la tierra (saliendo del suelo). \se planted field \ss sembradío \pna Milá:h we:i tlato:ktli kipia. \pea He really has a large planted field (i.e., he has planted a lot of seed). \psa De veras tiene un sembradío muy grande (esto es, sembrómucha semilla). \pna Kwaltsi:n motlato:k. \pea You planted field looks good. \psa Se ve bien tu sembradío. \fla tla:lto:ka \xrb to:ka \qry Check as to whether /tlato:ktli/ refers to a planted field in its entirety, or simply a planted plant (one by one). Check if any planted plant can be called /tlato:ktli/ (e.g., flowering trees as adornments) or simply plants that have edible fruits). Check if /motlato:k/"your planted field"is correct. \ref 01108 \lxa peto:nia \lxac kipeto:nia \lxo peto:nia \lxoc kipeto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to unsnag (sth caught on an object) \ss desprender (algo enganchado sobre algo, p. ej., algo punzante) \se to unbutton \ss desabrochar \xrb peto: \xvaao peto:nilia \ref 01109 \lxa tlaichpo:chwia \lxac tlaichpo:chwia \lxo tlaichpo:chwia \lxof [tla ich po:ch 'wi ya] \lxoc tlaichpo:chwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to marry a maiden (a widowed or divorced man [S], or one who has already had a child, even if illigitimate) \ss casarse con una doncella (un hombre viudo o divorciado [S], o uno que ha tenido un niño, aunque sea ilegítimo) \pna Ma:ski plo:weh, o:tlaichpo:chwih. \pea Even though he is poor, he (a widow, etc.) married a maiden. \psa Aunque es pobre (un viudo, etc.), se casócon una doncella. \xrb chpo:ch \nse The term <na>tlaichpo:chwia</na> refers to a 'publically confirmed' non-virgen man who marries a virgen woman. Although it is grammatically correct to use this as a transitive verb with a specific object, this would not be done, since it would be rare for someone to name or directly refer to the girl who had so married. According to Florencia Marcelino one would not use this with a specific object since most often it is used to refer to a situation or event and is considered rude to refer to a specific girl who has been so affected. Hence for semantic reasons there is no entry in this dictionary for the transitive ? <na>ichpo:chwia</na>. Again, although ? <no>te:lpo:chwiya</no> is"understandable"as a transitive verb (or as the intransitivized <no>tlate:lpo:chwiya</no>) it is also not used, given that elder widowed or divorced women do not marry young unmarried men. \qry Check to see if only used with indefinite prefix /tla-/. If so, eliminate this entry and the x-ref. Check whether /tlate:lpo:chwia/ is a verb. If so, create entry. \qry Check to see if only used with indefinite prefix /tla-/. If so, eliminate entry under /ichpo:chwia/ and eliminate /xrb field in this present entry. \vl Additional tokens of this word are at ref. 3948. They should be tagged as 1109 also since 3948 has been eliminated for reference. \ref 01110 \lxa a:ki:ltia \lxac ka:ki:ltia \lxo a:ki:ltia \lxoc ka:ki:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to put (clothes, shoes, etc.) on (sb) \ss poner o vestir a (algn, con algo como zapatos, ropa, etc.) \pna Xne:cha:kilti nokoto:n! Nimokukwa. \pea Put my shirt on me for me! I hurt. \psa ¡Ponme la camisa! Estoy adolorido. \pna Timitsa:kilti:s mowera:ch. \pea I will put your sandal on for you. \psa Te voy a poner tu huarache. \xrb a:k \xvba a:kia \xv1a tlaa:ki:ltia \xv1o tlá:kí:ltia \nae Like <nla>namakiltia</nla>, this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus <nla>na:maka</nla> : <nla>na:makiltia</nla> :: <nla>a:kia</nla> : <na>a:kiltia</na>. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of <na>namakiltia</na>) or worn (in the case of <na>a:kiltia</na>) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the"applicative"semantics of these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives. \vl Check vowel length of penultimate /i/. \grm Causatives: Add this word to that of /na:makiltia/ which has a causative form with applicative sense; cf. Launey on this. Like <nla>namakiltia</nla>, this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus <nla>na:maka</nla> : <nla>na:makiltia</nla> :: <nla>a:kia</nla> : <na>a:kiltia</na>. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of <na>namakiltia</na>) or worn (in the case of <na>a:kiltia</na>) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the"applicative"semantics of these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives. \ref 01111 \lxa ikxitla:hlo \lxac i:kxitla:hlo \lxo ikxitla:hlo \lxoc i:xitla:hlo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-poss-yo \infn N2 \seao the dirt on ones leg or foot \ssao la mugre o tierra sobre la pierna o pie de uno \pna O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo. \pea The dirt on your feet has gotten soft from being in water (e.g., from bathing, after it had hardened from a continued lack of bathing). \psa La tierra sobre tu pie se ablandópor el agua (p. ej., al bañarse después de mucho tiempo de no haberse bañado). \xrb kxi \xrb tla:l \ref 01112 \lxa i:xpan \lxac i:xpan \lxo i:xpan \lxoa i:xpan \lxoc i:xpah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \seao in front of \ssao enfrente de \pna I:xpan tlakwatoya wa:n ni: xtlakwalno:tsa. \pea He was eating in front of him and he didn't even invite him to eat. \psa Estaba comiendo frente aél y ni lo invitaba a comer. \xrb i:x \xrl -pan \ref 01113 \lxa ma:pachin \lxac ma:pachin \lxo ma:pachih \lxoa ma:pachin \lxoc ma:pachih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao raccoon, known in Spanish as <spn>mapache</spn>, a borrowing from Nahuatl; according to Schoenhals (1988:587) and Leopold (1959:428) this is the species known as <l>Procyon lotor</l> \ssao mapache; según Schoenhals (1988:587) y Leopold (1959:428) esta es la especie conocida como <l>Procyon lotor</l> \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb ma:pach \cpl Schoenhals (1988:587) notes under mapache:"(<na>Procyon lotor</na>) 'raccoon' Has a masked face and a ringed tail. Well known for its compulsive washing of clean food. Also called culú[Yucatán], chico, lavador, mapachín, maxtlatón, osito lavador, oso lavandero, ratón lavandero, tejón [Tabasco, Chihuahua], tejón solitario, tlamatón." \qry Check etymology, perhaps related to /pacho:ntik/? \ref 01114 \lxa chachayaka \lxac chachayaka \lxo te:chayaka \lxoc te:chayaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran No transitive form documented \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) \infv class-4a \se to make a rattling noise (documented only to describe the sound made by a rattlesnake) \ss hacer un sonido como de sonaja (documentado solamente para describir el sonido de una serpiente de cascabel) \pna Chachayakatok ikwech te:kwa:nkowatl. \pea The rattlesnake's rattle is making a rattling sound. \psa La cascabel de una serpiente de cascabel está haciendo un sonido como de sonaja. \xrb chaya: \nse To date <na>chachayaka</na> has been noted only in reference to the sound emitted by a snake's rattle. However, given the difference in meaning from the Classical form, this meaning should be confirmed. \nae Although one might expect a derivation of <na>chachayaka</na> from a verb such as * <n>chaya:ni</n>, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of <n>chachayaca</n> it is clear that it derives from <na>chaya:wi</na>. Thus Molina has <n>chachayaca</n> 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for <n>cacayacatimani</n>, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to <n>chayaui</n> is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frecuentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, <n>tzotzomoca</n> is connected to the sound of tearing, <n>tzomoni</n>). Finally, note the use of the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n> in the Oapan form. \qry Check meaning of /chachayaka/, perhpas it should be ?/chachalaka/. \grm Frecuentatives: If /chachayaka/ proves to be correct, discuss re: Although one might expect a derivation of <na>chachayaka</na> from a verb such as * <n>chaya:ni</n>, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of <n>chachayaca</n> it is clear that it derives from <na>chaya:wi</na>. Thus Molina has <n>chachayaca</n> 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for <n>cacayacatimani</n>, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to <n>chayaui</n> is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frequentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, <n>tzotzomoca</n> is connected to the sound of tearing, <n>tzomoni</n>). \ref 01115 \lxa yema:nia \lxac kiyema:nia \lxo yema:nia \lxoc kiyema:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to soften (cloth, dough, clay, etc.) \ss ablandar (tela, masa, barro, etc.) \pna Nikyema:ni:s notix ipan metlatl. \pea I'm going to soften up my corn dough on the metate (by grinding it again after having first taken it to a motorized grill). \psa Voy a ablandar mi masa sobre el metate (moliéndola otra vez después de haberla llevado a un molino eléctrico). \se to loosen up (e.g., earth or similar substances tightly packed together) \ss aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras substancias parecidas, apretadas y duras) \pna A:mantsi:n tili:ntok tla:hli, xkaman noto:ka. Newa nikyema:ni:s. \pea Now the earth is hard, it's never been planted. I'm going to loosen it up (by plowing). \psa Ahora la tierra está dura, nunca se ha sembrado. Yo la voy a aflojar (con el arado). \xrb yema:n \synao yema:nilia \xvaao yema:nilia \nae The transitive <na>yema:nia</na> has an underlying final {ha} rather than the {ya} found in the intransitive form. Note that the documented form <nlao>yema:nilia</nlao> is not the transitive element of the paradigmatic series of adjectival, inchoative, causative but rather an applicative formed on the transitive <nao>yema:nia</nao> of this present entry. Thus the transitive <na>yema:nia</na> in a sense functions as the equivalent to the expected but as yet undocumented causative * <na>yema:nilia</na>. In a discussion several consultants from Oapan accepted both <no>kiyema:nia tla:hli</no> and <no>kiyema:nilia tla:hli</no>. For Jeremías Cabrera the form <no>kiyema:nia tla:hli</no> sounded slightly strange, but acceptable, probably given that the form <no>yema:nia</no> is the intransitive. See entry under <no>yema:nilia</no> as a V3. \ref 01116 \lxa tepano:hli \lxac tepano:hli \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea stepping-stones (e.g., those placed in a shallow part of a stream so that people can cross) \ssa piedras colocadas en las partes poco profundas de un arroyo para que la gente lo cruze \pna Onkah tepano:hli, wel tipano:s. \pea There are stepping-stones, you'll be able to cross. \psa Hay piedras colocadas para cruzar el arroyo, vas a poder atravesar. \equiva tepano:ltetl \xrb te \xrb pano: \ref 01117 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n/ but it has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01118 \lxa no:ntilia \lxac kino:ntilia \lxo no:ntilia \lxoc kino:ntilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to leave mute, unable to speak; to leave dumbstruck (and unable to speak) \ssao dejar mudo; asombrar tanto que se quede mudo \pna O:kino:ntilih, xo:wel o:tlatoh. \pea It left him dumbstruck, he was unable to speak. \psa Lo dejómudo de asombro, no podía hablar. \xrb no:n \qry With this verb and others containing the root /no:n/, determine the nature of the muteness... how long, what caused by, etc. \ref 01119 \lxa itlah \lxaa tlah \lxac itlah \lxo itlah \lxoc itlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se (or <na>itlah tli:non</na>) something \ss (o <na>itlah tli:non</na>) algo; una cosa \pna Itlah mitsihlia? \pea Is he saying something to you? \psa ¿Te ha dicho algo? \pna Xok itlah. \pea There is none left anymore. \psa Ya no hay. \pna Xok itlah katkah. \pea There wasn't any more. \psa Ya no había nada. \pna Itlah tli:no:n mitsamana? \pea Is something bothering you? \psa ¿Te molesta una cosa (algo)? \pna O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s. \pea They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. \psa Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. \pna Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iokich. \pea Don't say anything to her (i.e., in trying to court her), she has a husband. \psa No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene esposo. \pna San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa. \pea You just go back and forth time and time again (i.e., leaving the house and then returning several times), there is always something that you have forgotten. \psa Nada más sales y regresas una y otra vez (esto es, dejando y después regresando a casa), siempre hay algo que se te olvida. \seao (Neg.: <nao>xtlah</nao> or <nao>xitlah</nao>) nothing \ssao (Neg.: <nao>xtlah</nao> o <nao>xitlah</nao>) nada \pna Xtlah noka:wa. \pea There's nothing left. \psa No queda nada. \pna A:mantsi:n xitlah. \pea Right now there isn't any. \psa Ahorita, no hay nada. \pna Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, melá:h yo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was. \pea I've gotten woozy, I've really gotten a fever, I no longer think of doing anything. \psa Ya me puse atarantado, me dio mucha fiebre, ya no pienso en hacer nada. \se (<nao>xtlah para</nao>) to be no used for (not good for) anything \ss (<nao>xtlah para</nao>) no servir para nada \pna Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikowyo, xtlah para. \pea The <na>wetskiswa:xin</na>, it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (the fruit) is edible. It's wood (trunk and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything. \psa El <na>wetskiswa:xin</na>, rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su madera es muy delgada, no sirve para nada. \se (<na>xtlah tli:non</na>) see <na>itlah tli:non</na> \ss (<na>xtlah tli:non</na>) vé ase <na>itlah tli:non</na> \cfa ke:tla \cfa xokitlah \cfo xokwitlah \xrb itlah \nse A times the simple use of <nao>itlah</nao> has a"negative"implication or sense, as in <na>itlah mitsihlia?</na> 'has he said something to you?' in the sense of something said which might well have been unpleasant. Similar use is found in both English and Spanish"Did he say anything to you?"or"Te dijo algo?"Finally, note that the difference (if there is one) between <nao>xtlah</nao> and <nao>xitlah</nao> is unclear and needs further investigation; the former is much more common \nae In one phrase noted above <na>tlah</na> was definitely uttered. This was clear in the speech of Honorio de la Rosa although his father, Juan de la Rosa, did not drop the initial /i/. It did not seem that Don Juan's utterance was careful speech but, rather, that it was the age difference that may have been significant in the distinct speech pattern. \qry Determine difference between /xtlah/ and /xitlah/ as in /xtlah noka:wa/ and /xitlah noka:wa/. Perhaps /xok itlah/ is a single word; cf. syllable division: xo.kí.tlah. Note that although /xitlah/ is occassionally used much, much more common is /xtlah/; the former might be emphatic; check. \ref 01120 \lxa a:ti:satl \lxacpend *a:ti:satl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea water mixed with <nla>ti:satl</nla>, used as a remedy \ssa agua mezclada con <nla>ti:satl</nla>, empleada como remedio \fla ti:satl \xrb a: \xrb ti:sa \qry Determine what type of remedy. Make sure possession is acceptable, as indicated. \ref 01121 \lxa a:toto:ni:lwia \lxac ka:toto:ni:lwia \lxo a:to:ni:lwia \lxof [a: to: ni:l 'wi a] \lxoc ka:to:ni:lwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V-d-wia \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2a \seao to throw hot water on (particularly an animal to scare it away); \ssao echar agua caliente sobre (particularmente un animal para espantar y ahuyentarlo) \se to put or bathe in scalding water; to pour scalding water over (e.g., a chicken before plucking it) \ss meter o bañar en agua hirviendo; vertir agua muy caliente sobre (p. ej., un pollo antes de desplumarla) \pna Xka:toto:ni:lwi un pio para tikuwitlas iwiyo! \pea Pour scalding water on that chicken so that you can pluck its feathers! \psa ¡échale agua caliente a ese pollo para que puedas desplumarlo! \pna Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh. \pea Again they're going to pour scalding water over that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms. \psa Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos. \xrb a: \xrb to:na \nae The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word <no>a:to:nilwia</no> is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form <no>a:to:nihli</no>. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence <n>toto:n-</n> manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec <na>a:tsetselwia</na> and Oapan <no>á:tselwia</no>. \grmx Reduplication; Oapan The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word <no>a:to:nilwia</no> is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form <no>a:to:nihli</no>. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence <n>toto:n-</n> manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec <na>a:tsetselwia</na> and Oapan <no>á:tselwiya</no>. See full discussion under <nla>a:tsetselwia</nla>. \ref 01122 \lxa kamana:leh \lxac kamana:leh \lxo kamana:leh \lxoc kamana:leh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seao jokester (particularly sb who is always teasing and joking around with words, saying what is not true in order to see peoples reactions); person who fools around, playing practical jokes \ssao vacilón; vacilador (particularmente algn quien siempre vacila y juega con palabras, diciendo lo que no es verdad para ver reacciones); persona que siempre está bromeando y vacilando \pna Yewa xmasto xkipia tlawe:hli, ke:n kamana:leh. \pea Be well aware of the fact that he doesn't easily get angered, he's a joker. \psa Sepa bien que no es muy bravo, es un bromista de a de veras. \xrb kamana:l \qry Check for noun form /kamana:hli/. \ref 01123 \lxa tsonakatik \lxac tsonakatik \lxo tsonakatik \lxoc tsonakatik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-der-tik \seo to be off to the side or leaning; to not be upright; to be crooked \sso estar chueco; no estar parado derecho; estar al lado o por el lado \fla tsonaka \xrb tsonaka \ref 01124 \lxa ye:hka:tlato:hli \lxac ye:hka:tlato:hli \lxo ye:hká:tlató:hli \lxoc ye:hká:tlató:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se correct speech; pleasing words \ss habla o discurso correcto; palabras placenteras \xrb ye:k; \nae The ambiguous status of <nla>ye:ktli</nla> is reflected in <na>ye:hka:tlato:hli</na>, which suggests the incorporation of a deverbal adjectival ? <na>ye:hki</na> or some other participial form. However, the basic form is nominal <nla>ye:ktli</nla> and indeed most other incorporations are of the nominal stem <n>ye:k</n>. This is clear from the many incorporated forms found in Classical, e.g, Molina has <n>yecchichiua, yecnemilice, yecnequi, yecnonotza, yecquetza,</n> and <n>yecteneua</n>, among others. The only case of <n>yecca</n> is <n>yeccacuica. ni</n> 'cantar bien y suavamente.' RS has <n>yeccacuicatl</n> 'canto agradable, armonioso.' These are the only examples found so far of incorporated <n>yecca-</n>. Note, also, that Molina has <n>yectlatoltoca. nino.</n> 'presumir que acierta en quanto dize' and RS has <n>yectlatolli</n> 'palabra recta, suave, cuatelosa' and <n>yectlatoltica</n> '(Olm.). con palabras dulzonas, fingidas.' Given the absence of a clear derivational process for <na>ye:hka:tlato:hli</na> t he compound has simply been coded as Stem + Noun. \ref 01125 \lxa ko:tsi:ltik \lxac ko:tsi:ltik \lxo ko:tsi:ltik \lxoc ko:tsi:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be twisted so that tight coils form (in a rope, thread, etc.) \ss estar enroscado (un lazo, hilo, etc.) tanto que se forman algo como nudos o roscas apretadas) \xrb ko:tsi:l \qry Check etymology and possible relation to /tetsi:liwi/ meaning also twisted. Finally, check semantic difference between /tetsi:ltik/ and /ko:tsiltik/. \ref 01126 \lxa tlawa:hka:n \lxac tlawa:hka:n \lxo tlawa:hka:n \lxoa tlawa:hka:h \lxoc tlawa:hka:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se ground or area that is dry or has gotten dry (e.g., land that after a heavy rain has been exposed to a strong sun) \ss área o lugar seco, o que se ha secado (p. ej., un terreno que despues de una lluvia quedó expuesto a un fuerte sol) \cfao tlapa:stika:n \xrb wa:k \xrl -ka:n \nse <nao>Tlawa:hka:n</nao> refers to an area of the ground, and not to a dry or dried material object. It is not clear at this point whether the reference is particularly to an area that has recently become dry after having been wet, or whether it can reference an area (such as a desert) that is habitually and continually dry. \qry Check whether this can refer to a dry place or only a place that has become dry/dried. \ref 01127 \lxa kekeltik \lxac kekeltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be ticklish \ssa ser cosquilloso o cosquilludo \cfao kekeleh \xrb kel \cfa kekeleh \ref 01128 \lxa kamacha:lowa \lxac kamacha:lowa \lxo kamacha:lowa \lxoc kamacha:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to open ones mouth wide \ss abrir la boca bien grande \pna Xwel nikamacha:lowa pa:mpa ne:chkukwa nokamak. \pea I can't open my mouth wide because my mouth hurts. \psa No puede abrir bien la boca porque me duele. \se to split open (a hard surface, such as a cliff); to come open or split apart (e.g., the front of ones sandals that are tacked or sewn together, or other things glued together, often in such a way that a part that can be metaphorically considered a"mouth"opens up) \ss abrirse (una superficie dura, como un risco); separarse dejando (algo que se descose o se despega, como la punta de la suela de huaraches, a menduo de tal manera que se abre una parte que metaforicamente se puede considerar una"boca") \pna Yo:kamacha:loh un ne:nkah osto:tl. Xihkón katka, pero a:man kwa:k chika:wak o:tla:loli:n, o:tlapo:w. \pea The surface of that cliff split open. It wasn't that way, but now after a strong earthquake, it opened up. \psa La superficie de este risco se agr ietó. No era así, pero ahora que temblófuerte se abrió. \pna Nokal o:kamacha:loh, o:kitsaya:nih tla:loli:nalistli. \pea The wall of my house split open, an earthquake caused it to fissure. \psa La pared de mi casa se abriódejando un hueco, la hendió un terremoto. \pna Yo:kamacha:loh nowera:ch, xohkipia iklabi:tos. \pea The end of my sandal opened up, it doesn't have its tacks anymore. \psa La punta de mi huarache se abrió, ya no tiene sus grapitas. \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \xvcao kamacha:lo:ltia \nae Tentatively I have found that the /a:/ of the third syllable is long and it has been so marked in this verbal entry and all related forms. However, in the nominal <nao>kamachalko</nao> and <na>kamachaleh</na> the same vowel appears short in most forms that I have elicited. This needs further research with sound sampling equipment that might resolve this paradox. \vl Check vowel length: The /a:/ of the third syllabe is definitely long. Nevertheless, it appears that in clear related forms, <na>kamachalko</na> and <na>kamachaleh</na>, the /a/ in the third syllabel is definitely short. \ref 01129 \lxa ma:sasa:l \lxac ma:sasa:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>ma:tesasa:l</na> \infv pl. <na>masasa:lmeh</na> \sea to be clumsy, slow and not very good with ones hands \ssa ser torpe, lenta y no muy bueno con las manos \xrb ma: \xrb sa:l \qry I have recorded this twice, one as /ma:sasa:l/ and once as /ma:sasal/, each time stating that the second vowel has been checked. The vowel length should therefore be checked. Note that if derived from /sa:liwi/, one would expect a long vowel. Check other body parts that might be followed by /sasa:l/. \vl Vowel length of Am form. \ref 01130 \lxa -pa:mpa \lxac nopa:mpa \lxo -pa:mpa \lxocpend nopa:mpa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \se in the stead of; for \ss de parte de; por \pna Nopa:mpa tekiti pa:mpa xna:k, tla:mo ne:chtsakwaskian. \pea He works in my stead because I'm not around, if he hadn't (done this), they would have locked me up. \psa Trabaja de mi parte porque no estoy, si no (lo hubiera hecho), me hubieran encarcelado. \pna Nopa:mpa nemi te:tla:lpan pa:mpa nikte:wi:kilia:ya. \pea He (e.g., a family member, a close friend, etc.) is working in my stead in other people's fields because I owed it (in this case labor) to people. \psa Estátrabajando (p. ej., un miembro de la familia, un amigo cercano, etc.) de mi parte en terrenos ajenos porque debía (en este caso trabajo) a la gente. \xrb pa:mpa \nae Several acoustic measurements have strongly suggested that the initial /a:/ is long. In my original notes I stated that in the speech of Luis Lucena (Am) the /a:/ of <na>pa:mpa</na> is definitely long. However, it appears that in San Francisco Ozomatlán the given the comparative evidence from all other dialects (which manifest a short /a/) this needs to be carefully checked. If the vowel is indeed found to be long, the word should be corrected in all transcriptions and example sentences. I \vl Check vowel length and standardize in all entries, as vl varies in my transcriptions/notes. \ref 01131 \lxa -pih \lxac topi:pih; nopih \lxo -pih \lxoc topi:pih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N0/1/2; Aln(0=2) \se (<nao>topih</nao> + [personal name]) señora [personal name of an elder woman] \ss (<nao>topih</nao> + [nombre personal]) señora [nombre personal de una mujer mayor de edad] \pna Nikmakas topih Juana. \pea I will give it to doña Juana. \psa Se lo voy a dar a doña Juana. \se (<nao>topi:pih</nao>) reference term for an adult village woman of advanced age (who is referred to but not addressed directly with this term) \ss (<nao>topi:pih</nao>) término para referencia mujeres adultas del pueblo, de una edad avanzada \pna O:mik se: topi:pih. \pea An elder woman from our village died. \psa Se murió una mujer adulta de nuestro pueblo. \se (<nao>pi:pih</nao> or <nao>nopih</nao>) vocative for adult women of relatively advanced age \ss (<nao>pi:pih</nao> o <nao>nopih</nao>) vocativo para mujeres adultas de una edad relativamente avanzada \pna Ka:n tiaw pi:pih? \pea Where are you going doña? \psa ¿Dónde vas doña? \pna Nopih, xtlah chi:hli! \pea Señora, there's no chile! \psa ¡Señora, no hay chile! \xrb pih \nse <na>Topih</na> is most commonly placed as a type of title before the names of certain older women of the pueblo, and is more or less equivalent to Spanish "doña."Apparently it can be used as an address term, though is rarely so employed. In Oapan the free-standing use of <no>topih</no> was ruled not acceptable by various speakers; in Ameyaltepec speakers accepted it, but it is rarely so used. Rather, <na>pi:pih</na> and <na>nopih</na> are so used. Thus it varies from <na>we:weh</na>, which may be used before names (e.g., <na>We:weh Juan</na>) or as a greeting (e.g., <na>Ka:n tiaw we:weh?</na>. In its use as an address term it <na>we:weh</na> therefore differs from <na>topih</na>, which is almost exclusively used before proper names. In Ameyaltepec <na>topih</na> can apparently also be used by either men or women as an address term for older women, as in <na>Ka:n tiaw topih?</na> 'Where are you going doña? In this sense it is equivalent to either <na>nopih</na> or <na>pi:pih</na>, thoug h much les s common. When the long vowel reduplicated form is possessed with <na>to</na> (it cannot be possessed by any other element), the result is a reference term: <na>se: topi:pih ya:s</na> 'A lady from our village will go.' \nae The root <nao>-pih</nao> unreduplicated is found only in two possessed forms: <nao>nopih</nao> as an address term, and <nao>topih</nao> as a title preceding a first name. The reduplicated form <nao>pi:pih</nao> is also used as an address term that is virtually equivalent to <nao>nopih</nao>. Finally, <nao>topi:pih</nao> is used as a reference (much like <na>towe:weh</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>toma:noh</no> in Oapan) to refer to an elder person in the village, here a woman. \grm Reduplication with long vowels: Note that terms of address and titles utilize long vowel reduplication. Thus from /-pih/ one obtains the vocative /pi:pih/, and the reference term /topi:pih/. Note also that /we:weh/ can be used as a title (though rarely) and more often as a reference: /towe:weh/. \qry Recheck whether this /topih/ is correct for Oapan. During the workshops all speakers denied the correctness of /topih/ as a free-standing form, giving instead /topi:pih/. However, I forget to ask whether /topih/ is correct before a woman's name. \ref 01132 \lxa chi:ltekpin \lxac chi:ltekpin \lxo chi:ltehpin \lxoc chi:ltehpin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se type of very small, spicy chile \ss tipo de chile pequeño y muy picoso \se bush that bears the chile of this name \ss arbusto que da el chile de este nombre \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb chi:l \xrb tekp \encyctmp chi:hli \nct chi:hli \qry Check type of chile: translation. \ref 01133 \lxa i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \lxac i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-ap \sea to have a balding forehead wtih a high or receding hairline \ssa tener la frente calvo por tener las entradas pronunciadas \apa i:xkwatlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:tetsolak \syno i:xkwa:pets \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb petla: \encyctmp balding \ref 01134 \lxa suwa:koto:ntli \lxac suwa:koto:ntli \lxo siwa:koto:ntli \lxoc siwa:koto:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>algodón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \seao short-sleeved woman's blouse; older women often wear a <nlao>sa:koh</nlao> over it, though younger women might use a <nlao>besti:doh</nlao> instead of a <na>sowa:koto:ntli</na> and skirt (<nlao>kwe:tli</nlao>) \ssao blusa de manga corta para mujeres; a veces las mujeres de edad avanzada se visten un <nlao>sa:koh</nlao> arriba del <na>suwa:koto:ntli</na> aunque las más jóvenes a menudo se ponen un <nlao>besti:doh</nlao> en lugar de un <na>suwa:koto:ntli</na> y falda (<nlao>kwe:tli</nlao>) \sem clothing \xrb sowa: \encyctmp women's wear \ref 01135 \lxa ikxipil weyak \lxac i:kxipil weyak \lxo ixipil weyak \lxoa ixipil wiyak \lxoc i:xipil wiyak, i:xipil wiyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \seao second toe (next to the big toe) \ssao dedo largo del pie (junto al dedo gordo) \sem body \sem human \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb weya \nse My original data had <na>ikxipil weyak</na> as the obligatorily possessed term for big toe. This is essentially a possessed noun (<na>nokxipil</na>) followed by a modifier (<na>weyak</na>). However, here there appears to be another form with an incorporated noun, an example of possessor raising. An example of this use was given by Florencia Marcelino, who gave <no>nixipil wiyak</no> for the first person. This is apparently best analyzed as possessor raising incorporation, i.e., the incorporated form of <no>wiyak noxipil</no> in which the possessor is"raised"to subject and the possessed noun is incorporated into an adjectival predicate. Thus another entry has been created: <nlo>ixipilwiyak</nlo> as an adjectival predicate. \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 04602. These should be tagged as 1135 and the two links (F and M) should be chosen from the tokens recorded at 4602. The female link should be the first from 4602, the male should be the second. \ref 01136 \lxa tekole:wi \lxac tekole:wi \lxo tekole:wi \lxoc tekole:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran No transitive form documented \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become red-hot (particularly metals such as iron; see Oapan synonym <nlo>tekoltia</nlo>) \ssa calentarse hasta estar al rojo vivo (particularmente metales como el fierro; vé ase sinónimo en Oapan <nlo>tekoltia</nlo>) \pna Yo:xo:tlak, o:tekole:w un tepostli. \pea It's gotten real hot, that piece of metal has turned red-hot. \psa Se calentómucho, ese metal se puso al rojo vivo. \sea to turn bright red (e.g., a fruit such as a wild plum when overripe) \ssa volverse rojo vivo (p. ej., una fruta como ciruela al estar pasada de madura) \pna O:pe:w tetekole:wi, yo:chi:chi:liw. \pea It's started to turn bright red, it's already reddened (a ripening fruit). \psa Ya empezó a quedar color de rojo vivo, ya enrojeció(una fruta madurándose). \seo to get burned (e.g., meat cooked directly on coals) \sso quemarse (p. ej., carne cocida directamente sobre las brasas) \xrb tekol \nse An important question concerns the possible subjects of the intransitive verb <na>tekole:wi</na>, particularly when it refers to glowing red-hot. According to Luis Lucena metal can be the subject of this verb, but wood cannot. The sense of <no>tekole:wi</no> is quite distinct in Oapan, where it is used only to indicate the burning of things cooked directly on fires. For things becoming red hot the verb <nlo>tekoltia</nlo> is used. \grm Alt verbs with /-e:wi/: All verbs that end in /e:wi/ should be analyzed. My memory suggests that many such verbs deal with questions of color, and becoming of a certain color. Thus one has /chi:chi:le:wi/ (also /chi:chi:liwi/), /tli:le:wi/ (also /tli:liwi/), and now in this entry /tekole:wi/ (I have no information as to whether /tekoliwi/ is a \ref 01137 \lxa Juan Die:goh* \lxac Juan Die:goh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan Juan Diego \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of bird still not identified \ssa tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem bird \ref 01138 \lxa sahkón \lxaa saihkón \lxac sahkón \lxo sahkón \lxoa sahkión \lxoc sahkión \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \pa yes-lex \seao just in that way; just like that \ssao así; asínada más o nomás \pna Sahkón kihlian, teh! \src DT1:004 \pea Well, that's just the way they call it! \psa ¡Asínomás le dicen, pues! \pna Sahkón! \pea Just that way, nothing else (i.e., that's the end of the discussion)! \psa ¡Asíde esa manera nomás (esto es, ya no vamos a discutir)! \cfa sahkí:n \lxo sahkíi:n \xrb sa \xrb hki \xrb on \nse The adverbial <nla>ihkón</nla> is used to reference a particular way, such as a particular way that something should be done. Thus in watching someone, such as a student, perform a certain task, the teacher might say: <na>ihkón</na> indicating that the task had been correctly carried out. However, the use of <nao>sa</nao> presents a slightly different perspective. <na>Sahkón</na> seems to suggest that the actor or performer would continue in a certain way, and the person who utters" <na>sahkón</na> "would be warning that person not to continue. It is thus used often to end a discussion or argument. Thus whereas <na>ihkón</na> might be translated as 'Like that!' the form <na>sahkón</na> would be more akin to 'Just like that (don't go any further)!' and carries the weight of a slight warning to the addressee that no further steps should be taken. It can also be used when a person wants to end a conversation in general: <na>Sahkón ma timokaka:waka:n, ma tikochika:n</na >'Let's leave it at that, let's go to sleep.' The form <na>sahkón</na> can also be used to indicate that something is done for no good reason: <na>Sahkón kihlian ma:ski xkon i:to:ka</na> 'That's what they call him even though that is not his name (and the name has stuck).' However, the form <nla>sa:hkón</nla> also exists. Thus <na>Sa:hkón wa:hlaw, yo:li:k, yo:siaw</na> 'He's just coming like that, slowly, he's tired.' As with <nlao>sa:hki</nlao> it indicates a reduced state. Thus <na>Sa:hkón o:timoka:w, xtlah tikpia</na> 'You just wound up like that, you don't have anything.' Note that one can also say, as an example of the difference between the two forms: <na>Sahkón xkihli, itekiw sa:hkón kino:tsan</na> 'Just call him like that, indeed that's what they call him.' The first form, <na>sahkón</na> is used to indicate something like the Spanish equivalent of 'nomás así' (i.e., simply, in no other way); the second term, <na>sa:hkón</na> is used to ind icate that the person's name has been reduced to that, i.e., a nickname, etc. In other words, <na>sa:hkón kihlian</na> or <na>sa:hkón kino:tsan</na> indicates that he is no longer called by his name, but only by his nickname. Another example of a minimal contrast could be with <na>sahkón tinemi</na> and <na>sa:hkón tinemi</na>. In the first one could add, <na>sa:hkón tinemi, tipaxia:lotinemi</na> 'That's just the way you live, you go around visiting (i.e., you don't do anything else but)! In the second case, one could add <na>sa:hkón tinemi, xokitlah tikpia tomi:n</na>, 'You've been reduced to living like that, you don't have any money anymore!' In this case the usage of <na>sa:hkón</na> indicates a reduced state, that the subject has wound up in a certain position or situation. \qry Check vowel length of /sayhkó:n/ as well as whether it is different from /sa: ihkó:n/ and /sahkón/, if any. I had some entries as /sayhkó:n/; check. Note that the difference with /sahkón/, if any, is unclear. If there is, then this should not be considered a synonym. \qry Check vowel length of /sahkó:n/ as well as whether it is different from /sa: ihkó:n/. I had some entries as /sa:hkón/ and others as /sa:hkó:n/. Note that the difference with /sayhkón/, if any, is unclear. If there is, then this should not be considered a synonym. \pqry Check Oapan pitch-accent and vowel length. I have heard several pronunciations in general. Note that some seem to usean /i/, as in /sayhkon/. \mod Make sure that if there is a sound file for entry 3281, this should be linked here. \vl There are tokens for this form at 3821, an entry that has had its Oapan form deleted. The tokens from 3821 will be given ref. numbers of 1138. \ref 01139 \lxa mihka:petlatl \lxac mihka:petlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea woven straw mat used to wrap up the dead for burial (for those too poor to have a coffin) \ssa petate utilizado para envolver a los muertos por el entierro (para los que no tienen los recursos para un ataúd) \sea (<na>wetsi ke:n</na> ~) to fall with a thud; to fall down hard \ssa (<na>wetsi ke:n</na> ~) caer a la tierra con fuerza, con estrépito \xrb miki \xrb petla \ref 01140 \lxa chikitoliwi \lxac chikitoliwi \lxo chikowitoliwi \lxoc chikowitoliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become crooked or bent (particularly long, straight objects such as rods, sticks, thin beams) \ss enchuecarse, torcerse o doblarse (particularmente objetos largos y derechos, como varas y vigas delgadas) \pna O:chikitoliw mochikol. Xpilowili tetl para ma mela:wi! \pea Your <na>chicol</na> has gotten crooked. Hang rocks from the bottom of it (after hanging the <na>chikol</na> by one end to a tall tree) so that it straightens out! \psa Tu chicol se enchuecó.¡Cuélgale piedras por un extremo (después de haber colgado el chicol al atar un extremo en lo alto de unárbol) para que se enderece! \cfao tolowa \xrb chiki \xrb tol \encyctmp pachowa \nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are clearly cognate although the basis for the initial <n>chikowi-</n> sequence in Oapan is unclear. Whether or not this is standard across all speakers is also not certain and needs to be checked. However, the use of <n>chiki-</n> is not uncommon: <nla>chikipe:ltik</nla> ; <nla>chikino:liwi</nla> and derivatives. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez spontaneously gave <no>chikowitoliwi</no> as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <na>chikitoliwi</na> they often denied the acceptability of forms such as Ameyaltepec <na>chikitoltik</na> (giving instead <no>chikino:ltik</no>) and <na>chikitolowa</na> (giving instead <no>chikino:lowa</no>). Thus the possibility that this entry, <no>chikowitoliwi</no> is in error should be considered. \ref 01141 \lxa o:ya \lxac ko:ya \lxo o:ya \lxoc ko:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(y) \seao to shell maize \ssao desgranar maíz \pna Nitlao:xtok ika pio:nes. \pea I am shelling maize with some hired helpers. \psa Estoy desgranando maíz con unos peones. \pna O:niko:x nosin. \pea I shelled my maize. \psa Desgranémi maíz. \cfa tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa \xrb o:ya \xvaao o:ilia \nse The verb <nao>o:ya</nao> is most often used with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a shelling"stone"made of corn cobs (<nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> in Ameyaltepec and <nlo>teo:lo:tl</nlo>) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e., <no>tlaó:yá</no> 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the <n>tla-</n> prefix (i.e., <n>tlatlao:ya</n> 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times. \qry Check to see if the same meaning associated with reduplication occurs in Ameyaltepec; in this case one would have /tlaoo:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.' Recheck that Am has /tlatlao:ya./ NB. \grmx Reduplication: The verb <nao>o:ya</nao> is most often used with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a shelling"stone"made of corn cobs (<nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> in Ameyaltepec and <nlo>teo:lo:tl</nlo>) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e., <no>tlaó:yá</no> 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the <n>tla-</n> prefix (i.e., <n>tlatlao:ya</n> 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times. \ref 01142 \lxa pitsa:hka:nkaxa:nia \lxac kipitsa:hka:nkaxa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \tran No intransitive has been documented. \sea to give a backache to (at the lower back, e.g., by aggressively tossing sb person around) \ssa lastimar o hacer doler la espalda a (particularmente por la parte inferior, por la cintura, p. ej., al agitar a algn violentemente) \pna O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lige:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh. O:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. \pea That mule gave me a hard jerk, it suddenly turned and twisted. It gave me backache. \psa Ese macho me sacudióbruscamente, de repente se brincó y se sacudió. Me lastimóla cintura. \syno tlakotia:nkaxa:nia \xrb pitsa: \xrb kaxa: \xrl -ka:n \ref 01143 \lxa tsokwile:wi \lxac tsokwile:wi \lxo tsókwilé:wi \lxop tsokwile:wi \lxoc tsókwilé:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to become filthy; to become really dirty and disgusting \ss estar o quedar mugriento; quedar asqueroso \equiva tsokwiliwi \equivo tsókwilíwi \xrb tsohkwil \qry Get more precise definition. \vl Check for p-a in Oapan dialect. If there is a pitch accent it should be written in the headword; if not, remove /pa yes field. \ref 01144 \lxa a:kotoka \lxac ka:kotoka \lxo ákotokówa \lxop akotokowa \lxoc kákotokówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to go upriver against the current, walking, swimming, or in a small boat \ss ir río arriba, caminando, nadando, o en una lancha \pna O:nika:kotokak ipan la:nchah. \pea I went upstream in a small boat. \psa Fuírío arriba en una lancha. \pna Xka:kotoka! \pea Go upstream! \psa ¡Ve río arriba! \sem motion \xrb a: \xrb ahko \xrb toka \nae The etymology of <na>a:kotoka</na> or <no>a:kotokowa</no> is uncertain and needs to be carefully considered. One would expect a derivation including <nr>a:-</nr> (the root for 'water'). Or, considering that in Ameyaltepec underlying or historical {ah} sequences seem to yield a long vowel, one might expect simply the element <n>ahko</n> meaning 'high up' (as in <na>a:kotlachia</na> 'to look upward'). The final element, <nlao>toka</nlao> 'to follow,' seems considerably more transparent. The Ameyaltepec word could, therefore, be either {a: + ahko + toka} or simply {ahko + toka}, with <n>ahko</n> signifying 'upriver.' However, if the element <n>ahko</n> is part of the compound, one would expect pitch-accent in the Oapan version, which according to my initial notes is not present. This word should be rechecked for pitch accent and the cognates in other dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) should be elicited. Also problematical is the <n>-owa</n> ending for the Oapan term. Often this ending is found with int ransitive verbs that were originally <i>o-</i> final and intransitive (e.g., Classical <n>pano</n> and Balsas <nao>panowa</nao>). But <no>a:kotokowa</no> is transitive. Note, finally, that <na>a:kotoka</na> has been documented only with the 3rd-person singular object marker <n>k-</n>. \qry The first vowel, it is definitely long and may be used in elicitation to compare with other derivatives using /ahko/, probably result from /a:/ of /a:tl/ plus /ahko/. Cf. note with /akopilowa/. In Oapan the form /-akotokowa/ is used (check pitch pattern). This verb might be used only with third person singular object, this should be checked. Also to be checked is the referent of this object. It might just well be that the etymology is simply {ahko + toka} and that the object is the river, with the meaning being 'to follow (toka) upward (ahko)' with the implied object. Cf. here also the /kakoistok iti/ and the question of the referent of the object marker /k-/. \vl Check for p-a in Oapan form. If it is there, add /pa yes field. \sj a:kotoka \ref 01145 \lxa temetsakia \lxac kitemetsakia \lxo temetsakia \lxoc kitemetsakia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to pound with ones fist on (if on a person, usually on the thigh or upper arm, although other places are possible as well) \ss golpear con el puño (si a una persona, generalmente los golpes son sobre el muslo o brazo superior, aunque puede ser también en otros lugares) \pna O:ne:xte:temetsakih. \pea He repeatedly pounded on me with his fist. \psa Me golpeócon el puño repetidas veces. \pna O:kitetemetsakih, ma kintlapo ikxiwa:n. \pea He pounded her thighs repeatedly with his fist (in this case during a rape) so that she would open her legs. \psa Le golpeócon su puño repetidas veces sobre el muslo (en este caso durante una violación) para que abriera sus piernas. \xrb temets \xrb ak \nse The difference between long and short vowel reduplication seems to be the nature of the sequence of pounding: deliberate and repetitive with long vowel reduplication, hurridly and repeatedly with short vowel reduplication. \nse The etymology of <na>temetsakia</na> is obscure. The sequence <nao>temets</nao> might refer to the root for 'lead' (in Molina given as <n>temetztli</n>), in which case <n>te</n> might be part of the stem. Much less likely is that the stem would be <n>metsak</n>. An additional possibility is that <n>mets</n> represents the root for thigh and <n>akia</n> is the verbal stem that Molina glosses as 'trasponerárboles, hincar estacas, o meter algo en agujero.' In this case <n>te-</n> might well be the intensifier or the root for stone. This interpretation has been used for the root analysis. This etymology would be in accord with one definition, from the original sentence I had noted, of 'to pound (with a fist) on the thigh' (see the example sentence above). Later, consultants mentioned that this action (of hitting with a fist) could be applied to other parts of the body, particularly the upper arm. It might be that the core definition involves the thigh, root: <na>mets</na>, and the extende d definiti on includes reference to other similar (fleshy limbs) parts of the body. However, the fact that a repeated action employs the reduplicated form <na>o:kitetemetsakih</na> in which it is the <n>te-</n> that is reduplicated, confirms suggests that it is part of the stem and not an intensifier, although it might still represent the stem for 'stone.' \qry Check difference between long and short vowel reduplication. \ref 01146 \lxa kwa:tepasolowa \lxac kikwa:tepasolowa \lxo kwa:tépasolówa \lxop kwa:tepasolowa \lxoc kikwa:tépasolówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to dishevel or entangle the hair of \ssao despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello de \pna Ma:ka xne:chkwa:tepasolo. San tine:chkwa:titila:ntok. \pea Don't mess up my hair (in this case said by a female who had her hair nicely braided)! You're just pulling down hard on my hair. \psa ¡No me despeines! (en este caso dicho por una mujer que tenía su pelo bien arreglado con trenzas)! Nomás me estás jalando el pelo. \pna O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok. \pea The wind messed up her hair, her hair wasn't done up (in braids, which would have protected it). \psa El viento le desarregló el cabello, no estaba arreglada (en trenzas, que lo hubiera protejido del viento). \se (refl.) to curl ones hair \ss (refl.) enchinarse \pna Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon. \pea He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair. \psa Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salióno estaba así, se fue con el cabello liso. \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \dis kwa:pochi:naltia \nse Although the <n>te-</n> element is not obligatory and, as one sentence above illustrates, forms without <n>te-</n> are possible, this is quite rare. In fact, it seems that in the apocopated adjectival form <nla>kwa:tepasol</nla> the <n>te-</n> element is obligatory. Similar observations were made in regard to other forms. Thus the sentence <na>O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok</na> may be considered somewhat idiosyncratic and perhaps borderline. It is for this reason that the main headword entry is <na>kwa:tepasolowa</na>, with the intensifier as it is for all cognate forms. \qry Also check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. /nochi:notilia/ means 'to have ones hair curled'. Check for difference between /kwa:pasolowa/ and /kwa:pochi:naltia/ \vl Check the pitch-accent in the Oapan variant given that in my entry for the /lxo and /lxoc fields I noticed that there were no accents. This is probably an error and I have corrected it, but the original recordings should be consulted. \ref 01147 \lxa nexe:wi \lxac nexe:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get dusty \ssa empolvorearse \sea to fade or become faded (e.g., cloth or other dyed items) \ssa desteñirse (p. ej. ropa u otros materiales teñidos) \sea (with <n>tla-</n>) see <nlao>tlane:si</nlao> \ssa (con <n>tla-</n>) vé ase <nlao>tlane:si</nlao> \syno mónexé:wi \xrb nex \nse One consultant, don Luis Lucena, did not accept the form * <na>nexiwi</na>. Apparently <na>monexe:wi</na> and <na>nexe:wi</na> are synonyms, although my sense at this time is that <nla>monexe:wi</nla> is much more usual. \qry Check whether /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also try to determine what the /mo/ element is. Check to determine whether /te-/ can be used ?tenexe:wi and if the meaning is equivalent. Also check for occurrence of /-iwi/ form and of transitive /nexowa/. The who nature of /mohnexe:wi/ needs to be investigated. \ref 01148 \lxa osto:xiwtli \lxacpend *osto:xiwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea weeds that grow on cliffs \ssa hierbas o maleza que crecen sobre los precipicios \sem plant \sem xiwtli(gen) \xrb osto: \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \nse This word was heard as a general descriptive comment on certain types of cliff-inhabiting plants. How common such a reference is still needs to be determined. \qry It is not completely certain taht this refers weeds that grow on cliffs in general, or to a particular type of weed that grows on cliffs, i.e., whether it refers to simply the location where weeds grow. If this is the case, determine other possible words involving /xiwtli/ and a 'locative' (such as /tepe:xiwtli/, etc.) \ref 01149 \lxa ta:takaltik \lxac ta:takaltik \lxo ta:takaltik \lxoc ta:takaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l; Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>teta:takaltik</nao> \se to be uneven; to have a lot of bumps; to be bumpy (surfaces of objects that have small shallow despressions even though they were worked and smoothed) \ss estar desigual; no estar plano (la superficie de objetos tener pequeñas depresiones aunque se estaba trabajado para dejarla plana y lisa) \pna Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik. \pea Fix my yoke (in this case by making sure it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its just bumpy and uneven. \psa Arregla mi yujo (en este caso trabajándolo para que vaya derechito y estébien cepillado). No lo puedo componer yo, está disparejo y no muy plano. \se to be bumpy (an excavation such as a long ditch, with some parts deeper than others) \ss estar desnivelado; estar lleno de o tener muchos baches (una excavación, como una zanja, tener algunas partes más profundas que otras) \pna Ta:takaltik isurkoh, san kanah o:kasitiki:s, kanah ka, o:kipa:pankwitiah. \pea His furrow is bumpy, in some places he got it good (with the plow), in some places he didn't, he just bounced along (without sinking the plowshare well into the ground). \psa Su surco quedócomo lleno de baches, en algunos lugares atinóbien, en otros no, solamente iba atinándole por aquíy por acá (sin lograr meter la reja del arado en la tierra bien). \se to be ragged (e.g., hair that is unevenly and poorly cut) \ss estar trasquilado (p. ej., el cabello mal cortado) \pna Ta:takaltik itson. \pea His hair is unevenly cut. \psa Estátrasquilado su cabello. \pna Ta:takaltik, xpestik o:kixi:nkeh. \pea His hair is ragged, they didn't give him a smooth haircut. \psa Estátrasquilado su cabello, no le cortaron el pelo bien (plano). \sem texture \xrb takal \dis chakayoltik; ta:takaltik; tewistik; to:tolopoxtik \qry Check observation in notes as to the possible subjects of /ta:takaltik/, hair or the person with the ragged haircut. \ref 01150 \lxa techipaktik \lxac techipaktik \lxo techipahtik \lxoc techipahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \sea to be light-colored (e.g., a cloth) \ssa tener un color claro (p. ej., una tela) \se to be light-skinned (a person) \ss ser de piel clara; ser güero (de complexión) \se to be transparent or translucent \ss ser transparente o translucente \xrb chipa: \subo me:skal; michin; ichpakawah \qry Check for acceptability of /chipaktik/. \ref 01151 \lxa te:nki:xtia \lxac kite:nki:xtia \lxo te:nki:xtia \lxoc kite:nki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make known; to announce \ssao hacer público; anunciar \pna O:kite:nki:xtih un tlato:hli, tli:no:n kichi:wili:s Luís. \pea He made known what he was going to do to Luis. \psa Anuncióque le iba a hacer a Luís. \seao to extend the edge of (e.g., an overhang of a roof) \ssao extenderle la borde o orilla de (p. ej., la parte sobresaliente de un techo) \xrb te:n \xrb ki:sa \qry Check if /te:nki:sa/ exists. Also check whether /pampa/ is correct in the phrase. /O:kite:nki:xtih un tlato:hli, pampa tli:non kichi:wili:s Luís./ 'He made known what he was going to do to Luis.' The original phrase on my cards had /pampa/, but I removed it since it sounded so strange. Check!! The placement of /pampa/ does not seem to make sense. Get other examples of /te:nki:xtia/. \grm Causatives; transitivity. It would appear that there is a more general tendency for transitive verbs to exist with incorporation and remain transitive, than for intransitives to show parallel incorporation and remain intransitive. Thus one can see /te:nki:xtia/ but not /te:nki:sa/. Check though. \ref 01152 \lxa meka:nia \lxac nomeka:nia \lxo meka:nia \lxoc nomeka:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran To date only documented in reflexive \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to get tangled up in a tether, rope or lasso and fall down (particularly used to refer to animals left tied up) \ssao (refl.) enredarse en un laso o riata y caerse (en particular en referencia a animales dejados atados a unárbol o poste) \pna O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik. \pea My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead. \psa Mi burro en enredó en su laso donde lo fui a amarrar. Se enredó, lo fueron a encontrar muerto. \xrb meka \nse To date this verb has only been documented in the reflexive; it seems to refer to an involuntary action or event that cannot be instigated. It most often refers to an animal that is left tied in a field and that gets tangled up in its tether. The verb implies that the animal fell down, though not necessarily that it died. \qry Recheck the first /a:/ of the verb. Another point that should be checked is whether the verb occurs only in the reflexive, or whether it can take an A-P scheme. \grm In general the derivation of /meka:nia/ is not altogether clear. Obviously, it contains the root /meka/ for 'mecate'. And the meaning is somewhat related to the verbalizations formed with /-wia/. Care should be taken to note whether there are other similarly denominalized verbs. \grm Complex predicates: /O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ 'My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead' This seems to be a complex predicate. Note that the pluperfect is not used here, even though the action of dying is anterior to that of finding the animal. However, it does seem that there are two predicates: the finding and the dying, the dying being said of the object of the first predication. Note, however, that a noun or adjective is not used here. An effort should be made to study complex predication in Nahuatl. It appears, however, that the nature of the second predicate depends on the type of verb and whether it accepts a stative use of /-tok/. Thus, for example, the translation of something to the effect of 'they went to find it loose' could be /o:kine:xti:ton kaxa:ntoya/ or /o:kine:xti:ton o:kaxa:n/. However, since /miki/ is an unergative verb in Nahuatl (i.e., ha s the principal diagnostic of an unergative verb in that the -tok endings is a progressive not stative) it cannot occur as /miktok/ or /miktoya/, which would mean 'it was dying.' However, one question remains, and this might be based on inaccurate transcriptoin. Can one say both /o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ and /o:kine:xti:ton yo:mik/. Determine if both are correct and, if they are, the difference. It seems that the second is more of a perfect: 'they went and find that it had died' vs. the former 'they went and found it dead'. Note that the purposive interpretation of /-to/ is probably not applicable here. \grm Phonology: Vowel lengthening. Note that it would seem certain that /meka:nia/ is related to /mekatl/. Yet note the vowel loss difference. This is probably due to phonological context, perhaps lengthening before a nasal verbal ending, or shortening (cf. /xokotl/) before the absolutive. \ref 01153 \lxa koo:lo:tl \lxac koo:lo:tl \lxo koo:lo:tl \lxoc koo:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo generic name for a type of tree that contains two types: <nbao>koo:lo:tl</nbao> and <nbao>koo:lo:tesontli</nbao> \sso nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol que contiene dos tipos: <nbao>koo:lo:tl</nbao> y <nbao>koo:lo:tesontli</nbao> \pno Koo:lo:tl | Ye weka:wi kitekian para a:roh de tambo:rah. \peo <na>Koo:lo:tl</na> : A long time ago they would cut it to make the ring of a base drum. \pso <na>Koo:lo:tl</na> : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban para el aro de una tambora. \se tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of <nao>koo:lo:tl</nao> \ss árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de <nao>koo:lo:tl</nao> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfa koo:la:wa \xrb ko \xrb o:lo: \cfa koo:la:wa \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>cuahuilote</na>. Of this, Schoenhals (1988) states:"1. (<na>Bombax spp.,</na> e.g., <na>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</na>) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree' See clavellina. 2. (<na>Parmentiera aculeata</na> '[family] bignonia' See guajilote."Of the guajilote, Schoenhals has a more extensive commentary:"(<na>Parmentiera aculeata</na>) '[family] bignonia' Small or medium-sized trees often grouped in thickets. In drier areas they may be planted around houses. Related to gourd vines, the tree has white flowers and small, yellowish-green fruit. Northern limit of range is the Isthmus. Also called cuajilote, espiga, pepino deárbol, pepino de la ardilla."According to Roberto Mauricio (28-08-01) there are two types of <no>koo:lotl</no>, both called by the same name, though different. One, apparently simply named <no>koo:lo:tl</no>, is found in the area of Oapan, indeed there are many along the edge of the river where Robert o has a small irrigated field. It was flowering at the end of August; the flowers are small and white, with six white pointed petals. Its fruit is round, about the size of a small cherry with a thin green skin that turns red when it ripens and the fruit becomes sweet. The wood of this tree is hard and the trunk grows straight; thus it can be used for house beams (e.g., on which to place <spn>tejamanil</spn>). The second type of <no>koo:lo:tl</no>, named <nlo>koo:lo:tesontik</nlo>, is found north of Oapan, for example in a place called Mototlan. Its fruit is not edible. It is so named because of the rough surface of its skin. The <no>koo:lo:tl</no> with sweet fruit is only found in the area around Oapan. \nct kohtli \ref 01154 \lxa na:wahli \lxac na:wahli \lxo na:wahli \lxoc na:wahli \dt 26/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao <spn>nahual</spn> ; witch \ssao nahual; brujo \pna Tlakah ye tina:wahli. Xka:wa, saka ye tio:stli. \pea By goodness you're a <na>nahual</na> ! No, it's not what I believed, it's just that you're pregnant (said in joke to a woman who was just showing her pregnancy). \psa ¡A poco eres un nahual! No, no es lo que creía, es solamente que estás embarazada (dicho en broma a una mujer a quien apenas se le estaba notando su embarazo). \xrb na:wa \nse Some people understand a <nao>na:wahli</nao> to be a person who can transform themself into something, usually an animal but also things such as a <nla>tla:lme:stli</nla>. However, others say that it refers to people who have an animal alterego, or companion animal. It seems that both are properties of <nao>na:na:walteh</nao>. \qry Note that the first recorded /a:/ is definitely long and should be recorded and written as such in all entries. Add texts on /na:na:walteh/. Check second vowel. \ref 01155 \lxa meló:n \lxaa melo:n \lxac melo:n \lxo me:loh \lxoa me:lon \lxoc me:loh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan melón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao melon (all types including those planted locally in cornfields and irrigated winter gardens, and those bought in the regional market) \ssao melón (todos tipos incluyendo los que se siembran localmente en las milpas y en las huertas de invierno, y los que se venden en los mercados regionales) \sem plant \sem domesticated \qry Determine different types of melons. \ref 01156 \lxa topo:naltia \lxac kitopo:naltia \lxo tótopo:náltia \lxop totopo:naltia \lxoc kí:topo:náltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:topo:náltia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to burst (e.g., a blister, a ball, or other inflated objects) \ssao reventar (p. ej., una ampolla, pelota, u otros objetos inflados) \pna Xtopo:nalti, ma ki:sa yesa:tl! \pea Pop it (a blister) open so that the watery blood comes out! \psa ¡Reviéntala (una ampolla) para que salga el líquido con sangre! \se to crack (ones knuckles or similar joints) \ss hacer crujir (los nudillos de las manos, u otras coyunturas parecidas) \src DT#8: 029 \pna O:niktotopo:naltih nomapilwa:n. \pea I cracked my knuckles. \psa Hice crujir los nudillos de las manos. \xrb topo: \nse The morphological causative <nla>topo:naltia</nla> is more common, both in the sense of burst something such as a blister or ball filled with air, or in the sense of exploding fireworks or similar objects, than the nondirected alternation form <nla>topo:nia</nla>. Although I had some documentation of <na>topo:naltia</na> being used to refer to the setting off of or exploding of fireworks, it seems that <nla>topo:nia</nla> is much more common in this sense. Also, in regard to cracking of ones knuckles again, <na>topo:nia</na> is much more common. \ref 01157 \lxa o:kpa \lxac o:kpa \lxo o:hpa \lxoc o:hpa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao twice \ssao dos veces \se (<na>ika</na> ~) second time \ss (<na>ika</na> ~) segunda vez \pna A:man ika o:kpa nochi:wa. \pea Today it is done for the second time. \psa Hoy se hace por segunda vez. \se (<na>i:ka o:kpa</na> + [possessed lineal kinterm]) great [possessed kinterm] \ss (<na>i:ka o:kpa</na> + [poseído término de parentesco lineal]) bis [término de parentesco] \pna... ika o:kpa nokoko:l -nolo:lah, noxwiw- \pea... my great-grandfather (great-grandmother, great-grandchild) \psa... mi bisabuelo (bisabuela, bisnieto) \se (<na>ika o:kpa</na> + possessed term for spouse) half [possessed kinterm] \ss (<na>ika o:kpa</na> + poseído término para esposo o esposa) segundo [término poseído] \pna... ika o:kpa nosuwa:w \pea... my second wife \psa... mi segunda esposa \se (<na>i:ka o:kpa</na> + [possessed term for sibling]) half [possessed kinterm] \ss (<na>i:ka o:kpa</na> + [poseído término para hermano o hermana]) medio [término poseído] \pna Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokseina:n, newa nokse nona:n. \pea I have a half-sibling, s/he has one mother and I have another. \psa Tengo un medio hermano(a), el(la) tiene una mamáy yo tengo otra. \se (~ [numeral]) twice times [numeral] (a method of counting higher numbers used when Nahuatl-speaking sellers wish to avoid using Spanish numerals in front of a potential customer; otherwise the Spanish loan is used) \ss (~ [numeral]) dos veces [numeral] (un método para contar números mayores cuando hablantes de náhuatl quieren evitar un cliente potencial se de cuenta de los números, en otras situaciones los préstamos del español se emplean) \pna... o:kpa ma:tlaktli \pea... twenty \psa... viente \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \nse In reference to the use of <na>o:kpa</na> with kinships terms note that <na>ye:xpa</na> may also be used, as could also other higher numbers, although a situation that would require their use is undoubtedly rare. Note also that there is a relatively free variation between forms such as <na>i:ka o:kpa nokoko:l</na> and <na>noo:kpakoko:l</na> ; <na>i:ka o:kpa nokniw</na> and <na>noo:kpaikniw</na> ; and <na>i:ka o:kpa nosowa:w</na> and <na>noo:kpasowa:w</na>, although the first in each of these pairs seems much more common. Finally, in regard to counting, multipliers such as <na>o:kpa</na> or <na>ye:xpa</na> may occasionally be used in front of non-Nahuatl speaking clients so that they do not understand numbers that otherwise would be expressed in Spanish. Thus 'fifteen' might be <na>ye:xpa makwihli</na>, etc. \qry This applies across forms: /o:kpakoko:hli/, /o:kpalolatli/, /o:kpaixwiwtli/, etc. With siblings (/ikniwtli/) the use of /ika o:kpa/ apparently refers to children who have one parent in common; this should be checked, as should the possibility of saying /noo:kpaikniw/. \qry Vowel length needs to be checked. Under one entry for /oksepa/ I have written"This [long] vowel length is definite and all such entries should be recorded as such."This would suggest that I had checked /oksepa/ and found the first /o:/ to be definitely long. This would seem to apply to /o:kpa/ as well. Thus for now I have written all manifestations of /o:kpa/ with a long initial vowel, with the understanding that this should be checked. However, the first vowel in /ok/ and /xok/ I have consistently recorded as short. These two should also be rechecked. \ref 01158 \lxa kwa:xtle:rah \lxaa kwa:xtle:roh \lxac kwa:xtle:rah \lxo kwa:xte:roh \lxoc kwa:xte:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>kwa:xtli</n> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se type of shotgun so named because it uses <na>kwa:xsosohli</na> in loading \ss tipo de escopeta asíllamado porque utiliza <na>kwa:xsosohli</na> para cargarse \sem tool \cfa kwa:xtli \xrb kwa:ch \nse <na>Kwa:xklerah</na> is an alternate pronunciation of <na>kwa:xtlerah</na>, perhaps because of a reborrowing from the Spanish loan <na>cuaxcle</na>. However, the form with /tl/ is by far more common. \qry Check to determine \mod Check how the /kwa:xsosohli/ is used. Get a recording? Also determine the precise nature of the possessed construction. \vl Additional tokens of this word are at 3602 and should be added/tagged as 1158. \ref 01159 \lxa tlakaka:walistli \lxac tlakaka:walistli \lxo tlá:ka:walístli \lxoc tlá:ka:walístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes-rdp \seao ceremony (called in Spanish <spn>levantamiento de sombra</spn>) that involves prayers and an offering of appeasement to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> in exchange for a soul lost through <spn>susto</spn> \ssao levantamiento de sombra, una ceremonia que involucra unas oraciones y una ofrenda para inducir a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> a soltar y regresar una alma perdida por el susto \xrb ka:wa \encyctmp tlakaka:walistli \mod Obtain many tapes of this, etc. \ref 01160 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ta:tamale:wi \lxoc ta:tamale:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \aff rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin \sso salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones \syna tatapale:wi \flo ta:tapale:wi \xrb tamal \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa), in Oapan <no>ta:tapale:wi</no> is only used when one is bitten by a scorpion. A more common term in Oapan for similar swelling is <no>ta:tamale:wi</no> and the transitive <no>ta:tamalowa</no>. The lexeme <no>tamale:wi</no> is used because the swelling occurs in only one spot; however usually the reduplicated form with long vowel is used, since the swelling and redness is not limited to one spot. Victórico Jiménez used the form <nlo>ta:tamaliwi</nlo> and did not seem to accept <no>ta:tamale:wi</no>. He used this term when referring to what happened to his skin when he gets bit by a scorpion. His wife mentioned that it refers to many small red bumps that surface, as if one had been bitten by many mosquitos. \qry Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here should should be changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Also, the recordings should be adjusted. \rt The root <na>tapal</na> seems clearly related to <na>tlapal</na>, which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red. \ref 01161 \lxa kokoxka:tia \lxac kokoxka:tia \lxo kokoxka:tia \lxoc kokoxka:tia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to become sickly or weak from illness \ssao ponerse enfermizo o débil de una enfermedad \pna Kokoxka:tia noburroh, xok tlaye:wa. \pea My burro is sickly, it is not longer able to carry anything. \psa Mi burro está enfermo, ya no aguanta ningún peso. \equivao kokoxka:ti \xrb koya \xvcao kokoxka:tilia \dis kwalo \nde Classical does not show a similar form, although the participial <n>cocoxqui</n> is common. Zacapoaxtla has a verbal form <n>cocoxca:cui</n> 'enfermarse.' \qry Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Note that for /makokoxkatia/ I have this as a transitive. Check. \grm Perhaps use example of /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ as agentive being verbalized. \ref 01162 \lxa pochi:ni \lxac pochi:ni \lxo pochi:ni \lxoc pochi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to become frayed or fuzzy (e.g., bark paper that has gotten worn or wet, cloth that has become worn and fuzzy or that has its edges slightly unravelled and frayed, etc.) \ss ponerse o quedarse velloso (papel de amate desgastado o mojado, tela que se luyó y quedóvelloso o que tiene las orillas deshilachadas) \pna O:pochi:n moa:maw. \pea Your piece of bark paper has become fuzzy (e.g., from being rubbed, because it is of poor quality, etc.). \psa Se quedóvelloso tu papel de amate (p. ej., porque se restregómucho la superficie, es de mala calidad, etc.) \xrb pochi: \nse Whereas the intransitive form of this verb indicates that something is becoming fuzzy or frayed, the transitive refers to the action of carding material such as cotton. \nae The intransitive/transitive alternation for this verb is <nao>pochi:ni</nao> and <nao>pochi:na</nao>. However, with incorporated nominal stems the transitive becomes <n>-altia</n>, e.g., <nlao>a:pochi:naltia</nlao> and <nlao>kwa:pochi:naltia</nlao>. \qry Determine other possible subjects of /pochi:ni/. \grm Transitivity alternation: Note the difference: The intransitive/transitive alternation for this verb is <nao>pochi:ni</nao> and <nao>pochi:na</nao>. However, with incorporated nominal stems the transitive becomes <n>-altia</n>, e.g., <nlao>a:pochi:naltia</nlao> and <nlao>kwa:pochi:naltia</nlao>. \ref 01163 \lxa mo:stla \lxac mo:stla \lxo mo:stla \lxoc mo:stla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao tomorrow \ssao mañana \pna Mo:stla niá:s! \pea I will leave tomorrow! \psa ¡Mañana me voy! \se (with short vowel reduplication, and preceded by <nlo>se:</nlo> in Oapan) every day; daily \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta, y antecedido por <nlo>se:</nlo> en Oapan) cada día; diariamente \pna Momo:stla nitekiti. \pea I work every day. \psa Trabajo cada día. \seao (used as a greeting) (see you) tomorrow \ssao (como saludo) mañana (nos vemos) \xrb mo:stla \nse In Oapan one finds the phrase <no>sé: momó:stla</no> with apparently the same sense as <no>mómó:stla</no>, i.e., 'every day.' Ameyaltepec does not have the equivalent phrase, but one does find <na>ka:da momo:stla</na> with the same sense. \nae In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, <nao>mo:stla</nao> is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, <no>mo:stlaka:n</no> is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb. Note that many greetings are verbal derivatives and take \qry Check reduplication with short vowel, FK has a long vowel here with the same meaning: every day. Check the possibility that both /mo:mo:stla/ and /momo:stla/ are correct, but with different meaning. \grm Reduplication: Note that in Balsas Nahuatl reduplication of /mo:stla/ with a short vowel is used for indicating 'every day' /Momo:stla nitekiti/ 'I work every day.' Check and recheck whether this is correctly used. FK has long vowel reduplication for this sense: /mo:mo:ztla/. \grm Greetings; imperative; plural: In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, <nao>mo:stla</nao> is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, <no>mo:stlaka:n</no> is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb. \ref 01164 \lxa a:pantlakalilia \lxac ka:pantlakalilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to construct irrigation ditches for (a crop) \ssa poner zanjas para regar (un cultivo) \pna O:ka:pantlakalilikeh mi:hli. \pea They put in irrigation ditches for the corn. \psa Ellos pusieron zanjas (apancles) para regar el maíz. \syno sá:nkatlákalí \xrb a: \xrb -pan; tlahkali \qry Check existence of /a:pantli/ and decide on validity of secondary root /a:pan/. Also determine whether one can say /ka:pantlakalilia mihli/ or /... notla:lchi:wal/, etc. i.e., whether the object is simply the crop. Finally, this word might be a good candidate for a double applicative, check for /o:ne:cha:pantlakalililih nomi:l/. If correct, enter in grammar. Check correctness of Oapan /sá:nkatlákalí/ and remove from /cogo if not correct. \ref 01165 \lxa te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia \lxac te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia \lxo te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia \lxoc te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N] \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \sea to grow old as a old bachelor by passing the common or proper age for marriage \ssa llegar a ser grande como soltero por pasar la edad más apropriada para casarse \pna O:te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntiak, xo:nona:miktih. \pea He's become an elder bachelor, he didn't get married. \psa Se convirtió en soltero viejo, no se casó. \sem age \xrb te:lpo:ch \xrb we:we: \nae Although the compound field analyzes this as 'noun + intransitive verb,' i.e., a noun incorporated into an intransitive verb, it is better to treat this as a verbalization of a compound noun <nao>te:lpo:chwe:we:ntsi:n</nao>. The code used for this in the compound field (/com) is (N-N) indicating that a compound noun is part of a further derivational process (as opposed to N-N, which simply indicates a nominal compound). \qry Determine best root analysis for /we:wentsi:n/. Recheck vowel length. \qry Check length of final /a/ in this and all forms ending in /-tia/ intransitive verbalizer for the imperfect. Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is /we:we:ntsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly. \vl NOTE TO SELF: check length of /e/ in /wen/ syllable. \ref 01166 \lxa te:mpi:tswetska \lxac te:mpi:tswetska \lxo te:mpi:tswetska \lxoc te:mpi:tswetska \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to grin (keeping ones lips closed or almost closed) \ss sonreir (manteniendo los labios cerrados o casi cerrados) \pna Te:mpi:tswetskatok, kwelkaki tli:n kihlitokeh. \pea He is grinning, he likes what they are telling him. \psa Estásonriendo (con los labios cerrados), le gusta lo que le están diciendo. \xrb te:n \xrb pi:ts \xrb wetska \dis wetska; i:xwetska; tlankwi:tsowa; te:mpi:tswetska \nse <na>Te:mpi:tswetska</na> is formed from the elements <na>te:m</na> 'lip' and <na>pi:ts</na> (cf. <nlao>pi:tsiwi</nlao>) indicating narrowness or narrowing. Literally it seems to mean 'to smile with narrow(ed) lips.' With <na>te:mpi:tswetska</na> ones teeth are not showing; a wide open smile with a full display of teeth would be expressed by <na>tlankwi:tsowa</na>. On the other hand, <na>i:x(we:)wetska</na> is used to mean that the person is just about to smile, to be just barely smiling, perhaps because he or she is too embarrassed to fully smile. \ref 01167 \lxa keh \lxac ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \sea see <nla>ke:tla</nla> ; <nla>kea:man</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>ke:tla</nla> ; <nla>kea:man</nla> \nae The precise spelling of this form is not clear, as {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec in all but phrase-final position. Moreover, given that <na>keh</na> is always found in compounds such as <na>ke itlah</na>, <na>ke:tla</na> or <na>kea:man</na> it is difficult to determine the etymology or origin, i.e., whether <na>keh</na> or <na>ke</na>. \qry Recheck all forms with /ke:/ or /keh/, particularly /ke itlah/ and /ke a:man/. \ref 01168 \lxa i:xmachilia \lxac ki:xmachilia \lxo i:xmachilia \lxoc ki:xmachilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to see or recognize (sth) in the possession of (that is, to see sth [SO], perhaps missing or robbed, in the possession of another [PO]) \ss reconocer o ver (algo) en la posesión de (algn, p. ej., reconocer una cosa robada o perdida [OS] en la posesión de otra persona [OP], en su casa, etc.) \pna O:ne:chixtekilih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih. \pea He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it with him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.). \psa Me robó una tinaja. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví(esto es, lo vi en posesión de la tinaja, que reconocí). \pna O:ki:xmachilikeh te:wa:xka -=te:a:xka-. \pea They recognized what he had as belonging to someone else. \psa Se lo reconocieron como algo de alguien ajeno. \pna O:niki:xmachilih motlake:n. \pea I recognized your clothes on him (i.e., that he had your clothes, either being worn or in his house, that you had lost, or that had been stolen). \psa Le reconocítu ropa (esto es,él tenía tu ropa puesta, o en su casa, ropa que habías perdido o que se había robado). \xrb i:x \xrb mati \xvba i:xmati \grm External possession: Note the meaning of /i:xmachilia/ and its relationship to possession (but not ownership). In general the applicative often has this implication (of possession not ownership). Such a distinction does not seem to be made in the literature too often. \ref 01169 \lxa kwa:ta:takalowa \lxac kikwa:ta:takalowa \lxo kwa:ta:takalowa \lxoc kikwa:ta:takalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive form has been documented. \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \seao to give a bad and uneven haircut to \ssao dejar con un corte de pelo disparejo; dejar tuzado a \xrb kwa: \xrb takal \nse A haircut that results has some places cut close to the scalp and others with much longer hair left in place. \ref 01170 \lxa kwa:istaya \lxac kwa:istaya \lxo kwa:istaya \lxoc kwa:istaya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey \ssao ponerse canoso \cfao kwa:chipa:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb sta \qry Check for transitive form, as well as for adjectival ? /kwa:istak/. Or perhaps /kwa:istaleh/ is correct (I do recall having heard it). Check for progressive, with /x/ or /s/? Is /kwa:istá:k/ also correct. \ref 01171 \lxa tlakoyo:nka:n \lxac tlakoyo:nka:n \lxo tlakoyo:nka:n \lxoa tlakoyo:nka:h \lxoc tlakoyo:nka:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se place where there is a hole or deep depression (often small) in the ground \ss lugar donde hay una depresión (a menudo pequeño) en la tierra \xrb koyo: \qry Determine precise meaning of /tlakoyo:nka:n/. My original file card reads"(lugar donde hay) un agujero en la tierra (pequeño)."Obviously this cannot refer to a"hole"since there is no other side for the hole to penetrate to. It would thus seem that what is being referred to is a deep depression, perhaps with steep walls. Determine whether this refers to a sunken in area, a pothole like formation, etc. Check whether /tla:lkoyo:nka:n/ is also correct.... or feasible. \ref 01172 \lxa tlayo:koya \lxac tlayo:koya \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(y) \sea to feel sad; to feel melancholic (e.g., when a friend departs) \ssa sentirse triste; sentirse melancólico; tener sentimiento (p. ej., por la ida de un amigo) \pna None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya. \pea He sighs, he's feeing somewhat melancholic. \psa Suspira, se siente algo melancólico. \pna Nitlayo:koya pa:mpa nitlayo:wia. \pea I feel sad because I suffer from poverty. \psa Siento triste porque sufro de la pobreza. \xrb yo:koya \xvca tlayo:koltia \nse In Oapan the reflexive of <nlao>amana</nlao> is used to say 'to be sad.' \qry Check for /yokoya/ as verb. \nae The semantics and etymology of <na>tlayo:koya</na> is uncertain although it seems to be related to the verb <n>yo:koya</n>, as found in Classical Nahuatl. Molina has many related words, among which are <n>tlaocoya. ni.</n> 'estar triste'; <n>tlaocoyaliztli</n> 'triste'; <n>tlaocolchiua. nic.</n> 'hacer algo con tristeza'; <n>tlaocolnantli</n> madre de tristeza y aflición.' There are also a series of words related to <n>yocoxqui</n> as in <n>yocoxka</n> 'mansa o pacificamente.' FK notes that this is derived from <n>yocoya</n> with 'considerable extension of meaning'; <n>yocoya. nitla.</n> is glossed as 'fabricar o componer algo de su motivo.' It may be, however, that there are two homophonous words and that one is <n>yo:koya</n> refers to sadness, melancholy, etc. This is the analysis at least temporarily adopted here is that Ameyaltepec <na>tlayo:koya</na> (as Classical <n>tlaocoya</n>) is a lexicalized meaning from the transitive verb <n>yo:koya</n>, perhaps no long used as a verb, but which has a parti cipial form in <n>yocoxka</n> 'mansa o pacificamente.' \qry Check entry under /ne:neltia/ for comments on this verb. Check to determine whether /yo:koya/ exists in Ameyaltepec or the Balsas region as a transitive verb. Check the entry and /cat field as necessary. Check length of /tlayo:koltia/, final /o/ is perhaps long. Check whether /yo:koya/ exists. If so, add to /xtbl field \ref 01173 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlako:pepena/ which was eliminated as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01174 \lxa tla:listá:k \lxac tla:listá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infn N1 \sea type of whitish-colored rocky and dusty land, poor to plant on \ssa tipo de tierra blanquiza, algo pedregosa y polvorosa, y pobre para las siembras \sem soil \xrb tla:l \xrb sta \ref 01175 \lxa besti:doh \lxac besti:doh \lxo besti:doh \lxoc besti:doh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan vestido \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao dress that has a top piece joined to a bottom skirt, with two seams, one going down each side of the dress (i.e., not a skirt, <nla>kwe:tli</nla>) \ssao vestido con una blusa y falda parte de una sola pieza, y con dos costuras, una a cada lado del cuerpo (no es una faldas, cf. <nla>kwe:tli</nla>) \cfao kwe:tli \encyctmp tlake:ntli \mod Add onomasiological entry on all types of clothes \ref 01176 \lxa chachalka \lxac chachalka \lxo chachalka \lxoc chachalka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss][freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make or produce a hollow sound (such as a broken or fissured ceramic pot or plate when struck hard) \ss sonar hueco (como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto cuando se golpea) \pna Chachalka un tepalkatl, tlapa:nki. \pea That bowl has a hollow ring (when struck), it is broken. \psa Ese plato hondo suena hueco (cuando se golpea), está roto. \sem sound \xrb chala: \xvnao chala:ni \fl chachalaka \qry Apparently /chachalaka/ and /chachalka/ are equal or near equal in meaning, although this should be checked. It might be that /chachalka/ is only used to refer to the sound made by broken ceramics, whereas /chachalaka/ to things that jingle or clatter. Also, the difference of both to /chala:ni/ should also be checked. In some notes I state that /chachalka/ is the virtual equivalent of /chala:ni/ and both are used to refer to the sound made when a broken bowl, or other ceramic which is fissured or split, is struck to make it ring. \ref 01177 \lxa tlakwa:ni \lxac tlakwa:ni \lxo tlakwa:ni \lxoc tlakwa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se type of small bug, still not positively identified, that gets in stored corn and eats away at it \ss tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado definitivamente, que pica maíz almacenado \pna Tlakwa:ni, nemi ipan tlayo:hli, kikwa tlayo:hli, kikukwalo:tla. \pea The insect called <nao>tlakwa:ni</nao> is found on shelled maize, it eats it, it gnaws away at it (causing them to become bug-eaten). \psa El insecto llamado <nao>tlakwa:ni</nao> se encuentra en el maíz desgranado, come el maíz, lo pica. \se generic term for insects that eat grains \ss término genérico para insectos que comen granos \pna Nochi semi:yah kipia itlakwa:nyo. \pea All types of seeds have a bug that eats them. \psa Todo tipo de semilla tiene un insecto que se lo come. \se big-eater; person who eats a lot; glutton \ss comilón; persona que come mucho \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kwa \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check whether Oapan has /tlakwa:ne/, since often final /-ni/ is found as /-ne/. \grm -yo possession; agentive in -ni Note the following word, /tlakwa:nyo/: /Nochi semi:yah kipia itlakwa:nyo/ 'All types of seeds have a bug that eats them.' The first point to make is that here, as in other cases, the agentive nominalization of verbs with /-ni/ enters into further derivations by losing the final /i/. This is clear in the many cases of the diminutive: /a:tlakwintsi:n/. However, what is interesting here is that an animate noun is intrinsically possessed (cf. to /kowayoh/). The reason is that the bug is in effect an intrinsic part of the ecology of grains; or it may well be related to the fact that both elements, the grain and the insect, are considered nonvolitional and that the use of /-yo/ suggests this relation, that a grain-eating bug is as integral to the grain as a chip of metal is to the metal post it splits off of (e.g., /tepostli/). Yet in the end, this use of /-yo/ (in /itlakwa:nyo/) deserves additional comment. \ref 01178 \lxa kamaxoxopo:naltia \lxac kikamaxoxopo:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran No intransitive documented \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to cause pimples in the mouth of \ssa hacerle salir (a algn) granitos en la boca \pna Seki wel kikwa to:tolo:ktsi:n deke yo:iksik, pero me:dioh mitskamaxoxopo:nalti:s, mitskamatso:tso:tili:s. \pea Some people can eat the <nba>to:tolo:ktsi:n</nba> if it's ripe, but it will cause some pimples in your mouth, it will cause some sores in your mouth. \psa Algunos pueden comer el <nba>to:toloktsi:n</nba> si ya se puso a sazón, pero te hace salir algunos granitos en la boca, te da algo deúlceras en la boca. \syno kamaá:xopo:nia \xrb kama \xrb xopo: \ref 01179 \lxa koto:ntok \lxac koto:ntok \lxo koto:ntok \lxoc koto:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be snapped or broken in half or pieces (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) \ssao estar reventado o roto en la mitad o en pedazos (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) \se to be interrupted, broken off, or ended (a tradition) \ss ser interrumpido, terminado o acabado (una tradición) \se (with long vowel reduplication) discontinuous or broken up (a stream or brook during the dry season); fragmented or broken (e.g., terrain that has been cut by gullies) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) discontinuo o con partes aisladas (un arroyo o riochuelo durante la temporada de secas); fragmentado o cortado (la tierra que has sido cortado por barrancas hechas por aguas torrenciales) \pna Ko:koto:ntok a:te:ntli. O:pe:w ko:koto:ni a:tl, ye wa:ktok. \pea The river is dry in places. The water has started to break up here and there (i.e., stopping the continuous flow), it's already drying up. \psa El río está seco en algunos lugares. Ya empezó a quedarse agua solamente en charcos aislados (ya no fluye sin interrupciones), ya se está secando. \pna Ko:koto:ntok un tla:hli. Miák a:tlawtsitsi:ntli, kwa:k kiawi o:kiko:koto:n a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea The land is broken up. There are a lot of little gullies, when it rains, the torrential waters have cut the earth. \psa Estáfragmentada la tierra. Hay muchas barranquitas, cuando llueve, las aguas cortaron la tierra en pedazos. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be parceled out or divided (land, e.g., what was one piece, among heirs) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) dividido en parcelas (un terreno, p. ej., entre herederos) \cola kwe:tli de koto:ntok \xrb koto: \nse The difference between stative forms ending in <n>-tok</n> and participles ending in <n>-ki</n> is often hard to determine. In the case of <nlao>koto:ni</nlao> (i.e., <nao>koto:nki</nao> vs. <nao>koto:ntok</nao>) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus <nao>koto:nki</nao> is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, <nao>koto:ntok</nao> is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to <nao>koto:nki</nao> and <nao>koto:ntok</nao>, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The stative seems to indicate a sem i-permanent sta te that is the result of some outside force affecting the object. \qry For all Stative of adjectivals in /-ki/, check the existence of the contrary form, and inquire as to possible subject and other indications of spearate meanng. \grm Statives: /-tok/ vs. /-ki/: The difference between stative forms ending in <n>-tok</n> and participles ending in <n>-ki</n> is often hard to determine. In the case of <nlao>koto:ni</nlao> (i.e., <nao>koto:nki</nao> vs. <nao>koto:ntok</nao>) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus <nao>koto:nki</nao> is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, <nao>koto:ntok</nao> is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to <nao>koto:nki</nao> and <nao>koto:ntok</nao>, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The sta tive seems to i ndicate a semi-permanent state that is the result of some outside force affecting the object. \ref 01180 \lxa a:matla:lilia \lxac ka:matla:lilia \lxo a:matla:lilia \lxoc ka:matla:lilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to write down on paper for (sb) \ssao apuntar sobre un papel para (sb) \seao to register (a person) on a written-down list for (another person) \ssao registrar (una persona) en una lista apuntada para (otra persona) \xrb a:ma \xrb tla:l \xvbao a:matla:lia \ref 01181 \lxa kechpa:tska \lxac kikechpa:tska \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to choke, squeeze, or wring the neck of (but not to strangle and kill) \ssao apretar el cuello de (pero no estrangular y matar) \syno kechpitsi:nia \cfa kechmiktia \cfo kechmihtia \xrb kech \xrb pa:tska \qry Check for other acceptations of this word (remember that /kikechpa:tska i:kuh/ was in the original dictionary as 'to masturbate'. \ref 01182 \lxa tli:mpara \lxac tli:mpara \lxo tli:mpara \lxoc tli:mpara \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>para</spn> \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \seao what (is it) for? \ssao ¿para qué(es)? \pna Tli:mpara tikihli:s? \pea What are you going to use it for? \psa ¿Para quélo vas a usar? \xrb tli:n \nse I have chosen to write <nao>tli:mpara</nao> as one word, given its lexicalized status, the fact that with this sense no intervening words can occur, and the labialization of the nasal (which does not necessarily occur across word boundaries). It is used to ask the purpose of a given tool or material object. \qry Check other potential uses>/tli:mpara tiá:s?/. Is this correct? \ref 01183 \lxa tlayo:kolia \lxac kitlayo:kolia \lxo tlayo:kilia \lxoc kitlayo:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to give (sth [SO]as a gift) to \ss regalar (algo [OS]) a \pna O:ne:chtlayo:kolikeh, xo:nko:w. \pea I was given it as a gift, I didn't buy it. \psa Se me regaló, no lo compré. \pna Xma:totoka kechi:ka mistlayo:kolian! \pea Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you! \psa ¡Acéptalo rapidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan! \se (with <n>te:-</n>) to give away (sth, to people); to be given up in adoption (a child) \ss (with <n>te:-</n>) regalar (algo, a la gente); dar (a un niño) para que se adopte \pna Tsotsokatl, xkineki kite:tlayo:koli:s itlah tli:no:n. Ma:ski kipia, pero xkite:maka. \pea He is selfish, he doesn't want to give anything away. Even though he is rich, he doesn't give things away. \psa Es mezquino, no quiere darle nada a nadia. Aunque tiene, no quiere darselo a la gente. \pna O:note:tlayo:kilih un kichkone:tl. \pea That little boy was given up in adoption. \psa Ese niño fue dado en adopción. \xrb yo:co \xbtla yo:kolia \xbtlo yo:kilia \qry I had this note:"Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl verb form is <na>tlayo:kilia</na>, the nominalization is <nla>te:tlayo:koli:hli</nla>. In Oapan the expected verbal form <na>tlayo:kolia</na> occurs."But my entry here shows /tlayo:ko:lia/ for Oapan. Check; I can't remember which is which. Check /lxo and /lxoc fields. NOTE: RECHECK WITH /yo:kolia/ or /yo:kilia/. \qry In one file card I record /kite:tlayo:koli:s/; this may be an error for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl and should be checked. The other phrases apparently all had /tlayo:kilia/. \ref 01184 \lxa kwa:peya:sowa \lxac kikwa:peya:sowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to comb the hair of \ssa peinar a \pna Xne:chkwa:peya:so! \pea Comb my hair! \psa ¡Piéname el cabello! \equiva kwa:petsowa \equivo peya:sowa \xrb kwa: \xrb peya:s \nde In Oapan the <n>kwa:</n> element is not used in the word meaning 'to comb the hair of.' Rather, one finds an periphrastic expression such as <no>kipeya:sowa i:tson</no>. \qry Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. Also, recheck for presence of glide /y/. Ask if there is any difference between /kwa:peya:sowa/ and /kwa:petsowa/. \ref 01185 \lxa i:xpa:ki \lxac i:xpa:ki \lxo i:xpa:ki \lxoc i:xpa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be very happy from having many items to choose from; overjoyed from being confronted with an abundance of choices; to be filled with glee from what ones sees \ss estar muy feliz por tener enfrente mucho de que escoger; regocijar por lo que está a la vista \pna San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlewa wel mlá:k ka:nas. \pea He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry. \psa Está abrumado y feliz por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener 4 novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar. \pna San tii:xpa:ki. Xe tikita katlewa milá:k tihkowas. \pea You're like a kid in a candy store (liking the looks of everything). You still can't decide which one you're really going to buy. \psa Estás feliz de la vida con todo lo que ves. Todavía no has decido cual vas a comprar. \pna San i:xpa:ki ika miák yo:kitak tlake:ntli, nochi kukwaltsitsi:ntih. Tomi:n kwa:ki pero ni:n se: xkikowa. San i:xpa:ki. \pea He is filled with glee from seeing the clothes, they are all really beautiful. He has brought money but won't buy even one. He's just happy from looking (and can't make a decision). \psa Estáfeliz por ver la ropa, todo está muy bonita. Trajo dinero pero no va a compar ni uno. Solamente está de regocijo (sin poder decidir). \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ki \nse <nao>I:xpa:ki</nao> refers to the state of a person who sees many inviting and nice things, such as one who enters a store and sees a lot of nice clothes and not knowing immediately which is best or which he will buy, happily looks everything over. \qry Check the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and simply /i:xpa:ki/. Note that the reduplication in the above example is of the noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct. \grm Note that the reduplication in /ii:xpa:ki/ is of the incorporated noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct. \ref 01186 \lxa tsi:nwekaltik \lxac tsi:nwekaltik \lxo tsí:nwakáltik \lxop tsi:nwakaltik \lxoc tsí:nwakáltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \sea to have a hollow formed at the bottom (e.g., a ridge or ledge whose bottom has either been naturally eroded or dug out by hand, leaving in both cases a hollow or small cave at the bottom) \ssa tener un hueco formado en la parte inferior (p. ej., un saliente o risco cuyo parte inferior ha sido erosionado o excavado a mano, dejando un huequito o pequeña cuevita al fondo) \seo to have a depression in ones hind quarters (an animal that is starving) \sso tener una depresión por la parte posterior (un animal que está muriéndose de hambre) \xrb tsi:n \xrb wehkal \qry Check to make sure sense difference is correct, i.e., that Am and Oa differ so much in senses \ilustmp Illustrate... both meanings? \ref 01187 \lxa te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl \lxac te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea person who invokes the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> (e.g., so that another person gets ill, so that a girl acts a boy's advances, etc.) \ssa persona quien invoca a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> (p. ej., para que algn se enferme, para que una muchacha quede enamorada de un pretendiente, etc.) \syno te:yéye:kano:chíliké:tl \fla te:yekanono:chilike:tl \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \encyctmp yeyekameh \nse Although the corpus reveals only the headword form, Luis Lucena stated that <na>te:tlayekano:chilike:tl</na>, without the reduplication in <na>yeyekatl</na>, is also correct. \qry Recheck all these forms, since there seems to be a lot of variation and perhaps some can be removed as headwords and relegated to"note"status under a headword entry. \ref 01188 \lxa tio:panki:xtia \lxac kitio:panki:xtia \lxo tio:panki:xtia \lxoc kitio:panki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to accompany as part of the entourage in a church marriage (lit. 'to remove from the church', the potential subjects of this verb are the godparents, <spn>padrinos</spn> and <spn>madrinas</spn>, the musicians, and other similar participants; the objects of this verb are the bride and bridegroom) \ss acompañar y participar en una boda religiosa (de la iglesia; lit. 'sacar de la iglesia', los sujetos potenciales de este verbo son los padrinos y madrinas, los músicos, y otros participantes similares; los objetos de este verbo son los novios) \cfa tio:pankalaktia \xrb tio: \xrb ki:sa \xrl -pan \xvba tio:panki:sa \qry Check potential subjects, i.e., can priest be among them? \vl Check vowel length here; under /tiopanki:sa/ I mention that I definitely head a short vowel in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 01189 \lxa tomaxokó:k \lxac tomaxokó:k \lxo tomaxoko:k \lxoc tomaxoko:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to have too much tomato (a salsa) \ss estar pasado de tomate; tener demasiado tomate (una salsa) \xrb toma \xrb xoko \nse The most common use of <na>tomaxokó:k</na> is to refer to sauces that have too much <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> ; it is not clear whether this term can be used in regard to any type of tomate although I believe it can be. \qry Check what sauces can become /tomaxokó:k/. \vl A token of this word also occurs at 3717. \ref 01190 \lxa tepi:tsmiki \lxac tepi:tsmiki \lxo tepi:tsmiki \lxoc tepi:tsmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to suffer from being packed in or pressed together (e.g., a person in a crowded or tight place, such as a bus or subway) \ss sufrir por estar apretujado (p. ej., una persona entre la muchedumbre, o en un lugar pequeño, como un camión o el metro, con demasiado gente) \xrb tepi:ts \xrb miki \xvca tepi:tsmiktia \qry Make sure this is not /tepi:tska:miki/. \mod Review all cases of verbal compounds that are not N-V or Part-V to make sure a standardized terminology is used with S and PM. \ref 01191 \lxa ompu:nkah \lxac ompu:nkah \lxo ompo:nkah \lxoc yóo:mpónkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv=V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \se to be right over there (within the sight of speaker); the one that is right over there \ss él que está allímero (a la vista del hablante);él que está allímismo \pna Ompu:nkah! Xtlapo! Pakah! \pea It is right over there! Open it! There it is! \psa ¡Está allímismo!¡ábrelo!¡Allí está ! \pna Ompu:nkah, ma:ka tihkwis! Tlatio:chi:wahli! \pea The one that is right over there, (in this case some palm), don't use it! It is blessed! \psa ¡Ese que está allá (en este caso algo de palma), no lo vayas a usar!¡Estábendicho! \xrb on \xrb -pa; on; ka \ono Adverbs \nae It is not clear whether Ameyaltepec <na>ompunkah</na> can function both verbally, indicating existence in a certain location, and as a headless relative clause, indicating 'the one that is right over there.' It may need a relativizer for this latter function and the correct pronunciation might be <na>yo ompunkah</na>, as in Oapan. If it can be used as a headless relative, then it would differ from constructions such as <nla>nika:nkah</nla> and <nla>na:nkah</nla>, which consist of an adverbial modifier and the verb of existence <nla>kah</nla>. Note that in the Oapan version the use as a relative clause requires a preceding relativizer, <no>yó</no> as in <no>yóompúnkah</no> 'that one over there!' \qry Check following statement:"However, note that whereas other subjects are possible with these latter two modified predicates (e.g., <na>nika:n tunkah</na>) with <na>ompunkah</na> no such possibility exists (i.e., ? <na>ompun tunkah</na> ; rather one finds <na>pun tunkah</na>)."Check whether ?/ompun tunkah/ is correct, etc. \mod Compare /ompún/ and /ompa/ as well as /sampa/, /nepa/, etc. Compare all with forms having the copula: /ompunkah/, /ompakah/, /na:nkah/, /nika:nkah/, /pakah/, etc. Get a complete list. \ref 01192 \lxa a:te:ma \lxac ka:te:ma \lxo a:te:ma \lxoc ka:te:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \seao to fill with water \ssao llenar de agua \pna Xka:te:ma ma:tekon para ma pala:ni itikwitl. Tikpapa:kas. \pea Fill your gourd with water so that the inside rots (and you can use it as a canteen)! You will then clean and rinse it out. \psa ¡Llena tu bule con agua para que se pudra lo de adentro (y asílo puedes utilizar como cantimplora)! Lo vas a limpiar y enjuagar. \xrb a: \xrb te:m \fl a:te:mi \mod Note the possible meanings of /te:ma/. \ref 01193 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /towameh/ and it has been removed. \dt 02/Apr/2003 \ref 01194 \lxa kas \lxac kas ke:mah \lxo kas \lxoc kas ke:mah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \seao perhaps; maybe \ssao quizá; acaso; tal vez; a lo mejor \pna Xnikmati, kas yo:yah? \pea I don't know, perhaps he has already left? \psa ¿No lo sé, tal vez ya se fue? \pna Kas ke:mah? \pea Perhaps that's the case? \psa ¿Puede ser que si? \xrb kas \nse This modal element indicates that the speaker is unsure of the truth value of the predication to follow, but is more inclined to believe it true than false. \nde This element might well be related to Classical <n>cuix</n> 'acaso' (or 'perhaps'). \ref 01195 \lxa chi:lposo:nki \lxac chi:lposo:nki \lxo chi:lposo:nki \lxoc chi:lposo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seao type of chile sauce, boiled and without pork fat \ssao tipo de salsa de chile hervida, y sin manteca \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb poso: \encyctmp mo:hli \qry Again, determine whether this, like /chi:lmante:kah/ is a /mo:hli/. \nse Chile sauce made with chile, water, garlic, onions, corriander, and eggs, all heated together to a boil. \vl Use second male token, first one is tinny. \ref 01196 \lxa se:botia \lxac se:botia \lxo xé:potiá \lxop xe:potia \lxoc xé:potiá \dt 04/May/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>sebo</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes \se to congeal (fat, lard, or grease) \ss cuajar (el sebo o grasa) \equiva se:boti \equivo xé:potí \qry Check vowel length. This was originally recorded in the Oapan tape as /sé:botiá/. The spelling was later corrected. This will be rerecorded at the end of the summer session. \mod Note reference to re-recording in Oapan session; apparently first elicitation of /sé:botiá/ was erroneous. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7176. These should be tagged as 1196 and the llinked files should be taken from them, since they are recorded later and thus of better sound. \ref 01197 \lxa tlatli:lwi:tektli \lxac tlatli:lwi:tektli \lxo tlatli:lwi:tehtli \lxoc tlatli:lwi:tehtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \seao amate or other image painted solely in black outline (in regard to amates this may refer to those that either are only line drawings or have had their images painted in black outline but not yet filled in) \ssao amate u otro imagen pintado solamente con líneas negras (en cuanto a amates se refiere o a los que o se van a quedar en blanco y negro o los de blanco y negro que todavía no se rellenan) \cfa tlatsatsaktli \cfo tlá:tsahtlí \xrb tli:l \xrb wi:teki \encyctmp amate (document entire process). \nae Apparently a possessive relation is indicated by a phrase such as <na>noa:maw san de tlatli:lwi:tektli</na> or something equivalent. \ilustmp Illustrate perhaps with an amate in parts.... I believe I have one \ref 01198 \lxa pare:joh \lxac pare:joh \lxo pare:joh \lxoc pare:joh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan parejo \psm Adj(+PM) \der Adj-loan \se to be equal (in length or height) \ss ser iguales (en lo largo o lo alto) \pna Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik. \pea I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla>, they (the cobs) are no longer even, some are small. \psa Voy a remplazar parte de este <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos son cortitos. \se (~ + <na>yaw</na> in plural) to be even; to be neck and neck; to be going at the same pace; to be of the same size \ss (~ + <na>yaw</na> en plural) ser parejas; ser iguales; tener el mismo paso (al estar en movimiento); ser del mismo tamaño \pna Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. \pea He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. \psa Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. \nse Apparently as a predicate modifier with the sense of 'even; neck and neck; at the same pace; of the same size' <nao>pare:joh</nao> can be used with various verbs of motion, e.g. <nao>notlalowah</nao>. \ref 01199 \lxa kochipan \lxac i:kochipan \lxo kochipan \lxoa kochipah \lxop kochipan \lxoc i:kochipah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com V1-N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2 \se in the sleep of (person marked as possessor) \ss entre el sueño de o mientras que duerme (persona marcada como poseedor) \pna San ikochipan o:one:w. \pea He left while still half asleep (not fully awake). \psa Saliócuando todavía estaba medio dormido. \pna Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa. \pea He talks while sleeping, he just starts talking in his sleep. \psa Habla entre sueño, es cuando está dormido que empieza a hablar. \xrb kochi \xrl -pan \nae The etymology of <na>kochipan</na> is not entirely clear. Generally <na>-pan</na> is employed with nouns; in this case there is no clear corresponding noun. Note in general that the verb <na>kochi</na> at times appears in compounds where one would not expect a verb to occur. \vl Check vowel length of /i/. \ref 01200 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /umpakah/ but has been deleted with standardization of the orthography. See /ompakah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01201 \lxa ayuxiwtli \lxac ayuxiwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash \ssa el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \syna ayukihli \syno áyukíhli \xrb ayoh \xrb xiw \nct ayotli \ref 01202 \lxa tlato:lpo:ni \lxac tlato:lpo:ni \lxo tláto:lpó:ni \lxop tlato:lpo:ni \lxoc tláto:lpó:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a)[ca] \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao to run off at the mouth; to start up and talk a lot \ssao hablar mucho repetinamente \pna O:tlato:lpo:nkeh, san miák tlato:hli o:kelna:mihkeh para kito:skeh. \pea They suddenly started to run off at the mouth. They remembered a lot of things (words) to say. \psa De repente empezaron a hablar mucho. Se acordaron de muchas cosas (palabras) para decir. \cfa tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni \xrb hto \xrb po: \qry Check for transitive form in /-po:nia/ or /-po:naltia/. \ref 01203 \lxa tsi:ntopo:ni \lxac tsi:ntopo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a)[ca] \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to backfire (a motor vehicle) \ssa producir detonaciones por el escape; petardear (un vehículo) \pna Tsi:nto:topo:ntiw fle:chah, chika:wak kakisti. \pea The bus is going along backfiring every now and then, it sounds very loud. \psa El camión va produciendo detonaciones ocasionales por el escape, se oye fuerte. \sem sound \syno tsi:ntototopoka \xrb tsi:n \xrb topo: \xvka tsi:ntotopoka \qry Determine whether both /tsi:ntopo:nia/ and /tsi:ntopo:naltia/ exist. If both do, then determine the difference in meaning between them, if any. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Tsi:nto:topo:ntiw fle:chah, chika:wak kakisti./ 'The bus is going along backfiring every now and then, it sounds very loud.' Note that this is a classical example of long vowel reduplication indicating repeated actions spaced out over time; also typical is the reduplication of the verbal stem and not the IN. \ref 01204 \lxa so:ya:wia \lxac kiso:ya:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to whip with palm; to wave palm in front of (e.g., chickens to frighten them away); \ssa azotar con palma; asustar al menear palma en frente de (p. ej., gallinas para ahuyentarlas, etc.) \pna Nikinso:ya:wi:s nopio:tsitsi:wa:n. \pea I'm going to wave palm in front of my little chicks to scare them. \psa Voy a asustar a mis pollitos con el sonido y movimiento de palma. \cfo so:ya:wi:teki \xrb so:ya: \qry Recheck precise meaning. \ref 01205 \lxa x= \lxac xteki \lxo x= \lxoc xteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Clit \der Clit-b \seao imperative clitic \ssao clítico imperativo \qry As imperative, check syllabification. A good way to do this is with vowel initial intransitives. Thus check if there is a difference in pronunciation between /xa:tli/ (perhaps x a:tli) 'he doesn't drink water' and /xa:tli/ (imperative) 'drink water.' IF there is a difference and the first is syllabified, then all negatives should be rewritten as two words: x a:tli, etc., or at least with vowel initial stems. With consonant initial stems there seems to be no problem. \ref 01206 \lxa xo:chite:ma \lxac kixo:chite:ma \lxo xo:chite:ma \lxoc kixo:chite:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(m) \sea to toss flowers at (e.g. a saint in a procession; syn. Oa <nlo>xo:chitepe:wa</nlo>) \sso aventar flores a (p. ej., un santo en una procesión; sin. Oa <nlo>xo:chitepe:wa</nlo>) \seao (in Am. <na>xo:chitete:ma</na>) to spread flowers over (a grave, an altar, etc., as part of an offering) \ssao (in Am. <na>xo:chitete:ma</na>) extender flores sobre (un sepulcro, un altar, etc. como parte de una ofrenda) \pna O:kixo:chite:nkeh ka:n to:ktok. \pea They placed flowers over the grave. \psa Le colocaron flores donde está enterrado. \pna I:pan ma:yoh tlaxo:chite:malo. \pea In May they place flowers around the altar. \psa En mayo colocan flores sobre el altar. \xrb xo:chi \xrb te:m-2- \ref 01207 \lxa koltotsiwi \lxac koltotsiwi \lxo koltotsiwi \lxoc koltotsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \syn koltotse:wi \se to shrink and shrivel up (e.g., thin slices of meat on a grill; or things, such as cardboard, left long in the sun) \ss achicarse (p. ej., rebanadas de carne sobre un comal; o algunas cosas, como cartón, dejadas en el sol) \pna O:koltotsiw nakatl ipan koma:hli. \pea The meat has shrunk and shrivled up on the griddle. \psa La carne ha empezado a achicarse sobre el comal. \pna O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na. \pea It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun. \psa Ya empezó a achicarse y encogerse por el sol \se to twist and turn in pain (e.g., sb from sharp pain) \ss retorcerse de dolor (p. ej., algn con un dolor punzante) \xrb koltots \nse The sense of <nao>koltotsiwi</nao> is well reflected by compounds such as <nlao>ma:koltotsiwi</nlao>, which refers to a person with arthritic and twisted hands, and <na>itikoltotsiwi</na>, which refers to stomach cramps. \nde According to Florencia Marcelino Oapan lacks the alternate /e:/ form * <no>koltotse:wi</no> ; this has been documented in Ameyaltepec, at least in the stative form <nla>koltotse:wtok</nla>. Nevertheless, given the absence of this form in Oapan, it may be that the Ameyaltepec form is idiosyncratic and perhaps erroneous. \grm Note that the following is a good example of the use of directionals meaning to break a surface or come up, and of reduplication, and of the aspectual /-tiw/. /Wa:lkokoltotsiwtiw motson/ 'Your hair comes up curly (as it grows back)' \ref 01208 \lxa ke:mechih tlakwa:w \lxac ke:mechih tlakwa:w \lxo ke:mechih tlakwa:w \lxoa ke:michih \lxoc ke:mechih tlakwa:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Mod-complex \se how can it be that? \ss ¿cómo puede ser?¿quétanto? \pna Ke:mechih tlakwa:w o:yah wa:n xkaman ka:nah yaw? \pea How can it be that he went and he never goes anywhere? \psa ¿Cómo puede ser que se fue y nunca va a ningún lado? \pna Ke:mechih tlakwa:w o:kikwiloh iwa:n xweli? \pea How can it be that he wrote it and he can't write? \psa ¿Cómo puede ser que lo escribió y no lo puede hacer? \pno Ke:mechih tlakwa:w xtiweli, miahpa yo:nimitsihlih! \peo How can it be that you can't do it, I've told you many times (how to do it)! \pso ¡Quétanto que no lo puedes hacer, ya muchas veces te lo dije (como hacerlo)! \pno ¡Ke:mechih taya:hkón xtitlakaki! \peo How can it be that difficult for you to understand? \pso ¡Quétanto asíno entiendes! \cfa tlakwa:w \xrb tlakwa: \spko ¡quétanto! \nae The Oapan pronunciation is [ki:míchitlakwa:y] (final /w/ becomes a palatal fricative). Given that this is written as two words the final /h/ of <no>ke:michih</no> is written. However, when in non-phrase final position the reflex of {h} is pitch accent (much as it is for the plural marker /h/). Both they etymology and meaning of <na>ki:michih</na> or <no>ke:michih</no> are unclear. In all documented accounts the sequence of utterence is <na>ki:michih tlakwa:w</na>. At first I had written this <na>kimich i:tlakwa:w</na>, but this seems to be an error. The final element is clearly <na>tlakwa:w</na>, a lexeme that from other contexts (e.g., <na>sa: tlakwa:w</na>) begins with /tl/ and not /i/. Thus it would seem that the /i/ is the final syllable of the first word in this sequence, or perhaps a separate element. However, in the literacy workshop of September 2001 on a recording of Leopoldo Mauricio, the word <no>ke:michih</no> appeared, which was written this way by his son Roberto. Later, speake rs did give <no>ke:michih</no> as a word, pronouncing it as such. Since <no>tlakwa:w</no> is already documented, this suggests a division <no>ke:michih tlakwa:w</no>. Finally, note that in Classical Nahuatl <n>quemmach</n> is found. Molina, for example, has <n>quemmach?</n> 'como es posible? uel. es posible?' He also has <n>quemmach in tiyolquimil?</n> que rudo que eres? Note also the refrain <na>ki:michih tlakwa:w ma:s tihombre?</na> in the Carnival song <na>To:naltsi:ntli</na>. Note that the final /h/ is written given that when pronounced alone by Oapan consultants, there was a final /h/ in <no>ke:michih</no>. \qry Check to see if this can be used without /kimich/ and check distinction /kimich/ vs. /kemech/. This might simply be /tlakwa:w/ as recorded in classical documents. Cf. and determine the difference or relationship among /tlakwa:w/, /itlakwa:w/ and /itlakwahli/. Check vowel length on all. Work still has to be done on the meaning of this phrase, but FM always translated it as, for instance /kemich itlakwaw xtihkaki, miakpa yo:nimitsihlih/"quétanto no escuchas, ya muchas veces te lo he dicho."Note that in a tape of Leopoldo Mauricio the word /ke:michih/ appeared, which was written as such by Roberto, his son. Later, speakers did give /ke:michih/ as a word; this is in accord with other information, such as that accorded by the phrase /sa: tlakwa:w/, which suggests that /tlakwa:w/ is a separate word. \vl Cf. if /a:/ is long as recorded or not. \ref 01209 \lxa derroblante:roh \lxac derroblante:roh \lxo rroblante:roh \lxoc rroblante:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan derrobar (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao percussionist of a small drum \ssao baterista de tambor chiquito \nse The drum is like that used by village <na>músicos</na> or that which is used in the <na>comisaría</na>. \ref 01210 \lxa sa:sa:ne:lwia \lxac kisa:sa:ne:lwia \lxo sa:sa:ni:lwia \lxof [sa: sa: ni:l 'wi ya] \lxoc kisa:sa:ni:lwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \seao to tell a riddle to; to challenge with riddles \ssao relatar o decir adivinanzas a \pna Timitssa:sa:ne:lwi:s, xtikne:xti:s. \pea I'm going to tell you a riddle, you won't guess it (the answer). \psa Te voy a relatar una adivinanza, no lo vas a solucionar. \se to rope (the legs of a beast of burden or cattle) by placing a lasso on a path (and then scaring the animal to walk through it) \ss lanzar (las piernas de una bestia) al dejar una riata con lazada por el suelo (y espantar el animal para que pase por ahí) \xrb sa:ne:l \ref 01211 \lxa mikia:n \lxac i:mikia:n \lxo mikia:n \lxoa mikia:h \lxop mikia:n \lxoc i:mikia:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \se lethal spot on the body of (person marked as possessor) \ss un punto de muerto en el cuerpo de (el que se marca como poseedor) \pna Yewa tomikia:n. \pea That is a deadly point on the human body. \psa Es un punto fatal en el cuerpo humano. \pna O:tiktla:lilih me:roh ipanimikia:n. \pea You landed it right on a deadly point of its body (e.g., in stabbing an ox, in punching sb). \psa Le diste en el mero punto para matarlo (p. ej., en meter un cuchillo a un buey, en golpear a algn). \xrb miki \xrl -ya:n \nse The term <na>mikia:n</na> refers to a spot that, when hit, results in death: solar plexus, head, genitals, etc. Note that in Ameyaltepec it is the first syllable that is stressed in this disyllabic word: ['mi kya:n]. \qry Check to make sure this is /mikia:n/ and not /mikia/. \ref 01212 \lxa melo:nyo:hli \lxac melo:nyo:hli \lxo melo:yo:hli \lxoc melo:yo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>melón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao melon seeds \ssao semillas de melón \sem plant \sem part \xrb yo:l \grm Oapan phonology: Note n>0 in this word-internal context. \ref 01213 \lxa e:waltia \lxac ke:waltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to begin (a job, chore, etc.) \ssa comenzar (un trabajo, tarea, etc.) \pna Saniman ke:waltia, pe:wa tekiti. \pea He begins it right away, he starts to work. \psa Luego lo empieza, comienza a trabajar. \syna pe:waltia \syno pe:waltia \xrb e:wa \xvba e:wa \dis pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia \nse The difference between <na>e:waltia</na> and <nla>pe:waltia</nla> is not altogether clear, and they might well be virtually synonymous. My impression, however, is that the latter is more common, though this will have to be checked for specifically. \qry The difference between /pe:waltia/ and /e:waltia/ needs to be determined. These two seem synonymous to me; /e:wi:tia/ might be slightly distinct, though one of the senses seems also equivalent to the former two. \ref 01214 \lxa po:cho:tl \lxac po:cho:tl \lxo po:cho:tl \lxoc po:cho:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao generic name of group of trees that includes both the <na>po:cho:tl</na> and the <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> \ssao nombre genérico de un grupo deárboles que incluye el <na>po:cho:tl</na> mismo y el <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> \se <l>Ceiba sp.</l> Mill., tree of the Bombacaceae family known in Spanish as <spn>pochote</spn> \ss <l>Ceiba sp.</l> Mill.,árbol de la familia Bombacaceae conocida como pochote \pna Po:cho:tl | Kitekin para ichkatl. Bwe:noh para yugoh, no: weli para mori:yoh, timó:n. \pea <na>Po:cho:tl</na> : They pick cotton from it. It (i.e., its wood) is good for a yoke, it can also be used for beams, and for the beam of a plow. \psa <na>Po:cho:tl</na> : Lo cortan (su fruta) para algodón. Es (su madera) bueno para yugos, también puede usarse para morillos, para timón (de un arado). \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao po:cho:kohtli \xrb po:cho: \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family <i>Bombacaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Ceiba pentondra</i>. Schoenhals (1988) has an extended discussion of the pochote:"1. Various trees of the Fam. Bombaceae. 2. (<i>Pachira aquatica</i>) 'pachira', 'water sapote', 'guiaana chestnut'. See apompo. 3. (<i>Ceiba</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. pentandra</i>) 'ceiba', 'kapok tree', See ceiba. 4. (<i>Bombax</i> spp. e.g., <i>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'clavellina', 'bombax', 'shaving brush tree', 'silk cotton tree' See clavellina. 5. (<i>Cochlospermum vitifolium</i>) 'buttercup tree', 'wild cotton', 'cotton tree' See pongolote."Under the additional entries referred to:"Apompo 1. (<i>Cochlospermum vitifolium</i>) 'cotton tree,' 'buttercup tree,' wild cotton.' See pongolote. 2. (<i>Pachira aquatica</i>) 'pachira,' 'water sapote,' 'guiana chestnut.' Grows long rivers. When ripe, fruit splits with a noise like a thunderclap. Also called pachira, pochote, zapote bobo, zapote de agua, zapote rev entador, zapotón."And under ceiba:"1. (<i>Ceiba</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. pentandra</i>) 'ceiba,' kapok tree.' Fluffy white cotton comes from the pods. This is the national tree of Guatemala and was sacred to the ancient Maya. Also called cabellito deángel, pochote."Under clavellina:"1. (<i>Bombax</i> spp. e.g., <i>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'bombax,' shaving brush tree,' silk cotton tree.' The tree bears its flowers, giant pink or white masses of brush-like stamens, on naked branches. Also called altayata, amapola, amapola colorada, cabellos deángel, coquito, cuajilote, jilosúchil, lele, pochote, pongolote, sospó, titilamate."Finally, under pongolote:"1. (<i>Cochlospermum vitifolium</i>) 'cotton tree,' buttercup tree,' 'wild cotton.' Produces fiber valued by the ancient Mexicans. A 30' tree with large, poppy-like yello flowers in spring. Branches will root and are used for hedges. Also called algodón silvestre, apompo, madera de pasta, palo amarillo, panuco, pochote, pom posúchitl, pumpunsuchi, tecomasúchil. 2. (<i>Bombax</i> spp., e.g., <i>B. ellpiticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree.' See clavellina."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:162-63) mention two types of pochotes, both of the <i>Bombacaceae</i> family. One (p. 162) is the <spn>pochote de aguas</spn> or <spn>tepesenpocho</spn> and of the genus/species <i>Ceiba aesculifolia</i> ; the other is the <spn>pochote de secas</spn> and of the genus/species <i>Ceiba parvifoia</i>. It is probably this second one that is the one matching the <na>po:cho:tl</na> of the Balsas region. \ncx po:cho:tl; xo:panpo:cho:tl \nct kohtli; po:cho:tl \ref 01215 \lxa yesa:tl \lxac yesa:tl \lxo yesa:tl \lxoc yesa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao liquidy blood (such as that which forms inside of blisters, but not blood mixed with pus) \ssao sangre con líquido (como el que se forma dentro de ampollas, pero no sangre mezclada con pus) \pna San yesa:tl, xchi:chi:ltik. \pea It's just liquidy blood, it isn't red. \psa Solamente es sangre con líquido, no es rojo. \xrb yes \xrb a: \ref 01216 \lxa wekapanilia \lxac kwekapanilia \lxo wákapanília \lxop wakapanilia \lxoc kiwákapanília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to make higher (e.g., a wall or fence) \ssao hacer más alto (p. ej., una pared o cerca) \pna Xkwepanili, ti:roh tla:ltech motepa:n! \pea Make it higher, your wall is really low! \psa ¡Hazlo más alto, tu pared está muy bajo! \xrb wehka \xrl -pan \qry Check Am form: is it really /kwepanilia/ or does one find /kiwekapanilia/. \vl Check pitch-accent contour here. It would be unusual if the accent did not go onto the prefix. \grmx The fact that pitch accent does not shift left in /kiwákapanília/ provides additional support to the thesis that the primary locus of high pitch is the nucleus of the syllable with coda {h}. Although research should be continued, it seems that both 4- and 5-syllable pitch-accented transitive verbs maintain pitch on the nucleus before {h}. Thus the main context for reassignment concerns cases of 4-syllable words or smaller words that form an intonational phrase such as /i:páyekó/. Compound words are also somewhat problematical, as evidenced in the discussion of words like /kwitlátlayéhli/ and /tamaláyotlí/. Also problematical are multi-pitch-accented words. Problematic cases are /tlakwátasí/ and similar forms. Also problematic are cases in which no clear motive for pitch accent is present, such as occurs with the bird names /tsí:ntlaxkál/ and /té:ntétl/. In at least one case, the latter, there was variation in the pro nunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, with one con sultant pronouncing this word with no pitch accent. \ref 01217 \lxa tekpa:na \lxac kitekpa:na \lxo tehpa:na \lxoc kitehpa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \seao to place in a row or line \ssao poner en fila; alinear \pna Xtekpa:na tetl! \pea Place the stones in a row (or, less commonly, to place them one on top of another in a stack)! \psa ¡Coloca las piedras en fila (o, menos común, colocarlas una sobre otra)! \pna Xtekpa:na moalumnos! \pea Make your students get in line! \psa ¡Pon a tus alumnos en fila! \pna Xmotekpa:naka:n! \pea Get in line! \psa ¡Pónganse en fila! \pna Notekpa:ntiweh. \pea They are going along in a line (e.g., people, or animals such as goats, chickens, etc.). \psa Van yendo en fila (p. ej., gente, o animales como chivos, gallinas, etc.). \pna Na:nika xkintekpa:na un nito:tikeh! Ye pe:was nito:ti:skeh. \pea Place those dancers in a line that comes over this way! They are about to start dancing. \psa ¡Coloca a los danzantes en una línea que viene hacia acá! Van a empezar a bailar. \se to stack (e.g., dishes placed one on top of the other) \ss apilar (p. ej., platos puestos uno sobre el otro) \se (pl. recipr.) to alight on the ground (birds such as <spn>huilotas</spn>) \ss (pl. refl.) posar sobre la tierra (pájaros como huilotas) \pna O:notekpa:nkeh puroh wi:lo:meh. \pea Just huilotas have alighted on the ground (i.e., as they eat). \psa Puras huilotas se posaron sobre la tierra (p. ej., al comer). \xrb tekpa: \dis wi:pa:na; tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia \nse The reflexive use of this word has been documented only in the plural, as it refers to several individuals (or birds, as in one illustrative sentence) lining up or going along in a line. Note also that <na>tekpa:na</na> generally refers to the placement of things in a horizontal row, in line. However, it may also signify (but is more rarely so employed) to indicate a vertical stacking of objects. \qry For /tekpa:ntok/ I have the definition of 'set in a stack' (as dishes). Check to see if /tekpa:na/ can refer to placing things one on top of the other, of piling things up in a stack. Note that there is no intransitive; apparently the reflexive might have an anticausative sense \qry The meaning of /notekpa:na/ is the defintion '(refl.) to alight on the ground (birds such as <spn>huilotas</spn>)' is unclear. My notes state taht thy are not really lined up in a line, but just scattered on the ground eating. Check this use and possible other cases in which /notekpa:na/ is used to refer to birds eating on the ground. Why /tekpa:na/ and not another verb that doesn't imply 'line.' \rt The root <na>tekpa:n</na> seems to have the element <n>te-</n> 'stone' in it, perhpas added to a root <na>pa:na</na>. There are other words ending in <na>pa:na</na> that also seem to refer to actions of setting something in place (e.g., <nla>wi:pa:na</nla>). \ref 01218 \lxa te:mowa \lxac kitete:mowa \lxo te:mowa \lxoc kí:te:mówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se (with short vowel reduplication) to look for; to search for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) buscar \pna O:nitlakwe:xtilih, wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. \pea I looked all over and what I was searching for wasn't there. \psa Mirépor todos lados y lo que yo estaba buscando no se encontraba. \pna O:kitete:mo:to iwa:kax. \pea He went to look for his cow (or bull, steer, etc.; see <nlao>tlate:mowa</nlao>) \psa Fue a buscar a su vaca (o toro, becerro, etc.; vé ase <nlao>tlate:mowa</nlao>) \pna Ke:n o:timistete:moh! Xtimitsne:xtia:ya. \pea How I looked for you! I couldn't find you. \psa ¡Quétanto te busqué! No te podía encontrar. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to miss \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) extrañar \pna Kitete:mowa isuwa:w. \pea He misses his wife. \psa Extraña a su esposa. \xrb te:m-2- \xv1ao tlate:mowa \nse The form <na>tlate:mowa</na> is interesting in that it is virtually the only occurrence of this verb in non-reduplicated form. Given the nature of the action of 'looking for,' <na>te:mowa</na> almost always occurs reduplicated with a short vowel. However, when the non-specific object prefix <n>tla-</n> is used in the sense of 'to look for animals' it is extremely common for the verb stem to occur without reduplication (often an extraverse directional is used, particularly if it is the speaker who is going out somewhere to look for his animals). \qry Check whether /kitete:mowa i:sowa:w/ is correct with this meaning, or whether it should be ?/kite:mowa i:sowa:w/. \mod For a discussion of the meaning of 'sabanear,' see Gram 1984-07-08.1. \grm Reduplication and transitivity: The form <na>tlate:mowa</na> is interesting in that it is virtually the only occurrence of this verb in non-reduplicated form. Given the nature of the action of 'looking for,' <na>te:mowa</na> almost always occurs in redupicated form. However, when the non-specific object prefix <n>tla-</n> is used in the sense of 'to look for animals' it is extremely common for the verb stem to not be reduplicated (often an extraverse directional is used, particularly if it is the speaker who is going out somewhere to look for his animals). \ref 01219 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /kochyoyoma/ that has been removed because of its offensive nature. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01220 \lxa tsonawatl \lxac tsonawatl \lxo tsónawátl \lxop tsonawatl \lxoc tsónawátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao ringworm \ssao tiña \pna O:kasik tsonawatl, kwa:tsotsoliwi. \pea He has gotten ringworm, his head is getting a bald spot on it. \psa Le dio tiña, se va quedando calvo. \se small pieces of recently cut hair that remain stuck on ones skin \ss pelitos de cabello recién cortado que se quedan encajados en la piel \xrb tson \xrb ahwa \nse One consultant mentioned that <na>tsonawatl</na> refers to ringworm and not to the little hairs that might remain after a haircut. However, it is said that if a person has a haircut and doesn't wash away the little hairs that stay behind, they will infect the scalp with <na>tsonawatl</na>. \nae Ameyaltepec Nahuatl looses underlying {h} in word-internal position. Thus the presence of absence of {h} closing the first syllable of <na>awatl</na> cannot be determined by information from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl alone, although the comparative data from Oapan suggests an underlying {h} that is reflected in pitch accent. Also, two Ameyaltepec speakers seemed to vary in regard to the length of the first /a/ of <na>awatl</na>. Gabriel de la Cruz pronounced the word in question as <na>tsona:watl</na>, whereas Luis Lucena definately had a short /a/. There are a few other words in which such a difference in vowel length has been noted. \qry Check both meanings of /tsonawatl/. \grm Vowel length: /ah/>/a:/: Ameyaltepec Nahuatl looses underlying {h} in word-internal position. Thus the presence of absence of {h} closing the first syllable of <na>awatl</na> cannot be determined by information from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl alone, although the comparative data from Oapan suggests an underlying {h} that is reflected in pitch accent. Also, two Ameyaltepec speakers seemed to vary in regard to the length of the first /a/ of <na>awatl</na>. Gabriel de la Cruz pronounced the word in question as <na>tsona:watl</na>, whereas Luis Lucena definately had a short /a/. There are a few other words in which such a difference in vowel length has been noted. \ref 01221 \lxa xo:kiá:k \lxaa xo:kwiá:k \lxac xo:kiá:k \lxo xó:kwiyá:k \lxoc xó:kwiyá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \se to have a certain strong smell (most often used to refer to fish, as well as blood and, less often, meat; it can also be used to refer to the smell of milk, either human or bovine) \ss tener un cierto olor fuerte (a menudo utilizado para describir el olor de pescado y también de sangre y, menos común, de carne; también se refiere a leche, sea bovina o humana) \se to be unbaptized (young babies, apparently in reference to the smell of a woman who has recently given birth and not yet bathed) \ss no estar bautizado (bebés, aparentemente por el olor de una mujer que recientemente dio a luz y todavía no se baña después del parto) \sem smell \xrb xok \xrb hya: \nse The use of <na>xokiá:k</na> to refer to unbaptized children apparently derives from the fact that the smell of women who have given birth but not yet bathed for the first time after birth (which usually occurs two weeks later) is described with the word <na>xokiá:k</na>. It would seem that young babies retain this smell, which is said to be cleansed at the time of baptism. \nae The etymology of <na>xokiá:k</na> is not completely clear. Several file cards had <na>xo:kyá:k</na> with the notation that this refers to the smells of meat, fish, eggs (even when not spoiled), blood, and a child with evil eye (<na>deke ki:xwian, tlai:xwi:hli</na>). It would seem that <na>xo:kya:k</na> is a variant pronunciation of <na>xo:kiá:k</na> but this needs to be checked. \nde Molina gives <n>xoquializtli</n> 'olor de piedraçufre, o de cosa assí.' For the same word RS gives 'fétido, desagradable, hedor.' In <n>xoquiyayaliztli</n>, with virtually the same definition, he gives the etymology as <n>xotl</n> ('pie, pierna') and <n>iyayaliztli</n>. This suggests that the labialization to /kw/ in Oapan is a recent development. \qry Check whether /xo:kiá:k/ and /xo:kyá:k/ are the same. Also check whether there is a separate word ?/xo:kwiá:k/. \mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Note that one file card records that /xo:kiá:k/ definitely has a long first vowel. I also mention that there is no glide in this and similar words. \ref 01222 \lxa ko:pi:lnenemi \lxac ko:pi:lnenemi \lxo ko:pí:lnenémi \lxop ko:pi:lnenemi \lxoc ko:pí:lnenémi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to walk slowly and with small steps \ss caminar despacio y con pasos pequeños \xrb ko:pi:l \xrb nemi \nae The absence of reduplication reduction in Oapan <no>ko:pí:lnenémi</no> is due to the lexicalization of <no>nénemí</no> with an unpredictable meaning 'to walk' (cf. <nlao>nemi</nlao> 'to live'). \grm Stem; incorporation; /iwi/: As in other cases (e.g., incorporated /koch/) here we seem to have a verbal stem fused to another, without the participial formation. Ask Michel about this. Cf. other coded S-V in the dictionary. Perhaps /iwi/ verbs do not have the /ka:/ participial marker. This seems to be the case in Balsas Nahuatl. \ref 01223 \lxa po:ktia \lxac po:ktia \lxo po:htia \lxoc po:htia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become sooty or blackened with soot \ss cubrirse o ennegrecerse de hollín \pna Xok chipa:wak, yo:po:ktiak. \pea It isn't clean anymore (in this case the bottom of a pot), it got covered with soot. \psa Ya no está limpia (en este caso la parte inferior de una olla), ya se ennegreciócon hollín. \xrb po:k \nse Both a <na>kuwi:xin</na> and <na>ko:lo:tl</na> when old can <na>po:ktia</na> : <na>Pa yaw se: ko:lo:tl, xkita asta yo:po:ktiak</na>. \dis po:kiowa; po:che:wi, etc. \qry Check for transitive form ?/po:ktilia/ \ref 01224 \lxa kochkamacha:lowa \lxac kochkamacha:lowa \lxo kochkamacha:lowa \lxoc kochkamacha:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to yawn \ss bostezar \xrb kochi \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \nae The valency of <nao>cha:lowa</nao> is not entirely certain given that it has only been documented with an incorporated noun. However, RS gives <n>chaloa</n> as transitive, and this information has been taken into consideration in glossing the basic verb of <nao>kochkamacha:lowa</nao> as transitive. \qry Check possible 'to make yawn' which should be /kochkamacha:lo:ltia:/. \vl Check vowel length of /a:/. \ref 01225 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /ano:nah/, which has been removed given that although used, it is the Spanish for /i:la:mah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01226 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:ltsapotl \lxocpend @xa:ltsapotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of zapote tree still not identified \sso tipo deárbol de zapote todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb xa:l \xrb tsapo \nct kohtli; tsapotl \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, this is identical to the <spn>a:no:na</spn> (Nahuatl <na>i:la:mah</na>), the Spanish borrowing often used in Ameyaltepec. Nevertheless, Silvestre Pantaleón did not know of this plant. \qry Check with other consultants and remove if not confirmed. \ref 01227 \lxa tlatsi:nkweptli \lxac tlatsi:nkweptli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(p) \sea type of cotton pants (<spn>calzón</spn>) previously worn, along with other types of <spn>calzones</spn>, in Ameyaltepec, Oapan, Ahuelicán, and San Juan Tetelcingo; the name of which refers to how it is cut, with pleats along the seat (as opposed to being smooth as in regular <spn>calzones</spn>) \ssa tipo de calzón (pantalón de manta) antes utilizado en Ameyaltepec, Oapan, Ahuelicán, and San Juan Tetelcingo, cuyo nombre hace referencia al las tablas o pliegues que tiene por la parte en medio (a diferencia de los calzones normales, que son lisos) \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwepa \encyctmp clothes (get all words referring to styles of calzones, and then also of dresses) \nse One consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, stated that <na>tlatsi:nkweptli</na> referred to objects, such as certain pencils, that could be used at both ends. However, he was the only person who offered this definition. \ref 01228 \lxa nelwatl \lxac i:nelwayo \lxo nelwatl \lxoc nelwatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao root (of a plant) \ssao raíz (de una planta) \pna...inelwayo mi:hli \pea... the root of a maize plant \psa... la raíz de una planta de maíz \pna Yewainelwayo. \pea It is its root. \psa Es su raíz. \se lineage (of); ancestors (of); roots (of one's family); offspring (of) \ss lineaje de; ancestros de; abolengo o raíz de (la familia de uno); descendientes de \pna Ne: San Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo -=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl-. Umpa nikomekatl. \pea My roots come from there in San Juan. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there. \psa Allá en San Juan, de allá viene mis raíces (mis ancestros). De allá soy descendiente. \pna Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo. \pea He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live). \psa Es parte de mi familia, es mi linaje (lit., 'es mi raíz, es mi enredadera'; se dice de un hijo que ha ido a otro pueblo para vivir). \sem plant \sem part \xrb nelwa \ono kinship \dis nelwatl; kuhnelwatl \nse Note that <na>nelwatl</na> can mean both ones ancestors and ones descendents, with the key factor being that the persons referred to are in a direct line. \qry Determine the difference in use of /komekatl/ and /nelwatl/ in reference to kinship relations. Check to see if /nelwayo:tl/ is a word. \mod For /inelwayo mi:hli/, see diagram with /mi:hli/. \grm Possession /-yo/: Note /Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo/ 'He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live).' In general note that terms referring to plant parts are possessed with /-yo/ (e.g., /i:xo:chio/, /i:nelwayo/, /i:xiwyo/, etc.). Also note that when such plant parts are verbalized, the /-yo/ is maintained: /xiwyoxi:ni/ 'to have leaves fall off (of tree [S])'. Note also that there seems to be a pattern that when plant parts are used to express human relations the /-yo/ is maintained; when human body parts are used to expressed relations of a plant to its part the /-yo/ is not used. Thus /-ma/ seems to be basically interpretable as primarily referring to 'hand' and is extended to trees to mean 'branches.' In reference to trees it is used in various verbalizations with related meanings: /mayowa/ 'to become 'branchy', etc. Also discuss here how 'yo:tia' is used as a verbalization pattern meaning 'to place NOUN as partof OBJECT' (ki:xteyo:ti:s me:stli) \ref 01229 \lxa solo:naltia \lxac kisolo:naltia \lxo solo:naltia \lxoc kisolo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \sea to rev an engine (of a motor vehicle; see <nlo>kokomotsa</nlo>) \ssa accelerar el motor (de un vehículo; vé ase <nlo>kokomotsa</nlo>) \pna Kisolona:ltia iko:cheh. \pea He revs up (or quickly accelarates) his car. \psa Accelera rápidamente su coche. \seo (~ <no>a:tl</no>) to cause rapids to form in the water (e.g., by placing a rock in running water) \sso (~ <no>a:tl</no>) causar la formación de rápidos en agua (p. ej., al colocar una piedra en agua corriente) \xrb solo: \xvba solo:ni \nse In regard to the use of <no>solo:naltia</no> in Oapan to indicate the action of placing a rock in running water to create rapids, note that <nlo>a:solo:nka:n</nlo> is used in Oapan to indicate rapids. \qry Check to see to what else this word can refer; in general it seems to indicate causing a certain rushing sound to be made by something. \ref 01230 \lxa mi:te:ka \lxaa mi:te:ka \lxac mi:te:ka \lxo mi:te:ka \lxoa mi:te:katl \lxoc mi:te:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of insect, still not identified, that eats plant leaves and flowers such as squash, chile, etc.; it is particularly fond of the flowers of the vine known in Oapan as <nbo>xino:lah komekatl</nbo> \ss tipo de insecto, todavía no identificado, que se come las hojas y flores de plantas como calabaza, chile, etc., y que en particular gusta de la flor de la enredadera conocida en Oapan como <nbo>xino:lah komekatl</nbo> \pna Mi:te:ka | Nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh. \pea <na>Mi:te:ka</na> : It lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They (these insects) are somewhat reddish. \psa <na>Mi:te:ka</na> : Vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son (estos insectos) algo rojizos. \xrb mi:te: \sem animal \sem insect \nae The etymology of <na>mi:te:ka</na> is unclear, and for this reason the root has been left unanalyzed. \nse It is found on <nbo>sakapahli</nbo> and on <nbo>me:me:ya</nbo>. \ilustmp There is a photo of this insect eating the inside of the /xinolakomekatl/ flower. Put this link in. \qry Check etymology; perhaps consultants have an idea. Also recheck for final /h/. \vl Check length of final /a/, perhaps long as in /yo:lka:tl/. \ref 01231 \lxa suwa:miki \lxac suwa:miki \lxo siwa:miki \lxoc siwa:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran Check for transitive; none documented to date \infv class-3a(k) \seao to lose a wife through death \ssao perder una esposa por su muerte \xrb sowa: \xrb miki \grm Possessor raising: Note the case of /sowa:miki/. \ref 01232 \lxa te:maxtike:tl \lxac te:maxtike:tl \lxo te:máxtiké:tl \lxop te:maxtike:tl \lxoc te:máxtiké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao teacher; schoolmaster \ssao maestro (de escuela) \xrb mati \nae As with many agentives the <n>-ki</n> form, * <na>te:maxtiki</na>, is not acceptable. \ref 01233 \lxa koyo:na:wahli \lxac koyo:na:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea to have a coyote as a <na>nahual</na> \ssa tener un coyote como nahual \xrb koyo: \xrb na:wa \qry Check other compounds of N+na:wahli. \rt Probably /na:wahli/ is derived from the verb root /na:wa-ti/ 'to make a sound'. However, this should be checked as should the general words with this base. \ref 01234 \lxa chi:lsolo:tl \lxac chi:lsolo:tl \lxo chi:lsolo:tl \lxoc chi:lsolo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se chile that dries before becoming fully ripe and red \ss chile que se seca antes de que madure bien y antes de que se quede rojo \pna Xo:chika:w kwahli kwa:k o:kitehkeh, kipia istá:k, chi:lsolo:tl. \pea It hadn't gotten fully ripe when they picked it, it has white on it, it is <na>chi:lsolo:tl</na>. \psa No había madurado bien cuando lo cortaron, tiene algo de blanco, es <na>chi:lsolo:tl</na>. \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb chi:l \xrb solo: \nae The etymology or derivation of <nao>chi:lsolo:tl</nao> is uncertain. Note the <na>-o:tl</na> ending, which also occurs in other"green"produce of primary necessity: <na>yelo:tl</na>, <na>xilo:tl</na>, and <na>yexo:tl</na>. Among men <nao>chi:lsolo:tl</nao> may be used in a possessed form as a sexual reference to the penis. \nct chi:hli \qry Recheck term and elicit other types of chiles at different stages of growth. \ref 01235 \lxa tli:ltik \lxac tli:ltik \lxo tli:ltik \lxoc tli:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seao to be black \ssao ser negro \pna Tli:ltik tla:hli. \pea The earth is black. \psa La tierra es negra. \se to be dark (e.g., healthy dark-green corn plants toward the end of the rainy season) \ss ser oscuro (p. ej., la milpa que está creciendo bien a finales de la temporada de lluvia) \pna O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis. \pea The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain. \psa La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover. \se to be dark-skinned \ss tener la piel oscura \pna Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik. \pea I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun). \psa Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol). \sem color \xrb tli:l \nse The diminutive is used more in the sense of 'blackish,' or 'somewhat black.' <na>Tli:ltik</na> can be used for colors that are very dark, but may still be bright. Thus it has been documented in reference to the very dark green of corn plants at the end of a bountiful rainy season. In Oapan both <nao>tli:ltik</nao> and <no>tli:lihki</no> are used; the precise difference still needs to be determined. \ref 01236 \lxa we:lia \lxac we:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to become tasty; to become flavorful \ssa agarrar sabor; quedar sabroso \pna Xtla:li iwí:n na:nkah ye:rbah bwe:nah para we:lias tlakwahli! \pea Put this here mint in so that the food gets more tasty! \psa ¡échale esta yerba buena para que la comida agarre sabor! \xrb we:li \ref 01237 \lxa se:xihpolowa \lxac nose:xihpolowa \lxo se:xihpolowa \lxoc nose:xihpolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [Num-N]-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Documented to date only in the reflexive \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to loose or miss an anniversary (i.e., sth that occurs once a year, such as the fiesta of a patron saint) \ss (refl.) perder un aniversario (esto es, algo que sucede cada año, como una fiesta patronal) \pna Ma:ka nose:xihpolo:s! \pea Don't let him miss a year (e.g., one year of an annual fiesta, etc.)! \psa ¡Quéno pierda un año (esto es, un año de una fiesta anual, etc.)! \xrb se: \xrb xiw \xrb pol \qry Determine whether other numerals can be used with this form, e.g., ?o:mesixpolowa. Also determine the precise meaning of /se:xiwpolowa/. It is not clear from the above example what exactly is"lost."Apparently there is a separate subject that"looses"the anniversary. Thus the form /nimose:xiwpolowa/ seems also correct, though the precise meaning is not clear. That is, it is not clear if the person missed the anniversary, or if the anniversary was not celebrated for one reason or another. This should be checked. \ref 01238 \lxa garaba:nsoh \lxaa araba:nsoh \lxac araba:nsoh \lxo garaba:nsoh \lxoc garaba:nsoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan garbanzo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se chick-pea; garbanzo \ss garbanzo \sem plant \sem domesticated \ref 01239 \lxa po:ki \lxac po:ki \lxo po:ki \lxoc po:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \tran Specific object only \infv class-4a(oni) \se to smoke (e.g., a cigarrette, cigar, pipe, etc.) \ss fumar (p. ej., un cigarro, puro, pipa, etc.) \pna Tipo:ki:ni. \pea You smoke a lot (or, 'You have smoked'). \psa Fumas (o, 'Has fumado'). \pna Kipo:ki:s. \pea He will smoke it (e.g., particular cigarrette or item). \psa Lo va a fumar (esto es, un cigarro en particular, u otra cosa específica). \xrb po:k \xrb i: \xvca po:ki:tia \qry Note that like other such verbs, this one can only take a specific object. I would imagine, this should be checked, that such a form would be /kipo:ki:ni mariwa:nah/. Check. \ref 01240 \lxa xoloche:wi \lxac xoloche:wi \lxo xoloche:wi \lxoc xoloche:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bunched up (e.g., pants too big that are pulled tight by a belt) \ss fruncirse; arrugarse (p. ej., pantalones que quedan grandes al apretarse con un cinturón) \equivao xolochiwi \xrb xoloch \qry Recheck that both /xolochiwi/ and /xoloche:wi/ are correct. Check for any possible difference. Also, determine all possible subjects and objects of this/these verbs. \ref 01241 \lxa tsi:nki:sa \lxac tsi:nki:sa \lxo tsi:nki:sa \lxoc tsi:nki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao to move backward \ssao mover hacia o hacerse para atrás \pna Bwe:noh, wel tsi:nki:sa. \pea It is good (in this case a horse), it can move backward. \psa Es bueno (en este caso un caballo), puede hacerse para atrás. \se to back off (e.g, from a task or chore, from an obligation); to go back or renege on an obligation or promise \ss hacerse para atrás (en cuanto a una tarea u obligación); renegar de un compromiso o promesa \pna Saniman tsi:nki:sa, xkaman kichi:wa tli:n kitowa. \pea He backs off right away (e.g., from an obligation), he never does what he says. \psa Luego luego se echa atrás (p. ej., de una obligación), nunca hace lo que dice. \se to become backlogged; to fall behind (e.g., ones work) \ss atrasarse (p. ej., en el trabajo) \pna O:tsi:nki:s notekiw, xok o:niah. \pea My work got backlogged, I no longer went. \psa Me atrasé en mi trabajo, ya no fui. \seo (with the directional prefix <nao>wa:l-</nao>) to come close \sso (con prefijo direccional <nao>wa:l-</nao>) arrimarse \pno ¡Na:nika xwa:htsi:nki:sa! \peo ¡Come over here! \pso ¡Arrímate para acá! \xrb tsi:n \xrb ki:sa \xvcao tsi:nki:xtia \nse In Oapan the terms <no>tsi:nki:sa</no> is used with an intraverse directional prefix to indicate movement of the subject toward a point of reference. During fiestas or parties the form <no>xtsi:nki:sa</no> is also occasionally used to indicate 'Come close (i.e., to the table to eat)!' \qry Check correctness of definition 'to become backlogged; to fall behind (e.g., ones work)' and phrase 'O:tsi:nki:s notekiw, xok o:niah.' \ref 01242 \lxa welita \lxac kwelita \lxo welita \lxoc kwelita \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular; see <nlao>ita</nlao> \seao to like (the looks of [O]) \ssao gustarle a (la apariencia de algo [O]) \pna O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw? \pea He (in this case a husband) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"If I don't will your lover like the way you look?" \psa él (en este caso el esposo) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Si no (lo hago) le gustarías a tu amante?" \pna Ke:san timitswelita! Timanaskeh pa:mpa ke:san tikwaltsi:n! \pea Oh how I like your looks! We are going to get married because you are a real knock-out! \psa ¡Quétanto me gustas!¡Nos vamos a casar porque eres una belleza! \se to find enjoyable (e.g., a given task) \ss disfrutar de (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea) \pna Xkwelita tekitl, tlatski. \pea He doesn't like work, he is lazy. \psa No le gusta el trabajo, es flojo. \xrb wel \xrb ita \xvaao welitilia \xv1ao tlawelita \ref 01243 \lxa yekastiw \lxac yekastiw \lxo yekastiw \lxoc yekastiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-asp \der V1-b \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \seao to go along leading the way (either in a physical plane or metaphorically) \ssao ir yendo primero, en la punta (o en el aspecto físico o metáforicamente) \pna Tiaweh! Timistokas, xyekastiw. \pea Let's go! I'll follow you, go along in the lead! \psa ¡Vámonos! Yo te sigo,¡vete como puntero! \xrb yeka \mod Perhaps change 'asp' in /aff field and encode this information in the /com field. \ref 01244 \lxa ye:kma:wia \lxac kiye:kma:wia \lxo ye:hma:wia \lxof [ye:h ma: 'wi ya] \lxoc kiye:hma:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones right hand \ssa hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano derecha \pna Xikye:kma:wi! \pea Do it with your right hand! \psa ¡Hazlo con la mano derecha! \seo to hit lightly with ones right hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad) \sso golpear ligeramente con la mano derecha (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar) \cfa ma:pochwia \xrb ye:k \xrb ma: \ref 01245 \lxa kakisti \lxac kakisti \lxo kakisti \lxoc kakisti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to be audible; to be able to be heard; to make a sound \ss ser audible; poderse oir; escucharse \pna Xkwahli kakisti. \pea It doesn't sound good (e.g., a radio, sound over a loudspeaker, etc.) \psa No se oye bien (p. ej., un radio, sonido transmitido por una altavoz, etc.) \pna Tla: xkakisti, xmopepecho! \pea If it isn't audible, come closer! \psa ¡Si no se oye, acércate! \se to become known (a rumor, fact, situation) \ss llegar a saberse (un rumor, un hecho o situación) \pna O:pe:w kakisti tite:kakaya:wa. \pea It's started to become known that you trick people. \psa Empezó a saberse que engañas a la gente. \xrb kaki \xvca kakistilia \qry Check existence of nominal form /kakistli/, since the verb form suggests denominalization. Determine the meanings of /kakisti/ with various directionals. \grm Make sure to include these types of derivations in the grammar: /machisti/, /kakisti/... check to see if any others exist. \ref 01246 \lxanotes zzz \mod This word has been deleted as a duplicate of 6532, /kexi:l/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl This record has been deleted as a duplicate of 6532; tag words here as 6532 but use the words recorded at 6532 (not those from 1246) as linked to the headword. \ref 01247 \lxa kwelpachiwi \lxac kwelpachiwi \lxo kwelpachiwi \lxoc kwelpachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent or doubled over; to sag (e.g., a plant that is either laden with fruit or drying up and wilting); to buckle (e.g., a pole under a great weight) \ss encorvarse; doblarse; combarse (p. ej., una planta cargada con fruta, o sufriendo por falta de agua); combarse (p. ej., un poste bajo un peso grande) \pna Meláyo:yetí:yak ika itla:kihlo, yo:kwelpachiw. \pea It has really gotten overladen with fruit (a tree), it's branches have sagged down. \psa De veras está sobrecargada con su fruta (unárbol), ya se combó(del peso de la fruta). \pna O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi. \pea I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are already drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained. \psa Pasépor allíal venir, ya se doblótu milpa. Ya se está secando, ya hace mucho tiempo que no llueve. \pna Yo:kwelpachiw un kabe:sah. Xchika:wak, yema:nka:kohtli, yo:no:liw. \pea That housebeam buckled. It wasn't strong, it was soft wood, it became bent (under the weight it had to support). \psa Esa viga (cabesa) se combó. No era fuerte, era madera blanda, se dobló(bajo el peso que sostenía). \xrb kwel \xrb pach \nae One also has the forms, in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan, <nao>kwelpache:wi</nao>. \grm Note directional: /O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi/ 'I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained.' \ref 01248 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was simply the letter /d/ in the /lxa field, with no other information or data. It might be an error, or perhaps the entry was mistakenly erased. Check the DAT for this entry. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 01249 \lxa xi:hla:nkana:hka:n \lxac i:xi:hla:nkana:hka:n \lxo xi:hla:nkana:hka:n \lxoa xi:hla:nkana:hka:h \lxoc i:xi:hla:nkana:hka:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ka:n \infn N2 \seao flank where it goes in slightly above the waist (the side of an animal's body just below the lowest ribs where the torso goes in slightly) \ssao parte del costado o flanco justamente arriba de la cintura (la parte del torso inmediatamente abajo de las costillas, donde naturalmente el cuerpo se sume un poco) \sem body \xrb xi:lla:n \xrb kana: \xrl -ka:n \vl See note under /xi:hlan/. \ref 01250 \lxa nekwilowa \lxac kinekwilowa \lxo nekwilowa \lxoc kinekwilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to pull to one side to make crooked (e.g., the neck of a head of cattle to be slaughtered) \ss jalar a un lado dejándolo chueco (p. ej., el cuello de un buey a ser matado) \cfa kechnekwilowa \xrb nekwil \dis patilowa; no:lowa; tolowa; etc. \ref 01251 \lxa itowa \lxac kitowa \lxo ítowá \lxop itowa \lxoa ito' \lxoc kítowá; n'ítowá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to say (a particular word) \ss decir (una palabra en particular) \pna O:kitoh"a:man"ma:ka"a:xkan"! \pea He said" <n>a:man</n> not" <n>a:xkan</n> !" \psa Dijo" <n>a:man</n> not" <n>a:xkan</n> !" \pna Xtlah o:nikitoh. \pea I didn't say anything. \psa No dije nada. \seao (~ + [sentential complement]) to say that [sentential complement] \ssao (~ + [complemento sentencial]) decir que [complemento sentencial] \pna O:kitoh mo:stla wa:hla:s ikone:w. \pea He said that his child would come tomorrow. \psa Dijo que su hijo iba a venir mañana. \se to decide or arrange (e.g., that sth should be done); to give the word that \ss decidir o arreglar (p. ej., que algo se debe hacer); dar la palabra para que \pna Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas. Newa ne:chkakin. \pea I will arrange it so that you take someone's place. They listen to me. \psa Yo me las arreglarépara que remplaces a alguien. A míme escuchan. \se (refl.) to talk about oneself (e.g., of sth one has done) \ss (refl.) hablar de si mismo (p. ej., de algo que ha hecho) \se (with directional prefix) to send word \ss (con prefijo direccional) mandar decir \pna Ihkón, ke:n otikonitoh. \pea In that way, just like you had sent word. \psa De esa manera, como lo mandaste decir. \pna O:nikonitoh se: tlato:hli, o:me tlato:hli. O:nikonitoh ipan ka:rtah. \pea I sent a word or two. I sent word about it in a letter. \psa Mandédecir una o dos palabras. Lo mandédecir en una carta. \sem communicate \xrb hto \xv1a tlatowa \xv1o tlátowá \cfa kitowa \nae In Oapan with 1st- and 2nd-person subject prefixes the overt manifestation of a 3rd-person object pronoun is lost: <no>n'itowá</no>, <no>t'itowá</no>, etc. Note that the reflexive is <no>nótó:s</no>. If there is a lengthening of the /i/ in forms such as <no>nítowá</no>, this is probably because of the pitch accent and lengthening to compensate for a drop at the end of the first syllable. Orthographically these forms are written as <no>n'ítowá</no>. For a discussion, see the entry under <nlo>ilka:wa</nlo>. Note also that sometimes a reduplicated form is used. But apparently, this reduplication, which lengthens the first vowel, does not permit the deletion of /k/. Thus one has <no>nikí:towá</no> 'I say it (many times).' Note also that the elision of the 3rd-person object blocks the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus one final <no>n'itowa</no> but if the reduplicant occurs, then one has <no>nikí:towá</no>. \vl Note that in the next recording session record as minimal pair: /ní:towá/ 'I say it' and /nítowá/ 'it is said.' \grm In /itowa/ one can find /tlatlatowa/ and /tla:tlatowa/. It will be important to determine how many words allow this type of reduplication. Also, it will be important to determine whether in such cases the /tla-/ for should be considered and thus be given a separate entry. Note also how certain verbs of saying/hearing seem to use the long vowel reduplication in a negative sense: /ka:kaki:tia/, /tla:tlatowa/, etc. Make sure that the negative implication is part of the meaning of these reduplicative forms. It seems, moreover, that with /itowa/ and /kaki/ the long vowel reduplication takes place on the stem when there is a specific object (/ki:itowa/) but on the prefix /tla-/ when that is used: /tla:tlatowa/. This may, however, be related to the fact that the /i/ is lost. Cf. /kwa/ where one has, apparently, /tla:tlakwa/ and /tlakwa:kwa/. Check the difference among these. \grmx Oapan phonology: In Oapan with 1st and 2nd person subjects the overt manifestation of the object is lost and the resulting double vowel /ii/ is usually realized as a single lengthened vowel (with high pitch given the presence of {h} at the beginning of the verb stem. Thus one finds <no>ní:towá</no>, <no>tí:towá</no>, etc. Consultants in Oapan agreed that there is a difference between forms such as <no>ní:tó:s</no> 'I will say it' and <no>nító:s</no> 'it will be said (e.g., during a village meeting).' The first vowel seemed short in the second form and the final stress much more pronounced. \ref 01252 \lxa ga:rsah \lxaa a:rsah \lxac ga:rsah \lxo a:rsah \lxoc a:rsah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan garza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>arsa:meh</na>, <no>ársá:meh</no> \seao type of grey-colored heron, with a long neck extended as it flies; of the family Ardeidae (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb) \ssao tipo de garza gris, con un cuello largo que se extiende al volar; de la familia Ardeidae (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb) \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: cf. Pl. 1 \equivo áxoké:n \sem animal \sem bird \nse The <na>a:rsah</na> is not classified as a <na>to:to:tl</na>. It is about the size of a chicken, and of a <na>tekwitlanextik</na> color. It is apparently the same as Oapan <nlo>a:sta:tl</nlo>. \nct No overt category. \qry Check to see if the /a:rsah/ is the same as the /a:sta:tl/. Check plural form in Oapan; is p-a OK. \ref 01253 \lxa tli:lwi:teki \lxac kitli:lwi:teki \lxo tli:lwi:teki \lxoc kitli:lwi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to paint an outline in black on (e.g, on an amate, ceramics, etc.) \ssao trazar figuras de un diseño en negro (p. ej., sobre un amate, cerámica, etc.) \cfao tsakwa \xrb tli:l \xrb wi:teki \ono amate \ref 01254 \lxa tsi:kate:ntli \lxac tsi:kate:ntli \lxo tsi:yate:ntli \lxoc tsi:yate:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seao hole in the ground through which the ants known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla> emerge \ssao agujero en la tierra de donde salen las hormigas conocidas como <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \syna i:te:n tsi:katl \syno i:te:nko tsi:katl \syno tsi:yate:nko \xrb tsi:ka \xrb te:n \cfao te:ntli \nae According to some consultants this refers only to the hole in the ground where the ants pass in and out. However, other speakers mentioned that <na>tsi:kate:ntli</na> refers as well to the area around the hole where all the small plants have been eaten and destroyed. \qry Check whether /a:skate:ntli/ and /ma:kokote:ntli/ are also correct; cf. /te:ntli/. Get a list of all animal homes. \grm Oapan phonology: Note k>y /V___ a This can be found here, and in other words as such. Note also forms such as /yéye:ka tómatl/ (p-a correct) and /í:yatómatl/. \ref 01255 \lxa koto:nchikipe:l \lxac koto:nchikipe:l \lxo koto:nchikipe:l \lxoc koto:nchikipe:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seao person with his shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped) \ssao persona con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota) \apao koto:nchikipe:ltik \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \ref 01256 \lxa a:wakateyo:hli \lxac a:wakateyo:hli \lxo a:wakateyo:hli \lxoc a:wakateyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao avocado pit \ssao hueso del aguacate \sem plant \sem part \xrb a:waka \xrb te \xrb yo:l \ref 01257 \lxa Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \lxacpend *Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea the Milky Way \ssa la Vía Láctea \sem heavens \syna Si:tlalkwe:yoh \syno Si:tlálotlí \syno Si:tlalkwe:yoh \xrb si:tlal \xrb ko:sama:lo: \encyctmp si:tlalin \dis si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl, etc. \nse One consultant, Pánfilo Lorenzo, a <spn>curandero</spn>, stated that <na>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</na> was distinct from <nla>si:tlalkwe:yoh</nla>, they being two branches of what in English receive one name, the Milky Way. According to him <na>si:tlalkwe:yoh</na> is the branch of the Milky Way that belongs to God, whereas <na>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</na> belongs to the Devil. Other speakers, however, indicated that they considered the two words to be synonyms. \qry Check vowel length from recording. Make sure that /si:tlalkwe:yoh/ and /si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl/ are equivalent. If so, leave in /syn field for both entries. If not, create a /dis link. Check for final /h/. \rt The derivation of /ko:sama:lo:tl/ is unclear. Perhaps it contains the stem for weasel, /ko:samahtli/. \ref 01258 \lxa tekipanoke:tl \lxac tekipanoke:tl \lxo tekipánoké:tl \lxop tekipanoke:tl \lxoc tekipánoké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao worker (particularly one who works the team of oxen) \ssao trabajador (particularmente uno que trabaja la yunta) \pna Yo:yekok tekipanoke:tl. \pea The worker has arrived here (e.g., from his field). \psa Ya llegó el trabajador (p. ej., de su campo). \xrb teki \xrb pano: \nae Since word-internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec the presence or absence of this phoneme cannot be determined from the Ameyaltepec data alone. However, the pitch accent in the Oapan cognate indicates that the underlying form is {tekipanohke:tl}. \qry Check for vowel length in /tekipanoke:tl/, i.e., should the /o/ be long? It probably shouldn't be, but this should be checked. Check for correctness of /-ki/ agentive. \ref 01259 \lxa xi:kole:wi \lxac xi:kole:wi \lxo xi:kole:wi \lxocpend @xi:kole:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>texi:kole:wi</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \seao to scrape oneself (e.g., in falling hard) \ssao rasparse (p. ej., al caer fuerte) \cfa xi:kole:wa \xrb xi:kol \nae This verb is often combined found with incorporated body parts, e.g., <nlao>ma:xi:kole:wi</nlao>. \nde No cognates of <nao>xi:kole:wi</nao> have been found in other Nahuatl dialects although this word, and forms with incorporated nouns, seem to be quite common in Balsas Nahuatl. \ref 01260 \lxa techichikil \lxac techichikil \lxo té:chikíl \lxop té:chikil \lxoc té:chikíl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \se haggard and drawn; skin and bones; puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) \ss demacrado; raquítico; enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n techichikil! \pea The hell with you, you bag of bones! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo, pinche demacrado! \pna Techichikil, kito:sneki tiktlawe:lita. \pea (When you call someone) <na>techichikil</na>, it means that you despise them. \psa (Cuando le llamas a alguien) <na>techichikil</na>, quiere decir que lo desprecias mucho. \se puny; tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out) \ss chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca) \apa techichikiltik \apo téchichikíltik \xrb te- \xrb chikil \dis tewa:hki; chichikiltik \nse <na>Techichikil</na> is semantically very close to Classical <n>cicicuil</n>, which Molina glosses as 'cosa flaca y seca.' If this is the Classical cognate for Balsas <na>techichikil</na>, which in Ahuelicán is <n>techihchikil</n> Thus perhaps the root for comparative purposes should perhaps be <n>cicuil</n>, though for now and pending further information from other dialects the root analysis has been left at <nr>chikil</nr>. Note that although a few consultants accepted as correct the form <nla>chichikil</nla> many would not. Thus the intensifier would seem to be required; and indeed I have no documented case from conversation of the form without the intensifier <n>te-</n>. <na>Techichikil</na>, and its virtual equivalent <na>techichikiltik</na>, has a quite negative sense and is considered somewhat offensive. <nla>Tewa:hki</nla> is the more acceptable way of saying simply 'skinny' and would be used in normal circumstances. In regard to the difference between <na>techichikil</na> and <na>techichi kiltik</na>, one consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that the former refers more to an enduring state of the subject whereas the second refers more to a condition that is the temporary result of something such as a protracted illness. Note that in general this semantic difference between apocopated adjectivals and the base adjectivals ending in <na>-tik</na> would seem to hold across other pairs of lexemes that manifest this contrast. \nde Oapan also uses the nonreduced form <no>téchichíkil</no>. \qry Make sure use in reference to a fruit is correct. \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. \grm Apocopated adjectives: In regard to the difference between <na>techichikil</na> and <na>techichikiltik</na>, one consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that the former refers more to an enduring state of the subject whereas the second refers more to a condition that is the temporary result of something such as a protracted illness. Note that in general this semantic difference between apocopated adjectivals and the base adjectivals ending in <na>-tik</na> would seem to hold across other pairs of lexemes that manifest this contrast. \ref 01261 \lxa to:ma:ya:tl \lxac to:ma:ya:tl \lxo tó:má:ya:tl \lxoc tó:má:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of insect, apparently called <spn>mayate</spn> in Spanish \ss tipo de insecto, aparentemente llamado mayate en español \pna To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:koti, san se: tlachialistli. \pea The <na>to:ma:ya:tl</na> and the <nla>xi:kotli</nla> have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black). \psa El <na>to:ma:ya:tl</na> y el <nla>xi:kotli</nla> tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros). \sem animal \sem insect \xrb to:ma:ya: \nse This large flying insect is often caught by children, tied on a string, and allowed to fly around in circles \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states under mayate:"(Fam: Scarabaeidae; Subfam: Melolonthinae, e.g., <i>Phyllophaga</i> spp. [larva] 'June beetle', 'potato bug.' See gallina ciega." \qry Vowels were checked and determined to be all long in 1986. \vl Check p-a in Oapan; no reason for it exists. If all vowels are long as I have noted, then no syllable could be h-final. After vowel length and pitch-accent has been checked, \sj to:ma:ya:tl? Check for reason for Oa p-a. \ref 01262 \lxa tepe:wa:xkuwtli \lxac tepe:wa:xkuwtli \lxo tepe:wa:xkohtli \lxoc tepe:wa:xkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao see <nla>tepe:wa:xin</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>tepe:wa:xin</nla> \apao tepe:wa:xin \xrb tepe: \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \ref 01263 \lxa awia:lia \lxac kawia:lia \lxo áwiá:lia \lxop awia:lia \lxoc káwiá:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to perfume; to make fragrant or sweet-smelling \ssao perfumar o hacer oler bien y aromático \pna Xne:xchia! Ma nimoawia:li! \pea Wait for me! Let me put on some perfume (or, Let me freshen up so that I smell good)! \psa ¡Espérame!¡Déjame poner perfume (o,¡Deja que me refresque para que huela bien)! \se to spice or add flavor to (a food) \ss agregar especias (a una comida) \pna Xawiá:k! Xkawia:li! \pea It's bland! Spice it up (to give it flavor)! \psa ¡Es desabrido!¡Agrégale especias (para que agarre sabor)! \cfa a:wiá:k \cfo áwiá:k \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \ref 01264 \lxa tsi:ntsetselowa \lxac kitsi:ntsetselowa \lxo tsí:ntsetselówa \lxop tsi:ntsetselowa \lxoc kitsí:ntsetselówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No transitive has been documented \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to shake the roots of (a plant that has been uprooted so that the earth falls off and it cannot survive) \ss sacudirle las raices a (una planta que ha sido arrancada para que se le caiga la tierra y no pueda sobrevivir) \pna Xtsi:ntsetselotiw un sakaomitl, ma:ka sa: notla:li:s! \pea Go along shaking out the roots of the <na>sakaomitl</na> (e.g., when weeding a milpa) so that it doesn't take root again (as the plants are tossed back onto the ground)! \psa ¡Ve sacudiendo las raices del <na>sakaomitl</na> (p. ej., al desherbar una milpa) para que no arraiguen otra vez (después de que se tiren al suelo). \pna Xtsi:ntsetselo un anjolí:n, ma:ka kipias tla:hli! \pea Shake off the base of those sesame stalks (in this case already cut) so that they no longer have soil on them! \psa ¡Sacude las bases de los tallos de anjolí:n (en este caso ya cortado) para que ya no tengan tierra! \se (refl.) to dust off the seat of ones trousers or dress \ss (refl.) sacudirse las parte trasera de los pantalones o falda \xrb tsi:n \xrb tsel \nse In regard to sesame, the action is performed on sesame stalks that have been cut and are being left to dry. The bottom part that was on the ground is shaken off to prevent earth from falling in with the sesame seed as it is threshed and separated. \ref 01265 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ne:xtilih \lxoc ne:xtilih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Interj \infv pl. <no>ne:xtílikéh</no> \seo Good morning (from waking to midmorning, about 7:30 to 8:00 a.m.)! \sso ¡Buenos días (desde la hora de despertar hasta como las 7:30 o 8:00 a.m. de la mañana)! \syna tlane:xtilih \cfo poya:wilih \xrb ne:si \nae Unlike other greetings which may end in either /lih/ or /leh/, I have only recorded <no>ne:xtilih</no> for this morning greeting. \qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Check for plural form and add to database under /lxoc field; record! \ref 01266 \lxa teyoh \lxac teyoh \lxo teyoh \lxoc teyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have stones (e.g., beans bought in the market) \ss tener piedras (p. ej., frijoles comprados en el mercado) \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel: <na>teteyoh</na> o <no>téteyóh</no>) to be rocky (land); to have (an area) large amounts of stones or rocks \ss (usualmente reduplicado tener vocal corta: <na>teteyoh</na> o <no>téteyóh</no>) ser pedregoso (un terreno) \pna Teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. \pea It is rocky, it is thick with stones. \psa Es pedregoso, está apretado de piedras. \sem soil \flao texkahloh \xrb te \dis teyoh; texkahloh; tepachakahloh \nse <na>Teyoh</na> is almost always documented in a reduplicated form, <na>teteyoh</na>, though with the prefix <n>tla-</n> it does often occur in a nonreduplicated form, <na>tlateyoh</na>. \ref 01267 \lxa tla:katekolo:tl \lxac tla:katekolo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se man who is in league with the Devil \ss hombre que está asociado con el Diablo \sea Devil; demon \ssa el Diablo; demonio \xrb tla:ka \xrb tekolo: \nse It is still not clear whether <na>tla:kateko:tl</na> refers to the Devil as understood in Christian theology, to men who are demonial or associated with the Devil, or both. It might well be a word that was heard in contact with other regions given that two Oapan consultants, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, were unfamiliar with this term. \qry Check precise meaning of /tla:katekolo:tl/ and whether it refers to the Devil, demons, men who are demonial, etc. \ref 01268 \lxa xi:teyo:hli \lxac i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah \lxo xi:teyo:hli \lxoc xi:teyo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea (<na>i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah</na>) clapper of a bell \ssa (<na>i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah</na>) badajo de una campana \seao (poss.) frutescence (of certain plants such as the <nbao>chi:pi:lin</nbao>) \ssao (pos.) frutescencia (de ciertas plantas como el <nbao>chi:pi:lin</nbao>) \seao (vulg.) testicles; balls \ssao (vulg.) testículos; huevos (de la genitalia masculina) \sem body \sem human \xrb xi: \xrb te \xrb yo:l \nse Most informants stated that <na>xi:teyo:hli</na> was the equivalent of <nla>kala:ntetl</nla>. They also stated that <na>xi:teyo:hli</na> referred specifically to the balls inside the scrotum; see <nla>xi:tekwetlaxio</nla>. It is considered vulgar and used mostly by men. The term <nlao>xi:tetl</nlao> is more neutral and refers to the genitals in general, In reference to a bell clapper, Oapan uses <no>i:xi:tew</no> given the vulgar sense of <no>xi:teyo:hli</no> is considered vulgar. In reference to the use of <na>xi:teyo:hli</na> in reference to plant structures, Cristino Flores mentioned that he refers to this part of the <na>chi:pi:lin</na> as <na>i:xixi:tew chi:pi:lin</na>. \vl Make sure that the sound is not linked to this entry. \ref 01269 \lxa kuwtitlantsi:n \lxacpend kuwtitlantsi:n \lxo kókotitlántsi:n \lxoc kókotitlántsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se type of small tree, that is like a rod \ss tipo de arbusto que parece como vara \pna Kuwtitlantsi:n | Kohtsi:ntli, ke:n tlako:tl. \pea The <na>kuwtitlantsi:n</na> : It is a small bush, like a rod. \psa El <na>kuwtitlantsi:n</na> : Es un arbusto, como una vara. \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \xrb kow \xrb tlan \nse The identity of this plant is uncertain. During the September field session none of the consultants (from Oapan, Tetelcingo, and Ameyaltepec) knew of this plant, although there is an agave of similar name. Roberto Mauricio mentioned later that this is like <nlo>á:tlapántsi:n</nlo> only with rounder leaves and a green (rather than purple) stem. In the pronunciation of Roberto Mauricio there is no /h/ and there is a pitch accent. Thus the recording needs to be checked. \nae The etymology of this plant is uncertain. Nevertheless, the final element <na>titlantsi:n</na> has been categorized as nominal based on the common process whereby verbal stems are nominalized with <nao>-tsi:n</nao>. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry None of the three consultants during the first session of September 2001 knew of this plant. \qry Vowel length has been recheced and all are as recorded here. I have also noted this as /kukuhtitlantsi:n/, so a check should be made as to whether the reduplicated or unreduplicated form is correct. Note that there is a type of maguey called /kukuhtitlantsi:n/. Make list of other types of /tlako:tl/ and perhaps add /tlako:tl/ to /ono section. \ref 01270 \lxa chi:chi:ltik \lxac chi:chi:ltik \lxo chi:chi:ltik \lxoc chi:chi:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao to be red \ssao ser rojo \xrb chi:l \ref 01271 \lxa a:tlakwi \lxac a:tlakwi \lxo á:tlakwí \lxop á:tlakwi \lxoc á:tlakwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-rdp \se to draw water and carry it to where it will be used (generally from a well or <na>a:me:hli</na>) \ss traer agua; aguar; llevar el agua a donde se va a utilizar (generalmente de un pozo o <na>a:me:hli</na>) \pna A:tlakwtok. \pea He is drawing water. \psa Estátrayendo agua. \pna Xa:k, o:a:tlakwito. \pea He's not around, he went to draw water. \psa No está, fue a traer agua. \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nse Note that like <nlao>kwi</nlao> when used with a directional affix, <na>a:tlakwi</na> implies the action of drawing water, that is going and returning. \nae The reason for pitch accent in Oapan <no>á:tlakwí</no> is apparently due to reduplication, reduced on a long-vowel-initial stem. If this is the reason, the reduplication probably reflects the nature of the action of drawing water, which involves repeatedly taking water from a well or water hole. I remember not being able to elicit a form without the pitch accent. \qry Check again for Oapan Nahuatl with no pitch-accent. \ref 01272 \lxa tlanxi:ni \lxo tlanxi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao see <nla>tlanxixi:ni</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>tlanxixi:ni</nla> \nse In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan only the plural (through reduplication) of this verb is used. If one tooth falls out in Oapan the word <no>tlankope:wi</no> or <no>tlanwetsi</no> is used. Thus the semantics of the verb itself mandate a reduplicative form, with multiple"objects,"here expressed through an incorporated noun. \grm Plurality; reduplication: Note the following comment re: /tlanxi:ni/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan only the plural (through reduplication) of this verb is used. If one tooth falls out in Oapan the word <no>tlankope:wi</no> or <no>tlanwetsi</no> is used. Thus the semantics of the verb itself mandate a reduplicative form, with multiple"objects,"here expressed through an incorporated noun. Note that although /xi:ni/ does occur in unreduplicated form, in this case it doesn't. The reason is that teeth fall out over time, but in no set or stable order. Hence only /tlanxixi:ni/ (Am) or /tlá:nxí:ni/ (Oa) is acceptable. \ref 01273 \lxa ma:se:kapochik \lxac ma:se:kapochik \lxo ma:sia:pochik \lxoa ma:se:kapochik \lxoc ma:sia:pochik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap-ni-k \infn N1 \se type of insect similar to daddy longlegs (also called crane fly and harvestman (not considered a <nlao>tokatl</nlao>) \ss tipo de insecto parecido al segador o araña zancuda (no considerado un <nlao>tokatl</nlao>) \pna Ma:se:kapochik | Notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. \pea The <na>ma:se:kapochik</na> : They make their home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered a <nao>tokatl</nao>. \psa Los <na>ma:se:kapochik</na> : Viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran como un <nao>tokatl</nao>. \sem -in-o-med \syna se:kapochik \syno sia:pochik \syno ma:pochik \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrb pochi: \nse <na>Ma:se:kapochik</na> are used as a remedy for whooping cough (tosferina). They are collected and boiled in water and then the water is drunk. \grm Note that the plural in Am is /ma:se:kapochikmeh/, at least according to Cristino Flores. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in this form and all related forms, part. Oapan. \grm Phonetics, compensatory lengthening: Note that in this word, in /ya:/ from /ika/, in the form /tsi:ya:-/ as in /tsi:ya:pakohtli/ from /tsi:kapakohti/, etc. there is compensatory lengthening of a vowel with the loss of a syllable onset. This is unusual. \ref 01274 \lxa tlakwahli \lxac ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \sea modal particle that indicates disbelief on the part of speaker \ssa partícula modal que indica que el que habla no cree algo aseverado o previamente dicho por cierto \pna Newa wel nikukuwi. --Tlakwahli, tewa xtiweli! \pea Puedo leñar.---¡No lo creo, tu no puedes! \psa I can chop wood. ---You've got to be kidding, you don't know how! \xrb kwa \nae It might be that this word originally derives from <na>itlakwahli</na>. \rt Perhaps relate /kwal/ to /kwa/. \nse This transcription might well be erroneous. See <nla>itlakwahli</nla> \qry Originally under this entry I had a note that Oapan /xtlakwahli/ should be consulted. But I have no entry under this word. Check for /psm and other field items. \ref 01275 \lxa a:ixwi:tia \lxac ka:ixwi:tia \lxo a:ixwi:tia \lxoc ka:ixwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca-ni \infv class-2a \se to give a lot of water to and satiate (either a human or an animal) \ss dar de beber mucha agua a (una persona o a un animal) hasta que se llene y se satisfaga \pna Nika:ixwi:ti:s un pitso. \pea I'm going to give that pig its fill of water. \psa Voy a darle a aquel marrano su ración de agua hasta que se llene. \pna Ne:cha:ixwi:tia un a:tl. \pea That water fills me up (is satisfying). \psa Esa agua me llena (me satisface). \se (~ <na>i:ka tlato:hli</na>) to give a lot of lip to; to overwhelm or berate with words \ss (~ <na>i:ka tlato:hli</na>) contestar y discutir \pna O:ne:cha:ixwi:tikeh ika tlato:hli. \pea They gave me a lot of lip. \psa Me (lo) discutieron hasta el cansancio. \xrb a: \xrb xwi \nse Residents of Ameyaltepec assert that that their water is heavy and filling, not so the water from the river, as in San Juan, Oapan, and other riverside villages. \qry Check to determine what other things, besides words, one can be"filled with." \ref 01276 \lxa tepi:tsmiktia \lxac kitepi:tsmiktia \lxo tepi:tsmihtia \lxoc kitepi:tsmihtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to crush; to make feel crowded or crowded in (e.g., sb surrounded by a crowd, or by many people in a small space) \ss apretujar; hacer sentir muy apretado (p. ej., a algn rodeado por una multitud, o por mucha gente en un lugar pequeño) \pna Mitstepi:tsmikti:skeh, ke:n to:hla:n \pea You are going to get crushed, there is a big crowd of people. \psa Te vas a quedar muy apretujado, hay mucha gente. \pna Nane:xtepi:tsmiktian. \pea You all are making me feel uncomfortably crowded. \psa Ustedes me hacen sentir muy apretujado (y no muy a gusto). \xrb tepi:ts \xrb miki \xvca tepi:tsmiktia \qry Make sure this is not /tepi:tska:miktia/. Cf. /tepi:tska:tla:katl/sowa:tl/. \ref 01277 \lxa eko:ltia \lxac keko:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to induce to or make (sb) come (a particular place toward a deictic reference point) \ssa convencer o inducir a llegar (a un punto particular hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Yo:tine:cheko:ltih nika:n mocha:n iwa:n newa xniknekia niwi:ts. \pea You brought me here to your house and I didn't want to come. \psa Me trajiste aquía tu casa y no quería venir. \syno ékó:tia \xrb ehko \dis axi:tia; yeko:ltia \nse According to several speakers, <na>yeko:ltia</na> implies that the person was brought somewhat unwillingly, or at least not enthusiastically. In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was <nlo>ékó:tia</nlo> and although she does not use <no>ékó:ltia</no>, it might also be correct. This should be checked. \qry In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was <nlo>ékó:tia</nlo> and although she does not use <no>ékó:ltia</no>, it might also be correct. This should be checked. \ref 01278 \lxa to:nalkaxa:nki \lxac to:nalkaxa:nki \lxo to:nalkaxa:nki \lxoc to:nalkaxa:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a weak soul (a person who becomes easily sick) \ss tener el alma débil (una persona que facilmente se enferma) \xrb to:na \xrb kaxa: \qry Check for antonym: ?/to:naltepistik? \mod See notes at Flk 1984-06-07.2 \ref 01279 \lxa xo:chitl de cha:molin \lxac xo:chitl de cha:molin \lxo cha:molxo:chitl \lxoa cha:molin xo:chitl \lxoc cha:molxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 2 \seao small, bunched red flowers of the <nba>cha:molkohtli</nba> \ssao pequeñas florecitas rojas en racimas del <nba>cha:molkohtli</nba> \seao by extension, the tree or bush with these flowers \ssao por extensión, el arbusto que tiene estas florecitas rojas \pna Cha:molin | Bwe:noh para xo:chitl. Chi:chi:ltik, tikwi:kas tio:pan. A:man xma:s nokwi, xma:s noteki. A:man nochi Iguala wa:le:wtok. \pea <na>Cha:molin</na> : It is good for flowers. They are red, you take them to the church (to place them there as an offering). Now they are no longer used much, they are not cut much. Now all (flowers) come from Iguala. \psa <na>Cha:molin</na> : Es bueno para flores. Son rojas, te las llevas a la iglesia (como ofrenda). Ahora ya no se emplean mucho, ya no se cortan mucho. Ahora todo (todas las flores) viene de Iguala. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb cha:mol \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>chamol</spn> in Spanish, of the family <i>Leguminosae</i> and genus/species <i>Caesalpina pulcherrima</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish <spn>chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,</spn> or <spn>surungana</spn>. They identify this as of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>chamol</spn>. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \mod According to Silvestre Pantaleón this flower is called <no>cha:molin xo:chitl</no>. \ref 01280 \lxa tlatlani \lxac kitlatlani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to request (objects that are lent or given, a plow animal or beast of burden, alms or gifts, etc..) \ssa pedir (objetos que se prestan o se regalan, un animal para trabajar la tierra o de carga, donaciones como las que se le dan a la iglesia, etc.) \pna Kitlatlani totla:l para kito:kas. \pea He asks for our land in loan so that he might plant it. \psa Pide nuestro terreno en préstamo para que lo pueda sembrar. \sea to request (a girl [O]) in marriage; to request that hand of \ssa pedir (a una muchacha [O]) en matrimonio \pna Kitlatlanis nochpo:ch. \pea He will ask for my daughter's hand. \psa Va a pedir a mi hija en matrimonio. \sea (with [SC] to request (information); to inquire about \ssa (con [CS] pedir (información); inquirir sobre \pna Kitlatlani ke:ch a:nyos kipia. \pea He requests information about how old he is. \psa Pide información acerca de cuántos años tiene. \syno ítlaní \cfa tlaitlani \xrb htlani \xvaa tlatlanilia \dis tlato:ltia; tlatlani \nae The relationship between <na>tlatlani</na> as a transitive verb and <na>tlatlani</na> as an intransitive with an indefinite null complement seems to be that whereas the transitive verb involves reduplication of the verb root (i.e., is represented by {rdp-s + htlani}>/tla+htlani/) the intransitive form is derived from the nonnreduplicated verbal stem with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> (i.e., is represented by {tla + htlani}>/tla+htlani/). Thus both are derived from a base verb <na>ihtlani</na> (the internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec) but the reduplicated form retains its transitivity while the intransitive form is has <n>tla-</n> as its nonspecific object. What is clear, here as elsewhere, is that verbs that begin with underying {hC} reduplicated without the {h}, that is, they reduplicated as CV+hCV where the two CV sequences are identical. Finally, note that with intransitive {tlahtlani} like other cases of nonspecific <n>tla-</n> before a verbal stem or root that almost alwa ys reduplicated (cf. <nlao>tete:mowa</nlao>) there is no reduplication when the <n>tla-</n> prefix is used. Note, however, that one additional caveat pertains to the verb <n>ihtlani</n>. When the specific meaning of 'to request a bride in marriage' is sought, the epenthetic /i/ is retained after the nonspecific object prefix. Thus one finds <nla>tlaitlani</nla> 'to request a young woman in marriage (for ones son).' \grm The relationship between <na>tlatlani</na> as a transitive verb and <na>tlatlani</na> as an intransitive with an indefinite null complement seems to be that whereas the transitive verb involves reduplication of the verb root (i.e., is represented by {rdp-s + htlani}>/tla+htlani/) the intransitive form is derived from the nonnreduplicated verbal stem with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> (i.e., is represented by {tla + htlani}>/tla+htlani/). Thus both are derived from a base verb <na>ihtlani</na> (the internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec) but the reduplicated form retains its transitivity while the intransitive form is has <n>tla-</n> as its nonspecific object. What is clear, here as elsewhere, is that verbs that begin with underying {hC} reduplicated without the {h}, that is, they reduplicated as CV+hCV where the two CV sequences are identical. Finally, note that with intransitive {tlahtlani} like other cases of nonspecific <n>tla-</n> before a verbal stem or root that almost alwa ys reduplicated (cf. <nlao>tete:mowa</nlao>) there is no reduplication when the <n>tla-</n> prefix is used. Note, however, that one additional caveat pertains to the verb <n>ihtlani</n>. When the specific meaning of 'to request a bride in marriage' is sought, the epenthetic /i/ is retained after the nonspecific object prefix. Thus one finds <nla>tlaitlani</nla> 'to request a young woman in marriage (for ones son).' \grm Note that this verb is not used with the nonspecific /tla-/. \vl Please consult me for this entry. The Oapan words uttered here, /kí:tlaní/, should be coded as 3418, c and d. The entry here is apparently different from /kítlaní/, which is the original elicitation form for 3418. See the /vl notes for 3418 for further explanation. \ref 01281 \lxa alaxtik \lxac alaxtik \lxo a:laxtik \lxoc a:laxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-iwi-tik \se to be slimy, slippery, or viscous (like nopales, fruit such as pineapple that has gone bad, beans that are starting to spoil); soapy \ss ser baboso, resbaloso o viscoso (tal como nopales, fruta como la piña o también frijoles que se han empezado a echarse a perder); lleno de jabón \pna Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik. \pea Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever. \psa Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes. \pna Xpapa:ka un michin ika límo:n, ma ki:sa a:laxtik! \pea Wash that fish with lemon to get out the slimy and slippery texture (chicken meat that is old is washed with lemon for the same reason)! \psa ¡Lava ese pescado con limón para que se le quite lo grasoso (por la misma razón se le frota con limón carne de pollo ya algo vieja)! \xrb a:lach \nae According to Inocencio Díaz the initial /a/ is short in Ameyaltepec. It is clearly long in Oapan. \qry Although all my Ameyaltepec examples were originally written down with a short vowel, this should be checked as per the documentation from Oapan along with that reported in FK. \mod Add example of /san ke:nkah/ to the dictionary. \grm Note how /kah/ is added to certain adjectives: /ke:nka/, na:nkah/, etc. \ref 01282 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k \lxt ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao variety of the species <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the white variety is the only one found growing wild in the area of Ameyaltepec and Oapan; in Spanish <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> \ssao variedad o forma de la especie <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores blancas es laúnica que es silvestre en la región del Balsas, en español se llama cacalosúchil \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \xrb sta \encyctmp ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pend) \cpl The other two varieties found in this area, that with yellow and that with red flowers are found only planted in households. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \cpl According to Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo stated that there is a male and female variety of this tree. The other consultants were not familiar with this gender difference. \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \ref 01283 \lxa a:toma \lxac na:toma \lxo a:toma \lxoc na:toma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran +Refl/-trans; -intrans \infv class-3a(m) \se (refl.) to fill out (a baby who gains weight) \ss (refl.) crecer y llegar a ser más llenito (un niño) \pna On suwa:tl tewa:hki katkah, a:man yo:pe:w na:toma. \pea That woman used to be skinny, now she's started to fill out. \psa Esa mujer estaba flaca, ahora ya ha empezado a estar más llenita. \pna Yo:pe:w na:toma yetl, yo:pe:w uwe:iya. \pea The beans have started to expand (while cooking), they're starting to get big. \psa Ya empezaron a abultarse los frijoles (por estar cocinándose en agua herviendo), se están haciendo grandes. \se to become erect (a penis) \ss pararse (el pene) \xrb a: \xrb tom \nse Although the sense of 'to uncoil (a snake)' for <na>a:toma</na> was documented in Ameyaltepec, this might have been in error for simply <na>toma</na> used reflexively. This should be checked. \qry Check length of final vowel by eliciting the future or imperfect tense. Also check if only the reflexive is used. Apparently the reference to a snake uncoiling might be in error and the word is /notoma/. \rt The possibility of a relationship between /toma/ 'untie' and /toma:wi/ 'to get fat' should be considered. Cf. /a:tonkwilin/. \ref 01284 \lxa tomio \lxac itomio \lxo 'tomío \lxop tomio \lxoc í:tomío \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao body hair \ssao pelo (del cuerpo) \seao fur \ssao pelo (de un animal) \cfao tsontli \xrb tohmi \dis tomio; tsontli \ref 01285 \lxa wekalowa \lxac kwekalowa \lxo wákalówa \lxop wakalowa \lxoc kiwákalówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to dig or scoop out (particularly, but not necessarily, with a gourd bowl or similar tool) \ss excavar (particularlmente con jícara o otra herramienta parecida) \xrb wahkal \qry This verbal form has only been documented in the compound /tsi:nwekalowa/ but has been added here by analogy and to make sure that it is included in elicitation. If found to not exist in Ameyaltepec (I seeem to remember it from conversation) then it should be deleted (unless found for Oapan, etc.). \vl Check this pitch accent and compare to /kitsí:nwakalówa/, /tsí:nwakáltik/. Use in article re: shift. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; shift: /kitsí:nwakalówa/, /tsí:nwakáltik/ vs. /kiwákalówa/. Note how with the incorporated noun the p-a shifts leftward, onto the IN. This does not occur with the specific 3rd-person object prefix /ki-/. One of the reasons for this might be the relative weight of the preceding syllables (left from the p-a marked syllable). In this analysis a light syllable to the left of the verbal (reduplicated) stem does not attract pitch accent whereas a heavy syllable does. If this were to be the reason, then the reason would be simply phonetic and not morphological. However, it might be that the attraction of p-a is based on the fact that an IN is more likely to attract p-a than a prefix. All this should be checked. Indeed, shift seems to be the most pressing problem for an analysis of Oapan p-a. \ref 01286 \lxa pai:hli \lxac pai:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea medicinal brew made of a ground-up plant (different according to the medicinal remedy) steeped in water \ssa brebaje medicinal hecho una planta (diferente según el remedio y enfermedad) que se muele y se deja remojar en agua \pna Kite:maka pai:hli, te:pai:tia. \pea He gives medicinal brews to people, he gives herbal medicine to people. \psa Le da brebajes medicinales a la gente, da brebajes a la gente. \xrb pah \xrb i: \xvca pai:tia \cfa tlanechiko:hli \nse In preparing a <na>pai:hli</na>, the powerdered plant is placed in a glass of water to be drunk by the person who is ill. It appears that the difference between <na>pai:hli</na> and <na>tlanechiko:hli</na> is that in the former apparently only one plant is used while in the latter a concoction is elaborated from various plants. \ref 01287 \lxa yexo:tl \lxac yexo:tl \lxo yexo:tl \lxoc yexo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se (intrinsic possession) young green pod (of a bean plant [Poss]) \ss (posesión intrínseca) vaina verde y joven (de una planta de frijol [Poss]) \pna Ista:kyetl no: kipia iyexo:yotsi:n, o:pe:w tla:ki. \pea The white beans also have their green pods, they've begun to come to fruit. \psa Los frijoles blancos también tienen sus vainas verdes, ya empezaron a rendir. \pna Yexo:tl | Nochi yetl kipia iyexo:yo. Nokwa san de mi:lyetl wa:n de kaxtiltsi:n. \pea <na>Yexo:tl</na> : All beans have their pods. But the only ones that are eaten are those of the <na>mi:lyetl</na> and the <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na> \psa <na>Yexo:tl</na> : Todos los frijoles tienen su vaina. Pero losúnicos que se comen son del <na>mi:lyetl</na> y el <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na> \se green bean (in Spanish <spn>ejote</spn>) eaten steamed (the bean inside this plant is the <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>) \ss ejote (ya secado el frijol adentro del ejote que se come en el Balsas se conoce como <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>) \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ye \xrb xo: \nct yetl \qry Check to determine whether this is a specific type of bean, or whether it refers to any bean when green. My recollection seems to be that /yexo:tl/ refers to the /kaxtiltsi:n/; but I have a note that the /mi:lyetl/ is also eaten. The meaning of /kipia iyexo:yotsi:n/ should be checked. I have it recorded as referring to the shell, but this needs to be confirmed. Check what plants have /i:yexo:yo/, just as what plants have their /wa:xyo/. In the plant section of the cultural encyclopedia, have a section on plant parts. Make sure to do an index. \qry Check whether /i:yexow/ or /i:yexo:yo/ is correct. I imagine the latter. However, cf. this to /xi:lo:tl/, /yelo:tl/, etc., all of which do not seem to have /-yo/ forms. In general check all fruits. \ref 01288 \lxa oni:tia \lxac koni:tia \lxo oni:tia \lxoc koni:tia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc Dir-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to give to drink to \ssao dar a beber a \pna Te:choni:ti:s refre:skoh. \pea He will give us a soda to drink. \psa Nos va a dar un refresco para beber. \pna Te:xtlaoni:ti:s. \pea He will give us something to drink (<na>agua fresca,</na> soda, occasionally a beer, but not usually water, for which <na>a:tli:tia</na> is more often used; <na>tlai:tia</na> is used for alcoholic beverages where there is a chance of getting drunk). \psa Nos va a dar algo para beber (agua fresca, un refresco, de vez en cuando una cerveza, pero generalmente no agua, en cuyo caso es más común utilizar <na>a:tli:tia</na> ; <na>tlai:tia</na> se emplea para bebidas alcóholicas cuando hay una posibilidad de emborracharse). \equivao oni:ltia \xrb on- \xrb i: \xvbao oni \qry Check use of /tlai:tia/, /tlaoni:tia/ and /a:tli:tia/. \vl There are added tokens for this word at 3631. Note that the latter words have less echo, so perhaps these are better for linking. \ref 01289 \lxa ikxikwepaliwi \lxac ikxikwepaliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to twist ones foot (e.g., as one is walking and turns ones ankle to the outside so that the outside of the foot turns in and goes against the ground) \ssa torcérsele a uno el pie (p. ej., mientras uno camine y se le voltea el tobillo para que la parte hacia afuera del tobillo da vuelta y queda contra el suelo) \syno ixikwelpachiwi \cfa ikxinekwiliwi \xrb kxi \xrb kwepal \nae As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, <na>ikxikwepaliwi</na> does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form. \grm Transitivity alternation: As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, <na>ikxikwepaliwi</na> does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. \ref 01290 \lxa tlakwilwia \lxac kitlakwilwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to write to (sb) \ssa escribir a (algn) \pna Mistlakwilia para xiya! \pea He writes to you (sends a note to you) so that you will go! \psa ¡Te escribe para que vayas! \syno 'kwilowília \xrb hkwil \nae This word is only documented with the initial <n>tla-</n> prefix. Cf. <nla>kwilowilia</nla>. \qry Check the difference, if there is any, between /mistlakwilwia/ and /mistlakwilowilia/. Do both exist? In Oapan only the latter is found. \ref 01291 \lxa pe:liwi \lxac pe:liwi \lxo pe:liwi \lxoc pe:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become split open lengthwise (e.g., an overripe watermelon, cantaloupe, etc.) \ss abrirse a lo largo (p. ej., una sandía, melón, etc. que ha pasado de sazón) \xrb pe:l \nse To date <nao>pe:liwi</nao> has only been documented in reference to certain large, overripe fruits that at times split open lengthwise by themselves. \ref 01292 \lxa kwa:tetesontik \lxac kwa:tetesontik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crewcut or short hair \ssa tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso \apa kwa:teteson \equivo kwa:teson \equivo kwa:tesonek \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \ref 01293 \lxa iksik \lxacpend *iksik \lxo isik \lxoc isik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be cooked (a food) \ss estar cocinado (un manjar) \se to be ripe (a fruit or vegetable) \ss estar maduro (una fruta o vegetal) \se to be fired (ceramics) \ss estar cocido (barro o cerámica) \xrb ksi \qry Check if this form is actually used, or if the verbal form /yo:iksik/ is more common. In general there seems to be a tendency for the perfective in /yo-/ to be used as stative/resultative for unergative verbs. Probably this word should be taken out. \ref 01294 \lxa tokilia \lxacpend *kitokilia \lxo tokilia \lxoc kitokilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to stoke or to increase the level of the flame underneath (sth such as a pot) \ss atizar o incrementar el fuego abajo de (algo como una olla) \pna Xtokili ika un tlikohtli! \pea Stoke it (e.g, a pot or <nlao>koma:hli</nlao>) with that piece of firewood! \psa Atízale el fuego (p. ej., a un comal) con ese pedazo de leña. \pna Xtokili un ko:ntli! \pea Stoke that pot! \psa ¡Atízale el fuego a esa olla! \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to stoke a fire underneath of \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) atizar un fuego abajo de \pna Yo:kitlatokilih ikoma:l para tlaxkalo:s. \pea She's already stoked the fire under her <spn>comal</spn> so that she can make tortillas. \psa Ya atizó el fuego abajo de su comal para poder hacer tortillas. \pna Yo:tiktlatokilih noko:n. \pea You've already stoked my pot (pushing firewood under it and poking the wood around). \psa Ya le echaste leña y atizaste el fuego abajo de mi olla (metiendo más leña abajo de la olla y atizándola). \xrb toki \xvba tokia \nae The relationship between <nlao>tokia</nlao> and <nao>tokilia</nao> is not altogether clear. It seems that speakers will at times consider the object of <nao>tokia</nao> to be the physical item (a griddle, pot, etc.) under which a fire is stoked, although it is perhaps more precise to interpret the primary meaning of <nao>tokia</nao> as 'to stoke (a fire [S])' and only as having a secondary meaning of 'to stoke a fire underneath' (as in the example phrase <na>Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi!</na>). Following this interpretation, the primary object of <na>tokilia</na> would be the item or object under which a fire is stoked, and the secondary object would be the fire itself. Thus <na>tokilia</na> could be presented as a ditransitive verb meaning 'to stoke [SO, usu. a fire] under [PO, usu. a cooking tool such as a pot].' Under this interpretation the <n>tla-</n> of <na>tlatokilia</na> would represent the secondary object [SO] in its most general and understood acceptation ('fire') and t he primary objec t would still be that under which I fire is stoked. Finally, note that in reviewing the entries for this dictionary Florencia Marcelino accepted only <no>tokia</no> and <no>tlatokilia</no> as transitive verbs; she did not accept ? <no>kitokilia</no>. Nevertheless, when I mistakenly left it on the database and elicited it during the recording session, both she and her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gave the form <no>kitokilia</no>. However, I think that the most common use of this term is <nao>tokia</nao> with the object being 'fire' and <nao>tlatokilia</nao> with the primary object being that under which a fire is stoke and the second object covered by the <n>tla-</n> prefix which has the context-independent meaning of 'fire.' Note that in a conversation with Cristino Flores he denied that <na>tokilia</na> is used. Rather, the term <nla>tlatokilia</nla> is used. This would involve a nonspecific secondary object, which would always be understood to be the firewood that is st oked between the primary object of <na>tlatokilia</na> : a pot, clay griddle, etc. Nevertheless, given the previous documentation of <na>tokilia</na> for now it has been left in the lexicon. \qry Check for possibility of a human primary object with this verb: /xne:xtokilia nokoma:l/??? If this is correct then perhaps one could have /xne:xtokili nokoma:l/ and /xtlatokili nokoma:l/ but not /xne:xtlatokili nokoma:l/??? All these should be checked. \qry Note that in going over this entry Florencia Marcelino did not accept /tokilia/ but only /tokia/ and /tlatokilia/ as transitive verbs. Nevertheless I mistakenly elicited /tokilia/ when recording and she pronounced it. Check that it has the meaning associated with this entry. If the observation concerning indefinite null complement is correct, then perhaps only /tlatokilia/ is correct and this entry should be changed. \grm Indefinite null complements: The case of /tlatokilia/ seems to be one of indefinite null complements. That is, /tla-/ is a null complement who general meaning is retrievable without any contextual or discourse help. Here /tla-/ takes the valency slot on the headword for a secondary object that is determined by the sense of the verb and the nature of the primary object. It cannot vary, hence the use of /tla-/. \ref 01295 \lxa tla:wi:lwia \lxac kitla:wi:lwia \lxo tla:wi:lwia \lxof [tla: wi:l 'wi ya] \lxoc kitla:wi:lwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to shine light for; to illuminate for \ss echar luz para; iluminar para \pna Xne:chtla:wi:lwi! \pea Illuminate the way for me! \psa ¡échame luz (p. ej., para iluminar el camino)! \pna Mo:stla tia:skeh ina:k michin ika yewahli. Tine:chtla:wi:lwi:s. \pea Tomorrow we will go night fishing. You will illuminate (the water) for me (e.g., with a torch of <nla>teono:xtli</nla>). \psa Mañana vamos a ir de pesca por la noche. Me vas a echar luz (al agua, p. ej., con una antorcha de <nla>teono:xtli</nla>). \pna Xne:chpale:wi ika motla:wi:l, xok nitlachia! Xne:chtla:wi:lwitiw! \pea Help me out with your light (e.g., flashlight, torch, etc.), I can't see anymore! Go along illuminating (the way) for me! \psa ¡Ayúdame con tu luz (p. ej., de una lámpara eléctica), ya no veo!¡Ve echándome luz! \se to hold a candle for during a traditional marriage ceremony; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint) \ss sostener una vela para durante una ceremonia de matrimonio tradicional; prender una vela o veladora para (p. ej., un santo) \pna Niktla:wi:lwi:s para in to:nahli. \pea I will hold a candle for him (or her) on this day (when he or she gets married). \psa Le voy a sostener una vela paraél (o ella) en este día (cuando se case). \pna I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh, tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Diós. \pea On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God (in reference to the ceremony at midnight on Christmas Eve when candles are lit in front of Jesus as a child in waiting for Christmas Day). \psa En la víspera de navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós (en referencia a la ceremonia de medianoche cuando velas se prenden enfrente del Niño Diós para esperar el día de la natividad). \xrb tla:wi:l \xvbao tla:wi:lowa \nse With the meaning of 'to hold a candle for during a traditional marriage ceremony,' it is the <spn>compadres</spn> of the couple who hold the candle. The <spn>compadre</spn> stands to the side of the groom for whom he holds a candle, and the <spn>comadre</spn> holds the candle for the bride, at whose side she stands. \nae The morphology of phonology of this form is parallel to that of <nla>popolwia</nla> and <nla>tlaxkalwia</nla>, both of which are also derived from an intransitive verb ending in <n>-owa</n>, <nla>popolowa</nla> and <nla>tlaxkalowa</nla> respectively, just as the applicative <na>tla:wi:lwia</na> is derived from the intransitive <nlao>tla:wi:lowa</nlao> (and is not a denominal verb from <nlao>tla:wi:hli</nlao>). \qry Make sure it is the compadres of the couple, and not their godparents, who hold the candles. Recheck length of /teono:xtli/ which I have recorded both here and in the main entry with an /e/ and short /o/ in /teo-/. \ref 01296 \lxa tlano:no:tsahli \lxac tlano:no:tsahli \lxo tlano:no:tsahli \lxoc tlano:no:tsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se counsel; discipline \ss consejo; disciplina \xrb no:tsa \nde In Oapan <nao>tlano:no:tsahli</nao> is used to refer to the counsel of a <no>wé:wetlí</no> during a marriage ceremony. \ref 01297 \lxa kwepilia \lxac kikwepilia \lxo kopilia \lxoc kikopilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to turn over for (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle for a woman who is otherwise occupied) \ss voltear para (p. ej., una tortilla sobre el comal para una mujer que está ocupada haciendo otra cosa) \se to return (sth borrowed); to repay (the equivalent of sth borrowed, e.g., giving money for sth borrowed and lost); to make (a debt, labor owed, etc.) up to \ss regresar (algo pedido prestado) a; compensar (el equivalente de algo pedido prestado, e.g., gdando dinero por algo pedido prestado y perdido) a; reponer (una deuda, etc.) a \pna San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka. \pea He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it. \psa Solamente está devolviendo el maíz, lo había pedido prestado. \pna Timitsmakas tomi:n para ika tihkowas. Timitskwepilia. \pea I will give you money to buy it (and replace sth of yours that I ruined). I am making it up to you (given you the equivalent in cash). \psa Te voy a dar dinero para que lo compres (algo tuyo que eché a perder). Te lo estoy reponiendo (dándote el equivalente en efectivo). \se to take revenge; to pay back (in the sense of vengence); to give (sb) their just desserts; to get back at \ss devolverle (p. ej., un insulto, un golpe, etc.) a; vengarse con (algn) \pna A:man timitskwepili:s, xo:nikelka:w tli:n o:tine:xchi:wilih. \pea Now I'm going to get back at you, I haven't forgotten what you did to me. \psa Ahora te lo voy a pagar, no olvidélo que me hiciste. \se (~ <na>tlato:hli</na>) to translate for; to interpret for \ss (~ <na>tlato:hli</na>) traducir para; interpretar para \pna Ne:chkwepili:s motlato:l, newa xniweli inglé:s. \pea He will translate your words for me, I don't know English. \psa El me va a traducir tus palabras, yo no entiendo inglés. \se to change (the appearance, sound, etc. of sth); to alter or shift the direction of (e.g., a given practice or tradition) \ss cambiar (la apariencia o sonido, etc., de algo); alterar (p. ej., una costumbre o tradición, algo que está establecido en cierta manera o forma) \pna Tli:n kitsotsontoya, a:man xok yewa. A:man yo:kikwepilih, okse: yo:kikalaktih. \pea The music that he (in this case a violinist) was playing, he's not playing anymore. Now he has changed it, he has started a new one (song). \psa La música que estaba tocando (en este caso. un violinista), ya no es lo que está tocando. Ahora la ha cambiado, ha empezado otro (son) nuevo. \xvba kwepa \xrb kwepa \nse If regards to a gift or something borrowed, the verb <na>kwepilia</na> generally refers to returning the equivalent, not the identical, item. It may be a different item (e.g., money) to compensate or it may be another token of the same type (e.g., an equivalent hat). Thus if one receives a case of beer and returns a (different) case later, then <na>kwepilia</na> is appropriate. However, if one borrows a hat and then returns the same one, often <na>maka</na> or <na>onka:wa</na> is more appropriate. \qry Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. \grm Pluperfect: note the clear use here: /San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka/ 'He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it.' Here the pluperfect is used in a situation that mirrors that described by Launey: an act or situation the effects of which are no longer present/active. That is, the maize had been borrowed but with the return of maize, the effects of the borrowing, i.e., an outstanding debt, are gone. \grm Oapan phonology: In the variation of Am /kwepilia/ to Oapan /kopilia/ again note the variation /kwe/>/ko/. \ref 01298 \lxa ye:lo:ti \lxac ye:lo:ti \lxo ye:lo:ti \lxoc ye:lo:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to arrive at the stage of having a green ear of corn (a maize plant) \ss llegar a la etapa de maturación en que se forman elotes (una planta de maíz) \pna Kemech xi:lo:ti. Xe ye:lo:ti, kemech xi:lo:titok. \pea It is just starting to have <spn>jilotes</spn>. The <spn>elotes</spn> haven't yet started to form, the <spn>jilotes</spn> are just starting to emerge. \psa Apenas están formándose los jilotes. Los elotes todavía no salen, apenas están saliendo los jilotes. \xrb e:lo: \encyctmp mi:hli (include stages on the maturing of maize) \qry Check whether the plant has /i:ye:loyo/ or /i:ye:low/! \grm Denominal verbs in /-ti/: Although usually /-ti/ is interpreted as 'to become NOUN' in the case of plant parts, it refers to the entire plant that begins to acquire the noun indicated by the nominal stem that is verbalized. Thus one has /xi:lo:ti/, /miawa:ti/, /ye:lo:ti/, etc. However, in other cases one has /-yowa/ as in /xo:chiowa/, /wa:xiowa/, etc. It will be important to determine which plant parts are verbalized as /-yowa/ to indicate that part forming on the plant, and which plant parts are verbalized with /-ti/ to indicate what seems to be basically the same relationship/stage of growth. \grm Possession; part/whole: A point that I had not thought of before concerns both possessive constructions with plant parts that end in /-o:tl/ and denominal verbs in /-ti/. As to the former, it should be checked whether the possessed construction of /ye:lo:tl/, /xi:lo:tl/, etc. is /i:ye:loyo/ or not. Check. \ref 01299 \lxa topo:nia \lxac kitopo:nia \lxo topo:nia \lxoc kitopo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +alt/ca \infv class-2a \se to explode (fireworks, etc.) \ss explotar (cohetes, etc.) \se to burst (e.g., a blister, a ball, or other"inflated"object) \ss reventar (p. ej., una ampolla, pelota, u otro objeto"inflado") \se (with short vowel reduplication) to loosen to joints and articulations of (a person, in sharply twisting his torso) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer soltar las articulaciones del torso de (una persona, al agitar su cuerpo de un lado a otro) \xrb topo: \xvaa topo:nilia \nse Although <na>topo:nia</na> is both correct and accepted as the transitive form of <nla>topo:ni</nla>, the morphological causative <nla>topo:naltia</nla> is more common, both in the sense of burst something such as a blister or ball filled with air, or in the sense of exploding fireworks or similar objects. In regard to twisting and loosening the torso of someone, the person having the action performed on him will place his arms around his neck, clasping his hands behind the nape. The person effecting the action will wrap his arms around the patient and twist him from side to side. \nss Aunque <na>topo:nia</na> es correcto y aceptado como la forma transitiva de <nla>topo:ni</nla>, el causativo morfológico <nla>topo:naltia</nla> es más común, tanto en el sentido de reventar algo como una ampolla o pelota, o en el sentido de hacer explotar cohetes o castillos. En cuanto a torcer y aflojar el cuerpo de alguien, la persona a quien se le hace debe colocar sus brazos por atrás del cuello, agarrándose allíde las manos. La persona haciendo tal acción agarra la paciente con sus brazos, rápidamente agitandola de lado a lado. \ref 01300 \lxa michin \lxac michin \lxo michin \lxoa michih \lxop michin \lxoc michih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se generic name for fish \ss nombre genérico para pez o pescado \xrb mich \sem animal \ono michin \nse The following is a list of types of fish that have so far been identified: (make sure that each has its separate entry): <nba>xa:lmichin</nba> (small, scaleless fish; pez pequeño sin escamas); <nba>tsatsapalin</nba> ("mojarra"); <nba>xo:wi:lin</nba> (catfish, bagre); <nba>po:te:tl</nba> (small fish with a big belly (guppy-like)); <nba>truchah</nba> (trout, trucha); <nba>a:pitso</nba> (Note: Luis Lucena gave me this name. He said that he was not sure what type of fish this was, that he had never seen it. He also stated that it might be the same as /a:burrah/ another type of fish which he has heard named but never seen. Perhaps a legendary fish, cf. <nla>a:lamatsi:n</nla>, etc.); <nba>a:burrah</nba> (see entry under <nla>a:pitso</nla>); <nba>a:chichitsi:n</nba> (type of fish? Luis Lucena who mentioned this word to me said that he has heard it, but never seen the fish it supposedly refers to); <nba>a:kachakalin</nba> (type of water animal (fish? acamaya?)); <nba>a:xo:lo:tl</nba> (type of water animal, n ot a fish (tadpole? or renacuajo (?))); <nba>chakalin</nba> (type of water animal (fish?) small than an <nba>a:kachakalin</nba> but similar, perhaps a type of"acamaya"); <nba>tekwisiri</nba> (crab o cangrejo (classified by Luis Lucena as a type of fish, michin)) <nba>a:ko:lo:tl</nba> (stinging crayfish, not a type of fish according to Luis Lucena); <nba>a:kwilin</nba> (type of water worms, not a type of fish); <nba>tortugah</nba> (tortoirse, turtle, not indigenous to Ameyaltepec region; not a type of fish). Note that it will be important to determine which of the fish named but never seen are"real", if this is possible. Note that <nao>michin</nao> is used to refer to fish which is either alive or dead (i.e. 'pez' or 'pescado' in Spanish). It seems also clear that some individuals consider <nao>michin</nao> to indicate a water animal in general. \qry Check all fish, and nature of, i.e., are only what English/Spanish considers fish, fish in Nahuatl, or are other animals included. \ref 01301 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /tepepechowa/ but has been removed as it was not accepted by Florencia nor Cristino. Cf. /pepechyo:tia/ \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01302 \lxa a:makostli \lxac a:makostli \lxo a:makostli \lxoc a:makostli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se type of tree of those generically called <nbao>a:matl</nbao> or <nba>a:makuwtli</nba> \ss tipo deárbol de los genéricamente llamados <nbao>a:matl</nbao> or <nba>a:makuwtli</nba> \pna A:makostli | Xkanah nokwi. Tiá:s ka:n a:makostli dya tikpepecho:s ma:ski ne: itech itsi:ntew. Tiktemachi:was mokxopal. Tikraya:ros me:roh ke:n mowe:rach. Tiktetso:tsonas, ma ki:sa ime:me:yahlo para timotla:tla:lili:s ka:n tikpia mokoma:l. \pea <nbao>A:makostli</nbao> : It is not used for anything (i.e., firewood, construction, etc.). You go where there is an <nao>a:makostli</nao> and you place it (your foot) up against it, even just at the base. You measure (i.e., draw an outline in the shape of) your foot. You cut around an area just as if it were your sandal. You pound it hard with a stone so that the sap seeps out (where you cut it) so that you can then put it on your body where you have a pain in your stomach. \psa <nbao>A:makostli</nbao> : No sirve para nada (esto es, ni para leña, para construcción, etc.). Vas donde hay un <nao>a:makostli</nao> y se le acercas (la planta de tu pie) aunque sea junto a su base. Mides tu pie. Rayas (elárbol) mero como si fuera tu huarach. Le golpeas con una piedra para que salga su savia para que te la pones donde tienes tu vaso (esto es, dolor del estómago). \xrb a:ma \xrb kos \sem plant \sem kohtli \cpl This type of tree is rare, perhaps only one or two are found on the lands of Ameyaltepec, Oapan, or San Juan Tetelcingo. Inocencio Díaz had never heard of this plant. Asención Marcelo had heard of this plant but does not know it. Silvestre Pantaleón stated that this tree is found on the southern side of the Balsas; he also mentioned that he has heard that there is one of these trees near Ostokiloya. Eventually, we did find one near A:ko:ntepe:k, on the path to the Tepecuacuilco River from the crossroads of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:90) have a listing for"amate amarillo,"which they identify as of the family <i>Moraceae</i> and genus-species <i>Ficus petiolaris</i> H.B.K. Note that Schoenhals (1988) has for the <i>Ficus petiolaris</i> the <spn>tescalamate</spn> of which she says"'cliff fig' Fruit is a small fig; sap is irritating. Also called amate amarillo, chilamate."Note, however, that Guizar and Sánchez (1991) call another amate by the name <spn>tex calamate</spn>. This is also of the family <i>Moraceae</i> but is of the genus/species <i>Ficus cotinifolia</i>. But cf. the following entry by Schoenhals (1988) under matapalo:"1. (<i>Ficus</i> spp. e.g., <i>F. glabrata, F. Cotinifolia, F. involuta</i>) 'strangler fig,' 'wild fig' Grows around another tree eventually killing the host. Seeds sprout in the crotch of the host tree and send down roots which strangle the host. Simply leaves with smooth edges contrary to those of the domestic fig. Tree used for bark paper since pre-conquest days. Also called amate, higuero, higuerón, laurel de India. 2. (<i>Clusia</i> spp. e.g., <i>C. flava, C. Guatemalensis, C. rosea</i>) 'autograph tree,' clusia,' copey clusia,' 'pitchapple' Use for firewood. Epiphytic but not parasitic. Large, thick leaves of <i>C. rosea</i> can be used as a slate giving rise to the name 'autograph tree' Also called cucharo, cupey, memelita. \nct kohtli; a:makohtli \qry Determine precise medical meaning of /ka:n tikpia mokoma:l/. Correct in the text above and in entry under /koma:hli/. \ref 01303 \lxa masa:tl \lxac masa:tl \lxo masa:tl \lxoc masa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao deer (<l>docoileus virginianus</l>) \ssao venado de cola blanca (<l>docoileus virginianus</l>) \sea a form of playing jacks \ssa una forma de jugar matatena \pna O:mpoloh ipan masa:tl. \pea I lost in"deer"(a form of playing jacks). \psa Perdí en"venado"(una forma de jugar matatena). \cfao temasa:tl \sem animal \sem mammal \cola i:meló:n masa:tl \xrb masa: \encyctmp matatena \nct yo:lki \qry Make sure that the possessed forms are acceptable as I have indicated. \mod For a description of playing jacks, cf. DT (directional tape) #8:783 ff. \ref 01304 \lxa matián \lxo matiah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao 'Let's go'; see <nlao>yaw</nlao> \ssao 'Vámonos'; vé ase <nlao>ma</nlao> \nae This is a compound form of the optative <nlao>ma</nlao> with the irregular verb <nlao>yaw</nlao>, having the sense of 'Let's go/' \xrb ma \xrb yaw \ref 01305 \lxa tlapalwa:xkuwtli \lxac tlapalwa:xkuwtli \lxo tlapalwa:xkohtli \lxoc tlapalwa:xkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao see <nbao>tlapalwa:xin</nbao> \ssao vé ase <nbao>tlapalwa:xin</nbao> \sem plant \sem kohtli \apao tlapalwa:xin \xrb tlapal \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \ref 01306 \lxa xka:wa \lxac xka:wa \lxo xka:' \lxop xka:' \lxocpend xka:' teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \sea modal expression indicating that the situation a speaker is reporting as true is contrary to the expected, or what was previously generally believed; or it may indicate that what follows belies a previous assertion, that it is information that makes the previous statement incredible \ssa expresión modal indicando que la situación a que un hablante presenta como verídica es contrario a la situación esperada o anteriormente creída; o puede indicar que lo que sigue hace sorprendente que la aserveración previa fuera cierta o creible \pna O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian. \pea They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it. \psa Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello. \pna O:tso:liw notlake:n. Xka:wa! weyak katka, saka ke:n tila:wak. \pea My clothes have gotten shorter. But hey! they were long, (they shrunk) just because they were made of thick cloth. \psa Se encogiómi ropa, ni modo. No es de creer, era larga, nada más (se encogió) con esto de que era gruesa (la tela). \pna San ke:nkah kichi:chitia ina:n! Xka:wa, ye we:i. \pea His mother nurses him just as always! That really surprising, he's already big! \psa ¡Como siempre su mamále da pecho!¡Andale, ya está grande! \pna O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya. \pea The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be really poor. \psa Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No es para creer, pero antes era muy pobre. \pna Ne:chkukwi:lian notla:l! Xka:wa, newa o:ne:chmakate:hkeh. \pea They are taking my land away from me! That's not the way it should be, it was to me that they left it in inheritance. \psa ¡Me están quitando mi tierra! No debe ser así, fui yo quien lo recibió en herencia. \xrb ka:wa \nse According to Cristino Flores the term <na>xka:wa</na> effectively means <na>xka:wa, ma:ka xchi:wili kwe:ntah</na> or, in Spanish, <spn>déjalo, no le hagas caso</spn>. That is, it would seem that this term refers to the speakers assertion that something someone said should not be believed. In Oapan this phrase (very common in Ameyaltepec) is apparently seldom used although in one or two transcriptions the term <no>xka</no> appears. It seems that this is short for <no>xka:wa</no>, used in the sense given here. Roberto Mauricio gave the equivalent of Ameyaltepec <na>xka:wa</na> as <no>xka teh</no>. \ref 01307 \lxa manga:nawia \lxac kimanga:nawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan mangana \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to lasso or rope the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) \ssa manganear (lazar un toro para sujetarlo) \pna Ma nikmanga:nwi, newa ma:s niweli! \pea Let me lasso its front legs, I can do it better! \psa ¡Déjame manganearlo, yo lo hago mejor! \ref 01308 \lxa koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi \lxac koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi \lxo koto:nchikipe:lihtimi \lxoc koto:nchikipe:lihtimi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-V1]-asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \seao to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest \ssao salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho \syna koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \nae Oapan <no>koto:nchikipe:lihtimi</no>, which was given by Florencia Marcelino as the semantic equivalent to Ameyaltepec <nla>koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi</nla>, reflects the combination of a short stem verb (identical to the perfective) with an aspectual ending (in this case <no>-timi</no>, the Oapan equivalent of Classical, and Ameyaltepec, <na>-tinemi</na>). However, the verb itself (? <no>koto:nchikipe:liwi</no>) has not been documented in the corpus. \qry Check for /koto:nchikipe:liwi/. \ref 01309 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was I:na:k Kapi:res; switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 01310 \lxa tetso:ktli \lxac tetso:ktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \sea mortar \ssa mezcla \pna Tepa:ntli de tetso:ktli. \pea It is a wall made with mortar (as opposed to a simple <nla>tekorrá:l</nla>) \psa Es una pared hecha con mezcla (no una sencilla <nla>tekorrá:l</nla>) \xrb te \xrb tso:k \nae The etymology of <na>tetso:ktli</na> is uncertain; no cognate forms have been identified in other dialects. \qry The word might be erroneous and should be checked. If correct, check for possessed form. \ref 01311 \lxa kamacha:lo:ltia \lxac kikamacha:lo:ltia \lxo kamacha:lo:ltia \lxoc kikamacha:lo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to force the mouth open of (a person or, more usually, animal, particularly in order to feed it) \ss forzar la boca abierta a (una persona o, más comúnmente, un animal, particularmente para darle de comer a fuerza) \pna Kikamacha:lo:lti:skeh un pitso para nopapa:kas ikamak. \pea They will force open the mouth of that pig to wash its mouth. \psa A fuerza van a abrir la boca de ese marrano para que se lave su boca. \se (fig.) (<nao>tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia</nao> ?) Who asked your opinion? What made you say (that)? What's it to you? (lit., 'What opened your mouth?) \ss (fig.) (<nao>tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia</nao> ?)¿Quién te preguntó?¿Quéte importa (para que dijiste lo que dijiste)? (lit., '¿Quéte abrióla boca?') \pna Tli:no:n mitskamacha:lo:ltia? Tle:ka san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh? \pea Who asked your opinion? Why did you just say whatever (came to mind)? \psa ¿Quién te preguntó(esto es,¿Por quérazón abriste la boca?)¿Por quédijiste estos disparates? \cfao kamacha:lowa \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \xvbao kamacha:lowa \qry Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan. \sj Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan. \ref 01312 \lxa tokatsa:wahli \lxac tokatsa:wahli \lxo takatsa:wahli \lxoa tekatsa:wahli \lxoc takatsa:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se cobweb \ss telaraña (lo que queda después de ser abandonada por la araña) \xrb toka \xrb tsa:wa \dis ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli \encyctmp animal nests \nse Apparently <na>tokatsa:wahli</na> refers to a cobweb, i.e., the web of a spider that remains after the spider has left, whereas <nla>i:ma:tl tokatl</nla> is the web of an active spider, still used to catch insects. \nde Florencia Marcelino and her husband both use the form <no>takatsa:wahli</no> (given as the headword) although both said that others Oapan speakers use <no>tokatsa:wahli</no>. In fact, Florencia claimed that her husband uses the latter form, even though in the taping he uttered <no>takatsa:wahli</no>. He later admitted that he occasionally also used <no>tekatsa:wahli</no>. They both agreed that Inocencio's father used <no>tokatsa:wahli</no>, different from the most common forms found in Oapan. \qry Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/. Check that Inocencio's father indeed uses /tokatsa:wahli/ and that Florencia and Inocencio stated that he did. Correct above comments as necessary. \mod Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.) \grm Oapan phonology: Note the variation of /o/ to /a/ and /e/ in Oapan: /takatsa:wahli/ and /tekatsa:wahli/. \ref 01313 \lxanotes yzzz \mod According to FM this entry should be removed, one can only say /ixtakakoné:watí/ 'to become pregnant out of wedlock.' It might well be that even though this was documented from Ameyaltepec, it was the result of elicitation. It might be better to remove this from the lexicon until narrative/discourse documentation of this term can be obtained. \lxac ki:xtakao:stia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to impregnate out of wedlock \ssa impregnar fuera del matrimonio \xrb i:xtaka \xrb o:s \qry Here too, check for possibility of two words, e.g. ixtaka o:niko:stih or o:nikixtakao:stih. \ref 01314 \lxa panitsi:n \lxac panitsi:n \lxo panitsi:n \lxoc panitsi:n \psm Loc \der Loc-tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se see <na>pani</na> \ss vé ase <na>pani</na> \xrb pan \mod Examine Launey's treatment of these words; I believe he mentions /i/ as a locative, as in /kali/ and /pani/. Thesis, p. 750ff. \ref 01315 \lxa xa:yakatsokwil \lxac xa:yakatsokwil \lxo xa:yakátsokwíl \lxop xa:yakatsokwil \lxoc xa:yakátsokwíl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \pa yes-lex \se to be dirty- or filthy-faced \ss tener la cara muy sucia \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tsohkwil \qry Again, a major treatment of these classes of adjectivals needs to be considered. For all make sure that in elicitation questions have been asked for the adjectival and apocoated forms together. For example, in discussing /xa:yakatsokwil/ question whether /xa:yakatsokwiltik/ is also found. If it is, then it should be added. For each entry the /syn field should have the other listed. Thus if /xa:yakatsokwiltik/ is found to exist, it will be entered under /xa:yakatsokwil/ in the/synao field. \ref 01316 \lxa tlate:nti:ltetl \lxac tlate:nti:ltetl \lxo tlate:nti:ltetl \lxoc tlate:nti:ltetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se smooth stone found in rivers or along their banks and used for sharpening (machetes, knives, axes, etc.) \ss piedra lisa que se utiliza para sacar filo (a machetes, cuchillos, hachas, etc.) y que se halla en los ríos o por las riberas \xrb te:n \xrb te \nae <na>Tlate:nti:ltetl</na> is based on a nominalization of the transitive verb <na>te:ntia</na> and compounding with <na>tetl</na>. The first incorporated (deverbal) noun acts as an attributive, modifying <nao>tetl</nao>. However, apparently it (? <n>tlate:ntihli</n>) is not found independently. \qry Check whether the simple /tlate:ntihli/ exists and add info to lexicon. Check vowel length of /i/ since in some filecards I have a long vowel and in others a short vowel. \ref 01317 \lxa tlakomohli \lxac tlakomohli \lxo tlakomohli \lxoc tlakomohli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 3 \se extended flat area of land, perhaps very mildly sunken in the center \ss un terreno o extensión de tierra muy plano, quizáligeramente hundido en medio \pna Pakah, ipan un tlakomoltsi:n. \pea It is there, on that small section of flat land. \psa Allí está, sobre esa pequeña sección de terreno plano. \sem topography \cfa tekomoltsi:n \xrb komol \nde In Classical Nahuatl (Molina), <n>tlacomolli</n> is definited as 'hoyo grande o barranco.' This is related to the verb <n>comoliwi</n> 'hazerse barrancoso lo que era llano.' \qry Check definition as this definition was determined from experience and not any direct questioning. It is quite different from the definition in Classical. E.g. RS has for /tlacomolli/: 'agujero, hoyo, barranca' and for /comoliui/ 'convertirse en terreno lleno de barrancos, hablando de un lugar antes liso.' I have a note on one filecard that the second /o/ is definitely short in /tlakomohli/ and in all words with a similar root: /a:komohli/, /tlakomoltsi:n/, etc. Note also that the meaning of the verbal base /komolowa/ suggests the possibility that the Classical definition is correct. \ref 01318 \lxa solita:rioh \lxac solita:rioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan solitario \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea word applied to a large male <na>tejo:n</na> that is found alone, not in groups \ssa palabra aplicada a un tejón macho muy grande que se distingue por andar solo, no en grupos \sem animal \sem mammal \nse For a discussion of the social habits of this animal, see <nba>tejo:n</nba>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 01319 \lxa ma:so \lxac kima:so \lxo ma:so \lxoc kima:so \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to prick the hand of (with a needle, pin, thorn, splinter, etc.) \ss picar la mano de (con una aguja, alfiler, púa, espina, etc.) \pna O:nimoma:sok ika wistli. \pea I pricked my hand with a thorn. \psa Me piquéla mano con una espina. \xrb ma: \xrb so \qry Recheck that this is a transitive, although it should be, with possessor raising. Also, check final vowel length in future. \ref 01320 \lxa kwalahki:sa \lxac kwalahki:sa \lxo kwalahki:sa \lxoc kwalahki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao to drool; to salivate \ssao babear; dejar escapar saliva de la boca \pna Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah. \pea Your donkey is dripping saliva, he has <na>ye:rbah</na> (a type of fungus) in his mouth. \psa Tu burro está babeando, tiene <na>ye:rbah</na> en la boca. \pna Tli:no:n kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl. \pea What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth. \psa ¿Quétiene? Estábabeando de a de veras, debe tenerúlceras en la boca. \xrb kwala: \xrb ki:sa \qry Check for precise definition of 'yerba', a type of infection or fungus that occurs in animals' mouths. \ref 01321 \lxa tsomakuwtli \lxac tsomakuwtli \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea type of large tree as yet still unidentified \ssa tipo deárbol grande todavía no identificada \pna Tsomakuwtli | Ye weka:wi notekia kwa:k o:ne:kchi:w tio:pan, kinteketsayan para kuwtlapextli. I:pan cholowa:ya, ipan noteketsaya tlaye:kchi:hke:tl. \pea <nba>Tsomakuwtli</nba> : It was cut a long time ago, when the church was built. They put it up as a scaffolding. A worker would walk on it, stand on it. \psa <nba>Tsomakuwtli</nba> : Se cortaba hace mucho tiempo, cuando se construyóla iglesia. Lo pusieron como andamio. Uno que trabajaba en la construccion podía caminar sobre ello, pararse sobre ello. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo te:tla:wi:lo:ni \xrb tsohma \xrb kow \cpl Consultants (Feb. 2001) identified this tree as <spn>palo blanco</spn>. However, Ramírez (1991) has the <na>tsomakuhtli</na> identified as of the family <i>Leguminosae</i> with a Spanish name of <spn>palo gigante</spn> ; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give this same Spanish name. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:98) have a tree which they call <spn>palo blanco</spn> of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideae and of the genus/species <i>Acacia coulteri</i>. They do not list a <spn>palo gigante</spn>. However, from the description is seems quite possible that the tree known as <na>tsomakuhtli</na> is not the <i>Acacia coulteri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) has no plants named <spn>palo gigante</spn> but does have palo blanco:"1. (<i>Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides</i>) 'morning-glory treee.' The same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto, palo santo. 2. (<i>Acacia willar diana</i>) '[type of] acacia.' Tree has thin, white bark and a hard wood. Found in the coastal mountains of Sonora. 3. (<i>Maytenus phyllantoides</i>) 'Florida mayten.' See mangle dulce. 4. (<i>Roseodendron donnell-smithii</i>) 'spring bells.' See primavera." \nct kohtli \mod Remove /tsomakuhtli/ from the Oapan entry here since this tree is not known by this name. \ref 01322 \lxa tekakahli \lxac tekakahli \lxo té:kahlí \lxoc té:kahlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-rdp \se natural shelter formed under an overhanging ledge of rocks \ss saliente de piedra que puede servir como abrigo o protección natural \pna Tekakahli, kó:n wel timokiawpale:wi:s. \pea A shelter below a ledge of outcropping rocks enables you to protect yourself from the rain. \psa Un risco sobresaliente de piedra es la manera en que te puedes proteger de la lluvia. \sem topography \xrb te \xrb kal \nse A <na>tekakahli</na> is a place sheltered by rocks (the literal meaning of <na>te + kakahli</na>), which is often used as protection against the rain. It is not a cave but rather a place where a protruding rock or small indentation proves a shelter. It should be distinguished from <nlao>tekahli</nlao>, which is a circle of rocks set around plants to hold in water. \mod Illustrate. \ref 01323 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was originally /ko:niah/ but has not been confirmed. It has been deleted by now as those of Oapan and C. Flores (Am) denied that it was a word. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01324 \lxa a:tepe:ya:wi:lo \lxac a:tepe:ya:wi:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \sea to be swept away by flood waters (a person, animal, or material object); to be crushed or flattened by passing flood waters (e.g., fields or plants) \ssa llevarse por un torrente de agua (una persona, animal, u objeto material); apachurrarse o doblarse por un torrente de agua (p. ej., campos, sembradíos o plantas) \pna O:a:tepe:ya:wi:lo:k mi:hli. \pea The maize plants got flattened by a torrent of water. \psa La milpa se arrastrópor la fuerza de un torrente de agua. \equivo a:tepe:ya:wiya \nae In Oapan the semantic equivalent is a reflexive use of the verb <no>a:tepe:ya:wiya</no>. Although the passive derivations ending in <n>-wi:lo</n> are quite common in Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides <na>a:tepe:ya:wi:lo</na>, which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard <nla>askawi:lo</nla>, where Oapan would use only <nlao>a:skayowa</nlao>, also found in Ameyaltepec. \grm Derived from noun /a:tepe:ya:tl/ with probable instrumental verbalized /- wia:/ then passivized. Long /i:/ indicates a process of passivization of transitive form. This process occurs in non-agentive constructions in which there is a definite patient or affected party, cf. grammar notes on this subject. Note also that in Oapan the semantic equivalent of /a:tepe:ya:wi:lo/ is a reflexive use of the verb <no>a:tepe:ya:wiya</no>. Although the passive derivations ending in <n>-wi:lo</n> are quite common in Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides <na>a:tepe:ya:wi:lo</na>, which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard <nla>askawi:lo</nla>, where Oapan would use only <nlao>a:skayowa</nlao>, also found in Ameyaltepec. \ref 01325 \lxa kwitlanextla:lia \lxac kikwitlanextla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tekwitlanextla:lia</na> \infv class-2a \sea to cover with dust; to make filthy from dust and dirt \ssa empolvar; ensuciar al cubrir con tierra y polvo \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \xrb tla:l \nse Although consultants indicated that <na>kwitlanextla:lia</na> can occur with and without the prefix <n>te-</n>, it seems to be more common with this prefix; cf. <nlao>kwitlanextsi:n</nlao>. \qry Check as to whether this can only be used reflexively and other acceptations of the verb. Also check on how best to describe the morphology, perhaps N+V is better? Yet in essence the first element seems to be /kwitla/ used to modify the color; see discussion under /kwitlanextsi:n/ \ref 01326 \lxa kuwextli \lxac kuwextli \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \sea type of tree (collected) \ssa tipo deárbol (colectado) \src Felix Venancio \pna Kowextli | Bwe:noh para kwa:k kamatso:tso:ti ko:koneh. Tihkwis ia:yo, tiksentla:li:s ika ichkatl. \pea <na>Kowextli</na> : It is good for when children have gotten sores in their mouths. You take the sap and gather it up with a ball of cotton (to apply it to the child's mouth). \psa <na>Kuwextli</na> ] : Es bueno para cuando los niños tienen llagitas en la boca. Tomas su savia, lo juntas con algodón (para aplicarsele a la boca del niño). \pna Deke tikamatso:tso:ti, tikpia kamatso:tso:tl, tikmaxaktlapa:nas kowextli wa:n kó:n ki:sas ia:yotsi:n. Ika tikpa:tso:s ichkatl, timotla:lili:s itik mokamak. Deke o:tikwi:kak weka wa:n o:wa:k, tikpa:tso:s oksepa ika aseiteh rosa:dah. Kaxa:nis ichkatl wa:n timotla:lili:s noso wel ika iwiyo piotsi:n tiktla:lili:s a:kin kamatso:tso:ti. \src Luis Lucena \pea If your mouth has sores, if you have sores in your mouth, you split the <na>kowextli</na> where its branch forks so that its sap runs out. You moisten some cotton with it, and you place it on the inside of your mouth. If you've taken it far and it has dried up, you can moisten it again with <na>aceite rosada</na>. The cotton will soften up and you will put it on [i.e., the sores in your mouth], or you can place it [the sap] on a person who has sores in his mouth with a chicken feather. \psa Si se te han salidoúlceras en la boca, si tienes la boca conúlceras, partes una ramita bifurcada del <na>kuwextli</na> para que asísalga la savia. Mojas algo de algodón con ella, te la pones en la boca. Si lo llevaste lejos y se secó, la vas a mojar otra vez con aceite rosada. El algodón se afloja y te la puedes poner [sobre las llagitas], o bien con una pluma de gallina se la puedes poner a alguien que tengaúlceras por la boca. \sem plant \sem kohtli \syno kohyestli \xrb ko \xrb wex \cpl There is no mention of this tree in either Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991). \nct kohtli \qry Ceck the name that neighboring villages give to this tree and on this basis try to determine etymology. \ref 01327 \lxa yo:ltemi:mikini \lxac yo:ltemi:mikini \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ni \aff Lex. rdp-l; Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn N1 \sea person who stutters \ssa tartamudo \syna yo:ltemi:mihki \syno yo:ltemi:mihki \xrb yo:l \xrb miki \ref 01328 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /kuhchi:kwepo:ni/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01329 \lxa kamaxoxopo:nia \lxac kikamaxoxopo:nia \lxo kamaá:xopó:nia \lxoc kikamaá:xopó:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a); V2-alt-ni/alta \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to cause pimples or sores in the mouth of \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacerle salir granitos en la boca de \pna O:ne:chkamaxoxopo:nih to:tolo:ktsi:n \pea The <nla>to:tolo:ktsi:n</nla> caused my mouth to blister. \psa El <nla>to:toloktsi:n</nla> me hizo salir granitos en la boca. \xrb kama \xrb xopo: \nse This verb has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal stem. \qry Check for intransitive form. T \ref 01330 \lxa tlako:patli \lxac tlako:patli \lxo tlakó:patlí \lxoc tlakó:patlí \lxt tlako:pahtle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se generic name for type of vine that includes two different types, <nla>tlako:patli toma:wak</nla> (Am) and <nla>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</nla> (Am) \ss tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado que incluye dos tipos, <nla>tlako:patli toma:wak</nla> y <nla>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</nla> \pna Tlako:patli | Nochi -tlako:patli pitsa:wak wa:n tlako:patli toma:wak- reme:dioh para deke tipostekis. Kiki:xtian inelwayo para kikwe:chowan ipan tetl noso ipan metlatl. Dya mitschapa:nili:skeh ka:n mitskukwa. No: kitowan bwe:noh para kuwasiwistli. \pea <na>Tlako:patli</na> : All (i.e., both <nla>tlako:patli toma:wak</nla> and <nla>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</nla>) are remedies if you've broken a bone. Someone pulls up its root and grind it up finely on a stone or metate. Then they spread it on you where it hurts. They also say that it's good for <nla>kowasiwistli</nla>. \psa <na>Tlako:patli</na> : Todo (esto es, <nla>tlako:patli toma:wak</nla> y <nla>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</nla>) son remedios si se te ha quebrado un hueso. Sacan su raíz y la muelen sobre una piedra o sobre un metate. Entonces te lo ponen por donde te duele. También dicen que es bueno para <nla>kowasiwistli</nla>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tlako: \xrb pah \cpl There are two types of <na>tlako:patli</na> : <nla>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</nla> and <nla>tlako:patli toma:wak</nla>. According to Costa Venancio both <nla>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</nla> and <nla>tlako:patli toma:wak</nla> are used in curing <nla>kowasiwistli</nla> by rubbing the plant over the body of the affected person. Silvestre Pantaleón knew both types; Inocencio Díaz had heard this name but did not know the plant. Asención Marcelo stated that he knew only the thin type. Check the recordings to determine if both are used in curing. \mod Check: According to the mother of Inocencio Jimenez there is another plant, which she said was a /kohtsi:ntli/ that is also called \encypage /botzoo/bot/fampage/aristolochiaceae/aristolochiaceae_frameset.htm \nct xiwtli \ref 01331 \lxa ki:xtilia \lxac kiki:xtilia \lxo ki:xtilia \lxoc kiki:xtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to remove (sth) from; to take (sth) off of \ss quitar o sacar (algo) de \pna Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah. \pea They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly. \psa Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza. \pna Nihki:xtili:s ikakawayo. \pea I will take its skin off (e.g., of a fruit). \psa Le voy a quitar su cáscara (p. ej., a una fruta) \xrb ki:sa \xvbao ki:xtia \ref 01332 \lxa ka:lowa \lxo ka:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se see <nla>tlaka:lowa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:ka:lówa</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>tlaka:lowa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:ka:lówa</nlo> (Oa) \xrb ka:l \nae The verb seems to be related to the root <nr>ka:l</nr>, which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, though the only documented occurrences of it are with the prefix <n>tla-</n>. \qry Check to see if this verb can be used reflexively or transitively, with a specific object. Check also the existence of intransitive form. \ref 01333 \lxa chikipe:ltik \lxac chikipe:ltik \lxo chikipe:ltik \lxoc chikipe:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be cut or torn open lengthwise and flared out (e.g., cloth that has been cut or ripped lengthwise or, particularly, a shallow pot with a wide brim) \ss estar cortado o rasgado a lo largo con las orillas abiertas hacia afuera (p. ej., tela o bien una olla o sartén poco profondo) \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \cfa pe:ltik \ref 01334 \lxa tlamia:n \lxac i:tlamia:n \lxo tlamia:n \lxoc i:tlamia:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \se end (of a period of time [Poss]) \ss a finales de (un periodo de tiempo [Pos]) \pna I:tlamia:n me:stli nikchi:was. \pea I will do it at the end of the month. \psa Lo voy a hacer a finales del mes. \cfa tlakotia:n \cfa pe:wya:n \cfo tlákotiá:h \cfo pe:hya:n \xrb tlami \xrl -ya:n \qry Check to see whether this can refer to the end of a long object, such as a board, etc. I have often heard /ka:n tlami/ or /ka:n ontlami/. Check the difference between /i:tlamia:n/ and /ka:n tlami/ (and /ka:n ontlami/). Also check /ka:n wa:ltlami/. \ref 01335 \lxa nextamahli \lxac nextamahli \lxo nextamahli \lxoc nextamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se maize soaked in boiled water with lime, which causes the maize to expand and loose its husk (in Spanish <spn>nixtamal</spn>); the <na>nextamahli</na> is then ground up for making tortillas \ss nixtamal, maíz remojado en agua hervida con cal, que se abulta y pierde su cáscara; después el nixtamal se muele para hacer tortillas \sem food-maize \xrb nex \xrb tamal \cfa po:so:hli de nextamahli \ono tlaxkahli \qry Check whether /nextli/ still exists as a noun, as it did in classical. \mod Produce page on the preparation of tortillas, including references to: making of nextamal, types of tools used in preparation of tortillas (komal, achiwiltepalkatl, etc). \ref 01336 \lxa koxo:ni \lxac koxo:ni \lxo koxo:ni \lxoc koxo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to slosh or move around inside a container (particularly water sloshing inside a water jug, or stones being agitated inside sth, not necessarily covered, such as a gourd to clean its inside) \ss zangolotear o agitarse dentro de un recepiente (particlarmente agua dentro de un cántaro, o algo más abierto, o piedrecitas que están siendo agistados dentro de un bule para limpiarse) \pna O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh. \pea This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my <na>caldo</na> started to spill out. \psa Este burro hizo regar algo mío. Es como que quería empezar a correr, mi caldo empezó a agitarse de un lado a otro, se empezó a regar. \pna Yo:na:kwep in to:to:ltetl, ko:koxo:ni. \pea This egg has spoiled, it rattles around inside (from having gone bad). \psa Este huevo ya se echó a perder. Zangolotea por adentro. \se (with a directional prefix) to lap or beat up against (the side of sth, e.g., water against the shore or the banks of a river) \ss (<na>con un prefijo direccional</na>) subir y bajar contra algo (e.g., agua contra un literal o orillas de un río) \pna Onkoxo:ntok itech osto:tl. \pea It (waters of a river or ocean) is lapping up there against the cliff. \psa Al subir y bajar, está (el agua de un río o la mar) besando el risco allá. \pna Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl. \pea The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain). \psa El agua ha empezado a subir y bajar contra la ribera, el río ha crecido (por la lluvia). \pna Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak. \pea The sea is beating up against that cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks). \psa Al subir y bajar, el mar golpea contra ese risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras). \xrb koxo: \xvca koxo:naltia \qry /Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl/. 'The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain).' This is an example phrase. However, the main question is whether the phrase /ma:s we:iya i:pan we:i a:tl/ is correct and correctly translated. This should be checked. Perhaps /... ika we:i a:tl/ should be used. \grm Indefinite null complement; antipassive; definiteness: Note the following utterance: /O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh/ 'This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my <na>caldo</na> started to spill out.' Note that the text begins with an indefinite complement /tla-/. It is clear from what follows that the reference is definite, i.e., is understood within the context of discourse. That is, the /tla-/ of /o:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih/ refers to what follows. However, one important thing is that the zero marker for the secondary object is possible only when the secondary object is already a discourse topic, or when the secondary object is introduced immediately in a dependent noun phrase. Thus one use of /tla-/ is to separate the introduction of both objects in a ditransitive verb. This should be examined more. \ref 01337 \lxa molo:nia \lxac molo:nia \lxo molo:nia \lxoc molo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt(ni/ltia) \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to smell bad \ss oler mal \cfa momolo:ni \xrb molo: \xvcao molo:naltia \nse Although more research needs to be carried out, it appears that there are two meanings of the root <nr>molo:</nr>. The forms <nao>molo:nia</nao> and <nao>molo:naltia</nao> apparently refer to foul-smelling, the first as an intransitive and the second as a transitive. In reduplicated form there are also intransitives (<nla>momolo:ni</nla> (or Oapan <nlo>mómoló:ni</nlo> ; cf. the frequentative <nlao>momoloka</nlao>) \qry See entry under /molo:ni/. Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms. Also, if /momolo:nia/ is the same as /momolo:ni/ then both should be given separate entries as"to fluff up". Likewise, check /molo:naltia/, etc. This verb needs to be checked extensively. My impression is that the unreduplicated has an intransitive /molo:nia/ meaning"to become foul-smelling."The reduplicated has an intransitive meaning"to become fluffed up."Then, it appears, that the transitive is found only with the meaning"to fluff up"and not ?"to make foul-smelling."It also seems that the alternation is with /-altia/. NOTE that in my original file cards I had also /momolo:nia/ as meaning"to fluff up (cotton in particular)"(apparently as an intransitive). However, I also have /momolo:ni/ with this meaning, and Florencia Marcelinostated (if I remember correctly) that whereas /momolo:ni/ means"to fluff up"the form *momolo:nia is not acceptable with this meaning. CHECK. \ref 01338 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally for /xi:tekwetla:ni/ and has been removed as vulgar and offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01339 \lxa tlai:tlanilia \lxac kitlai:tlanilia \lxo tláitlanília \lxop tlaitlanilia \lxoc kitláitlanília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to formally request a daughter in marriage for (a father [S] for a son [PO]) \ss pedir formalmente una muchacha en matrimonio para (un padre [S] por su hijo [OP]) \xrb htlani \xvba tlaitlani \nae For a discussion of the unexpected long vowel in the Ameyaltepec form, see <nla>tlai:tlani</nla>. \qry Note that I originally had /Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh ika nochpo:ch./ 'It appears that I will be asked for my daughter in marriage.' I also had the notes:"The person who is requested in marriage, the <spn>novia</spn>, is expressed obliquely and is not a core argument of the verb. The example sentence <na>Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh i:ka nochpo:ch</na> has an antipassive construction in which the secondary object (the daughter) is obliquely expressed."However, C. Flores explained that it is the father of the bridegroom that /tlaitlanilia/ with the son as the object. This has been the definition used for now. \grm Antipassive: The person who is requested in marriage, the <spn>novia</spn>, is expressed obliquely and is not a core argument of the verb. The example sentence <na>Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh i:ka nochpo:ch</na> has an antipassive construction in which the secondary object (the daughter) is obliquely expressed. \ref 01340 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record used to be /nawameh/ but this was in error and has been corrected to /nanwameh/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01341 \lxa nochi \lxac nochi \lxo nochi \lxoa noch \lxoc nochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-b \se everything; all (of any particular items or objects); entire or all (time period); everyone; all of (people [S]) \ss todo (de cualquier cosa o grupo de objetos); todos (en cuanto a personas [S]); entero o todo el (periodo de tiempo); \pna Nochi nikneki. \pea I want everything (it all). \psa Lo quiero todo. \pna Tekiti nochi yewahli. \pea He works all night. \psa Trabaja toda la noche (durante la noche entera). \pna Nochimeh tekitin. \pea They all work. \psa Todos trabajan \pna Tinochimeh tia:skeh. \pea All of us will go. \psa Todos nosotros vamos a ir. \se during all or the entire (in reference to a time period) \ss durante todo (en referencia a un periodo temporal) \se (<na>i:ka</na> ~; often with <nla>yo:hlo</nla>) with all (often, 'ones heart') \ss (<na>i:ka</na> ~; a menudo con <nla>yo:hlo</nla>) con todo (a menudo, 'el corazón') \pna Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. \pea I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness. \psa Aquí estoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad. \xrb nochi \nse The plural <na>nochimeh</na> is used when referring to animate objects: humans and some animals. Note that like other quantifiers (such as numerals), <nao>nochi</nao> can be used pronominally, as in the phrase <na>nochi nikneki</na> 'I want all (of them)' as well as predicatively <nao>tinochimeh</nao> 'all of us' (lit., 'we are all'). According to Cristino Flores some Ameyaltepequeños say <na>timochimeh</na>, <na>mochipa</na>, etc., although I have not documented this. He said that Hoyo de la Rosa, Maximo Reyna, Pedro García and a few others use these terms. \qry The exact context of plural use should be explored. Phrase with /-yo:hlo/ and /-pa:killis/ should be reentered under each of these latter words. \ref 01342 \lxa tla:la:jeh \lxac tla:la:jeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>aje</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>tla:la:jes</na> \sea type of small, biting and itch-causing insect that lives on the ground; still unidentified \ssa tipo de insecto pequeño que vive sobre la tierra, muerde y causa comezón; todavía no identificado \pna Tla:la:jeh, nemi ipan tla:hli. Deke yo:mitskwah de milá:k tikekexkias. Pitentsi:n ke:n tlakwa:ni. \pea The <na>tla:la:jeh</na> lives on the ground. If it bites you, you will really itch. It is small like a <nlao>tlakwa:ni</nlao>. \psa El <na>tla:la:jeh</na> vive sobre la tierra. Si te muerde te deja con mucho comezón. Es pequeño como el <nlao>tlakwa:ni</nlao>. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tla:l \cpl There is no entry for <na>tla:la:jeh</na> in Schoenhals (1988:211) who does have simply aje:"(<i>Coccus axin</i>) '[wax] cochineal.' An insect and the thick, waxy substance it produces which resembles rancid butter. Used as a varnish--especially in Michoacan for the exquisite lacquer work done there." \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check to determine whether /a:jeh/ exists as a distinct animal. \ref 01343 \lxa tlake:nki:xtia \lxac kitlake:nki:xtia \lxo tlake:nki:xtia \lxocpend kitlake:nki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to undress; to take clothes off of \ssa desvestir; quitarle la ropa a \pna Notlake:nki:xtia, na:lti:s. \pea He is undressing, he is going to bathe. \psa Se está desvistiendo, se va a bañar. \syno tlá:kopí:nia \xrb ke:m \xrb ki:sa \qry Check for intransitive. \nde In Oapan the form <nlo>tlá:kopí:nia</nlo> is much more commonly used than <no>tlake:nki:xtia</no>, though the latter is indeed used. \grm Causatives; noun incorporation; transitivity: Note that apparently not all causatives have a corresponding intransitive in the usual sense. Thus while /ki:xtia/ has an intransitive /ki:sa/, /tlake:nki:xtia/ does not have a similar corresponding intransitive */tlake:nki:sa/. This points out to a general property or characteristic of causatives and of transitive verbs in general; when there is an incorporated noun it is often the case (either with saturating incorporation or with possessor raising) that the intransitive does not exist. Therefore, rather than consider /tlake:nki:xtia/ as the causative of /tlake:nki:sa/, it is possible to consider that it is the incorporated form of /ki:xtia/, and that this incorporation is an example of possessor raising. \ref 01344 \lxa -tsa:hla:n \lxac itsa:hla:n \lxo -tsa:la:n \lxoc i:tsa:la:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \se within; among; in the middle or midst of \ss en medio de \pna Itsa:hla:n nomi:l ontoto:kilih yetl iwa:n xo:chitl. \pea In the middle of my corn field I planted beans and flowers \psa En medio de mi milpa sembréfrijoles y flores. \pna Se: masa:tl o:nikitak kalaki itsa:hla:n wa:kax. \pea I saw a deer go in among the cattle. \psa Vi un venado entrar en medio del ganado. \xrl tsa:hla:n \dis tsa:hla:n; nepantlah \nse The difference between <nla>nepantlah</nla> and <na>tsa:hla:n</na> seems to be that the former indicates a middle point of a space (or object) whereas the latter indicates that the subject is located in the midst of something, such as hills, corn plants, etc. Thus the two example sentences well illustrate this use of <na>tsa:hla:n</na> (Am). In both cases the principal object (beans/flowers and a deer) is placed or moves among the background objects, which are many and multiple. \nae In Oapan there is no /h/ closing the first syllable; in Ameyaltepec there is. In both dialects the second /a:/ is long, unlike in Classical: <n>tza:lan</n>. Note that there is some evidence for a geminate /l/ in Classical as Molina has the noun <n>tzallantli</n> 'abra, quebrada de sierras o cañada.' The relational noun, however, has a single /l/ in Classical. \qry Check to determine that possessive prefix can be used, i.e., ?/totsa:hla:n/. Recheck final C of Oapan form. \vl Check vowel length of both vowels as well as /h/ in the middle of /tsa:hla:n/. \ref 01345 \lxa kwa:temo:tla \lxac kikwa:temo:tla \lxo kwa:temo:tla \lxoc kikwa:temo:tla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \infv class-4a \se to hit in the head (with sth thrown or shot: a stone, stick, bullet, etc.) \ss pegar en la cabeza (con algo tirado: una piedra, palo, bala, etc.) \pna Ma nikonkwa:temo:tla se: wi:lo:tl! \pea Let me go shoot (with a gun or slingshot) a dove in the head! \psa ¡Deje que vaya yo a tirarle en la cabeza (con un arma de fuego o un resorte) a una paloma! \sem contact \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb mo:tla \qry Cf. other words with /kwa:-/ that also appear to use /te-/ although not always in a capacity which suggests an intensifier. \ref 01346 \lxa te:tlatete:mowilia:ni \lxac te:tlatete:mowilia:ni \lxo te:tlá:te:mowiliá:ni \lxoa te:tlátete:mowiliá:ne \lxoc te:tlá:te:mowilia:ne \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \seao diviner; person who reveals the fortune or fate of others (e.g., revealing the cause of an illness, the location of a lost animal, etc.) \ssao atinador; persona quien revela la suerte de otros (p. ej., encontrando la causa de una enfermedad, la ubicación de un animal perdido, etc.) \syna te:tlatete:mowilike:tl \syna tlatete:moke:tl \syno te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl \xrb te:m-2- \qry Determine whether the nonreduplicated form is correct. Also whether /te:tlatete:molia:ni/ is correct. \ref 01347 \lxa yewan \lxac yewan kwahli \lxo yón \lxoc yón \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer \sea one that \ssa el que \pna Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak. \pea It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave! \psa No está bien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas). Tiene el tejido abierto.¡Busca otro que tenga su tejido más cerrado! \pna No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik. \pea That switch (rod) is curved in places, you should have cut one that was straight. \psa Esa vara está chueca en varios lugares, hubieras cortado una que estuviera derecha. \pna Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik. \pea It won't stand up (endure) anymore. Iit will snap apart in pieces. Better put on one (e.g., a strap or lasso) that is new. \psa Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar.¡Ponle mejor uno que sea nuevo (un tirante o laso)! \xrb yewa \xrb on \nse The identity and syntactic behavior of Nahuatl relativizers and demonstratives needs to be fully explored, as much of the information to date is unclear. In Oapan it seems that <no>yón</no>, which is always stressed (i.e., high pitch accent) is found between a nominal head and an adjective (or verbal predicate used in a modifying sense, e.g., 'a man who is fast', <no>se: tla:katl yón tlasa</no>). However, it is possible that this should be <no>yo on</no> ; the final determination still has to be made. \qry One person told me that /yewam/ is the same as, an abbreviation for, /yewa tli:n/. This should be checked. \vl There is no token for this Oapan word. We will duplicate another phrase with this relativizer and copy it here. \grm Relativization: In Ameyaltepec the major relativizer is /yewan/ (in Oapan it is /yon/). Note the following phrases: /Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak./ 'It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave!'; /No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik./ 'That switch (rod) is curved in places, you should have cut one that was straight.'; and /Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik./ 'It won't stand up (endure) anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better put on one (e.g., a strap or lasso) that is new.' When I asked on consultant he offered that /yewan/ is equivalent to /yewa tli:n/. This should be checked. Also, check the use of relativizing pronouns such as /tli:n/, /a:kin/, etc. along with the unmarked relativizer /yewan/. \ref 01348 \lxa tsi:nkana:wak \lxac tsi:nkana:wak \lxo tsi:nkana:wak \lxoc tsi:nkana:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N(poss)-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to have a worn-out seat (e.g., pants or similar items of clothing, a bucket, etc.) \ssao tener la parte posterior delgada (p. ej., de pantalones u otra ropa, una cubeta, etc.) \xrb tsi:n \xrb piten \qry At first I had this note: <na>Tsi:nkana:wak</na> is the virtual equivalent of <nla>tsi:npitentsi:n</nla> ; it is the virtual opposite of <nla>tsi:ntebo:lah</nla>. \ref 01349 \lxa a:tla:lia \lxac ka:tla:lia \lxo a:tla:lia \lxoc na:tla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to place in water \ssa asentar o poner en el agua. \pna O:na:tla:lih. Na:lti:s, ye:watok itik a:tl. \pea He sat himself down in the water. He is going to bathe, he is sitting in the water. \psa Se sentó en el agua. se va a bañar, está sentado en el agua. \seo (refl.) to enter the water (e.g., to cross of river) \sso (refl.) entrar al agua (p. ej., para cruzar un río) \xrb a: \xrb tla:l \nse Apparently in Oapan <no>a:tla:lia</no> is only used reflexively whereas in Ameyaltepec it is generally a transitive verb. \qry Check other nonreflexive uses of this word. If only reflexive, change code in /cat field. \ref 01350 \lxa kamanenepoxtik \lxac kamanenepoxtik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-(N-Adj) \der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik \sea to have a lisp \ssa hablar con ciceo \apa kamanenepoch \apo kamanenepoch \syna nenepoxtik \syna nenepoch \syno tláto:lnenépoch \syno nenepoxtik \syno nenepoch \xrb kama \xrb nene \xrb poch \nse Interestingly, the fully adjectival form <na>kamanenepoxtik</na> has not been documented in Oapan. However, Florencia Marcelino did accept the form <no>nenepoxtik</no>. \qry Check both the absence (non-acceptance by Florencia) of ?/kamanenepoxtik/ and the presence of /nenepoxtik/ as it would seem that if one were correct (or incorrect) so too would the other. \rt Relate /poch/ as a root to /pochi:/, and the meaning of 'spongy'. \ref 01351 \lxa na:walkwa \lxac kina:walkwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \sea to eat the <spn>nahual</spn> of (i.e., for the <na>nahual</na> of one person [S] to eat that of another [O]) \ssa comer el náhual de (esto es, por el náhual de uno [S] comer el náhual de otro [O]) \xrb na:wal \xrb kwa \qry Originally I had this recorded as /na:wa:lkwa/ but have changed it based on my data that has a short second /a/ in /na:wahli/. This should be checked; see entry under /na:walchichi/. \ref 01352 \lxa a:watetl \lxac a:watetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea filing stone \ssa piedra empleada para sacar filo \pna A:watetl | Se: tetl para ipan tlate:nti:lo. Me:dioh pestik, san chika:wak. \pea <na>A:watetl</na> is a stone that is used for sharpening. It's somewhat smooth, but its hard (i.e., its hardness is what make it an <na>a:watetl</na>). \psa <na>A:watetl</na> es una piedra utilizada para sacar filo. Es algo lisa, pero es dura (esto es, su dureza la hace un <na>a:watetl</na>). \syna tlate:nti:ltetl \syno tlate:nti:ltetl \fla a:watl \xrb a:wa \xrb te \ref 01353 \lxa tsa:wa \lxac kitsa:wa \lxo tsa:wa \lxoc tsa:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-3a(w) \se to spin cotton into thread (e.g., on a spindle whorl, spinning wheel, etc.) \ss hilar algodón (p. ej., con un malacate, rueca, etc.) \pna Wel tsa:wa! \pea She can spin cotton into thread! \psa ¡Ella puede hilar algodón! \pna Niktsa:was nochkaw ika malakatl. \pea I will spin my cotton with a spindle whorl. \psa Voy a hilar mi algodón con un malacate. \sem making \xrb tsa: \ono Cotton and cloth production \nde The word is not used often, which perhaps explains the transitive documentation in Oapan. Florencia Marcelino has heard <no>tsa:wayan</no> in reference to what older women would do, but the word is not now used. \ref 01354 \lxa pilkatok \lxac pilkatok \lxo pilkatok \lxoc pilkatok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be hanging down \ss estar colgado \pna Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli. \pea The sap of that tree is hanging down (on the bark of the tree, having slightly dried). \psa La savia de eseárbol está colgada (sobre el tronco y las ramas, habiéndose secado ligeramente). \se to be sloping downard (e.g., a path) \ss ir para abajo o cuesta abajo (p. ej., una senda que baja de un cerrito) \pna Tasis ka:n pilkatok otli. \pea You will arrive at a place where the path slopes downward. \psa Llegarás a un lugar donde la senda va hacia abajo. \se (with a directional prefix) to be hanging down on this/that side (i.e., from the other side of an object such as a roof); to be hanging down out of (e.g., a piece of cloth hanging down out of a container) \ss (con un prefijo direccional) estar colgando por este/ese lado (esto es, desde otro lado de algo como un techo); estar colgando hacia afuera de (esto es, algo que sale y se cuelga de algo como una caja, recipiente, etc.) \pna Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli. \pea The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds). \psa Los rayos del sol están bajando (a través de las nubes). \pna Wa:lpipilkatok a:tl, wa:lchi:chipi:ntok. \pea The water is dribbling through from outside (in this case of a leaky roof), it is dripping down. \psa Se está filtrando el agua desde afuera (en este caso del otro lado de un techo), está goteando. \xrb pil \dis pilkatok; tlakaltech; temowa:ya:n \nse The use of a directional prefix, most often <n>wa:l-</n>, indicates that the subject of <na>pilkatok</na> is hanging down from one side of something to another, or that is it hanging out of something. Thus a lamp hanging from the ceiling is properly described as <na>pilkatok</na>. However, a portable movie screen hanging down out of the cylinder in which it is rolled up is described by the term <na>wa:lpilkatok</na>, since it is hanging down out of something. \grm The use of a directional prefix, most often <n>wa:l-</n>, indicates that the subject of <na>pilkatok</na> is hanging down from one side of something to another, or that is it hanging out of something. Thus a lamp hanging from the ceiling is properly described as <na>pilkatok</na>. However, a portable movie screen hanging down out of the cylinder in which it is rolled up is described by the term <na>wa:lpilkatok</na>, since it is hanging down out of something. \grm /Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli/ 'The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds)' Note that the use of /wa:l/ with /pilkatok/ here is interesting and should be added to the grammar in regards to directionals. Here the use of /wa:l-/, as opposed to simply /pilkatok/ indicates clearly that the rays are passing through from one side of sth to another, in this case the clouds. \rt Discuss the relationship between /pil/ as in /pilkatok/ and /pi:l/ as in /pipi:liwi/, etc. Make sure that vowel length is correctly recorded in each. \ref 01355 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was /tlatekiwtia/ as a transitive verb, but this has been reconsidered and entered under /tekiwtia/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01356 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be entry for /tepayelsa:lowa/, but the correct pronunciation is /tepayolsa:lowa/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01357 \lxa patla:wa \lxac kipatla:wa \lxo patla:wa \lxoc kipatla:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to widen (e.g., clay being kneaded and spread out flat to make ceramics) \ss ensanchar (p. ej., barro al golpearlo sobre una piedra en hacer cerámica) \seao to lay out flat (e.g., sth rolled or bunched up, such as a petate) \ssao abrir y dejar plano (p. ej., algo enrollado como un petate) \pna Xpatla:wa un korti:nah, ma:ka san ma xoto:nto! \pea Spread out those curtains so that they aren't just all bunched up! \psa ¡Abre bien esas cortinas (para que estén abiertas en forma ancha), que no estén todo fruncido. \xrb patla: \ref 01358 \lxa tlane:span \lxac tlane:span \lxo tlane:span \lxoa tlane:spah \lxop tlane:span \lxoc tlane:spah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1 \se area illuminated by the light of dawn or, by extension, any other light \ss área iluminada por la luz del alba o, por extensión, cualquier otra luz \se area in which there is a clear and open view (e.g., a rise in the landscape without any trees that might obstruct ones view) \ss área en que hay una vista clara y abierta (p. ej., de un cerrito o subida sinárboles que podrían estorbar la vista) \pna Xwa:hla, na:n tlane:span! \pea Come over here (e.g., to take a lot), there is a good clear view from here! \psa ¡Ven acá (p. ej., para echar una mirada), hay una buena vista desde aquí! \xrb ne:si \cfao tla:wi:lpan \qry Originally in a filecard from Ameyaltepec I had /tlane:span/ defined not only as an area illuminated by the light of dawn, etc., but as the light itself. Check to see whether /tlane:span/ can refer to the light that accompanies dawn, or simply the area illuminated by this light, and a clear area with good visibility. Also check whether it can refer to an area illuminated by other light sources, e.g., from a lamp post, etc. \ref 01359 \lxa pa:pali:noh \lxac pa:pali:noh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan padrino \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea godfather (from baptism, confirmation, or <spn>medida</spn>) \ssa padrino (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida) \sem kin \syno ta:tah \sem kin \nse Besides its use as a vocative, this term can also be possessed and used in reference, although as a possessed term with a reference of 'godfather' <na>kompa:ltah</na> is perhaps more common than <na>pa:pali:noh</na>. In Oapan the term <nla>pa:pali:noh</nla> is not used. Occasionally some people address there godfather with the same address term as for father: <no>ta:tah</no>. \qry Check for list of relations addressed with this term, i.e., who one considers ones"padrino." \ref 01360 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kamatoto:nka:wílpatlí \lxoc kamatoto:nka:wílpatlí \lxt te:ntoto:nka:wihle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of small tree (or bush) used as a remedy to cure pimples on the inside of the mouth \sso tipo de arbolito (o arbusto) que sirve como remedio para curar granitos en la boca \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine \syna te:ntoto:nka:wihli \xrb kama \xrb te:n \xrb to:n \xrb pah \nse The etymology of <no>kamate:ntoto:nka:wílpatlí</no> is not entirely clear, see the discussion under <nla>te:ntoto:nka:wihli</nla>. \nct tlako:tl \qry Check length of /i/ in /-wihli/ ending. On one file note I had a long /i:/. Determine meaning of /machó:n/ and add to dictionary entries. \ref 01361 \lxa te:nchi:chi:lowa \lxac kite:nchi:chi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to paint red the rim of; to redden the rim of \ssa pintar rojo la orilla de; hacer rojo la orilla de \pna Kite:nchi:chi:lowan ika tlapahli. \pea They redden paint its rim red with (e.g., a bowl). \psa Le hacen rojo su orilla con pintura (p. ej., un frutero de cerámica). \sea (refl.) to put lipstick on \ssa (refl.) pintarse los labios con lápiz labial \syno te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia \xrb te:n \xrb chi:l \qry Recheck whether Oapan does not have /te:nchi:chi:lowa/ and Am doesn't have /te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia/. Note that the /yo:tia/ forms seem to be very common in Oapan. \grm Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness. \ref 01362 \lxa koya:wak \lxac koya:wak \lxo koya:wak \lxoc koya:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to have a wide or large, round opening (a bag, sack, doorway, or sth similar in form); \ssao tener una apertura ancha o grande (un saco o costal, portal, o algo de forma parecida) \pna Koya:wak mokia:wate:n. \pea The doorway to your house is wide. \psa La entrada a tu casa está ancha. \se to be baggy or loose (clothes) \ss estar holgado (ropa) \pna Kipi:tso:s ikoto:n, ke:n koya:wak. \pea He will take in his shirt (narrowing it), it is quite baggy. \psa Va a hacer más angosta su camisa, está muy holgada. \se to be wide or wide open (from one side to the other, things that are opened up, such as furrows or paths) \ss ser ancho; estar abierto en forma ancha (de un lado a otro, cosas que se abren como surcos o sendas) \pna Kokoy:awak -=papatla:wak- kwentli. \pea The furrows are (spaced) wide apart. \psa Los surcos están anchos (esto es, muy separados entre si). \cfao patla:wak \xrb koya: \nse The adjectival <nao>koya:wak</nao> is often used in the diminutive in reference to small openings. \qry Check to see if the adjectival form can be employed with the intensifier, i.e. /tekoya:wak/ or whether only /tekoyaktik/ is correct. Note that apparently the /te...ktik/ forms only occur with /wa/ verbs. Cf. /tetomaktik/, etc. but not /tepitsaktik/??? See entry under /patla:wak/. \ref 01363 \lxa pupwa \lxac kipupwa \lxo 'popówa \lxoc kí:powá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa); Irregular: Am: perfective <na>o:kipopo:w</na> ; future <na>kipupwas</na> ; prog. <na>kipopo:wtok</na> ; dir. <na>ma nikpupwati</na> ; Oa: perfective: <no>o:kí:pó:w</no> ; future <no>kí:powás</no> ; progressive <no>kí:po:htok</no> ; directional <no>ma ní:hpowáti</no> \se to clean (particularly the surface of sth) \ss limpiar (particularmente la superficie de algo) \xrb po:wa \xv1a tlapupwa \xv1o tlá:powá \cfa kukwa \nae In many dialects the cognate of <na>pupwa</na> is <na>pohpowa</na>, or something nearly equivalent. Ameyaltepec manifests the loss of short vowels in certain instances, as exemplified by this word and by <na>kukwa</na>. \qry Check future inflection, progressive, etc. Check for nominalizations: /tlapupwalistli/ or sth near. \ref 01364 \lxa i:xte:nchocho:ktia \lxac ki:xte:nchocho:ktia \lxo i:xté:nchó:htia \lxoc ki:xté:nchó:htia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \se to irritate the eyes of, making them water \ss lagrimar los ojos de; irritar los ojos de \pna Ne:chi:xte:nchocho:ktia po:ktli. \pea Smoke irritates my eyes. \psa El humo me irrita los ojos. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb cho:ka \xvba i:xte:nchocho:ka \xvbo i:xté:nchó:ka \qry Check Oapan spelling. \vl Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch pattern of Oapan entry. \grmx Reduplication: Oapan note that nouns ending in /e:n/ seem to accept pitch for reduplication: /ki:xté:nchó:htia/ \ref 01365 \lxa mi:ltla:hli \lxac mi:ltla:hli \lxo mi:ltla:hli \lxoc mi:ltla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se cornfield; land on which maize is been planted \ss milpa; terreno sembrado de maíz \xrb mi:l \xrb tla:l \encyctmp mi:hli \dis mi:lpa; mi:ltla:hli. It may well be that /mi:lpa/ is a back-borrwing from Spanish. \qry Check actual use of this word. \ref 01366 \lxa xakwachowilia \lxac kixakwachowilia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea (usually with short vowel reduplication) to wrinkle (sth) with an adverse affect on (sb) \ssa (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) arrugar (algo) a (algn, generalmente con un resultado negative para esta persona) \pna O:tine:chxaxakwachowilih notlake:n, a:man xne:xltape:tsowili! \pea You wrinkled my clothes, now iron them for me! \psa Me arrugaste la ropa,¡ahora plánchamela! \xrb xakwach \xvba xakwachowa \nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, the verb <na>xakwachowa</na> is not used, nor is the intransitive or applicative. However, the adjectival <no>xaxakwaxtik</no> is a word in Oapan. \ref 01367 \lxa a:chichitsi:n \lxac a:chichitsi:n \lxo a:chichitsi:n \lxoc a:chichitsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea type of water animal, perhaps a fish \ssa tipo de animal que habita el agua, quizá un pez \seo underwater dog that accompanies <nlo>a:lámatsí:n</nlo> and <nlo>a:we:we:ntsi:n</nlo> \sso perro que vive abajo del agua con <nlo>a:lámatsí:n</nlo> and <nlo>a:wé:we:tsi:n</nlo> \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb chichi \nse Luis Lucena (Am) mentioned that he had heard this word but never seen the animal is supposedly refers to. Apparently in Oapan this refers to \qry Type of fish? Luis Lucena has heard this word but has never seen the fish it supposedly refers to. It is questionable, then, whether this 'fish' actually exists. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'foca.' \ref 01368 \lxa xo:tla \lxac kixo:tla \lxo xo:tla \lxoc kixo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>texo:tla</n> \infv class-4a \se to jot down; to make of quick note of (e.g., putting a mark next to the name of sb who had paid his contribution to the village); to make a short mark on \ss apuntar rápidamente; hacer un señal escrito para tomar nota de (p. ej., anotando en una lista que algn había hecho una contribución); marcar o hacer una breve marca sobre \pna Titla:tlaxo:tlatok, timaisiwi. \pea You are jotting a lot of things down (one after the other, e.g, those who giving their contribution for the village fiesta), you are quick with your hand. \psa Estás apuntando muchas cosas (una tras otra, p. ej., los que están haciendo su contribución para la fiesta del pueblo), eres rápido con las manos. \pna O:kixo:tlatiah tla:hli un bala:soh. \pea That bullet went along leaving a line marked on the ground. \psa Esa bala fue dejando un señal como de raya marcado sobre la tierra. \se to run the plow over (land) for the first time in a planting season \ss arar (la tierra) la primera vez durante la temporada \pna Tlaxo:tlatiw ika tla:hli. \pea He's going along plowing up the land for the first time in the season. \psa Está arando la tierra por la primera vez en la temporada. \se (often with <n>te-</n>) to drag ones spurs sharply along the flank of (scratching a line in its skin); to dig ones spurs into \ss (a menudo con <n>te-</n>) rayar el flanco de (un animal montado) con espuelas; meter las espuelas en el flanco de \pna Xiktexo:tla, ma nenemi chika:wak! \pea Scrape your spurs hard against it (in this case a donkey) so that it goes along at a good pace! \psa ¡Jálale tus espuelas fuerte contra su flanco (en este caso de un burro) para que camine recio! \cfa a:xo:tla \xrb xo:tla \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave as example of the use of this word the action of a snake swimming through the water with its head poking out. \ref 01369 \lxa xiwkamotli \lxac xiwkamotli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \sea vines of any of various types of sweet potato \ssa enredadera de cualquier de varios tipos de camote \sem plant \sem part \xrb xiw \xrb kamoh \qry This word might be erroneous and should be checked. \ref 01370 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tesontsi:n \lxocpend @tesontsi:n \lxt a:to:po:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seo type of tree that grows at the river's edge \sso tipo deárbol que crece a la orilla del río \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna a:to:po:lin \xrb teson \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name for this tree as <spn>peloncillo</spn>, stating that it is of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:182) give a tree with the Spanish name <spn>atopol</spn> or <spn>atepule</spn> of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. The illustration matches that of Ramírez. They also give two other trees of this family: <i>Hintonia standleyana</i> and <i>Randia echinocarpa</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>rosal de agua</spn>. \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 01371 \lxa tlapixke:tl \lxac tlapixke:tl \lxo tlápixké:tl \lxop tlapixke:tl \lxoc tlápixké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao caretaker; guardian; person who watches over sth (e.g., a house that is otherwise unoccupied, a well in which water is rationed, etc.) \ssao guardian; persona que cuida y vigila algo (p. ej., una casa que está desocupada, un pozo donde se raciona el agua, etc.) \xrb hpiya \ref 01372 \lxa i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik \lxac i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik \lxo í:xmotsótsokwé:ltik \lxop i:xmowe:weyak \lxoc i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex; yes-rdp \seao to have eyelashes that curl up \ssao tener las pestañas rizadas, que se enrizan hacia arriba \pna I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik. \pea He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved. \psa Tiene las pestañas rizadas, se encurvan hacia arriba, están risadas. \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb tsokwe:l \mod Discuss and distinguish from /i:xmonkokoltots(tik)/. Also add in an onomasiological section on /i:xmontli/ all the different types. Also, discuss: ears, eyes, noses, eyelashes, mouths, teeth, tongue, cheeks, chins, hair, forehead, etc. Also, gestures with ones teeth (e.g., /tlankwitsiwi/, etc.) \vl Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. If is unclear why this present entry was not recorded with p-a \sj i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik Is tsotsokwe:ltik an h-final reduplicant \qry I originally had this phrase /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik./ but C. Flores denied that /i:xmonkokoltostik/ had this meaning 'He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved.' but instead referred to hair that is burnt and as a result curly. \rt Etymology unclear. However, a comment should definitely be offered on /tsokwe:l/ as a root. \rt Cf. numerous words with root /kwe(:)/ which seem to indicate a curved or folding motion or situation. If /kwe:(l)/ is a \ref 01373 \lxa weyak \lxac weyak \lxo weyak \lxoa weyek \lxoc weyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se to be long (hair, furrows in a field, sticks, ropes, etc.) \ss ser largo (cabello, surcos en el campo, varas, sogas, etc.) \pna We:weyak motson. \pea Your hair is long. \psa Tienes el cabello largo. \cfo san se: weyak \xrb weya \nae Florencia Marcelino accepted only <no>weweyak</no> as the plural and not * <no>weyakeh</no>. It is common for adjectivals to pluralize through concomitant reduplication and aggregation of the plural ending <n>-keh</n>. \grm Plural: Florencia Marcelino accepted only <no>weweyak</no> as the plural and not * <no>weyakeh</no>. Note that apparently similar constructions are found with <n>toma:wak</n> in which the plural is <n>totoma:hkeh</n>. All similar cases should be investigated. \vl Check vowel length of /a/ and confirm. If necessary search and replace. Also, check /we:weyak/ for first /e:/ and confirm length. ALL OCCURRENCES OF /WEYAK/ IN ALL DERIVATIONS; COMPOUNDS; ETC. NEED TO BE CHECKED: \ref 01374 \lxa no:hki \lxaa no:ihki \lxac no:hki \lxo no:hki \lxoa no:ihki \lxoc no:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(pro) \der Adv-complex \se likewise; as well; the same way \ss también así; asimismo \pna Newa no:hki! \pea Me as well (i.e., I will also do it, include me in, etc.)! \psa ¡Yo también (esto es, yo también lo voy a hacer, etc.)! \pno No:hki tlachia. \peo It looks the same (has the same appearance as sth already noted). \pso Tiene la misma apariencia (de algo ya notado o discutido). \cfa ihki \xrb no: \xrb iw \encyctmp Distinguish /no:/, /no:ihki/, /no:ihkí:n/, /no:ihkón/, etc. \nse <na>No:ihki</na> although literally meaning 'also in this way' is also used to simply mean 'likewise.' It is a pro-adverb in the sense that it refers back to a verbal predication and indicates that another subject will perform the same predication (i.e., verbal act) in the same manner. Thus it is different from the adverbial <nao>no:</nao> ('also,' 'too,' etc.) which can occur directly before a verbal predicate. For example, <na>newa no: nikchi:was</na> 'I will also do it,' as opposed to <na>newa no:ihki nikchi:was</na> 'I will also do it in that way,' in which <na>no:ihki</na> refers back to a certain way already mentioned. However, in general the use of both <nao>no:</nao> and <na>no:ihki</na> needs to be further investigated. Also needing clarification is the difference between <na>no:ihki</na> and <na>no:ihkí:n</na>, this latter being similar in meaning and function to <na>no:ihkón</na>, although with distinct deixis. These final two words are both marked references to another even t. Thu s in viewing how a certain person carries out an action, one might say, speaking to a third party, <na>No: ihkón tikchi:was</na> 'You will also do it that way.' The deictic complement of <na>No: ihkón</na> is <na>No: ihkí:n</na> 'In this way also.' However, the precise differences between <na>no:</na>, <na>no:ihki</na>, <na>no:ihkí:n</na>, and <na>no:ihkón</na>, etc., needs to be distinguished. \qry Check to see if /no: ihkí:n/ is correct. \ref 01375 \lxa tsi:kaburrah* \lxac tsi:kaburrah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>burra</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of small bird, as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem bird \equivao tsi:kato:to:tl \xrb tsi:ka \cpl According to one consultant, Cristino Flores, the <na>tsi:kaburrah</na> and <nla>tsi:kato:to:tl</nla> refer to the same bird. Another consultant, Chen Díaz, mentioned that <na>tsi:kaburrah</na> is, however, the word used by children to refer to this bird. Other individuals confirmed this assessment. \ref 01376 \lxa to:nalisiwisyowa \lxac to:nalisiwisyowa \lxo to:nálisiwisyówa \lxop to:nalisiwisyowa \lxoc to:nálisiwisyówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to get or have a heat rash (of the type of rash called <nla>to:nalisiwistli</nla>) \ss tener o adquirir sarpullido a causa del calor (del tipo llamado <nla>to:nalisiwistli</nla>) \pna To:nalisiwisyowa kone:tsi:ntli, nochipa kasitok to:nalisiwistli. \pea The little child is getting heat rash, it is always getting to him. \psa Al niño chiquito se le está saliendo sarpullido \xrb to:na \xrb hsi \ref 01377 \lxa kwa:tepasole:wi \lxac kwa:tepasole:wi \lxo kwa:tépasolé:wi \lxop kwa:tepasole:wi \lxoc kwa:tépasolé:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to become disheveled; to get a tangled or uncombed head of hair \ssao despeinarse; quedarse con el cabello desarreglado \equiva kwa:tepasoliwi \equivo kwa:tépasolíwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \nae As with all words with <na>tepasole:wi</na> or similar forms, it appears that the <n>te-</n> is optional though almost always present. Some consultants would accept forms such as <na>kwa:pasole:wi</na> while others wouldn't. However, my recollection is that documented utterances tended to be with <n>te-</n> and for this reason all such forms have been entered with the <n>te-</n> infixed, though forms without this element have been listed and cross-referenced. \qry Check whether this must occur with /te-/. Apparently it is at least almost always so uttered, but if the /te-/ is really optional then think of changing the entry. \vl Check vowel p-a for Oapan; I would expect p-a here given the other cases of /tepasole:wi/. Note that in this entry I originally did not have the p-a but have since changed it given the comparative evidence. There is one female token from 04589, this is the female token that should be linked. \ref 01378 \lxa wepe:wilia \lxac kwepe:wilia \lxo kope:wilia \lxoc kikope:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pull off of; to detach or remove from (one thing [PO] off of another [SO]) \ss desprenderle a; quitar o remover de (una cosa [OP] de otro [OS]) \pna On ne:nkah tetl, xwepe:wili, xkina:miki! \pea That stone there, pull it it out of there (in this case from a wall where it doesn't fit), it doesn't belong! \psa Esa piedra,¡arráncaselo (en este caso de una pared), no le queda bien! \xrb wepe: \xvba wepe:wa \nae In Oapan I have also heard this verb with a 3rd-person singular object pronounced <no>kiope:wilia</no>, which I would now write as /ki'ope:wilia/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note shift of /kw/>/ko/ in this entry. Note the loss of /k/ in the alternative pronunciation /kiope:wilia/. \ref 01379 \lxa a:sti:lin \lxac a:sti:lin \lxo a:sti:lin \lxoa a:sti:lih \lxoc a:sti:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao nits, the larvae of lice \ssao liendres, la larva de los piojos \pna A:sti:lin | Xe tlatsi:ni. Pepechiwtok ipan tsontli. Pitsomeh ma:s miák kipian. \pea <nao>A:sti:lin</nao> : They have not yet hatched. They are stuck to head hair. Pigs are those that have them the most. \psa <nao>A:sti:lin</nao> : Todavía no nacen. Están pegados al cabello. Los marranos son los que más los tienen. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:sti:l \qry Check to see if used in Ameyaltepec, also check identification. I seem to remember that this refers to lice larvae and it has so been entered. Although a file card mentioned that this word is documented in Oapan, in another card (for /yo:leh/) this word appears from Ameyaltepec. Check how a possessed form would be used, if used. \ref 01380 \lxa tsi:ntlan \lxaa tsi:ntlah \lxac itsi:ntlan \lxo tsi:ntlan \lxof ['tsi:n tlah] \lxoc i:tsi:ntlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-tlan \infn N2 \seao see <nla>tsi:ntlan</nla> and <nla>tlatsi:ntlah</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>tsi:ntlan</nla> y <nla>tlatsi:ntlah</nla> \nae In general, my impression to date is that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has <na>tsi:ntlan</na>, with a final /n/, when a specific possessor prefix is used (e.g., <na>i:tsi:ntlan</na>) but <n>tsi:ntlah</n>, with a final /h/, when the prefix <n>tla-</n> is used as an indefinite possessor (e.g., <na>tlatsi:ntlah</na>). This is not necessarily the case in Oapan, where there is a general tendency for phrase-final /n/ to go to /h/ and /n/ to delete phrase internally before a vowel-initial word. \ref 01381 \lxa tlapepetlaka \lxac tlapepetlaka \lxo tlapepetlaka \lxoa tla:petlaka \lxoc tlapepetlaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \infv class-4a \se for there to be lightning (in many places throughout the sky); for there to be heat lightning \ss haber rayos (en muchas partes del cielo) \sem weather \xrb petla: \xbtlao pepetlaka \dis tlapetla:ni; tlapepetlaka \encyctmp lightening types in Oapan and Ameylatepec. \qry Distinguish different types of lightening; perhaps /tlapepetlaka/ is 'heat lightning.' Note that RS has /tlapepetla:ni/ defined as 'relampaguear' or 'centellear'. \ref 01382 \lxa xi:kopi:ni \lxac xi:kopi:ni \lxo xi:kopi:ni \lxoc xi:kopi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V \der V1-alt-ni \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <nao>texi:kopi:ni</nao> \infv class-3a \se to slip off or down (e.g, pants or skirts that are too large around the waist); to become loose or undone (e.g., braids) \ss zafarse; desprenderse (una cosa que se desliza, como pantalones o faldas demasiado grandes por la cintura); desatarse o desprenderse (p. ej., trenzas) \pna Xi:kopi:ni noka:ltson. \pea My cotton pants slip down my rear end (i.e., they slip halfway down because they are loose). \psa Mis calzones se me bajan por las nalgas (esto es, se caen como a la mitad por grandes). \pna O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. \pea That woman's hair is tangled up, it's started to become undone (the braids). She hasn't done her hair (in several days), she is disheveled. \psa Estátodo enredado el cabello de esa mujer, empezó a aflojarse (las trenzas). No tiene el pelo arreglado, es una mal arreglada. \pna O:xi:kopi:n noburroh isi:yah. \pea The saddle slipped off my donkey. \psa Se zafóla silla de mi burro. \pna Xtla:li imo:xkah para tiktila:naskeh, tla:mo sahkó:n texi:kopi:nis. \pea Place a notch on it (in this case at the end of a log) so that we can drag it along (with a rope looped around the notch), if you don't do it, it will just slip out (the log from the rope's loop). \psa Pónle una muesca (en este caso a un tronco) para que lo podamos jalar, si no lo haces, se le va a zafar (el tronco de la soga). \se to peel off (a covering or layer, skin that is burnt, etc.) \ss pelarse (una capa sobre algo, piel quemada, etc.) \pna O:nixi:kopi:n nochi notla:kayo pa:mpa ka:n to:na nikatka. \pea My whole body peeled because I was in a place where it was really hot (and the strong sun burnt my skin). \psa Se pelótodo mi cuerpo porque estaba donde hacia mucho sol (y el fuerte sol me quemó). \pna Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nal \pea Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin covering of peeling skin. \psa A tu niño (recién nacido) ya se le empezó a desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezó a caerse. El tiene como una capa de piel que se desprende. \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \dis Distinguish between /xi:kopi:ni/, /kaxa:ni/, /peto:ni/, /totomi/, /a:la:wi/ \nde FK reports Tetelcingo <n>xi:copi:ni</n> as meaning"se zafa, se chispa,"which she translates as"to make jokes"(sic) and <n>xi:copi:na</n> as 'se zafa, se chispa,' translated as 'to joke; to tease someone.' This is an unfortunate translation of 'zafarse' 'to slip (off)' and 'chisparse,' which is colloquial Spanish for 'to come loose' (see <i>The Oxford Spanish Dictionary</i>). The true meaning of <n>xi:kopi:ni</n> (and its transitive form) indeed has to do with 'to come loose.' It is used for materials and objects that slip down or off a given area, such as (as exemplified in the sentences above) pants slipping down one rear, braids slipping loose from their weave and knots, etc. This verb is another example of a quite common situation, in which the only other documented case of a word found in the Balsas region is from Tetelcingo, Morelos. \qry Find out what other nouns can function as the subject of /xi:kopi:ni/. \vl Link 2nd female token. \rt It seems clear that /xi:kopi:/ involves /kopi:/ and /xi:/. Hence it has been so entered. It might well be that the /xi:/ here refers to a"covering"that slips. \ref 01383 \lxa te:nmo:moyo:ni \lxac te:nmo:moyo:ni \lxo te:mo:moyo:ni \lxoc te:mo:moyo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \se to imperceptibly open and close ones lips (e.g., sb praying silently whose lips are, nevertheless, moving, or sb counting to himself) \ss mover los labios imperceptiblemente (p. ej., algn rezando silenciosamente cuyos labios, sin embargo, se mueven, o algn que está contando sin pronunciar pero si, moviendo los labios) \xrb te:n \xrb moyo: \dis te:nmomoyoka; te:nmo:moyo:ni \qry Determine difference between the two forms (te:nmomoyoka and te:nmo:moyo:ni). Also determine whether forms such as /te:nmoyo:ni/ and /te:nmomoyo:ni/ exist. Make sure the nasal is indeed double. I originally had /te:nmo:moyo:ni/ but have temporarily changed this on the basis of Oapan data. Change back if necessary. \vl Check p-a in Oapan and length of vowels. \ref 01384 \lxa ixitilia \lxac kixitilia \lxo íxitília \lxop ixitilia \lxoc kíxitília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to wake (sb) up for \ssao despertar (a algn) para \pna Xne:chixitili:ti nokone:w, newa xnikaxilia! \pea Go wake up my child for me, I don't have the time! \psa ¡Ve a despertarme mi hijo, yo no tengo tiempo! \xrb hsa \xvba isa \ref 01385 \lxa kwentla:lia \lxac nokwentla:lia \lxo kwentla:lia \lxoc nokwentla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take ones place in a furrow (for starting to weed, strip corn plants, harvest, or any other task) \ss (refl.) tomar uno su lugar en el surco (para empezar a desherbar, zacatear, cosechar o cualquier otra tarea) \pna Xmokwentla:li:ti, ye tipe:waskeh! \pea Go and take your place in the furrow, we're going to start (working)! \psa ¡Ve a tomar tu lugar en el surco, vamos a empezar (a trabajar)! \xrb kwem \xrb tla:l \qry Check to see if the non-reflexive form is used. \ref 01386 \lxa xiti:nia \lxac kixiti:nia \lxo xiti:nia \lxoc kixiti:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to crumble down; to knock down (e.g., an old wall of a house, a cliff, etc.) \ss derribar; desmoronar; derrocar (p. ej., una vieja pared de una casa, un risco, etc.) \pna Kixiti:ni:s osto:tl a:tl. \pea The water will make the cliff crumble down. \psa El agua va a hacer que el risco se desmorone. \se to take down; to take apart; to dismantle (a building or similar construction, sth put together) \ss desbaratar; desarmar (un edificio o construcción similar, algo armado) \pna Niksempolo:s nokal, nikxiti:ni:s. \pea I will demolish my house for good, I'm going to take it down (piece by piece, saving certain parts and destroying the rest). \psa De una vez para siempre voy a destruir mi casa, la voy a desbaratar (guardando algunas partes y destruyendo otras). \pna Xikxiti:nitiw tekorrá:l! \pea Go along knocking down the fence of piled stones! \psa ¡Ve desbaratando la cerca de piedras apiladas! \se to unstich (an item of clothing at its seams); to undo (e.g., braids or similar objects) \ss descoser (una pieza de ropa por las costuras); deshacer (p. ej., trenzas u objetos similares) \pna Kixiti:ni:s ikwe. \pea She's going to undo the stitching of her dress (e.g., to resew it). \psa Va a descoser las costuras de su falda (p. ej., para volverla a coser). \pna Kixiti:ni:s itson. \pea She will take out her braids. \psa Va a desbaratar sus trenzas. \flao xiti:ni \xrb xiti: \fl xiti:ni \ref 01387 \lxa popo:yo:tl \lxaa popo:yo:tsi:n \lxac popo:yo:tsi:n \lxo popoyo:tl \lxoa popoyo:tsi:n \lxoc popoyo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infn Stem 2 \se (usually in the diminutive) rotten, moldy blackened part of decayed dry maize (still on the cob), which has gotten damp and turned black in places \ss (generalmente en diminutivo) parte negra y pudrida de maíz enmohocido o pudrido, especialmente de una mazorca podrida que se había mojado una vez seca y que después se cubrió en partes de podredumbre \pna O:poxkaw, o:pala:n, o:ki:s popo:yo:tl. \pea It got moldy, it rotted (a <spn>mazorca</spn> of maize), parts of blackened decay were formed on it. \psa Se enmohoció, se pudrió(una mazorca), le saliópudredumbre. \xrb poyo: \nse My understanding at this point is that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <nla>popoyo:tl</nla> refers to the decayed part itself and that <nao>popoyo:tsi:n</nao> to the corn cob that is so affected. However, this should be checked, particularly since the non-diminutive form <no>popoyo:tl</no> is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. Fieldnotes indicate that <na>popo:yo:tl</na> forms exclusively on maize, although Classical sources mention wheat (which is rarely consumed in the Balsas River basin) as well. \nae The vowel length of this word, and the associated form <nlao>po:poyo:ti</nlao>, is difficult to determine. At times, such as Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of <no>popoyo:ti</no>, the initial vowel seems definitely short. At other times, e.g, Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation of <no>po:poyo:ti</no> and <no>po:poyo:tik</no>. It may be that the absence of pitch accent (a reflex of underlying {h}, which would indicate a definite short reduplicant vowel) has led to the reinterpretation by some of the initial vowel as long. Historically the only other evidence of vowel length comes from Tetelcingo, Morelos, where the first two vowels are short. There is no documentation in Carochi nor in Pipil. \qry Note that in my original Am entry I had a short second /o/: /popoyo:tsi:n/. Note, however, that my entry under /popo:yo:tl/, from whch /popo:yo:tsi:n/ seems clearly derived, contains a note to the effect that the vowel length had been checked, it is reasonable to assume that perhaps my notes for this entry, originally written as /popoyo:tl/, are in error. Hence the change, which should be checked. However, later I checked during the Oapan recordings and the vowel seemed short. Check. \qry Determine if this only forms on maize.Note that after a careful check with L. Lucena I had determied that /popo:yo:tl/, with a long penultimate /o:/ was correct. However, I have /popoyo:ti/ with a short /o/. For now I have changed /popo:yo:tl/ and /popoyo:tsi:n/ to /popoyo:tl/ and /popoyotsi:n/, though this needs to be rechecked. On one file card I have /popoyotl/ (with vowel length not marked) as meaning 'pardo, verde, color del maíz podrido.' This should be checked. Also, check the possibility of /popoyotik/ referring to the color. Note that since /popoyo:tsi:n/ has a separate entry, I have removed the entry for /popoyo:tsi:n/ here under /lxo and there is only one entry for this nominal form. \pqry Recheck the vowels of this word. My impression is of a long initial vowel, but this needs much more checking. Note that I heard C. Flores with a long second vowel. Recheck on Pratt. \vl Check vowel length in both dialects. At times in the Oapan pronunciation there seems to be a long vowel, but this is prob. an effect of the recording environment. \grm -Tsi:n; Note that /-tsi:n/ often functions as a nominalizing suffix, rather than simply a diminutive. Thus one finds /popoye:ktsi:n/, which is a type of food whose name is derived from /poyé:k/, meaning 'salty.' In this case there are two words: /popo:yo:tl/, which refers to the actual rottenness that forms on the mazorca, and /popo:yo:tsi:n/ refers to the actual maize cob that has been affected by this blighting. Yet, this should be checked to make sure that the referent of each nominal form is indeed distinct. \ref 01388 \lxa ayusehli \lxac ayusehli \lxo áyoséhli \lxop ayosehli \lxoc áyoséhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se not fully ripe, but edible green squash \ss calabaza todavía verde, no totalmente madura pero sícomestible \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb sel \nct ayutli \vl Check vowel length in Am and Oa Nahuatl and p-a in Oa. \qry Determine whether the bound morpheme /-sehli/ occurs in the names of any other fruits or vegetables. \grm Note that /selik/ is one of the elements of the -ki/ya/lia paradigm, described as derived from nominal roots, although many seem to have disappeared. In this case there is a bound morpheme /-sel/ that suggests the correctness, at least in many cases, of the nominal base interpretation of this paradigm. \rt Note that clearly /selik/ is related to the /-sehli/ element in /a:yosehli/. \ref 01389 \lxa tekohli \lxac tekohli \lxo tekohli \lxoc tekohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao charcoal \ssao carbón \se embers \ss brasas \pna Se:wi itekohlo. \pea Its coals go out (said, for example, of the <nbao>tekolwistli</nbao> when used as firewood). \psa Su carbón se apaga (dicho, por ejemplo, del <nbao>tekolwistli</nbao> cuando se usa para leña). \xrb tekol \dis tlixo:xtli \qry Check meaning given as embers/brasas. \ref 01390 \lxa a:tlahke:tl \lxac a:tlahke:tl \lxo á:tlahké:tl \lxoc á:tlahké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infn Stem 2 \seao person whose job it is to draw water; water-bearer \ssao aguador \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nae This is derived from <na>a:tlakwi</na> with an irregular perfective formation with a stem that loses the final vowel. The Oapan Nahuatl form of this agentive shows reduced reduplication on the long vowel of the stem, probably due to the fact that a person involved in drawing water almost by definition repeats this action several times. \qry Cf. note with /a:tlakwintsi:n/. Check possessed form to make sure the coding is correct. I have no documentation of it. \ref 01391 \lxa se:kapochik \lxac se:kapochik \lxo sia:pochik \lxoc sia:pochik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap-ni-k \infn N1 \se shortened form of <nla>ma:se:kapochik</nla>, see this entry \ss forma abreviada de <nla>ma:se:kapochik</nla>, vé ase esta entrada \sem animal \sem insect \syna ma:se:kapochik \syno ma:sia:pochik \xrb se:ka \xrb pochi: \ref 01392 \lxa techichikilmiktia \lxac kitechichikilmiktia \lxo téchichikilmíhtia \lxop techichikilmihtia \lxoc kitéchichikilmíhtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to let (e.g., an animal) waste away and die \ss dejar (p. ej., un animal) consumirse y morir \syna techichikilka:miktia \syno techichikilka:mihtia \xrb te- \xrb chikil \xrb miki \xvba techichikilmiki \nae According to Cristino Flores only <na>techichilmiktia</na> is correct, and not * <na>techichilka:miktia</na>. \fl techichikilka:miktia \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this present headword written without p-a. \ref 01393 \lxa nanwameh \lxac nanwameh \lxo nó:méh \lxop no:meh \lxoc nó:méh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes \se you all \ss ustedes; vosotros \xrb nanwa \ref 01394 \lxa toma:mah \lxac toma:mah \lxo toma:mah \lxoc toma:mah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seao piggy-back \ssao a caballito o a horcajadas (al cargar a un niño) \pna Toma:mah? \pea Piggy-back? \psa ¡A horcajadas! \xrb mama \spk llevar a manchi o a papuchi; \nse One speaker gave a person mentioned that in Spanish the terms used are 'llevar a manchi o a papuchi'. \nae The derivation of <nao>toma:mah</nao> is clearly from the verb <nlao>ma:ma</nlao> ; other examples of baby talk often have a final /h/, so the final /h/ here might be related to this derivational process. In this analysis it is"baby-talk"related to a common derivational process of long vowel reduplication followed by the aggregation of a final /h/ (cf. <nla>wi:wih</nla>, <nla>che:ncheh</nla>, etc.). While many such words appear unpossessed and uninflected, <na>xmoche:ncheh</na> is most often found in a reflexive imperative, and here <nao>toma:mah</nao> has always been found with the 1st-person possessor prefix <n>to-</n>. Another analysis would related <nao>ma:mah</nao> to the perfective or shortened stem of the basic verb <nlao>ma:ma</nlao>. \ref 01395 \lxa kia:wahkopa \lxac kia:wahkopa \lxo kia:wahkopa \lxoc kia:wahkopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o)-pa \se toward the outside \ss hacia afuera \pna Kia:wahkopa katka. \pea He was facing toward outside (in this case while sitting at a cafe under an awning). \psa Estaba sentado (en este caso) hacia afuera. \xrb kia:wa \xrl -kopa \qry Recheck meaning and use. Check to make sure this form cannot be possessed: ?nokia:wahkopa. If it can, change /cat by adding [poss]. \grm Perhaps add new (com) entry to categorize the present which is essentially a double locative: /kia:wak/ and /-kopa/. Note that as written, /kia:wahkopa/ has a double locative /k(o)/ since /kia:wak/ itself apparently has a locative, and to this /-kopa/ is added. However, it will need to be confirmed that the sequence /-hkopa/ is correctly transcribed, and that the form is not /kia:wakopa/. \ref 01396 \lxa i:yo:tl \lxac i:yo:tl \lxo íyó:tl \lxoc íyó:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seao breath, respiration; \ssao respiración \se air (inside a tire, balloon, etc.) \ss aire (que está en una llanta, globo, etc.) \xrb hyo: \qry Check in adjoining dialects presence or absence of initial /h/. Make sure final /w/ is absent in reduplicated form. Get possessed form. \sj ihyo:tl \vl Get paradigm for website \ref 01397 \lxa tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntli \lxac tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntli \lxo tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntsi:n \lxoc tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \aff Lex. rdp-l \se type of tortilla-like food in which the dough is pounded and slightly salted on the griddle \ss tipo de comida de una tortilla ligeramente golpeada y salada, y tostada sobre el comal \sem food-maize \xrb xka \xrb tso:na \qry Listed under /totopotsa/. Check. Check the Am form. Apparently this is discussed in the recording by FM. The Am form might be in error. \ref 01398 \lxa patlaktsatsi:tia \lxac kipatlaktsatsi:tia \lxo patláhtsatsí:tia \lxop patlahtsatsi:tia \lxoc kipatláhtsatsí:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to make (sb) scream loudly (e.g., from pain) \ss hacer gritar (a algn) fuertemente (p. ej., de dolor) \sem sound-human \fla patlaktsatsi \xrb patla: \xrb tsahtsi \xvba patlaktsatsi \ref 01399 \lxa ikxitetekwia \lxac nokxitetekwia \lxo ixitékwiá \lxop ixitekwia \lxof [i xi 'te kwi 'a] \lxoc noxitékwiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff +Refl/-trans; Lex. rdp-s* (Am)) \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to role up ones trousers \ss (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones \pna Nimokxitetekwias, ke:n sokitlan. \pea I'm going to role up my pants, it's really muddy. \psa Voy a arremangarme los pantalones, es un lodal. \syna pantalontetekwia \syno pantaló:ntekwíya \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \qry Determine the transitive, or whether there is another form with increased valency (e.g., /ikxitekwilia/). Also cf. whether /ikxitekwia/ can be used transitively, ?ne:chikxitewia. My understanding is that it can. If not, change the coding accordingly. \vl Check the vowel length of /te/ in the Oapan form. If it is long, as it well might be, offer a discussion in the grammar re: different patterns of reduplication. \grm Incorporation: note how /ikxi/ here refers not to the leg, but the the pants leg. Or, if referring to the leg, the signification is the site at which the action takes place. Cf. if a non-reflexive object can be used. \ref 01400 \lxa paya:na \lxac kipaya:na \lxo paya:na \lxoc kipaya:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to grind coarsely (<nla>nextamahli</nla> in a metal grinder or on a metate; see <nla>tlapaya:na</nla>) \ss moler burdamente (nixtamal en un molino o sobre un metate; vé ase <nla>tlapaya:na</nla>) \se (usually reduplicated with long vowel) to grind coarsely (e.g., beans on a metate; see <nla>pa:pankwi</nla>) \ss (generalmente reduplicado con vocal larga) moler burdamente (p. ej., frijoles sobre un metate; vé ase <nla>pa:pankwi</nla>) \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to crumble (sth brittle such as certain stones) \ss (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) desmoronar (algo quebradizo como ciertas piedras) \xrb paya: \xv1ao tlapaya:na \qry Does /papayaka/ exist. Cf. to /papayetsa/. Elicit other forms, such as ?tlapaya:nke:tl, etc. \ref 01401 \lxa tlatomilia \lxac kitlatomilia \lxo tlatomilia \lxoc kitlatomilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to unhitch a team of oxen for \ssao desatar y soltar una yunta para \pna Xne:xtlatomili! \pea Unhitch my team of oxen for me! \psa ¡Desata mi yunta para mí! \pna On ne:nkah, san kitlatomilia ikone:w. \pea That (man) there, he is just unhitching the team of oxen for his child. \psa Ese (hombre) allá, solamente le está desatando la yunta para su hijo. \xrb tom \xvbao tlatoma \xbtlao tomilia \vl There are 4 other tokens of this word at 5726; these should be tagged as 1401 and, moreover, two of these later tokens should be used for the linked sound tokens. \ref 01402 \lxa kwenkone:tl \lxac kwenkone:tl \lxo kwenkone:tl \lxoc kwenkone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se a furrow that, because of some irregularity in the terrain, starts at an angle from other furrows in the middle of a field and goes off at an angle \ss un surco que, por causa de alguna irregularidad en el terreno, comienza por la mitad de la milpa y sale a unángulo de los demás surcos \xrb kwen \xrb kone: \qry I seem to remember that one speaker referred to these as"cornejales."This should be checked. \ilustmp Make illustration. \grm Possession; intrinsic: Note that the possessed form is intrinsic: /i:kwenkone:yo notla:l/. \ref 01403 \lxa nelowa \lxac kinelowa \lxo nelowa \lxoc kinelowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to stir (food, mud, a mixture such as cement); to mix (with a stick, a spoon, ones hand, etc.) \ss batir; revolver (comida, lodo, mezcla con un palo o cuchara, con la mano, etc.) \pna Kinelowa sokitl para kiki:xti:s xa:ntli. \pea He stirs around the mud (with water and brush, <nla>tlasohli</nla>) in order to make adobe. \psa Revuelve el lodo (con agua y tlasole) para hacer adobe. \pna Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas. \pea She continuously stirs it (e.g., atole, beans, etc.) so that it doesn't burn. \psa Lo bate continuamente (p. ej., atole, frijoles, etc.) para que no se queme. \se (refl. with <na>i:ka</na> [noun]) to get mixed together with [noun] \ss (refl. con <na>i:ka</na> [sustantivo]) mezclarse con [sustantivo] \pna Ye:lo:tamahli, tixtli nonelowa iwa:n ye:lo:tl, de to:tomoxtli. \pea For the <nlao>ye:lo:tamahli</nlao>, corn dough is mixed together with green corn. It (the tamal) is made in a corn husk (i.e., not wrapped in corn leaves as some tamales are). \psa Para el <nlao>ye:lo:tamahli</nlao>, masa hecha de nixtamal se mezcla con elote. Se hace (el tamal) con la cáscara de la mazorca (esto es, no se envuelve en hojas de maíz). \xrb nel \xvaao nelowilia \nse In general the action indicated by <na>nelowa</na> refers to stirring something, particularly things being boiled (atole, beans, meat, other foods) so that it gets cooked evenly and doesn't burn. However, it, and the 1applicative <nao>nelowilia</nao>, is at times used as a euphemism for sex, based on a metaphor that relates the"stirring"action of a penis in a vagina to the action of a stick in a pot. \qry Intransitive probably exists; check. \grm Reduplication: /Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas/ 'She continuously stirs it so that it doesn't burn (e.g., atole, beans, etc.).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication here to indicate an action that is repeated in its entirety, but at well spaced temporal intervals. Or, perhaps the meaning is that the action takes place slowly and steadily, continually. Check further. \ref 01404 \lxa to:nalwa:ki \lxac to:nalwa:ki \lxo to:nalwa:ki \lxoc to:nalwa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(k) \seao to dry or become dry in the sun \ssao secarse en el sol \pna Yo:to:nalwa:k mi:hli, xniman o:niswate:kak. \pea The maize plants dried up in the sun, I didn't strip the leaves off (during the <spn>zacateo</spn>) right away (and the delay allowed the maize to get overly dry). \psa Se secóla milpa en el sol, no hice el zacateo luego luego (y por la demora se secóla milpa en el sol), \pna Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh. \pea The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light (from loss of water). \psa Las cabalazas se secaron en el sol. No se juntaron luego, se secaron, se quedaron ligeros (por resecados). \xrb to:na \xrb wa: \nse <na>To:nalwa:ki</na> does not simply refer to"drying"; it can refer to a melon that becomes white or a watermelon yellow. These fruits, along with squash, dry in this manner as they are just about to ripen, or when they are ready to be picked, but instead they are left out in the sun and not harvested. \qry Check for transitive form; check for what else can be subject of this verb. \qry Reduplication: Ask why the reduplication in the following: /Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yoteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh./ 'The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light.' Apparently it is because each individual squash (of which there were several, hence the plural marker at the end) dried up in parts (i.e., not completely as one unit). \grm Reduplication: Ask why the reduplication in the following: /Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yoteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh./ 'The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light.' Apparently it is because each individual squash (of which there were several, hence the plural marker at the end) dried up in parts (i.e., not completely as one unit). \ref 01405 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:we:ítik \lxoc i:xté:we:ítik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have large or big eyes \sso tener los ojos grandes \syna i:xte:nuwe:i \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb we:i \nae The Oapan form <no>i:xté:we:ítik</no> is perhaps derived from <no>i:xtetl</no> rather than <no>i:xte:n</no>. This would easily account for the reduced reduplicant on the short vowel of <no>i:xtetl</no>. However, until this etymology is certain these two entries, Ameyaltepec <na>i:xte:nuwe:itik</na> and Oapan <no>i:xté:we:ítik</no> have been joined in one entry. If further analysis shows them to be distinct, then two entries, with two root analyses, should be created. Note that in both cases there is an"adjectivalization"(with the ending <n>-tik</n>) of an adjective (in this case the reduplicated <nao>we:i</nao>). \qry /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ involves the adjectivalization of an adjective. Check whether /i:xte:nuwe:i/ exists, and the possible difference in meaning with /i:xte:nuwe:itik/. \grm Adjectivalization: Re: /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ Note how in this case an adjectival affix /-tik/ is added to a form that is an adjective (N-Adj). This should be compared to other similar constructions /á:yotík/ in Oapan and words like /xa:yakateoomitik/ in Ameyaltepec (cf. /a:yoh/ and /xa:yakateoomi/). \grm Reduplication Oapan: note: i:xté:we:ítik \ref 01406 \lxa nenepoxtik \lxac nenepoxtik \lxo nenepoxtik \lxoc nenepoxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a lisp, a speech impediment that prevents one from pronouncing words well \ss tener una dificultad para hablar y pronunciar bien, haciendo que uno sisea \apao nenepoch \equiva kamanenepoch \equiva kamanenepoxtik \equivo kamanenepoch tláto:lnenépoch \xrb nene \xrb poch \ref 01407 \lxa xoxo:hki \lxac xoxo:hki \lxo xoxo:hki \lxoc xoxo:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seao to be green (color) \ssao ser verde (color) \pna Kwaltsi:n motlake:n xoxo:hki, titlake:nxoxo:hki. \pea Your green clothes are really pretty, you are"green-clothed." \psa Tu ropa verde está bonita, eres vestido de verde. \se to be unripe; to be green (a fruit, vegetable, or plant) \ss estar verde (una fruta, verdura o planta que no está madura) \pna Ne: tontlaka:was, melá:k xoxo:hki sakayoh, xe kose:wi. \pea We will leave off animals to graze there, the grassy area is really green, it hasn't yet turned dry and yellow. \psa Vamos a dejar animales a apacentar allá, laárea de pasto está muy verde, todavía no se pone seco y amarillo \pna Ok xoxo:hki, xe a:te:mi. \pea It is still green, it hasn't even started to ripen. \psa Todavía está verde, todavía no ha empezado a madurarse. \se to be raw; to be undercooked (e.g., meat or other items that can be cooked) \ss estar crudo; estar poco cocido (p. ej. carne u cualquier otra cosa que se puede cocinar) \pna Xoxo:hki, xo:kikxi:tikeh. \pea It is raw, they didn't cook it. \psa Estácrudo, no lo cocieron. \pna O:tkwakeh totlakwal xoxo:hki, xe iksiya. \pea We ate our food somewhat undercooked, it hadn't yet gotten done. \psa Comimos nuestra comida algo cruda, todavía no se había cocida. \se to be hung over (perhaps a calque from the Spanish <spn>crudo</spn>) \ss estar crudo (quizácomo una extensión del sentido de 'crudo' en español) \pna Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis. \pea Tomorrow he'll be real hung over, his head will be spinning. \psa Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza. \pna Ok nixoxo:hkitsi:n. \pea I'm still a little hung over. \psa Todavía estoy algo crudo. \sem color \xrb xo: \qry Check to see if meat can be referred to as /xoxo:hki/. \grm Syntax; copula: Note the position of the copula in the following: /Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis/ 'Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning.' I would have expected /Mo:stla kwahli xoxo:hki yes/, but this might not even be correct. Check, in general, the position of the copula in phrases with some adverbial elements like this one. \ref 01408 \lxa sepo:hka:yeyekatl \lxac sepo:hka:yeyekatl \lxo sepo:hká:yeyé:katl \lxoc sepo:hká:yeyé:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \se one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla>, one that causes numbness, as related to the verb <nla>sepowi</nla> 'to become numb' \ss uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla>,él que causa un sentido como de entumecimiento, relacionado con el verbo <nla>sepowi</nla> 'entumecerse' \sem ritual \xrb sepo: \xrb e:ka \nse This <nla>yeyekatl</nla> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \ref 01409 \lxa a:chi:kwa \lxac a:chi:kwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \inc N-Adj-V2 \der N-dvb-0 \sea to drink often (for example, a person while working during a hot day or while eating; an animal that is always thirsty) \ssa tomar agua seguido (p. ej., una persona trabajando durante un día caloroso, o al comer; un animal que siempre está con sed) \pna Na:chi:kwa. \pea I drink water often. \psa Yo tomo agua seguido. \syno a:tala \xrb a: \xrb chi: \xrb kwa \nse This is said of a person who is constantly, perhaps every couple of minutes, drinking water, usually because of the heat. \nae The verbal nature of this entry, <na>a:chi:kwa</na> is suggested by its morphology: an incorporated nominal element <nr>a:</nr>, a bound predicate modifier <nr>chi:</nr>, and a verbal root <nr>kwa</nr>. The fact that the 1st-person subject prefix is realized as <na>n-</na> rather than <na>ni-</na> again is slightly more indicative of a verbal analysis. However, there I have no documentation as yet on tense/aspect inflection of this lexeme although my recollection is that in this aspect it behaves like a nonverbal predicate, with a separate overt copula for the non-present (e.g., <na>a:chi:kwa katka</na> 'he used to drink a lot of water'). However, the nominal nature of this word is clear from the plural: <na>tewameh ta:chi:kwameh</na>. \qry Probably contains the intensifier chi:. Check for final /h/ and perhaps change category from verb to noun (see above in /nae field). Check whether it is /a:chikwa/ or /a:chi:kwa/. I had another entry /a:chikwa/ with the following def., an N-ap meaning 'person who drinks a lot of water; person who drinks a lot of water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) / algn quien toma mucha agua; algn que toma mucha agua al comer (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) \ref 01410 \lxa mapil nepantlah \lxac i:mapil nepantlah \lxo mápil nepántlah \lxop mapil nepantlah \lxoc mápil nepántlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao middle finger \ssao dedo medio de la mano \sem body \sem human \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrl -nepantlah \vl Check citation form from Oapan and record proper entry \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that unpossessed one has /mápihlí/. One question I had was whether to consider this as two pitch-accents or one, with the other high pitch being part of the intonational system and as a boundary marker, or the result of a boundary marker. My thoughts have shifted on this, and certainly what is necessary are longer streams of text in which it will be easier to determine whether the p-a to the right of the p-a mark is due to a boundary pitch-accent or to a p-a that is part of the lexical information. Note that /mápihlí/ has 2 high pitches. However, /i:mápil nepántlah/ also has two. The question is the source of the rightmost p-a. It would seem that in both /mápihlí/ and /i:mápil nepántlah/ it is derived from a border phenomenon. \ref 01411 \lxa i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa \lxac i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa \lxo i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a \se to have runny, mucousy eyes \ss tener los ojos mocosos \pna O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. \pea They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. \psa Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb ki:sa \cfa i:xwia \nae The Ameyaltepec reduplication is apparently related to the plurality of the two eyes, the lack of reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl is reflective of the fact that this is a general condition. Perhaps further investigation will reveal that both dialects have alternate possibilities of expression, Ameyaltepec without reduplication and Oapan with, but for now consultants have indicated the above forms as the most common (or perhaps correct) in their respective communities. \qry Check to see if correct from is with *te, i.e. /i:xte:ntekukwitlaki:sa/. Cf. note with entry under /i:xwia/. Determine other locations for /kwitlaki:sa/, e.g., /nakas-/, etc. Finally, determine whether really the preferred (or only) Am form is with reduplication and the preferred (or only) Oapan form is without, or whether there is a lot of variation. \vl Check pitch-accent possibility in Oapan. \grm In /i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa/ note the location of the reduplication. Here it is not prefixed to the verb, but to the N-V compound, /kwitlaki:sa/. \ref 01412 \lxa tlalo:xtilia \lxac kitlalo:xtilia \lxo tlalo:xtilia \lxoc kitlalo:xtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to drive (a motor vehicle) for; to make (an animal such as a beast of burden) go fast on or for \ss manejar (un vehículo) para; hacer correr (a un animal, como una bestia de carga) para \se to draw a staight line on \ss dibujar una línea recta sobre \pna O:kitlalo:xtilih ia:maw. \pea He drew a straight line on his paper. \psa Trazó una línea recta sobre su papel \xrb tlal \xvbao tlalo:xtia \ref 01413 \lxa yekapistik \lxac yekapistik \lxo yekapistik \lxoc yekapistik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be pointed \ss ser puntiagudo \xrb yeka \xrb pits \qry Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects. \vl Check for both dialects. \ref 01414 \lxa a:kwepa \lxac na:kwepa \lxo a:kopa \lxoc na:kopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to spoil (apparently only eggs) \ss (refl.) echarse a perder (aparentemente solamente huevos) \pna Yo:na:kwep un to:toltetl. Yo:itlakaw, ko:koxo:ni. \pea That egg has gone bad. It's spoiled, it rattles inside (i.e., when shaken the rotten inside can be heard to move back and forth). \psa Ese huevo ya se echó a perder. Ya se pudrió, se siente el movimiento adentro (de la parte pudrida) cuando se agita. \se (refl.) to darken (a cloud as its about to rain) \ss (refl.) ennegrecerse (una nube cuando está a punto de llover) \pna Yo:na:kwep, ye kiawis. \pea It has turned dark (a cloud), it's about to rain. \psa Ya se ennegreció(una nube), está a punto de llover. \pna O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis. \pea The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain. \psa La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover. \xrb a: \xrb kwepa \nse This reflexive verb is used to refer to an egg which its inside turns to water as the white becomes runny. However, it may also refer to the darkening (like a rain cloud) of a spoiled egg. \qry Check exactly what is referred to when /na:kwepa/ is used to refer to an egg. Also, check what else might be a possible subject. \qry Check transitivity and whether /ka:kwepa/ is correct or whether a causative form exists for the transitive. \grm Oapan phonology: Note /kwe/>/ko/ alternation in Am /a:kwepa/>Oa /a:kopa/. \ref 01415 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo misto:metlatl \lxoc misto:metlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn (term used in Oapan) \sso tipo especícifo de metate (término utilizado en Oapan) \sem tool \syna metlatl de misto:n \xrb mis \xrb -to:n; metla \qry Determine what type of metate this refers to and its appearance. Also check for how the plural is formed, i.e., are both terms pluralized or only /metlameh/. Check possessed form. C. Flores (Am) was not familiar with the noun /metlatl de misto:n/. \encyctmp metlatl \ilustmp Illustrate with drawing or photo. \ref 01416 \lxa mili:ni \lxac mili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to flare up (coals or similar objects on fire that go from smoldering to flaring up) \ssa llamear (brazas u otros objetos similares que arden y después empiezan a llamear) \pna Noma:wan tekohli, mili:ni, we:ixtiw. \pea The fire is spreading among the coals, they are flaring up, they (the flames) are getting bigger. \psa El fuego se está agarrando entre las brasas, están llameando, están (las llamas) creciendo. \pna Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wa:n yo:nsese:wika. \pea The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (or thought I had). \psa Las brasas de mi fuego empezaron a llamear otra vez, y ya las había apagado (o penséque lo había hecho). \pna Xkontla:li se: tekohli wa:n xkakawi para ma mili:ni! \pea Place a coal there (e.g., in the hearth) and fan it so that it starts to flare up (i.e., so that the fire starts to take hold)! \psa ¡Ponle una braza allí(p. ej., en la fogata) y abanícala para que empiece a llamear! \sea to smolder (as opposed to being a roaring fire) \ssa arder (un fuego, sin llamear fuertemente) \pna San mili:ntok, se:wisneki. \pea It's just smoldering, it's on the verge of going out. \psa Estánada más ardiendo, está a punto de apagarse. \pna Xse:wi! San ke:nkah mili:ntok. \pea Put it out (a fire)! It's still smoldering like before. \psa ¡Apágalo (el fuego)! Sigue ardiendo (esto es, las brasas) como antes. \xrb mili: \qry Check for transitive. Also make sure of the distinction in use between what appears to be 'flare up' (first definition) and 'smolder' (second definition). Get as many example sentences as possible to determine precise meaning. \grm Pluperfect. Note the following excellent example of use: /Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wan yo:nsese:wika/ 'The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (i.e., or thought I had).' Note that here it seems clear that the pluperfect refers to an action, or an action that is imagined to have taken place, whose goals were not accomplished or who's effect is no longer the state of things. \ref 01417 \lxa ko:pi:ltik \lxac ko:pi:ltik \lxo ko:pi:ltik \lxoc ko:pi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be drooping down in clumps (e.g., wet hair, clothes that have gotten soaked while hanging up, or that still have soap in them; or palm and has dried and folded in on itself) \ss estar colgado en tiras enmarranadas o pegadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojado, o ropa que todavía tiene jabón; o palma cortada y secada que se dobla sobre si mismo) \pna A:man ye titisis wan koko:pi:ltik motson. Ok pa:stik. \pea Now you are about to starting grinding corn and your hair is hanging down all over in clumps, It is still wet. \psa Ahora estás a punto de empezar a moler maíz y tu cabello está colgado todo enmarranado. Estátodo mojado. \se to be hunched over with ones arms tightly to ones side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold) \ss estar acurrucado tener los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que está enferma o tiene frío) \xrb ko:pi:l \qry According to C. Flores the word for hair is /pipi:liwi/ not /ko:pi:liwi/. This should be changed in all entries. \ilustmp Illustrate, perhaps at least in regard to animates so described. \ref 01418 \lxa tlapa:nwistli \lxac tlapa:nwistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea type of bush with spines still not identified \ssa tipo de arbusto con púas, todavía no identificado \pna Tlapa:nwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikohtli. \pea <na>Tlapa:nwistli</na> : It is good for firewood. \psa <na>Tlapa:nwistli</na> : Es bueno para leña. \sem plant \sem bush(pend) \xrb tlapa: \xrb wits \qry This may simply be an alternate name of a plant/bush already documented. Check. If possible ask Emigdio Rosendo next time in Ameyaltepec. \cpl According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for <nla>china:ntli</nla>, apparently of the type known as <nla>tlawi:kpantli</nla>. This tree is not given in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have no tree of a similar name. Inocencio Díaz has heard of this plant but could not identify it. Neither Asención Marcelo nor Silvestre Pantaleón knew of this plant. \nct kohtli \ref 01419 \lxa sentla:lilia \lxac kisentla:lilia \lxo sentla:lilia \lxoc kisentla:lilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc PM-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to gather or collect in one place for \ssao juntar y poner en un solo lugar para \pna Ne:chsentla:lilia un a:tl, wa:n ne:xchialtia a:sta ma nasi. \pea He collects the water for me and saves it until I arrive. \psa Me junta el agua y me la guarda hasta que llegue. \xrb sem \xrb tla:l \xvbao sentla:lia \ref 01420 \lxa a:posa:wa \lxac ka:posa:wa \lxo a:posa:wa \lxoc ka:posa:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to rise from the effects of water or yeast (certain mixtures such as bread dough) \ss levantarse por los efectos del agua o levadura (ciertas mezclas como masa para pan) \pna Yo:na:posa:w \pea It has already risen (e.g., dough). \psa Ya se levantó(p. ej., masa para hacer pan). \cfa i:xakokwi \xrb a: \xrb posa: \nse Used generally as reflexive. \qry Perhaps create an disambiguating entry with /i:xakukwi/ and other words. \ref 01421 \lxa kakayol \lxac ikakayol \lxo kakayol \lxoc i:kakayol \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm N \pss Pr; T \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \se ankle bone \ss tobillo \sem body \sem human \xrb kayol \dis ikxikextlan; kakayol \nse Etymology uncertain. \qry I have rechecked vowel length and it is correct as recorded, i.e., no relation to /yo:l/ 'seed, pit, heart,"etc. \vl Check vl and p-a. \ref 01422 \lxa tenextetl \lxac tenextetl \lxo tenextetl \lxoc tenextetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of stone (found along river beds) from which lime is made \ssao tipo de piedra (encontrada por las riberas de los ríos) de que se hace cal \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb te \qry Again, for all N1 codings in the /infn field, check for possible possession. \ref 01423 \lxa kamatl \lxaa kamatsi:n \lxac se: kamatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea bite or morsel (of food); a mouthful or large sip (of a drink) \ssa trocito o mordida (de comida); un poquito (de una bebida) \pna Xne:chmaka san se: kamatl. \pea Give me just one bit (of food, or a mouthful of sth to drink)! \psa Dame una mordida (de una comida); Dame un bocado (de una bebida). \cfa kamaktli \xrb kama \qry Make sure that these two words are identical in meaning. If Am also has /kamaktli/, then add it to Oa /kamahtli/. Figure out if Oa /kamahtli/ means 'boca' or 'mordida'. Since there is a separate entry for Am /kamaktli/, this Oa form should be deleted here and the xref established. But still it will be necessary to determine whether the meanings of /kamahtli/ in Oapan and /kamaktli/ in Am are equivalent, or whether the Oapan term has the added meaning of 'mordida' (as Am /kamatl/). I doubt it does. \vl Tag the Oapan words here with 04541, but do not chose one of these 1423 words to link. \ref 01424 \lxa te:ntema:tlatl \lxac te:ntema:tlatl \lxo te:ntema:tlatl \lxoc te:ntema:tlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se muzzle of woven maguey fiber that is put over the snout of an animal (e.g., an ox or mule, so that it doesn't reach out to eat the crop while pulling a plow) \ss bozal tejido de fibra de maguey que se le pone al hocico de un animal (p. ej., un buey o mula para que al arar no vaya comiendo la milpa) \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli. \pea Make me a muzzle of woven maguey fiber! I'm about to start weeding with a plow, if I don't (use one) my ox will eat the maize. \psa ¡Hazme un bozal de fibra de maguey! Ya voy a empezar a desherbar con la yunta, si no (lo utilizo) mi buey va a comer la milpa. \sem tool \cfao tema:tlatl \xrb te:n \xrb te \xrb ma:tla \ilustmp Illustrate \grm Word order: /Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli./ Note final VP with V2-S-O \ref 01425 \lxa ikamak kowatl \lxac ikamak kowatl \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea design of woven palm in the shape of a serpent's mouth, used on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, que se ve como la boca de una serpiente, empleada durante Domingo de Ramos \xrb kama \xrb kowa \xrl -ko \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. \ref 01426 \lxa tlatsiwistli \lxac tlatsiwistli \lxo tlatsiwistli \lxoc tlatsiwistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \se laziness \ss flojera \pna Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis! \pea Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch, causing a cracking sound against the skin) so that his laziness goes away! \psa ¡Dále unos fuertes latigazos a tu hijo (con una soga o vara, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que se le quite su flojera! \pna Puro tlatsiwistli. \pea It is pure laziness. \psa Es pura flojera. \pna O:ne:chasik tlatsiwistli. \pea I got overcome by laziness. \psa Me agarróla flojera. \seo small ant-like nonflying insect still not identified (Am. synonym: <nla>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</nla>) \sso pequeño insecto como hormiga que no vuela, todavía no identificado plenamente (sinónimo en Am. <nla>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</nla>) \sem animal \sem in (Oa) \xrb tlats \dis tlatsiwistli; tlatska:yo:tl \qry Check lack of final /h/ in /puroh/. Add to lexicon since this is often used in speech. Make sure that Oa lexeme is in fact the name of the insect called /tlatlatsiwintsi:n/ in Am. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 01427 \lxa pepeyoka \lxac pepeyoka \lxo pepeika \lxoc pepeika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl (Am); -Trans (Oa) \infv class-4a \se to walks slowly and unsteadily \ss caminar despacio y con pasos inseguirostemblar ligeramente \pna Yo:li:k wa:lpepeyokatiw. \pea He is coming along slowly, shaking unsteadily (e.g., a child just learning to walk, or an animal just born that stands up and walks on unsure legs). \psa Viene despacio, temblando ligeramente (p. ej., un niño que apenas aprende a caminar, o un animal recién nacido que se para y empieza a caminar sobre piernas inseguras). \seao to trickle slowly down (e.g., water down a hillside) \ssao escurrir (agua) despacio (p. ej., cuesta abajo por un cerrito) \pno Wa:hpepeikatiw a:tl. O:kiaw. \peo The water is slowly trickling down (e.g., a hillside). It rained. \pso El agua viene escurriendo despacio (p. ej., por una cuesta hacia abajo). Llovió. \xrb peyo: \nse In Ameyaltepec both <na>pepeyoka</na> and its transitive form <na>pepeyotsa</na> (as well as compound words with these verbal forms and an incorporated noun) refer to slight trembling movements. In this sense the meaning differs from that of classical Nahuatl, which Molina gives as 'relumbraar el agua, o los campos con la claridad y reberveración del sol o de la luna.' However, in Oapan <no>pepeika</no>, according to Florencia Marcelino, is used to refer to water that is slowly trickling down a hillside. The question is whether this refers to the trickling itself or to the type of broken sparkle that results from such an event. \nae Although it seems clear that <na>pepeyoka</na> (Am) / <no>pepeika</no> (Oa) are derived from <n>peyo:ni</n>, this word has not yet been documented in independent form in either dialect. \qry Get other contexts for the use of this word. \ref 01428 \lxa ikatok \lxac ikatok \lxo yékatók \lxoa yékatíkah \lxoa yékatítok \lxoa yékatitíkah \lxop yekatok \lxop yekatikah \lxop yekatitok \lxop yekatitikah \lxoc yékatók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be upright (an object, such as those, e.g., tables, that stand on legs, or others that may be upright, such as books on end, a broom leaning up against a wall, etc.); to be standing up (a person or animal) \ss estar parados (un objeto, como las que, p. ej., una mesa, se sostienen sobre sus patas, u otros como libros puestos verticales, o una escoba parada contra una pared, etc.); estar de pie (una persona o animal) \pna Tsonaka u:nkah mome:sah, xkwahli ikatok. \pea Your table is leaning over to its side, it is not properly upright. \psa Tu mesa va de lado (está chueca), no está bien parada. \pna Iikatok un li:bros. \pea The books are upright. \psa Los libros están parados. \pna Nikatitiá:s. \pea I will go along (e.g., on a crowded bus) standing up. \psa Voy a ir parado (p. ej., en un camión que está lleno). \pna Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n. \pea A cat always lands on its feet. \psa Un gato siempre llega al suelo parado. \pna O:ikatitekok (= o:ikatitasik) \pea It fell down and landed upright (on its feet). \psa Se cayóde arriba y llegóparado (sobre sus patas) al suelo. \sem motion \cfo ya:watok \xrb ika \nae Like several other statives (e.g., <nlao>ye:watok</nlao>, <nlao>westok</nlao>) <na>ikatok</na> can be followed by aspectual markers (such as <n>-tiw</n>). In such cases the durative <n>-tok</n> is realized as simply <n>-ti</n>. The meaning of a compound form such as <na>ikatitiw</na>, therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.' Note that in Oapan the combination form of <nlao>westok</nlao> is <no>wetso-</no> as in <no>westotok</no> \qry Check for whether /e:watitiw/ is correct. Cf. comments above. If so, add to the /e:wa/ entry. \grm Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2 Refers to something standing up: books on end, a broom leaning against a wall, a person, etc. Add the following to the grammar for the aspectuals of statives: /Nikatitiá:s/ 'I will go standing up (e.g., on a crowded bus)'; /Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n/ 'A cat always lands on its feet'; and /O:ikatitekok/ (<r>cf.</r> o:ikatitasik) 'It fell down and landed upright (on its feet).' Like several other statives (e.g., <nlao>ye:watok</nlao>, <nlao>westok</nlao>) <na>ikatok</na> can be followed by aspectual markers (such as <n>-tiw</n>). In such cases the durative <n>-tok</n> is realized as simply <n>-ti</n>. The meaning of a compound form such as <na>ikatitiw</na>, therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.' \ref 01429 \lxa kuwpasohli \lxac kuwpasohli \lxo kóhpasóhli \lxop kohpasohli \lxoc kóhpasóhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <na>kowtepasohli</na>, <no>kohtépasóhli</no> \infn Stem 3 \se wood washed up in tangled bunches along the river during the rainy season; tangled driftwood \ss madera que durante la temporada de lluvias se junta entrelazada a la orilla de un río \xrb kow \xrb pahsol \qry Apparently intensifier /te/ is here used. Check /pasoltik/, /tepasoltik/, etc. to determine extent of occurrence of /pasol.../ without intensifier. \vl Check vowel p-a for Oapan form and add if here. Add /pa yes field. \ref 01430 \lxa se:meh \lxac se:meh \lxo se:meh \lxoc se:meh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Quant \der Adj-num \infv +plural \se function word used to indicate one of several persons, referenced by a plural subject prefix \ss palabra funcional para indicar uno de varias personas, referenciadas por un prefijo de sujeto plural \pna Tise:meh tia:skeh. \pea One of us will go. \psa Uno de nosotros irá. \pna Se:meh de yewameh mitspale:wi:s. \pea One of them will help you. \psa Uno de ellos de va a ayudar. \xrb se: \cfa se: \nse Cristino Flores mentioned that this word is more used in Oapan, although I have documented its use several times in Ameyaltepec. \nae <nao>Se:meh</nao> is the pluralization of the number <nlao>se:</nlao>. In Classical Nahuatl <na>se:meh</na> was not inflected for person. Thus FK notes from Carochi the phrase <na>ce:mètèhua:ntin</na> 'one of us.' Apparently Ameyaltepec Nahuatl would accept either <na>se:meh de tewameh</na>, with the Spanish borrowing <na>de</na>, or <na>tise:meh</na>. It seems also that <nao>se:meh</nao> is only used with animate subjects. \ref 01431 \lxa tlapextli \lxac tlapextli \lxo tlapextli \lxoc tlapextli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(ch) \se bed (originally those made of the rods from the inside of the cactus known also as <nla>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</nla> but now extended to include all beds) \ss cama (originalmente las que se hacen de las varas del cactus también llamado <nla>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</nla> pero ahora extendido para todo tipo de camas) \se type of cactus (<na>to:motli</na>) the insides rods of which are stripped and cleaned to be used for various items, including beds \ss tipo de cactus (<na>to:motli</na>) cuyas varas interiores se pelan y se limpian para utilizarse en varios objetos materiales, incluyendo camas \pna Xne:xte:kili notlapech para nokal! \pea Cut down a <na>tlapextli</na> cactus for my house (so that the rods can be used for the roof of my house)! \psa ¡Córtame cactus de <na>tlapextli</na> para mi casa (para que las varas interiores pueden utilizarse en mi casa)! \se (<na>i:tlake:nyo</na> ~) bed sheet(s) \ss (<na>i:tlake:nyo</na> ~) sábana(s) \sem material \xrb pech \ref 01432 \lxa te:te:nkwi:kwini \lxac te:te:nkwi:kwini \lxo te:te:nkwi:kwine \lxoa te:te:nkwi:kwini \lxoc te:te:nkwi:kwine \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se person who incessantly argues back and forth with people \ss persona que no para de discutir y discutir con la gente \pna Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni. \pea He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people. \psa Discute y discute con la gente, contesta fuerte a la gente. \xrb te:n \xrb kwi \grm Reduplication: Note the variation between long and short vowel reduplication in the following phrase (of course, this should be checked again to make sure, but I believe the length recorded is correct). /Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni/ 'He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people.' In the first agentive (deverbal noun, from /kwi/) the long vowel reduplication is expected. The use of this type of reduplication with /kwi/ indicates a continual pull back and forth. Thus note the use of /nokwi:kwi:lian/ 'they fight back and forth over sth' first one then the other pulling on it (e.g, during a litigation). The long vowel reduplication in /te:te:nkwi:kwini/ indicates, then, a continual action, of disputing. However, with /na:nkilia/ the use of long vowel reduplication would indicate a type of tentativeness. /kina:na:nkilia/ 'he gives a tentative affirmative answer' whereas the short vowel reduplication is used as an iterative, indicating a sort of plurality of response s, in the negative. Thus, the major point is that the semantics of reduplication are to some extent verb specific, and care must be made to associate particular reduplicative patterns and their meanings with specific verbs. \ref 01433 \lxa Ikxinekwilin \lxac Ikxinekwilin \lxo Ixinekwilih \lxoc Ixinekwilih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-? \infn Stem 4 \se constellation of stars (lit. 'crooked-footed') identifiable as six stars comprising the Big-Dipper \ss constelación de estrellas (lit. 'piernachueca') identificable como seis estrellas (el 'Big Dipper') del Oso Mayor \syna ikxinekwil \encyctmp ci:tlalin \nse According to Cristino Flores the correct name for this constellation is <na>Ikxinekwil</na>, i.e., without the <n>-in</n> ending. \grm Nouns: nominalization: The reason for the final /-in/ on /ikxinekwilin/, which is synonomous to /ikxinekwil/ is uncertain. It might be related to the /-in/ of /ci:tlalin/ and the fact that /ikxinekwil/ is a constellation. \ref 01434 \lxa i:xkakaya:wa \lxac ki:xkakaya:wa \lxo í:xkakayá:wa \lxoc kí:xkakayá:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se to fool by looks or appearance; to trick the eyes or ability to recognize of (note that the subject of this verb is the person or thing that is falsely or equivocably"recognized") \ss engañar por apariencia (nótese que el sujeto de este verbo es la persona o cosa que es falsamente o equivocadamente"reconocida") \pna O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! \pea I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't! \psa Me engañó alguien que te parecía (haciendo que pensara que fuiste tu). Pensaba estaba viendo a tí, pero¡quésorpresa, de por si no fuiste tu! \se (refl.) to be fooled by appearance or looks; to be decieved or confused by looks or appearance; to have ones eyes play tricks on one \ss (refl.) engañarse o dejarse engañar por la apariencia; confundirse por la apariencia \pna San timi:xkakaya:waya, na:nkah ma:s kwaltsi:n wa:n tewa tikwelita un ne:nkah. \pea Your eyes play tricks on you, this one here (in this case a young donkey being bought) is prettier and you like that one. \psa Te dejas engañar por apariencias, esta (en este caso un burro chiquito que se estaba vendiendo) es más bonita y a ti te gusta aquella. \xrb i:x \xrb kaya: \grm Imperfect: O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! 'I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!' Note the use of the imperfect here, as an action that was not completed (discuss telic vs. atelic). This is a frequent use, e.g., niwetsiya is used to me 'I was starting to fall' or 'I was about to fall'. It indicates an action that begins but is not carried to conclusion. In this sense it refers to a recognition that was not made. \ref 01435 \lxa tla:lkakawatl \lxac tla:lkakawatl \lxo tla:lkakawatl \lxoc tla:lkakawatl \lxt tla:lkakawatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \se peanut plant \ss planta del cacahuate \se peanut \ss cacahuate \pna Tla:lkakawatl | Ixwa ke:n me:roh xiwtli. Nomamayo:tia, notekomo:nia. Ki:sa ikuwnelwayotsi:n ipan ima, tla:laki itik tla:hli. Umpa noyo:ltilia tla:lkakawatl para we:iyas. Kipia tli:n wel tihkwali:s. \pea <na>Tla:lkakawatl</na> : It sprouts just like <na>xiwtli</na>. It gets a lot of branches, it spreads out and becomes full and bushy. Its woody root comes out of its branches, it enters into the ground, it goes into the earth. There the peanut germinates and grows. It has a part of it that you can eat. \psa <na>Tla:lkakawatl</na> : Brota mero como un <na>xiwtli</na>. Se forman muchas ramitas, se extiende por el suelo llenándose de foliaje. Sale su raíz leñosa por las ramas, se mete en el suelo, dentro de la tierra. Allïse germina el cacahuate para que crezca. Tiene una parte que le puedes comer. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb tla:l \xrb kakawa \cpl Schoenhals (1988) and Ramírez (1991) identify this as the <i>Arachis hypogaea</i>, of the <i>Leguminosae</i> family. According to Inocencio Díaz this is more commonly called simply <na>kakawatl</na>. \qry Check meaning of /kuhnelwayotsi:n/ and correct translation if necessary. Recheck entry under this word. Check to make sure that the possessed form is correct, i.e., that this can be possessed and there is no phon. change. \ref 01436 \lxa petsowilia \lxac kipetsowilia \lxo petsowilia \lxoc kipetsowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to polish for \ss pulir para \pna Ne:xtlapetsowilia ika notepalkawa:n. \pea He polishes (smoothes) by ceramic bowls for me. \psa El alisa mis fruteros para mí. \se to smooth for \ss alisar para \se to plane for \ss cepillar para \se to iron for \ss planchar para \sem distort-surface \xrb pets \xvba petsowa \grm Antipassive: /Ne:xtlapetsowilia ika notlake:n/ 'She irons my clothes for me.' Note here again the use of /tla-/ with a trivalent applicative in an antipassive sense, with an oblique expression of the patient. \ref 01437 \lxa ke:mah \lxac ke:mah \lxo ke:mah \lxoc ke:mah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Funct \der Funct-b \se yes; function word used in affirmative responses to questions or affirmative assertions to a doubt \ss sí; palabra funcional que indica una respuesta afirmativa a una pregunta o una aseveración positiva a una duda \pna Ke:mah, ihkón nihkakiya! \pea Yes, that's the way I heard it! \psa ¡Sí, asílo escuchaba! \xrb ke:mah \ref 01438 \lxa a:to:nawistli \lxac a:to:nawistli \lxo a:to:nawistli \lxoc a:to:nawistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \se coinciding fever and chills, as from malaria \ss calentura con escalofrío, como de paludismo \sem disease \xrb a: \xrb to:na \ref 01439 \lxa lonchin \lxac lonchin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn Stem 4 \sea dear little girl or boy \ssa niña (o niño) querida; hijita o hijito \pna Ka:n tiaw, lonchin? \pea Where are you going, little girl? \psa ¿Dónde vas, hijita? \sem age \xrb pitelo:n \nse The etymology of <na>lonchin</na> is uncertain, but it is likely to be an apocopated form of <nla>pitelo:ntsi:n</nla> that has lost its first syllable, a process not uncommon in hypocorism, and has its final element palatized, common in child-speech and in speaking endearingly to children. The word <na>lonchin</na> is used by elders to address younger children, apparently only little girls. \qry Check vowel length of /chin/, perhaps long as in /tsi:n/. Also, I originally recorded a short /o/ here, even though /pitelo:ntsi:n/ has a long /o:/. This should be checked. Finally, I have recorded that this word is used only as a vocative with little girls; make sure it is not used with the male sex. \vl Check vowel length. of Am when recorded. \ref 01440 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /chu/ as in /chu tlakwatok/, later changed to /cho/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm Modal \ref 01441 \lxa tlachi:koyahka:n \lxac tlachi:koyahka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n \infn N1(N2-N) \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tla:ltechi:koya:hka:n</na> \sea place where the land has a large hole in it (e.g., where water flows in) \ssa lugar donde está formada un gran pozo o agujero (p. ej., donde entra agua) \equivo tla:lchi:koyahko \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \xrl -ka:n \qry Check whether /tla:lkoya:hka:n/ is correct. I originally had a long /a:/, /tla:lchi:koya:hka:n/, but have changed it to a short based on comparative evidence and what I understand of Nahuatl. \ref 01442 \lxa chinowa \lxac kichinowa \lxo chichinowa \lxoc kichichinowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to set fire to (brush in a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting; see <nla>tlachinowa</nla>) \ss quemar o incendiar (campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar; vé ase <nla>tlachinowa</nla>) \pna Kichinowa tepe:tl ka:n sakayoh. \pea He is burning the hill where it is covered by grass. \psa Estáquemando el cerro donde hay mucho zacate. \pna O:kichinoh sakayoh, o:kiyo:kolih. \pea He set the field of grass ablaze, he did it on purpose (i.e., the blaze did not start accidently, as it sometimes does). \psa Incendió el campo de zacate, lo hizo a propósito (esto es, el incendio no se propagópor accidente, como a veces sucede). \pna Kichinowa ka:n to:ka. \pea He burns the field where he plants. \psa Quema el terreno donde siembra. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to sear; to hold a fire close to \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chamuscar; acercarle una flama a \pna Xchichino para ki:sas itomiotsitsi:wa:n! \pea Sear it (in this case a plucked chicken) so that its little hairs come off! \psa ¡Chamúscalo (en este caso un pollo desplumado) para que se quiten sus vellitos! \pna Nikinchichino:s in a:skameh. Ke:n miakeh! \pea I'm going to set a flame to these ants (to kill them, e.g., ants marching in a line by holding a torch to them and following down the line with the flame). There really are a lot of them! \psa Voy a acercarle una flama a estas hormigas (para matarlas, esto es, acercándole la flama a una fila de hormigas).¡Quétantas hay! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to deliberately blacken by burning (a pot or similar item) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tiznar intencionalmente al chamuscar (una olla u otro objeto similar) \pna Yo:nikchichinoh noko:n. Ye:nkwik katka. \pea I blackened my pot (on purpose). It was new. \psa Tiznémi olla (a propósito). Estaba nueva. \cfao chichinawi \xrb chin \xv1a tlachinowa \xv1o tláchinówa \nse One burns a field by either gathering weeds (<nlao>sakatl</nlao> or <nla>tlasohli</nla>) in bunches or beating them down, then setting the the matted brush ablaze. This must be done because the weeds do not catch fire in their natural upright state. The verb <na>chinowa</na> refers to burning the heaps of cut and dried thorns, or the weeds that have first been beaten down so that they hold the flame. Note that the phrase <na>o:kichinoh sakayoh</na> refers to the destructive burning of grasslands. To clear their fields without much effort, certain individuals sometimes set fire to the brush, destroying the grazing land of cattle. This is heavily penalized, but sometimes done. Finally, in the phrase refering to the ants, the action indicated is that of setting a bundle of <spn>zacate</spn> on fire and holding it near the ants, who are moving along in a line. The grass is then moved close along the line, burning the ants as it is moved along. \nae Apparently when <na>chichinowa</na> is used with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects (definite null complement). However, the unreduplicated <na>chinowa</na> utilizes the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> as in a non-context dependent manner (indefinite null complement), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. <nla>te:mowa</nla>, which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between <na>-awi</na> and <na>-owa</na>, rather than <na>-iwi</na> and <na>-owa</na> as is often the case; cf. <nla>chichinawi</nla>. \qry Check whether /h/ is in the root: /tlachinawi/, /tlachinowa/, /kichinowa/ and /chinawi/. Also check re: unreduplicated form, i.e., is /kichinowa/ Ok, or is it always reduplicated. \mod In Ameyaltepec it is not possible to determine if the unreduplicated form is underlyingly {hchinowa}; the cognates from neighbouring villages should be checked. It is possible that the forms are {chichinowa} and {hchinowa}. Perhaps, finally, /chichinowa/ should be entered under /chinowa/ as a reduplicated form. Probably this entry should be included within that for /chinowa/. But the problem is that after other dialects are examined, perhaps the entry should be /(i)hchinowa/, which might make it difficult to combine /chichinowa/. \grm Indefinite null complement: Apparently when <na>chichinowa</na> is used with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects. However, the unreduplicated <na>chinowa</na> utilizes the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> as in a non-context dependent manner (null complement deletion), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. <nla>te:mowa</nla>, which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between <na>-awi</na> and <na>-owa</na>, rather than <na>-iwi</na> and <na>-owa</na> as is often the case; cf. <nla>chichinawi</nla>. \ref 01443 \lxa i:xpapa:ya \lxac i:xpapa:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision \ssa tener la vista mala al grado que ve todo borroso \equiva i:xte:mpapa:ya \equivo i:xté:mpá:ya \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \nse <na>I:xpapa:ya</na> refers to someone who has poor eyesight, seeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root <na>pa:ya:</na>, cf. <nla>pa:ya:tl</nla>. Forms such as <nla>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</nla> (diminutive) and <nla>i:xpapa:ya:tik</nla>, adjectival, also exist. My original data had parallel forms with initial <na>i:x-</na> and initial <na>i:xte:m-</na>, with no difference in meaning. It is possible that the former set of items is in error. \qry I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. Finally, check for a final /h/ in /i:xtpapa:ya/, i.e., perhaps it should be /i:xpapa:yah/. Note that Florencia Marcelino did not accept any of the forms starting <no>i:xpa...</no> but only those with <n>i:xte:m</n>. \ref 01444 \lxa kakalaka \lxac kakalaka \lxo kakalaka \lxoc kakalaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to emit a rattling or rustling noise \ss traquetear; emitir el sonido de una sonaja \pna I:kwech kowatl, kakalaka. \pea A snake's rattle, it makes a rattling sound. \psa El cascabel de una culebra, suena como sonaja. \pna Kakalakatiw, naxilitiweh mopero:les. \pea They go rattling along, your water containers are banging against each other (e.g., as they are being moved along, hanging down from a beast of burden). \psa Van traqueteando, se van golpeando tus peroles (p. ej., al ser llevados, colgados de una mula o burro). \pna Tlakakalaka. \pea There is the noise of a lot of rattling. \psa Hay mucho traqueteo. \se to make a tic-toc sound (a watch or clock) \ss hacer tic-toc (un relój) \xrb kala: \xvno kala:ni \nse Cristino Flores rejected the accpetation of <na>kakalaka</na> as referring to a watch ticking. \ref 01445 \lxa te:tlatete:mowilike:tl \lxac te:tlatete:mowilike:tl \lxo te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl \lxoc te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se diviner; person who reveals the fortune or fate of others (e.g., revealing the cause of an illness, the location of a lost animal, etc.) \ss atinador; persona quien revela la suerte de otros (p. ej., encontrando la causa de una enfermedad, la ubicación de un animal perdido, etc.) \equiva te:tlatete:mowilia:ni \equiva tlatete:moke:tl \equivo te:tlá:te:mowiliá:ni \xrb te:m-2- \cfo ti:sitl \qry Determine whether the nonreduplicated form is correct. Also whether /te:tlatete:molike:tl/ is correct. \pqry Check length of first /a/ in Oapan; I originally transcribed it as short but have rechecked. Note also the problem that acoustic duration of long vowels (and maybe short) seems to decrease overall in longer words. Such might be the case here with /te:tlá:-/. An interesting excercise would be to find certain roots and look at vl variation in different contexts, and analyze by over word length, etc. \ref 01446 \lxa bu:rroh \lxac bu:rroh \lxo bu:rroh \lxoc bu:rroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan burro \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se donkey; burro \ss burro \sem animal \sem domes \cfa bu:rrah \cola anjolí:n bu:rroh \nse Although <nla>burrah</nla> often refers to the female donkey, it can also have various other referents. For this reason it has been given a separate entry. \ref 01447 \lxa chi:lpa:n \lxac chi:lpa:n \lxo chi:lpa:h \lxoa chi:lpa:n \lxoc chi:lpa:h \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. <nao>chi:lpa:meh</nao> \seao wasp \ssao avispa \sem animal \sem insect \cola i:kal chi:lpa:n \xrb chi:l \xrb pa:n \nse This is one type of wasp; it is read. There are also two other types of wasps: <nbo>chi:lpa:me:koh</nbo> (Oa) / <nba>chi:pa:n de te:sotla:wani</nba> ; and <nbo>tekómasólin</nbo> (Oa) / <nba>tetekumasol</nba> \qry One instance of /chi:lpan/ was written with a long /a:/, in other instances it had a short final /a/. This should be checked in the final edition. I have temporarily changed the major instances to a long vowel given the Oa evidence and other comparative data. \mod In my original notes I had a reference to: cf. /yetl/. \ref 01448 \lxa i:xakamantok \lxac i:xakamantok \lxo i:xakamantok \lxoc i:xakamantok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be lying face down (an animate being) \ss estar acostado boca abajo (un ser animado) \pna O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. \pea All of a sudden I woke up, I was asleep face down. \psa De repente me desperté, estaba dormido boca abajo. \se to be upside-down (material objects that can be said to have a metaphoric"face") \ss estar boca abajo (un objeto material del que se puede decir que tenga, metáforicamente, una"cara") \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \qry Check if i:xakamantitiw is correct.Note that in one filecard entry I have recorded /ixakamantok/ with short initial vowel. This should be checked. \grm /O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok/ 'All of a sudden I unexpectedly woke up, I was asleep face down.' Note that the translation here reflects an interesting syntactic puzzle that needs to be resolved. Both parts of the clause are constructed as predicates: the stative /ni:xakamantok/ and /nikoxtok/, the main predicate. Compare this to other forms and determine which is correct: nipaktok nitlakwatok, nikatok nitlakwatok, etc. If this is the case (check) then it might well be that there is a difference between nominal and verbal heads. Cf. niwe:i chichi 'I'm a big dog' in which the nominal head and modifier form a single predicate structure that is marked by a single subject pronoun. However, cf. verbal predicates. It will be important to elicit the forms such as nikatok nitlakwatok? or ikatok nitlakwatok? I would imagine that the former is correct and should be translated as I am eating standing up. But this should be checked, perhaps by eliciting"Estoy parado comiendo"or"Estoy comi en do parado"However, cf. when adjectivals are used with nouns."I am a happy man' nipa:hka:tla:katl? It would seem that the major mechanism here for participial adjectivals is through incorporation with ka:- Try, for example, I am a thin man 'nipitsa:hka:tla:katl' The question then arises re: non-participial adjectives used attributively. Here it would seem that the complex predicate is formed without double marking: nitli:ltik tla:katl, timiakeh tla:kameh, etc. This should be checked. Thus perhaps there are several constructions: 1) Participial adjective + head noun is formed as S-Part-N (nikaxa:nka:sowa:tl); 2) Adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (niwe:i chichi); 3) Denominal adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (nitli:ltik tla:katl). The question of verbal modification is thus different. First adverbial modification is Adv + S-V (nika:n nitsatsitok; chika:wak nitsatsitok). There is also the possibility of participial incorporation: nipa:hka:tsatsi. A question m igh t be whether one can also incorporate the participle with ?nichika:hka:tsatsi. Check.However, this still leaves the problem of forms such as ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. This should be checked since the predication here is slightly unusual. Check position verbals: ikatok nitlakwatok or nikatok nitlakwatok. Same with /i:xakamantok/. \grm Apparently the form /ni:xakamantok/ as a 3rd person stative does not exist, i.e. the form /i:xakamantok/ would thus derive from an now lost intransitive form /i:xakamani/. This is not uncommon (cf. other notes). However, /ni:xakamantok/ as a progressive is acceptable /ye ni:xakamantok/ 'he is (in the process of) lying himself down'. This derives from the transitive /i:xakamana/; cf. the analogous cases of /kweptok/, /a:ntok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. In my original notes I have:"Note that the form *ni:xakamantok is not correct as a 'stative' but only as a progressive, rarely used, such as /ye ni:xakamantok, ma:ka tiktlasewi:ti:s/ \ref 01449 \lxa ilpikatl \lxac ilpikatl \lxo ilpikatl \lxoc ilpikatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 2 \se sash; band of cloth or other material, usually placed around ones waist (in particular, this is used to refer to the band of colored cloth used in certain dances such as <na>moros, danza de bola,</na> etc.) \ss faja o fajín, una banda de tela u otro material que se coloca por la cintura (en particular se refiere a la faja de tela colorida que se emplea en ciertas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) \pna Suwa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa. \pea Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist. \psa Las mujeres también tienen su tira de tela, que atan por la cintura. \se sash that is worn diagonally across the chest \ss faja o fajín que se coloca diagonalmente por el pecho \pna Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpikaw! \pea Place my band across my chest for me! \psa ¡Colócame la faja atravesando por mi pecho! \se diaper cord \ss cordón para pañal \pna Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian. \pea He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on. \psa Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo). \se weight belt (used by men when lifting sth heavy) \ss ceñidor (empleado por los hombres para alzar algo pesado) \xrb lpi \nse Some consultants mentioned that this refers to a sash or band that is placed across the chest in certain dances, or even of the type that is worn by beauty contestants. \grm Generic nouns: Note the following for the placement of a noun with generic meaning: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/, 'Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist.' Cf. this to the phrase in the brideasking speech: /a:tl xkwahli/, etc. This is common, e.g, /tla:katl xkwahli/. \vl There are extra tokens of this word at 1168. \ref 01450 \lxa kecha:tekontsi:n \lxac kecha:tekontsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \sea to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash or similar fruits) \ssa tener el cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza u otras frutas parecidas) \pna Kwaltsi:n noa:yokokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n. \pea My little baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck. \psa Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito. \syno kechtewiyahtik \xrb kech \xrb a: \xrb tekom \qry See query under /a:yokokone:tl/. Check with linguists as to ps categorization, e.g., brick-walled. \ref 01451 \lxa ilakatsiwi \lxac ilakatsiwi \lxo ilakatsiwi \lxoc ilakatsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a sprained or twisted back \ss torcersele la espalda a \pna O:nilakatsiw ipan noteposmilo:l. \pea I sprained by back (i.e., twisted my spine). \psa Se le torcióla columna vertebral. \xrb ilakats \nse One person gave the pronunciation <na>wilakatsiwi</na> (vowel length not recorded). Although there might be a relationship to <na>wi:laka</na> it appears that the pronunciation is <na>ilakatsiwi</na> and the person referred to was constructing a"folk phonology." \qry Check also use and meaning of transitive form, if it exists. Recheck the precise objects that can be so affected. \ref 01452 \lxa miakilia \lxac kimiakilia \lxo miakilia \lxoa miekilia \lxoc kimiakilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-2a \se to greatly increase the amount of; to make abundant; to make plentiful; to accumulate (the quantity of sth countable) \ss hacer abundante; incrementar mucho la cantidad de (algo contable) \pna Kimiakilia itlikuw. \pea He accumulates a lot of firewood (e.g., during the dry season, in anticipation of not having time to chop wood during the summer planting months). \psa Acumula mucha leña (durante la temporada de secas en anticipación a no tener tiempo durante el verano para leñar). \xrb miak \xvba miakia \xvbo miekiya \ref 01453 \lxa monexiwi \lxac monexiwi \lxo mónexíwi \lxop monexiwi \lxoc mónexíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <no>temónexé:wi</no> (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>monexe:wi</nla> (Am) / <nlo>mónexé:wi</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>monexe:wi</nla> (Am) / <nlo>mónexé:wi</nlo> (Oa) \equiva monexe:wi \equivo mónexé:wi \xrb mohnex \ref 01454 \lxa te:ntsonyowa \lxac te:ntsonyowa \lxo te:ntsonyowa \lxoc te:ntsonyowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \se to grow a beard; to become bearded \ss salirsele o crecersele la barba a \pna Yo:pe:w te:ntsonyowa, o:pe:w po:ki. \pea His beard has started to grow, he's started to smoke (and as a result his facial hair is growing out). \psa Se le empezó a crecer la barba, empezó a fumar (y como resultado se le está creciendo la barba). \xrb te:n \xrb tson \dis te:ntsonyowa; te:ntsonki:sa \nae Although morphologically <na>te:ntsonyowa</na> is related to those series of lexemes that have an adjectival, inchoative, and transitive, it has neither an adjectival form nor a transitive former (at least not documented in the corpus). Instead of an adjectival the common term for 'bearded' is the nominal <nlao>te:ntsoneh</nlao>. \ref 01455 \lxa tlakukwa \lxac tlakukwa \lxo tlá:kwá \lxop tlá:kwa \lxoc tlá:kwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-1 \pa yes-rdp \seao to graze (cattle, goats, sheep, etc.) \ssao apacentar (ganado, chivos, borregos, etc.) \pna Tlakukwatok mowa:kax. \pea Your cattle is grazing. \psa Está apacentando tu ganado \xrb kwa \xvca tlakukwaltia \xbtlao kwa \ref 01456 \lxa tepe:wi \lxac tepe:wi \lxo tepe:wi \lxoc tepe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to scatter or become sprinkled on the ground (e.g,. leaves falling off a tree) \ss caerse regado o esparcirse por la tierra (p. ej., hojas que se cayen de unárbol) \pna Deke yo:chika:w tepe:tomatl, pe:wa tepe:wi ipan tla:hli. Sa: para tikpepenas. \pea If the <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> has gotten overripe, it (the fruit itself) starts to fall, scattering on the ground. It just remains for you to pick it (the fruit) up. \psa Si el <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> pasa de maduro empieza (su fruta) a regarse por el suelo. Nada más queda para que lo recojas. \xrb tepe:-2- \ref 01457 \lxa tsili:ni \lxac tsili:ni \lxo tsili:ni \lxoc tsili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to ring; to emit a ringing or hollow metalic sound (e.g., a bell, certain types of doorbells, alarm clocks, flat metal objects such as a well-made machete when cleanly struck, etc.) \ss repicar, tañer (p. ej., campanas u objetos similares); timbrar (ciertos timbres de puertas o despertadores, objetos planos de metal como machetes bien hechos cuando se golpean, etc.) \sem sound-material \xrb tsili: \xv0ao tlatsili:ni \xvkao tsitsilka \xvkao tsitsilika \qry Check for /te-/. \ref 01458 \lxa kuwi:xtataka \lxac kuwi:xtataka \lxo kowí:xtaká \lxop kowi:xtaka \lxoc kowí:xtaká \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of lizard of those categorized as <na>kowi:xin</na> \ss tipo de lagartija de las que se categorizan como <na>kuwi:xin</na> \sem animal \sem lizard \xrb kowi:x \xrb taka \nae The Oapan entry <no>kowí:xtaká</no> seems to manifest reduced reduplication on a preceding long vowel, since in the simple form <nlao>kowi:xin</nlao> the vowel is long. The pitch-accent derives from reduplication with coda {h}, lost in Ameyaltepec. \encyctmp hypo-an kowi:xin \cpl This lizard is identified in Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as a <spn>chintete</spn>. They have it with a short /i/, although /kowi:xin/ has a long one immediately above. \nct kowi:xin \ref 01459 \lxa tekiwi:ltia \lxac kitekiwi:ltia \lxo tekiwi:ltia \lxoc kitekiwi:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to insist that (sb) does or takes (sth) \ss insistirle a (alg) para que tome o haga (algo, p. ej., comer, hacer un trabajo, etc.) \pna Ma:ka xne:xtekiwi:lti! \pea Don't insist to me (e.g., that I do sth, eat sth, etc.)! \psa ¡No me insistas (p. ej., que acepte algo, que coma algo, etc.)! \pna Kitekiwi:ltia wa:n xkiselia. \pea He insists to him but he doesn't accept it. \psa Le insiste pero no lo acepta. \pna Yewa xma:s tlawe:leh, kiseli:skia pero xokitekiwi:ltikeh! \pea He isn't that fearsome, he would have accepted it, but they didn't insist. \psa No es tan bravo, lo hubiera aceptado pero no se lo insistieron. \xrb teki \xvba tekiwia \xvbo tekiwiya \ref 01460 \lxa se:pa:nya:ntsi:n \lxac i:se:pa:nya:ntsi:n \lxo se:pa:nya:n \lxoc tose:pa:ya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pss PM \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 (irregular: only with 1st-person pl. possessor) \se (ritual) (with 1st-person possessive) together \ss (ritual) (con 1apersona posesiva) juntos \pna Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! \pea Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! \psa ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! \sem ritual \xrb se: \xrb pa:n \xrl -ya:n \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>se:panya:ntsi:n</na> is clearly related to the preverbal clitic <nla>se:pan</nla> that indicates a jointly undertaken or experienced action although the former has been documented only in ritual speech, a <nla>we:wetlato:hli</nla> from Ameyaltepec. It is uttered as part of the speech by the representative of the bridegroom's family to the parents of the potential bride an means, in effect, 'we together.' \nae The preverbal clitic <nla>se:pan</nla> functions as a predicate modifier, indicating that the plural subjects of the verbal predicate (which in all documented cases is I believe intransitive) undertake the action together or jointly. The ritual and reverential form <na>se:panya:ntsi:n</na> is obligatorily possessed and expressed independently of the verb the subject of which is coreferential with the possessor of <na>se:panya:ntsi:n</na>. Although literally translatable perhaps as 'jointness,' it effectively modifies the verbal predicate indicating, as does the clitic form, that the subjects are undertaking an action jointly. \ref 01461 \lxa michka:ldoh \lxac michka:ldoh \lxo michka:ldoh \lxoc michka:ldoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>caldo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao broth with fish \ssao caldo de pescado \sem food \syno mixchi:la:tl \xrb mich \qry Check the Oapan synonym. Perhaps it is /michchi:la:tl/. I believe it is recorded. \ref 01462 \lxanotes zzz \qry The word /itiwitsiw/ has here been removed. \dt 03/Dec/2001 \ref 01463 \lxa tliwa:tsa \lxac kitliwa:tsa \lxo tliwa:tsa \lxoc kitliwa:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to toast; to roast (either on top of a clay griddle or directly on embers) \ss tostar; asar (o sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas) \xrb tli \xrb wa:k \ref 01464 \lxa tsi:nko:ntik \lxac tsi:nko:ntik \lxo tsi:nko:ntik \lxoc tsi:nko:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be big-assed; to have a large rear end \ss ser nalgón; tener la trasera grande \xrb tsi:n \xrb ko:m \ref 01465 \lxa tsi:nmolo:nki \lxac tsi:nmolo:nki \lxo tsi:nmolo:nki \lxoc tsi:nmolo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a foul-smelling rear or rear end \ss tener la parte trasera o nalgas apestosas \xrb tsi:n \xrb molo: \ref 01466 \lxa tsoyo:ni \lxac tsoyo:ni \lxo tsoyo:ni \lxoc tsoyo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to be rapidly consumed (e.g., food that is quickly eaten up); to disappear quickly (desired items that are sold in a market, etc.) \ss consumirse rápidamente (p. ej., comida que se come rápido); desaparecer rápidamente (objetos deseados que se venden en el mercado, etc.) \pna San o:tsoyo:n, o:tlan. \pea It just totally disappeared, it got finished (e.g., good fruit sold in the plaza). \psa Se consumiótodo, se acabó(p. ej., buena fruta vendida en la plaza). \pna Melá:k kinekin, san tsoyo:ni. \pea They really want it, it just disappears right away. \psa De veras lo quieren, rápidamente desaparece. \se to get or become fried \ss freirse \xrb tsoyo: \qry Check for use of /te-/. Check whether it can also mean"to get fried." \ref 01467 \lxa nenemi:ltia \lxac kinenemi:ltia \lxo nénemí:ltia \lxop nenemi:ltia \lxoc kí:nemí:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to pursue (a lawsuit, petition, etc., keeping it going despite any possible delays or setbacks) \ss proseguir (un litigio, etc. al mantenerlo en proceso a pesar de cualquier demora o \pna O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s. \pea He broke off the suit. He didn't want to pursue it any longer. \psa Dejóde litigar. Ya no lo quiso proseguir. \se to help walk (e.g., a young child just learning) \ss ayudar a caminar (p. ej., un niño chiquito apenas aprendiendo a caminar) \xrb nemi \xvba nenemi \nae <nla>nenemi</nla> has two causative constructions: <nla>nenemi:tia</nla> and <nla>nenemi:ltia</nla>. \qry Make sure to carefully compare the two causatives in meaning. \grm Causative: The difference between causative /nenemi:ltia/ and /nenemi:tia/ is interesting and perhaps sheds some light on the subject. Also, cf. /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia/, which might follow this same pattern. With /nenemi/, the"regular"causative with /-tia/ is the standard"to make S do Pr"That is, the subject of the intransitive in /nenemi/ becomes the patient in /nenemi:tia/, but is still an agent. That is, /-tia/ converts the agent of an intranstive (in an unergative verb) into a patient of a transitive. On the other hand, /-ltia/ seems to convert the"patient"of an unaccusative into the patient of a transitive. This is eminently clear in cases such as /patla:ni/ and /patla:naltia/, or /poso:ni/ and /poso:naltia/. Clearly more examples of the /-ltia/ and /-tia/ alternation should be explored, both with intransitives (cf. above) and with transitives (cf. the analysis proposed by Launey). However, the difference in /nenemi/ causatives does suggest that /-tia/ is the classical 'to make S do Pr"whereas the /-ltia/ ending seems to simply transitivize. \ref 01468 \lxa kakaxaktik \lxac kakaxaktik \lxo kákaxáhtik \lxop kakaxahtik \lxoc kákaxáhtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \pa yes-rdp \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:kaxáhtik</no> \se to be weak; to be soft; to not be hardy (refering to a person) \ss ser débil; ser enfermizo (refiriéndose a una persona) \pna Tepi:tska:suwa:tl, xsan kakaxaktik. \pea She is a sturdy woman (i.e., can work, doesn't get sick), she isn't weak. \psa Es una mujer fuerte (puede trabajar, no se enferma fácilmente), no es débil. \se to be losely tied \ss ser atado flojamente \xrb kaxa: \nse Like <na>kakaxaktik</na>, the root verb <na>kaxa:ni</na> is often used to refer to the human body when it becomes weak from exhaustion. \nae Whereas most deverbal adjectivals ending in /-ktik/ are derived from verbs ending in /-iwi/ (as <nlao>toma:wi</nlao>) and are marked by an initial <n>te-</n> intensifier (as <nla>tetomaktik</nla>) the present entry <na>kakaxaktik</na>) is derived from a verb ending in <n>-ni</n>, a much less common derivation process. \grm Note that the derivation seems to be /kaxa:ni/ to /kakaxaktik/. Apparently there is no form /kakaxaka/ (cf. /tsotsomoka/, etc.). Note also that whereas other similar derivations, e.g., /tetomaktik/ have /te-/, the form that I heard in conversation was /kakaxaktik/. Check to see if /tekaxaktik/ exists, as well as /tekakaxaktik/. \ref 01469 \lxa ma:noh \lxac ma:noh \lxo ma:noh \lxoc ma:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan hermano \psm N \pss Voc; P2(def) \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \seo vocative used to address for married or elder males from Oapan \sso vocativo para dirigirse a hombres de Oapan casados o de edad avanzada \se (<nao>toma:noh</nao>) term of reference used to talk about married men or elder men from Oapan \ss (<nao>toma:noh</nao>) término de referencia para hablar acerca de hombres casados o de mayor edad de Oapan \pna Wa:lte:chpale:wi:s se: toma:noh. \pea A man from Oapan will come help us. \psa Un hombre de Oapan nos va a venir a ayudar. \nse <no>Ma:noh</no> is the generalized term used in Oapan to address elder men, particularly those who are older than the speaker and not on a first-name basis. As a two-place predicate it is possessed only in the first person: <no>toma:noh</no>. Note, finally, that it is common in the Balsas region for members of communities to use to prototypical address/reference term of another village in talking to or about individuals from this second village. Thus Ameyaltepequeños know that <no>ma:noh</no> (as a vocative) and <no>toma:noh</no> (for reference) are used in Oapan and as a result will use <na>ma:noh</na> when addressing an elder man from Oapan or <na>toma:noh</na> when referencing such a person. \ref 01470 \lxa toka:rowa \lxac kitoka:rowa \lxo toka:rowa \lxoc kitoka:rowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>tocar</spn> \psm V2 \pss P2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to be the turn of (the [O] is the one whose turn it is) \ss tocar a (en el sentido de ser el turno de [O]) \pna O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. \pea You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. \psa Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocó un golpe con la mano. \ref 01471 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ----- \lxo tlawistlachapa:nihli \lxocpend tlawistlachapa:nihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals) \sso ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen) \syno wistlachapa:nihli \syna tlachapa:ni:hli \sem material \xrb wits \xrb chapa: \nse Inocencio Jiménez gave both the forms <no>wistlachapa:nihli</no> and <no>tlawistlachapa:nihli</no>, though the first seemed to be favored as the correct form. \qry Check for verbal form of this, which I remember from the elicitation but that I didn't record. Check also for possibility of possessive formation. \ref 01472 \lxa a:pio:tsi:n \lxac a:pio:tsi:n \lxo a:piotsi:n \lxoc a:piotsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pío</spn> \psm N \pss P1 \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seao type of small bird that lives near the water, apparently the Collared Plover, <l>Charadrius collaris</l> or a closely related species \ssao tipo de pájaro pequeño que vive cerca del agua, aparentemente el"Collared Plover," <l>Charadrius collaris</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a: \xrb pio \nse This animal is like a chick in size: <na>to:to:tsi:ntli, i:pan a:te:ntli nemi</na>. Apparently the name include <na>pio</na> probably after the sound that a chick makes. \nae The length of the /o/ in Oapan is difficult to determine as occasionally it appears to be long, though usually short. This should be further checked. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'pollito de agua.' \nct to:to:tsi:ntli \mod Enter under /cho/. \ref 01473 \lxa ma:isiwi \lxac ma:isiwi \lxo má:isíwi \lxop ma:isiwi \lxoc má:isíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to be quick with ones hands \ss ser rápido o ligero con las manos \pna Xma:isiwi! Lige:roh xtla:litiwetsi. \pea Hurry up with what you're doing with your hands! Put them down right away! \psa ¡Apúrate con lo que estás haciendo con las manos!¡Colócalos rápido! \xrb ma: \xrb hsi \mod Check root of /isiwi/. Apparently (cf. comparative evidence) there is an underlying /h/. However, determine whether root should be /hsi/ or /hsiwi/. Note that the causative of /isiwi/ is /tlasiwitia/ (check vowel length). For /ma:isiwi/ check for a transitive, causative form, e.g., ?ma:isiwitia. \ref 01474 \lxa tlamachio:tia \lxac kitlamachio:tia \lxo tlá:machió:tia \lxoc kitlá:machió:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(pre-s) (Oa) \infv class-2a \se to decorate by painting a design or pattern on (particularly ceramics painted with patterns in natural colors) \ss decorar al pintar un diseño sobre (particularmente cerámica pintada con colores naturales) \pna Yo:notlamachio:tih. \pea A decoration has already been painted on it. \psa Ya se le pintó un diseño. \pna Tictlamachio:titok, kwaltsi:n noka:was. \pea You are painting a design on it, it will turn out nice. \psa Le estás pintando un diseño, va a salir bonito. \xrb mati \nae The derivation of <na>tlamachio:tia</na> is not entirely transparent. The verb <nla>machio:tia</nla> is used as a reflexive in the Balsas River to signify 'to cross oneself.' This is similar to Molina's entry <n>machiotia. teoyotica nite.</n> 'confirmar o chrismar.' In both cases <n>machio:tia</n> is a transitive verb. Molina also has <n>machiotia. nitla.</n> 'reglar papel, o debuxar algo.' This would suggest that <na>tlamachio:tia</na>, which is transitive either has a different derivation, perhaps a verbalization of the abstract noun (still not documented for this region nor Classical) ? <na>tlama:chio:tl</na>, or is an example of <n>tla-</n> incorporation as a modifier (cf. <nla>otlawi:teki</nla>). Whatever the case, it seems that Balsas <na>machio:tia</na> is similar to Classical <n>machiyotia</n> (note RS glosses this as 'dibujar, pautar, firmar, anotar, marcar algo, el ganado, etc.; <n>temeztica nitla-machiyotia</n> sellar algo con plomo, poner una marca con plomo'). Note, finall y, that the pitch ac cent marked in the Oapan form <no>kitlá:machió:tia</no> suggests the reduced reduplication of the verbal stem <nao>machio:tia</nao>, which is realized as lengthening and pitch on the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. This reduplication is not manifested in the Ameyaltepec form from the corpus. \qry Make sure that /tlamachio:tia/ is indeed a transitive verb. Check again the long, high-pitched /tlá:-/ in the headword /tlá:machió:tia/. \ref 01475 \lxa te:mi:tia \lxac kite:mi:tia \lxo te:mi:tia \lxoc kite:mi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to fill up; to top off \ss llenar; terminar de llenar \pna Xte:mi:ti! We:i poliwi. \pea Fill it up (i.e., finish filling it)! There is still a lot left (to be filled, e.g., in a container still greatly empty)! \psa ¡Llénalo (esto es, termina de llenarlo)! Falta mucho. \flao te:ma \xrb te:m-2- \xvbao te:mi \dis te:ma; te:mitia; te:mi:ltia \nse The difference between <nla>te:ma</nla> and <na>temi:tia</na> seems to be that the former implies filling something (such as a container) that is completely empty at the start of the process whereas the latter (along with <nla>te:mi:ltia</nla>) implies filling something that at the start of the process was already partially full. Thus if a person takes an empty water jug to the well, <na>kite:mas</na>. However, if there is already some water in the jug, <na>kite:mi:ti:s</na> or <na>kite:mi:lti:s</na>. Note also that a form with an indefinite null complement is apparently only used with <nlao>te:ma</nlao> (i.e., <nlao>tlate:ma</nlao>) and not with <nao>te:mi:tia</nao>. \ref 01476 \lxa tsonta:takaltik \lxac tsonta:takaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tsonte:ta:takaltik</na> ; Lex. rdp-l \sea having hair unevenly cut, some parts longer than others \ssa con el cabello trasquilado y mal cortado, con algunas partes más largas que otras \sem body-descrip \syno kwa:ta:takaltik \xrb tson \xrb taka \qry Check the long vowel since my file card entry for this word did not have long vowels recorded; the length change is based on entry for /ta:takaltik/ and the Oapan entry /kwa:ta:takaltik/. Also, check possibility of /te-/ (e.g., ?/tsonteta:takaltik/) again taken by analogy from /ta:takaltik/. \ref 01477 \lxa kalma:tli \lxac kalma:tli \lxo kalma:tli \lxoc kalma:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \seao palm lean-to \ssao un alberguito de palma, de media agua \seo name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> ; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in music and form of the dance \sso nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> ; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son distintos en música y forma de bailar \syna kalto:roh \xrb kal \xrb ma: \nse A <nao>kalmatli</nao> consists of a slanted 'roof' of thatched palm that virtually reaches the ground and serves as a protection against the wind and rain. At least as late as the early 1980s one or two of these shelters/houses could still be seen in Oapan. For a more extensive discussion of the dance called <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under this term. \nae The possessed form of <nao>kalma:tli</nao> represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts. \ilustmp There is a drawing on the original 3x5 filecard. \grm Possession: The possessed form of <nao>kalma:tli</nao> represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts. \ref 01478 \lxa tlaki:tskiltsi:n \lxac tlaki:tskiltsi:n \lxo tlaki:tskiltsi:n \lxoc tlaki:tskiltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se bunch \ss manojo \cfao ma:pi:xtli \xrb ki:tski \dis tlaki:tskiltsi:n; ma:pi:xtli \nse The difference between <na>tlaki:tskiltsi:n</na> and <nla>ma:pi:xtli</nla> seems to be the manner in which the material object is grabbed or held and, as a result, the nature of this same object. <nao>Tlaki:tskiltsi:n</nao> is a nominalization of <nla>ki:tskia</nla> 'to grab' (as in clothing in ones hand) whereas <nao>ma:pi:xtli</nao> is related to <nao>pia</nao> 'to have.' The former nominalization seems to refer to things that are held and that extend beyond the grip of ones hand, i.e., only a part of the entire object is held in the hand. Such an item might be, for example, a bunch of silantro. <nla>Ma:pi:xtli</nla>, on the other hand refers to things that are held within ones hand, such as beans being held in a fist. \qry Check length of penultimate /i/ in the syllable /kil/. Check for possessed form, which has not yet been coded into the /infn field. \ref 01479 \lxa -te:wa \lxac tlakwate:wa \lxo -te:wa \lxoc tlákwaté:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Asp \der aspectual \infv class-3a(w)/associated motion \se to do [verb] upon leaving, or just before leaving \ss hacer [verbo] al salir, justamente antes de salir \pna Ma nitlakwate:wa! \pea Let me eat before heading out! \psa ¡Voy a comer antes de salir! \pna O:niwa:ltlakwate:w. \pea I ate before leaving to come here. \psa Comíantes de salir hacia acá. \pna O:kika:wte:w a:tl. \pea The rains left it behind (in this case a field at the end of the rainy season when the rains stopped). \psa Las lluvias lo dejaron atrás (en este caso una milpa que estaba creciendo bien, al acabarse la temporada de lluvias). \se to do [verb] on ones deathbed \ss hacer [verbo] en el lecho de la muerte \pna Kite:maste:wa iwe:wentsi:n, a:kino:n kitlakwalti:s? Tlayo:wi:s. \pea She is worried about her husband as she's on her deathbed, who will feed him? He is going to suffer. \psa En el lecho de su muerte se preocupa por su marido,¿Quién le va a dar de comer? El va a sufrir. \se to do [verb] suddenly or unexpectedly \ss hacer [verbo] repetinamente \pna O:isate:w \pea He woke up unexpectedly. \psa Repentinamente despertó. \pno O:ki:ste:hkeh. \peo They got up and left (impetuously). \pso Se levantaron y se fueron (impetuosamente). \xrb e:wa \ref 01480 \lxa poso:nki \lxac poso:nki \lxo poso:nki \lxoc poso:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \pss P1; TM \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be boiled (a prepared food, such as beans, or water itself) \ss estar hervido (una comida preparada, como frijoles, o agua misma) \xrb poso: \qry Check to see if one can also refer to boiled water with this term: /poso:nki ma:w/? \ref 01481 \lxa westasi \lxac westasi \lxo wéstasí \lxop westasi \lxoc wéstasí \psm V1 \pss P1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \dt 02/Feb/2005 \pa yes \infv class-4a \seao see <na>wetsi</na> \ssao vé ase <na>wetsi</na> \xrb wetsi \nde The antonym in Oapan would be <nlo>yékatitási</nlo>. \ref 01482 \lxa mi:skitl \lxac mi:skitl \lxo mi:skitl \lxoc mi:skitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of tree, mesquite \ss tipo deárbol, mezquite \pna Mi:skitl | Xtlah para, san tlikohtli. Bwe:noh para banki:toh, para ipan notla:li:los. I:a:xi:xmi:skio nokwi para tlapahli. \pea <nao>Mi:skitl</nao> : It isn't good for anything, just firewood. It is good for benches, for people to sit on. Its resin is used in making (natural) paint. \psa <nao>Mi:skitl</nao> : No sirve para nada, solamente leña. Es bueno para banquitos, para que se siente la gente. Su resina se emplea en hacer pintura (natural). \pna Mi:skitl | Wel tikpa:chichinas, tihkwa:sitla:kihlo. \pea <nao>Mi:skitl</nao> : You can suck on, you can eat its fruit. \psa <nao>Mi:skitl</nao> : Puedes chupar, te puedes comer su fruta. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb mi:ski \cpl Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:110) identify as the mezquite a tree of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Prosopis laevigata</i> (H. & B. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst. They also have another entry (p. 104) for <spn>tepemezquite</spn>, also called <spn>tlahuitole</spn> of the same family and of the genus/species <i>Lysiloma divaricata</i>. Ramírez (1991) identifies the <na>mi:skitl</na> as of the Leguminosae family and the genus/species <spn>Prosopis juliflora</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has the following information under mezquite:"(<i>Prosopis</i> spp. e.g., <i>P. juliflora, P. glandulosa</i>) 'mesquite tree,' 'honey mesquite,' 'glandular mesquite.' Common in desert and dry areas. One of many compound-leafed shrubs or trees in these areas. Spines are straight; pods resemble gnarled stringbeans. <i>P. glandulosa</i> can be distinguished by its smooth leaflets as opposed to the hairy ones of the others. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. Also called algarr obo, chachaca."According to Silvestre Pantaleón, Asención Marcelo, and Inocencio Díaz there is only one type of <na>mi:skitl</na>, the tree called <na>tepe:mi:skitl</na> is not a <na>mi:skitl</na>, because it is not edible. \nct kohtli \ref 01483 \lxa -tech \lxac totech \lxo -tech \lxoc itech \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \se next to; close to \ss junto a; pegado a \pna Xmopepecho notech! \pea Come close to me! \psa ¡Acércate a mí! \pna Itech nocha:n onkah. \pea There are some next to my house. \psa Hay junto a mi casa. \pna Motech onkah pa:mpa ikno:tsi:ntli. \pea He is with you because he is an orphan. \psa Estácontigo porque es un huérfano. \cola ki:sa \cola weli \xrb -tech \grm Note that /I:tech nocha:n unkah/ translates as 'There are some next to my house.' However, if one wanted to say, 'He is next to my house,' one would probably say /I:tech nocha:n nemi/. Nevertheless, at least in my original documentation (should be checked) \ref 01484 \lxa tekolo:tl \lxac tekolo:tl \lxo tekolo:tl \lxoc tekolo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of Screech-Owl, apparently the Balsas Screech-Owl, <l>Otus seductus</l>, or the Western Screech-Owl, <l>O. kennicottii</l>, or a closely related species \ssao tipo de tecolote o buho, aparentemente el"Balsas Screech-Owl," <l>Otus seductus</l> o <l>O. kennicottii</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, pp. 356, 357 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tekolo: \nse It is still not clear if this refers to only one species of tecolote or to various. Nor is it certain how many species there in fact are in the valley. \cpl The <na>tekolo:tl</na> is not classified as a <nla>to:to:tl</nla> by speakers. \ref 01485 \lxa xexeliwi \lxac xexeliwi \lxo xéxelíwi \lxoa té:xelíwi \lxop xexeliwi \lxop té:xeliwi \lxoc xéxelíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ó:nxe:líwi</no> ; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <no>té:xelíwi</no>. \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to scatter or become scattered on the ground (e.g, sth that is dropped and shatters upon contact) \ss desparramarse o esparcirse sobre el suelo (p. ej., algo que se cae y se estrella con el impacto al suelo) \xrb xe:l \nae Although the reduplicant of Oapan Nahuatl <no>xéxe:líwi</no> can reduce to vowel lengthening and pitch accent on the preceding syllable, given the semantics of this verb there is seldom a prefix except, perhaps, the directional <n>on-</n>, yielding <no>ó:nxe:líwi</no>. \qry Make sure that <no>ó:nxe:líwi</no> is correct, as I don't have an actual example of this form with reduced reduplication. \pqry Carefully check vowel length. \vl There is a token of /té:xelíwi/ at 7086. This should be tagged at 01485 but given that it is reduplicated with the /te-/ prefix, it should not be linked. \ref 01486 \lxa chikotik \lxac chikotik \lxo chikotik \lxoc chikotik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \se to have straight edges, ones that are not cut square but which leave the object trapezoidal (particularly used with poorly cut and non-square cloth, but also used to refer to land that is not rectangular) \ss tener orillas que van derecho pero que no forman un cuadro, tener esquinas que no están enángulos rectos, dejando el objeto como trapezoide (empleado particularmente tener tela mal cortada y no cuadrada, también un terreno no cuadrado); sesgado \cfa chiko \cfa chiko:tl \xrb chiko \nae <nao>Chikotik</nao> is derived from the bound clitic modifier <nlao>chiko</nlao> ; there is a nominal form <nla>chiko:tl</nla>, documented for Ameyaltepec but not for Oapan Nahuatl. \qry Recheck use to refer to land-surface areas such as 'solares.' \ref 01487 \lxa ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl \lxac ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea type of broth made with chile and <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> beans \ssa tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \qry Determine the precise recipe of this food \vl I have eliminated the Oapan tokens from this entry. Tag (or retag) the 4 speech tokens here from Oapan with #5936. \ref 01488 \lxa te:nxo:mah \lxac i:te:nxo:mah \lxo te:nxo:mah \lxoc i:te:nxo:mah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se snout (of an animal, particularly mammals) \ss hocico (de un animal, particularmente las mamalias) \pna... ite:nxo:mah chichi \pea... the dog's snout \psa... el hocico del perro \pna Kixoxope:wa tla:hli mopitso ika ite:nxo:mah. \pea Your pig pushes up the earth with its snout. \psa Tu cerdo empuja la tierra con su hocico \se lip area (of certain animals and, sarcastically speaking, of people) \ss área alrededor de los labios (de ciertos animales y, hablando con sarcasmo, de la gente) \sem body \syna xo:mah \xrb te:n \xrb xo:mah \nae The diminutive form <nao>te:nxo:mitah</nao> contains the Spanish diminutive <spn>ita</spn>, hence the apparent vowel change of the root. \qry Determine which animals have snouts and/or lips (e.g., does this apply to snakes, etc.). Check diminutive. My records have /te:nxo:mitah/; check for /te:nxo:matsi:n/. \grm Diminutive; vowel change: Note that /te:nxo:mah/ has a diminutive in /te:nxo:mitah/, apparently representative of the influence of Spanish /-itah/. Check to see if /te:nxo:matsi:n/ is also used. \ref 01489 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac --- \lxo ítowília \lxop itowilia \lxoc kítowíliah \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to say to \ssao decirle a \xrb hto \xvba itowa \nse With this verb, and with others (cf. <na>tlatlakakilia</na>) the reduplication of the indefinite direct object <n>tla-</n> with a verb of communication indicates that something unpleasant was being said. This probably represents a metaphorical use of"things"as in both English (he said a lot of things to me) and Spanish (me dijo muchas cosas). \nae It is not clear at this stage whether the form <na>itowilia</na> is found without the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n>. The only documented use of this applicative of <nla>itowa</nla> is with this prefix (moreover, reduplicated). However, the fact that the verb <no>ítowília</no> with the 3rd-person specific object was elicited during a recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez strongly suggests that this applicative use is grammatically acceptable, though the precise meaning remains to be determined. \qry It might be that the reduplication should be a long vowel in the above phrase. This should be checked as it is long in other examples with similar negative meaning. Also, the difference between /itowilia/ and /ihlia/ is not clear and should definitely be clarified. Check whether the form without /tla-/ (with or without reduplication) is correct in both dialects. If not, remove this entry and make the appropriate changes. \grm /O:ne:chtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni/ 'They said a lot of things to me to get me mad' Note the use of /para ma/ as a subordinator, 'so that + subjunctive'. Cf. types of adverbial phrases: this seems to indicate the result of the action. \ref 01490 \lxa mapilpepetsiwi \lxac mapilpepetsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran P1 \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones fingers to become smooth (i.e., without calluses from lack of work) \ssa quedarsele lisos los dedos a uno (esto es, sin callos por no trabajar) \pna O:mapilpepetsiw, xtekiti \pea His fingers have become smooth, he doesn't do any work. \psa Se le quedaron lisos los dedos, no trabaja. \syno ma:petsiwi \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb petsiwi \nse Oapan has <nlo>ma:petsiwi</nlo> with a similar meaning, though referring to the entire hand and not simply the fingers. Note that given the implicit plurality of the incorporated noun in Ameyaltepec, the verbal stem of <na>mapilpepetsiwi</na> is reduplicated. \qry Check /makpalpetsiwi/ used in Ameyaltepec. \ref 01491 \lxa kakalakachilia \lxac kikakalakachilia \lxo kakalakachilia \lxoc kikakalakachilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to make a rattling sound for (e.g., a baby whom one wants to quiet, or sb to announce their entry) or in front of, etc. \ssao hacer el sonido de un traqueteo para (p. ej., para un niño que se desea apaciguar, o a algn para anunciar su entrada) o enfrente de, etc. \xrb kala: \nse The Oapan form is an applicative of the transitive frecuentative <nlo>kakalatsa</nlo>. \vl A final check should be made, but in the recording studio I seem to have perceived that while Florencia Marcelino uttered /kika:kalaakachilia/, her husband Inocencio gave /kikakalakachilia/. \grm Applicative; frecuentative; palatalization: Note that the Oapan form /kakalakachilia/ is an applicative of the transitive /kakalatsa/, with palatalization of /ts/ to /ch/. \ref 01492 \lxa tsi:tsikiltsi:n \lxac tsi:tsikiltsi:n \lxo tsi:tsikiltsi:n \lxoc tsi:tsikiltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao diminutive of <nlao>tsi:tsikiltik</nlao> \ssao diminutivo de <nlao>tsi:tsikiltik</nlao> \flao tsi:tsikiltik \xrb tsikil \ref 01493 \lxa po:hki:sa \lxac po:hki:sa \lxo po:hki:sa \lxoc po:hki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao to give off smoke \ssao echar humo; humear \seo to give off steam (e.g., a hot food) \sso emitir vapor (p. ej., una comida caliente) \xrb po:k \xrb ki:sa \dis popo:ka; po:hki:sa; Oaítipotohkí:sa \grm Noun incorporation: The construction /po:hki:sa/ seems to have the subject as source. That is, in 0-po:k-ki:sa (3sgS-smoke-leave) the subject (zero morpheme) seems to indicate the semantic source of the event, the place from which smoke is"leaving."In a certain sense this construction seems similar to that of /okwilxi:ni/, in which the subject indicates the point at which the event takes place, perhaps more of a destination. In both cases (/po:hki:sa/ and /okwilxi:ni/) the subject of the new lexical item (the compounded verb) indicates a location; the incorporated noun indicates a material that"performs"the verbal action at this location. However, it is possible to consider this an example of possessor raising, with the subject in essence the"possessor"of the smoke that is emerging. \ref 01494 \lxa kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n \lxac i:kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex: infix <n>tla-</n> \infn N2 \sea the dot over a letter \ssa la punta sobre una letra \pna "I"kipia ikwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n. \pea An"i"has a dot over it. \psa Una"i"tiene una punta arriba. \xrb kwa: \xrb chipi: \qry I heard this once; check to determine if this word is shared by the speech community, and if it possibly has any other meaning. \grm Note the agentive forms in /-ntsi:n/ as in /kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n/ 'the dot over it (a letter)' Include a section in the grammar on these types of words. \ref 01495 \lxa owitika \lxac owitika \lxo ówitíkah \lxop owitikah \lxoc ówitíkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be difficult \ss ser difícil \pna Owitika, xniwelis. \pea It is difficult, I won't be able (to do it). \psa Es difícil, no lo voy a poder (hacerlo). \syna owitok \xrb owih \nse Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects. Although <na>owitikah</na> and <na>owitok</na> are synonyms, the former seems slightly more common in everyday speech. \nae The placement of the glottal stop at the end of the second syllable of the root is based on FK's comments under this word. \grm Phonology: Vowel length variation: /Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects/. This suggests (as does another case I can't remember with Luis Lucena) that occasionally with a village/dialect vowel length may vary in certain words. \pqry Check final sound in both dialects. My impression is that C. Flores has a final glottal stop (automatically inserted after vowels that are phrase final) and that the Oapan pronunciation is with final /h/, a reflex of classical glotal stop and Am. /n/. \sj owitikah; check for presence of /h/. \vl Check for final /h/. \ref 01496 \lxa tepetlatl \lxac tepetlatl \lxo tepetlatl \lxoc tepetlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao limestone \ssao tepetate \sem stone \xrb te \xrb petla \nse The composition of this word, <n>te-</n> plus <na>petlatl</na> suggests that the reference is to large areas of limestone that lie spread out along the ground's surface. \qry Check to see if /tepetlatl/ can refer to tepetate that is just loose, and not part of a flat surface. \ref 01497 \lxa pa:xtik \lxac pa:xtik \lxo pa:xtik \lxoc pa:xtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tepa:xtik</nao> \se to be crushed; to be flattened (a container or sth hollow) \ss estar apachurado (un recipiente, una lata o algo hueco) \se to be smashed (sth soft and solid such as fruit) \ss estar aplastado (algo blando y sólido, como fruta) \xrb pa:x \qry Determine total range of items that can be /pa:xtik/. \ref 01498 \lxa pitsi:nki \lxac pitsi:nki \lxo pitsi:nki \lxoc pitsi:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tepitsi:nki</nao> \se to be slightly cracked, or have a small hole perforating the surface (e.g., an eggshell) \ss estar ligeramente partido o hendido, o tener un pequeño agujero (p. ej., el cascarón de un huevo) \pna Na:nkah xnikwi:kas pa:mpa pitsi:nki. \pea I won't take this one here (in this case an egg) because it has a slight crack in it. \psa Este (en este caso un huevo) no me lo voy a llevar porque está ligeramente partido. \sem distort-fissure \xrb pitsi: \ref 01499 \lxa ikxito:pi:ltik \lxac ikxito:pi:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to have a stiff leg that can't be bent \ssa tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar \syna ikximelaktik \syno ixipeya:stik \xrb kxi \xrb to:pi:l \qry Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same. \ref 01500 \lxa kuwpepenke:tl \lxac kuwpepenke:tl \lxo kohpépenké:tl \lxoc kohpépenké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who gathers up firewood scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena leña que está regada sobre la tierra \xrb kow \xrb pena \qry No documented case of possession; determine whether to include a possessed form, perhaps one could exist. Or, a note in the grammar stating that no effort has been made to obtain all possible terms. \ref 01501 \lxa ma:xakwalowa \lxac kima:xakwalowa \lxo ma:xakwalowa \lxoc kima:xakwalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to knead or squeeze in ones hands \ss amasar o apretar en las manos \pna Yo:kipachoh, a:man yo:pe:w kima:xakwalowa para ma kwe:chiwi. \pea He's already pressed down on it (in this case curd to make cheese so that the juices are squeezed out), now he has begun to squeeze it in his hands so that it becomes finer (in drying up). \psa Ya le hizo presión (en este caso a cuajada para queso, para exprimir el jugo), ahora lo ha empezado a amasar (apretar) en las manos para que se haga más fino. \pna O:kima:xakwaloh ichi:chiwal ina:n. \pea He squeezed his mother's breasts. \psa Apretólos senos de su mamá. \pna Kima:xakwalotok sokitl. \pea He is squeezing the clay in his hands. \psa Está amasando el barro en las manos. \xrb ma: \xrb xakwal \grm Noun incorporation; thematic roles; transitivity: Cf. /maxakwaliwi/, which means 'to get an exhausted arm' and /ma:xakwalowa/, which means 'to knead or squeeze in ones hands'. Discuss how the relationship of Noun to Verb in incorporation is affected by the transitivity, and how this makes single entries for such alternations impossible. \ref 01502 \lxa tlatla \lxac tlatla \lxo tlatla \lxoc tlatla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to burn; to become consumed in flames (a material object, a house, a hill covered with dry grass, etc.); to catch on fire (an object, but not the fire itself, see <nlao>mili:ni</nlao>) \ss quemarse (un objeto material); incendiarse; consumirse por el fuego (una casa, un cerro cubierto de pasto seco, etc.); prenderse (un objeto material, pero no el fuego o fogata mismo, vé ase <nlao>mili:ni</nlao>) \pna Tlatla tepe:tl, tlachinawi. \pea The hill is burning, the brush is on fire. \psa El cerro se está quemando, el pasto se está quemando. \pna Wel tlatla kahli. \pea A house can burn (catch on fire). \psa Una casa se puede incendiar. \se to get burned (a person or animal by fire) \ss quemarse (una persona o animal por el fuego) \se to get sunburned (a person) \ss quemarse por el sol (una persona) \flao tlatia \xrb tla \xvcao tlatia \ono mili:ni, tekwi:ni, tlatla, etc. \ref 01503 \lxa bie:joh \lxac bie:joh \lxo bie:joh \lxoc bie:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan viejo \psm N \pss Voc; P2 \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative)"old man"(i.e., husband) \ss (vocativo)"viejo"(esto es, esposo) \se (poss.) husband \ss (pos.) esposo \pna Yewa nobie:joh, ma:ka xtete:ne:wa! \pea He's my old man, don't badmouth him! \psa Es mi esposo,¡no hables mal deél! \ref 01504 \lxa teberna:l \lxaa teberná:l \lxac teberna:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pedernal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of hard stone, apparently volcanic, that is used to make metates and rolling pins for metates (<nla>metlatl</nla> and <nla>metlapihli</nla>) \ssa tipo de piedra dura, aparentemente volcánica, que se emplea para fabricar metates y manos de metate \nse Although this seems an obvious borrowing from Spanish <spn>pedernal</spn>, the stone used for metates is, to my recollection, basaltic. \sem stone \qry Check meaning and use of this rock. \ref 01505 \lxa kukwalo:tsi:n \lxac kukwalo:tsi:n \lxo kwakwalo:tsi:n \lxoc kwakwalo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea person who is sickly, always getting sick (see <nlo>kokoliste:roh</nlo>) \ssa persona enfermiza, que siempre se enferma (vé ase <nlo>kokoliste:roh</nlo>) \seo maize or other grains, such as beans, that are bug-eaten \sso picado (como maíz, frijoles u otros granos así) \xrb kwa \nae Given that this lexeme has only been documented in the 3rd-person, it is unclear whether reduction of the reduplicant would occur, or if the meaning of this term is lexicalized to such an extent as to inhibit such reduction. Also, no pitch accent was noted on this form. \qry Check to determine if only the form with the reduplication is used, i.e. if /kwalo:tsi:n/ exists or not. \grm Note also, in general, that label- characteristic names of persons often end in /-tsi:n/ without the absolutive. When the dictionary is finished, search for /-tsi:n/-final words and discuss if there is any common meaning. \vl Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch accent in Oapan form. \ref 01506 \lxa mumuwi \lxac mumuwi \lxo mómowí \lxop momowi \lxoc mómowí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nímowí</no> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to be frightened or scared \ss sentir miedo o susto \pna Xtimumuwi? Ye tlaiwa! \pea Aren't you frightened? It's already dark (late at night)! \psa ¿No tienes miedo?¡Ya es noche! \sem emotions \xrb mawi \dis mowi; momowi \nse The reduplicated form <na>momowi</na> is by far the most common use of this word, in fact several consultants from Oapan denied that the nonreduplicated form ? <no>mowi</no> was correct. However, the nonredupicated <nla>mowi</nla> has been documented in Ameyaltepec; see <nla>mowi</nla> for further discussion. \qry Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/. \ref 01507 \lxa tlake:npatla \lxac kitlake:npatla \lxo tlake:npatla \lxoc kitlake:npatla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to change the clothes of \ss cambiar la ropa de \pna Xne:xchia, ma nimotlake:npatlati! \pea Wait for me, let me go change my clothes! \psa ¡Espérame, déjame ir a cambiar de ropa! \se (refl., fig.) to acquire new leaves (trees as they turn green during the spring) \ss (refl., fig.) adquirir nuevas hojas (árboles cuando reverdecen durante la primavera) \pna Yo:pe:w notlake:npatla kuwteh. \pea The trees are acquiring new leaves. \psa Losárboles están adquiriendo hojas nuevas. \se to turn green with new folliage (e.g., a hill in the spring) \ss revestirse con foliaje nuevo (p. ej., un cerro en la primavera) \xrb ke:m \xrb patla \nse My recollection is that <nao>tlake:ntla</nao> and an associated verb such as <nao>tlake:npatla</nao> are also used to indicate the green ground covering of the rainy season. \nae The fact that /n/ is maintained in <na>tlake:npatla</na> despite the following bilabial nasal suggests that the final /n/ of <na>tlake:ntli</na> has been (re)interpreted as underlying. Historically the root seems to have been <nr>ke:m</nr> ; to facilitate cross-dialect comparison the root has been given in this dictionary as <nr>ke:m</nr>. \qry Check use of /tlake:npatla/ and other forms to indicate the green ground covering of Summer. \grm Phonology: The fact that /n/ is maintained in <na>tlake:npatla</na> despite the following bilabial nasal indicates that the final /n/ of <na>tlake:ntli</na> has been (re)interpreted as underlying. \ref 01508 \lxa xopo:nia \lxac kixopo:nia \lxo xopo:nia \lxoc kixopo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to plow (land for the first time in a season) \ss arar (tierra por la primera vez en una temporada) \cfa barbe:chowa \xrb xopo: \ref 01509 \lxa tlakah \lxac tlakah \lxo tlakah \lxoa tla'a \lxoc tlakah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \se word used to indicate surprise at sth counter to what one might have expected or what one had first indicated; it is often used at the end of phrases to indicate suprise at sth that one thought would be otherwise \ss término que se utiliza para indicar sorpresa a algo que es contrario a lo esperado o lo que uno había ya indicado; a menudo utilizado a final de frase para indicar sorpresa a algo que se pensaba iba a ser de otra manera \pna Na:nkah! Tlakah i:n? \pea Here it is! Is this indeed it? \psa ¡Aquí está !¿será este? \pna O:yah, tlakah! \pea Indeed (contrary to what I had thought), he did go! \psa ¡Cierto (contrariamente a lo que pensaba), se fue! \pna O:nimoma:poloh, seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka: tlakah! San nana:wi noso yeye:i. \pea I lost track of things in my hands. In some I tossed five (seeds) and in some six. But that's not right, that's not how things are to be planted, it should be four by four or three by three. \psa Perdíla cuenta de lo que estaba haciendo con las manos. En algunos (pocitos) echécinco (semillas) y en otros seis. Pero me di cuenta que no se siembra así, debe ser cuatro por cuatro o tres por tres. \pna Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k. Ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlakah xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw. \pea I've really gotten skinny. The (fruit of the) <nbao>kapi:res</nbao> tree has made me lose weight. It's true (contrary to what I thought) that it's no good, it got stuck in my belly (i.e., didn't digest propery). \psa De veras he adelgazado. (La fruta del) capires me ha hecho bajar de peso. Es verdad (contrariamente a lo que pesaba) que es dañino, se atoró en mi barriga (y no se diregió). \equiva chika \equiva tlakachikas \xrb tlakah \dis tlaka; tlakachikas; chika; ka:chika \nse The phrase <na>O:nimoma:poloh, seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka tlakah! San nana:wi noso yeye:i</na> gives a clear indication of the use of words like <na>tlaka</na> and its cognates <nla>chika</nla> and <nla>tlakachikas</nla>. As the phrase suggests, a certain action was occurring, in this case the planting of maize seeds in groups of five and six. Although the speaker seems to indicate that he simply"lost his way"with his hands (<na>o:nimoma:poloh</na>), the use of <na>tlaka</na> and the additional clause suggest that the speaker came to the realization that he had been planting the wrong number, and that he remembered that the correct way of planting was in groups of four. <na>Tlakah</na> at the end of the phrase <na>xihkón noto:ka tlakah</na> indicates surprise or sudden realization that he had been in error. In Oapan there is a shortened form of <no>tlakah</no> that is pronounced [tla:]. However, to distinguish it from <nlo>tla:</nlo> meaning 'if' it has been written as an abbreviation. \nse The difference between <nao>tlakah</nao> (also in Oapan, <no>tla'ah</no>), <nlo>tlakachikas</nlo> (Am) / <nlo>tlákachikas</nlo> (Oa), and <nlao>chikas</nlao> is slightly difficult to determine. In Oapan <no>tlákachíka</no> and <no>chikas</no> are used when one remembers that a fact is different than what one has just expressed. In Ameyaltepec <na>tlakachikas</na> is used, but not ? <na>chikas</na>. Thus in both villages <na>tlakachikas</na> / <no>tlákachkas</no> is used when something is suddenly remembered. It is used when a previous utterence is corrected. However, <nlao>tlakah</nlao> is more often used when one corrects some knowledge acquired by seeing. For example, if a speaker thinks that Juan is coming along a path and suddenly realizes that it is Jorge, he might say <na>Wa:hlaw Jorge, tlakah Juan!</na>. \nae Note that the abbreviated form <no>tla'a</no> in Oapan seems to be vowel- (not /h/-) final. However, it is hard to determine this since this modal form has not been documented in phrase-final position. \nde The modal element <n>tlakah</n> is also found in Classical Nahuatl. Carochi (fol. 114; Lockhart, p. 416) states:" <i>Tlákâ</i>, breve la primera <i>a</i>, y la segunda con saltillo, es adverbio de que usa, el que se acuerda de repente de algo y lo dize, aviendo dicho antes lo contrario,òotra cosa diferente, v. g. preguntaleàuno su confessor si tiene algun pecado, y el dize: <i>àtle màitlàic onicnoyolìtlacalhuìin Tote:cuiyo; tlàkâniquilnamiqui ce: sihua:tl onic huetzquilìoniquelehuî</i>, en nada he ofendidoàNuestro Señor: assi! acuerdome, que hize señasàuna muger, y la dessee. Para que se entienda el exemplo siguiente, supongo que en Mexicano son semejantes, y faciles de equivocar, las palabras con que se dize: ocupacion de borrachera, y ocupacion de govierno; predicando pues uno, dixo: <i>in amèhua:ntin in ampi:piltin in ne:nmanya:nàmo anquihua:lcaquìin i:missàtzin Tote:cuiyo, canel yèini:c i:tech anmotlamiàin amotla:hua:ncatequiuh; tlácào:ninote:mpatili in amotlàtòca: te quiuh</i>, vosotros los principales no venisàMissa entre semana, y es que os escusais con vuestra occupacion de borrachera; assi! que me equivoquè, quise dezir con vuestra ocupacion de govierno."Lockhart in his footnote (416, n. 4) states:"This particle (i.e., <n>tlacâ</n> -ja) is entirely opaque to me as to any separate constituents it may contain. <i>Tlacâ</i> is an interjection, a separate parenthetical utterance, not really an adverb."Whether this should be considered an interjection or a modal is not entirely clear to me at this point. Certainly, <na>tlakah</na> expresses surprise and is used in this sense as an interjection. However, it also is a comment on a propositional statement that was once thought to be true but that evidence has shown to be wrong. Thus in saying <na>Tlakah yewa!</na> the translation is not simply 'Oh my goodness, it's him!' but rather 'It's him (even though I thought otherwise at first, now I see/know that my initial observation/state of knowledge w as in error)! In this sense Carochi's observation"el que se acuerda de repente de algo y lo dize, aviendo dicho antes lo contrario,òcosa diferente"is right on target. However, it is still not clear whether <nao>tlakah</nao> is used if someone simply remembers something omitted or misspoken, or whether it is limited to situations in which a previous state of knowledge stands corrected by new evidence. \qry Determine if all forms listed in the /dis field can be used in single phrase, e.g., /tlaka yewa/, /chika yewa/, /ka:chika yewa/ and /tlakachikas yewa/. Check whether /tlakachika/ is correct or if only /tlakachikas/ is used. Finally, decide whether this should be a coordinator or modal. \qry Perhaps examine and compare /o:yah tlaka/, /o:yah teh/, /o:yah kine/, etc. \ref 01510 \lxa osto:tl \lxac osto:tl \lxo osto:tl \lxoc osto:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se cliff; precipice; steep drop off of a hill or mountain \ss precipicio \seo cave \sso cueva \xrb osto: \nse In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <na>osto:tl</na> refers to a cliff or steep drop, not to a cave, although it is recognized that in these cliffs there are caves, and it is in these caves that the Devil may live. \qry I have checked the first vowel several times and it appears that it is short in the basic noun and in all derivations; thus one entry card states that"the vowel pattern is definitely correct having been checked with a large number of informants."Nevertheless, this should be rechecked. Note that in Ameyaltepec it appears that /osto:tl/ is used to refer to a cliff or steep drop-off, not to a cave although perhaps, and this should be checked, it may also refer to a cave. Check for possessed forms / \ref 01511 \lxa tetso:ltik \lxac tetso:ltik \lxo tetso:ltik \lxoc tetso:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \se to be dried \ss estar resecado \pna O:nikontla:lih xokotl de un tetso:ltik. \pea I put in some plums of the kind that are dried. \psa Le puse ciruelos de los que son resecados. \flao tso:liwi \xrb te- \xrb tso:l \qry Check to determine whether /tso:ltik/ occurs with this sense. My understanding is that whereas /tso:ltik/ means 'short' /tetso:ltik/ means 'dried up.' Perhaps the same difference is found between /tso:liwi/ or /tso:lowa/ on the one hand, and /tetso:liwi/ and /tetso:lowa/ on the other. \grm Relativizer: Note that in Ameyaltepec the partial borrowing /de un/ is used as a relativizer in the phrase /O:nikontla:lih xokotl de un tetso:ltik/ 'I put in some plums of the kind that are dried.' \ref 01512 \lxa a:wilto:ka:yo:tia \lxac ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia \lxo a:wilto:ka:yo:tia \lxoc ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to nickname; to call by nickname \ss dar un apodo a; llamar por su apodo a \pna Ne:cha:wilto:ka:yo:tian 'masa:tl.' \pea They nickname me 'deer.' \psa Me apodan 'venado'. \pna Ke:no:n ka:wilto:ka:yo:tian? \pea What is his nickname? \psa ¿Cuál es su apodo? \xrb a:wil \xrb to:ka: \ref 01513 \lxa kwa:teporo:n \lxac kwa:teporo:n \lxo kwa:poro:n \lxoc kwa:poro:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \pss P1; P2; TM \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn N1; pl. <na>kwa:teporo:meh</na>, <no>kwa:poro:meh</no> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various \se type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus <l>Myiarchus</l>, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <nla>si:bara:tl</nla> \ss tipo de pájaro de los llamado"Flycatcher, probablemente del género <l>Myiarchus</l>, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <nla>si:bara:tl</nla> \se the clump of feathers that stands on the head of some birds \ss la bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza de algunos pájaros \pna Kipia ikwa:teporo:n. \pea It has a crown of feathers on its head (e.g., hens and quails, <nbao>so:lin</nbao>). \psa Tiene su coronita de plumas (p. ej., gallinas y codornices, <nbao>so:lin</nbao>). \se to have a clump of feathers on the head (e.g., some birds, or a person with hair cut in this way) \ss tener una bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza (p. ej., algunos pájaros, o una persona con su pelo cortado para que quede un poquito de pelo parado en medio de la cabeza) \pna Ma:ski un piókwa:teporo:n, tihkwa:skeh. \pea Even though that chicken has a crown of feathers, we will eat it. \psa Aunque esa gallina tiene una coronita de plumas, nos la vamos a comer. \se having (a pa clump of hair that stands up in the middle of his or her head \ss una persona (hombre o mujer) que tiene un poquito de pelo que se para en medio de su cabeza \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \ono hypo-pj si:bara:tl \nse The etymology of this <na>kwa:teporo:n</na> is uncertain. It may be a partial borrowing from Spanish; or it may include the word-stem <na>tepol</na>, meaning something like 'stumpy' or 'stumpy.' The latter seems perhaps more likely, given that no potential Spanish loan can be established, given the semantics of <na>kwa:teporo:n</na>, and given the frequent variation across languages of /l/ and /r/. The physical characteristics of this bird's head, with its clump of feathers, might have something to do with the term <na>kwa:teporo:n</na>. Cristino Flores mentioned that this bird has a part in the middle of its back that is <nlao>tewistik</nlao> (having a small bump) in the middle of its head, a clump of feathers that stand up. The color of this bird is <na>tekwitlanextsi:n</na>. Although some speakers mentioned that the <na>kwa:teporo:n</na> is a type of bird generically called <na>si:bara:tl</na>, Cristino Flores mentioned that the <nba>si:bara:tl</nba> is another type, one that makes loud sounds (<nla>kwa:texi:kal</nla>). \nae <na>Kwa:teporon</na> is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers). \nde In Oapan the form <no>kwa:poro:h</no> is used to refer to the bird. A young child (usually less than a year old) may also be so called if he has hair that stands up and cannot be combed or flattened down. \qry Recheck vowel length, although in one entry I have the vowels as marked and the penultimate syllable marked as stressed, to confirm that the accent is not on the final syllable. \grm Nouns: <na>Kwa:teporon</na> is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers). \ref 01514 \lxa xopilowa \lxac kixopilowa \lxo xopilowa \lxoc kixopilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-owa \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>texopilowa</nao> \infv class-2b \se to spoon up; to scoop up (with a spoon, bowl, or similar object) \ss cucharear; sacar (con una cuchara, jícara u objeto similar) \pna Nikxopilo:s yetl. \pea I'm going to spoon up some beans. \psa Voy a cucharear algunos frijoles. \pna Xikxopilo a:tl ika wekahli! \pea Scoop up some water with a gourd bowl! \psa ¡Saca algo de agua con una jícara! \se (<na>texopilowa</na>) to butt with the head (certain animals such as bulls [S]) \ss (<na>texopilowa</na>) golpear duro con la frente (de la cabeza, algunos animales como toros [S]) \xrb xopil \nse According to Florencia Marcelino the use of <n>te-</n> indicates a greater amount of material taken on the spoon (<no>ma:s we:i kontila:na</no>) than simple <nao>xopilowa</nao>. \vl Cf. to /xo:pi:lowa/. Compare vowel lengths for this minimal pair. \ref 01515 \lxa te:ntlapowa \lxac kite:ntlapowa \lxo te:ntlapowa \lxoc kite:ntlapowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to open (by taking the top off, e.g., of a container, a bottle, etc.); to uncork \ss abrir; destapar; descorchar (al quitarle la tapadera o tapón, p. ej., a un recipiente, botella, etc.) \pna Xte:ntlapo morefre:skoh! \pea Open up your soda! \psa ¡Destapa tu refresco! \xrb te:n \xrb tlapo: \ref 01516 \lxa mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxac mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxo mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxoc mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(n) \seao see <nlao>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nlao> \xrb mexkal \xrb ka:l \xrb te:n \ref 01517 \lxa mekapahli \lxac mekapahli \lxo makapahli \lxoa mekapahli \lxoc makapahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se headband; tumpline \ss mecapal \sem tool \xrb me:ka \xrb pal \nse It seems that <na>mekapahli</na> refers just to the headband, usually of palm, that is attached to a rope and placed flat on ones forehead as the ropes are tied to an object that is carried on the back, with the major portion of the weight being borne by the forehead. \qry Check whether meaning is the entire object, or just the headband. \rt In /mekapahli/ appparently /pal/ is a separate root from /meka/ although its precise meaning is not clear. It never occurs in isolation but seems to indicate flatness (as in /makpal/). \ref 01518 \lxa tsi:kanekwtli \lxacpend *tsi:kanekwtli \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea see <nla>tsi:kanekwteh</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tsi:kanekwteh</nla> \syno tsómanéhtih \xrb tsi:ka \xrb nekw \ref 01519 \lxa tsonakawestok \lxac tsonakawestok \lxo tsonakawestok \lxoc tsonakawestok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com PM-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be lying down on ones side (an animate being); to be tilted over and lying down (a material object) \ss estar acostado sobre el lado del cuerpo (un ser animado); estar chueco y acostado (un objeto material) \pna Ye tsonakawestok moanjolí:n burroh, xkwahli o:nankitla:laktikeh punta:les. \pea Your row of cut sesame plants is already leaning over, you didn't put the stake supports into the ground well. \psa Tu hacina de ajonjolíya se va cayendo, Uds. no metieron bien los puntales en la tierra. \xrb tsonaka \xrb wetsi \nae Luis Lucena stated that both <na>titsonakawestok</na> and <na>tsonaka tiwestok</na> were correct, suggesting that the interpretation of this sequence as either two words or one word is acceptable. However, documentation of this form in discourse has always been with the <nao>tsoaka</nao> element fused. In Oapan the subject prefix seems to always precede <nao>tsonaka</nao> and thus the sequence should be written as one word. \qry Check plural: 'we lie down on our sides'; is /tsonaka/ plural marked. This must be elicited with an overt, plural subject marker, e.g., /nan-/. Check. \grm Predication: In regard to the sequence /tsonaka westok/, a question arises as to whether it is one or two words. Luis Lucena stated that both <na>titsonakawestok</na> and <na>tsonaka tiwestok</na> were correct, suggesting that the interpretation of this sequence as two words is acceptable. However, note that since in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the pronominal prefixes function as clitics (cf. tiwe:i chichi) at the left of the clause of N plus Modifier, it is possible that even with /titsonaka westok/ it would be correct to interpret this as two words, with the subject clitic aligned to the left. One possible way to solve this would be to elicit the plural form and see if /tsonaka/ has any such plural marking. It might not. \ref 01520 \lxa kukuwiltia \lxac kikukuwiltia \lxo kókowíltia \lxop kokowiltia \lxoc kí:kowíltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:kowíltia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to make or order (sb) to chop wood \ss hacer (a algn) leñar; mandar leñar a \pna O:kikukuwiltih ipió:n. \pea He made his hired hand chop wood. \psa Hizo leñar a su peón. \seo to use (an animal) for carrying firewood \sso emplear (una bestia) para cargar leña \xrb kow \grm Causative: note the use of the causative here with an agentive/unergative verb meaning 'to make Ag carry out Pred.' \pqry Carefully check vowel length of /i/ in /-iltia/ as I seemed to hear length when C. Flores pronounced it during the word recording session. \ref 01521 \lxa tesiwtli \lxac tesiwtli \lxo tésihtlí \lxoc tésihtlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes-lex \se hailstone \ss piedra de granizo \pna On kichkone:tl melá:k yo:kipepe:n tesiwtli. \pea That little boy picked up a lot of hailstones. \psa Ese niñito recogiómuchas piedras de granizo. \xrb te \xrb hsi \nae The Oapan from <no>tésihtlí</no> suggests underlying {h}. The /h/ is found in the Zacapoaxtla dialect; Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Norte de Puebla lack this phoneme as a coda to the first syllable. \sj tesiwi \ref 01522 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kechkomiteyo \lxoc i:kechkomiteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seo collar bone \sso clavícula \equiva kechomio \sem body \xrb kech \xrb omi \xrb te \nse <no>Kechkomiteyo</no> apparently includes the collar bone around to the back or nape of the neck. \ref 01523 \lxa nexa:yo:tl \lxac nexa:yo:tl \lxo nexa:yo:tl \lxoc nexa:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se yellow water formed by <na>nextamal</na> after it has been soaking in boiled water \ss agua amarrilla del nextamal que se ha dejado remojar en agua hervida \cfo nexkwitlatl \xrb nex \xrb a: \encyctmp tisi \qry Check to determine possessed form. \mod Include a description of maize and tortilla preparation, mention all the associated tools (e.g., /kuhburroh/, /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/, /metlatl/ and its types, etc. \grm Note how the abstract suffix /-yo:tl/ is here used to indicate the abstract form of a part/whole relationship. Apparently the /-yo:tl/ here marks a possessive relationship (part/whole) of /a:tl/ to /nex-/. One wonders why the form /nexa:tl/ is not found. Cf. to other forms that end in simply /a:tl/. Here the /-yo:tl/ seems to be not so much"abstraction"as part/whole. Compare to other words that end in this. RS has /nexa:tl/ as 'lejía' (apparently, 'bleach'). \ref 01524 \lxa a:skatlan \lxac a:skatlan \lxo a:skatlah \lxoa a:skatlan \lxoc a:skatlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \se place with a lot of ants \ss hormiguero o lugar con muchas hormigas \xrb a:ska \xrl -tlan \grm Adjectivals; nouns: Note the key difference between the denominal adjectivals ending in /-yoh/ and the derived nouns ending in /-tlan/. The former refers to things (such as material objects) that are covered or full of what the noun stem expresses. The latter refers to an area that is covered with the objects indicated by the noun stem. \ref 01525 \lxa tsi:nxoloxtik \lxac tsi:nxoloxtik \lxo tsi:nxoloxtik \lxoc tsi:nxoloxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have the lower part bunched up (e.g., a sack that has been tied to prevent things from falling out through a hole) \ss tener la parte inferior todo funcido (p. ej., un costal que ha sido amarrado para que no salga lo de adentro por un agujero) \se to have pleats around the bottom (e.g., a pleated dress, or certain mens cotton pants) \ss tener tablitas por la parte trasera (p. ej., una falda, o calzones de hombre) \xrb tsi:n \xrb xoloch \nse In Ameyaltepec several people mentioned that <na>tsi:nxoloxtik</na> refers to a wrinkled anus. But this was problably just a"vacilada"of young boys. The anus is considered almost a prototypical reference of the adjectival <nla>xoloxtik</nla> for, as one consultant mentioned in regard to this word, <na>san se: ko:sah xoloxtik</na> 'there is only one thing that is so wrinkled,' in reference to the anus. \ref 01526 \lxa tlami:na \lxac notlami:na \lxo tlami:ni \lxoc notlami:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2 \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se to spurt or rapidly flow out (a liquid) \ss salir a chorros; manar fuertemente \pna Notlatlami:ntok iyesio. \pea His blood is spurting out. \psa Sale a chorros su sangre. \se (refl.) to jump rapidly along (e.g., a rabbit when running away from a dog) \ss (refl.) ir brincando rápido (p. ej., un conejo corriendo de un perro) \xrb mi:na \nae The derivation of <na>tlami:na</na> and <no>tlami:ni</no>, which has only been documented in the reflexive, clearly involves the transitive verb <na>mi:na</na> or <no>mi:ni</no> and the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. The verb seems to refer to liquids that spurt out under pressure from a container: blood from a wound, water from a container with a hole, water that emerges forcefully from a spring. When asked to give the meaning of this word, consultants will usually make a short semicircular motion with their index finger, apparently trying to represent the motion of a liquid that squirts out and then curls under itself as it falls down. The Spanish translation that was sometimes given was <spn>saltar</spn>. However, the use of <n>tla-</n> in this verb seems to be distinct from its use in other transitive verbs where it has a"modifying"function, such as <nlao>tlawi:teki</nlao> and <nlao>tlatlata</nlao>. In both these latter instances <n>tla-</n> seems to indicate an action or event that affec ts the entire body (which is slammed to the ground or which is looked over). With <na>tlami:na</na> and <no>tlami:ni</no> there seems to be no such sense. \grm /tla-/ incorporation: The derivation of <na>tlami:na</na> and <no>tlami:ni</no>, which has only been documented in the reflexive, clearly involves the transitive verb <na>mi:na</na> or <no>mi:ni</no> and the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. The verb seems to refer to liquids that spurt out under pressure from a container: blood from a wound, water from a container with a hole, water that emerges forcefully from a spring. When asked to give the meaning of this word, consultants will usually make a short semicircular motion with their index finger, apparently trying to represent the motion of a liquid that squirts out and then curls under itself as it falls down. The Spanish translation that was sometimes given was <spn>saltar</spn>. However, the use of <n>tla-</n> in this verb seems to be distinct from its use in other transitive verbs where it has a"modifying"function, such as <nlao>tlawi:teki</nlao> and <nlao>tlatlata</nlao>. In both these latter instances <n>tla-</n> seems t o indicate an acti on or event that affects the entire body (which is slammed to the ground or which is looked over). With <na>tlami:na</na> and <no>tlami:ni</no> there seems to be no such sense. \ref 01527 \lxa tsi:ntlan \lxaa tsi:ntlah \lxac itsi:ntlan \lxo tsi:ntlan \lxoc i:tsi:ntlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \seao at the bottom of; below \ssao en la parte de abajo de \pna I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok. \pea There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze. \psa Hay un animal abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para comer el pasto. \xrb tsi:n \xrl -tlan \dis tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa, etc. along with kwa:tlan; kwa:tipan; etc. \nse The differences between <na>tsi:ntlan</na>, <nla>ikxitlan</nla>, and <nla>tlampa</nla> are important to note. Although more research needs to be carried out, apparently <nao>tlampa</nao> signifies 'underneath,' implying that the subject is under some other object that extends horizontally over it. Perhaps it is this"horizontal"perspective that is most notable about <na>tlampa</na>. On the other hand, <na>ikxitlan</na> is apparently used in reference to objects that may be literally or metaphorically understood to have"feet"or"legs."The translation that seems most accurate at this time would be simply 'at the feet of.' It seems that the distance involved from the point of reference would be minimal. A slightly different situation seems to occur with <na>tsi:ntlan</na>. The relationship here seems to be one of 'below,' 'at the base of,' 'in the lower region or section of,' etc., and the distances involved may be relatively great. Note, finally, that whereas <na>tsi:ntlan</na> may o ccasionally occur with a final /h/, it is more commonlly used with final /n/. On the other hand, <nlao>tlatsi:ntlah</nlao>, which has <n>tla-</n> as a nonspecific possessor, occurs exclusively (or nearly exclusively) with final /h/. \qry Thus perhaps one could make a contrast between <na>i:tlampa mokal</na>, <na>i:kxitlan mokal</na>, and <na>i:tsi:ntlah mokal</na> meaning, respectively, 'underneath your house (e.g., underneath the bottom floor),' 'at the foot of your house (e.g., in the exterior at the edge where wall meets ground),' and 'in the bottom of your house (i.e., on the first floor).' All these have to be determined. \ref 01528 \lxa te:skatl \lxac te:skatl \lxo te:skatl \lxoc te:skatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se glass \ss vidrio \se mirror \ss espejo \xrb te:ska \nae The possessed construction is regular: <nao>note:skaw</nao>. \ref 01529 \lxa mati \lxac kimati \lxo mati \lxoc kimati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> : prog. <nao>mastok</nao> perhaps from the suppletive <n>mats-</n> \se to know (a fact, such as the whereabouts of sb, the answer or solution to a problem, etc.); \ss saber (un dato, como la ubicación de algo o algn, la resolución a un problema, etc.) \pna Nikneki hmatis. \pea I want to know (it) \psa (Lo) quiero saber. \pna Xnikmati ka:no:n o:yah. \pea I don't know where he went. \psa No se a dónde se fue. \pna O:nikmaste:w tli:no:n nochi:was. \pea I found out what was going to be done just before leaving. \psa Justamente antes de salir, me enteréde lo que se iba a hacer. \se (with <nao>-tok</nao> or <no>-tika</no> in Oapan) to be aware of (i.e., in a state of awareness of a certain fact or situation) \ss (con <nao>tok</nao> o <no>-tika</no> en Oapan) estar conciente de (esto es, estar en un estado de conocimiento acerca de una situación o hecho particular) \pna Ma tikmastoka:n! \pea Let's us be made aware of it! \psa ¡Qué estemos enterados de ello! \pna Nikmastoya. \pea I knew it. \psa Lo sabía. \pna Nikmastok. Ma:ski ma:ka xne:chihli! \pea I am aware of it. You don't even have to tell me! \psa Estoy conciente de ello.¡Ni me lo tienes que decir! \pna Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan. \pea I am going to tell (in this case your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), you should be sure of that, because we are related. \psa Me voy a quejar (en este caso a tus padres) de tí(dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), estéseguro de ello, porque somos parientes. \se to try out; to taste; to attempt \ss probar; intentar \pna Ma tikmatika:n! \pea Let's try it out (e.g., 'Let's taste it,' a food)! \psa ¡Vamos a probarlo (p. ej., una comida, etc.)! \pna Xmati deke ti:roh yetí:k! \pea Try it out to see if it is is very heavy (e.g., a load before attempting to carry it)! \psa ¡Pruébalo (p. ej., una carga antes de intentar llevarla a cuestas) para saber si está muy pesado! \pna Xmati deke yumpa! \pea Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right! \psa ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si está justamente bien! \se to feel (through the senses, particularly of touch) \ss sentir (por los sentidos, particularmente lo táctil) \pna O:tmat? Ne:si o:tla:loli:n! \pea Did you feel it? It seems that there was an earthquake! \psa ¿Lo sentiste?¡Parece que hubo un temblor! \pna Nikmati yetí:k. \pea It is heavy for me. \psa Lo siento pesado. \pna O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. \pea He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo). \psa Sintióque el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (en este caso durante un jaripeo). \se (<nao>xtlah</nao> ~) to not be in charge; to have no responsibility; to no nothing about (e.g., a decision) \ss (<na>xtlah</na> ~) no tener la autoridad; no estar encargado; no tener la responsabilidad; no saber nada (p. ej., de una responsabilidad o decisión) \pna Yewa xtlah kimati. \pea He's not the one in charge (responsible). \psa El no está el responsable (encargado). \pna Newa xtlah nikmati. Xiktlatlani nepa ina:k notah. \pea I'm don't know anything about it (in this case I'm not the one to ask about a particular item requested in loan). Go ask for it there with my father! \psa No sénada (en este caso no soy el indicado o responsable para determinar sobre lo que pides prestado).¡Pídeselo allá, con mi papá! \se (<nao>xkimati</nao> + [verb]) to never [verb]; to not know what it means to [verb] \ss (<nao>xkimati</nao> + [verbo]) nunca [verbo]; no saber lo que significa [verbo] \pna Pitso, xkimati noxwitia. \pea Pigs, they don't know what it means to overeat (i.e., to get full, to get an upset stomach from overeating, etc.). \psa Un marrano, no sabe que es atestarse (esto es, nunca se llena, nunca queda satisfecho de comida) \se (refl.) to get accustomed to; to get used to (e.g., muscles that get in shape to a particular activity; a person or animal to a given location or home, etc.) \ss (refl.) acostumbrarse; hallarse (p. ej., músculos que se adaptan a una actividad en particular, una persona o animal a un lugar o hogar) \pna Yo:nomatkeh nokxiwa:n. Xok nisiawi. \pea My legs have gotten accustomed (in shape, for a task, to walking, etc.). I no longer get tired. \psa Ya se hallaron mis piernas (a un trabajo o tarea). Ya no me canso. \pna Yo:nomat nosuwa:w, xok ya:sneki icha:n. \pea My wife has gotten used to this place, she no longer wants to go home. \psa Mi esposa ya se halló aquí, ya no quiere regresar a su casa. \pna A:man yo:nomatkeh nopitsotsitsi:wa:n. Xohkanah yaweh. \pea My pigs have now gotten used to this place (i.e., come to feel at home). They no longer go (run away) anywhere. \psa Ahora mis marranitos se hallaron (aquí). Ya no van a ningún lado. \pna Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pa:mpa ke:n tlasotla - <r>sic</r>-. \pea My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him. \psa Mi nieto ya se hallóconmigo porque lo quiero mucho. \se (refl.) to settle in a particular position (e.g., sth placed in a particular position that then remains there) \ss (refl.) quedarse en una posición en particular (p. ej., algo colocado en cierta posición que se queda así) \pna O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw, a:man xteteketsa, tla:mo saihkón nomatis. \pea Your hat has drooped down, it got rained upon, now straighten the rim up, it you don't it will stay that way. \psa Se cayeron las alas de tu sombrero, le cayóla lluvia encima, ahora enderézalo, si no, se quedará así. \se (recipr. prog.) to get along \ss (recipr. prog.) llevarse bien \pna Nomastokeh. \pea They are getting along well with each other (i.e., getting to like each other, spending a lot of time together). \psa Se están llevando bien (esto es, cayéndose bien, pasando mucho tiempo juntos). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to know the location of (e.g., firewood, deer to hunt, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) saber la ubicación de; saber donde se localiza (p. ej., algo como leña, venado para cazar, etc.) \pna Yewa kimamati tlikohtli. \pea He's the one who knows where there is firewood. \psa El esél que sabe donde hay leña. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to feel around quickly (e.g., the body of, as with a doctor in looking for an injury; see <nlo>tlá:machília</nlo>) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) palpar o tantear rapídamente (p. ej.,el cuerpo de, como un doctor en buscar donde se lastimó; vé ase <nlo>tlá:machília</nlo>) \pno Mí:tsmatíka:n ma:s mitsokowa. \peo He (a doctor) feels around to find where it hurts you most. \pso El (un doctor) te palpa el cuerpo para ver donde te duele más. \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to feel around slowly \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) palpar o tantear despacio \cfo nomastok \xrb mati \xvaa machilia \xvca maxtia \xv0ao tlamati \xv0ao tlamastok \xv0ao tlamastiw \cfa i:xmati \cfa tlamastiw \nse The difference between forms such as <na>kimati</na> and <na>kimastok</na> is somewhat difficult to specify. The former refers to a particular and precise bit of information, e.g., knowing how to do something, the answer to a puzzle, etc. However, <na>kimastok</na> suggests more of a background type of knowledge, e.g., <na>kimastok pero xkite:ihlia</na> 'He knows but is not telling anyone.' However, more work needs to be done on differentiating these two forms. The form <no>mámatí</no> in Oapan 'to know the location of' can be reduplicated as <no>má:matí</no> with virtually the same sense: <no>xtihmá:matítla: nika:n nemi Roberto?</no> 'Do you know if Roberto is around here?' Note, also that the verb <nao>mati</nao> can be used with both short and long reduplication to indicate 'to feel around' (tantear)'; the difference lies in the speed with which the action is performed. \nae With aspectual markers joined by the <n>-ti-</n> ligature one finds forms such as <na>kimastok</na>, probably indicative of underlying {matsi}. The applicative and causative stem <na>mach</na> might well be a palatalized version of <na>matsi</na>. \qry Discuss difference between /nikmati/ and /nikmastok/. Also determine the meaning of /mamati/, which I think refers only to knowing the location of. Finally, /tlamastiw/: check the definition and determine all the contexts in which /tlamastiw/ may be used. Can one say /tlamati/, /tlamastok/, etc.? \qry Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pampa ke:n tlasotla (<r>sic</r>)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check. \grm Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pampa ke:n tlasotla (<r>sic</r>)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check. \grm Reduplication: Note, also that the verb <nao>mati</nao> can be used with both short and long reduplication to indicate 'to feel around' (tantear)'; the difference lies in the speed with which the action is performed. \grm Triplication Oapan: The form <no>mámatí</no> in Oapan 'to know the location of' can be reduplicated as <no>má:matí</no> with virtually the same sense: <no>xtihmá:matítla: nika:n nemi Roberto?</no> 'Do you know if Roberto is around here? \vl There are additional tokens of this word under 03651, an entry that has been deleted. \ref 01530 \lxa xokwi:chiwtok \lxac xokwi:chiwtok \lxo xokwi:chihtok \lxoc xokwi:chihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be bunched up (e.g., a wrap-around skirt poorly put in place) \ss estar fruncido (p. ej., una falta mal colocada por la cintura) \pna Xokwi:chiwtok ikwe. \pea Her skirt is bunched up (e.g, as one wraps it around one end near the slit gets caught in the waistband and the skirt gets caught and bunched up) \psa Su falda está fruncida (p. ej., al envolverla por la cintura una parte se atora por el elástico y la falta se frunce) \xrb xokwi:ch \qry Query whether both /xokwichiwtok/ and /xokwixtik/ exist and, if so, what the difference is. I would have expected /xokwi:xtik ikwe/, not the example phrase given above. \ref 01531 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /se:/ but the adjectival and nominal use of this word have been combined in one entry with Num as part of speech. The utterance taped at Yale was /se: nihneki/. This should be linked to the illustrative phrase in 423. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 01532 \lxa tlanepantlah \lxac tlanepantlah \lxo tlanepantlah \lxoc tlanepantlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se see <nlao>-nepantlah</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>nepantlah</nlao> \ref 01533 \lxa temowa \lxac temowa \lxo temowa \lxoc temowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \se to descend (an animate, e.g., down a slope or hill, off a platform, etc.); to get off or out of (e.g., a car, truck, bus, etc.) \ss bajar (un ser animado, por una cuesta, de una plataforma, etc.; o una persona de un coche, camión, etc.) \pna Nika:n temo:lo. \pea People get off here (e.g., at a bus stop). \psa Aquíbajan (p. ej., en una parada de camión). \pna Ye nitemowa, yo:nitlamiko tli:n 'chi:wa. \pea I'm coming down (from a place in which I was doing sth), I've finished what I was doing. \psa Ya bajo (de un lugar donde estaba haciendo algo), terminélo que estaba haciendo. \se to slope downward (a hill, incline, etc.; see <nla>temowa:ya:n</nla> \ss inclinar hacia abajo (una cuesta; vé ase <nla>temowa:ya:n</nla>) \se (<na>wa:ltemowa</na>) to come down to visit; to come down (with no particular purpose) \ss (<na>wa:ltemowa</na>) bajar a visitar; bajar (sin ningún propósito en particular) \pna A:man wa:ltemo:s, i:n to:nahli. \pea Today he will come for a visit (in this case the president of Mexico was coming to"down"to Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero). \psa Hoy va a bajar a visitar (en este caso el presidente de México"bajaba"a Chilpancingo, la capital de Guerrero). \pna A:man wa:ltemo:s tlayo:hli Xali:tlah. \pea Today maize will be brought down to Xalitla (in this case from Iguala, to the north). \psa Hoy va a bajar maíz a Xalitla (en este caso de Iguala, al norte). \se to become lower in price \ss bajarse de precio \sem motion \xrb temo: \xvca temo:ltia \xvca temowia \nse The use of the intraverse directional <n>wa:l-</n> in the final two example sentences is predicated on a knowledge of the physical and social geography of Guerrero and Mexico. In both cases the source (Mexico City as that for the president's visit and Iguala as the origin of the maize) is north of the destination, and the north (up) to south (down) metaphor is present in Nahuatl. Also, in both cases the source point is socially, politically, and economically"up"from the destination, in these cases higher up in a political sense (Mexico City : Chilpancingo) and an economic or market sense (Iguala : Xalitla). \qry Check if /tlatemowa/ is a word, as in /nika:n tlatemowa/. \grm Directionals; null complement /Ye nitemowa, yo:nitlamiko tli:n 'chi:wa/ 'I'm coming down (from a place in which I was doing sth), I've finished what I was doing.' Note first the use of the directional in /yo:nitlamiko/, which means in a sense 'I've come to finish' or 'I've finished up.' The deictic point of reference is the point at which the task was finished and the previous action, that of coming down, occurred. This should that the temporal points of reference for a directional might well be contained within the clause/phrase itself. The second point to note is the elision of /nik-/ in /tli:n chi:was/. I'm still unsure how to write this. It seems that such elision occurs most frequently in the future and the imperative/optatives, and that it seems to depend on the phonology of preceding sounds, in this case /tli:n/ seems in particular to \ref 01534 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /nowitike:tl/, which has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \xrb oh \ref 01535 \lxa koyo:nia \lxac kikoyo:nia \lxo koyo:nia \lxoc kikoyo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to drill or bore a hole in (sth hard such as wood) \ss taladrar; agujerear (algo duro como la madera) \pna Xi:kotli, kikoyo:nia kohtli. \pea A <na>xi:kotli</na> bores holes in wood (i.e., to build a nest or place to live). \psa Un <na>x:kotli</na> taladra madera (para construir su nido). \se to dig a narrow hole (in the ground, e.g., in placing a stake, transplanting a tree, etc.) \ss excavar un hoyito (en el suelo, p. ej., para meter una estaca, empotrar unárbol, etc.) \pna Xkoyo:ni para tiktla:lakti:skeh toxo:chiw! \pea Dig a small hole (in the ground) so that we can plant our flower! \psa ¡Excava un pequeño hoyo (en la tierra) para que podamos sembrar nuestra flor! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to pinch the surface of (sth soft like a tortilla or dough, making small depressions, but not perforating, to create areas where sauces or oil will stay). \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picar la superficie de (algo suave como una tortilla o masa, haciéndole pequeñas depresiones, pero no perforando, para que se pueda juntar la manteca o salsa) \pna Xkokoyo:ni mome:melatsi:n para sa:liwis mante:kah! \pea Pinch the top of your <nlao>me:mela</nlao> so that the lard sticks to it! \psa ¡Pícale a tu <nlao>me:mela</nlao> para que se agarre bien la manteca! \xrb koyo: \xvaao koyo:nilia \nse In vulgar speech this word is at times used to refer to sexual penetration. \vl There is another female token of this word at 5999. It should be used as a link given its better sound quality. \ref 01536 \lxa kwa:yamana \lxac kikwa:yamana \lxo kwá:yamána \lxop kwa:yamana \lxoc kikwá:yamána \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to bother \ss molestar; desagradar \se (refl.) to be upset; to become bothered \ss (refl.) molestarse; desagradarse \pna Nimokwa:yamana, xnikwelita tli:n kichi:wtokeh nocha:n. \pea I'm upset, I don't like what's going on in my house. \psa Estoy molesto, no me gusta lo que está pasando en mi casa. \syna tsontekonyamana \syno tsontekonyámaná \xrb kwa: \xrb ahmana \vl Check all /amana/ forms in Oa for p-a \grmx Oapan pitch accentl; syllable weight; mora: Note that to date I have 3 entries that comprise the verb {ahmana} and an incorportated noun: /tsontekonyámana/, /kwá:yamána/ and /yó:lamána/. Note that only in the first case does the pitch accent remain on the verb; in the other two cases the pitch accent shifts left to the incorporated noun. The reason for this might be incidental or idiosyncratic variation, or chance that one form was uttered when either form (pitch on IN or on first syllable of verb) would have been correct. But I did check for variations in recording the headwords and would have probably noted alternations if they had been discussed. This is not the case. If indeed the form variation noted above holds (even though minor alternate forms might be occasionally uttered) this would suggest that syllable weight along with mora count affect the distribution of pitch within a word or prosodic phrase. Note that all three words have 2 morae to the left of the verbal root, that is, in each case the incorporated noun is bimoraic. However, the two that manifest stress shift both have heavy syllables. This suggests that syllable weight may play a part in stress reassignment/shift. \ref 01537 \lxa dela:ntar \lxaa dela:ntár \lxac dela:ntár \lxo dela:ntar \lxoa dela:ntarr \lxoc dela:ntar \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan delantal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se apron \ss delantal \ono tlake:ntli \nse There are two basic types of aprons, both of which are worn all the time as part of the everyday accoutrements of village women from adolescents on. Younger women (and more and more even married women) wear a dress (<nlao>besti:doh</nlao>) and a full-length <na>dela:ntal</na> that covers from the chest to the knees. Older women who wear two blouses (the <nla>sowa:koto:ntli</nla> underneath and the <nla>sa:koh</nla> on top) utilize an apron that goes only from the waist to just below the knees. In Oapan there are the following parts of an apron: <no>i:ma:wa:n</no>, <no>i:ye:lpan</no>, <no>i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa</no>, <no>i:tra:nteyo</no> or <no>i:pwe:nteyo</no>, <no>i:kwe:yo</no>, <no>i:jola:nyo</no>, and <no>i:bo:lsayo</no>. \qry Check to determine whether there is a different word for each of these two types of aprons. \vl Check Oa /tra:nteyo/, /pwe:nteyo/, etc. If there is p-a after reviewing the headings, change this here. \ref 01538 \lxa montoneri:tos* \lxac montoneri:tos \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>montonero</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small checkered colored bird (<na>tekoxtsi:n</na>) still not identified, that appearently is so called because it flies in groups \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño con colores como de cuadrado (<na>tekoxtsi:n</na>), todavía no identificado, aparentemente asíllamado porque vuela en grupos grandes \sem animal \sem bird \ref 01539 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntlásolwá:ki \lxop tsi:ntlasolwa:ki \lxoc tsi:ntlásolwá:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \se to have the roots dry up (certain plants such as maize) \ss secarsele las raices (ciertas plantas como el maíz) \equiva tsi:npasolwa:ki \xrb tsi:n \xrb hsol \xrb wa: \nse The precise contribution of each incorporated element to the meaning of the compound is not clear. Obviously <nao>tsi:n</nao> refers to the base of the plant; and <na>tlasol</na> (which in Oapan has pitch accent) refers to dry brush. Perhaps one"literal"interpretation would be"to have the base dry up like dry brush,"in which <na>tlasol</na> would be a modifying element indicating the manner in which the drying took place (e.g.., the final state arrived at) and <nao>tsi:n</nao> would indicate the place at which the drying up occurred. Although I originally had <na>tsi:ntlasolwa:ki</na> for the Ameyaltepec term, Cristino Flores corrected this to <na>tsi:npasolwa:ki</na>. This entry has been used for now. \nae Although the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl that deletes underlying {h} in nonfinal position, the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl indicates underlying {h}. Thus the compound is probably {tsi:n + tlahsol + wa:ki}. \qry Check the exact meaning. \sj tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for location of /h/. \grm Use of /tla-/ in non-initial position. There are several cases of N-V compounds in which the verb stem contains the /tla-/ prefix. Such an example would be /chichitlai:ni/, which can be analyzed as N+V1, where the V1 is actually tla-V2. Other cases involve /tlatowa/ as in /chaktlatowa/. In all cases it can be argued that the verb is a detransitivized lexeme of tla-V2. However, in the present case the meaning and reason for /tla-/ is not obvious. There might be an error in this word given that the only other occurrence of the sequence /solwa:ki/ is in /kakasolwa:ki/, in which the parts are /kasol/ and /wa:ki/. \ref 01540 \lxa chi:hka:yoh \lxac xtlah kichi:hka:yoh \lxo chi:hka:yoh \lxoc xtlah kichi:hka:yoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(trans.) \se (<na>xtlah kichi:wka:yoh</na>) to be a do-nothing; to be a good-for-nothing; to be a bum \ss (<na>xtlah kichi:wka:yoh</na>) ser vago; ser un no-hacer-nada; ser holgazán \pna Asta ye we:i wa:n xtlah kichi:hka:yoh. Xtlah tekitl kichi:wa, xkipia ino:biah. \pea He's already grown up and he's a good-for-nothing. He doesn't do any work, he doesn't have a girlfriend. \psa Ya es grande y es un holgazán. No hace ningún trabajo, no tiene novia. \se to have nothing happen as a result (e.g., after having it something, nothing happened, i.e., the person hit was not hurt) \ss no tener ningún resultado adverso (p. ej., después de alcanzar a algn con algo, no le pasónada) \xrb chi:wa \qry Determine plural form for these words. In the future I should make an effort to determine all verbs (I believe there are others that I have recorded) that permit a formation such as /xtlah ki[verb-pret]ka:yoh/. Make sure that it is /kichi:hka:yoh/ and not /kichi:wka:yoh/. Note that originally I had recorded /kichi:wka:yoh/, which I have subsequently changed to /kichi:hka:yoh/. Check to determine which is correct. \grm Note the interesting syntax of /xtlah kichi:wka:yoh/. Discuss in grammar notes on this form. \ref 01541 \lxa chi:noh \lxac chi:noh \lxo chi:noh \lxoc chi:noh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan chino \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infv Gender: <nao>chi:nah</nao> \seao to be curly-haired \ssao ser chino; tener el pelo enrizado \cola tlayo:hli de un chi:noh \ref 01542 \lxa tlatowa \lxac tlatowa \lxo tlátowá \lxop tlatowa \lxoc tlátowá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to speak (words, a discourse or speech) \ssao hablar (palabras, un discurso, etc.) \pna Xwel tlatowa. \pea He is mute (can't speak). \psa Es mudo (no puede hablar). \pna Tlatlatowa. \pea He speaks a lot. \psa Habla mucho. \se to delimit; to mark the border or limit of (land boundaries, e.g., of private parcels or communal land) \ss delimitar o demarcar; establecer los límites (p. ej., las líneas divisorias de un terreno o propiedad comunal de un pueblo) \pna San a:tlawtli tlatowa. \pea It is just the gorge that marks the limit (i.e., in lieu of artificial markers, it serves as a boundary between two pieces of land). \psa Es solamente la barranca que demarca (esto es, a falta de linderos artificiales, establece los límites entre dos terrenos). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to say and repeat various times without reflection or restraint nor without pronouncing anything understandable \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) decir y repetir sin pronunciar algo entendible \pna Xkimati tli:no:n ki:itotok, san miák o:konti:tila:n. Tla:tlatowa. \pea He doesn't know what junk he's saying, he just grabs out for a lot of words. He's just shooting off at the mouth. \psa No sabe que tonterías está diciendo, jale cualquier palabra. Habla sin sentido. \pna Yo:pe:w nento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan. \pea They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint. \psa Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse. \pna O:pe:w tla:tlatowa, o:tla:wa:n. \pea He's started to speak without making sense. He's drunk. \psa Ya empezó a decir puros disparates. Estáborracho. \pna San tla:tlatotok, mitska:kaki:titok tlato:hli. \pea He's just grumbling (saying a lot of things), he's letting you overhear his offensive words. \psa Nada más está hablando como de gruñon, está dejando que escuches por casualidad sus palabras. \pna Tlawe:leh. San tla:tlatotok, san tlimach oki:itoh. \pea He has a terrible temper. He just says whatever comes to mind, he just says any old thing. \psa Es muy bravo. Dice nada más lo que se le ocurre, dice cualquier cosa. \xrb hto \xvca tlato:ltia \xbtla itowa \nse Note that in the phrase <na>san tla:tlatowa, mitska:kaki:tok tlato:hli</na>, the idea is that the speaker is grumbling with the intent that the what he is saying be overheard. For example, a person who is working for someone else but being paid very little may start to grumble about this so that the other, the employer, overhears, the complainer making sure that the employer overhears. \qry Note here how the /tla-/ is reduplicated. Check out how many transitive verbs allow the /tla-/ to be reduplicated. Check the vowel length of /tlimach/. \qry Check meaning of /tla:tlatowa/. Be as precise as possible, and check meaning of /kitla:tlakaki:tia/ or similar forms. \ref 01543 \lxa kopalkihli \lxac kopalkihli \lxo kopalkihli \lxoc kopalkihli \lxt kopalkihle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of edible plant still not identified, similar to the <nba>a:tlapa:ntsi:n</nba> \ss tipo de planta comestible todavía no identificado, parecido al <nba>a:tlapa:ntsi:n</nba> \pna Kopalkihli | Seki no: wel kikwa. \pea <nao>Kopalkihli</nao> : Some people can eat this. \psa <nao>Kopalkihli</nao> : Alguna gente se lo come. \sem plant \sem edible \sem xiwtli \xrb kopal \xrb kil \cpl This is an edible small plant (herb). Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <na>copalquelite</na>, a member of the <na>Leguminosae</na> family. It is not mentioned as such in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>copalquelite</spn>. \vl There are four additonal tokens from 363. These should be tagged as 1543, but given the better quality of later recordings, the two linked sound files should come from 1543. \nct xiwtli \ref 01544 \lxa pipi:ltia \lxac pipi:ltia \lxo pípí:ltia \lxop pipi:ltia \lxoc pípí:ltia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref*) \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes-rdp \se to hang down in clumps (particularly strands of sth wet that sticks together, such as hair, hemp fiber, and wet clothes, perhaps hung out to dry but then rained upon) \ss estar colgado y pegado (particularmente algo mojado que se pega como cabello, fibra de maguey, y ropa mojada, como la que está colgada y se moja por la lluvia) \pna O:pipi:ltiak notlake:n, ipan o:kiaw. \pea My clothes hung down in clumps, they got rained upon. \psa Se quedómi ropa todo como aglutinada, lloviósobre ella. \xrb pi:l \dis pipi:liwi; koko:pi:liwi; pipi:ltia \nae Although I have classified this verb as derived, with the verbalizing ending <n>-tia</n>, there is no evidence of a nominal stem that would be appropriate given the verbal meaning. \nse Note that this verb is not derived from a nominal stem. \ref 01545 \lxa i:pantia \lxaa ii:pantia \lxac ki:pantia \lxo i:pantia \lxoc ki:pantia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to come across by chance; to see or encounter (sth) that one is not looking for \ss toparse con por casualidad; ver o encontrar (algo) que no se estaba buscando a propósito \pna Deke kanah tiaw iwa:n kanah o:tiki:pantih un yo:lki, xne:chihli! \pea If you go somewhere and somewhere by chance you came across that animal (e.g., that I am looking for), tell me! \psa Si vas a algún lado y por ahípor casualidad te topas con ese animal (p. ej., que estaba buscando),¡Avísame! \pna Deke kanah tiki:panti:s, xikteki! xkwa:hki! \pea If you come across it (in this case a certain fruit) by chance, pick it and bring it back! \psa Si por casualidad la encuentras (en este caso una fruta en particular),¡córtala y trá etela! \cfao ne:xtia \cfo i:panti \xrl -pan \nae According to Inocencio Díaz this verb only exists with a reduplicated initial vowel: <na>ii:pantia</na>. This needs to be checked as my original data has a single initial vowel. In Oapan the initial vowel is definitely not reduplicated. \dis ne:xtia; i:pantia \qry Note long initial vowel /i:/; this should be checked, particularly against possessive prefixes. Compare this to /ne:xtia/, perhaps create a disambiguating entry. Make sure that /i:pantia/ refers to coming across something by chance; cf. entry in RS. \ref 01546 \lxa petse:wi \lxac petse:wi \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become smooth; to become polished (e.g., a stone in a river) \ssa alisarse; pulirse (p. ej., una piedra en el río) \pna Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. \pea When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly). \psa Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos). \se to acquire a smooth coat (an animal that is well fed) \ss adquirir pelo liso y brillante (un animal que ha sido bien cuidado) \sem distort-surface \syna petsiwi \syno petsiwi \xrb pets \nae Although <na>petse:wi</na> has been documented in the Ameyaltepec corpus, as the above illustrative phrase demonstrates, it is much less common than <nlao>petsiwi</nlao>, which is the only form found in Oapan. \qry Check for any possible difference between /petsiwi/ and /petse:wi/. Check for all possible subjects of this intransitive verb. \ref 01547 \lxa tso:lowilia \lxac kitso:lowilia \lxo tso:lowilia \lxoc kitso:lowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to shorten (sth such as clothes, rope, etc.) for \ss acortar o hacer (algo como ropa, laso, etc.) más corto para \pna Xne:xtso:lowili nopantalon! \pea Shorten (the legs of) my trousers for me! \psa ¡Hazme los pantalones más cortos! \se to make (sth) shrink on; to make (sth) smaller for (usually negatively affecting the person [PO] involved) \ss hacer (algo) más pequeño para o a (generalmente afectando a la persona [OP] negativamente) \pna O:kintso:lowilikeh intla:l. \pea They took away part of their land making it smaller. \psa Les quitaron parte de su terreno, achicándosela. \xrb tso:l \ref 01548 \lxa kechpitsa:wak \lxac kechpitsa:wak \lxo kechpitsa:wak \lxoc kechpitsa:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to have a narrow neck (a material object, such as a ceramic vase, water bottle, etc.; or an animate being) \ss tener el cuello delgado (un objeto material como un florero de cerámica, una botella; o un ser animado) \xrb kech \xrb pitsa: \nde The diminutive is <no>kechpitsahtsi:h</no> or <na>kechpitsaktsi:n</na>. \qry Make sure this can be used to refer to animate beings. Also check for alternative adjectival forms. \grm Diminutive: Note that the diminutive of deverbal adjectivals formed ending in /-wak/ is the same shortened form found in words such as /tetomaktik/. This should discussed in the grammar, that the adjectivals of verbs ending in /V:wa/ is /-ktik/ and that the diminutive is /-ktsi:n/. \ref 01549 \lxa se:se:xpan \lxac se:se:xpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea every year \ssa cada año \pna Se:se:xpan mi:xiwi. \pea She gives birth every year. \psa Da a luz cada año. \pna Se:se:xpan niktoka. \pea I plant it (a given field) every year. \psa Lo siembro (un campo en particular) cada año. \cfa se:xtli \xrb se: \xrb xiw \nde In Oapan the equivalent concept would be expressed by <no>ka:da se: se:xtli</no>. \qry Determine if this is used without reduplication, or whether only /se:xtli/ is used in this case. Also, determine the nature of reduplication with the meaning 'each,' i.e., whether there is a long or short vowel (e.g., nana:wi or na:na:wi). Finally, with /se:se:xpan/ check length of both vowels, particularly the second. FK has a short vowel, /ce:cexxiuhtica/ 'every year, annually.' \ref 01550 \lxa so:ya:kuwtli \lxac so:ya:kuwtli \lxo so:ya:kohtli \lxoc so:ya:kohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao see <nlao>so:ya:tl</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>so:ya:tl</nlao> \xrb so:ya: \xrb kow \ref 01551 \lxa ta:tah \lxac ta:tah \lxo ta:tah \lxoc ta:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative) father-in-law (used to address one's father-in-law if one respects one's spouse and his or her father; the failure to use the term to address one's spouse's father indicates a lack of respect; it may also be used occasionally to address ones father though <na>pa:n</na> or <na>pa:chih</na> are more common) \ss (vocativo) suegro (utilizado para llamar al padre del esposo o esposa si uno respeto a su marido(a) y su padre; cuando no se usa como un vocativo para el suegro, indica una falta de respeto; también se puede usar para llamar al papá aunque <na>pa:n</na> o <na>pa:chih</na> son mas comunes) \se (with possessor prefix <na>to-</na>) God; male saint \ss (con marcador de posesión <na>to-</na>) Diós; santo \pna Te:chpale:wi:s tota:tah. \pea God will help us. \psa Diós nos va a ayudar. \sem kin \xrb tah \qry Check use of /tota:tah/ to indicate a male saint; can this refer to all male saints, or only the village patron. Determine if /tona:nah/ can also be used. Check whether /nota:tah/ and /nona:nah/ can be used. Apparently from what I remember it can be used in Am, but I'm not so sure in Oa. Check both, for /ta:tah/ and /na:nah/. \ref 01552 \lxa tlama:kwilo:hli \lxac tlama:kwilo:hli \lxo tlamá:ikwiló:hli \lxoc tlamá:ikwiló:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-V) \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se hand script (letters written in longhand) \ss escritura normal (letras escritas por mano y no de letras de molde) \cfao tlatepospacho:hli \xrb ma: \xrb hkwil \nse Apparently <na>tlama:kwilo:hli</na> is used only to refer to longhand. \vl Check vowel length of /ma:/. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note /tlamá:ikwiló:hli/. Here the p-a shifts left onto the incorporated noun. Cf. my comments re: /ámaná/ with different incorporated nouns, and how leftward shift is affected by the weight of the previous syllable (and perhaps an interest in avoiding final H-L-H, i.e., high pitch on the final and antepenultimate). \ref 01553 \lxa tlawi:teki \lxac notlawi:teki \lxo tlawi:teki \lxoc kitlawi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(k) \seo to knock down to the ground (e.g., cattle in order to brand it); to fell (a tree in chopping it down) \sso tumbar (p. ej., un ganado para herrarlo, unárbol al tumbarlo, etc.) \sea (reduplicated with short vowel) to rape; (a man [S] of a woman [O], by throwing her down on a bed or the ground) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal corta) violar (un hombre [S] con una mujer [O], al tirarla a una cama o al suelo) \sea (refl. and reduplicated with short vowel) to wrestle \ssa (refl. y reduplicado con vocal corta) jugar porrazo; luchar de lucha libre \pna Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh. \pea Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle. \psa ¡Mira! Ya se agarraron, van a pegarse, van a luchar (jugar porrazo). \pna Melá:k ne:chkukwa notla:kayo. O:tine:xtexaxakwaloh, o:timotlatlawi:tehkeh. \pea My body really hurts me. You pounded me, we wrestled (and you threw me to the ground, pounded me with your fist, etc.). \psa Me duele mucho el cuerpo. Me aporreaste, jugamos al porrazo (lucha libre, y me tiraste al suelo, me golpeaste con el puño, etc.). \xrb wi:teki \xbtlao wi:teki \dis wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; tsi:ntetlawi:teki (and perhpas ?? /tsi:ntlawi:teki/) \qry Make sure of the first meaning (cf. /tetlawi:teki/) And check to determine if only the reduplicated form exists. Cf. comments with gram below and answer these questions with a native speaker. Check whether re: sexual intercourse there is a direct meaning of 'to rape' or only an implication. If only the reduplicated form exists then change headword entry. However, in Oapan apparently the unreduplicated exists; check this for Am. \grm tla-; valency; Note: /Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh/ 'Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle.' The key problem here is /notlatlawi:tekiskeh/. It seems clear that the reduplication is related to the fact that the action takes place repeatedly, as to be expected. However, what is interesting is that here there is a transitive (bivalent) verb /wi:teki/ that employs a nonspecific object prefix that fails to saturate the valency. In this sense it acts more like a modifying incorporated noun. Cf. a similar case with /tlamo:tla/. Yet another aspect of this problem is that both the words in question: /tlawi:teki/ and /tlamo:tla/ refer to actions that occur on the bodies of the participants (referenced by the reflexive morpheme). It is certainly not unusual for reflexives not to saturate the valency slots of verbs; and the same can be said of incorporated nouns. One question to answer in these cases is whether a spe cific object can be utilized: ?kitlamo:tla and ?kitlawi:teki. My feeling is that this is not possible, although this needs to be researched. Much more work needs to be done on this question. Note that perhaps a similar use of /tla-/ occurs with /ita/ 'to see' /timitsita/ 'I see you' and 'timitstlatlata' 'I look you over from head to foot.' Finally, note that there is an additional form, /tetlawi:teki/, a transitive verb that means 'to throw to the ground.' Launey (personal communication) considers the use of /tla-/ here as a modifying incorporation. \ref 01554 \lxa tolowa \lxac kitolowa \lxo tolowa \lxoc kitolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to swallow \ss tragar \xrb tol \xvcao tolo:ltia \ref 01555 \lxa i:xa:yo \lxac i:xa:yo \lxo i:xa:yo \lxoc i:xa:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seao tears \ssao lágrimas \pna Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo. \pea When your eyes become irritated, tears come out. \psa Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas. \xrb i:x \xrb a: \nse <nao>I:xa:yo</nao> can refer either to tears of crying from sadness or from irriation. \ref 01556 \lxa puroh \lxac puroh \lxo puroh \lxoc puroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan puro \psm Adj \pss TM \der Adj-loan \se to be nothing more than [noun]; to be simply [noun] \ss ser nada más que [sustantivo]; ser puro [sustantivo] \pna Puroh tlatsiwistli. \pea It is pure (total) laziness. \psa Es pura flojera. \qry Get other uses as PM and TM \ref 01557 \lxa ko:tsi:liwi \lxac ko:tsi:liwi \lxo ko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ko:tsi:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become twisted or tightly curled (e.g., a rope that is twisted too tight) \ss torcerse; enroscarse (p. ej., una soga que está muy apretada) \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <nla>tarabi:yah</nla> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \pna O:ko:ko:tsi:liw mola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi. \pea Your rope has gotten twisted in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out. \psa Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca. \pna Oko:tsi:liw i:loh, xpestik. \pea The thread has become twisted, it is not straight (lit., 'smooth'). \psa Se enroscó el hilo, no está derecho (lit. 'liso'). \se (<na>with a body part</na>) to get a cramp in \ss (<na>con una parte del cuerpo</na>) tener calambre en \pna Ko:tsi:liwi niti -= nitiko:tsi:liwi-. \pea I have stomach cramps. \psa Tengo calambres en el estómago. \xrb ko:tsi:l \dis ko:tsi:liwi; tetsi:liwi <nlao>Ko:tsi:ltik</nlao> refers to something that is so tightly wound that it starts to curl up in tight knot-like twists. However, <na>tetsi:ltik</na> refers to something tightly twisted or wound together, i.e., the tightness of the braiding itself. The opposite of <na>tetsi:ltik</na> is <na>poxa:wak</na>. Cf. also to /matiltik/, etc. \qry Unfortunately some entries for /ko:tsi:liwi/ are given with a long /i:/ while others have a short /i/. However, in Aug. 1986 I rechecked carefully and found the vowel correct as stated: /ko:tsi:liwi/, the first two vowels long. I have also (1993) rechecked this with Cristino Flores and he definitely give it with a long /i:/. Thus, in spite of the fact that I originally recorded /ko:tsiltik/ with a short /i/ while /ko:tsi:liwistli/ has a long one the original notes for /ko:tsiltik/ are in error and have been checked and changed to /ko:tsi:ltik/. \rt Note the apparently relatedness of /kotsi:liwi/ and /tetsiliwi/. The relatedness of the forms suggests the possibility of further morpheme division into /te+tsi:lV/ and /ko:+tsi:lV/. Cf. for other words with /ko:/ or /tsi:l/. \ref 01558 \lxa ni:xkwi:tilistli \lxac ni:xkwi:tilistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis-ne \infn Stem 1(s) \sea see <nla>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ni:xkwiti:hli</nlo> \ssa vé ase <nla>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ni:xkwiti:hli</nlo> (Oa) \cfo i:xkwi:tia \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \nse Consultants gave <na>ni:xkwi:tilistli</na> as equivalent to <na>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</na>, although perhaps the latter refers more to the object from which example is taken while the former might indicate the action itself of taking example from something. \nde Molina has <n>neixcuitiliztli</n> 'exemplo que tomamos de otros' and <n>neixcuitilli</n> 'dechado, o exemplo.' This suggests a possible difference that should be apparent if a full context could be obtained for each word. \qry Check penultimate /i/ which, apparently, should be long. Check all and standardize, check all xref. Note that in the elicitaiton C. Flores did give /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ even though he had previously denied that this was a word. Check! \ref 01559 \lxa te:kotli \lxac i:te:ko \lxo te:ko \lxoc i:te:ko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(o) \se owner \ss dueño \pna San se: te:kotli. \pea There is just one owner. \psa Solamente hay un dueño. \pna Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko! \pea Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone (lit., 'doesn't have its owner)! \psa ¡Pásame ese plato que está alla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)! \xrb te:ko \nae In Oapan only the possessed form is found. In Ameyaltepec almost all occurrences are in the possessed construction although occasionally an unpossessed use of <na>te:kotli</na> is heard (as in the illustrative sentence above). An unusual feature of this word, at least as it has been documented to date, is that the root would seem to end in {h} (hence the absolutive <n>-tli</n>) but there is no evidence of this final sound in the possessed construction (cf. <nla>tatli</nla> and <na>notah</na>). This apparently has to do with the historical development of the term <na>te:kotli</na> from <n>tekwtli</n> with the syllabification of /kw/ to /ko/ or /ku/. \ref 01560 \lxa ko:ntrasole:rah \lxac ko:ntrasole:rah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan contra solera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the <nla>sole:rah</nla> \ssa parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera \sem construct-part \equivo tlaxipacho:lo:ni \equivo tlaxipacho:hli \encyctmp kahli \mod Cf. Discussion in Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. \qry Note that I had another entry, also /ko:ntrasole:rah/ which I deleted but which had a different definition."the beams of a thatched roof house that are attached to the <na>sole:rah</na>, another beam that lies immediately beneath the <na>kontrasole:rah</na> and is thus closer to the upright bifurcated posts (<na>horcones</na>). The <na>kabe:sas</na>, which run vertically and at an angle to the top of the house, are attached to both the <na>sole:rah</na> and the <na>kontrasole:rah</na> "/"las vigas gruesas y argas de una casa con techo de zacate o palma que se atan a la <na>sole:rah</na>, otra viga que yace horizontal y paralela inmediatamente abajo de la <na>kontrasole:rah</na> y que está, por consiguiente, más cerca a los horcones. Las <na>kabe:sas</na>, que corren verticalmente a unángulo hacia lo alto de la case, se atan tanto a la <na>sole:rah</na> como a la <na>kontrasole:rah</na>."I am unsure what this headword should have been. Maybe /kabe:sas/. \ref 01561 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /papáyotsí:n/ and has been deleted as a duplicate entry of 02427 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01562 \lxa chi:chiwalnakayo \lxac ichi:chiwalnakayo \lxo chi:chiwalnakayo \lxoc i:chi:chiwalnakayo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se flesh near or on the teats or breasts \ss carne del pecho o seno \pna Ba:kah kipia ichi:chiwalnakayo. \pea Cow have flesh on the inside of their udders. \psa La vaca tiene carne a un lado de su ubre. \sem body \xrb chi:chi \xrb naka \qry Check to see if other animals or humans have this. Make sure that /chi:chiwalnakayo:tl/ or /chi:chiwalnakatl/ do not exist. If so, change headword. \vl My original entry had a long /a:/ in /chi:chiwalnakayo/; this should be rechecked. \ref 01563 \lxa ye:skayoh \lxac ye:skayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan yesca \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea to have a rotten and powdery interior (a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside) \ssa tener el interior pudrido y hecho polvo (un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro) \fl ye:skatl \xrb ye:ska \ref 01564 \lxa suwa:neki \lxac suwa:neki \lxo siwa:neki \lxoc siwa:neki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to want a woman (as a sexual partner) \ss querer una mujer (como una pareja sexual) \pna Notla:kapowa. Xkineki tla:katl, suwa:neki. \pea She acts like a man (in this case said of a lesbian). She doesn't want a man, she wants a woman (as a sexual partner). \psa Se porta como hombre (en este caso dicho de una lesbiana). No quiere un hombre, quiere una mujer (como pareja sexual). \xrb sowa \xrb neki \ref 01565 \lxa tlawe:ltik \lxac tlawe:ltik \lxo tlawe:ltik \lxoc tlawe:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to be bad- or foul-tempered \ss ser de mal genio; ser mal humorado \pna San tlawe:ltik. \pea He's always in a bad mood. \psa Siempre está de mal genio. \xrb tlawe:l \dis tlawe:ltik; tlawe:leh \nse <na>Tlawe:ltik</na> refers to someone who is bad tempered, always ready to yell or scold people, and never pleased with anything, never in a good mood. \ref 01566 \lxa kamaimati \lxac nokamaimati \lxo kamáimáti \lxop kamaimati \lxoc nokamáimáti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to get used to pronouncing something, or to a particular way of speaking \ss (refl.) acostumbrarse a pronunciar algo o a una manera en particular de hablar \pna Timokamaimatis, titlato:s ke:n de We:pan. \pea Your tongue will get accustomed, you will speak like those of Oapan. \psa Tu lengua se va a acostumbrar, vas a hablar como los de Oapan. \se for ones mouth to get used to (e.g., eating hotting food, uttering a certain phrase, etc.) \ss acostumbrarle la boca (p. ej., comer comida caliente, o decirle una frase a algn, repetidas veces, etc.) \xrb kama \xrb hmati \nse The verb stem <nr>hmati</nr> is usually found with the nonspecific prefix <n>tla-</n> meaning someone is particularly able or capacitated in certain tasks (e.g., a good painter, a very intelligent person, etc.). Here it refers to the ability that ones speech (lit. 'mouth') acquires with practic. \grm Oapan phonology; stress shift: Note that with /nokamáimáti/ the stress shifts left onto the IN. \ref 01567 \lxa xa:ltetl \lxac i:xa:ltew \lxo xa:ltew \lxoc i:xa:ltew \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se the unborn, unlaid eggs inside of certain animals (e.g., hens, fish) \ss los huevos no nacidos que se hallan dentro de ciertos animales (p. ej., gallinas, peces) \pna I:xa:ltew pió. \pea (They are) the unlaid eggs inside of hens. \psa (Son) los huevos que se encuentran dentro de una gallina. \se (fig.) eggs of a human female \ss (fig.) huevos de una mujer \pna O:tlan moxa:ltewan, xoktikpia mokone:wa:n yo:weka:w. \pea Your"eggs"are all used up, you haven't had children now for a long time. \psa Tus huevos se acabaron, ya hace mucho tiempo que no tienes niños. \cfao to:toltetl \xrb xa:l \xrb te \ref 01568 \lxa china:ntia \lxac kichina:ntia \lxo china:ntia \lxoc kichina:ntia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to construct a wall of <nlao>china:ntli</nlao> for (e.g., as the walls of a house or kitchen) \ss construirle o eregirle una pared de chinamil para (p. ej., una casa o una cocina) \pna O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti. \pea The <spn>chinamíl</spn> of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) one of <spn>chinamíl</spn> for it! \psa Se envejeció el chinamíl de tu casa.¡Póngale uno (nuevo)! \se to place a <spn>chinamíl</spn> fence around (an area such as a housesite) \ss cercar con chinamil (particularmente un solar) \syno tlako:hikiti \xrb china:m \qry For Oapan, determine the word /pakyo:tl/ or similar construction. \ref 01569 \lxa tlayewalowa \lxac tlayewalowa \lxo tlayewalowa \lxoc tlayewalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to participate in a religious procession (usually involving taking the saints around the church or village) \ss participar en una procesión religiosa (generalmente implica llevar los santos alrededor de la iglesia o pueblo) \pna Mo:stla tlayewalo:lo:s. \pea Tomorrow there will be a religious procession. \psa Mañana va a haber una procesión religiosa. \xrb yewal \xvcao tlayewalo:ltia \xbtlao yewalowa \nse The use of the verbal form <na>yewalowa</na> to indicate a procession arises from the fact that religious processions invariably involve the parading of a saint around the church, leaving and entering through the main doors. \ref 01570 \lxa ko:koneh \lxac ko:koneh \lxo ko:koneh \lxoc ko:koneh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seao pl. of <nlao>kone:tl</nlao> \ssao pl. de <nlao>kone:tl</nlao> \xrb kone: \nae The plural possessed form is regular, e.g., <nao>nokone:wa:n</nao>. \ref 01571 \lxa teketse:wi \lxac teketse:wi \lxo teketse:wi \lxoc teketse:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to form a bump or protuberance \ss salir como un tope o protuberancia \pna O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w. \pea Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) have gotten warped, it stood up (in a few places, as the boards curled upward). \psa Se combótu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó(en algunos lugares). \equivao teketsiwi \xv1o tlateketse:wi \ref 01572 \lxa isi:ka \lxac isi:ka \lxo ísí:ka \lxop isi:ka \lxoc ísí:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (usually in progressive) to be panting \ss (generalmente en el progresivo) estar jadeante \pna Isi:katok, o:wa:lnotlaloh. \pea He is panting, he came running. \psa Estájadeando, vino corriendo. \xrb hsi:ka \qry Check for transitive/causative form. Check for other aspectual endings, ?/isi:katinemi/. I have checked vowel length and second /i:/ is definitely long. Check for status of initial /i/ whether epenthetic; probably it is: /h/ evidenced by cognate Oapan unusual stress. \ref 01573 \lxa kwaltilia \lxac kikwaltilia \lxo kwaltilia \lxoc kikwaltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to place in the mouth of (e.g., a bit on an animal) \ss meterle en la boca a (p. ej., un freno a un caballo) \pna Xkwaltili noma:choh ifre:noh! \pea But the bit in my mule's mouth! \psa ¡Ponle el freno en la boca de mi macho! \se to feed (an animal) for \ss dar de comer (a un animal) para \pna Xne:chtlakwaltili:ti noma:choh! Newa nitlatsiwi. \pea Go feed my macho for me! I'm feeling lazy. \psa ¡Ve a darle de comer a mis machos para mí! Tengo flojera. \se to fit or push (sth) tightly in a space so that (the inserted object [SO]) is held in place \ss colocar (algo [OS]) en un espacio ([OP]); ajustar (una cosa [OS]) en (un espacio [OP]) para que se agarre y se mantenga en su lugar \pna Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n. \pea Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me. \psa ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarre, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó. \xrb kwa \xvbao kwa \qry Determine vowel length of /in/ or /i:n/. Perhaps this varies. Cf. to Launey who, I believe, mentions that vowel length is variable. Check closely for changes when the word is used as a demonstrative adjective vs. demonstrative pronoun. \ref 01574 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /kámomorá:doh/; it was deleted as a repetition. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl This was a duplicate for 5304. The tokens here at 1574 should be given tags of 5304. However, remember that the later sound tokens are the ones that should be linked. \ref 01575 \lxa totopoyo \lxac i:totopoyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea buds (of certain flowers, such as the sunflower) \ssa botones (de ciertas flores, como el girasol) \pna Teko:ntlapa:na | Kwa:k yo:weyakiak ki:sa itotopoyo para ixo:chio. \pea <nba>Teko:ntlapa:na</nba> : When it has gotten long, the buds of its flowers appear. \psa <nba>Teko:ntlapa:na</nba> : Cuando ya creciólargo, salen los botones de sus flores. \syno mimihlo:tl \xrb topo: \dis xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo \qry Check vowel length. Also check meaning. \ref 01576 \lxa tsonchichi:hka:yoh \lxac xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh \lxo tsó:nchi:hká:yoh \lxoc xnotsó:nchi:hká:yoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl) \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \se (<nao>x-</nao> ~) to be unkempt (a woman in regard to her hair); to be disheveled (a woman); to have ones hair not done up in braids \ss (<nao>x-</nao> ~) estar despeinada; no tener el pelo arreglado (una mujer); estar sin el cabello arreglado en trenzas \pna O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. \pea That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and arranged it), it's disheveled. \psa Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezó a desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días que no se arregla el pelo), está todo despeinada. \pna Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh. \pea Her hair is a disheveled mess, she is well groomed (e.g., in braids). \psa Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no tiene el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas). \xrb tson \xrb chi:wa \qry Note that in the grammar these forms should be discussed, i.e. ones in which only a negative of an adjective ending in /-ka:yoh/ exists, and the affirmative form does not. Perhaps these are related to Classical forms with /ne-/. Check for correctness of /hka:yoh/ sequence as my original notes had /-chi:wka:yoh/. \mod Make a note or comment that these forms are listed with the 3rd person reflexive, but that the reflexive pronoun changes with the person. This should be mentioned in both the guide to the lexicon. \ref 01577 \lxa ma:tetlanwia \lxac noma:tetlanwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to trip over ones forelegs (an animal that slips and gets its feet tangled up, e.g., over a root that is sticking out of the ground) \ssa (refl.) tropezarse al enredarse las patas de adelante (un animal) \pna O:noma:tetlanwih noburroh, o:wets. \pea My burro tripped over its front legs, it fell. \psa Mi burro se tropezópor haberse enredado sus patas de adelante, se cayó. \se (refl.) to get pregnant out of wedlock \ss (refl.) quedarse embarazada fuera del matrimonio \syno ma:kwelpachiwi \fla ikxitetlanwia \xrb ma: \xrl -tlan \nse The etymology of this word is parallel to that of <nla>ikxitetlanwia</nla> : in both cases Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the itensifier <n>te-</n>, which is an innovation from the Classical form (e.g., <n>ikxitlanwia</n>). However, with <na>ma:tetlanwia</na>, and unlike <na>ikxitetlanwia</na>, only the reflexive is found, since there is no equivalent action of sticking out ones arm in order to trip someone. Note that <na>ma:tetlanwia</na>, which has only been documented in the reflexive, refers to the front legs (arms) of an animal, not those in back, for which /ikxitetlanwia/ is used. However, given that animals do not usually trip over their back legs, the verb <na>ikxitetlanwia</na> is not used in reference to animals, but to humans. \qry Check whether this verb can be used as a non-reflexive, and whether the action implies falling, or only tripping. \ref 01578 \lxa xa:k \lxac xa:k \lxo xa:k \lxoc xa:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \pss P1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular \seao see <nlao>a:k</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>a:k</nlao> \nse This defective verb, which indicates presence of a subject in a given, often habitual location, is only found in the negative, hence this entry. However, given the variable location of the negative preclitic <n>x-</n>, the verb has been entered under <nao>a:k</nao>. \ref 01579 \lxa chikitoltik \lxac chikitoltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object) \ssa estar chueco, torcido o encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado) \sea (with long vowel reduplication) windy (a road; see <nlo>kwelpaxtik</nlo>) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sinuoso (un camino; vé ase <nlo>kwelpaxtik</nlo>) \pna Chi:chikitoltik otli. \pea The road is windy. \psa El camino es sinuoso \syno chikino:ltik \cfao kwelpaxtik \xrb chiki \xrb tol \qry Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/. \ref 01580 \lxa yeyekawia \lxacpend kiyeyekawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to whip hard (e.g., with a rope or similar flexible object) \ssa azotar; dar látigos a (p. ej., con una soga, laso u objeto similar) \syna yeyekawi:teki \xrb e:ka \xrb wi:teki \ref 01581 \lxa pilowilia \lxac kipilowilia \lxo pilowilia \lxoc kipilowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to hang (sth) on or for \ss colgar (algo) a, sobre o para \pna O:kipi:pilowilih o:lo:tl molimó:n. \pea He hung corncobs on your lemon tree (so that it would bear fruit). \psa Le colgó olotes a tuárbol de limón (para que diera fruta). \se (refl.) to hang (e.g., a bag) on oneself \ss (refl.) colgarse (algo como una bolsa) \pna Xmopilowili motema:tl! \pea Hang your hemp bag on yourself (e.g., over ones shoulders)! \psa ¡Cuélgate tu bolsa de fibra de maguey! \pna O:nimotlapi:pilowilih. \pea I've draped a lot of things on me (e.g., many bags, adornments, etc.). \psa Me he colgado muchas cosas (p. ej., muchas bolsas, adornos, etc.). \xrb pil \xv2ao tlapilowilia \xvbao pilowa \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /O:kipi:pilowilih o:lo:tl molimó:n/ 'He hung corncobs on your lemon tree (so that it would bear fruit).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication given that this is an action that repeats itself one time after another, in a complete format. The same is true of /O:nimotlapi:pilowilih/ 'I've draped a lot of things on me (e.g., many bags, adornments, etc.).' \ref 01582 \lxa tlayewilia \lxaa tlaiwilia \lxac tlayewilia \lxo tlayowilia \lxoc tlayowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-lia \infv class-2a \seao to continue (doing sth) until late in the evening; to be occupied until the late evening \ssao hacerse tarde (en la noche avanzada, al seguir trabajando, p. ej., hasta muy noche); estar ocupado hasta bien entrada la noche \cfao tio:tlakilia \xrb yowa \ref 01583 \lxa ikxitlapo:wtok \lxac ikxitlapo:wtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-(tla-V2)-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be with ones legs open \ssa estar con las piernas abiertas \syna tlachikipe:lotok \syno tlachikipé:lotók \xrb kxi \xrb tlapo: \qry Recheck pret. and future forms, etc. for length of /o/. Present seems to neutralized length before /wi/. Finally, check for meaning of words like /o:ikxitlapo:w/ as opposed to /o:nokxitlapoh/. Check transitive form. \ref 01584 \lxa welkaki \lxac kwelkaki \lxo welkaki \lxoc kwelkaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to like the sound of (e.g., sth such as a stated proposal or plan, music, etc.) \ss gustarle como suena (p. ej., algo como un propuesto o plan, música, etc.) \pna Xnikwelkaki tli:n tine:chihlia, xnikchi:was. \pea I don't like the sound of what you are telling me, I won't do it. \psa No me gusta como suena lo que me dices, no lo voy a hacer. \xrb wel \xrb kaki \ref 01585 \lxa ko:tsi:liwistli \lxac ko:tsi:liwistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(l) \sea cramps \ssa calambre \pna Ne:chasi ko:tsi:liwistli. \pea I have a cramp. \psa Tengo un calambre. \cfo ítiko:tsi:liwístli \xrb ko:tsi:l \fl ko:tsi:liwi \ref 01586 \lxa mo:ltekon \lxac i:mo:ltekon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea (fig.) cup of tea; what one is cut out for \ssa (fig.) mero mole \pna I:mo:ltekon un tekitl, xtiktla:nis. \pea That job is what he is cut out for. You won't beat him at it. \psa Ese trabajo es su mero mole, no le vas a ganar en ello. \pna Españó:l, Me:roh yewa momo:ltekon! Me:roh tiweltok! Xmistla:ni! \pea Spanish! That's your cup of tea! That's what you're good at! He won't get the better of you! \psa ¡Español!¡Es tu mero mole! Es lo que haces bien! No te va a ganar! \xrb mo:l \xrb tekom \nse As far as I have been able to determine, this word is always possessed and is used metaphorically, referring to something that one (the possessor) is very good at, that he or she can do well. It seems highly likely that this is a calque from the well-known Mexican expression"su mero mole." \qry Check for unpossessed form and for other meanings. \ref 01587 \lxa fie:roh \lxac fie:roh \lxo fie:roh \lxoc fie:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan fiero \psm Adj \pss N \der Adj-loan \se something ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.) \ss algo muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.) \pna O:nikinekw fie:roh, xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n. \pea I smelled something bad, it wasn't good, it was a really foul-smelling place. \psa Olíalgo mal, no estaba bien, era un lugar muy apestoso. \pna Fie:roh o:kichi:w. \pea He did something bad. \psa Hizo algo mal. \ref 01588 \lxa kamotli de pe:pe:to \lxacpend *kamotli de pe:pe:to \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of sweet potato grown in San Miguel Tecuiciapan \ssa tipo de camote de San Miguel Tecuiciapan \equiva kuwkamotli \equivo kohkámotlí \xrb kamoh \xrb pe:pe:to \sem plant \sem tub \sem plant \sem domesticated \ono hypo kamotli \nse According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of <spn>camote</spn> as the <na>kuhkamotli</na>. According to Silvestre Pantaleón this is the name used in Tula del Río for the camote known in Oapan as <nlo>chichi:h kámotlí</nlo>. Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Asención Marcelo had heard of the <na>kamotli de pe:pe:to</na>. \nct kamotli \qry It is not clear if this plant grows wild or is cultivated. In general, check all camotes for this question (note that in San Francisco I have seen these plants cultivated). Also, check etymology of /pe:pe:to/ (a loan?) and possibility of final /h/. \ref 01589 \lxa yetlaxkahli \lxac yetlaxkahli \lxo yetlaxkahli \lxoc yetlaxkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se type of tortilla filled with beans, usually either the <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> or <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> bean \ss tipo de tortilla rellenado con frijol, generalmente del que se llama <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> o el llamado <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> \sem food-maize \xrb ye \xrb xka \qry The note I have so far does not mention how this is prepared. Check. Check also what other types of beans might be so used. \ref 01590 \lxa istayoh \lxac istayoh \lxo istayoh \lxoc istayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be salty \ss estar salado \se (fig.) unlucky \ss (fig.) salado; tener mala suerte \pna Nistayoh, xkaman nite:tlani. \pea I'm unlucky, I never beat anyone. \psa Estoy salado, nunca le gano a nadie. \xrb sta \qry Check for verbal derivatives, /istayowa/ and istayotia/. Also determine difference between /poyé:k/ and /istayoh/. \ref 01591 \lxa i:xa:wilia \lxac ki:xa:wilia \lxo i:xa:wilia \lxoc ki:xa:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to rinse off for \ss enjuagar para \pna Xne:chi:xa:wili nopla:toh! \pea Rinse my plate off for me! \psa ¡Enjuage mi plato para mi! \xrb i:x \xrb a: \xvba i:xa:wia \xvbo i:xa:wiya \qry Cf. notes under /i:xa:wia/. \ref 01592 \lxa pasolowa \lxac kipasolowa \lxo 'pasolówa \lxop pasolowa \lxoc kipásolówa, kípasolówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to confuse; to sidetrack; to bother (e.g., in terms of hindering the performance of a task or the completion of an action) \ss confundir; desviar; molestar (p. ej., en cuanto a estorbar la realización de una tarea o la terminación de una acción) \pna Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia. \pea The loud music bothers me, I can't think. \psa La música fuerte me molesta, no puedo pensar. \se to get in the way of (physically blocking a path); to block (e.g., the vision or sight line of sb) \ss estorbar (p. ej., la vía en que va uno, o la vista de algn) \pna Ne:chpasolowa i:n. Xkekwani! \pea This thing gets in my way (e.g., bothers me, blocks my view, etc.). Move it! \psa Esta cosa me estorba (p. ej., no me deja ver, lo me permite ir donde quiero).¡Quítalo! \se (with prefix <n>te-</n>) to entangle (threads, hair, etc.) \ss (con prefijo <n>te-</n>) enredar; enmarañar (hilos, cuerdas, pelo, etc.) \se (with prefix <n>te-</n>) to make a mess of; to scatter all around \ss (con prefijo <n>te-</n>) desarreglar; desparramar; dejar en desorden \pna Yo:kipasoloh yeyekatl un monto:nes de wistli. \pea The wind has already made a mess of the piles of cleared thorn bushes. \psa El viento ya hizo todo un desorden de los montones de espinas. \pna Yo:kimpasoloka itlake:n. \pea He had made a mess of his clothes (e.g., leaving them scattered about). \psa Había dejado su ropa en un desorden (p. ej., dejando todo tirado). \xrb pahsol \qry The following phrase /Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia/ was thought up by me during the data entry phrase to illustrate a particular meaning; check and correct if necessary. Make sure that it is correct, change if necessary. \vl Check p-a pattern for Oapan Nahuatl. In my entry found upon review there was no p-a market, but their probably is some pitch-accent that should be expressed or registered in the lexicon. \ref 01593 \lxa tetsmitl \lxac tetsmitl \lxo tetsmitl \lxoc tetsmitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea generic name for herbaceous plant that includes two types: <nba>i:tetsmitl sa:poh</nba> and <na>tetsmitl</na>, the latter being edible \ssa nombre genérico para una planta herbácea que incluye dos tipos: <nba>i:tetsmitl sa:poh</nba> y <na>tetsmitl</na>, elúltimo siendo comestible \se type of wild edible plant, apparently of the purslane family \ss tipo de planta silvestre comestible, aparentemente verdolaga \pna Tetsmitl | Wel nokwa. Wel tihkwa:s ika mo:hli de anjolí:n \pea <na>Tetsmitl</na> : It is edible. You can eat it with sesame mole. \psa <na>Tetsmitl</na> : Es comestible. Lo puedes comer con mole de ajonjolí \sem plant \sem edible \xrb tetsmi \qry Check to determine if and how /tetsmitl/ could be possessed. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>verdolaga</spn> of the family Portulacaceae and the genus/species <i>Portulaca oleraceae L.</i>. Schoenhals (1988) under verdolaga gives:"(<i>Portulaca oleracea</i>) 'purslane.' Edible greens. She also has two other listings: verdolaga de agua and verdolaga de puerco. For the former:"(<i>Jussiaea repens, J. suffruticosa</i>) '[family] evening primrose.' A water plant with yellow flowers; common in swamps and other wet locations. Also called clavillo, flor de camarón, hoja de clavo."And for verdolaga de puerco:"(<i>Alternanthera repens</i>) '[type of] alligator weed.' A cosmopolitan herb with small, straw-colored flowers."According to several consultants of Ameyaltepec there are two types of <na>tetsmitl</na> : <na>testmitl</na>, which is an edible plant, and <na>testmitl de sa:poh</na>, which is not edible. According to several people in Oapan the two types of <no>tetsmitl</no> are called <no>tetsmitl</no>, which is edible, and <nlo>a:itsmitl</nlo>, which is not; the latter grows near the water. Asención Marcelo of Tetelcingo mentioned that there was a male and female variety of this plant. \nct xiwtli \ref 01594 \lxa tlate:ntike:tl \lxac tlate:ntike:tl \lxo tlaté:ntiké:tl \lxoc tlaté:ntiké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who sharpens metal instruments (knives, machetes, axes, etc.) \ss persona quien saca filo a herramientas metálicas (a cuchillos, machetes, hachas, etc.) \xrb te:n \qry Check for /-ki/. \ref 01595 \lxa a:mai:skitl \lxac a:mai:skitl \lxo a:mai:skitl \lxoc a:mai:skitl \lxt a:mai:skitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of tree of those generically called <nlao>a:matl</nlao> or <nla>a:makuwtli</nla> \ss tipo deárbol de los genéricamente llamados <nlao>a:matl</nlao> o <nla>a:makuwtli</nla> \pna A:mai:skitl | San tihkukwa:s. Bwe:noh para tlikohtli, bwe:noh para yugoh. \pea <na>A:mai:skitl</na> : You just chew on its fruit. It's good for firewood, for making yokes. \psa <na>A:mai:skitl</na> : Solamente masticas su fruta. Es bueno para leña, para hacer yugos. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb a:ma \xrb i:ski \cpl See entry under <nla>a:makuhtli</nla> and <nla>a:makostli</nla>. \nct kohtli; a:makuwtli \ref 01596 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am /xowa/ but it has been deleted; cf. /xewa/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01597 \lxa tlakoko:hli \lxac tlakoko:hli \lxo tlakoko:hli \lxoc tlakoko:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se wound \ss herida \pna Ne:chamana notlakoko:hlo. \pea My wound bothers me. \psa Me molesta mi herida. \xrb kowa \vl Note that this entry was taken from an original file card with vowel length not marked. Thus the final long /o:/, which is expected and reported for Xalitla, should be checked. However, the Oa data seems to confirm a long vowel; nevertheless, check. \ref 01598 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mi:mia:watl \lxoc mi:mia:watl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \seo spike and flower (of a corn plant) \sso la espiga y flor (de una planta de maíz) \seo spike that emerges from the center (of certain grasses or <na>zacates</na>) \sso la espiga (o retorño) que sale del centro de la planta (de ciertos zacates) \seo small insect as yet unidentified \sso pequeño insecto todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \sem plant \sem part \nse The meaning referring to the spike and flower of corn or other plants (senses 1 and 2) is common to both Oapan <no>mi:mia:watl</no> and Ameyaltepec <nla>mia:watl</nla>. However, the reference to a small as yet unidentified insect is not shared by Ameyaltepec <na>mia:watl</na>. \nae When possessed to indicate a relation between plant and plant part, <no>mi:mia:watl</no> is found with the possessed marker <n>-yo</n> : <no>i:mi:mia:wayo mi:hli</no>. \xrb mia:wa \ref 01599 \lxa tetl \lxac tetl \lxo tetl \lxoc tetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se stone; rock \ss piedra \se (poss. with <n>-yo</n>) seed pod \ss (pos. con <n>-yo</n>) vaina \pna Sakawistli, witsioh iteyo. \pea In regards to the plant called <nlao>sakawistli</nlao>, its seed pod is thorny. \psa En cuanto de la planta llamada <nlao>sakawistli</nlao>, su vaina tiene púas. \se eggs \ss huevos \pna A:kinon itewa:n ipio? \pea Whose chicken's eggs are these? \psa ¿De quién son estos huevos de gallina? \sem plant \sem part \xrb te \qry Check whether /teyo/ can also mean 'pit'. Create a category for plant parts. \ref 01600 \lxa wa:tsalka:miki \lxac wa:tsalka:miki \lxo wa:tsalka:miki \lxoc wa:tsalka:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to completely dry up and become brittle \ss secarse por completo y quedar quebradizo \pna Yo:wa:tsalka:mik iswatl, o:pe:w tetei:ni. \pea The corn leaves have gotten brittle from having dried, they've started to crumble into small pieces \psa Las hojas del maíz (zacate) se quedaron todo quebradizo por haberse resecado, ya empezaron a desmenuzarse. \xrb wa:k \xrb miki \grm Note: cf. if from N-ka:-miki, etc. Cf. /techichikilka:miki. \ref 01601 \lxa ia:xi:x bu:rroh \lxaa kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh \lxac ia:xi:x bu:rroh \lxt i:a:xi:x burroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of small mushroom that grows on the ground \ssa tipo de hongo pequeño que crece sobre la tierra \sem plant \sem mush \syno sósombrerí:toh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nse Some people use this term to refer to what is more properly called <na>ikuhsa:wananakayo ia:xi:x burroh</na> ; cf. entry under this latter term. \qry Determine all types of mushrooms. \ref 01602 \lxa si:marro:n kuwtli \lxac si:marro:n kuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cimarron</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea see <nla>si:marrón</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>si:marrón</nla> \xrb kow \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 01603 \lxa toli:na \lxac kitoli:na \lxo toli:na \lxoc kitoli:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to crave (a good food to eat that is not available; particularly, but by no means exclusively, said of persons who are sick and desire good food) \ss antojarse de (algo sabroso para comer que no se consigue fácilmente; dicho particularmente, pero no exclusivamente, de personas que están enfermas y que desean algo sabroso para comer) \pna Kitoli:na nakatl. \pea He craves meat. \psa Se le antoja carne. \pna Kitoli:na sá:ndiah, kwalo wa:n kelna:miki. \pea He craves watermelon, he is sick and he thinks about it (i.e., how delicious it is). \psa Se le antoja sandía, está enfermo y se acuerda deél (esto es, que tan sabrosa es). \pna Newa xo:tla:k nomi:hlan, niktoli:na sá:ndiah. \pea My field did not yield, I have a craving for watermelon. \psa No rindiómi milpa, se me antoja sandía. \xrb toli: \ref 01604 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia \lxac ki:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia \lxo i:xté:mpa:ya:tília \lxop i:xté:mpa:ya:tilia \lxoc ki:xté:mpa:ya:tília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to make (sb) have blurry or fuzzy vision; to make seeing difficult for \ss hacer la vista nublada o borrosa a; hacer que sea díficil para ver a \pna Ne:chi:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia, xok ma:s nikita. \pea It makes it difficult for me to see things clearly (in this case small letters on an eye chart), I can't see it very well anymore. \psa Me dificulta la vista (en este caso letras chiquitas), ya no lo puedo ver bien. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \xvba i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \qry Check reduplication. Note that the base form is /i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti/ whereas the causative form is /i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia/. It may well be that this form should be reduplicated, but only if referring to two eyes??? \ref 01605 \lxa chi:lkwitla \lxac chi:lkwitla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N(?) \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea person who is a big enter of chile \ssa persona que come mucho chile \pna Xma:s tichi:lkwitla. \pea Your're not a big eater of chile. \psa No eres un gran comedor de chile. \flao cho:kwi:tl \xrb chi:l \xrb kwitla \nse The derivation, grammatical category and roots uncertain. \qry Determine the plural forms and add above and to grammar. Elicit any other /-kwitla/ forms. Check for final /h/. \grm Investigate etymology of /chi:lkwitla/, /yekwitla/ and /cho:kwitla/. \ref 01606 \lxa tso:tso:kwepa \lxac notso:tso:kwepa \lxo tso:tso:kopa \lxoc notso:tso:kopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to turn into a skin sore or pimple \ss (refl.) convertirse en un grano o llaga \pna Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep. \pea I got sores on my skin. <spn>Ajes</spn> bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores. \psa Se me salieron granos en la piel. Ajes me mordieron; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas. \xrb tso: \xrb kwepa \qry Check for transitive: /kitso:tso:kwepa/ acceptable? Or is there a causative? \ref 01607 \lxa kwa:papayotik \lxac kwa:papayotik \lxo kwá:papáyotík \lxop kwa:papayotik \lxoc kwá:papáyotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes-lex; yes-deriv \se to be crazy; to have lost ones senses \ss estar loco; haber perdido los estribos \syna papayotik \xrb pahpa \qry Check for stress on first /kwa:-/; check also in in SJ there is an /h/ as in /pahpayotik/. This should probably be removed for the Oapan. The term is /pápáyotí/. Florencia Marcelino later said that the adjectival form /pápáyotík/ is not used. \pqry Compare all the words with /papayo.../ in Oapan Nahuatl, i.e., underlying {pahpayoh=}. \sj kwa:papayotik; note that p-a in Oapan form suggests \ref 01608 \lxa pachiwi \lxac pachiwi \lxo pachiwi \lxoc pachiwi \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get pressed down; to become or be bent over \ss doblarse; apachurarse; agacharse \pna O:pachiw ima:wa:n wa:xkohtli, melá:k o:tla:k. \pea The branches of the guaje tree have bent down toward the ground, it (the tree) is really laden with fruit. \psa Las ramas del guaje se doblaron hacia el suelo, rindiómucha fruta. \pna Ihkó:n inenemiya, pachiwtiw. \pea That's the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over. \psa Así es su manera de caminar (un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado. \xrb pach \nse In reference to trees and their branches, <na>pachiwi</na> is used in reference to any fruit-bearing tree or bush (e.g., a <na>guamúchil</na> or chile) whose branches droop down from an abundance of fruit. \qry Determine what other subjects can be used with this verb. In one filecard I had /Ihkó:n inenemia, pachiwtik/ 'That is the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over.' I think this was probably a typo and haven't entered this word. However, it should be checked. \ref 01609 \lxa tetsotsole:wi \lxac tetsotsole:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become hairless (e.g., a bull) \ssa quedarse sin pelo (p. ej., un toro) \sea to become featherless (e.g., a chicken) \ssa quedar sin plumas (p. ej., una gallina) \sea to be left without its skin (a fruit such as wild tomato or tomatillo) \ssa quedarse sin cáscara (una fruta como tomate silvestre o verde) \equiva tsotsoliwi \equivo te:tsoliwi \fla tsotsoliwi \xrb tsol \qry Determine whether /te-/ intensifier is really lexicalized/necessary; cf. to entry for /tsotsoliwi/ Am, which has a cognate in Oapan of /te:tsoliwi/. \ref 01610 \lxa wa:hlaw \lxac wa:hlaw \lxo wa:hlaw \lxoc wa:hlaw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>wa:hlaw</nlao> \seao to come \ssao venir \sem motion \xrb wa:l \xrb yaw \nae The inflectional paradigm of <nao>wa:hlaw</nao> is at present available in the grammar. In Oapan the plural present varies among speakers: <no>wa:hlaweh</no> and <no>wa:hlawih</no>, as it does for the verb <nlo>yaw</nlo>. \qry Get full range of meanings. \ref 01611 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was a duplicate of /kuwxiwtli/ and has been deleted. \dt 18/Jul/2002 \ref 01612 \lxa ma:kowa \lxac kima:kowa \lxo ma:kowa \lxoc kima:kowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \se to give manual labor to (sb) in exchange for an obligation for future help \ss prestar mano de obra a (algn) por la obligación (de esta persona) para prestar ayuda después \pna O:mitsma:ko:w, xo:tiktlaxtla:wilih. \pea He worked for you in exchange for future labor, you didn't pay him (a wage or similar remuneration). \psa Trabajópor tí en cambio por la obligación para ayudarlo después, no le pagaste (un sueldo o remuneración en especie). \pna Mo:stla nitlama:kowas. \pea Tomorrow I'm going to work for someone in exchange for a commitment to return the labor obligation later. \psa Mañana voy a trabajar para alguien quien después me darásu mano de obra en reciprocidad. \se to give (sth [Obl]) to (sb [PO]) in exchange for the obligation to return the same thing (or value) later (e.g., when one gives a carton of beer to a family whose child is marrying, or a cut of cloth to the bride, etc. in expectation that the same item will later be reciprocated during a similar occasion) \ss dar (algo [Obl]) en cambio a (algn [PO]) por la obligación de devolver el mismo (o el mismo valor) después (p. ej., al regalar un cartón de cerveza a una familia cuyo hijo o hija se casa, o una corte de tela para la novia, en espera que la misma cosa serádevuelta después) \se (refl.-recipr.) to reciprocal labor exchange, first at one persons worksite then at that of the other \ss (refl.-recipr.) prestar mano de obra de manera recíproca, una persona ayudando a otra y despuéséste ayudando al primero \pna Ma timomakowaka:n, axtopa nia:s motla:lpan! \pea Let's exchange labor, first I'll go to work in your fields! \psa ¡Vamos a prestar mano de obra, primero voy a ir a trabajar en tu terreno! \seo (recipr. reduplicated with short vowel, or refl. with oblique: <no>nó:makówah</no> or <no>-wa:n nó:ma:kówa</no>) to be lesbians; to have a lesbian relationship with \sso (recipr. reduplicado con vocal corta, o refl. con obliqua: <no>nó:makówah</no>, o <no>-wa:n nó:ma:kówa</no>) ser lesbianas; tener una relación lesbiana con \pno Nochipa nowi:katimi, kas nó:ma:kówah. \peo They always go around together, perhaps they are lesbians. \pso Siempre andan juntos, quizásean lesbianas. \xrb ma: \xrb ko:wa \nse <na>Ma:kowa</na> is etymologically 'hand-buy' and is used in regional Spanish by individuals from towns in which Nahuatl was previously spoken as a borrowing: <spn>macuhuas</spn>. Although it seems most commonly used to refer to labor exchange, it can also refer to the delayed reciprocal exchange of gifts, as occurs in marriage. This delayed reciprocity, indeed, seems to be the essence of <nao>tlama:kowa</nao>. Note that in Oapan the reciprocal use of this term has the sense of a lesbian, illicit relationship \ref 01613 \lxa chikoki:stok \lxac chikoki:stok \lxo chikoki:stok \lxoc chikoki:stok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be uneven (e.g., the ends of rods placed together); to be angled or at an angle (e.g., poorly cut cloth) \ss estar disparejo (p. ej., los cabos de varas juntadas en línea, algunos saliendo más adelante que otros); cortado de soslayo (p. ej., tela mal esquinada) \pna Chi:chikoki:stok motlapech. \pea Your bed (e.g., the rods of a bed of <nlao>tlapextli</nlao>) is uneven (in this case with some rods longer than others and jutting out at the side). \psa Tu cama (esto es, las varas de una cama de <nlao>tlapextli</nlao>) es dispareja (en este caso con algunas varas más largas que otras). \xrb chiko \xrb ki:sa \qry The phrase /chi:chikoki:stok/ is taken from a file card for which vowel length was not checked. It should be checked. The long vowel is based on a similar phrase, cf. phrases under /chikoki:sa/. \ilustmp Illustrate /chi:chikoki:stok motlapech/. See illustration on original file cards. \ref 01614 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/ for Am and /tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa/ for Oa. It has been combined with Ref. 422 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01615 \lxa tio:tlak \lxac tio:tlak \lxo tio:tlak \lxoc tio:tlak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1 \se afternoon (from midday to vespers) \ss tarde (desde mediodía hasta las vísperas) \pna Ye tio:tlak, xok nitekitisneki! \pea It's already (late in) the afternoon, I don't want to work anymore! \psa ¡Ya es (avanzada) la tarde, ya no quiero trabajar! \se (fig.) late in life \ss (fig.) de avanzada edad (en la vida de uno) \pna Xok nitlachia, ye tio:tlak. \pea I can't see well anymore, it's late in my life (i.e., I'm getting old). \psa Ya no veo bien, ya estoy de edad avanzada. \xrb tio: \xrl -tlak \nse In Oapan the reduplicated form with long vowel, <no>tio:tio:tlahtsi:n</no>, indicates a lesser degree of"afternoonness,"i.e., earlier in the afternoon. This is in accord with the general pattern of using long vowel reduplication to indicate a less intense or partial state. \nae It will be necessary to further determine the precise syntactic nature of words like <nlao>kwalka:n</nlao>, <nao>tio:tlak</nao>, <nlao>ya:lwa</nlao>, <nlao>mo:stla</nlao> and other periods of time or parts of the day. Apparently <nao>tio:tlak</nao> is the most nominal in that it can function predicatively in <nao>ye tio:tlak</nao> 'it is already late afternoon' whereas one cannot say ? <nao>ye mo:stla</nao>, etc. \qry Check carefully how ps will be determined for these cases. Cf. /kwalka:n/, /tlakwalispan/. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: In Oapan the reduplicated form with long vowel, <no>tio:tio:tlahtsi:n</no>, indicates a lesser degree of"afternoonness,"i.e., earlier in the afternoon. This is in accord with the general pattern of using long vowel reduplication to indicate a less intense or partial state. \ref 01616 \lxa tlanawati:hli \lxac tlanawati:hli \lxo tlanawati:hli \lxoc tlanawati:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se order (i.e., items that have been requested and that are"on order,"such as ceramics that a trader has requested be made) \ss pedido (esto es, objetos que han sido pedidos de antes, como la cerámica que un revendedor pidióque se hiciera) \pna Na:nkah ye tlanawati:hli. Yo:ne:chnawatikan, san kwa:hkis ite:ko. \pea These here (in this case a batch of fired ceramics) have already been ordered (i.e., they can't be sold). I had been ordered (to make them); now the only thing is for the owner just to come pick them up. \psa Estos (en este caso barro cocido) ya están pedidos (y por eso ya no se pueden vender). Me pidieron (que los hiciera), falta solamente que su dueño venga a recogerlos. \pna Yo:nekok deke ye u:nkah notlanawati:l. \pea I've arrived in case my order (e.g., of painted ceramics) is ready. \psa Ya llegué en caso de que ya está mi pedido (p. ej., de cerámica pintada). \se act of God's will (particularly in causing illness) \ss acta de la voluntad de Diós (particularmente en causar una enfermedad) \pna Yo:mitsasik tlanawati:hli. \pea You have gotten ill by God's will. \psa Te has enfermado por la voluntad de Diós. \xrb nawa \ref 01617 \lxa pi:tso:ti \lxac pi:tso:ti \lxo pi:tso:ti \lxoc pi:tso:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se (for a nursing child o animal joven) to get weak and sickly.because of a mother's pregnancy1 (i.e., from"sibling rivalry") \ss tener chípil; (por un niño, o hasta un animal joven, que todavía está mamantando) enfermarse y ponerse débil a causa de la preñez de la mamá \pna O:itipoti:xatiak. saniman o:pi:tso:t \pea He (in this case a child) got a swollen belly. He was affected (became sickly) by the birth of a younger sibling. \psa Aél (en este caso a un niño) se le hinchóla barriga. Se enfermópor el nacimiento de un hermano menor. \pna Pi:tso:tis ikone:w, oksepa o:stli ina:n. \pea Her child will get sick and weak from sibling rivarly, his mother is pregnant again. \psa Su hijo se va a poner débil y enfermo de chípil, otra vez está encinta su mamá. \pna Pi:tso:ti, pe:wa tewa:ki un kone:tsi:ntli kwa:k o:stli ina:n. \pea <na>Pi:tso:ti</na> (refers to when) a little child begins to get thin when his mother is pregnant. \psa <na>Pi:tso:ti</na> (se refiere a cuando) un niñito empieza a adelgazarse al estar encinta su mamá. \se to have a younger sibling while still very young \ss tener un hermano(a) cuando uno está todavía muy bebé \cfa itipoti:xah \xrb pi:tso: \nse <na>Pi:tso:ti</na> refers to a condition that affects a nursing child when his or her mother gets pregnant: he becomes sickly, his neck and legs gets thin and skimpy, he gets a large belly, he walks awkwardly and falls a lot. \ref 01618 \lxa -ka:n \lxac ye:xka:n \lxo -ka:n \lxoa -ka:h \lxoc we:ika:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Rel-stem-sim \se locative suffix used into indicate the place where a particular action occurs (when added to a verbal stem) or a the existence of a particular state (when added to a nominal or adjectival stem) \ss sufijo locativo que indica el lugar donde una acción en particular occure (cuando se le agrega a una raíz verbal) o la existence de un estado en particular (cuando se le agrega a una raíz nominal o adjetival) \pna... kwalka:n \pea... (in) the morning (lit., 'in a good place') \psa... (en) la mañana (lit., 'en un buen lugar') \pna Tlakwalka:n \pea It is a good place (e.g., a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.) \psa Es un buen lugar (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.) \pna... miahka:n \pea... (in) many places \psa... (en) muchos lugares \pna Ne:chkukwa nopitsahka:n \pea My waist hurts me (lit., 'my place of narrowing'). \psa Me duele la cintura (lit., 'mi lugar de estrechamiento'). \pna... tlapitsahka:n \pea... mountain pass (lit., 'a place of narrowing') \psa... paso o puerto de montaña (lit., 'un lugar de estrechamiento') \xrb -ka:n \nae The preceding senses indicate some of the meanings and used of the <nao>-ka:n</nao> suffix. A full list can be obtained by searching the lexical database for <n>-ka:n</n> in the /xrl field. \mod Set up link to /ka:n/ in the /xrl field. \ref 01619 \lxa tsi:nwekalowa \lxac kitsi:nwekalowa \lxo tsí:nwakalówa \lxop tsi:nwakalowa \lxoc kitsí:nwakalówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to dig out the bottom of (e.g., a cliff, ridge, or ledge so that a small cave-like area or hollow is formed) \ss excavar el fondo de (p. ej., un risco o saliente para que se haga un pequeño hueco como cuevita) \xrb tsi:n \xrb wahkal \qry Determine further what this means, how the digging is done, etc. Check to make sure underling {h} is in root of /wehkal/; cf. /wekahli/. \ref 01620 \lxa xama:nilia \lxac kixama:nilia \lxo xama:nilia \lxoc kixama:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to break up or crumble (sth) into (e.g., dried oregano, red chile, or other brittle seasonings [SO] into a food such as pozole, etc. [PO]); to break up or crumble (sth) for \ss desmoronar, despedazar o romper (algo, p. ej., orégano seco, chile seco u otros condimientos [OS]) en (p. ej., a una comida como pozole, etc. [OP]); quebrar o hacer añicos (a algo [OS]) para (algn) \pna Xxa:xama:nili chi:hli! \pea Break up several pieces of that (red) chile into it (e.g., a broth of beans)! \psa ¡Desmorónale pedazos de ese chile (rojo) enél (p. ej., en un caldo de frijol)! \xrb xama: \nse <na>Xama:nillia</na> in the sense of adding spices to a food refers to the breaking up of a brittle spice with ones hands. It may refer to the crumbling of red chile to put into a dish, but not to green chile, for which the word <na>ko:koto:nilia</na> is used, given that the action is one of pulling or ripping off small pieces of green chile, not crumbling a dried object into small pieces. \ref 01621 \lxa ma:kana:wa \lxac kima:kana:wa \lxo ma:kana:wa \lxoc kima:kana:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to clear out weeds by hand (in reference to clearing out the largest weeds in a milpa by pulling them up by the roots) \ss desherbar a mano (en referencia a la hierba más grande en una milpa, arrancándola a mano) \pna Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. \pea You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. \psa Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. \se to make (sb's) hand tender (generally from excessive work with the hands; usually the use of the verb <na>ma:kana:wa</na> in this sense involves reduplication of the verbal root, <na>ma:kakana:wa</na>) \ss hacer que la mano (de algn) quede sensibilizada (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; a menudo este uso lleva la reduplicación de la raíz verbal, <na>ma:kakana:wa</na>) \xrb ma: \xrb kana: \nse It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between <nlao>tila:wi</nlao> 'to become thick or dense' and <nlao>kana:wi</nlao> 'to become thin.' In this acceptation of <nao>ma:kana:wa</nao> the incorporated noun root <nr>ma:</nr> is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb <nlao>ma:kana:wi</nlao> in which the incorporated noun stem is"possessed"by the subject (an example of"possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working hard in th e fields, th ere is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. For another example of how transitivity alternations and noun incorporation interact, see notes under <nlao>a:pochina:ltia</nlao>. \qry Recheck for both meanings and their correctness: for ones hand to become worn and to weed. In the phrase about weeding the reference is to thinning out the weeds, uprooting the largest by hand. \grm Noun incorporation: It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between <nlao>tila:wi</nlao> 'to become thick or dense' and <nlao>kana:wi</nlao> 'to become thin.' In this acceptation of <nao>ma:kana:wa</nao> the incorporated noun root <nr>ma:</nr> is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb <nlao>ma:kana:wi</nlao> in which the incorporated noun stem is"possessed"by the subject (an example of"possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working h ard in the fields, there is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. \ref 01622 \lxa patiltik \lxac patiltik \lxo patiltik \lxoc patiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be inclined; to be leaning over \ss estar inclinado; estar fuera de vertical \se to be crooked (not in a straight line) \ss estar chueco (no derecho o recto, p. ej., cosas en línea) \pna Patiltik mokorra:l. \pea Your fence is crooked (not in a straight line). \psa Tu cerca está chueca (no en una línea recta). \pna Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh. \pea His leg is crooked, he is lame. \psa Tiene la pierna chueca, está cojo. \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be poorly pronounced or constructed (words or speech by one who is not fluent) \ss (a menudo reduplicado tener vocal corta) estar mal pronunciado y formado (palabras o un discurso de algn que no domina la lengua) \pna Sam papatiltik itlato:l, san ke:n ihki yo:ki:itoh. \pea His speech is off-base, he uttered his words in just any which way. \psa Sus palabras no son derechas, dijo sus palabras como cualquier cosa. \xrb patil \ref 01623 \lxa tla:lkaxa:nki \lxac tla:lkaxa:nki \lxo tla:lkaxa:nki \lxoc tla:lkaxa:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \se loose earth \ss tierra suelta \pna Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki. \pea The earth comes sliding down the slope, it crumbles by itself, the area has a lot of loose earth. \psa La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es unaárea de tierra es suelta. \xrb tla:l \xrb kaxa: \ref 01624 \lxa ti:tlanilia \lxac kiti:tlanilia \lxo ti:tlanilia \lxoc kiti:tlanilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to send (sth) to (for the benefit of) \ss mandar o enviar a (para el beneficio de) \pna Konti:tlanilia ikone:w. \pea He sends it to his child. \psa Se lo manda a (para) su hijo. \xrb ti:tlani \xvbao ti:tlani \ref 01625 \lxa tla:ltekwio:tia \lxac kitla:ltekwio:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \sea to cover with dust \ssa cubrir de polvo \pna O:timotla:ltekwyo:tih. \pea You got yourself covered with dust. \psa Te hiciste cubrir de polvo. \syno tlá:ltemolohyó:tia \syno tla:ltehwi:lo \xrb tla:l \xrb tekw \qry The p-a in /tlá:ltemolohyó:tia/ may be wrong (though this is now how it is in the /lxo field of the associated entry now); note that in other words with this form (i.e., other derivatives) there is no p-a. \ref 01626 \lxa tsi:ntetepontla:lia \lxac kitsi:ntetepontla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to remove the pants or dress of (e.g., a young child, leaving the rear end exposed) \ssa quitarle los pantalones o falda a (p. ej., un niño, dejando las nalgas expuestas) \xrb tsi:n \xrb tepon \xrb tla:l \qry Perhaps this entry should be removed. \ref 01627 \lxa mapilyestia \lxac mapilyestia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to get a blood blister on ones finger \ssa salirsele una ampolla con sangre en el dedo a (algn [S]) \syno mápilyesté:mi \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb yes \nse This refers to a blister that forms, and has blood inside, but does not burst open, <na>xyeski:sa</na>. \ref 01628 \lxa a:pochi:naltia \lxac ka:pochi:naltia \lxo a:pochi:naltia \lxoc ka:pochi:naltia \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni[+ca] \infv class-2a \se to soften by soaking in water, so that (the item soaked) becomes fuzzy, loose, and spongy \ss ablandar al remojar, para que (el objeto remojado) se ponga velloso y esponjoso \pna Xka:pochi:nalti un mexkahli para ixtli. \pea Soften that cactus in water to make rope (i.e., so that it can be shredded to make hemp twine). \psa Remoja ese cactus en agua para hacer cuerda (esto es, hasta que se ablande y se pueda trizar para hacer cáñamo enroscado). \xrb a: \xrb pochi: \xvbao a:pochi:ni \dis a:pochi:ni; a:yema:nia \nae Although the verbal base <nlao>pochi:ni</nlao> forms a transitive through nondirected alternation (<nlao>pochi:na</nlao>, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root <nr>a:</nr>. Here there transitive alternation is through causative morphology: <nlao>a:pochi:ni</nlao> and <nao>a:pochi:naltia</nao>. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see <nlao>ma:kana:wa</nlao>). \qry Note that although the pair /pochi:ni/ and /pochi:na/ exist as nondirected alternation, with the incorporated noun /a:/ it seems that only /a:pochi:ni/ and /a:pochi:naltia/ exist. This shoud be checked and if true, commented on in the grammar. For /a:yema:nia/, which is intransitive, determine whether a transitive exists (e.g., a:yema:nilia, which should if it exists, be added to the dictionary). \grm Noun incorporation; transitivity alternation: Although the verbal base <nlao>pochi:ni</nlao> forms a transitive through nondirected alternation (<nlao>pochi:na</nlao>, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root <nr>a:</nr>. Here the transitive alternation is through causative morphology: <nlao>a:pochi:ni</nlao> and <nao>a:pochi:naltia</nao>. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see <nlao>ma:kana:wa</nlao>). \ref 01629 \lxa tekitlami \lxac tekitlami \lxo tekitlami \lxoc tekitlami \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \infv class-3a(m) \se to finish working a team of oxen or mules during the planting season (usually the oxen are"released"during the first two weeks of August; note that <na>tekitlami</na> refers just to the finishing of this stage, not all fieldwork, which would include the <nla>iswatekilistli</nla>, harvest or <nla>pixkilistli</nla>, etc.) \ss terminar de trabajar la yunta de bueyes o mulas durante la temporada de lluvias (por lo común la yunta se suelta durante las primeras dos semanas de agosto; <na>tekitlami</na> se refiere solamente a la terminación del trabajo de la yunta, y no todo el trabajo del campo como el zacateo o <nla>iswatekilistli</nla>, la cosecha o <nla>pixkilistli</nla>, etc.) \pna Kichi:waskeh komba:tes, o:tekitlankeh. \pea They will celebrate with a ritual meal, they finished work with the team of oxen. \psa Van a hacer una celebración ritual, terminaron el trabajo de yunta. \pna O:tekitlamilo:k, xok yekah tekiti. \pea The season for working teams of oxen is over, no one is left working (the fields). \psa La temporada de trabajar la yunta se acabó, ya nadie trabaja (el campo). \sea to die \ssa morir \cfao tekipanowa \qry Check to see if /tekitlami/ can also refer to finishing other types of jobs. Check for causative and applicative. \ref 01630 \lxa pi:nyas \lxac pi:nyas \lxo pi:nyah \lxoc pi:nyah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan piña \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao pineapple \ssao piña \nse In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl borrowing <na>pi:nyas</na> is most often found in the"plural." \ref 01631 \lxa pakah \lxac pakah \lxo pakah \lxoa paah \lxoc pakah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular; see <nlao>kah</nlao> \se to be there (in a definite place known through discourse) \ss estar allá (en un lugar definido por el discurso) \pna Pakah nokni:w Cuernavaca. \pea My brother is there in Cuernavaca. \psa Mi hermano está allá en Cuernavaca. \pna Pakah. Ompón iye:wtok. \pea It is over there. It is stored right over there. \psa Allá está. Estáguardado allímismo. \cfao pa \flao kah \ref 01632 \lxa na:palowa \lxac kina:palowa \lxo na:palowa \lxoc kina:palowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \se to hug; to hold in ones arms; to gather up in ones arms \ss abrazar; cargar en los brazos; juntar y cargar en los brazos \pna Kina:palotok ikone:w. \pea She is holding her child in her arms. \psa Estácargando su niño en los brazos. \pna O:hna:palo:to notlikoh. O:nikwa:hkik nika:n ka:n nitlatlama:malti:s. \pea I went to gather up my firewood in my arms. I brought it here where I will load up my animals. \psa Fui a traer mi leña en los brazos. Lo traje aquídonde voy a cargas mis bestias. \se (refl.) to hug oneself; to wrap ones arms around the body \ss (refl.) abrazarse; colocar los brazos alrededor del cuerpo \pna O:nimona:paloh pa:mpa nisekwi. \pea I hugged myself because I'm cold. \psa Me abracéporque tengo frío. \se to have sex with; to make love to (usually in reference to a man [subject] having sex with a woman) \ss hacer el amor con; tener relaciones sexuales con (usualmente en referencia a un hombre [sujeto] teniendo relaciones sexuales con una mujer) \pna Xkaman kina:palowa suwa:tl. \pea He never has sex with a woman. \psa Nunca hace el amor con una mujer. \se to pass over or extend from one side to another; to pass around the circumference (of a hill, of the back of a beast of burden, etc.) \ss extenderse de un lado a otro; extenderse alrededor de, por la orilla (de un cerrito, del lomo de una bestia, etc.) \pna Kina:palotok lo:mah. \pea It stretches over both sides of the hill (in this case a parcel of land that goes from one side of a hill, over the top and then down the other side). \psa Se extiende por los dos lados del cerro (en este caso una parcela de terreno que va de un lado a otro de un cerro, pasando por el punto más alto). \xrb na:pal \xvaao na:palowilia \xvcao na:palo:ltia \qry Check to determine if there is an intransitive form, although I do not remember ever hearing one. \grm In general for a grammatical analysis it will be useful to determine which verbs of nondirected alternation are lacking either the transitive or intransitive form. \ref 01633 \lxa mela:wtok \lxac nomela:wtok \lxo mela:wtok \lxoc nomela:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat-refl \infv Durative \se to be lying down (after having lain down) \ss estar acostado (después de haberse acostado) \pna Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw. \pea I am lying down, I got tired. \psa Estoy acostado, ya me cansé. \xrb mela: \cfa mela:wa \nse Although the fact that the form of the reflexive morpheme varies in accord with the subject suggests that <na>nomela:wtok</na> should not be accorded a separate entry, the fact that the meaning of a transitive verb with the <na>-tok</na> ending is not a progressive but rather a stative favors a separate entry. A similar decision has been made in regard to <na>tsontokatok</na>. \qry Before a final decision is made on whether to accord <na>nomela:wtok</na> a separate entry care must be taken to distinguish <na>mela:wtok</na> from <na>nomela:wtok</na>. Under the former I have the definition of 'to be lying down,' but this might be in error. Perhaps it simply refers to something that has been laid out, and is flat on the ground, but that the reflexive stative is used for people who acquire this position (of lying down) through their own action. \ref 01634 \lxa tlankoyaktik \lxac tlankoyaktik \lxo tlankoyahtik \lxoc tlankoyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tlantekoyaktik</na> (Am) / <no>tlankoyahtik</no> (Oa) \se to be lacking some front teeth \ss tener algunos dientes faltando \apa tlankoyak \syno tlanwá:wakátik \xrb tlan \xrb koya: \nae Perhaps because of its semantic meaning, <na>tlankoyaktik</na> is almost always found with the intensifier (i.e., <na>tlantekoyaktik</na>) although consultants did accept the form without <n>te-</n> as correct; hence this entry has the <n>te-</n> as optional. If there are many teeth missing, one would say (in Oapan, with reduced reduplication) <no>tlá:nkoyáhtik</no>. \vl There are four additional tokens of this word from 4475; link two of the tokens (female and male) from the set originally at 4475. \ref 01635 \lxa chapa:ni \lxac chapa:ni \lxo chapa:ni \lxoc chapa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se (often with <n>wa:l-</n>) to continuously pour or spill out onto the ground (a liquid such as water spurting out of a tube) \ss (a menudo con <n>wa:l-</n>) derramarse o verterse a chorros sobre el suelo (un líquido como agua que sale rápidamente por un tubo) \pna Wa:lchapa:ntok a:tl ipan tla:hli. \pea The water is pouring out onto the ground. \psa El agua se está derramando sobre el suelo. \se to fall and be lying extended on the ground (sth long and loose such as a rope, a scarf, or long piece of cloth); to be hanging down to the ground \ss caerse al suelo y estar extendido sobre ello (algo largo y flojo como un lazo, o un rebozo, tira de tela o pedazo de ropa); colgarse hacia abajo hasta tirarse sobre el suelo \pna Ma:ka!... pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. \pea Don't do it!... because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground. \psa No lo hagas!... porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. \pna Chapa:ni morria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah. \pea Your lariat falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it is no longer hard and stiff like it should be, but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal. \psa Tu reata cae floja a la tierra (esto es, ya no es duro, sino flojo como soga). Ya no sirve para lazar las patas de algún animal. \xrb chapa: \xvkao chachapaka \dis toya:wi; chapa:ni \nse <nao>Chapa:ni</nao> is used, for example, if part of a blanket has slid down from a bed and is lying on on the ground. However, if the entire blanket is on the ground the word <nao>tlakaltok</nao> is used. <nao>Chapa:ni</nao> is also used to refer to objects such as ropes and hoses that are lying on the ground. When used in reference to water, this verb refers to water pouring onto the ground, e.g., from the top of a house during a storm, or from a pipe or tube. It is not used, however, to refer to water that is spilling out onto the ground over the top of a bucket or a <spn>perol</spn>. In this case the verb <nlao>toya:wi</nlao> is used. \mod Cf. illustration on original file card. Also, compare and distinguish /toya:wi/, /tlakali/ and /chapa:ni/. \ref 01636 \lxa xo:chipaltsi:n \lxac xo:chipaltsi:n \lxo xo:chipaltsi:n \lxoc xo:chipaltsi:n \lxt xo:chipaltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se type of flowering plant still not identified \ss tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada \pna Xo:chipaltsi:n | San xo:chitl kokostik. Ne:si Chalacachapa iwa:n kinelowan tixtli kwa:k tamalkwan, para ma kose:wi, kas. \pea <nao>Xo:chipaltsi:n</nao> : It is just a yellowish flower. It seems that in Chalacachapa they mix it in with ground <nla>nextamahli</nla> when they are making tamales, maybe so that it (the dough) becomes yellow. \psa <nao>Xo:chipaltsi:n</nao> : Es solamente una flor amarillita. Parece que en Chalacachapa se mezcla con la masa cuando se hace tamales, para que se pongan amarillos quizá. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb xo:chi \xrb pa: \cpl RS gives the following entry under <n>xochipalli</n> o <n>xuchipalli</n> : 'Hierba cuya hoja se parece a la de la artemisa y sirve para teñir las telas de color amarillo rojizo (Hern.); color rojo, rosa.' The root <n>pal</n> is thus probably related to that for 'dye.' \nct xiwtli \ref 01637 \lxa kanah \lxac kanah \lxo kanah \lxoc kanah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se somewhere; someplace \ss algún lado; algún lugar \pna Xtiá:s kanah tewa? \pea Are you going to go somewhere? \psa ¿Vas a ir a algún lado? \pna Ke:mah! Kanah niá:s! \pea Yes! I'm going to go somewhere! \psa Si! Voy a ir a algún lado! \pna Kwi:kas kanah. \pea He will take it somewhere. \psa Lo va a llevar a algún lado. \pna A:man niá:s kanatsi:n, xok nimose:wi:s. \pea Today I'm going to go somewhere, I'm not going to rest anymore. \psa Hoy voy a ir a algún ladito, ya no voy a descansar. \pna Xkanah tikne:xti:s! \pea You won't find it anywhere! \psa ¡No lo vas a encontrar en ningún lado! \pna Xniás kanah! -= xkanah niá:s-. \pea I'm not going anywhere. \psa No voy a ningún lado. \se approximately; about; more or less \ss aproximadamente; alrededor de; más o menos; como \pna Kanah o:me pe:soh nikmakas. \pea I'm going to give him about two pesos. \psa Le voy a dar como dos pesos. \pna Xniá:s a:man, kanah mo:stla. \pea I won't go today, maybe around tomorrow. \psa No voy a ir hoy, quizás como mañana. \pna Kanah <spn>jueves</spn> niá:s. \pea I'm going to go around Thursday. \psa Voy a ir como por el jueves. \cfo kánatsí:n \flo kánatsí:n \xrb ka:n \nse <nao>Kanah</nao> is most often found in a predication that is headed by the negative particular <nao>x=</nao>, which is usually placed at the left of the phrase. Also, although the vowel is definitely short in <na>kanah</na>, the relationship with <na>ka:n</na> is clear. \mod A general decision must be made re: roots that show long/short alternations: /toma:wi/ and /tomatl/, /xoko:ya/ and /xokotl/, etc. Also, there is the problem of how to categorize words that may function as various parts of speech. I would think that this should be revised and that there might be multiple /cat fields if words are different parts of speech. Or, perhpas better, a separate entry. Computationally, the easiest might be to have a separate entry. \qry Check whether in Oapan one can say /kánatík/. I seem to hear this form in the 1998 Oapan minpairs tape, about 16:51. \rt Note that the root /ka:n/ shows up short in /kanah/. \ref 01638 \lxa tlachipi:ntsi:n \lxac se: tlachipi:ntsi:n \lxo tlachipi:ntsi:n \lxoc se: tlachipi:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se drop (of a liquid) \ss gotita (de un líquido) \se (<nao>se:</nao> ~) sip; little bit (lit. 'drop,' of a drink, broth, or other liquid) \ss (<nao>se:</nao> ~) traguito; poquito (lit. 'gotita', de una bebida, caldo u otro líquido) \pna Ma:s san se: tlachipi:ntsi:n xne:chmaka! \pea Just give a little sip! \psa ¡Dame nada más un tragito! \xrb chipi: \nse In documented occurrences to date, <nao>Tlachipi:ntsi:n</nao> seems to always to follow the numeral <nlao>se:</nlao>. \nae The nominalization with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> suggests that the verbal stem should be transitive. However, the transitive form of this verb is <nlao>chipi:nia</nlao>. This exemplifies that for transitive verbs within the paradigm of nondirected alternation and ending in <n>-na</n> or <n>-nia</n>, the stem for nominalization is consonant final, losing either the final vowel or final two vowels, as the case may be. Here, with <nao>tlachipi:ntsi:n</nao>, the final two vowels are lost. A similar pattern is found in the adjectivalization of verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n>, in which the entire -VCV ending is lost (e.g., <nlao>pa:tsiwi</nlao> and <nlao>pa:stik</nlao>). \grm Nominalization; vowel loss; deverbalization; adjectivalization: The nominalization with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> suggests that the verbal stem should be transitive. However, the transitive form of this verb is <nlao>chipi:nia</nlao>. This exemplifies that for transitive verbs within the paradigm of nondirected alternation and ending in <n>-na</n> or <n>-nia</n>, the stem for nominalization is consonant final, losing either the final vowel or final two vowels, as the case may be. Here, with <nao>tlachipi:ntsi:n</nao>, the final two vowels are lost. A similar pattern is found in the adjectivalization of verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n>, in which the entire -VCV ending is lost (e.g., <nlao>pa:tsiwi</nlao> and <nlao>pa:stik</nlao>). \ref 01639 \lxa chi:ltixtli \lxac chi:ltixtli \lxo chi:ltixtli \lxoc chi:ltixtli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(x) \se mixture of chile with other herbs and ground dried items \ss mezcla de chile con varias hierbas y otras cosas molidas \xrb chi:l \xrb tisi \nse In one original filecard I recorded that <nao>chi:ltixtli</nao> is simply ground and dried chile, with no <spn>masa</spn>, that is mixed directly with <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao>, <nao>pimie:ntah</nao>, <nlao>kla:bos</nlao> and <nlao>komi:nos</nlao>. \sem food \qry Check recipe. \ref 01640 \lxa i \lxo i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Bound morpheme: see <nlao>oni</nlao> and <nlao>tlai</nlao> \se see <nlao>oni</nlao> and <nlao>tlai</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>oni</nlao> y <nlao>tlai</nlao> \xrb i: \xv1ao tlai \cfa oni \nse The verb <nao>i</nao>, which has an underlying long vowel, only occurs with the prefix <n>tla-</n>, referring to the drinking of an alcoholic drink. For nonalcoholic drinks, <nlao>oni</nlao> is used, a verb form that can take both specific (e.g., <nao>koni</nao>) and nonspecific (e.g., <nao>tlaoni</nao>) prefixes. \ref 01641 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:tl \lxaa kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n \lxac kwa:pa:ya:tl \lxo kwa:pa:ya:tl \lxoc kwa:pa:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se fool; idiot; imbecil; one who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained \ss idiota; tonto; imbécil; persona que está mal de la cabeza \syno kwa:pa:ya \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \nse <na>Kwa:pa:ya:tik</na> and similar words may refer to someone who is by nature mentally deficient. It is apparently derived from the stem <nr>pa:ya:</nr>, which seems to mean 'fuzzy'. It can refer to someone who is like this from birth, a moron, or is temporarily so from drink, or someone who is doing something foolish and senseless. This word is usually found in the diminutive, e.g., <nao>kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n</nao>, which, perhaps, should in fact be the main entry. However, for now the entry is under the non-diminutive form. \ref 01642 \lxa tlaye:kchi:wilia \lxac notlaye:kchi:wilia \lxo tlaye:hchi:wilia \lxoc notlaye:hchi:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to arrange a nest for itself (e.g., a chicken, or similar fowl, about to lay its eggs) \ss (refl.) arreglarse un nido (p. ej., una gallina, o ave similar, a punto de poner) \pna Nopióye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s. \pea My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself. \psa Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Está a punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido. \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \xbtla ye:kchi:wilia \qry Check orthography of /a:kopilkatinemi/, is the first /a:/ long or not. Check other possible meanings of this term. Check for transitive use. \ref 01643 \lxa ko:koh \lxac ko:koh \lxo ko:koh \lxoc ko:koh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der Adj-bb \aff Lex. rdp-l \se hot (spicy) \ss picoso \se hot (in temperature) \ss calientito \sem baby \xrb koko \nse This is a word used in talking to children. The etymology is uncertain, since it might either be derived from <na>kokó:k</na> or <na>kukwa</na>, as in <na>te:kokoh</na> 'causing pain.' For a discussion of long /u:/, see entry under <nla>lu:loh</nla>. \qry Check to make sure that this word can be used to refer to all the above. I am not entirely certain that it can be used to refer to something hot in temperature. \mod Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 01644 \lxa xiwyoh \lxac xiwyoh \lxo xihyoh \lxoc xihyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have a lot of leaves \ss tener muchas hojas \se to have (an area) many herbaceous plants \ss tener (unaárea) muchas plantas herbáceas \xrb xiw \ref 01645 \lxa kokone:tl \lxac kokone:tl \lxo kókoné:tl \lxoc kókoné:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref*) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se doll; human-like figure (of clay, dough, plastic, etc.) \ss muñeca; figura humana pequeña (de barro, masa, plástico, etc.) \nae Unlike the base form <nlao>kone:tl</nlao> 'child,' which has an irregular plural form <nao>ko:koneh</nao>, <na>kokone:tl</na> pluralizes with the regular and expected endings <n>-meh</n>. \nse Note regular plural form. \ref 01646 \lxa te:ntili:ntok \lxac te:ntili:ntok \lxo te:ntili:ntok \lxoc te:ntili:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be with a tight lid, cap, or top (e.g., a pot, container, bottle, etc.) \ss estar con la tapadera bien apretada (e.g., una olla, recipiente, etc.); con el tapón bien metido (e.g., una botella) \pna Te:ntili:ntok. Xwel tlapowi niman ite:ntsahka. \pea Its cap (or lid) is on tight, it can't be easily opened. \psa Su tapadera (o tapón) está muy apretada, no se puede abrir fácilmente. \pna Xwel te:ntlapowi, ke:n te:ntili:ntok. \pea It won't open (can't be opened), its top is really on tight. \psa No se puede abrir, su tapadera (o tapa) está muy apretada. \xrb te:n \xrb tili: \nse The antonym of <nao>te:ntili:ntok</nao> is <nlao>te:nkaxa:nki</nlao>. \dis te:ntepi:stik; te:ntili:ntok \ref 01647 \lxa te:i:xkwilih \lxac te:i:xkwilih \lxo te:i:xkwilih \lxoc te:i:xkwilih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be blinding; to be dazzling; to taken ones vision away momentarily (a bright light) \ss ser deslumbrante o deslumbrador (una fuerte luz) \pna Te:ixkwi:lih to:nahli. \pea The sun is dazzling (its light so strong as to momentarily to ones vision away). \psa El sol es deslumbrante (con luz tan fuerte que momentariamente le quita la vista a uno) \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \ref 01648 \lxa pola:n chi:chi:l \lxac pola:n chi:chi:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan plátano \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea small type of banana from Veracruz or Tabasco, not found in Guerrero \ssa tipo de plátano pequeño de Veracruz o Tabasco, pero no encontrado en Guerrero \xrb chi:l \encyctmp plátano \qry Check type. Check for the possible existence of a plant named /chi:chi:l/ to determine whether this word is used only as applied to bananas, or whether indeed a simple plant called /chi:chi:l/ also exists. If not then simply add an entry under /chi:chi:l/ and cross-reference here. \cpl Inocencio Díaz mentioned that this is the name of a small type of banana that comes from Veracruz or Tabasco but that is not known in this area. He has seen these bananas when he went to Veracruz and Tabasco, sold at the side of the road. \ref 01649 \lxa aketsi:lowa \lxac aketsi:lowa \lxo akétsi:lówa \lxop aketsi:lowa \lxoc akétsi:lówa \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to stand on tiptoe \ss pararse de puntillas \pna Xaketsi:lo para tasis! \pea Stand on your tiptoes so that you can reach it! \psa ¡Párate de puntillas para que lo puedas alcanzar! \pna Na:ketsi:lotok. \pea I'm standing on tiptoes. \psa Estoy parado en puntillas. \xrb ah \xrb kehtsi \qry Check for \nae The etymology of <na>aketsi:lowa</na> (Am) remains unclear as does the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl, where it might be <no>akétsi:lówa</no> as written above, or <no>ákétsi:lówa</no>. More analysis will need to be conducted. It seems clear, however, that etymologically this verb is related to <n>omixco tlachixque in aquique mitzontepeuhque immitz onchayauhque.</n>, the word for the place on the body just above the heel, where a sandal strap passes (however, perhaps simply 'heel' would be a more adequate translation). The pitch accent on both these words suggests an underlying {h}, which would perhaps be located (pending evidence from neighboring dialects) at the coda of the second syllable: {keh + tsi}. This would mean that etymologically the word for heel is not directly related to <n>ketsa</n> 'to stand upright.' Note that The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests that there is no underlying {h}; however, this needs to be checked as the most likely etymology would have underlying {ah-} at the be ginning of this word. Molina a has two relevant forms: <n>quequetzilotiuh. ni</n> 'andar sobre las puntas delos pies' and <n>quequetzolli</n> 'calcañar' both of which mirror the Balsas definitions of the cognate forms: 'to walk on tiptoe' and 'heel.' In modern dialects the only pertinent information is from Northern Puebla, which has <n>ixoquehtzol</n> 'talón.' This evidence confirms an underlying {h} in the place posited from the Oapan data. However, the underlying for of the initial /a/ is still unclear. It might well be {ah}. This should lead to high pitch on this syllable (i.e., <no>ákétsi:lówa</no>), which might actually be the case. The acoustic evidence is not entirely clear. \qry Check the length of initial /a/, which in one example that I had written on the filecards appears long. Perhaps one of the roots of this word is /ketsa/. \sj aketsi:lowa; check for /ah-/ beginning and /kehtsi:l/. \vl Check vowel length of Ameyaltepec and vowel length and p-a of Oapan. \ref 01650 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /wetskis yeyekatl/ but it has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01651 \lxa anya:nti \lxac anya:nti \lxo kaya:nti \lxoc kaya:nti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan gañan \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao to hire oneself out to work the junta, as a <spn>gañan</spn> \ssao contratarse como gañan \fla anyá:n \mod Note also the problem of spelling which applies to this verb form, i.e. whether there should be a /i/ or a /y/. \ref 01652 \lxa tlapalowilia \lxac kitlapalowilia \lxo tlápalowília \lxop tlapalowilia \lxoc kitlápalowília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to greet (sb) for or in representation of \ss saludar (a algn) para o en nombre de \pna Xne:xtlapalowili:ti, nikontla:tlawtia! \pea Go give him my greetings, I send him my best regards! \psa ¡Ve a saludarlo de mi parte, le mando mis saludos! \xrb tlahpal \xvba tlapalowa \xvbo tlápalówa \ref 01653 \lxa yema:nka:no:tsa \lxac kiyema:nka:no:tsa \lxo yema:nka:no:tsa \lxoc kiyema:nka:no:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to speak softly or gently to; to speak to in a soft tone of voice \ss hablar suavemente a; hablar en un tono suave a \cfao chika:hka:no:tsa \xrb yema:n \xrb no:tsa \ref 01654 \lxa kwitlati \lxac kwitlati \lxo kwitlati \lxoc kwitlati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become rotten or putrid; to decay \ss pudrirse; echarse a perder \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. \pea My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings being cultivated were stricken by a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). \psa Ya se empezó a pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzó a disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). \pna Miakpa ipan yo:kiaw, o:kwitlat noswaw. \pea It has rained on my corn leaves (stored for fodder) many times, they have become rotten. \psa Muchas veces le ha llovido sobre mi"zacate"(hojas de maíz almacenadas para alimentar a los animales), ya se pudrieron. \se to get a rash of reddened skin with runny liquid inside small pimples \ss salirle ronchas o sarpullido con un líquido que se escurre \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati nokone:tsi:n ipan ikechtlantsi:n ika toto:nka:pachiwiya. Ke:n toma:wak. \pea My little child has started to get a red runny rash on its neck because he's really fat and the skin there gets hot from folding over on itself. \psa Al cuello de mi niñito se le salieron sarpullido de ronchas rojas de que se le escurre un líquido porque es algo gordito y su piel se calienta al plegarse. \equivao kwitlatia \xrb kwitla \nse The term <nao>kwitlati</nao> is most often used to refer to the greenish sludge that forms on plants that lay on the ground for a long time in standing water. In reference to the skin rash, one consultant mentioned that another description of the same phenomena would be <na>chi:kwati, a:yo:ki:sa</na> 'he gets a rash, watery liquid seeps out.' \ref 01655 \lxa nakaskukwi \lxac nonakaskukwi \lxo naká:skwí \lxop naka:skwi \lxoc nonaká:skwí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to scratch the inside of ones ear (generally with a small stick or zacate) \ss (refl.) rasgar la parte interior de la oreja (generalmente con un palito chiquito o un zacate) \pna Xmonakaskukwi! \pea Scratch the inside of your ear! \psa ¡Rasgate la parte interior de tu oreja! \xrb nakas \xrb kwi \qry Check to see if only the reduplicated form is used and if only the reflexive. Check for applicative. \ref 01656 \lxa asta \lxaa sta \lxaa ta \lxac asta \lxo asta \lxoa ta \lxoc asta \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan hasta \der Adv-loan \se up to \ss hasta \pna A:sta ye:i yuntah o:kitla:lih. \pea He worked up to three teams of oxen (in planting his fields). \psa Trabajóhasta tres yuntas (al sembrar sus terrenos). \se until \ss hasta \pna A:sta a:man chikwe:i niás! \pea I won't go until a week from today! \psa ¡No voy a ir hasta de hoy en ocho! \syno ta \nse Although it seems that <no>a:sta</no> is used in Oapan, the more common form seems to be simply <no>ta</no>. \mod Note that in another entry (4883) the form /ta/ is used for /hasta/. This seems to be the correct form. Recheck. Perhpas change the main entry to /ta/. \vl Check vowel length. I had the Am. entry with a short /a/ and the Oapan entry with a long /a:/. Check/recheck for final /h/. \ref 01657 \lxa a:tl \lxac a:tl \lxo a:tl \lxoc a:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se water \ss agua \pna Xmaka a:chitsi:n ma:tsi:n! \pea Give him a little bit of your water! \psa ¡Dale un poco de tu agua! \se rain \ss lluvia; las aguas \pna O:ki:s a:tl, ye tiaweh! \pea The rain has ended, let's go! \psa Dejóde llover,¡ya nos vamos! \se (poss. with <n>-w</n>, often in the diminutive) fontanelle; the solf spot on the crown of a child's head (Note that <nao>i:a:w</nao> is used when the soft spot has started to close and harden a little. If still very soft and open, then the diminutive <nao>i:a:tsi:n</nao> is used.) \ss (pos. con <n>-w</n>, a menudo en diminutivo) fontanela (Nótese que se emplea <nao>i:a:w</nao> cuando la fontanela ya empezó a cerrarse y endurecerse un poco. Si todavía está muy abierta y suave, el diminutivo <nao>i:a:tsi:n</nao> se emplea.) \pna Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon. \pea If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You take water in your mouth and suck in aire with your mouth on the top of the child's head. \psa Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (esto es, aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). Tomas agua en la boca y respiras jalando aire con la boca puesta sobre su cabeza. \se (intrinsic possession) juice (of a fruit); broth (of a cooked dish such as beans) \ss (posesión intrínseca) jugo (de una fruta, de un caldo como de frijoles hirviendo) \pna Kipia ia:yo un yetl. \pea Those beans have a lot of broth (i.e., there is a lot of water for the amount of beans cooked or served). \psa Esos frijoles tienen mucho caldo (esto es, hay mucha agua para la cantidad de frijoles cocidos o servidos). \pna Xoh kipia ia:yo. \pea It doesn't have juice anymore (e.g., a fruit that is somewhat dried out). \psa Ya no tiene jugo (p. ej., una fruta que ya se secó un poco). \se (poss. with <n>-yo</n>) sap (of a tree) \ss (poss. con <n>-yo</n>) savia (de unárbol) \pna Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli. \pea The sap of that tree is hanging down (from a cut in the bark, having slightly dried). \psa La savia de eseárbol se está colgando (de una cortada en la cáscara, habiéndose secado ligeramente). \xrb a: \qry Check to see if /a:tl/ can also be used to refer to rain, i.e., o:ki:s a:tl. \ref 01658 \lxa a:xo:chikuwtli \lxac a:xo:chikuwtli \lxo ka:rrasal \lxocpend @ka:rrasal \lxt a:xo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se see <nla>a:xo:chitl</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>a:xo:chitl</nla> \sem plant \sem kuwtli \equiva a:xo:chitl \xrb a: \xrb xo:chi \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 01659 \lxa tlateka:xko \lxac tlateka:xko \lxo tlateka:xko \lxoc tlateka:xko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \se place in which a small valley (such as the space between two hills) \ss lugar con una pequeña valle (como el espacio entre dos cerritos) \se place with a small depression or sunken area (also <na>tlaka:xkotsi:n</na>) \ss lugar con una parte hundida o con una ligera depresión (también <na>tlaka:xkotsi:n</na>) \sem topography \xrb ka:x \xrl -ko \nae Unlike <nla>-te:nko</nla>, a relational noun that can be marked with a possessive pronominal prefix, there is no associated relational noun * <na>-ka:xko</na> with a similar function. Thus the relationship of <na>tlate:nko</na> to <na>-te:nko</na> is not mirrored by <na>tlaka:xko</na> to * <n>-ka:xko</n>. \grm Note that unlike a form such as <nla>-te:nko</nla>, a relational noun that can be marked with a possessive pronominal prefix, there is no form * <na>-ka:xko</na> with a similar function. Thus the forms marked N-loc-tla-k(o) are characterized only by the use of /tla-/ or, perhaps, a nominal stem (though this should be checked). There are other relational nouns such as /-te:nko/ that can take a possessor (ite:nko), a noun (kalte:nko) or /tla-/ (tlate:nko). /-i:xko/ manifests the same. \ref 01660 \lxa ekowa \lxac kekowa \lxo ékowá \lxop ekowa \lxoc kékowá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to crawl up on (e.g., an insect [S] on a person's [O] body) \ss subirse a (p. ej., insectos [S] sobre el cuerpo de un animal [O]) \pna Tlatlatsiwintsi:n, se: yo:lka:tsi:n ke:itlah tsi:katsi:ntli. San kima:maltian deke titlatsiwi mitskwa:s. Xpatla:ni, san mitsekos. \pea The <nba>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</nba> it is a little animal like a small ant. They say that if you are lazy it will bite you. It doesn't fly, it just crawls up on your body. \psa El <nba>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</nba> es un animalito como una hormiga pequeña. Dicen que si eres flojo te va a morder. No vuela, solamente te sube (al cuerpo, desde suelo). \pna Kemech mitsekotok. \pea It is just climbing up on you (e.g., a little animal or insect such as <nba>tla:lsa:watl</nba>). \psa Apenas te está subiendo (p. ej., un animalito o insecto como el <nba>tla:lsa:watl</nba>). \sem motion \xrb ehko \xv1a tlekowa \xv1o tlákowá \dis te:-tleko:ltia; te:-eko \nse In Oapan this verb can be used to refer to climbing a hill: <no>ó:kekó:k tepe:tl</no> whereas in Ameyaltepec for equivalent would be <na>o:tleko:k ipan tepe:tl</na>. \qry Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above. \ref 01661 \lxa tlateliksani \lxac tlateliksani \lxo tlatelesane \lxoa tlatelesani \lxoc tlatelesane \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se animal (or young child) that kicks a lot (particularly a mule or horse that kicks people who get too close) \ss animal (o niño) que patea mucho (particularmente una mula o caballo que patea a la gente que se acerque demasiado) \fla teliksa \xrb teliksa \nse Even though what is kicked is often a person, it is more common to find the form <nla>tlateliksani</nla> than ? <nla>te:teliksani</nla>. The reason seems clear: what is being referred to is the propensity of the animal to kick and the fact that the patient is human is of secondary consideration. \grm tla- vs. te:- Re the words /te:teliksani/ and /tlateliksani/ Even though what is kicked is often a person, it is more common to find the form <nla>tlateliksani</nla> than <nla>te:teliksani</nla>. The reason seems clear: what is being referred to is the propensity of the animal to kick and the fact that the patient is human is of secondary consideration. Compare this to the use of /tla-/ in /tla:kwa:te:kia/. Here /tla-/ seems to occur because of the semantics of the verb, which preclude any interpretation of a nonspecific object other than as referencing +human. Cf. the discussion in /te:kwa:ni/ and the difference between /te:kwa:ni/ as 'fierce' and /tlakwa:ni/, which is used to refer to an insect or similar animal that eats at things such as grains. A similar use of /tla-/ is found in /tlatelowa:ni/. \ref 01662 \lxa tlatetewitska:n \lxac tlatetewitska:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1(N2-tla) \sea place where the ground is bumpy and uneven (e.g., from small mounds, protruding rocks, etc.) \ssa lugar donde el suelo es disparejo y lleno de topes (p. ej., de pequeños montículos, piedras sobresalientes, etc.) \pna Tlatetewitska:n, xi:xmantok \pea It's bumpy all over (the ground, covered with small bumps) its surface is not smooth. \psa El suelo está todo lleno de baches y bolitas, no está plano. \sem topography \syna tlatetewistika:n \syna tla:ltetewitska:n \syno tla:lte:tewitska:n \xrb tewits \xrl -ka:n \dis tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n \qry Check to make sure that both /tlatetewistika:n/ and /tlatetewitska:n/ are correct (and possible) as well as /tla:ltetewitska:n/, which I have as equivalent. Check if /tlatewistika:n/ is the same as /tlawistika:n/ (or if the second indeed exists; and if the first, without reduplication, also exists). Check if /tlatetewistika:n/ is equivalent to /tla:ltetewitska:n/. Note that Florencia Marcelino accepted only /tla:lte:tewitska:h/. I have many, too many, entries for this term and one should be given priority. In general it would seem that there are several parameters of change. The first is /tla-/ vs. /tla:l-/ for the first element. Florencia Marcelino accepted only the latter. The second parameter of variation is whether or not /te-/ is reduplicated, and how it is reduplicated (long or short vowel). It would seem that although perhaps a nonreduplicated form is grammatically correct, it is not common given the semantics of this term. Thus although /tewistik/ is correct, it seems, a nonred uplicated form with /tla-/ would be incongruent given that an area would almost have to have several"bumps."Finally, there is the question of the ending, /-witska:n/ or /wistika:n/. Again, although I have apparently heard the latter, it is the former that seems to be more common. Nevertheless, this too should be checked. \vl Check Am form, as equivalent terms have a long vowel for the reduplicated syllable. \ref 01663 \lxa tlako:patli pitsa:wak \lxac tlako:patli pitsa:wak \lxo tlakó:patlípitsa:wak \lxoc tlakó:patlípitsa:wak \lxt tlako:pahtle pitsa:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex-lex \seao <l>Aristolochia orbicularis</l> Duchr., vine of the Aristolochiaceae family and one of the type species of <nla>tlako:patli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> (Oa) \ssao <l>Aristolochia orbicularis</l> Duchr., enrededera de la familia Aristolochiaceae y una de las dos especies de <nla>tlako:patli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> (Oa) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tlako: \xrb pah \xrb pitsa: \nct xiwtli; tlako:patli \fl tlako:patli \ref 01664 \lxa matilowa \lxac kimatilowa \lxo matilowa \lxoc kimatilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to wrap around (passing an object such as a rope around a post or similar structure) \ss rodear; colocar alrededor de (p. ej., un laso cuando lo pasan alrededor de un poste) \pna Xmatilo ne: ipan kuwtli! Ma:ka mitskwi:li:s un rria:tah! \pea Wrap it there around the tree! Don't let it (a bull or other lassoed animal) put the lasso away from you! \psa ¡Amárralo allá por elárbol!¡No dejes que te arranque la riata (un toro u otro animal)! \se to twist (as one does to sb's arm, or to a rope or other similar object) \ss torcer (p. ej., el brazo de una persona, o una soga, riata u otro objeto similar) \pna O:kimatilokeh ima. \pea They twisted his arm. \psa Torcieron su brazo. \se to entwine or twist (one thing around another); to weave (as one does to rods in making a worm fence) \ss entrelazar; entretejer (como en hacer una cerca de bajareque) \pna Axtopa ma nikmatilo nokorra:l. \pea First let me put the rods in my worm fence (placing them first in front of and then behind consecutive posts). \psa Primero, déjame entretejer las varas en mi cerca de bajareque (colocándolas primero atras y después adelante de postes consecutivos). \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw i:n i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <na>taravía</na> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \pna Xma:matilotiw un chi:hli para ma:ka chachaya:wtos.! Ma ikato kwahli! \pea Go along intertwining (the branches of) the chile bushes around each other so that they won't wind up laying scattered on the ground! They should be nice and upright! \psa ¡Ve entretejiendo (las ramitas de) esas plantas de chile para que no se queden regadas sobre el suelo!¡Qué estén bien paradas! \xrb matil \xvaao matilowilia \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. \ilustmp For the use of /matilowa/ with making a fence, cf. illustration with filecard. Also correct is /o:kimatilowilikeh i:ma/. \ref 01665 \lxa tlatlamo:tlake:tl \lxac tlatlamo:tlake:tl \lxo tla:mo:tlake:tl \lxoc tla:mo:tlake:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \se hunter (one who uses a firearm, bow and arrow, or even slingshot) \ss cazador (una que utiliza una arma de fuego, un arco o hasta una resortera o honda) \xrb mo:tla \nae As is often the case with reduplication in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the pattern is slightly different. In this case Ameyaltepec reduplicates the lexicalized <na>tlamo:tla</na> 'to hunt by shooting' to form the agentive nominal. Oapan, however, seems to reduplicate the verbal base, which is reduced on the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Thus here the underlying form would apparently be {tla + reduplicant + mo:tla + ke:tl}. Note, finally, that in neither village was an agentive ending in <n>-ki</n> accepted by any consultants. \sj tlahtlamo:tlake:tl, tlamohmo:tlake:tl, etc.? \grm Reduplication: Note Am /tlatlamo:tlake:tl/ and Oa /tla:mo:tlake:tl/. As is often the case with reduplication in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the pattern is slightly different. In this case Ameyaltepec reduplicates the lexicalized <na>tlamo:tla</na> 'to hunt by shooting' to form the agentive nominal. Oapan, however, seems to reduplicate the verbal base, which is reduced on the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Thus here the underlying form would apparently be {tla + reduplicant + mo:tla + ke:tl}. Note, finally, that in neither village was an agentive ending in <n>-ki</n> accepted by any consultants. \ref 01666 \lxa xeliwi \lxac xeliwi \lxo xeliwi \lxoc xeliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become divided up (among various individuals) \ss dividirse; repartirse (entre varias gentes) \pna Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli. \pea The communal land has already been divided up. \psa La tierra comunal ya se repartió. \pna Xexeliwis tla:hli. \pea Land will be given out (i.e., divided up). \psa Se va a repartir tierra (p. ej., entre miembros de la comunidad). \pna Yo:pe:w xexeliwi pa:n. \pea The bread has started to be given out. \psa El pan ya se empezó a repartir. \xrb xel \nse Although in many cases a transitive verb is used reflexively to indicate a passive or passive-like construction and semantics, in the case of <nao>xeliwi</nao> this does not seem to be the case. Thus, at least according to the documentation I have to date (for example, the illustrative sentence <na>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</na>) even when there is a clear agent to the action (i.e., the communal land was divided up by <spn>someone</spn>) the intransitive is used. Given this, it will be important to determine the difference, if any, between phrases such as <na>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</na> and ? <na>Yo:noxeloh tekitla:hli</na>. \qry Make sure that the verb here is /xeliwi/ and not /xe:liwi/. Check for difference between /xeliwi tekitla:hli/ and /noxelowa tekitla:hli/, etc. (with other nouns). Note that even though many material objects do not divide without an active agent, it appears that /xeliwi/ is quite commonly found referring to the dividing of things that require an agent that is not expressed in the verbal phrase. It is important to distinguish /noxelo:s tekitla:hli/ vs. /xeliwis tekitla:hli/. \grm Voice; passive; transitivity; reflexive. Note that in my comments on /koto:ni/ I suggested that /tla:hli/ could not be the subject of the intransitve (like 'brook') because land can not be divided up by itself. However, as the phrase /Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli/ 'The communal land has already been divided up' indicates, an intransitive form can be used when there must by definition be an agent. Although in many cases a transitive verb is used reflexively to indicate a passive or passive-like construction and semantics, in the case of <nao>xeliwi</nao> this does not seem to be the case. Thus, at least according to the documentation I have to date (for example, the illustrative sentence <na>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</na>) even when there is a clear agent to the action (i.e., the communal land was divided up by <spn>someone</spn>) the intransitive is used. Given this, it will be important to determine the difference, if any, between phrases such as <na>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</na> and ? <na>Yo:noxeloh t ekitl a:hli</na>. \ref 01667 \lxa nekwahlo:titok \lxac nekwahlo:titok \lxo ne:nkwáhlotók \lxop ne:nkwahlotok \lxoc ne:nkwáhlotók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be tied with a certain type of knot (apparently a hitch or clove hitch) \ss estar atado con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un cabo de vuelta) \pna Nekwahlo:titok, kwahli sa:liwtok. \pea It is tied with a hitch, it is well tied. \psa Está atado con un cabo de vuelta, está bien atado. \fla nekwahlo:tl \xrb kwa \grm Statives: Note that the stative <na>nekwahlo:titok</na> exists even though there is no intransitive and, moreover, the meaning of the transitive would not seem to accept an intransitive form. This suggests that in certain cases a transitive verb with the"progressive/stative"ending can be used without an object prefix as if it were an intransitive, thus deriving a stative in which the subject is in essence a patient (the object that undergoes the effects of the transitive action in order to arrive at the indicated state). Note that few true transitives act like this verb, <na>nekwahlo:tia</na>. In the case of /nekwahlo:titok/ the"stative"seems more like a resultative. \ref 01668 \lxa tlikwi \lxac tlikwi \lxo tlikwi \lxoc tlikwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to light up (an electric light); to turn on or get turned on (p. ej., an electric appliance) \ss encenderse (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico, etc.) \pna Xwel tlikwi. \pea It doesn't turn on (an electrical apparatus, i.e., it doesn't work). \psa No se puede encender (un aparato eléctrico). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to intermittently turn on and off (e.g., blinking lights such as those used on Christmas trees) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) encenderse y apagarse intermitentemente (p. ej., las luces que se cuelgan de unárbol de navidad) \pna Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi. \pea It blinks on and off (in this case lights on a Christmas tree). \psa Se enciende y se apaga (en este caso las luces de unárbol de navidad). \pna Tli:tlikwi abió:n. \pea The airplane (i.e., its lights) blink on and off. \psa El avión (esto es, sus luces) se encienden y se apagan. \xrb tli \xrb kwi \xvcao tlikwi:ltia \ref 01669 \lxa so:ya:kahli \lxac so:ya:kahli \lxo so:ya:kahli \lxoc so:ya:kahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao house made of palm (i.e., with a palm roof) \ssao casa de palma (esto es, con techo de palma) \pno Nokone:w i:kal, san so:ya:kahli yes. \peo The house of my child, it will only be of palm. \pso La casa de mi hijo, solamente va a ser de palma. \encyctmp kahli \xrb so:ya: \xrb kal \ref 01670 \lxa a:xoxohko \lxac a:xoxohko \lxo a:xoxohko \lxoc a:xoxohko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj-Rel-k(o) \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 \se place where the water is green or green-blue (because it is deep) \ss lugar donde el agua es verde o verde-azul (por estar algo profunda) \pna A:sta a:xoxohko. Wekatlan. \pea It is even a place where the water appears green. It is deep (i.e., not clear, shallow water). \psa Hasta es un lugar donde se ve verde el agua. Es profunda (esto es, no es clara por ser de poca profundidad). \xrb a: \xrb xowi \xrl -ko \sj a:xoxohko; should not have /h/ after first /xo/. But check. \vl Recheck vowel length of second /o/. \grm Note that locatives may be added to adjectivals. Here the locative /ko/ seems to occur on the adjective /xoxohki/. Note that this type of discussion does not seem to be found in classical; ask Launey. \ref 01671 \lxa ikxinekwiltik \lxac ikxinekwiltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crooked leg \ssa tener una pierna chueca \xrb kxi \xrb nekwil \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb <nlo>ixinekwiliwi</nlo> exists, the adjectival * <no>ixinekwiltik</no> is not used because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in <n>-tik</n> indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g., <no>yo:ixinekwiliw</no>) indicates a short-term state. \qry Plural, i.e., with both legs crooked, is /ikxinenekwiltik/ (check). \grm Adjectivals; perfectives: Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb <nlo>ixinekwiliwi</nlo> exists, the adjectival * <no>ixinekwiltik</no> is not used because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in <n>-tik</n> indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g., <no>yo:ixinekwiliw</no>) indicates a short-term state. \ref 01672 \lxa ista:k yeyekatl \lxac ista:k yeyekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \ssa uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \sem ritual \xrb ista \xrb e:ka \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. Note that white is considered the color of death, and Death dresses in white. \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \ref 01673 \lxa kwe:xtilia \lxac kikwe:xtilia \lxo kwe:xtilia \lxoc kikwe:xtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to grind up finely (in particular, food) for (a person or a specific dish to which the ground up ingredients are to be added) \ss moler finamente para (una persona o una comida preparada a la cual se le va a agregar el ingrediente molido) \pna On ne:nkah suwa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih ika pano:chah para chikola:tl. \pea That there young woman quickly did the grinding for it, she ground up panocha for the chocolate. \psa Esa mujercita luego luego moliópara ello, molióla panchoa para el chocolate. \pna Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. \pea They pound and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, they didn't grind them up finely for it. \psa Machuchan los frijoles blancos para <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, no le molieron finamente para ello. \sea to do with a fine-toothed comb; to do (e.g., selling door-to-door, investigating sth, etc.) exhaustively, with great care or attention to detail; to give ones best for \ssa buscar algo con lupa (en un lugar); hacer meticulosamente (algo, como vender, indagar acerca de algo, etc.), con gran atención a los detalles; esmerarse en \pna Yo:tihkwe:xtilikeh wa:n xtlah. Nochi yo:tikitatin. \pea We already gave it our best (in this case going door-to-door trying to sell something), and there was nothing. We went to see them all. \psa Lo hicimos con gran esmero (en este caso yendo puerta a puerta para vender algo) y no hubo nada. Los fuimos a ver a todos. \pna O:nitlakwe:xtilih wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. \pea I looked all over with a fine-toothed comb and what I was looking for wasn't there. \psa Busquépor todos lados con lupa, y lo que buscaba no se encontraba. \xrb kwe:ch \xvbao kwe:xtia \dis kwe:xtilia; kwe:chowa \nse In <na>O:nitlakwe:xtiliah wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya</na> the reference is to a careful and detailed search, i.e. looking for an animal--an oxen, cow, mule, etc.--or going around to many stores looking for a particular item not easily found. \qry Check for argument structure since in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the material that is ground up that is the primary object, whereas in /kwe:xtilia/ it is apparently the food, etc. that receives the ground-up substance. CHECK. Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtili a/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminary observation. The two forms should be compared and studied. \grm Antipassive: /Un ne:nkah sowa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih i:ka pano:chah para chikola:tl/ 'That there little woman quickly did the grinding up of panocha for the chocolate.' Note here again the use of the"antipassive"construction. \ref 01674 \lxanotes zzz \mod Was /Po:cho:itik Lo:mah/, switched to Toponym database. \dt 09/Dec/2001 \ref 01675 \lxa tlane:wi \lxac kitlane:wi \lxo tlane:wi \lxoc kitlane:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to borrow (a material object in loan) \ss pedir prestado (un objeto material) \pna San kitlane:wi, xkikowa. \pea He just borrows it, he doesn't buy it. \psa Solamente lo pide prestado, no lo compra. \se (with object prefix <n>ki-</n>) to have casual sex (a man [S]) \ss (con prefijo de objeto <n>ki-</n>) tener relaciones sexual casuales (un hombre [S]) \pna San kitlane:wi, xka:nas. \pea He just has casual sexual relations, he won't marry her. \psa Solamente tiene relaciones sexuales casuales, no se va a casar con ella. \cfo tlane:wiya \xrb tlane: \xvca tlane:wtia \xvco tlane:htia \xvaao tlane:wilia \nse In the sexual sense the object of <nao>kitlane:wi</nao> is"it"as a"taboo"object. However, note that in <na>San kitlane:wi, xka:nas</na> the two referents of <n>ki-</n> in the verbs <nao>tlane:wi</nao> and <nao>a:na</nao> are distinct. In the first the referent is the female genitalia, that which is"borrowed"; in the second it is the woman with whom casual sexual relations are maintained. \nae The etymology of <nao>tlane:wi</nao> is uncertain. Note that whereas Ameyaltepec has a documented applicative <na>tlane:wilia</na> in Oapan the form <na>tlane:wia</na> is used (at least in some ritual speech). \nde The sexual sense of this verb is found in Classical, e.g., Molina has <n>tlaneuia. ninote</n> 'putañear el varón.' \grm Valency increase: /tlane:wi/ seems to be one of the few transitive verbs that has both an applicative and causative form. \ref 01676 \lxa kwalakchipik \lxac kwalakchipik \lxo kwalahchipik \lxoc kwalahchipik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se drooler; person who is constantly drooling \ss persona que siempre babea \pna Kwalakchipik, sahkó:n itekiw. \pea He's a drooler, that's just his nature. \psa Siempre babea, así es de por sí. \pna Dia:bloh miktlan kwalakchipik! \pea You God-damn drooler! \psa ¡Pinche baboso! \xrb kwala: \xrb chipi: \qry /Dia:bloh miktlah kwalakchipik/ Check and make sure that this is said directly to the person, or whether it is said about a third party. \ref 01677 \lxa tlanpopo:yo \lxac tlanpopo:yo \lxo tlante:poyo \lxoc tlante:poyo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infn pl. <na>tlampopo:yo:meh</na> \se person with yellowed or blackened teeth \ss persona con los dientes amarillientos o negros \sem disease \cfo tlante:poyotik \xrb tlan \xrb poyo: \nse Ameyaltepequeños have often commented that this condition is particularly prevalent among the men of Ahuehuepan and Totolcintla. \nae The Oapan form <no>tlante:poyo</no> is marked by the use of the intensifier <n>te-</n>, which functions also as a light-syllable affix that is lengthened as a reflex of stem reduplication. \qry Check for final /h/ or lack of. Also recheck vowel length; I have /popo:yo:tl/ with the note that the vowel length is definite as recorded. I also have /tlampopoyo specifically marked with a short penultimate /o/ in one case (though long in another). However, for /tlampopoyo:ti/ I have the short penultimate /o/ marked definitely short. Hence I have kept it short here, for /tlampopoyo/, though this should be checked. Cf. FK who has /popoyo:tl/. Originally here I had the definition of"black and rotting teeth."This seems to be in error. \pqry Check vowel lenght for both dialects and compare to other words with this morpheme/root. I seem to have heard C. Flores with a long middle /o:/ during the taping of the lexicon headwords. \ref 01678 \lxa tetsi:ltik \lxac tetsi:ltik \lxo tetsi:ltik \lxoc tetsi:ltik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be tightly wound or twisted (e.g., the threads of a rope) \ss estar muy torcido y apretado (p. ej., los hilos de una soga o laso) \se to be tightly woven (a cloth) \ss tener el tejido apretado y muy cerrado (una tela) \cfao po \xrb tetsi:l \dis tetsi:l--; ko:tsi:l-- \dis teskaltik; tetsi:ltik (in regard to cloth); tetsi:liwtok; tsa:tsa:stik \nse <nao>Tetsi:ltik</nao> refers to things that can be tightly wound, such as rope, but not to things such as braids of hair. In regards to a rope, its opposite is <nla>poxa:wak</nla>. \ref 01679 \lxa te:mi \lxac te:mi \lxo te:mi \lxoc te:mi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-mi[ca] \infv class-3a(m) \se to become full (a container, usually with liquid or other"flowing"substances, but also with other objects) \ss llenarse (un recipiente, generalmente con un líquido, u otra sustancia fluyente, pero también con otros objetos) \pna O:wa:lte:ntiki:s fle:chah. \pea The bus got full on its way here. \psa Se llenó el camión (de gente) de paso hacia acá. \se to become full (the moon) \ss llenarse (la luna) \pna Yo:nosentechi:w me:stli, yo:te:n. \pea The moon has become complete, it became full. \psa La luna ya se hizo completa, ya se puso llena. \xrb te:m \xvcao te:mi:tia \xvcao te:mi:ltia \ref 01680 \lxa toto:nka:maka \lxac kitoto:nka:maka \lxo toto:nka:maka \lxoc kitoto:nka:maka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V3 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \se to radiate heat on (in general with adverse effects on the grammatical object) \ss irradia o echar calor a o sobre (generalmente con efectos adversos sobre el objeto gramatical) \pna Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kuwtli, a:man nikwa:lma:xin:is. \pea That tree (at the edge of a my planted field) radiates heat onto my milpa, now I'm going to come cut its branches down. \psa Eseárbol (por la orilla de mi milpa) le irradia calor a mi milpa, ahora le voy a cortar las ramas. \pna Tine:xtoto:nka:maka. \pea You make me feel hot (i.e., from your body heat, e.g., in sleeping next to me when it is hot out, or in coming near me while sweating). \psa Me echas calor (de tu cuerpo, p. ej., al dormir junto a mi cuando hace calor, o en acercarte a mícuando estás sudando). \xrb to:n \xrb maka \nse The phrase <na>Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kuhtli</na> reflects a belief that the shadows cast by tree branches on a planted field do it harm, that the tree branches are in fact"hot"and thus need to be removed. \grm Valency; incorporation: Note that the word /toto:nka:maka/ is a transitive (divalent) verb that takes as its object an affected part: the person or thing that has heat irradiated onto it. Thus the incorporated participle /toto:nki/ takes one of the argument slots and thus lowers the valency of the basic trivalent /maka/ to a simple divalent transitive. This is interesting in that it shows the rather tenuous distinction in participles between adjectivals and nouns. One would perhaps expect that the incorporation of a participle would be as a"modifying"and not"saturating"element. But this is not the case here as /maka/ is a ditransitive verb while /toto:nka:maka/ is simply transitive. \ref 01681 \lxa tsontli \lxac tsontli \lxo tsontli \lxoc tsontli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se hair (on the head, chest, arm pit, pubic area, etc. of sb) \ss cabello (de la cabeza); pelo (del pecho, sobaco,área púbica, etc.) \se mane; tail (e.g., of animals such as horses, mules, donkeys, lions, etc.) \ss crines; melena; cola (p. ej., de animales como el caballo, mula, burro, leones, etc.) \cfao kwilin \xrb tson \dis tomio; tsontli \nse <nao>Tsontli</nao> is used to refer to hair that grows at a specific location of the body. It does not signify the small hairs on the human body or the hairs that cover the bodies of mammals. Thus human arm hair is referred to by <nla>tomio</nla> not <nao>tsontli</nao>. Likewise, except for that hair found in manes and tails (and, perhaps, a few other parts), the hair on mammals' bodies is referred to as <na>tomio</na>. \ref 01682 \lxa posa:walistli \lxac posa:walistli \lxo posa:walistli \lxoc posa:walistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(:) \se inflamation; swelling (usually of the neck, belly, chest, of animals) \ss inflamación; hinchazón (generalmente del cuello, barriga, pecho de animales) \pna Posa:walistli, ikechtlan posa:wi. \pea It is an inflamation, it is it neck that is swollen. \psa Es una inflamación, es su cuello que se hincha. \sem disease \xrb posa: \nse According to Cristino Flores <na>posa:walistli</na>, at least in Ameyaltepec, refers to swelling that occurs, and is sometimes fatal to, animals. \grm Focus; topicalization: /Posa:walistli, ikechtlan posa:wi/ 'It is an inflamation, it is his neck that is swollen.' Note the SV word order for an intransitive, which in this case seems to indicate focus. \ref 01683 \lxa tlatskwepo:ni \lxac tlatskwepo:ni \lxo tlatskopo:ni \lxoc tlatskopo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \infv class-3a \se to make a hard cracking or snapping sound (e.g., a switch, rope, etc. as it is snapped against a hard surface) \ss emitir un fuerte chasquido (p. ej., una soga o vara al ser azotado contra una superficie dura) \pna Ma tlatskwepo:ni! \pea Let it make a hard cracking sound! \psa ¡Quéhaga un fuerte chasquido! \se (with <na>-teko</na> or <na>-tasi</na>) to fall hard and hit the ground with a resounding thud \ss (con <na>-teko</na> o <na>-tasi</na>) caer fuertemente al suelo con un fuerte ruido sordo \pna O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh, o:ne:cha:ltlakal. \pea I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it threw me down. \psa Caícon estrépito a la tierra, caíde mi macho, me aventó al suelo. \xrb tlats-2- \xrb kwepo: \xvca tlatskwepo:naltia \xvco tlatskopo:naltia \qry Check as to whether /tlatskwepo:nia/ exists, or whether there is only the documented form /tlatskwepo:naltia/. \grm Directionals; aspectuals; /i:pan/: Note the following phrase and how each verbal predicate has an intraverse directional, and each one indicates a fall from an altitude to the ground. Note also how the meaning of /ipan/ changes slightly given that the verbal predicate indicates a fall, not an upward movement (cf. the phrase /tsikwini ipan tepantli/, which is an example sentence somewhere). Thus in the phrase /O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko i:pan noma:choh, o:ne:chwa:ltlakal/ ''I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it through me down' note the use of /-teko/ with the first verb, and /-ko/ and /-wa:l/ in the second and third verbs. This is a good illustration of how /-ko/ indicates subject movement and /wa:l-/ indicates object movement. The phrase should be used as illustrative in the grammar. \ref 01684 \lxa a:ixwi \lxac a:ixwi \lxo a:ixwi \lxoc a:ixwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to become full or satisfied from drinking water or other liquids; to have ones fill of water or other liquids (a human or animate being) \ss llenarse o satisfacerse de beber agua u otro líquido (una persona o animal) \pna Yo:na:ixwik. \pea I've had my fill of water. \psa Ya estoy satisfecho de lo que he bebido. \pna Xwe:i koni, saniman a:ixwi. \pea He doesn't drink a lot, he gets his fill of water right away. \psa No toma mucha agua, luego luego se satisface. \se to get a full tank (a car) \ss llenarse el tanque (un coche) \xrb a: \xrb xwi \xvcao a:ixwi:tia \nse <nao>A:ixwi</nao> refers to either a human or animal that gets its fill of water, is satisfied, and does not desire any more. \nae The transitive takes the causative marker <n>-tia</n> rather than manifesting <n>-wi/-wia</n> non-directed alternation. This suggests that <nao>a:ixwi</nao> should be considered an unergative, not an unaccusative, verb, a fact quite consistent with the fact that the subject of <na>a:ixwi</na> is always an animate. This demonstrates that it is not the phonological structure of the verb (here superficially a <n>-wi</n> verb) that is the dominant factor in transitivity alternations, but the argument structure of the verb. Given the nature of the intransitive/transitive alternation, <n>a:ixwi</n> is classified as a basic verb with a causative morphologically marked form, <nao>a:ixwi:tia</nao>. \ref 01685 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record, asta:man, has been deleted. It included Oapan /ta:mah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01686 \lxa tekipan \lxac tekipan \lxo tekipah \lxoa tekipan \lxoc tekipah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \se place where fellow members of a village eat during a fiesta; communal kitchen and dining area (this is usually under the sponsorship of the town <nla>komisa:rioh</nla> or <nla>fiská:l</nla>, i.e., <na>i:na:k komisa:rioh</na> or <na>i:na:k fiská:l</na>) \ss lugar donde los miembros de un pueblo comen durante una fiesta; cocina y lugar de comer comunal (generalmente puesto y costeado por el <nla>komisa:rioh</nla> or <nla>fi:skal</nla>, esto es, <na>i:na:k komisa:rioh</na> o <na>i:na:k fi:skal</na>) \xrb teki \xrl -pan \nse In Ameyaltepec the term <na>tekipan</na> is mostly used to refer to the communal kitchen and eating area that the village <na>fi:skal</na> sets up in Oapan during the Passion of Christ in Holy Week. Apparently a <spn>mayordomo</spn> may also set up a <na>tekipan</na> for the fiesta he sponsors. \ref 01687 \lxa chino:tilia \lxac kichino:tilia \lxo chínotília \lxop chinotilia \lxoc kichínotília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes \se (refl.) to get or have ones hair curled \ss (refl.) enchinarse el pelo \nae Like <nlao>xi:ma</nlao> when referring to a haircut, <na>chino:tilia</na> is most often documented in the reflexive although it is also found as a fully transitive verb. \vl Check vowel length in /chino:tilia/ (Am and Oa) and change as needed in all fields. \ref 01688 \lxa tliko:lo:tl \lxac tliko:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of scorpion still not identified \ssa tipo de alacrán todavía no identificada \pna Tliko:lo:tl | ke:n ko:lo:tsi:ntli, xma:s we:i, pe:nas tli:ltiktsi:n, poyaktsi:n. \pea <na>Tliko:lo:tl</na> : It is like a small scorpion, it's not too big, it's just a little blackish, darkish. \psa <na>Tliko:lo:tl</na> : Ees como un alacrancito, no es muy grande, es algo negrito, algo oscuro. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tli \xrb ko:lo: \encyctmp hypo ko:lo:tl \qry Florencia Marcelino first identified this as a /tla:lko:lo:tl/, but it might be distinct since there is a separately listed /tla:lko:lo:tl/ in Am. Nahuatl. \ref 01689 \lxa tlamo:tla \lxac tlamo:tla \lxo tlamo:tla \lxoc tlamo:tla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to throw (sth, indicated obliquely with <n>ika</n> ~) \ss aventar (algo, indicado como oblicua con <n>ika</n> ~) \se to hunt \ss cazar \pna Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k -=i:ka- wi:lo:meh. \pea I'm going to go hunting <spn>huilotas</spn>. \psa Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. \xrb mo:tla \xbtlao mo:tla \nse When the object of the hunter is an animal that is caught in quantity the reduplicated form is used, as exemplified in the phrase <na>Nontlatlamo:tlas i:na:k wi:lo:meh</na>. \qry Check whether /i:ka/ is really correct in the phrase /Nontlatlamo:tlas i:ka wi:lo:meh/. \ref 01690 \lxa Mankwe:rnas \lxac Mankwe:rnas \lxo Mankwe:rnos \lxoc Mankwe:rnos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan mancuernas \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se constellation of stars still not identified \ss constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada \sem heavens \encyctmp si:tlalin \nse <na>Mankwerni:tas</na> perhaps refers to the constellation Gemini. \ref 01691 \lxa pipilichiwi \lxac pipilichiwi \lxo pípilichíwi \lxop pipilichiwi \lxoc pípilichíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:pilichíwi</no> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to become wrinkled (e.g., the skin of an old person) \ss arrugarse (p. ej., la piel de una persona vieja) \pna Yo:pe:w pipilichiwi, xok te:ntok itla:kayo. \pea His skin has started to wrinkle, his body isn't filled out anymore (i.e., he doesn't have good skin tone anymore). \psa Ya se le empezó a arrugar la piel, ya no está lleno su cuerpo (con la piel lisa). \se to shrivel up (a fruit, such as a cantaloupe, that has started to rot) \ss resecarse (una fruta como el melón al empezarse a pudrir) \xrb pilich \encyctmp xiwtli: what can happen to: /ixwa/, /pili:ni/, /pipilichiwi/, etc. \nae No unreduplicated form of <na>pipilichiwi</na> has been documented and such a form might not exist. Nevertheless, as Oapan forms with an incorporated noun demonstrate (e.g., <nlo>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</nlo> the reduplication is not fully lexicalized and may be reduced if there is a preceding light syllable. \grm Reduplication; reduction: No unreduplicated form of <na>pipilichiwi</na> has been documented and such a form might not exist. Nevertheless, as Oapan forms with an incorporated noun demonstrate (e.g., <nlo>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</nlo> the reduplication is not fully lexicalized and may be reduced if there is a preceding light syllable. This suggests that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between lexicalization in the sense of absence of unreduplicated forms, and resistance to reduction. \qry I have not heard this in a nonreduplicated form; this should be checked, as should the nonreduplicated versions of /pipilixtik/, etc. Also, check for the transitive form. \qry Note that this should be compared to /pili:ni/ which means 'to wither'; in one onomasiological section discuss what can happen to plants: ixwa, pili:ni, etc. \ref 01692 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:té:mí:ntik \lxoc kwa:té:mí:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \seo to be leafless (a tree or bush) \sso estar sin hojas (unárbol o arbusto) \syna kwa:tsotsomi:n \xrb kwa: \xrb mi:na \nse The etymology of the final elements of <no>kwa:té:mí:ntik</no> is uncertain. Note that the Ameyaltepec cognate contains the elements of <na>tsomi:n</na>, which is also found in several Oapan words (e.g., <nlo>tsótsomí:ntia</nlo>). However, Oapan words with <no>tsomi:n</no> apparently refer to hairlessness, whereas words with <no>té:mí:n</no> refer to leaflessness. Whether this holds true across all lexemes needs to be determined. \sj Check for cognate SJ form. \ref 01693 \lxa kwa:teh \lxac kwa:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cuate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>kwa:tes</na> \sea one of a pair of twins (plural refers to both twins) \ssa uno de un par de gemelos (el plural refiere a los dos) \pna O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih un kwa:teh. \pea His neck swelled up, that twin (one of a pair) caused his neck to swell up (reflective of the powers that twins are said to have). \psa Se le hinchó el cuello, un gemelo le hizo hinchar el cuello (que refleja los poderes que los gemelos se creen tener). \sea pair of fruit (such as bananas) joined together in one peel or shell \ssa par de frutas (p. ej., plátanos) juntas en una sola cáscara \syno kowa:tsi:ntih \xrb kowa \nse Apparently Nahuatl <na>kwa:teh</na> is a back formation from Spanish <spn>cuates</spn> itself probably derivated from Nahuatl <nla>kowatl</nla> 'snake'. It also refers also to double fruits, such as two bananas in one peel. Custom is that a woman should not eat such fruit if she wants to have children for if she does she might become sterile or might have twins. \qry Check what happens to a woman who eats a doubled fruit. (I do not remember at this point, but either she will become sterile or she will have twins). \ref 01694 \lxa toma:hka:ki:sa \lxac toma:hka:ki:sa \lxo toma:hka:ki:sa \lxoc toma:hka:ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea to rise thickly (smoke; see <nlo>mimilka:ki:sa</nlo>) \ssa salir en una gruesa columna (humo; vé ase <nlo>mimilka:ki:sa</nlo>) \pna Toma:hka:ki:stoya po:ktli. \pea The smoke was rising up thickly. \psa El humo estaba saliendo en una gruesa columna. \seo to emerge in a thick stream (water) \sso salir en un chorro grueso (agua) \xrb toma: \xrb ki:sa \xvca toma:hka:ki:xtia \nse The only documentation of this verbal compound for Ameyaltepec is with 'smoke' as subject. In Oapan it is also documented in reference to a stream of water whereas <no>mimilka:ki:sa</no> is used with smoke as a subject. \qry Check for other uses; check for /pitsa:hka:ki:sa/. \ref 01695 \lxa isiwilia \lxac kisiwilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to be in a hurry to finish up (an action, the performance of a task) \ssa tener prisa para terminar o completar (una acción, el desarrollo de un trabajo o quehacer) \pna Tli:no:n tikisiwilitiá:s? Wa:n san tikoxtasi! \pea What will you be going around hurrying up? And when you get there you just go right to sleep! \psa ¿Quévas a irle apurando?¡Y al llegar nada más te vas a dormir! \cfa tlasiwi:tia \cfo tlásiwí:tia \xrb hsi \xvba isiwi \qry The meaning of this term is not entirely clear and should be checked. In Oapan it was not accepted; rather, FM gave /tlásiwí:tia/. Check other meanings and determine the exact status of the object prefix in the example just given above. \ref 01696 \lxa komo:nwetsi \lxac komo:nwetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to fall hard, hitting the ground with a thud \ssa caer fuertemente al suelo produciendo un fuerte ruido sordo al impacto \sem contact \xrb komo: \xrb wets \cfa komo:ni \nae The morphology of <na>komo:nwetsi</na> is interesting. Most verb-verb compounds involve an incorporated participial, which performs a modifying function. Here the incorporated element is a short (perfective) stem of the verb. In this sense it is similar to the use of <n>koch</n> in similar contexts (e.g., <nla>koxtlakali</nla>). \grm Perhaps note all the irregular cases where it seems that a preterite verb form precedes another (e.g. /kochtlakali/, etc., /komo:nwetsi/ meaning 'to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud'. \ref 01697 \lxa we:cho \lxaa we:cho \lxac we:cho \lxo we:cho \lxoc we:cho \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan viejo(a) \psm N/Adj \der N/Adj-loan \sea (poss. [noun]) spouse (of either sex); lover (of either sex) \ssa (pos. [sustantivo]) esposo o esposa; amante \seo to be old (a man or woman) \sso ser viejo(a) \nse In Oapan <no>we:cho</no> and <no>we:cha</no> are not possessed. It is used adjectivally to indicate advanced age, e.g., <no>i we:cho</no> 'he's already well advanced in age.' In Ameyaltepec the form is often (though apparently not always) possessed, e.g., <na>yewa nowe:choh</na> 'he is my old man.' \mod If proved to be two parts of speech, as will probably be the case, split into two entries. \ref 01698 \lxa temotso:lkuwtia \lxac temotso:lkuwtia \lxo temotso:lkohtia \lxoc temotso:lkohtia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to become stiff from squatting or bending over \sso quedarse tieso o cansado por estar en cuclillas o agachado \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \xrb kow \qry Note that my original entry for Am for this word was /motso:lkuhtia/. Check to determine whether this is correct or whether the /te-/ is obligatory. I have changed this entry from my original /motso:lkuhtia/ to /temotso:lkuhtia/ based on the Oa evidence and my understanding of Nahuatl morphology and semantics. CHECK \vl Check vowel length as after the recording session I had /temo:tsolkuhtia/, which based on all other evidence of /motso:l/, should have the length on /tso:l/. Check. \ref 01699 \lxa tlatekia:n \lxac i:tlatekia:n \lxo tlatekiya:n \lxoa tlatekiya:h \lxoc i:tlatekiya:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \se the sharp cutting edge of \ss el filo cortante de \pna Teme:melaktik, xtlateki, xkipia itlakekia:n \pea It is thick (in this case the edge of an unsharpened machete), it doesn't cut, it doesn't have its sharp cutting edge. \psa Es grueso (en este caso el filo de un machete no afilado), no corta, no tiene su filo cortante. \pna Sana:man kimaka itlatekia:n \pea It sharpens it right away. \psa Luego luego le saca filo. \xrb teki \nae The stress pattern on the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms is distinct: Ameyaltepec [i: tla 'te kia:n] and Oapan [i: tla te 'ki ya:n]. \qry My original Am entry had /tlatekia:n/ but the example sentences had /i:tlatekia/. Whether or not there is a final /n/ should be checked. If there is no final /n/ then the morphology of the Oa and Am forms is distinct and each should have a separate entry. The Oa would be an obligatorily possessed /-ya:n/ 'its place of cutting' whereas the Am would be derived from a /-ya/"instrumental"form. Check also the spelling/vowel length of /sana:man/. \ref 01700 \lxa tlaka:wtli \lxac umpa tlaka:wtli \lxo tlaka:htli \lxoc pa tlaka:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \seao (<na>ompa</na> or <na>pa</na> ~ (Am); <no>pa</no> ~ (Oa)) for a specific purpose (in regard to a material object); specifically indicated or designed for (a particular task) \ssao (<na>ompa</na> ~ or (Am) <na>pa-</na> (Am); <no>pa</no> ~ (Oa)) para un propósito en particular (en cuanto a un objeto material); diseñado para o indicado para (una tarea en particular) \pna On la:pis, umpa tlaka:wtli. \pea That pencil is there for that specific reason. \psa Ese lápiz está allá para un propósito en particular. \pno Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós. \peo The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so. \pso El cachorrito se estáenfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no estáhecho para estar abrazado. \xrb ka:wa \nse Oapan only uses <no>pa</no> before <no>tlaka:htli</no> whereas Ameyaltepec has <na>ompa</na>. This phrase is generally used to indicate that a given material object is to be used or specifically designed for a particular purpose. That is, if one breaks a switch while hitting a donkey it might be said: <no>pa tlaka:htli</no> 'that is what it's for' (with the 'it' understood from context, in this case 'being broken against a donkey'). With human subjects, the same phrase might refer to a task for which the person is particularly well suited. More generally it might refer to a particular character trait. \qry The translation of /ompa tlaka:wtli/ is problematical. My original filecard has"That woman is that way (asíes), that's her character, it is with her desire (heart, that she does something, i.e., have a lot of novios."There are two problems with this phrase. First, is the definition of /tlaka:wtli/ and, in addition, of the phrase /ompa tlaka:wtli/. The meaning/use of /ompa/ in this context is not altogether clear (i.e., is it a spatial deictic?). The second problem is the adjunct clause /ika itlanekilis/: does this refer to a particular thing that the woman does. Should there be a comma after /itekiw/ or should it be /yewa itekiw ika itlanekilis/ 'that is her character of her free will.' Get native speakers' interpretation of this phrase and its meaning. If they can repeat it, check for a pause before /ika/. Also, a similar problem with /un lá:pis, umpa tlaka:wtli/. The question is whether /umpa tlaka:wtli/ is a set phrase or not. Or is the /umpa/ a deictic/adverb of place? \ref 01701 \lxa ma:kwe:xtilia \lxac kima:kwe:xtilia \lxo ma:kwe:xtilia \lxoc kima:kwe:xtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to grind up finely in ones hands (e.g., brittle things such as oregano, dried chile, etc.) \ss moler finamente en las manos (p. ej., cosas quebradizas como orégano, chile seco, etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb kwe:ch \qry Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtilia/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminary observation. The two forms should be compared and studied. \ref 01702 \lxa me:ch- \lxac me:chpano:ltia \lxo me:ch- \lxoc me:chpano:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Pr-pre-obj \se you (pl. object) \ss a uds. (objeto) \nae Basic morpheme for the 2nd-person plural object prefix. In Ameyaltepec <na>ame:ch</na> is found after overtly marked subject prefixes whereas <na>me:ch</na> is found word initially. In Oapan <no>me:ch-</no> is found in all positions. Thus cf. Ameyaltepec <na>name:chpale:wi:s</na> versus Oapan <no>nime:chpale:wi:s</no>. The alternation of /ch/ and /x/ occurs in the usually contexts for each dialect. \nde In Oapan after over subject pronouns the form <no>-mech</no> is also used: <no>nimechmakas</no>. \ref 01703 \lxa i:xpolowa \lxac ki:xpolowa \lxo i:xpolowa \lxoc ki:xpolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to mess up; to disfigure (e.g., a person after a beating); to get or make dirty (ruining the apperance of sth, e.g., an amate by spilling paint on it) \ss desfigurar; maltratar; lastimar (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza); ensuciar (echando a perder la apariencia de algo como un amate al tirarle pintura) \pna O:ni:xpoloh. O:wets, o:teteponaga:la:w. \pea He got himself messed up. He fell, he scraped his knees. \psa Quedólastimado. se cayó, se raspólas rodillas. \pna O:timi:xpoloh. \pea You got messed up (i.e., by dirtying your clean clothes; or becoming badly hurt, bruised, or beaten). \psa Te quedaste hecho un desmadre (p. ej., al ensuciar tu ropa nueva; o te lastimaste y golpeaste). \se to waste or let go to waste (material and particularly consumible objects such as food or resources such as money) \ss desperdiciar (cosas materiales, particularmente las que se consumen como comida) malgastar (recursos como dinero) \pna Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s. \pea Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste. \psa ¡No me sirves mucho! No lo voy a acabar, nada más la voy a desperdiciar. \pna O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Ba, xkwahli! \pea He wasted his money. He bought something he liked the looks of. But hey, it wasn't any good! \psa Malgastósu dinero. Compró algo que le parecióbien (por como se veía).¡Pero pues, no estaba bien! \se to ruin (sb financially) \ss empobrecer a; arruinar a (a algn, económicamente) \pna Asta ihkón o:tiktlane:wtih! Mitsi:xpolo:s, xtlatlaxtla:wa:ni. \pea You lent him that much! He will ruin you, he isn't one to pay up. \psa ¡Le prestaste hasta esa cantidad! te va a dejar en la pobreza, no es de los que pagan. \se deflower; to take away the virginity of (a young woman, particularly in reference to causing bleeding upon breaking the hymen) \ss desflorar; hacer perder la virginidad a (una joven, particularmente en referencia a hacer que sangre al romperle el himen) \pna O:tiki:xpoloh, pitentsi:n katka. \pea You deflowered her, she was young. \psa Le quitaste la virginidad, era joven. \pna O:tiki:xpoloh un ne:nkah. Xka:wa, ichpokawah katka! \pea You deflowered that one there. You wouldn't have thought it, she was a virgen! \psa Le quitaste la virginidad a aquella.¡No era de pensar, era una doncella! \xrb i:x \xrb pol \xvaao i:xpolowilia \qry Check spelling of /asta/ and correct here and elsewhere. In general check very carefully the meaning of /xka:wa/ and check translations in all occurrences. \grm Notice the negative imperative /Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s/ 'Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste' Use of ma:ka + x[verb]. This is the standard pattern. \ref 01704 \lxa ikxipatiltik \lxac ikxipatiltik \lxo ixipatiltik \lxoc ixipatiltik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be crooked-legged \ss tener una pierna chueca \se (with short vowel reduplication; <na>ikxipapatiltik</na>) pigeon-footed; with both legs crooked \ss (tener reduplicación de vocal corta; <na>ikxipapatiltik</na>) tener las puntas de pies hacia adentro \apa ikxipatil \apo ixipatil \xrb kxi \xrb patil \nse <na>Ikxipatiltik</na> refers to someone with a crooked leg that is, typically, stiff when the person walks, swinging out as he walks. The acopated form <nlao>ikxipatil</nlao>. \ref 01705 \lxa iye:wa \lxac kiye:wa \lxo é:wá \lxop é:wa \lxoc ké:wá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to store or put away in the proper place \ss guardar o poner en el lugar indicado \pna O:kiye:w iswaw. \pea He stored his fodder of corn leaves. \psa Guardósus hojas del maíz. \pna O:kiye:w itlayo:l, xok sapan tla:hli onkah. \pea He stored his maize (in it proper place), it's no longer just laying the ground. \psa Guardósu maíz (en el lugar apropriado), ya no está nomás tirado en el suelo. \pna O:titla:tlaiye:w. \pea You stored everything in its proper place, one thing after another. \psa Guardaste todo en su lugar apropiado, una cosa tras otra. \xrb ye:wa \xvaa iye:wilia \xvao é:wiliá \nse Underlyingly this is probably the reduplicated {yehye:wa} with phonological changes generalized in Ameyaltepec. Thus San Juan Tetelcingo has <na>yehye:wa</na> and Oapan has <na>é:wá</na>. \nae In Oapan the phrasal accent in this word may shift to the antepenultimate syllable. Thus one has rightward shift in <no>ké:wá</no> but a leftward shift in <no>ó:ké:w</no> and a leftward shift to the antepenultimate in <no>ó:niké:w</no>. It appears that as a general rule one can thus state that if phrasal accent falls to the left of the morphological accent (from reduplication) then clash results in a leftward shift of the accent, in this case to the antepenultimate. There appear to be few other, in any, words that follow this pattern. \vl There is an additional female token from 04872; this should be tagged as 1705. It should also be the female token that is linked since it has better sound quality. \grm Note /O:titla:tlaiye:w/, meaning 'You put everything in its proper place.' The length of the vowel should be checked. But this would seem to indicate that the /tla-/ with a transitive verb creates a new lexical entry, an intransitive, that can be reduplicated. /tlaiye:wa/ would mean 'to put (things, non-countable) away.' Here the long vowel reduplication would seem to indicate repeating the action of"guardando"in an orderly fashion, here and there, at spaced intervals. However, an effort should be made to determine whether /tlatlaiye:wa/ also exists and, if so, its meaning. \grm Clash avoidance: In Oapan the phrasal accent in this word may shift to the antepenultimate syllable. Thus one has rightward shift in <no>ké:wá</no> but a leftward shift in <no>ó:ké:w</no> and a leftward shift to the antepenultimate in <no>ó:niké:w</no>. It appears that as a general rule one can thus state that if phrasal accent falls to the left of the morphological accent (from reduplication) then clash results in a leftward shift of the accent, in this case to the antepenultimate. There appear to be few other, in any, words that follow this pattern. \ref 01706 \lxa ki:sa \lxac ki:sa \lxo ki:sa \lxoc ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to emerge; to come into view; to come into; to come up or rise (the sun) \ss salir (p. ej. el sol); salir a (un lugar); llegar a ser visible \pna Xeki:sa to:nahli. Ma tikchiaka:n. \pea The sun still hasn't come up. Let's wait for it. \psa Todavía no sale el sol.¡Vamos a esperarlo! \pna Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. \pea I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. \psa Salía donde el agua está poca profunda, ya no es profunda. \se to finish up (a task, a service, etc.) \ss acabar (una tarea, un servicio, etc.) \se to go away (an ill effect or sth harmful) \ss partir; salir (algo mal o dañino) \pna Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis. \pea Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch so that it makes a crackling sound against his skin) so that his laziness leaves him. \psa Azota fuerte a tu hijo (con un lazo o una varita, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que salga su flojera. \se to show good results; to turn out ok; to yield a profit (an inversion); to provide a good harvest (a planted field) \ss salir bien; tener un buen resultado; redituar (una inversión); rendir (un sembradío) \pna Xekitilia. Xki:sa. \pea He hasn't figured it out (e.g., how to do sth properly, to make sth, to paint amates, to put sth together such as a puzzle, etc.). It doesn't turn out right. \psa No le ve la manera (p. ej., de hacer algo bien, de fabricar algo, de pintar, de armar algo, etc.). No le sale. \pna Xniknamaka pa:mpa xki:sa. \pea I don't sell it because it doesn't pay (i.e., doesn't turn out right or profitable for me). \psa No lo vendo por que no sale (esto es, no sale bien, no me reditua). \pna Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli. \pea Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that fine-grained sand would, however, be good to plant in). \psa Aquí(en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa por que el suelo es de arenaáspera y pedregosa (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar). \se to take place \ss llevarse a cabo; suceder \pna Ki:sas a:wihli. \pea The Carnival will take place. \psa Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval. \se (<n>-tech</n> ~) to come from \ss (<n>-tech</n> ~) salir de \pna Totech ki:sas un tomi:n para nokowas. \pea The money to buy it will come from us (e.g., from our contributions to a general fund). \psa El dinero para comprarlo va a salir de nosotros (p. ej., de lo que hemos juntado colectivamente). \pna Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was. \pea His son-in-law has debts, but everything will come from our friend's pocket, he will be the one to pay for everything. \psa Su yerno tiene deudas, pero todo va a salir a cuenta de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo. \sea (<n>-tech</n> ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Oapan <nlo>kalaki</nlo>) \ssa (<n>-tech</n> ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; vé ase Oapan <nlo>kalaki</nlo>) \pna Itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl. \pea The scorpion bite affected him, provoking a delirious state. \psa La mordida del alacrán se le trabó. \pna Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh, kitowan kimiktia. \pea The <nla>tla:lko:lo:tl</nla> does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. As for cattle, they that it kills it. \psa The <nla>tla:lko:lo:tl</nla> no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. En cuanto al ganado, dicen que lo mata. \se (with <n>wa:l-</n>) to emerge; to come out of (an enclosed space, such as a house or building) \ss (con <n>wa:l-</n>) salir (desde un lugar encerrado, como una casa o edificio) \pna O:wa:lki:s, koxtoya icha:n. \pea He emerged, he was sleeping inside his house. \psa Salió, estaba durmiendo dentro de su casa. \se (usually with a directional affix) to pass through from one side to another (e.g., a nail being driven through a board) \ss (generalmente con un afijo direccional) pasar o salir de un lado a otro; atravesar (p. ej., un clavo que atraviesa una tabla) \pna Yo:ki:sako. Sahkó:n ma noka:wa! \pea It's come through to this side (e.g., a nail being hammered through a board or wall). Let it just stay like that! \psa Ya salió(atravesando de un lado a otro).¡Quéquede así! \se (usually with a directional affix) to finish up or end (a task; the fulfillment of an obligation or performance of an office); to wind up (the telling of a story, giving an address or talk) \ss (generalmente con un afijo direccional) terminar o acabar (una tarea; el cumplimiento de un periodo en un cargo o puesto; una narrativa o ponencia) \pna Ma niki:sati, dya tewa tite:no:tsas! \pea Let me finish, then you can speak to people! \psa ¡Déjame terminar, entonces tu puedes hablar a la gente! \pna Kwa:k yewa yo:ki:sako, newa nikalakis. \pea When he has finished up (in this case his term in office), I will begin (to serve). \psa Cuandoél ya terminó(en este caso su periodo de comisario), yo voy a empezar. \pna San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s. \pea Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up! \psa ¡Vas a terminar uno tras otro (esto es, de una manera ordenada como ocurre, p. ej., a surcar tierra plana y blanda), te debes a apurar! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to go around from place to place (perhaps visiting, perhaps with no particular destination); to go out on the town; to party from place to place \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) andar de un lugar a otro (quizápara andar de visita, quizásin una destinación fija); buscar diversión de lugar a lugar; parandear \pna Nonkiki:sas, mo:stla niwa:lkalakis. \pea I'm going to go out on the town, I'll come back (home) tomorrow. \psa Voy a salir de paranda, mañana vengo (regreso a casa). \pna O:nikiki:sako. Nika:n nite:i:xmati. \pea I came here to go around the town (e.g., visiting, or perhaps just dropping in here and there, at stores, friends' homes, etc.). I know people here. \psa Vine para andar de diversión (p. ej., visitando gente, o quizásimplemente yendo de un lugar a otro, tiendas, casas de amigos, etc.). Conozco gente aquí. \pna Yo:pe:w ki:kiki:sa. \pea He's started to go out now and then. \psa Ya empezó a parandear de vez en cuando. \se (with short vowel reduplication + <n>-pan</n>) to pass over or by (e.g., an event that occurs without one [poss. of <n>-pan</n> ] noticing) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta + <n>pan</n>) rebasar o pasar (p. ej., un evento que ocurre sin que uno [pos. de <n>-pan</n> ] se de cuenta) \pna Nopan o:kiki:s noye:lo:w. Xna:h katka. Kwa:k yo:nekok, yo:pano:k. \pea My <spn>elotes</spn> (from my milpa) came and went without me noticing. I wasn't around (when they were ripe). When I arrived, (the season for <spn>elotes</spn>) had already passed by. \psa Mis elotes (de mi milpa) llegaron y pasaron sin que me diera cuenta. No estaba. Cuando llegué, (la temporada de elotes) ya había pasado. \se (<nao>ki:stiki:sa</nao> + <n>-pan</n>) to run over (sb [poss. of <n>-pan</n> ], e.g,. a motor vehicle, etc.) \ss (<nao>ki:stiki:sa</nao> + <n>-pan</n>) atropellar a (algn [pos. de <n>-pan</n> ], p. ej., un vehículo) \pna Mopan o:kiki:stiki:s, xo:timekwanih. \pea It ran over you (a car, person, animal, etc.) when it passed by. You didn't get out of the way. \psa Te atropelló al pasar (un coche, persona, animal, etc.). No te moviste. \seao (with the auxiliary <nao>-te:wa</nao> : <nao>ki:ste:wa</nao>) to get up and suddenly leave, to leave impetuously \ssao (con el auxiliar <nao>-te:wa</nao> : <nao>ki:ste:wa</nao>) salir impetuosamente, levantarse y salir luego luego \pno O:ki:ste:hkeh, xok kinekih tekipano:skeh. \peo They got up and suddenly left, they no longer want to work. \pso Se levantaron y se fueron, ya no quisieron trabajar. \sem motion \xrb ki:sa \xvcao ki:xtia \xvoao tlaki:sa \cfa -tiki:sa \cfa tlaki:ska:tlan \nse Whereas <nao>o:wa:lki:s</nao> indicates emergence from an enclosed location, <nao>o:ki:sako</nao> refers to the action of emerging from sth transitory, such as a task, a woods that one walks through, or to emerge into view as one passes first behind something such as a large blind. The use of directionals to indicate passing from one side to the other is common. Note also the phrase <na>Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan</na>. Here the subject emerges from a deep part of the stream or river to a shallow section. The phrase does not refer to the action of leaving the shallow water, but rather coming into sight from another location. \qry It will be important to discuss and analyze the difference between /ki:sa/ and /wa:lki:sa/. Certain the second is used to indicate emergence from an enclosed space, such as someone emerging from his house. But check as to whether /xeki:sa to:nahli/ is correct, as I have indicated above, or whether it should be /xewa:lki:sa to:nahli/.... or whether both are correct, perhaps with slightly different meanings. \mod For a discussion of /ki:sa/ with directionals cf. Gram 1984-05-06.1 and article on directionals. \grm Future: /San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s/ 'Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up' Note how the future is sometimes used to indicate what seems to be a suggestion, a polite bit of advice. e.g. /titlakwa:s, tla:mo ta:pismikis/ 'you should eat, otherwise you'll get hungry.' \grm Negation; clitics: /Xitech o:ki:s/ 'It didn't affect him (in this case a scorpion bite).' Note that the negative particle /x-/ is here placed to the left of the VP, which includes a locative (single word adverbial, which is usually preverbal) and verb. This location of the negative clitic parallels that of the subject clitic with NPs, as in /niwe:i chichi/. In general it will be necessary to study the location of the negative. \grm Auxiliary; /-te:wa/: (with the auxiliary <nao>-te:wa</nao> : <nao>ki:ste:wa</nao>) to get up and suddenly leave, to leave impetuously. Note the use of -te:wa here. \ref 01707 \lxa ikpayo:kopi:na \lxac kikpayo:kopi:na \lxo ipayo:kopi:na \lxoc kipayo:kopi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to pull the thread out of \ss deshilar; quitar el hilo de \pna Xkikpayo:kopi:na! Ma tsomo:ni! Oksepa tiktlamanili:s. \pea Pull the thread out of it (in this case a thread that is hanging loose from where a garment has been patched)! Let it rip open! You can patch it up again! \psa ¡Quítale el hilo (en este caso un hilo que se cuelga de donde se había remendado un vestido)!¡Que se desbarate!¡Después lo volverás a remendar! \xrb kpa \xrb kopi: \qry Check for intransitive form of headword. \mod Add entry under /tsomo:ni/. \grm With noun incorporation, note cases of /-yo:/. Here the /-yo:/ does not at all seem part of an abstract noun, but rather is related to part/whole or intrinsic possession; cf. /a:yo:ki:sa/ and other similar words. \ref 01708 \lxa sio:tonki \lxaa soyo:tonki \lxac sio:tonki \lxo sio:tonki \lxoc sio:tonki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tesoyotonki</nao> \se to be unstiched (the seam of clothes, sacks, or similarly sewn items, including stiches in skin) \ss estar descosido (la costura de ropa, costales o otras cosas cosidas, incluyendo las costuras de las heridas en la piel) \xrb sio: \xrb tom \mod Sound file for /siotonki/ was also at 1853 \vl There are so many variations in the vowel length for this word that it needs to be very, very carefully checked. At times I have /soyotom-/, other times /so:yo:tom-/, etc. The final elements seems clearly to be /tomi/ 'untie', but the first element is unclear. Since variants /sio/ and /soyo/ exist, it would seem that the first vowel should be short. However, the middle /o/ is of uncertain length. I have had much difficulty in determining this in Oa Nahuatl. \ref 01709 \lxa a:lamatsi:n \lxac a:lamatsi:n \lxo a:lámatsí:n \lxop a:lamatsi:n \lxoc a:lámatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se literally the 'old woman of the water'; a being that lives underwater with her husband. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened near or in the river. Offerings are given to appease her and <nlao>a:we:we:ntsi:n</nlao> and gain the return of lost and frightened souls. \ss literalmente la 'anciana del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposo: A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a ella y a <nlao>a:we:we:ntsi:n</nlao> para obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas. \pna Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n. \pea Don't let"the old woman of the water"drag you away into the water. \psa No dejes que"la anciana del agua"te jale dentro del agua. \xrb a: \xrb lamah \encyctmp tlakaka:wa \qry Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/. \mod Add a text on these beings. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 01710 \lxa kwiste:wilia \lxac kikwiste:wilia \lxo koste:wilia \lxoc kikoste:wilia \psm V3 \inc S-Asp \der V3-d-ap \dt 02/Feb/2005 \infv class-2a \se to raise (e.g., a switch on an electrical appliance) for \ss subir (p. ej., un botón en un aparato eléctrico) para \se to draw up (a legal document or certification) for \ss levantar (un acta o documento legal) para \se to awaken for \ss desperatar para \fl kwiste:wa \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \xv2a tlakwiste:wilia \xv2o tlakoste:wilia \xvba kwiste:wa \xvbo koste:wa \mod Cf. Gram 1984-07-26.1 \ref 01711 \lxa pepexte:mi \lxac pepexte:mi \lxo pépexté:mi \lxop pepexte:mi \lxoc pépexté:mi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to lie flat on the ground (failing to stay upright usually because of size or weight; particularly used in refers to certain single-stemmed plants such as corriander that have their lower stems grow close to the ground) \ss caerse pegado al suelo; pegarse horizontalmente al suelo o tierra (no manteniéndose vertical generalmente a causa de tamaño o peso; particularmente utilizado en referencia a ciertas plantas con un solo tallo, como silantro, cuyos tallos empiezan a crecer junto y pegado al suelo) \pna O:pepexte:n, o:tsonakayah, yo:wekapaniak. \pea It (in this case the lower part of a plant stem) has grown along close to the ground, it leaned over, it had grown very tall. \psa Cayópegado a la tierra (en este caso la parte inferior de un tallo), se fue de lado, ya había crecido demasiado alto. \xrb pech \xrb te:m \nse <na>Pepexte:mi</na> generally refers to what happens to plants when they grow too tall for the thickness and strength of their stems; as a result they can no longer maintain themselves upright. Consequently the lower part of the stem starts to grow close to the ground like a vine. Cristino Flores did not immediately recognize or accept this word and instead gave the reflexive use of <nla>pepexte:ka</nla>. However, he later did accept <na>pepexte:mi</na> as possible. \qry Determine the difference between the reflexive use of /pepexte:ma/ and the fully intransitive /pepexte:mi/. \ref 01712 \lxa chikipe:lowa \lxac kichikipe:lowa \lxo chikipe:lowa \lxoc kichikipe:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to split open or cut open lengthwise so that the sides flare out (e.g., a pig in slaughtering, a maguey stalk that is cut, etc.) \ss reventar o cortar a lo largo y abrir; abrir en canal (p. ej., un marrano, la penca de un maguey, etc.) \pna Xchikipe:lo kaxti:hla:n mexkahli wa:n xma:tokili moburroh! Ke:n kipia sa:watl! \pea Split open and flare out (the leaves of) an agave plant lengthwise and rub it (the open part) on your burro! He is really very mangy! \psa ¡Abre las pencas del maguey a lo largo y frótaselo a tu burro!¡Estámuy sarnoso! \pna Kichikipe:lo:skeh un wa:kax. \pea They will slice that cattle open along its chest (after the cattle has been killed and flayed, to open its chest and belly, pulling it open and apart). \psa Van a abrir esa res en canal (después de haberla matado y desollado, se abre a lo largo para quitarle las vísceras). \pna Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah. \pea They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly. \psa Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza. \cfa tlachikipe:lotok \cfo tlachikipé:lotók \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \ref 01713 \lxa tekestok \lxac notekestok \lxo tekestok \lxoc notekestok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat-refl \infv Durative \se to be standing upright (a material object, having been placed in this position) \ss estar parado (un objeto material, después de haber sido colocado en esta posición) \pna Kwahli notekestok. \pea It is standing straight up (e.g., a post sunk into the ground). \psa Estábien parado (p. ej., un horcón empotrado en la tierra). \se to be standing still (an animate, having come to a stop after having been moving) \ss estar parado (un ser animado, de haberse parado después de haber estado en movimiento) \pna San timotekestok. \pea You are just standing still (i.e., not moving in any direction). \psa Simplemente estás parado en un solo lugar (esto es, no estás moviendo en ninguna dirección). \sem motion \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nae The apparent obligatory use of the reflexive with this stative (cf. <nla>mela:wtok</nla>) appears to be related to the absence of an intransitive form of transitive <nlao>teketsa</nlao>. To date almost all statives that end in <n>-tekestok</n> are reflexive. This contrasts with other cases in which the statives of apparently transitive verbs are not found with the reflexive (e.g., <nla>kukweptok</nla> derived from transitive <nla>kwepa</nla>). In these cases, the reflexive is used to indicate a progressive aspect. Perhaps the presence of a reflexive indicates that the form with <na>-tok</na> is always a resultative, and never a stative. There may, however, be other reasons. The form <na>notekestok</na> may be used to indicate some object, such as a post or a <nla>komaxahli</nla>, that has been placed upright in the ground (obviously by a human agent). It would be impossible for an object to become upright by itself (unlike with, for example, <nla>koto:ntok</nla>, the subject of which might be an o bject that snapped on its own). Note that with an animate subject, <na>notekestok</na> indicates that the subject has come to a stop, for instance while walking, e.g., <na>notekestok toba:leh, yo:siaw</na> 'Our friend has stopped (e.g., walking), he is tired. \qry Check and make sure that the form /te:kestok/ as a stative is not correct. Also, check for all stative/resultatives if the reflexive form also exists. Thus can one have both /koto:ntok/ and /nokoto:ntok/ in which the second is not a progressive (which might be the primary meaning/use). The use of /-tok/ needs much fuller exploration. My notes show that /-tekestok/ is only used in the reflexive (of whatever person), but can never occur alone, *tekestok. The reason for this is unclear; perhaps a clue will be obtained from a discussion/analysis of the difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. My feeling at this point is that the /no-/ or reflexive marker with an inanimate derives from the fact that the form /notekestok/, with an inanimate, is usually a resultative. There are cases (such as a watch that has stopped) when an inanimate can 'be stopped' on its own (i.e., not the result of an action by an agent). In such I seem to remember that the stative-reflexive is not used. Thus o ne would not say /notekestok moreló:j/, but rather /o:notekets moreló:j/. Yet this should be checked. If it does indeed turn out that /notekestok/ is not used for inanimates that arrive at this state without any external agency, then the argument that the reflexive is used to indicate a resultative meaning is strengthened. This should be checked! \qry Determine difference between /notekestok/ and /ikatok/. I.e.., when does one say of an object that it is /notekestok/ and when does one say /ikatok/. My gut reaction at this point is that the former is a resultative and the latter a stative, though this should be further investigated. \grm -tok My notes show that /-tekestok/ is only used in the reflexive (of whatever person), but can never occur alone, *tekestok. The reason for this is unclear; perhaps a clue will be obtained from a discussion/analysis of the difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. My feeling at this point is that the /no-/ or reflexive marker with an inanimate derives from the fact that the form /notekestok/, with an inanimate, is usually a resultative. There are cases (such as a watch that has stopped) when an inanimate can 'be stopped' on its own (i.e., not the result of an action by an agent). In such I seem to remember that the stative-reflexive is not used. Thus one would not say /notekestok moreló:j/, but rather /o:notekets moreló:j/. Yet this should be checked. If it does indeed turn out that /notekestok/ is not used for inanimates that arrive at this state without any external agency, then the argument that the reflexive is used to indicate a resultative meaning is strengthen ed. This s hould be checked! \ref 01714 \lxa tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh \lxac tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified \ssa tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tsope:l \xrb xoko \encyctmp hypo xokotl \cpl Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla> ; it bears its fruit in late summer, in August and September. See <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla>. None of the three consultants during the first fieldwork session (Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, and Silvestre Pantaleón) knew of this type of <n>xokotl</n>. \nct kohtli \ref 01715 \lxa xoto:ntok \lxac xoto:ntok \lxo xoto:ntok \lxoc xoto:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be piled up; to be heaped up (in no particular order, e. g., corn cobs, planks of wood, etc.) \ss estar amontonado o apilado (sin orden particular, p. ej., mazorcas, tablas de madera, etc.) \se to be bunched up (e.g., curtains, cloth, etc.) \ss estar fruncido (p. ej., cortinas que se plieguen) \pna Xpatla:wa un tlake:ntli, ma:ka sa: ihkón xoto:ntok. \pea Spread out that cloth, don't let it just be bunched up like that! \psa ¡Extiende ese tela, quéno esténada más fruncida como está ! \xrb xoto: \ref 01716 \lxa kwa:tepasole:wtok \lxac kwa:tepasole:wtok \lxo kwa:tépasolé:htok \lxop kwa:tepasole:htok \lxoc kwa:tépasolé:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be disheveled; to have a tangled or bushy head of hair (particularly sb with very curly hair) \ss estar despeinado; tener el cabello desarreglado o greñudo (particularmente algn con pelo muy chino) \fla kwa:tepasole:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \qry Check as to whether this occurs only with /te-/. If not, change entry and analysis. \ref 01717 \lxa iú:n \lxac iú:n \lxo yoón \lxoc yoón \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(demon) \der Pr-demon \se that one there \ss ése; aquel que está allá \xrb yehwa \xrb on \nae Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with <nla>iwí:n</nla> whereas the Oapan form contrasts with <nlo>yo yí:n</nlo>. \qry Whether this orthography should be the final form for Oapan Nahuatl is still under consideration. \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 01718 \lxa i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \lxac i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ssa tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apa i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:pestik \syno i:xkwa:tetsotlahtik \flr petla: \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb petla: \ref 01719 \lxa tla:laktok \lxac tla:laktok \lxo tla:lahtok \lxoc tla:lahtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be buried or stuck in the ground \ssao estar metido o empotrado en la tierra \pna Xtepacho un kohtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok! \pea Smash a rock against that stump to that it comes out (gets uprooted) from there where it is stuck in the ground! \psa ¡Golpé a fuerte contra ese tocón para que se desarraigue de allá donde está metido en la tierra! \xrb tla:l \xrb ak \ref 01720 \lxa tlaa:yawtitlan \lxac tlaa:yawtitlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der N-loc-1-titlan[tla-] \infn N1(loc) \sea area that is covered with fog \ssa área tapada con neblina, con neblina por todos lados \syno tlaa:yawpachihtok \xrb a:yawi \xrl -titlan \xbtla a:yawtitlan \ref 01721 \lxa tlama:ka:wa \lxac tlama:ka:wa \lxo tlama:ka:wa \lxoc tlama:ka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-[N-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to let out to pasture (for an extended period, not just overnight) \ss dejar a apacentar (por un periodo extendido, no simplemente por la noche) \pna O:tlama:ka:wato, a:mantsi:n yekos. \pea He went to take some animals and leave them out to pasture, he'll be right back. \psa Fue a dejar a apacentar unos animales, ahorita llega. \seo to finish plowing (after going over the field a second time after the maize has sprouted; syn. Am. <nla>tla:lwia</nla>) \sso terminar de arar (al dejar la milpa al hacer el segundo paso por ello después de brotada la milpa; sin. Am. <nla>tla:lwia</nla>) \se to fart \ss echar un pedo \seao to finish (a man) making love with a woman \ssao acabar de hacer el amor (un hombre) con una mujer \pno Yo:tlane:s! Yo:titlama:ka:w? \peo It's dawn! Have you finished making love? \pso ¡Ya amaneció!¿Ya terminaste de hacer el amor? \cfao tlaka:wa \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \xbtlao ma:ka:wa \nse Usually used with an extraverse directional, <nao>tlama:ka:wa</nao> is most often employed to refer to the action of taking animals out and letting them pasture for a long time. It refers to the action of letting the animals go and driving them away, with the idea of not retrieving them for a long time. This can be compared to <nlao>tlaka:wa</nlao>, which refers to the action of taking animals out to pasture, often tying them overnight with a lasso, and often retrieving them the following day (see <nlao>tla:na</nlao>). \ref 01722 \lxa posteki \lxac kiposteki \lxo posteki \lxoc kiposteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(k) \se to snap or break (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.) \ss romper o quebrar (algo largo y duro, como una vara, un barra, un hueso, una manga, etc.) \pna Xposteki un tlako:tl! \pea Break that stick! \psa ¡Rompe esa vara! \pna O:nitlapostek. \pea I broke something (usually in reference to the unintentional breaking of sth being used, such as the <spn>timón</spn> or another part of a plow). \psa Se me rompió algo (generalmente en referencia a algo que sucede sin la intención de un agente, como cuando se le rompe el timón u otra parte del arado a algn). \se to bend (sth at its joint, e.g., a microphone stand and boom) \ss doblar (algo a una coyuntura, como la base de un micrófono y su brazo) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to fold sth several times, evenly (such as a letter being mailed, a fan made of paper, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) doblar repetidas veces, parejo y con cuidado (una carta para mandar, un abanico, etc.) \xrb posteki \dis tekwia; kwelpachowa; posteki \qry Check re: /o:nitepostek/ for 'I broke a bone' whether /o:nimo(te)postek/ is also acceptable. Note that the form /o:ni(te)postek/ is used for 'I broke a bone' and not ?/o:nimo(te)postek. Whether this latter form is possible should be checked. \ref 01723 \lxa kaxto:hli \lxac kaxto:hli \lxo kaxto:hli \lxoc kaxto:hli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Num-b \seao fifteen (as numerical modifier) \ssao quince (como modificador numérico) \seao fifteen (of them) \ssao quince (de ellos) \seao (<nao>a:man</nao> ~) in two weeks \ssao (<nao>a:man</nao> ~) de hoy en quince; en dos semanas \pna A:man kaxto:hli niyá:s. \pea I'll go in two weeks. \psa Voy a ir de hoy en quince. \se (<nao>ye a:man</nao> ~) two weeks ago \ss (<nao>ye a:man</nao> ~) hace dos semanas \xrb kaxto:l \nse <na>Kaxto:hli</na> is seldom if ever used as a numeral. In such cases the Spanish loan <spn>quince</spn> is ubiquitous. However, it is often employed with <nlao>a:man</nlao> to indicate a two-week period from the present. \ref 01724 \lxa kwa:rtah \lxac kwa:rtah \lxo kwa:rtah \lxoc kwa:rtah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cuarta \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se distance measure that stretches from the tip of the thumb to the end of the extended middle finger (or, for some, to the end of the pinky) \ss medida de la mano, desde la punta del pulgar hasta la punta del dedo en medio (o, por algunos, hasta el fin del dedo meñique) \sem measure \encyctmp measures \ref 01725 \lxa tla:lsa:watl \lxac tla:lsa:watl \lxo tla:ltsa:watl \lxoc tla:ltsa:watl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se small red biting insect, still not definitively identified, probably a chigger of the \ss insecto pequeño y rojo que pica, todavía no identificado plenamente \pna Tla:lsa:watl, ti:roh pitentsi:n, chi:chi:ltiktsi:n. Mitskwa deke yo:mitsekok. \pea <na>Tla:lsa:wtl</na> : It is really small, it is red. It bites if it gets on you. \psa <na>Tla:lsa:wtl</na> : Es muy pequeño, es rojito. Muerde si te alcanza. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tla:l \xrb sa:wa \qry Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above. \grm Oapan phonology: Note in /tla:ltsa:watl/ s>ts / l ____. \ref 01726 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tlaki:tsia \lxoc noma:tlaki:tsia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl. with <n>-pan</n>) to rest ones hand on and lean on \sso (refl. con <n>-pan</n>) recargarse sobre, cargándose por la mano \syna ma:tlakechia \xrb ma: \xrb ki:tski \ref 01727 \lxa tlima:wa \lxac kitlima:wa \lxo tlima:wa \lxoc kitlima:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to have its fire spread to (that is, a section of field deliberately being burned [S] spreads fire to another part [O] that should have been saved to serve as pasture) \ss tener un incendio en un campo extenderse a (esto es; una sección del campo deliberadamente quemado [S] que se extiende a otra parte que hubiera sido guardadoíntegro para forraje de los animales) \pna O:pe:w kitlima:wa un sakayoh. Xmotlalo! Xikse:wi:ti! \pea The fire has spread to that grass-covered field. Run! Go put it out! \psa El fuego se ha extendido a estaárea cubierta.¡Córrele!¡Ve a apagarlo! \xrb tli \xrb ma:wa \nse It appears that <nao>tlima:wa</nao> always has as an implicit subject a fire that is already burning, and which spreads itself to a neighboring field. In a sense this is like a mirror image of a cognate object construction or possessor raising. In the former the object is implicit in the verbal semantics; with <nao>tlima:wa</nao> it is the subject that is implicit. In the latter, possessor raising, the incorporated noun is implicitly possessed. Note that <nao>tlima:wa</nao> could be analyzed as 'to spread its fire to,' with the subject being the"possessor"of the fire, i.e., a larger blaze. \qry Check for subject of /tlima:wa/, i.e., can there be an active subject as in /niktlima:was nomi:l/ or, /o:niktlima:w nomi:l/. In the above illustrative sentence it certainly seems that the subject is the grassy field, i.e., the underlying patient. Check ways of expressing theme with /ma:wa/, e.g., /ne:chma:wa ika de:ngeh/, etc. Check for reflexives, etc. \grm Incorporation; transitivity; valency: Re: /tlima:wa/ It appears that <na>tlima:wa</na> has an implicit subject that is always a fire already burning, and which spreads itself to a neighboring field. In a sense this is like a mirror image of a cognate object construction or possessor raising. In the first the object is implicit in the verbal semantics; here it is the subject that is implicit. And in possessor raising of transitives, the incorporated noun is implicitly possessed by the object; in <na>tlima:wa</na> it is implicitly possessed (in the sense of part of) by the subject. Thus the translation 'to spread its fire to.' \ref 01728 \lxa kochwia \lxac kikochwia \lxo kochwia \lxof [koch 'wi ya] \lxoc kikochwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take advantage of (sb) while he is sleeping \ss aprovecharse de (algn) mientras que duerma \pna O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya. \pea The dogs took advantage of the fact that I was sleeping, they ate what I was watching over. \psa Los perros se aprovecharon de mícuando estaba dormido, se comieron lo que estaba vigilando. \xrb kochi \nae There are quite a few cases in which the root <nr>koch</nr> is incorporated into a verb in a modifying form and as if it were a nominal stem (e.g., <nla>kochpale:wia</nla>). However, <na>kochwia</na> is different in that here we have <nr>koch</nr> followed by a verbalizing endings used primarily with nouns. Given this fact, it seems that <na>kochwia</na> is more akin to an applicative form ending in <n>-wia</n> as is <nla>tlaxkalwia</nla>, derived from <nla>tlaxkalowa</nla>. \qry Check correctness of /o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya/; see entry under /tlatlata/. I originally had /nitlatlastoya/ but"corrected"this to /niktlatlastoya/. \rt There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving /koch/. \grm There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving /koch/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that syllabification remains in all verbs ending in /wiya/. This compares to Am /wia/ (as in /kikochwiya/ Oa, and /kikochwia/ Am). \ref 01729 \lxa xo:tlaltia \lxac kixo:tlaltia \lxo xo:tlaltia \lxoc kixo:tlaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to heat up (e.g., sb heating up a branding iron [O] in the fire, the sun heating up water [O] in a canteen, etc.) \ss calentar mucho (p. ej., algn calentando un hierro para marcar [O] en el fuego, el sol calentando agua [O] en una cantimplora, etc.) \se to cause to get drunk and turn red (ones skin from alcohol) \ss emborrachar y enrojecer (la piel de uno por el alcohol) \pna Yo:pe:w -te-chi:chi:liwi toba:leh. Ye tla:wa:ntok, o:kixo:tlaltih tra:goh. \pea Our friend has started to turn red. He's begun to get drunk, drink has gotten him smashed. \psa Ya empezó a ponerse rojo nuestro amigo. Ya se está emborrachando, se le subió el trago. \se to arouse sexually; to make horney (lit., 'to make (sb) hot') \ss excitar sexualmente; calentar sexualmente (lit., 'calentar a (algn)') \pna Mitsxo:tlalti:s, tisuwa:nekis. \pea It will make you horney, you will want a woman. \psa Te va a calentar, vas a querer una mujer. \xrb xo:tla \xvbao xo:tla \ref 01730 \lxa a:pochi:nki \lxac a:pochi:nki \lxo a:pochi:nki \lxoc a:pochi:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be soft and fuzzy from haven gotten wet or to have being soaked in water (e.g., tortillas, paper, clothes covered in dirt from which the dirt becomes loose) \ss estar blando o esponjado por haberse mojado o haber estado remojando en agua (p. ej., tortillas, papel, ropa cubierta tener mugre que se había ablandado) \xrb a: \xrb pochi: \dis a:yema:nki; a:pochi:nki \vl Note that Oapan /á:pochí:ni/ has p-a whereas adjectival /a:pochi:ni/ does not. Check that this is indeed the case, and check for reasons, i.e., is the verbal form given in elicitation just an alternative to a non-reduplicated form. \ref 01731 \lxa xaxa:yakate:roh \lxac xaxa:yakate:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>xaxa:yaka</n> \psm N \der N-ag-Sp \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea mask-maker \ssa masquero \syno xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl \xrb xa:yaka \ref 01732 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /nextika:yeyekatl/ but has been removed. This <na>yeyekatl</na> was mentioned by Bacilio Reyes of Ahuelicán; its properties and effects were not described. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 01733 \lxa ayuxo:chitl \lxac ayuxo:chitl \lxo áyoxó:chitl \lxop ayoxo:chitl \lxoc áyoxó:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao flowers of the squash plant \ssao flor de calabaza \sem plant \sem domesticated \sem edible \xrb ayoh \xrb xo:chi \nct ayutli \ref 01734 \lxa xoko:miki \lxac xoko:miki \lxo xoko:miki \lxoc xoko:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to suffer from a sour taste in ones mouth \ss sufrir por un sabor agrio en la boca \pna Melá:k nixoko:miki, ke:n xokó:k i:n xokotl. \pea I'm really suffering from a sour taste in my mouth, this wild plum is really sour. \psa Estoy sufriendo por un sabor agrio en la boca, este ciruelo silvestre es muyácido. \xrb xoko \xrb miki \vl Check length of /o:/. It was recorded long but should be checked. Also, in my original notes I had /i:n xokotl/. This too should be checked, here as with all demonstrative adjectives. \ref 01735 \lxa tlaxkalsosohli \lxac tlaxkalsosohli \lxo tlaxká:sohlí \lxop tlaxká:sohli \lxoc tlaxka:sohlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-suf[sosohli] \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se old, dried tortilla (such as those used to make <spn>chilaquiles</spn>) \ss tortilla secada (como las que se utilizan para hacer chilaquiles) \xrb xka \xrb hsol \nae In Oapan the form <no>tlaxká:sohlí</no> has been lexicalized and * <no>tlaxkaté:sohlí</no> is not accepted. \qry Check to determine whether /te-/ can or should be used: ?/tlaxkaltesosohli/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in many cases the liquid /l/ and nasals disappear intervocalicly within words. Here Oapan /tlaxká:sohlí/ manifests l>0 / V _ V. \ref 01736 \lxa te:ntsahka \lxac i:te:ntsahka \lxo te:ntsahka \lxoc i:te:ntsahka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \se top; lid; cover (of a <spn>perol</spn>, jar, etc.); stopper (of a bottle) \ss tapa (de un perol, envase, etc.); tapón (de una botella) \pna San kwahli kite:na:miki ite:ntsahka. \pea It's top fits in perfectly. \psa Su tapón le queda justo. \xrb te:n \xrb tsakwa \ref 01737 \lxa chalto:n \lxac chalto:n \lxo chalto:n \lxoc chalto:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \syno chala \infn N1 \se bird known in Spanish as chachalaca, probably <l>Ortalis poliocephala</l>, or a closely related species \ss ave conocida como chachalaca, probablemente <l>Ortalis poliocephala</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 14, p. 221 \sem animal \sem bird \equivo chala \xrb chal \cpl Some informants identified this as <spn>chachalaca</spn> in Spanish, as do Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The species identification is from Leopold (1959). \qry Recheck length of /o:/; cf. to /miston/ or /misto:n/. \ref 01738 \lxa ichpo:xchika:wi \lxac ichpo:xchika:wi \lxo ichpo:xchika:wi \lxoc ichpo:xchika:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to pass (a female) beyond the customary age for marrying \ss rebasar (una mujer) la edad apropiada para casarse \cfa ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia \cfo ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia \xrb chpo:ch \xrb chika: \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \qry Check to determine whether there is a transitive form. \ref 01739 \lxa iyo:asi \lxac kiyo:asi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \sea to have the same endurance as; to keep up with; to keep pace with (another person) \ssa aguantar el mismo esfuerzo que; mantener el ritmo de (otra persona) \pna San yewa ne:chiyo:asis. Nanwameh xnanweliskeh. \pea He's the only one who can keep up with me (e.g., running). As for you, you won't be able to. \psa Solamente el me aguanta el ritmo (p. ej., corriendo). En cuanto a ustedes, no van a poder. \syno ixíasí \xrb hyo: \xrb ahsi \ref 01740 \lxa te:ko:ntlapa:na \lxac te:ko:ntlapa:na \lxo te:ko:ntlapa:na \lxoc te:ko:ntlapa:na \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-V2 (Am) \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \se generic name for morning-glory types of plant, of which type have been collected so far, one with large blue flowers and the other with small purple ones; in local Spanish this is called <spn>quiebra platos</spn> \ss nombre genérico por un tipo de planta todavía no identificada de que hay dos hasta ahora nombradas, una con flores grandes y azules, la otra con flores moraditas y pequeñas; en el español local se le conoce como <spn>quiebra platos</spn> \pna Tekontlapa:na | Kwa:k yo:weyakiak ki:sa itotopoyo para ixo:chio. \pea <na>Tekontlapa:na</na> : When its gotten long the buds of its flowers appear. \psa <na>Tekontlapa:na</na> : Cuando ya creciólargo salen los botones de sus flores. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfo kohsa:watl \xrb ko:m \xrb tlapa: \nse According to Tomás Muñoz García, a man from Teloloapan now living in Iguala, the Spanish name for the <no>te:ko:ntlapa:na</no> is 'quiebra platos', which is a direct translation from the Nahuatl. Cf. comments below on etymology. \nae The question of the phonology and etymology of this word still needs to be fully determined. In Oapan the initial syllable is apparently <n>te:</n> whereas in Ameyaltepec, according to some, it is <n>te</n>. The /o:/ of both forms is long. Indeed, Chen Díaz was quite certain that the length of the initial /e/ was short and that the name of the plant <na>teko:ntlapa:na</na> contrasts with a form such as <na>te:ko:ntlapa:na</na>, referring to someone or something that breaks unspecified people's pots. Florencia Marcelino and other consultants from Oapan mentioned that the name derives from the belief that it you grab this plant your pot will break. The plant's name, therefore, is a transitive verb that reflects the effects of this plant on human subjects. In Ameyaltepec I have not been able to document a similar belief. Moreover, according to Inocencio Díaz, the first vowel is definitely short and the name of this plant, <na>teko:ntlapa:na</na>. This contrasts as a minimal pair with< na>te:ko:ntlapa:na</na>, which refers to a person or thing that breaks people's pots. Nevertheless, in the pronunciation of Cristino Flores, the name of this plant clearly has two long vowels in the first two syllables. A direct comparison of minimal pairs of these two words in both dialects should be recorded. If there is indeed a difference, and this difference reflects etymological variation, then two entries should be created even though the original name of this plant might have been the same in both villages. \nct komekatl \cpl Asención Marcelo of San Juan was not familiar with this vine. \qry Check vowel lenght as in one file card I have a long initial /e/: /te:ko:ntlapa:na/. \vl Check vl in Oapan and Am; cf. to comments in /nae field. Check plant name and verbal form /te:ko:ntlapa:na/ 'that which/he who breaks peoples pots.' Perhpas this should be divided into two entries. Check vl in both forms and analyze etymology. \ref 01741 \lxa kahli \lxac kahli \lxo kahli \lxoc kahli \dt 26/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se house; shack \ss casa; jacal \se (part/whole possession) roof (of a house, granery, etc.); covering (of a storage area or other similar space) \ss (posesión parte/entero) techo (de una casa, troje, etc.) \pna O:pe:w isoliwi ikahlo mokal. \pea The roof of your house has started to deteriorte. \psa Empezó a deteriorarse el techo de tu casa. \pna Nikpatili:s ikahlo nokosi:nah, yo:isoliw. \pea I'm going to change the roofing on my kitchen, it's gotten worn out. \psa Le voy a cambiar el techo a mi cocina, ya se hizo viejo. \pna O:te:n iswakohtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl. \pea The tree used for storing corn leaves (<na>iswatl</na>) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore. \psa Elárbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (<na>iswatl</na>) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, asíaunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua. \se (usually possessed in 3rd person) nest; hive; in general, the living space of any animal \ss (generalmente poseido en 3a persona) nido; panal; en general el lugar donde vive cualquier animal \pna... ikal chi:lpa:n \pea... wasp's nest \psa... panal de avispa \pno Yewa, tekómasólin i:kal. \peo That is the nest of the insect called <no>tekómasólin</no>. \pso Ese es el panal del insecto llamado <no>tekómasólin</no>. \cfao kweskomatl \cfa kakahli \encyctmp kahli; nests \mod For names of the parts of a house of /sakatl/, cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Get list of all animals that have /i:kal/. \ref 01742 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /kwepania/ but was removed: /On tlitl o:kwepaniak, o:koma:w on so:ya:tl./ 'That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire).' The meaning was given as 'to flare up (a fire)' My notes stated: 'This word is in a text I had under /ma:wa/. It should be checked as it might be in error. If so, change in all entries. Also, determine whether it is part of any paradigm, e.g. --ki/ya/lia. If so, add all entries. I might have simply made an error for /wekapania/. Check.' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 01743 \lxa peya:siwtok \lxac peya:siwtok \lxo peya:sihtok \lxoc peya:sihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be straight; to be lying straight (sth long such as a stick, straw, etc.) \ss estar derecho o recto (algo largo como una varita, popote, etc.) \pna I:xmonmemelak. San pepeya:siwtok. Notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots. \pea He has long, straight eyelashes. They just go straight out. His eyelashes point downward, he doesn't have upward-curling eyelashes. \psa Tiene las pestañas largos y derechitos. Se van derechos. Sus pestañas van hacia abajo, no las tiene rizadas. \pna Sa: weyakixtok, peya:siwtok. Tikito:s o:kuwpitsiw. \pea He's just stretched out, he's lying straight out (on his back) from head to foot. You'd think that rigor mortis had set in. \psa Estáno más estirado, está acostado derechito (sobre la espalda). Dirás que el cuerpo ya estaba rígido por la muerte. \xrb peya:s \qry Original of the final sentence had /san weyakixtok/, which I have changed to /sa: weyakixtok/ given my understanding of the meaning of this term. This should be rechecked. \ref 01744 \lxa sempwalxiwtli \lxacpend *sempwalxiwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea type of plant with large green leaves, used in curing; not yet identified \ssa un tipo de planta con grandes hojas verdes, empleada como medicina; todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem medicine (pend) \xrb sem \xrb powa \xrb xiw \cpl See entry under Flk 1984-06-12.1 for an account of the use of this plant. None of the consultants during the first botany fieldwork session (Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, Silvestre Pantaleón) knew of this plant. Inocencio Díaz suggested that this might be a mistake for <na>se:poxiwtli</na>. The Folklore notes should be checked and if the properties of"sempwalxiwtli"are the same as <na>se:poxiwtli</na> then this entry should be heavily questioned. \ref 01745 \lxa ikuw chichi \lxac ikuw chichi \lxt i:kow chiche \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea generic name for the fruit of two vines called <na>i:komekayo i:kuw chichi</na>, one of which has edible fruit (<na>i:kuw chichi de welik</na>) and the other has inedible fruit (<na>i:kuw chichi de welik</na>) \ssa nombre genérico de la fruta de dos enredaderas llamadas <na>i:komekayo i:kuw chichi</na>, una de las cuales tiene fruta comestible (<na>i:kuw chichi de welik</na>) mientras la otra tiene fruta no comestible (<na>i:kuw chichi de welik</na>) \sea generic name for the vine which bears fruit of this name \ssa nombre genérico de una enredadera que tiene fruta de ese nombre \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \cfa i:komekayo ikuw chichi \xrb kow \xrb chichi \encyctmp komekatl \cpl Silvestre Pantaleleón did not know of this vine; Asención Marcelo has heard this name but does not know the plant. Inocencio Díaz knows this vine. He said that the fruit itself is called <na>i:kuh chichi</na> while the vine is called <na>i:komekayo i:kuh chichi</na>. \nct komekatl \ref 01746 \lxa tlaye:hka:n \lxac tlaye:hka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \sea place that is well cared for and arranged \ssa lugar bien cuidado y arreglado \pna Tlaye:hka:n u:nkah ne: tio:pan, kwahli o:tlaye:kchi:hkeh. \pea It is a well cared for place there in the church, they fixed it up nicely (i.e., painting it, putting in lights, tiles, etc.) \psa Es un lugar bien cuidado allá en la iglesia, la arreglaron bien (p. ej., pintándola, poniéndole luz, colocando loza, etc.). \pna Tlaye:hka:n ka:n tonkah. \pea Everything is in very good order where you are (e.g., your house is neat and well arranged with many good things such as furniture, tools, etc.). \psa Todo está bien arreglado donde estás (p. ej., tu casa es pulcra y bien arreglada con muchas cosas buenas como muebles, herramientas, etc.). \cfo tlakwalka:n \xrb ye:k \xrl -ka:n \ref 01747 \lxa tsomo:nilia \lxac kitsomo:nilia \lxo tsomo:nilia \lxoc kitsomo:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>kitetsomo:nilia</nao> \infv class-2a \se to rip for (sb; e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc., usually with an adverse affect on the possessor [PO]) \ss rasgarle a; romperle a (algn; p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc., generalmente con un efecto adverso al poseedor [OP]) \pna Timistsotsomo:nili:s motlake:n. \pea I will rip your clothes up (in various places). \psa Te voy a rasgar la ropa (en varios lugares). \pna O:ne:xtlatsotsomo:nilih ika notlake:n. \pea He ripped up some clothes on me. \psa Rasgó alguna ropa de mí. \xrb tsomo: \xvbao tsomo:nia \grm Antipassive; applicative: In many grammatical notes the antipassive form has been discussed. In the present case, the verb /tsomonilia/ there were two example phrases, one an applicative and one an"antipassive."Thus the applicative /Timistsotsomo:nili:s motlake:n/ 'I will rip your clothes (in various places).' and the antipassive/oblique /O:ne:xtlatsotsomo:nilih ika notlake:n./ 'He ripped up some clothes on me.' The translations in English do not, I think, capture the distinction/difference between the two forms, which is hard to determine. Cf. the difference discussed in such articles as that of Givón on causatives (morphological vs. analytic, and direct vs. obviated causation). A similar problem in Nahuatl exists with applicatives: /moka niwetska/ and /nimitswetskilia/. With the two phrases in this example it might be that the applicative indicates a more direct effect, whereas the antipassive indicates an action that involves another person. Note that with the antipassive the o bli que may be eliminated(thus eliminating the malefactive), whereas with the applicative no such elimination may occur. \ref 01748 \lxa tlake:ntotopoch \lxacpend *tlake:ntotopoch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj/N(1/2) \com N-N(ap) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2/Adj \sea (poss.) guayabera, a type of men's shirt typical of Yucatán and southern Mexico, with ruffles \ssa (pos.) guayabera, tipo de camisa para hombres tener alforsas y típica de Yucatán y el sur de México \pna Kipia itlake:ntotopoch. \pea He has a guayabera. \psa Tiene una guayabera. \sea (unposs.) to be clothed in a guayabera \ssa (no pos.) estar vestido de guayabera \cfa totopoxtli \xrb ke:m \xrb topo: \ref 01749 \lxa nokwa me:stli \lxac nokwa me:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea see <nlao>me:stli</nlao> (in Oapan: <nlo>tlami</nlo> <no>me:stli</no>) \ssa vé ase <nlao>me:stli</nlao> (en Oapan: <nlo>tlami</nlo> <no>me:stli</no>) \ref 01750 \lxa ikxiwi:loh \lxac ikxiwi:loh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \infv Gender \sea to be lame; to have a bad leg (a human or animal) \ssa ser cojo(a); tener una mala pierna (un ser humano o animal) \syno wi:loh (ah) \xrb kxi \xrb wila: \nde Given that this word follows the gender marking of Spanish, it might be a reborrowing of a Nahuatl word. Molina lists <n>uila</n> 'persona tollida que anda agatas.' This is apparently derived from the verbal base <n>uilana</n> ; Molina has the reflexive form of this verb meaning 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo.' \ref 01751 \lxa tsi:na:kan kwitlatl \lxac tsi:na:kan kwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea bat dung (used in irrigated gardens to fertilize chile, watermelon, melons, etc.) \ssa estiércol de murciélago (utilizado en huertas para fertilizar chile, sandía, melón, etc.) \cfo pátlí \xrb tsina:kan \xrb kwitla \ref 01752 \lxa pexte:kilia \lxac kipexte:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to tilt horizontally and parallel to the ground against (i.e., in relation to) \ssa inclinar horizontalmente y paralelo a la tierra a (esto es, en relación a) \pna Xpexte:kili momache:teh! \pea Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal to it (apparently, to the trunk of the bush being cut)! \psa ¡Inclina (la hoja de) tu machete para que estémás horizontal (aparentemente, en relación a uno arbusto que se está cortando)! \xrb pech \xrb te:ka \xvba pexte:ka \qry Check whether /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ is correct. Note that I have 'machete' as the object of the applicative in the above phrase, taken from the corpus file cards. However, I seem to remember very well phrases such as /xpexte:ka momache:teh/. These two should be checked for correctness as well as difference.Perhpas a sort of 'leismo' in Nahuatl? Applicative: Note the following from the corpus (it should be checked and compared to /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ to determine if both are correct and, if so, whether there is any difference in meaning and use). The phrase is /Xpexte:kili momache:teh!/ 'Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal!' implies a secondary object. The identity of this object is not clear. It might be the tree or bush that is being cut and to which the machete will be"applied"in cutting. Or it might be 'the blade of' the machete. Note that in many cases a material object is the primary object of a verb and a part of the material object is the secondary object. An e ffort should be made todetermine the nature of the argument structure of the applicative and the identify of the two arguments. \grm Applicative: Note the following from the corpus (it should be checked and compared to /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ to determine if both are correct and, if so, whether there is any difference in meaning and use). The phrase is /Xpexte:kili momache:teh!/ 'Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal!' implies a secondary object. The identity of this object is not clear. It might be the tree or bush that is being cut and to which the machete will be"applied"in cutting. Or it might be 'the blade of' the machete. Note that in many cases a material object is the primary object of a verb and a part of the material object is the secondary object. An effort should be made to determine the nature of the argument structure of the applicative and the identify of the two arguments. \ref 01753 \lxa tatamaltik \lxac tatamaltik \psm Adj \aff Lex. rdp-s \der Adj-denom-tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea to be uneven (have ball-like raised portions on the surface) \ssa ser desparejo (esto es, con bolitas por la superficie) \xrb tamal \ref 01754 \lxa pa:ya:xiw \lxac i:pa:ya:xiw \lxo pa:ya:xiw \lxoc i:pa:ya:xiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \se ones"fellow fool"; one who is a fool like (sb [Poss]) \ss tonto como uno (indicado como [Pos]) \pna Ye wa:hlaw nopa:ya:xiw. \pea Here comes my fellow fool. \psa Ya vieneél que es tonto como yo. \cfao pa:ya:tl \xrb pa:ya: \ref 01755 \lxa me:me:yahlo \lxac i:me:me:yahlo \lxo me:me:yahlo \lxoc i:me:me:yahlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N2 \se sap \ss savia \pna Kipia ime:meyahlo. \pea It has sap. \psa Tiene savia. \xrb me:ya \encyctmp kuhtli (parts of trees; and plants) \nse Apparently <nao>me:me:yahlo</nao> refers to the thin sap of certain trees that runs out immediately after the tree is cut. According to several consultants, the following trees have <nao>i:me:me:yahlo</nao> : <nba>kuwxio:tl</nba>, <nba>te:tlatia</nba>, <nba>kuwsa:watl</nba>, and <nba>toto:roh</nba>, among others. \qry Check Spanish translation. In one entry I have noted that the vowels as recorded above are definitely correct, i.e. the first two vowels are long. \mod Add links for plants in /nse field to Botany encyclopedia. \ref 01756 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /tsi:nkamakchikwa:ti/, removed as a 'vacilada.' \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01757 \lxa ye:lchikiw \lxac i:ye:lchikiw \lxo e:lchikiw \lxoc i:e:lchikiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se rib cage \ss caja torácica \sem body \xrb e:l \xrb chikiw \qry Check translation; FK has 'chest, breast, bosom / los pechos o el pecho.' Check whether all animals have this part of the body. \ref 01758 \lxa xo:tla \lxac xo:tla \lxo xo:tla \lxoc xo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to get very hot, beyond the usual temperature (a solid material object placed in a fire or left in the sun, water that was to have stayed cool for drinking but was in a canteen left in the sun, etc.) \ss calentarse mucho, más que lo normal (un objeto sólido que se dejó en el fuego o el sol, agua en una cantimplora dejada en el sol, etc.) \pna Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. \pea The coals are just burning hotly, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. \psa Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. \xrb xo:tla \xv0ao tlaxo:tla \xvcao xo:tlaltia \ref 01759 \lxa tekpinyoh \lxac tekpinyoh \lxo tehpinyoh \lxoc tehpinyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \se to be flea-ridden; to be covered or full of fleas \ss tener pulgas; ser pulgoso \pna Tekpinyoh un chichi. Xki:xti para kia:wak! \pea That dog has fleas. Put it outside! \psa Ese perro es pulgoso.¡Sácalo para fuera! \xrb tekp \ref 01760 \lxa sio:wia \lxac kisio:wia \lxo sio:wia \lxof [si o: 'wi ya] \lxoc kisio:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to add a <nla>siyo:tl</nla> to (<nla>tixtli</nla>, or maize dough, being ground on a metate) \ss agregar un <nla>siyo:tl</nla> a (<nla>tixtli</nla>, o masa, que está siendo molida sobre un metate) \pna Xkaman nitlasio:wia, xnikneki ma sasa:lik. \pea I never use a <na>siyo:tl</na>, I don't want it (the <na>tixtli</na>) to be sticky. \psa Nunca empleo un <na>siyo:tl</na>, no quiero que esté(la masa) pegajosa. \cfa sio:tl \xrb sio: \encyctmp tortillas; note: get a text on the /siotl/. \vl Check vowel length and cf. to Oapan /siótl/, which I have recorded with a short, stressed /o:/. \grm Tla- : Note use of /tla-/ with /siyo:wia/ in a case where there is no discourse referent. Nevertheless, the referent is recoverable from the context based on the lexical semantics of the verb, which has only one potential object: maize dough being ground on a metate. Based on the theoretical writings about deletable objects, I think it possible to analyze transitive verbs on the basis of three parameters. The first concerns NOUN INCORPORATION 1) noun incorporation: are these verbs ever found with noun incorporation and, if so, what is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. Most notably: how productive is the incorporation. I think that there are three basic parameters. 1) Completely lexicalized: these incorporated forms are never the product of argument manipulation in discourse but are fully lexicalized compounds (e.g., /a:wetsi/, /kone:wetsi/, etc.). 2) Body part incorporation. Here there are a series of verbs that refer to processes or states that can affect body parts (burn, s crape, twist, break, blister, etc.). These verbs seem to be found only with body part incorporation and seldom, if ever, with other items. 3) verbs that take a type of noun in their incorporated paradign, either as a modifying element (mostly with intransitives) or as a theme (with transitives). Thus verbs of"sound-making"(cry, shout, etc.) take an IN that refers to the manner of effecting the action; verbs of transfer or seizing (give, sell, hunt, fill (tema/temi:tia), eat, drink etc.) take an IN of the thing transferred. Most other verbs are not found with incorporated nouns. However, here one caveat is worth noting. There are many cases of incorporation to participial forms (e.g., agentives). These should be considered different from N-V incorporation. Indeed, it in several cases only the participial form exists, but not the verb (e.g., tio:pixki, kalpixki in Classical, etc.). The second concerns NOMINALIZATIONS. Here the question is what verbs form nouns of the"patientive"or"pass ive"type, and what verbs form nouns of the /-(l)istli/ type. My hypothesis is that the same verbs that allow for"indefinite object deletion"(i.e., the use of /tla-/ in a context not defined by discourse, i.e., verbs such as /kwa/ and /na:maka/) are the ones that also undergo nominalizations with /tla-/. It is an error to assume that all verbs are nominalized in the ways just described, and it would be interesting to determine if there is any commonality among verbs that form nominals.Finally, the third parameter concerns THE USE OF /TLA-/. Here I think that the work on verb classes in English is extremely important, particularly the discussions on types of object deletion. The two basic types developed by Allerton are called CONTEXTUAL DELETION and INDEFINITE DELETION. In the former the object can be reconstructed from context; in the latter it is"not recoverable, because it has not been thought of and it is not expected that the listener should concern himself with it"(Allert on 1975: 214). In English, these two types of deletion are optional (as opposed to obligatory deletion in cases such as"I reminded him of that he was late">"I reminded him that he was late."In Nahuatl, contextual deletion occurs when the referent is already a topic of discourse (e.g., with words such as /posteki/, /teki/, etc.) Note, for example, that /nitlatekis/ would be an unusual utterance in isolation. This is not the case with an inanimate subject: /tlateki/ 'it cuts (i.e., 'it is sharp'). With inanimate we are talking about a property (cf. the article, I think by Lehrer, which talks about object deletion and properties) and there is no concern about what the action patient is. This should be included in the grammar and perhaps in the lexicon). Finally, a type of indefinite deletion is that for which the semantic specificity is verb dependent. Thus /chi:wa/ can take a wide range of objects. However, the isolated form /tlachi:wa/ refers to engendering an offspring. Thus a bull used as a s tud is called /tlachi:hki/. Or, note that with /te:mowa/ the use of /tla-/ plus a directional has the sense of 'to search the plains for animals (left out to graze).' Here no context is necessary. However, the lexicalization is only valid without reduplication. Thus: /nontlatete:mo:s/ is unrecoverable and represents contextual deletion. Given this, it would not be uttered out of context. However, the /tla-/ of /nontlate:mo:s/ is recoverable out of context, thus it represents a type of indefinite deletion. To summarize, there are the following types of deletion: 1) Contextual (can only occur when there is some discourse referent); 2) Noncontextual (can occur out of context). The Noncontxtual deletion itself can be divided into two types: a) Indefinite (tlakwa); and b) lexical (tlachi:wa). IN SUM, there is the possibility of using the three parameters as DIAGNOSTICS. For each verb (not a denominal verb) the following questions can be asked: 1) what type of nominalizations occu r; 2) is t here any incorporation and, if so, of what type; and 3) what type of object deletion does/can occur. Thus /siyo:wia/ ischaracterized by"indefinite deletion."No possible incorporation and, perhaps, a nominalization of action: /tlasio:wilistli/?? Finally, one addendum: what is the relation of object deletion to the antipassive. For me, while a passive implies an agent (unexpressed, or perhaps unexpressable), an antipassive implies a patient (unexpressed, or perhaps unexpressable). Here there is a divergence in Nahuatl. Thus the reflexive marker can be used to signal a passive /nochi:was mokal/ 'your house will be built' and it can also be used to signal an anticausative (inchoative or middle). Obviously with /nochi:wa/ only a passive interpretation is possible. With /notsakwa/ either a middle/inchoative or passive interpretation is possible. Cf. this to /tlatsakwalo/ 'closing occurred' (i.e., of a store). In /tlatsakwalo/, moreover, it would appear that the object deletion i s lexicalize d. Cf. this to /nitlatsakwas/, which can be either contextual, but is usually indefinite or lexicalized. Also, if I remember there was a case that I commented on in regard to /o:tlapi:tsiw/ in reference to a path/opening in a fence that had narrowed because rocks had fallen down. The phrase is: /Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli./ 'They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).' In the case of /o:tlapi:tsiw/ the deletion of /tla-/ is the result of contextual deletion, here of a subject. Yet this impersonal is not"subjectless"in the sense that there is no recoverable. Indeed, the next verb has the subject marker (zero) for the 3rd person (it is the wall as subject). What is interesting is that the contextu al deletion o f subject is here (check whether impersonals may have subjects expressed obliquely (like the object in tlakwa ika nakatl). I believe that I have such an example. \ref 01761 \lxa na:walchichi \lxac na:walchichi \lxo na:walchichi \lxoc na:walchichi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se person with a dog as his <spn>nahual</spn> \ss persona con un perro como su nahual \xrb na:wa:l \xrb chichi \qry Check for other animals that might be used in such compounds. Probably coyote would be so used, e.g., ?na:walko:yo:tl. Note that I originally had this with a long second vowel /na:wa:lchichi/ but have changed this to a short vowel given that I have /na:wahli/ with a short vowel. The words /na:wahli/, /na:walchichi/ and /na:walkwa/ should all be rechecked. \ref 01762 \lxa tepe:sa:po \lxac tepe:sa:po \lxo tepe:sa:po \lxoc tepe:sa:po \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>sapo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of toad (lit. 'hill toad') \ss tipo de sapo (lit. 'sapo de cerro') \sem animal \sem lizard \cfo xo:pántla sá:po \xrb tepe: \nct sa:po \qry Under /sa:po/ I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite and that there is a glottal stop here. Check for other types of toads and frogs. \ref 01763 \lxa kwitlatlayehli \lxac kwitlatlayehli \lxo kwitlátlayéhli \lxop kwitlatlayehli \lxoc kwitlátlayéhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se dysentery \ss disentería \sem disease \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \xrb tlahyel \qry The Ameyaltepec form might well be in error as the Oapan etymology and form seems more natural. However, if both forms as recorded are correct, then the Ameyaltepec entry should be made separate and given a new number (and a different etymology). Finally, if the Am entry is correct, then the length of the /i/ in /kwitlapil/ should be checked as it is uncertain (cf. the comments by FK on this). \vl Note that the Oapan form was listed in the dictionary as /kwitlatlayehli/. But based on my orthography of /tláyehlí/ I have changed this present headword to one with pitch-accent, which I have written at the location I think it would occur. However, this must be checked. \ref 01764 \lxa kechkoxtlan \lxac ikechkoxtlan \lxo kechkoxtlah \lxoc i:kechkoxtlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \se nape of the neck \ss nuca \sem body \equiva kechkoxtitlan \xrb kech \xrb kochi \xrl -tlan \nse The form <na>kechkoxtlan</na> is more common in Ameyualtepec that <na>kechkoxtitlan</na>, although the latter is also employed. One speaker, Pánfilo Lorenzo, mentioned that <na>kechkoxtitlan</na> is used in San Juan Tetelcingo and in Oapan. However, this has not been confirmed in consultation with speakers from the latter village (though it might be true for Tetelcingo). \qry Check whether animals also have this body part. Recheck the precise identification of it. \vl Check to determine whether an alternate with final /n/ is possible in Oapan. \ref 01765 \lxa xoxo:wia \lxaf [xo 'xo: wia] \lxac xoxo:wia \lxo xoxo:wia \lxof [xo xo 'wi a] \lxoc xoxo:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to turn a dark green or almost purplish color \ss enverdecer; volverse un verde oscuro o hasta algo morado \pna Ye xoxo:wixtok, yo:pe:w itlakawi un nakatl. \pea It's turning a dark greenish color, that meat has started to rot. \psa Se está agarrando un color como verde oscuro, esa carne ya empezó a pudrirse. \se to get a bruise; to form a bruise \ss salirsele o salir un moretón; \pna O:xoxo:wiak. \pea It formed a bruise (e.g., where I got struck). \psa Se salió un moretón (p. ej., donde me golpeé). \pna O:nixoxo:wiak, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. \pea I got bruised, I got struck by a rock. \psa Se me salió un moretón, me alcanzó una piedra. \sem color \xrb xo: \xv0a tlaxoxo:wia \xv0o tlaxoxo:wiya \qry Check use of the intransitive; my documentation to this point has been only of the impersonal. Make better example sentences. Also get full list of things that can be subjects of this verb. This will give a great idea of its range of use. \ref 01766 \lxa tlayo:wia \lxac tlayo:wia \lxo tláyo:wía \lxop tlayo:wia \lxof ['tla yo: 'wi a] \lxoc tlayo:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to suffer from want \ss sufrir por necesidad \pna Tlayo:wia, xtlah kipia. \pea He is poor, he has nothing. \psa Es pobre, no tiene nada. \pna Tlayo:wi:lo. \pea There is suffering. \psa Hay sufrimiento. \se to suffer (from illness) \ss sufrir (por enfermedad) \xrb hyo: \xbtla iyo:wia \xbtlo íyo:wíya \nde <no>Tlayo:wia</no> is acceptable though apparently rarely used in Oapan; more common is <nlo>toli:nia</nlo> used reflexively: <no>notoli:nia</no>. \qry Note that in this dictionary I had a xref to /tlayo:wiltia/, but this is not in the dictionary now. Check to see if this word exists, and make the changes as necessary. \ref 01767 \lxa tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa \lxac kitsi:ntlatlaxkalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-owa \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to give a light spanking to \ssa dar unas ligeras nalgadas a \pna Kitsi:ntlatlaxkalowa, ke:n cho:kani. \pea He gives him (in this case a child) a light spanking, he cries an awful lot. \psa Le da unas ligeras nalgadas (en este caso a un niño), llora mucho. \sea (refl.) pat or slap oneself on the hips or thighs (often in joy) \ssa (refl.) darse palmadas por las caderas o muslos (generalmente por felicidad) \pna Notsi:ntlatlaxkalotok. Yo:kontak ina:n, pa:ki. \pea He (in this case a young child) is slapping his hands against his thighs. He has caught sight of his mother, he is happy. \psa él (en este caso un niño) está dándose palmadas sobre los muslos. Alcanzó a ver a su mamá(viniendo), está feliz. \xrb tsi:n \xrb xka \nse <na>Tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa</na> has only been documented with a reduplicated verb stem, perhaps an indication not simply of the repetitiveness of the action (since one frequently slaps ones thighs or rear several times) but to the fact that the action of slapping of patting is a metaphoric extension of the motion involved in making tortillas. \dis tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa; tsi:ntlatsi:nia \qry Get all words with /tlaxkalowa/. Check to see if unreduplicated form exists. Check Oapan cognate. \grm Valency; noun incorporation: Note that the verb /tlaxkalowa/ is an intransitive denominal verb derived from the nominal stem. Nevertheless, in several compounds the verbal /tlaxkalowa/ seems to increase in valency. Thus one has /ma:tlatlaxkalowa/, which is used reflexively (if not transitively) to indicate 'applaud.' And /tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa/ has an incorporated noun that in essence describes the location at which (i.e., someone's rear end) the slapping or patting (i.e., the 'making of torillas') will take place. It might be the case that noun incorporation as possessor raising adds a core argument to the verbal compound. Thus /nitlatlaxkalowa ipan itsi:ntew/ becomes, through possessor raising, /ni-k-tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa/. However, note that in most cases raising occurs with a core argument: /nihkwa mokxi/ becomes /nimitsikxikwa/. The foot (/ikxi/) is a core argument. \ref 01768 \lxa kwa:te:kia \lxac kikwa:te:kia \lxo kwa:te:kia \lxoc kikwa:te:kia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to baptize \ss bautizar \pna Yo:nokwa:te:kih. \pea He is already baptized. \psa Ya se bautizó. \pna Nikontas deke tlakwa:te:ki:s. \pea I will go see if he (a priest) will be conducting baptisms. \psa Voy a ver si está llevando a cabo bautizos (un sacerdote). \se to christen; to name for the first time \ss bautizar; darle un nombre por primera vez (e.g., a una cosa que antes no tenía nombre) \pna Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pa:mpa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan. \pea It (in this case <nla>teposto:to:tl</nla>) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse. \psa Es (en este caso <nla>teposto:to:tl</nla>) una palabra de aquí, es asícomo bautizaron el avión, porque asíplacticaban la gente de antes. \se to pull a fast one on \ss engañar a; hacerle una jugarreta a; verle la cara a \pna O:kinkwa:te:kite:w pa:mpa o:kinkakaya:wte:w. \pea He put one over on them upon leaving because he deceived them just before he left. \psa Les vióla cara al salir porque los enganójustamente antes de partir. \xrb kwa: \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \xvaao kwa:te:kilia \nae Although further analysis is necessary, <na>kwa:te:kia</na> appears to be an alternative applicative form ending in <n>-ia</n>. The use of <n>-ia</n> as a valency increasing device is not altogether uncommon. Note also that this verb inevitably refers to human patients (as grammatical objects) it also inevitably takes the non-specific object prefix <n>tla-</n> rather than <n>te:-</n>. \grm The phrase with /oihkón/ is found on directional tape #1, 011. This should be rechecked. If confirmed, enter this into the grammar as an example of the nature of the perfective clitic /o:-/. /Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pampa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan/ 'It (<na>teposto:to:tl</na>) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse.' \grm Discuss the applicative verbs in /a/>/ia/ as in /-ka:wia/, /-te:kia/, /-te:mia/, etc. Cf. Launey's discussion. Note that the applicative of these only seems to occur when there is in IN. \ref 01769 \lxa ta:sawia \lxac kita:sawia \lxo tá:sawía \lxop ta:sawia \lxof ['ta: sa 'wi a] \lxoc kitá:sawía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>tasa</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-loan \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to"cup"(i.e., to cure by filling a cup or glass with alcohol, lighting it, and with the suction created, attach the cup to the body of the pacient) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) poner una tasa a (esto es, curar al llenar una tasa con alcohol, encenderlo y con las succión que resulta pegarla al cuerpo del enfermo) \sem medicine \qry Determine precise nature of process, the remedies it is used to cure, and how it actually cures. \spk ventosas (Florencia Marcelino) \vl Check Oapan p-a. \grmx Oapan pitch accent. If confirmed after listening, note that in /kitá:sawíya/ the p-a does not shift onto the prefix. Note that this suggests a tendency for I/O identity maintenance. \ref 01770 \lxa a:matl \lxac a:matl \lxo a:matl \lxoc a:matl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for a group of trees called <spn>amates</spn> in Spanish (syn. <nla>a:makuwtli</nla>) \ss nombre genérico de un grupo de arboles llamados amates en español (sin. <nla>a:makuwtli</nla>) \se paper \ss papel \pna I:n na:nkah a:matl, nihkwis. \pea This piece of paper here, I'll take it. \psa Esta hoja de papel, yo me la tomo. \se title or deed; contract \ss título (de propiedad); contrato \pna Yewa moa:maw. \pea That one is your title. \psa Ese es tu título. \pna Xkipia a:matl. \pea It doesn't have a title (e.g., a piece of land). \psa No tiene título (p. ej., un terreno). \pna A:matl | San tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo. \pea <na>A:matl</na> : You just chew on its fruit. \psa <na>A:matl</na> : Solamente masticas su fruta. \cpl See entry under <nla>a:makuwtli</nla> and <nla>a:makostli</nla>. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a:ma \encyctmp a:makuhtli \nse The Nahuatl word <nao>a:matl</nao> has a short second /a/ whereas the reborrowing from the Spanish <spn>amate</spn> has a long second /a:/. The back loan (in Nahuatl <nao>ama:teh</nao>) is used to refer to painted amates, sold to tourists and collectors. There are many types of <nao>a:matl</nao> trees. They are not particularly common in the Balsas region, but the following types have been documented in a wild state: <nba>a:mai:skitl</nba>, <nba>a:makostli</nba> and <nba>a:matl de un uwe:i</nba>. According to the three consultants of the first fieldwork session there is only one tree called specifically <nao>a:matl</nao>, and there is no gender distinction between male and female. Inocencio Díaz mentioned that some grow to a very large size, while others do not. He also said that this tree is sometimes referred to as <na>a:matl de un uwe:i</na>. He also added that the tree itself is more accurately referred to as <na>a:makuhtli</na> and the word <na>a:matl</na> to the fruit itself. \ncx a:matl; a:mai:skitl; a:makostli; a:matl de un uwe:i \nct kohtli \qry Check existence of /a:mayo/ for title to a property; also /a:mayoh/ for sth titled. Check to see if this is a tree or only a reference to a group of trees. Check what /san tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo/ means. Check for possibility of /i:a:mayo/. \ref 01771 \lxa tlakpasuwa:montli \lxacpend *tlakpasuwa:montli \lxo tlahpasiwa:montli \lxoc tlahpasiwa:montli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seao wife of one's stepson \ssao esposa de un hijastro \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb sowa: \xrb mon \nse Cristino Flores had never heard this word although once explained he understood it. It is most likely a product of elicitation although I do not remember the exact circumstances of its original documentation in Ameyaltepec. \ref 01772 \lxa tlayo:lkimichin de chi:noh \lxac tlayo:lkimichin de chi:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>chino</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln \sea type of white maize (also referred to as simply <na>chi:noh</na>), perhaps that called <spn>arrocillo</spn> in local Spanish \ssa tipo de maíz blanco (también simplemente llamado <na>chi:noh</na>), quizá el que se llama 'arrocillo' en el español local \pna Tlayo:hli de un chi:noh, a:kawtik. \pea It is a strain of maize of the type called <na>chino</na>, it is light. \psa Es semilla de maíz del variante que llaman 'chino', es ligero. \sem food-maize \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse According to notes from my original fieldwork, <na>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</na> refers to a type of maize which is very 'light' in weight. It is no longer planted in Ameyaltepec, but used to be planted here, as well as in Santa Teresa where, I was told, it is also no longer planted. Some consultants mentioned that it is the same as the maize called <spn>arrocillo</spn> in local Spanish while others suggested that the two were different. It is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 01773 \lxa si:tlalin \lxac si:tlalin \lxo si:tlalin \lxoa si:talih; si:tlalih \lxop si:tlalin \lxoc si:tlalih \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao star \ssao estrella \sem heavens \xrb si:tlal \nae The pronunciation <no>si:talih</no> by Florencia Marcelino appears to be rather rare in Oapan, perhaps idiosyncratic. Here husband Inocencio Jiménez gave <no>si:tlalih</no> (cf. linked sound files). \ref 01774 \lxa a:la:wa \lxac ka:la:wa \lxo a:la:wa \lxoc ka:la:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to pull or push down (items piled in a heap) \ss jalar o empujar hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas) \pna Xka:la:wa: sintli para ma tpixkaka:n! \pea Pull down the <spn>mazorcas</spn> (from the top of a pile down to where we are sitting on or close to the floor) so that we can shuck it! \psa ¡Jálale la mazorca (desde el tope de un montón hacia donde estamos sentados por el suelo) para que asípodremos deshojarla! \se to smooth down and remove bumps (over an area) \ss aplanar y quitar las protuberancias (en unárea) \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani! \pea Smooth that earth down (where it is slightly raised in a mound) so that the ground becomes even! \psa ¡Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano! \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok para ma chaya:wi! \pea Push that earth down there where it is piled up so that it spreads out (and the ground becomes more even)! \psa Jálale a esa tierra donde allídonde está algo amontonada para que se extienda (y que se alise la tierra)! \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmanto! \pea Knock down that earth (where it is piled up) so that the ground becomes smooth! \psa ¡Jálale a esa tierra (donde está apilada) para que quede el suelo liso! \xrb a:la: \nse The most common sense of <nao>a:la:wa</nao> is to push, knock or pull a material such as earth, grain, etc. from a heap, pulling down the sides so that it comes sliding or falling down. Thus one illustrative sentence refers to a situation in which people are sitting in front of a mound of maize shucking the corn or shelling it. In this context one person may say to another:" <nao>xka:la:wa</nao> "so that the second individual pulls down some of the mazorca so that it is right in front of the workers.' This verb may also be used to refer to the action of pulling and pushing down earth that is heaped up over an area. As an intransitive it refers to soil that slides down along slopes with loosely packed earth. \qry In some entries I have recorded a long initial vowel whereas in others I have recorded a short /a/. This should be definitely checked. Check also whether the intensifier /te-/ can be used since it is recorded as possible with /a:la:wi/. \ref 01775 \lxa no:hki \lxaa no:ihki \lxac no:hki \lxo no:hki \lxoa no:ihki \lxoc no:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-uncl \se likewise; also in the same way or manner \ss también de esa o de la misma manera \pna San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chitsi:n ok sekneka. \pea It (e.g., how sb is doing sth) is just the same as you are doing it, it's not even a little bit different. \psa Es (p. ej., la manera como algn hace algo) de la misma manera que túlo está haciendo, ni un poco diferente. \xrb no: \xrb iw \qry Check difference between /no:/ and /no:yhki/ as in /newa no:/ and /newa no:yhki/. Check pronunciation as perhaps this is /no:ihki/ or even two words /no: ihki/. Recheck /o:ksekneka/. \vl Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan. \ref 01776 \lxa pitelo:ntsi:n \lxac pitelo:ntsi:n \lxo pixtelo:ntsi:n \lxoa pitelo:ntsi:n \lxoc pitelo:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \se tiny, very small (e.g., an object, a piece of land, etc.) \ss chiquitito, muy pequeño (p. ej., un objeto, un terrenito, etc.) \sem size \cfa lonchin \xrb piten \cfa lonchin \nae It seems that <nao>pitelo:ntsin</nao> is etymologically related to <nao>pitentsi:n</nao>, although <nao>pitelo:ntsi:n</nao> apparently intensifies the smallness of the referenced object. In speaking to children adults often palatalized [ts]; this is evidenced in the derived Ameyaltepec form <nla>lonchin</nla>. The degree to which palatalization is also used in speaking to children with the full form <nao>pitelo:ntsi:n</nao> has not yet been determined. The same palatalization most likely accounts for the related Oapan form <no>pixtelo:ntsi:n</no>. \vl Check length of /o:/. Check to see if final syllable is often palatalized. \grm If /pitelo:ntsi:n/ (check vowel length) is related to /pitentsi:n/, this reflects an interesting case of infixation of an element that is not elsewhere recorded. \ref 01777 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was a toponym and has been put in a separate database/dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01778 \lxa kuwbu:rroh \lxac kuwbu:rroh \lxo kohbu:rroh \lxoc kohbu:rroh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan burroh \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se (often in the diminutive: <na>kuwburri:toh</na> (Am)) three-pronged stick placed upright in the ground and usually used to hold a bowl of water, the <nlao>a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl</nlao> that is placed next to the metate, or the tray (<nlao>kwexomatl</nlao>) onto which the maize is ground \ss (a menudo en el diminutivo: <na>kuwburri:toh</na> (Am)) palo con tres salidas que generalmente se empotra junta al metate y se utiliza para sostener un plato hondo, el <nlao>a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl</nlao>, con agua o bien para sostener el (<nlao>kwexomatl</nlao>) donde se junta la masa molida \pna Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian 'kuwburri:toh.' \pea A small piece of wood that has three branches, it is called a <na>kuwburri:toh</na>. \psa Un pedazo de madera con tres salidas, le dicen <na>kuwburri:toh</na>. \seo type of small packframe of wood used during traditional marriages and in which a <nlo>wetskistli</nlo> carries pots and other kitchen items to the house of the bridgegroom \sso tipo de pequeño suporte hecha de varas que se usa durante una boda tradicional sobre el cual un <nlo>wetskistli</nlo> lleva ollas y otros trastes a la casa del novio \xrb kow \qry Check vowel length in /-tsitsiwan/. Perhaps should be /tsitsi:wan/. \ref 01779 \lxa itlah tli:no:n \lxac itlah tli:no:n \lxo ítla tlí:no:n \lxop itlah tli:no:n \lxoc ítla tlí:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \pa yes-lex \se something \ss algo \pna Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:no:n, wa:n xmelá:k. \pea He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other (e.g., the sound of a moving animal) and it's not really there. \psa Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo (p. ej., un animal corriendo) y no es de a de veras. \seao (<nao>xtlah tli:non</nao>) You're welcome! \ssao (<nao>xtlah tli:non</nao>)¡De nada! \xrb itlah \xrb tli:n \nae Note that in practical orthography, in which pitch accent from underlying {h} is not marked, the lexical entry <no>ítla tlí:non</no> is written <no>itlah tli:non</no>. \qry Determine pitch accent of Oa /xtlah tli:non/. \ref 01780 \lxa chapolin \lxac chapolin \lxo chapolin \lxoa chapolih \lxoc chapolih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se generic name for grasshopper, of which there are almost 20 types \ss nombre genérico de chapulín, de que existen casi 20 tipos \seo specific type of grasshopper, also known as <nbo>kwahli chapolin</nbo> \sso tipo específico de chapolin, también conocido como <nbo>kwahli chapolin</nbo> \sem animal \sem insect \xrb chapol \encyctmp chapulin \nse There are the following types of <nao>chapolin</nao> identified by several Oapan consultants: <nbo>sásajosé:ntsi:n</nbo>, <nbo>malintsi:n</nbo>, <nbo>to:topo</nbo>, <nbo>kwíkwitlaxaterí:toh</nbo>, <nbo>kó:skayá:ntsi:n</nbo>, <nbo>chowilili</nbo>, <nbo>ye:lo:chapolin</nbo>, <nbo>tso:tsopa</nbo>, <nbo>te:si:s</nbo>, <nbo>kwahli chapolin</nbo>, <nbo>a:kayo:chin</nbo>, <nbo>a:kayo:pestli</nbo>, <nbo>te:poyo</nbo> (which, according to Moises Domínguez, from Oapan, has 3 different types), <nbo>chochoteya</nbo>, <nbo>tlako:me:meka</nbo>, and <nbo>tepachichi</nbo>. I believe there is another type called in Ameyaltepec <nla>chiya:wak chapolin</nla>. This should be checked in Oapan. \cpl There are the following types of <na>chapulin</na> : <nla>te:si:s</nla>, <nla>ye:lo:chapolin</nla>, <nla>tlakome:meka</nla>, <nla>totopo</nla>, and <nla>chiya:wak chapolin</nla>. \ref 01781 \lxa tetsa:wi \lxac tetsa:wi \lxo tetsa:wi \lxoc tetsa:wi \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to thicken; to become thick (a liquid) \ss espesarse; hacerse más espeso (un líquido) \pna Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli. Xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl dya xoko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia! \pea The paint has thickened. Pour a little water into it and shake it (the bottle) deliberately back and forth so that it gets better (i.e., thins out)! \psa Se puso espesa la pintura.¡échale un poquito de agua y agítalo (en el frasquito) deliberadamente de un lado a otro para que se diluya! \pna Un tetsa:wtok, ke:mah no: welis tikito:s pa:mpa ke:itlah yewa, ke:itlah kemech, ke:itlah kemech tetsa:wtok, xe kwaltia kwahli. \src CF Dict Disc 07001-07050/06:17 \sound_ref_Am 01781_01_am \pea <na>Tetsa:wtok</na>, yes you can also say it (in addition to <nla>tetsa:hki</nla>) because it's like, like it just, like it is just thickening, it hasn't yet gotten to the right stage. \psa <na>Tetsa:wtok</na>, sítambién lo puedes decir (además de <nla>tetsa:hki</nla>) porque eso, es como apenas, apenas están quedando espeso, todavía no se ponga bien. \xrb tetsa: \ref 01782 \lxa tlapechko \lxac tlapechko \lxo tlapechko \lxoc tlapechko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \se in bed \ss en la cama \pna Ok tlapechko nemi. \pea He is still in bed. \psa Todavía está en la cama. \xrb pech \xrl -ko \ref 01783 \lxa tlapachiwi \lxac tlapachiwi \lxo tlapachiwi \lxoc tlapachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get covered over \ss taparse \xrb tlapach \qry Check meaning; I only had this word listed with no illustrative sentences. It frequently appears, however, in compounds. Note that this intransitive is not found in RS. \ref 01784 \lxa tsi:npo:ntok \lxac tsi:npo:ntok \lxo tsi:npo:ntok \lxoc tsi:npo:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be positioned with the bottom in a slightly raised position (e.g., a bucket or container so that any liquid will flow and then drip out) \ss estar posicionado con la parte posterior ligeramente alzada (p. ej., una cubeta o recipiente asícolocadas para que cualquier líquido pueda salir) \se to be leaning over or be in a position so that ones rear end is sticking up in the air; to be with ones buttocks showing (e.g., peeking out from behind clothes such as loose pants) \ss estar agachado o en una posición con las nalgas hacia arriba; estar con las nalgas visibles (p. ej., asomándose desde tras la ropa) \pna O:wetsiko, o:tsi:npo:ntiah \pea He fell to the ground (in this case falling off an animal), he went with his rear end jutting up into the air. \psa Se cayó al suelo (en este caso al caerse de un animal), se fue cayendo con las nalgas mirando hacia arriba. \xrb tsi:n \xrb po: \qry For all statives elicit possibility of /-tiw/ and related endings. Cf. to forms such as /westitiw/, /ikatitiw/, /pilkatitiw/? or /pilkatiw/? Check all. \grm Statives; aspectuals: Note /O:wetsiko, o:tsi:npo:ntiah/ 'He fell to the ground (e.g., in falling off an animal), he went with his rear end jutting into the air.' Here as in many other cases the aspectual replaces the stative /-tok/ but has the same positional meaning, i.e., to be going along/moving, while in the position indicated by the stative. Determine the rules for one or the other form. \ref 01785 \lxa tlane:wtia \lxac kitlane:wtia \lxo tlane:htia \lxoc kitlane:htia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to lend out to (either with or without a charge) \ss prestar o alquiler a (con o sin un pago) \pna Xne:xtlane:wti moko:n, ma timitschichiawili! \pea Lend me your pot, let me sear the bottom of it for you (by placing it on the hearth)! \psa ¡Préstame tu olla, déjame chamuscártela (al colocarla sobre una fogata)! \pna Kite:tlane:wtia. \pea He lends it out. \psa Lo presta. \se (with object prefixes <n>ki-</n> and <n>te:-</n>) to offer sexual favors or services (a woman [S], either for some compensation such as a gift, or for free) \ss (con los prefijos de objeto <n>ki-</n> y <n>te:-</n>) ofrecer favores o servicios sexuales (una mujer [S], quizápor regalos o sin ninguna reciprocidad) \pna Kite:tlane:wtia -=note:tlane:wtia-, xkwahli ke:n kichi:wa. \pea She offers sexual favors, it's not right what she does. \psa Ofrece servicios sexuales, no está bien lo que hace. \xrb tlane:wi \xvca tlane:wi \nse In the verbal form <na>kite:tlane:wtia</na> the secondary object <n>ki-</n> is a"taboo"reference to the sexual organ or, more abstractly, to sexual favors. In this case it functions much the same as <spn>lo</spn> in <spn>lo hiciste</spn> and 'it' in 'did you do it?' \ref 01786 \lxa bajare:keh \lxac bajare:keh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan bajareque \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of <na>chinamíl</na> fence with upright rods laced together with sections so constructed attached to upright posts sunk into the ground \ssa tipo de <na>chinamíl</na> una varas verticales, atados con cuerda entrelazada; una sección de tales varas se ata a estacas empotradas en la tierra \cola kweskomatl de bare:jeh \equivo abare:keh \qry Check to see if the Nahuatl should be /bajare:keh/ \ref 01787 \lxa yo:lka:ikni:wtli \lxac i:yo:lka:ikni:w \lxo yo:lka:ihni:htli \lxoc i:yo:lka:ihni:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se (often possessed) fellow animal that an animal [marked as possessor] feels comfortable with (i.e., that he grazes with, follows around, etc.) \ss (a menudo poseído) animal compañero con que un animal [señalado como el poseedor] se siente cómodo (p. ej., apacentando conél, etc.) \pna Kitoka iyo:lka:xiw, iyo:lka:ikni:w. \pea It follows another animal just like it, its fellow animal of the same species. \psa Sigue otro animal comoél, su compañero de la misma especiecategoría. \flao yo:lka:xiw \xrb yo:l \xrb kni:w \nse The unpossessed form occurs only in the plural: <na>yo:lka:ikni:wteh</na>, <no>yo:lka:ihni:htih</no> \dis yo:lka:xi:w; yo:lka:ikni:wtli \ref 01788 \lxa montone:ros \lxac montone:ros \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan montonero \sea see <nla>tejo:meh de montone:ros</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tejo:meh de montone:ros</nla> \qry This word should perhaps be removed from the dictionary. It was said once in reference to tejones that ran around together. My impression at that time was that the speaker, from Ameyaltepec, considered that there were two types of tejones, ones that traveled in packs and others that traveled separately. He referred to the two as /montone:ros/ and /solita:rioh/, respectively. \ref 01789 \lxa tixtla:lia \lxac kitixtla:lia \lxo tixtla:lia \lxoc kitixtla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to turn into <nlao>tixtli</nlao> (e.g., by grinding on a metate the 3rd and final time in preparing tortillas) \ss volver masa (p. ej., al moler sobre el metate la tercera yúltima vez en preparar tortillas) \pna O:niktixtla:lia ipan metlatl. \pea I ground it into dough (<nao>tixtli</nao>) on a metate. \psa Lo convertí en masa sobre el metate. \xrb tisi \xrb tla:l \nse My original notes on <nao>tixtla:lia</nao> read:"It appears that the correct usage of <nlao>tisi</nlao> is to grind maize with a mill and that <nao>tixtla:lia</nao> is used to refer to the act of grinding maize again, this time on a metate."It appears, then, that <nao>tixtla:lia</nao> refers to the process of regrinding <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> on a metate after it has first been ground in a hand or electric mill. The reason this is done is to make the dough finer and more pleasing to the taste, as <na>nextamahli</na> ground in a metal mill (hand or electric) is not fine and often contains lumps of poorly ground maize. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are 3 stages in grinding on a metate: <na>kipapaya:na</na>, <na>kiyema:nia</na> and <na>kitixtla:lia</na>. \ref 01790 \lxa tetsi:liwi \lxac tetsi:liwi \lxo tetsi:liwi \lxoc tetsi:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to become tightly twisted (wire, cord, lasso, etc.) \ss retorcerse apretadamente (alambre, cordón, riata, etc.) \xrb tetsi:l \ref 01791 \lxa a:to \lxac i:a:to \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan hato \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea flesh around the neck of a bull or steer \ssa carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res \pna Kipia ia:to. \pea It has flesh around its neck (e.g., a bull) \psa Tiene carne por su cuello (p. ej., un toro) \nse <na>Kipia i:a:to</na> is said of a live bull that is fattening up during the rainy season and builds up a layer of flesh around its neck. Although this is clearly a Spanish loan, the way in which this borrowing acquired its present meaning is not clear. One common meaning of <spn>hato</spn> is 'herd' (of cattle) or 'flock' (of sheep). However, it may also refer to bundles (of clothes or food) taken on a journey. Thus the Porrua dictionary definition of <spn>hato</spn> : 'Provisión de víveres que se abastece a pastores y mineros'). In Nahuatl this is usually referred simply as <na>i:kechpan</na>. \qry Check to determine whether there is or not a final /h/, which does not appear in my notes. \ref 01792 \lxa temetlatl \lxac temetlatl \lxo temetlatl \lxoc temetlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se specific type of metate (usually locally made) that has no legs and is placed directly on a support fashioned out of red earth \ss tipo de metate (generalmente fabricado localmente) que no tiene patas y que se coloca directamente sobre un soporte de tierra arcillosa y rojiza \sem tool \xrb te \xrb metla \ono hypo metlatl \ref 01793 \lxa to:nalte:kokoh \lxac to:nalte:kokoh \lxo to:nalte:kokoh \lxoc to:nalte:kokoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to have a strong soul \ss tener la alma fuerte \pna Tito:nalte:kokoh, deke yekah iwa:n timokwala:ni:s, kokoliskwis. \pea You have a strong soul, if you get into an argument with someone, he will get sick. \psa Tienes la alma fuerte, si discutes con alguien, se va a enfermar. \xrb to:na \xrb koko \qry Check etymology. \vl Check length of /te:/ in /to:nalte:kokoh/, perhaps it is short. \ref 01794 \lxa ichwa \lxac kichwa \lxo ichwa \lxoc kichwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \epen i>0 \se to excavate or dig at (a particular place with a pick, crowbar, <na>witso:ktli</na>, etc.) \ss cavar o excavar a (un lugar en particular con un pico, barreta, <na>witso:ktli</na>, etc.) \pna Nikichwas. \pea I'm going to dig there (i.e., in a particular place). \psa Le voy a cavar (e.g., en un lugar en particular). \pna Tlachwalo:s. \pea People will dig. \psa Habrágente cavando. \xrb chwa \ono ichwa \nse <nao>Ichwa</nao> refers to the action of loosening earth with a pick, crowbar, or spade. It is a transitive though it is most often used with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>. For shoveling, Ameyaltepequeños use the compound word <nla>tla:lxi:nia</nla>. \qry Determine what the patient of /ichwa/ is, i.e. whether the place dug, etc. Elicit a full sentence with use. \ref 01795 \lxa i:xmati \lxac ki:xmati \lxo i:xmati \lxoc ki:xmati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se (often used in progressive) to recognize; to know (a person, from the appearance or looks of) \ss (a menudo utlizado en el progresivo); conocer; reconocer (a una persona, por su apariencia) \pna Timitsi:xmastok. \pea I know you. \psa Yo te conozco. \pna Niki:xmastoya. \pea I used to know him. \psa Lo conocía. \se (often with <na>le:trah</na>) to know how to read and write \ss (a menudo con <na>le:trah</na>) saber leer y escribir \src LL GT \pna Kitlapopolwia pa:mpa xki:xmati. \pea He forgives him because he doesn't know how to read. \psa Lo perdona porque no sabe leer. \xrb i:x \xrb mat \xvaao i:xmachilia \xvcao i:xmachi:ltia \xv0ao tlai:xmati \ref 01796 \lxa kwa:papayoh \lxac kwa:papayoh \lxo kwá:papáyoh \lxop kwa:papayoh \lxoc kwá:papáyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be crazy; to have lost ones senses \ss estar loco; haber perdido los estribos \syno pápáyotsí:n \syno pápayóh \xrb kwa: \xrb pahpa \nae The etymology of <na>kwa:papayoh</na> is not apparent. The <n>kwa:-</n> element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival <n>-yoh</n> are transparent. This leaves <n>papa</n>, which, like <nla>papayoh</nla> and related forms, is not attested in any of the other sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the unreduplicated form would be * <n>pa</n>, which is also unattested. Nor is there a nominal form * <n>papatl</n> or * <n>patl</n>. It is conceivable that <na>papayoh</na> derives from a reinterpretation of <nla>pa:ya:tl</nla>, which has a similar meaning in combination (e.g., <nla>kwa:pa:ya:tl</nla>), but this interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of <na>kwa:papayoh</na> and <na>papayoh</na>, as well as all related derivations, needs to be examined. \qry Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc. Check on basis of information given above. \qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. \sj Check for /h/ or two /h/s. \ref 01797 \lxa kochmiki \lxac kochmiki \lxo kochmiki \lxoc kochmiki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be in a deep sleep \ss estar en un sueño profundo \pna Milá:k yo:kochmik, xkineki isas. \pea He's really fallen into a deep sleep, he doesn't want to wake up. \psa De veras se cayó en un sueño profundo, no se quiere despertar. \xrb kochi \xrb miki \qry My notes should be checked. However, I seem to remember that this verb may also refer to what happens when one is in bed and wants (or in a dream) wants to move (from fear perhaps) but cannot, one feels incapable of moving, shouting, etc. But perhaps the word for this is /tla:lmiki/. Check. \ref 01798 \lxa pila:nilia \lxac kipila:nilia \lxo pila:nilia \lxoc kipila:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to baby-sit for, to take care of a youngster for; to be a nursemaid for \ss cuidar un niño pequeño para; trabajar de niñera para \pna Timistlapila:nili:s deke xtikpia pila:nke:tl. \pea I will baby-sit for you if you don't have a babysitter. \psa Voy a cuidar a los chiquitos para tísi no tienes niñera. \xrb pil \xrb a:na \xvbao pila:na \ref 01799 \lxa kwitlaxkohli \lxac kwitlaxkohli \lxo kwitlaxkohli \lxoc kwitlaxkohli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se intestines \ss tripas; intestinos \sem body \xrb kwitla \xrb xkol \nae The etymology of <na>kwitlaxkohli</na> suggests a compound of <nr>kwitla</nr> with <na>ko:l</na>, indicating curvature. However, the vowel length discrepancy is unexplained as is the presence of /x/. For this reason the etymology has been given as <nr>kwitla</nr> and <n>xkol</n>. \rt Although in Ameyaltepec and other reported dialects <na>kwitlaxkohli</na> has a short final /o/, the sequence <na>kol</na> seems clearly related to <nr>ko:l</nr>, a root found in many words indicating curvature. \ref 01800 \lxa tekoncho:ktia \lxac kitekoncho:ktia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to cause to emit a loud, hollow, resonant sound \ssa hacer emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco \pna A:sta kitekoncho:ktia a:tlawtli. \pea He (in this case sb chopping wood with an axe) is making a deep, hollow sound resound through the ravine. \psa Hasta está (en este caso un leñador con hacha) haciendo la barranca emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco. \sem sound-material \syno tekóntsatsí:tia \xrb tekoma \xrb cho:ka \xvba tekoncho:ka \ref 01801 \lxa kemech kayo:tl \lxac kemech kayo:tl \lxo kámach káyo:tl \lxop kamach kayo:tl \lxoc kámach káyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se something from just recently; something not very old; person just recently born \ss algo recién hecho; algo no muy antiguo; persona recién nacida \pna Kemech kayo:tl, ya:lwa o:nemiko. \pea It's recent (in this case a baby just born), it was born yesterday. \psa Es reciente (en este caso un niño), apenas ayer nació. \cfao xo:koyo:tl \xrb kemech \xrb kayo: \nse This noun is used to refer to something that in reference to a particular moment in time, usually speaker present, only recently came into existence. It most often refers to a person or animal recently born. \nae The reason for pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear; see <nlo>kámách</nlo>. \ref 01802 \lxa soli:toh \lxac soli:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan solito \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \infa Gender \sea by oneself (word used in talking directly to young babies, encouraging them to walk by themselves) \ssa solito (palabra utilizada en hablar a niños chiquitos para animarlos a caminar solito) \sem baby \nde In Oapan the Nahuatl form <no>san táwatsí:n, san táwatsí:n</no> is often used in a similar situation. \qry Check to make sure that both genders are used. Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1. \ref 01803 \lxa i:skia:to:hli \lxac i:skia:to:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea type of atole, made with toasted maize \ssa tipo de atole, hecho con maíz tostado \sem food \equiva a:to:hli de i:skitl \xrb i:ski \xrb a:to:l \encyctmp a:to:hli \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 01804 \lxa kiawi \lxac kiawi \lxo kiawi \lxoa kiewi \lxoc kiawi \dt 05/May/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to rain \ss llover \pna Kiawisneki. \pea It looks like rain. \psa Parece que va a llover. \pna I:pan o:kiaw, o:pa:tsiw. \pea It rained on it (e.g., clothes left outside to dry), it got wet. \psa Llovió sobre él (p. ej., ropa dejado afuera para secarse), se mojó. \syno tlakiawi \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae This verb is defective in that it is only found in the 3rd person singular. In Oapan I have heard the form <nlo>tlakiawi</nlo> uttered by Emiliana Domínguez in the question <no>¿Tlakiawi Chicago?</no>. At first I thought that this was a type of impersonal form with the meaning 'to rain constantly (all over)' but this does not seem to be the case. For further discussion, see <nlo>tlakiawi</nlo>. \vl Carefully recheck whether there is a glide /y/ or whether this is better written /kiawi/. Be consistent. \rt Tie in roots of /tlapayawi/, /kiawi/ and other similar forms. \ref 01805 \lxa pipi:na \lxac kipipi:na \lxo pipi:na \lxoc kipipi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \se to suck on; to suck or nurse on (the udder or breasts of a mammal) \ss chupar; mamar (p. ej., el ubre de una vaca o los senos de otra mamalia) \pna Xka:wili! Ma kipipi:na ichi:chiwal. \pea Leave him alone (in this case a calf that is nursing)! Let him nurse on her udder. \psa ¡Déjalo bien (en este caso un becerro que está amamantando)!¡Deja que le chupe el ubre! \se to inhale (on a cigarrete or other similar object) \ss inhalar; chupar (un cigarro u otro objeto similar) \pna Xpipi:na, ma niktlikwi:lti! \pea Inhale on it (a cigarrette), let me light it! \psa ¡Inhala (un cigarro), deja que lo prenda! \xrb pi:na \dis pa:chichi:na; pipi:na; chi:chi \qry Check to see if intransitive or unreduplicated form exists. Check vowel length. In several entries I had a long second /i:/ and in others a short vowel. Zacapoaxtla has a long vowel, which might be expected in this phonological context. Directly compare pronunciation and vowel length with /pipi:nki/. \vl Check vowel length. \ref 01806 \lxa ixtla:wate:roh \lxac ixtla:wate:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>ixtla:watl</n> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of squash \ssa tipo de calabaza \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ixtla:wa \encyctmp a:yotli \cpl According to Luis Lucena, the <na>ixtla:water:roh</na> is also called <na>pípian</na>. \nct a:yotli \ref 01807 \lxanotes zzz \dt 27/Jul/2001 \mod Here /tsi:nkoya:wak/ has been removed from dictionary \ref 01808 \lxa a:te:mi \lxac a:te:mi \lxo a:te:mi \lxoc a:te:mi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \se to become filled with water (a ditch) \ss llenarse de agua (una zanja) \pna Yo:a:te:n kwentli. \pea The furrows have gotten filled with water (e.g., after a heavy summer rain). \psa Los surcos se han llenado de agua (p. ej., después de una lluvia fuerte de verano). \pna O:pe:w kiawi, yo:a:te:n. \pea It has started to rain, it (e.g., a ditch) has filled up with water. \psa Empezó a llover, ya se llenócon agua (p. ej., una zanja). \se to be almost ripe; to be just getting juicy (a fruit as it"fills up with water"and is still not fully ripe, but is"full of water"and can be eaten; a fruit that is <na>a:te:nki</na> is between <na>selik</na> and <na>yo:iksik</na> ; it is still not ripe, <na>xechika:wi</na>) \ss estar casi a sazón; estar poniéndose jugoso (una fruta al"llenarse de agua"; todavía no está completamente madura, pero está "llena de agua"y ya se puede comer; una fruta que está <na>a:te:nki</na> está entre <na>selik</na> and <na>yo:iksik</na>, pero todavía no madura, <na>xechika:wi</na>) \pna Kemech a:te:mis un xokotl. \pea That plum is on the verge of becomeing ripe. \psa Esa ciruela está a punto de madurarse. \pna Yo:pe:w aga:te:mi. Ye totoma:wtok, ye yaw para iksis. \pea They (pieces of fruit such as mango, <nlao>xokotl</nlao>, tomato, watermelon, etc.) have started to get ripe (but are still somewhat green). They are getting fat, they are on their way to ripening. \psa Ellas (piezas de fruta tales como mango, ciruela, tomate, sandía) ya empezaron a sazonarse (pero están todavía verdes). Se están quedando gordas, ya están para ponerse maduras. \pna San a:te:ntok un xokotl. \pea That plum is becoming ripe. \psa Esa ciruela está casi madura \xrb a: \xrb te:m \encyctmp tla:kihli (i.e., stages of) \nse When a fruit is <nao>a:te:nki</nao> it is not fully ripe, it is still somewhat green and just starting to fill out. It is hard but it is edible. Thus, according to one Ameyaltepec consultant, when the <na>kopaxokotl</na> is <na>a:te:ntok</na> it is also called <na>xokotl de tlatlatstopo:ni</na> ; it is not fully ripe but rather greeen and thus makes a crunching sound while being eaten. <na>A:te:mi</na> can be used in a vulgar sense, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to a pregnant woman, the subject of the verb: <na>On ne:nkah sowa:tl, yo:pe:w a:te:mi, ne:si ye o:stli</na> 'That woman over there, she's has a swollen belly, it appears that she is pregnant.' ('Aquella mujer, ya tiene la barriga hinchada, parece que ya estáembarazada.'). \mod Create an onomasiological section for fruits in which their growth cycle is discussed, the laws for fruit, etc. \qry Apparently can also refer to the inside of a house getting filled with water, etc. Check this. Also check whether when referring to a person it can only be used to indicate pregnancy and whether in refering to pregnancy it can be used to refer to any animal. \ref 01809 \lxa te:nkoya:wa \lxac kite:nkoya:wa \lxo te:nkoya:wa \lxoc kite:nkoya:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <nao>te:ntekoya:wa</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se to stretch or widen the opening of (a sack, a pot being made, a well, etc.) \ss ensanchar o ampliar la boca o apertura de (un costal, una olla cuando se fabrica, un pozo, etc.) \pna Ti:roh pi:stik ite:n ma:tekon, xikte:ntekoya:wa! \pea The opening of your gourd canteen is really narrow, make it wider! \psa La boca de tu cantimplora está muy cerrada,¡ensánchale bien! \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \ref 01810 \lxa pa:stik \lxac pa:stik \lxo pa:stik \lxoc pa:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be wet; to be moist \ss estar húmedo; estar mojado \pna Ok nipa:stik. \pea I've still wet (e.g, haven't dried off from the rain). \psa Todavía estoy mojado (p. ej., todavía no me he secado bien de la lluvia). \se to be fresh (meat in a marketplace) \ss estar fresca (carne en el mercado) \pna Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh -=o:temotso:lihkeh-. \pea When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up. \psa Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron. \se to be green; to not be dried (grains such as beans, firewood, etc.) \ss estar verde; no estar seco (granos como frijoles, leña, etc.) \pna Pa:stik yetl, xe wa:ki. \pea The beans are still fresh, they haven't yet dried. \psa Los frijoles están verdes, todavía no se secan. \xrb pa:ts \grm Number agreement: /Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man i:ka o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh (=o:temotso:lihkeh)./ 'When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.' Note the variation in number agreement. The first phrase is in the singular and there is no evidence of plurality until the second phrase, in the adjective /we:weyak/. Thus there is disagreement between the subject of the verb /pa:stik/ and the adjective. It appears from this (and from other evidence) that adjectives are the most prone to showing number, particularly through reduplication. The second sentence shows a singular object on /o:tikto:naya:nwikeh/ and a plural subject of /o:tso:lihkeh/. Clearly the reference in both cases is the same. This and other examples (e.g. /nikpia o:me nokone:wan/ suggest that plural object marking is the least likely to show up in the case of plural referents, particularly if these referents are s everal tokens of a type. \ref 01811 \lxa mekawtli \lxac mekawtli \lxo mekahtli \lxoc mekahtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se male lover (of a woman) \ss amante (masculino, de una mujer) \xrb meka \nae <na>Mekawtli</na> is derived from the nominalization of the possessed <na>-mekaw</na>, 'lover.' The term usually refers to the male lover of a married or widowed woman. However, it may refer to the male lover of a homosexual. \qry I should recheck the correctness of the nominalized absolutive form, although I do have it in my notes. The woman with a lover may be married or widowed; check to see if the lover of an unmarried woman is also her /-mekaw/. Finally, check whether this term can also be used for the male lover of a gay man. \grm Nominalization: Note with /mekawtli/ it is clear that the nominalization takes place on the possessed stem. Apparently this also occurred with words such as /ikniwtli/ and /ixwiwtli/. \ref 01812 \lxa tla:litik \lxac tla:litik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der N-loc-1 \sea covered with a layer of loose earth \ssa cubierto o tapado con una capa de tierra suelta \pna Tla:litik pa:mpa xna:ichia. \pea There is a cover of loose earth because it has't had water sprinkled on it. \psa Hay una capa delgada de tierra suelta porque todavía no se ha rociado con agua. \syno tlá:hlotík \xrb tla:l \nae The fact that the Oapan equivalent of the Ameyaltepec form is <no>tla:hlo:tik</no> suggests the possibility that historically <na>-itik</na> as an adjectival ending derives from <n>-yoh</n> plus <n>-tik</n>. \qry Determine etymology and make sure that the form is with /ihtik/ 'inside' and is not an adjectival with /-tik/. Check for other words ending in /-itik/. Check to make sure that /xna:ichia/ is correct. I have /a:ichwia/ in other entries. If /a:ichia/ is correct then add an entry for this term and discuss the distinction between this and /a:ichwia/. If it is not correct, then change the orthography in the example sentence. \sj tla:litik. Check for /yohtik/, /ihtik/, etc. \grm /-itik/ Note that the fact that the Oapan equivalent of the Ameyaltepec form <n>tla:litik</n> is <no>tla:hlo:tik</no> suggests the possibility that historically <na>-itik</na> as an adjectival ending derives from <n>-yo:</n> plus <n>-tik</n>. \ref 01813 \lxa i:xwia \lxac ki:xwia \lxo i:xwia \lxof [i:x 'wi ya] \lxoc ki:xwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to give the evil eye to \ss echarle mal de ojo a \pna O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. \pea They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. \psa Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. \pna O:ki:wikeh nokone:w saka ke:n o:kwelitakeh. \pea They gave my child the evil eye just with the fact that they liked the way he looked. \psa Le dieron mal de ojo a mi hijo, nada más con esto de que les gustócomo se veía. \xrb i:x \xvaao i:xwilia \nse This and related words in general refer to the effect of evil eye, which often affects a young child, an animal, etc. that is adored, or liked and coveted by someone who is a <na>tlai:xwia:ni</na>, someone who is noted for or can give the evil eye. In such cases the affected child or animal gets sick, doesn't eat, has runny eyes and often dies. \ref 01814 \lxa tsonwia \lxac kitsonwia \lxo tsowia \lxof [tso 'wi ya] \lxoc kitsowia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to lasso \ss lazar; echarle el lazo a \se to entrap (e.g., a person in an obligation) \ss entrapar (p. ej., una persona en una obligación) \xrb tson \dis tsonwia; tsonwaswia \ref 01815 \lxa tlaxomo:lko \lxac tlaxomo:lko \lxo tlaxomo:lko \lxoc tlaxomo:lko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-3 \se interior corner (of a house, field, small valley, etc.) \ss esquina interior (de una casa, campo, valle pequeño, etc.) \pna A:sta ne:yhka ipan tlaxomo:lko umpakah. \pea It is over there, way in the corner. \psa Está allá lejos, en la esquina. \xrb xomo:l \xrl -ko \xbtla xomo:lko \nse The difference between <na>tlaxomo:lko</na> and simply <na>xomo:lko</na> is not yet entirely clear. Perhaps it is parallel to that between <nla>nepantlah</nla> and <nla>tlanepantlah</nla>. Note that in Oapan, at least to date, \ref 01816 \lxa seseltsi:n \lxac seseltsi:n \lxo séseltsí:n \lxoa séseltsí:h \lxoc séseltsí:h \dt 12/Apr/2005 \pa yes \se see <nla>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</nla> \xrb sel \nse At present <na>seseltsi:n</na> is linked to <nla>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</nla>, which only has been documented in Ameyaltepec. The precise definition of <no>séseltsí:n</no> in \qry Check other uses of /seseltsi:n/ and perhaps give further definitions under this headword. \grm /tsi:n/; stems: Note the way in which /-tsi:n/ is used here after a root; cf. to /seliktsi:n/, the regular diminutive. \ref 01817 \lxa mediani:toh \lxac mediani:toh \lxo mediani:toh \lxoc mediani:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan medianito \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se quarter-size amate (just under 20 x 30 cm) \ss amate de quarto tamaño (casi 20 x 30 cm) \encyctmp a:matl \nse The non-diminutive form <nao>media:noh</nao> is also used. A full-size amate is called <na>kwadra:doh</na> \qry Originally I had this described as a half-sized amate. But given that an amate measures about 40 x 60 cm. \mod In /ono give a description of different sizes, the terms used in painting, texts on how amates are painted, and how they are bought, painted, and sold. \ref 01818 \lxa to:ko:ni \lxac to:ko:ni \lxo to:ko:ni \lxoc to:ko:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \infn N1 \se pole or shaft of a <nla>witso:ktli</nla> or other similar instrument (e.g., <nla>tewitso:ktli</nla> or <nla>espá:tulah</nla>) \ss vara de madera de un <nla>witso:ktli</nla> u otro instrumento parecido (p. ej., <nla>tewitso:ktli</nla> o <nla>espá:tulah</nla>) \pna To:ko:ni, ikuwyo mowitso:k noso moespá:tulah. \pea A <na>to:ko:ni</na>, it is the shaft of your <na>witso:ktli</na> or your <na>espá:tulah</na>. \psa Un <na>to:ko:ni</na>, es la vara de tu <na>witso:ktli</na> o tu <na>espá:tulah</na>. \se planting stick in general (the shaft and the metal end considered as a complete tool) \ss coa (la vara y punta juntas como un solo herramienta) \xrb to:ka \nse The definition of <na>to:ko:ni</na> as referring only to the wooden part of the planting tools mentioned above was given by Luis Lucena, of Ameyaltepec, other Ameyaltepequeño speakers seem to use <na>to:ko:ni</na> to refer to the digging stick (stick and metal tip) in its entirety. However, according to several Oapan consultants, in this village <no>to:ko:ni</no> is used to refer to a digging stick that is sharpened at the end with no metal tool attached. \grm Possession: Note the possessive form of /to:ko:ni/: /noto:ko:n/. \ref 01819 \lxa te:palwia \lxac note:palwia \lxo te:palwia \lxof [te: pal 'wi ya] \lxoc note:palwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \se (refl.) to get caught up with others; to suffer the same fate as the rest (generally, in having sth bad occur) \ss (refl.) salir con los demás (generalmente en algo mal que sucede); sufrir la misma suerte con los demás \pna O:timote:palwi:to, no: o:tikwalo:k. \pea You got caught up there with the rest, you also got sick. \psa Fuiste a salir con los demás, también te enfermaste. \pna O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. \pea You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. \psa Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocó un golpe con la mano. \pna Timote:palwi:s, te:wa:n ihkón mitschi:wili:skeh. \pea You will get caught up with the rest, they will do it to you like they did to the others. \psa Vas a salir con los demás, a títe lo van a hacer como les hicieron a los otros. \xrb -pal \nse To date only a reflexive use of <na>te:palwia</na> has been documented. The verb refers to the fact that by being in a certain location an individual (or individuals) is affected, apparently always adversely, along with others that are present, with the added implication that the subject (of the reflexive verb) is not the intended party but was included with the others only by the chance circumstance that he, or they, were at a given location where something negative occurred. \mod Check to determine how best to represent elements such as /pal/ used in this way. The same problem occurs with /pan/ as in /kechpanowa/. Perhaps eliminate the hyphen. \grm -wia; verbalization: The use of /-wia/ is quite widespread and has a quite varied semantic content. Only a detailed study of verbalized forms ending in /-wia/ will provide an adequate sample. Here, with /te:palwia/ note how the verbalizing ending is added to a relational noun compound. \ref 01820 \lxa chikwe:i \lxac chikwe:i \lxo chikwe:i \lxoc chikwe:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-num \infv pl. <nao>chikwe:imeh</nao> \se eight \ss ocho \seao (<nao>a:man</nao> ~) in a week from today \ssao (<nao>a:man</nao> ~) de hoy en ocho; en una semana de hoy \pna Niá:s lunes chikwe:i. \pea I will go one week from Monday. \psa Voy a ir de lunes en ocho. \seao (<nao>i a:man</nao> ~) a week ago today \ssao (<nao>i a:man</nao> ~) hace una semana (de hoy) \seo (<no>ka:dah chi:chikwe:i</no>) every week \sso (<no>ka:dah chi:chikwe:i</no>) cada semana \xrb chik \xrb ye:i \grm Reduplication; numerals: Note Oapan / <no>ka:dah chi:chikwe:i</no> / with long vowel redupication indicating 'each and every'. This should be compared to short vowel redupication as in /náná:wi/ i.e., 'four by four' (in planting seeds). \ref 01821 \lxa xa:yakaomio \lxac i:xa:yakaomio \lxo xa:yakakomiteyo \lxoa xa:ya:komiteyo \lxoc i:xa:yakakomiteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seao cheekbone \ssao pómulo \sem body \xrb xa:yaka \xrb omi \nae As is often the case, in Oapan intervocal /k/ is deleted, leading to the shortened form with lengthened vowel: <no>i:xa:ya:komiteyo</no> \ref 01822 \lxa tla:lto:ntsi:n \lxac tla:lto:ntsi:n \lxo tla:lto:ntsi:n \lxoc tla:lto:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1; pl. <na>tla:lto:ntsitsi:nteh</na> (Am) / <no>tla:lto:ntsitsi:ntih</no> (Oa) \seao type of Motmot, apparently the Russet-crowned Motmot, <l>Momotus mexicanus</l>, or a closely related species \ssao tipo de"Motmot,"aparentemente el"Russet-crowned Motmot," <l>Momotus mexicanus</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 34, p. 438 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tla:l \nse The etymology of this name is unclear. If the element <na>-ton</na> is the modifying suffix, then perhaps it is long (this should be checked). Although some Ameyaltepec consultants identified this bird as the <spn>correcaminos</spn>, consultants from Oapan identified this as the Russet-crowned Motmot. \nct to:to:tl \vl Check length of /to:n/. \ref 01823 \lxa ma:we:weyak \lxac ma:we:weyak \lxo ma:we:weyak \lxoc ma:we:weyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to have long arms \ss tener los brazos largos \pna Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin. No: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. \pea The <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, it is similar to the <na>chapolin</na>. It is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only it has long arms. \psa El <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, es parecido al <na>chapolin</na>. También es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. \xrb ma: \xrb weya \grm Reduplication: long and short vowels: \ref 01824 \lxa i:yo:wia \lxac ki:yo:wia \lxo í:yo:wía \lxop i:yo:wia \lxof ['i: yo: 'wi a] \lxoc kí:yo:wíya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to put up with; to suffer (the behavior of sb; the difficulty of certain situations); to endure (a challenge, a difficult task, temperature extremes of hot or cold); to bear up (under a burden) \ss soportar; aguantar (el peso de algo, el comportamiento de algn, un desafío, una tarea difícil); padecer (penas, situaciones adversas, el clima muy caluroso o frío, etc.) \pna Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. \pea I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. \psa ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. \pna Xtikiyo:wi:s un tekitl. San mitsnawatitos. Deke yo:tekok, okse: la:doh misti:tlanis, okse: tekitl mitsnawati:s. \pea You won't be able to put up with that job. He'll just be ordering you around. From the moment you arrive, he'll send you off in one direction, he'll order you to do something else. \psa No vas a aguantar ese trabajo. Nada vas te va a estar ordenando. Desde el momento que llegues te va a mandar a otro lado, te va a mandar hacer otro trabajo. \pna Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xka:wa, miák nokone:wa:n. \pea He goes along putting up with me (in this case said by a woman accepted into her brother's household, speaking of the head of the household). You wouldn't think it with all the children I have (i.e., I am expensive to maintain). \psa Me va aguantando (en este caso dicho por una mujer aceptada en la residencia de su hermano). No era de esperar dado que tengo muchos niños (y es caro mantenerme). \pna Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xne:chpachiwi:tia ma:ski kitan nitlatsiwi. \pea He goes along putting up with me (e.g., letting me continue to live in the household). They don't kick me out even though they see (realize) that I am lazy. \psa Me va aguantando (esto es, dejándome quedar en la casa donde resido). No me corren aunque ven que soy flojo. \se to last or hold up (an item of clothing, shoes or sandals, tools) \ss aguantar o durar (algo de ropa, zapatos o huaraches, herramientas) \pna Xtlah kiyo:wia nowe:rach. \pea My sandals don't hold up at all. \psa No aguantan nada mis huaraches. \xrb hyo: \xvca tlayo:wi:ltia \xvco tláyo:wí:ltia \xv1a tlayo:wia \xv1o tlayó:wiyá \dis xi:kowa; iyo:wia \nse Classical Nahuatl has <n>ihiouia</n> or <n>ihiyouia</n> Apparently this is the same root as <na>iyo:tl</na> although the precise way in which the meanings given above derive from this derivation is not clear. The difference between <na>iyo:wia</na> and <nla>xi:kowa</nla> seems mostly to rest on the fact that the former is often used to signify putting up with a type of behavior or with difficult situations. Thus Molina has under <n>ihiouia. nitla</n> 'padecer necesidad el pobre, o adquirir con trabajo lo necessario a la vida.' <na>Iyo:wia</na> may also be used to indicate a human's ability to endure a physical burden or task (such as carrying a weight, lengthy time spent doing manual labor, etc.) or a tool's resistance to breaking down. But much more common in such situations is the verb <nla>xi:kowa</nla>, which in general refers to physical burdens or situations that may cause exhaustion and debilitation (of a person) or the wearing out of a tool or material object (e.g,, may say of a tool that is being used for a chore for which it is not suited: <na>xkixi:ko:s</na> 'it won't hold up.' \qry Check for presence of initial /h/. Check for causative /iyo:wiltia/ \sj tlayo:wia \ref 01825 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /kexsasawatia/; like /kexsasawati/ this does not seem to be a word. Rather Am has the form /kexsasawa/ or /kexsasawak/ indicating 'to be hoarse' and uses the copula for tense/aspect inflection. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 01826 \lxa te:ntok \lxac te:ntok \lxo te:ntok \lxoc te:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se full \ss lleno \pna Wa:lte:ntiw. \pea It is coming along full (e.g., a water jug or similar type of container, a bus, etc.). \psa Viene lleno (p. ej., un cántaro u otros recipientes parecidos, un camión, etc.) \se (with nominal plural subject and often with short vowel reduplication) well placed or set in order on the ground \ss (con sujeto plural nominal y a menudo reduplicación de vocal corta) bien colocados o ordenados sobre el suelo \pna San xi:ntok, xtete:ntok. \pea It is just scattered on the ground (in this case <nla>iswatl</nla>), it is not arranged neatly (on the ground). \psa Estánada más regado por el suelo (en este caso hojas de maíz arrancadas del tallo), no están bien ordenados (sobre el suelo). \xrb te:m \nse For more complete examples of the use of <na>te:ma</na> in the plural to indicate the laying of objects in orderly fashion on the ground, see entry under <nlao>te:ma</nlao>. It may be that <nao>te:ntok</nao> in the sense of 'full' and <nao>tete:ntok</nao> meaning 'laying on the ground in ordered fashion,' see <nlao>te:ma</nlao>. If <nao>te:ntok</nao> meaning 'full' and <nao>tete:ntok</nao> meaning 'laying on the ground in ordered fashion' are derived from different verbs (at least in regard to valency), then two entries should be made. \grm Aspectuals; statives/resultatives: Note that most statives/resultatives ending in /-tok/ can alternative with /-tiw/-final forms that indicate a state with the subject (of the intransitive stative/resultative) being in motion. Thus from /te:ntok/ one has /te:ntiw/ 'to go along being in the state of fulness' (or sth equivalent). This is true of many. Also in my examples is /kwetla:ntok/ and /kwetla:ntiw/, in which the former indicates being in a state while stationary, and the latter indicates being in the same state while in movement. However, there are a few other verbs/statives in which the motion is added onto a verbalized /-ti/ form. This is the case of those statives that deal with bodily positions: /ikatok/ and /ikatitiw/, /westok/ and /westitiw/, and /ye:watok/ and /ye:watitiw/. I am not sure of the way in which /mela:wtok/ can be expressed, if indeed it is possible. A speaker should be asked for the possible correctness of /mela:wtiw/ and /mela:wtitiw/. Also, perhaps with this word the reflexive is used, i.e., /nomela:wtiw/? At any rate note that for two of the statives that use /-titiw/ to indicate movement there is no verbal form. /Wetsi/ also seems to be an unergative verb by certain tests (e.g., causative formation) but an unaccusative by others (-tok as a stative). In general much work has to be done on statives and resultatives. \ref 01827 \lxa suwa:kochi \lxac suwa:kochi \lxo siwa:kochi \lxoc siwa:kochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep with a woman; to have sexual intercourse with a woman \ss acostarse con una mujer; tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer \pna O:suwa:kochito. \pea He went to sleep with (have sex with) a woman. \psa Se fue a acostar con (tener relaciones sexuales con) una mujer. \sem Gender: male \xrb sowa: \xrb kochi \mod Perhaps change stem for /sowa:tl/ to /siwa:/ throughout dictionary. \ref 01828 \lxa a:wayowa \lxac a:wayowa \lxo áwayówa \lxop awayowa \lxoc áwayówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \tran -Trans \se to get covered with small, prickly hairs (sb or a material object such as clothing) \ss cubrirse o llenarse aguates (algn o bien un objeto material como ropa) \pna O:na:wayowak, o:niswate:kato. \pea I got covered with small prickly hairs, I went to strip leaves from the maize plants. \psa Me llenéde aguates, me fui a zacatear. \xrb ahwa \vl Check vl in both Am and Oa dialects. \ref 01829 \lxa tlakaki \lxac tlakaki \lxo tlakaki \lxoc tlakaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-3a(k) \se (often used in the negative) to be obediente (often a person, particularly a child, though also an animal); to listen to and obey \ss (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) ser obediente; escuchar y obedecer \pna Xtlakaki, xkipia itlakakilis. \pea He is disobediente, he doesn't pay heed. \psa Es desobediente, no hace caso. \se to have good hearing \ss oir bien \xrb kaki \xbtlao kaki \ref 01830 \lxa tlayo:lkostli \lxac tlayo:lkostli \lxo tlayo:lkostik \lxoc tlayo:lkostik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \infn Stem 1(s) \seo yellow maize \sso maíz amarillo \sem food-maize \sem plant \sem domesticated \syna kostik tlayo:hli \xrb o:ya \xrb kos \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse This refers to maize of a specific color. For a full list, see <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 01831 \lxa te:kekexkilih \lxac te:kekexkilih \lxo te:kekexilih \lxoc te:ké:kexílih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be itchy \ss dar comezón o causar que uno se sienta un escocer \pna Te:kekexkilih sa:watl. \pea Mange is itchy. \psa La roña da comezón. \xrb kex \nae The Oapan form cited in this entry refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then <no>te:kekexilih</no> would be used. This is the headword citation form. However, in actual usage the"reduplicated"form <no>te:ké:kexílih</no> is used. The patterns here are identical in phonetic form and semantics to that those found in such pairs as <nlo>pepetlaka</nlo> and <nlo>pé:petláka</nlo>. The exemplify the general tendency in Oapan Nahuatl to avoid a sequence of three identical CV syllables where the one most to the left is a reduplicant. However, <no>te:ké:kexílih</no> is one of the few examples of such"reduction"of reduplication on a non-frequentative form. \grm Reduplication Oapan: The Oapan form cited in this entry (/te:ké:kexílih/) refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then <no>te:kekexilih</no> would be used. Note how in this case the reduplication is added to the first syllable of a word that seems to already have a reduplicated stem. This is quite common and can be found in cases such as /pé:petláka/ and /né:nemí/. Also: The Oapan form cited in this entry refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then <no>te:kekexilih</no> would be used. This is the headword citation form. However, in actual usage the"reduplicated"form <no>te:ké:kexílih</no> is used. The patterns here are identical in phonetic form and semantics to that those found in such pairs as <nlo>pepetlaka</nlo> and <nlo>pé:petláka</nlo>. The exemplify the general tendency in Oapan Nahuatl to avoid a sequence of three identical CV syllable s where the one most to the left is a r eduplicant. However, <no>te:ké:kexílih</no> is one of the few examples of such"reduction"of reduplication on a non-frequentative form. \ref 01832 \lxa o:- \lxac o:kitek \lxo o:- \lxoc o:kakistik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \der Pref-inflect \se clitic used to mark the perfective and past perfective aspect \ss clítico empleado para marcar el aspecto perfectivo y perfectivo pasado \pna O:nitlakwah. \pea I ate. \psa Comí. \pna O:nitlakwaka. \pea I had eaten (and then got hungry again). \psa Yo había comido (y después otra vez tuve hambre). \nse Compare the present tense <nao>tlakwa</nao> with the perfective <nao>o:tlakwah</nao> in which the perfective is marked by final <n>-h</n> and <n>o:</n>. The past perfective is similarly marked and most often indicates an action the effects of which are no longer present. In careful speech the <n>o:-</n> is always present in the appropriate aspects although it does occasionally disappear in conversational discourse. \ref 01833 \lxa tla:lxi:kotli \lxac tla:lxi:kotli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \sea type of bee-like insect, still not identified, that forms its nest on the ground \ssa tipo de insecto como abeja, todavía no identificado, que hace su nido sobre la tierra \pna Tla:lxi:kotli, miák, cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel patla:nin. Pe:nas kokostiktsitsi:nteh. No tekwa:nimeh. \pea The <na>tla:lxi:kotli</na>, they are found in bunches, they live in the ground, they can fly. They have a little bit of yellow. They also bite. \psa Los <na>tla:lxi:kotli</na>, se encuentran muchos juntos, viven en el suelo, pueden volar. Son algo amarillitos. También pican. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tla:l \xrb xi:koh \qry Check whether /tla:lxi:kotl/ is also correct since in one filecard I had this form written down. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 01834 \lxa kwa:chipa:wi \lxac kwa:chipa:wi \lxo kwa:chipa:wi \lxoc kwa:chipa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey \ss ponerse canoso \cfa kwa:istaya \xrb kwa: \xrb chipa: \qry Check for transitive form. Check the extent to which /kwa:istaya/ and /kwa:chipa:wi/ are synonymous \ref 01835 \lxa yewalowa \lxac kiyewalowa \lxo yewalowa \lxoc kiyewalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \tran -Intrans \se to walk completely around the perimeter of; to circle completely around \ss caminar en un círculo por el perímetro de \pna Tikyewalowa ika yewahli pa:mpa ke:n tlakwan tejo:meh. \pea You completely walk around it (in this case your corn field) at night because a lot of <spn>tejones</spn> (enter into the field and) eat (the maize). \psa Andas por el perímetro de tu milpa en la noche porque los tejones (entran y) comen. \se (recipr.) to gather around in a circle \ss (recipr.) juntarse en un círculo \pna Xwa:lmoyewalo:ka:n, ma timonono:tsaka:n! \pea Come gather around in a circle, let's talk! \psa ¡Vengan a juntarse en un círculo, vamos a hablar! \xrb yewal \xv1ao tlayewalowa \ref 01836 \lxa siahka:wa \lxac nosiahka:wa \lxo siahka:wa \lxoa siehka:wa \lxoc nosiahka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \inc V-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to get tired of waiting (usually a person, or people, waiting for others; maize or a cornfield for water, etc.) \ss (refl.) cansarse de esperar (generalmente una persona o personas a otros; el maíz o la milpa para el agua, etc.) \pna O:nosiahka:w mocha:neka:w, pa:mpa xteko. \pea Your wife got tired of waiting because you haven't arrived. \psa Tu esposa se cansóde esperar porque no has llegado. \pna Nikchi:xtoya nopio:nes. Xo:wa:hlakeh, o:nimosiahka:w, o:niwa:le:wato. \pea I was waiting for my workers. They didn't come, I got tired of waiting, I wound up heading back here. \psa Estaba esperando mis peones. No vinieron, me canséde esperar, al fin me regreséhacia acá. \pna O:nosiahka:w nomi:l. A:chi:xtoya. Xotla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. \pea My maize got tired of wating. It was waiting for rain. It didn't yield, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. \psa Mi milpa se cansóde esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindió, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. \xrb sia \xrb ka:wa \qry Check roots of /siahka:wa/. Check /xo:kiaw/. Apparently there is no glide. Recheck /kiyawi/. \grm Compounds (verbs): the compound /siahka:wa/ (refl.) 'to get tired of waiting' seems to be a compound made up of a perfective (short) verb stem (from /siawi/) followed by /ka:wa/, which is an element that often has a sense of 'to remain.' This would seem to be the most likely etymology. The question of why one does not find */siahka:ka:wa/ is still unanswered. It could be that, like /kochi/, /siawi/ occassionally combines with a verbal stem without the /ka:-/ participial ending. The change from /siaw-/ to /siah-/ is predictable in the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (given the change of /w/ to /h/ before /k/). Yet the question of the etymology of /siahka:wa/ still needs to be resolved (though it would appear to be /siawi(perfect.) + ka:wa/. \grm Directional: /Nikchi:xtoya nopio:nes. Xo:wa:hlakeh, o:nimosiahka:w, o:niwa:le:wato/ 'I was waiting for my workers. They didn't come, I got tired of waiting, I wound up heading back here.' The use of directionals in /o:niwa:le:wato/ is unusual and deserves comment. Clearly, there are two lexicalized forms of /e:wa/ with directionals: /one:wa/ 'to depart (from here to there) and /wa:le:wa/ ('from there to here'). Thus in the preceding phrase the ending /o:niwa:le:w/ would be correct and mean, simply, 'I headed back' or 'I left for home (here).' The use of /-to/ seems to indicate that this was the end result of a process (here the process of waiting). It will be important to work with a native speaker to determine the difference between /o:niwa:le:w/ and /o:niwa:le:wato/, but my first impression is that /-to/ has a temporal sense. \ref 01837 \lxa tlaxi:nia \lxac tlaxi:nia \lxo tlaxi:nia \lxoc tlaxi:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to divine by throwing maize and copal into a bowl (<spn>jícara</spn>) of water \ss adivinar al echar suertes, echando maíz y copal dentro de una jícara de agua \pna Tlachia, wel tlaxi:nia. \pea He sees things (through divination), he knows how to throw maize and copal in a bowl of water. \psa Sabe adivinar, sabe echar suertes. \pna Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo. \pea He is a diviner, he knows how to read things that he has tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your family, about the source of his illness. \psa Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal a un plato de agua) para buscarle al miembro de tu familia la razón con que está enfermo. \xrb xi: \xbtlao xi:nia \ref 01838 \lxa no:sta \lxac no:sta \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>hasta</spn> \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \sea and even; to boot; as well \ssa hasta también \pna No:sta tisani! \pea To boot, you're an early riser too! \psa ¡Además, eres un madrugador también! \xrb no: \nse <na>No:sta</na> appears to be derived from Nahuatl <nla>no:</nla> cojoined to Spanish <spn>hasta</spn>. <na>No:sta</na> is used often in a response or comment to a situation that one did not at first believe but that, after all, is seen to be true. For example, one may see someone who is sickly looking but is, nevertheless, a hard worker. One might then comment <na>No:sta tekitini</na> 'after all he's a hard worker too' or 'he's even a hard worker as well.' \qry Check for final /h/ and the length of /o:/. Also recheck meaning. \ref 01839 \lxa a:mantli \lxac a:mantli \lxo a:mantli \lxoc a:mantli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \seo standing water \sso agua estancada \syna a:manahli \xrb a: \xrb man \ref 01840 \lxa patlachiwi \lxac patlachiwi \lxo patlachiwi \lxoc patlachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get flattened and widened \ss aplanarse y ensancharse; prensarse \pna Nika:n o:patlachiw se: imeló:n. Yo:iksika:mik. \pea One of his melones got flattened here. It got overripe. \psa Aquíse aplanó uno de sus melones. Pasóde maduro. \xrb patlach \dis pa:xiwi; patlachiwi (particularly when referring to fruit) \qry Determine what things can be subjects of /patlachiwi/. \ref 01841 \lxa toto:nia \lxac kitoto:nia \lxo toto:nia \lxoc kitoto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \se to heat up (food that has already been prepared) \ss recalentar (comida ya preparada) \pna Kitoto:ni:s para tihkwa:skeh. \pea He will heat it up so that we can eat it. \psa Lo va a recalentar para que lo podamos comer. \se to heat in the sun (e.g., grain to kill any insects with which it might be infested) \ss calentar en el sol (p. ej., granos para matar cualquier bicho que le hubiera infestado) \pna Xtoto:ni motlayo:l, tla:mo kukwalo:s! \pea Spread out your maize to be heated by the sun, if you don't it will get eaten by bugs! \psa ¡Pon tu maíz en el sol para calentar, si no se va a picar! \xrb to:n \xvaao toto:nilia \ref 01842 \lxa kukwi:tska:miki \lxac kukwi:tska:miki \lxo kwíkwi:tska:míki \lxoa kwíkwi:ska:míki \lxop kwikwi:ska:miki \lxoc kwíkwi:tska:míki; kwíkwi:ska:míki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:kwi:tska:míki</no> \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se to be unhappy in a place and for this reason be sad, waste away, and often die (e.g., an animal that did not accustom itself to a new place) \ss no hallarse en un lugar, no habilitarse, y por eso demacarse, ponerse triste y hasta morir (p. ej., un animal que no se acostumbró a un lugar) \xrb kwi:ts \xrb miki \qry Check to see if non-reduplicated form is also correct: ?kwi:tska:miki. \grm Participals; /-iwi/: Note that /kukwi:tska:miki/ is another example of a participial form of a /-iwi/ verb that loses the entire verbal ending (e.g., /tlatski/ and /tlatsiwi/, etc. Cf. /tli:liwi/ and Am /tli:ltik/ vs. Oapan /tli:ltik/ and /tli:lihki/. \ref 01843 \lxa yeyekakiawi \lxac yeyekakiawi \lxo yéye:kakiáwi \lxop yeye:kakiawi \lxoc yéye:kakiáwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc N-V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se for there to be a tempest; to rain, accompanied by a driving wind \ss haber una tempestad; llover, acompañado con un fuerte viento \pna O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli, yo:kokoto:n. Kas yeyekakiawis. \pea The cloud cover has ripped open, it has split apart. Perhaps there will a strong rain accompanied by sweeping winds. \psa Las capa de nubes se desgarraron, se abrieron en muchos lugares. Quizáva a llover fuerte, acompañado de fuertes vientos. \sem weather \xrb e:ka \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae This verb is irregular in that like other weather phenomena it occurs only in the 3rd-person singular. \vl Check Oapan form as originally I had written /yéyé:kakiáwi/. \ref 01844 \lxa komalakawistli \lxac komalakawistli \lxo komalakawistli \lxocpend @komalakawistli \lxt komalakawistle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se type of vine (or perhaps a thorn bush) of the Rosaceae family \ss tipo de bejucco (o tal vez un arbusto con espinas) de la familia Rosaceae \xrb ko \xrb malaka \xrb wits \ono komekatl \cpl Apparently the <na>komalakawistli</na> is a small bush, <na>kuhtsi:ntli</na>, although in one entry I have noted that it is a"type of vine with thorns": (<na>komekatl, kipia iwitsio</na>). According to Emigdio Rosendo the branches of this bush are occasionally used for <nla>china:ntli</nla>. This is not listed in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo knew this tree; Silvestre Pantaleón has seen this and could describe it, but was unsure of its name. However, other consultants mentioned the name as <no>komalakawistli</no>, though this needs to be rechecked. \nct komekatl \qry Check to see if this is indeed classified as a <na>komekatl</na> or <na>kuhtsi:ntli</na>, vine or bush. \ref 01845 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for the toponyms Am /Kwa:tsonitlan/ and Oapan /I:pan Kwa:tsoneh/, which are now in a toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01846 \lxa welatia \lxac welatia \lxo welatia \lxoc welatia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to be unable to walk (completely, not even lame) \ss no poder caminar (completamente, más allá de estar simplemente cojo) \xrb wila: \qry Check whether this is the same was /welati/. Originally I had noted, as evidenced above, that /welatia/ refers to a complete inability to walk. However, an example sentence under /welati/ is /O:welat, xok wel nenemi/ 'His legs got sore (e.g., from walking or running).' Check if the two are identical in meaning. I would assume they might well be. Also check whether /welatia/ is the same was /uwelatia/. In an original filecard I had /o:niuwelatiak/ 'Se me quedaron adoloridas las piernas (por cansancio).' Check. \ref 01847 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /teteilpia/ but was removed as a duplicated entry. \dt 03/Mar/2002 \ref 01848 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for the toponym of Am, /Tla:lnextipan/, which is now in its own database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01849 \lxa chichi:na \lxac kichichi:na \lxo chichi:na \lxoc kichichi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff rdp-s- \infv class-3a \se to absorb a liquid; to let a liquid filter through (e.g, a wall, such as of fired clay) \ss absorber un líquido; dejar filtrar un líquido (p. ej., a través de una pared, como una de barro cocido) \pna Yo:tlan kichichi:na. \pea It has finished absorbing the water (e.g., a dirt floor, or the wall of a ceramic pot). \psa Ya terminóde absorber el agua (p. ej., un piso de tierra, o la pared de un objeto de barro cocido) \pna Yo:tlan kichichi:na ika ye:nkwik i:n na:ko:n. \pea Given that my water storage jug here is new, it has finished letting water filter through it (refering to the fact that the water leaks out slowly, filtering out through the walls) \psa Dado que mi tinaja es nueva, ya terminóde dejar que el agua se filtrara por ella (refiere al hecho de que el agua se transmina despacio, por las paredes) \cfao a:kwa \xrb chi:na \dis a:kwa; chichi:na \nse Several consultants mentioned that the usual subjects of <na>chichi:na</na> are ceramics or objects made of earth. \qry Check possible subjects. \ref 01850 \lxa kamakwi \lxac kikamakwi \lxo kamakwi \lxoc kikamakwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to take in ones mouth (e.g., a morsel of food to eat, a small amount of liquid to drink) \ss tomar en la boca (p. ej., un poco de comida para comer o un líquido para beber) \pna Axtopa xkamakwi a:tl para timokamapapa:kas. \pea First take water in your mouth so that you can rinse it out. \psa Primero toma agua en la boca para después enjuagarla. \xrb kama \xrb kwi \qry Check usage in context. \ref 01851 \lxa ma:chia \lxac tlama:chia \lxo ma:chia \lxoc tlama:chia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to wait around a long time for \ss quedar a la espera de \pna San nitlama:chi:xtok. \pea I've just been waiting around for a long time. \psa Nada más he estado a la espera mucho tiempo. \pna Mitsma:chi:xtok ika motlaxkal. \pea She is waiting around for you with your tortilla. \psa Te está esperando con tu tortilla. \pna Titlama:chi:xtokeh. \pea We are waiting around. \psa Estamos esperando. \xrb ma: \xrb chia: \dis chia; ma:chia \nse <na>Ma:chia</na> indicates that the subject refrained from going someplace or doing something because he was waiting, usually for someone who said he would show up. The implication is that the person waited a long time just for that reason. One consultant suggested that in the phrase <na>mitsma:chi:xtok i:ka motlaxkal</na> "you"went someplace and haven't returned, and the subject of the phrase is waiting around for you. There is a sense that you are causing her to delay something, that she would go someplace else otherwise. Some persons said that <na>ma:chia</na> and <na>chia</na> are equivalent, others that <na>ma:chia</na> is more respectful. Still others indicated that <na>ma:chia</na> indicates a longer time of waiting. My impression at this point is that <na>ma:chia</na> differs from <na>chia</na> in that it suggests a longer period of waiting, some annoyance related to the fact that the person doing the waiting was expecting an earlier arrival, or could have done something else. Perhaps more i mportant, <nao>chia</nao> cannot be used with the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> without a significant change in meaning (see <nlao>tlachia</nlao>) whereas <nao>tlama:chia</nao> indicates a generate state of waiting with the object that is being waited for expressed only obliquely at best. In Spanish perhaps the difference is communicated by"estar a la espera"vs."esperar." \nae The etymology of <nao>ma:chia</nao> seems to clearly comprise the root <nr>chia</nr> as well as <nr>ma:</nr>, which may or may not be related to an alternate root of the Nahuatl word for 'hand.' In Ameyaltepec I have almost always heard it with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. And for Oapan, Florencia Marcelino stated that only the form with <n>tla-</n> is acceptable. \qry With all class 3 irregular 1a verbs elicit perfective and progressive to determine whether vowel is long.There appears to be some variation. Also, check length of the final vowel (i.e. in the imperfective); check in other tenses, and length of final /a/. Check difference between /chia/ and /ma:chia/; possibly the second implies more that the waiting was long, interfered with other activities, etc. \mod If future study demonstrates that only <nao>tlama:chia</nao> is used, then the primary entry should be changed from <nao>ma:chia</nao> to <nao>tlama:chia</nao>, with pointers for clarification from the non-used form to that which is used. \ref 01852 \lxa po:ktik \lxac po:ktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be sooty or covered with soot \ssa estar cubierto tener hollín \pna Nochi popo:ktikeh mokone:wa:n. \pea Your children are all covered with soot. \psa Tus niños están todo cubiertos con hollín. \syno po:hyoh \xrb po:k \dis po:chaktik; po:ktik \ref 01853 \lxa soyo:tonki \lxaa sio:tonki \lxac soyo:tonki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>teso:yo:tonki</na> \sea to be unstiched (the seam of clothes, sacks, or similarly sewn items, including stiches in skin) \ssa estar descosido (la costura de ropa, costales o otras cosas cosidas, incluyendo las costuras de las heridas en la piel) \pna Tesoyo:tonki, o:kokoto:n i:loh. \pea It is (has become) unstiched at the seam, the thread broke (in several places). \psa Estádescosido por la costura, se rompió el hilo (en varios lugares). \sem distort-fissure \syno sio:tonki \xrb sio \xrb tom \mod This entry used to be /siotonki/ for Am and Oapan. However, since there was already an entry (1708) for /siotonki/, this present entry has been changed to /so:yo:tonki/, only for Am, and headword /siotonki/ for Oapan Nahuatl has been moved to 1708. Thus the sound link for /siotonki/ in Oapan should be at 1708. \vl Check vl \ref 01854 \lxa iwí:n \lxac iwí:n \lxo yóyí:n \lxoa yóyí:h \lxop yoyí:n \lxoc yóyí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr/Adj(dem) \com Dem-Dem \der Pr/Adj-dem \se (~ [noun]) this here [noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo]) este [sustantivo] aquí \pna Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! \pea Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! \psa ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! \xrb in \xrb i:n \nse A plural Ameyaltepec form <na>i:nwí:n</na> 'these here <na>chi:ka:lin</na> ' has been documented (Inocencio Díaz text on <na>chi:ka:lin</na> 3:02) and the vowel here seems to be acoustically long, which would be understandable if the initial element of these demonstratives is, or has been (re)analyzed, as a pronominal possessor prefix. More study needs to be conducted, for now the initial vowel in both singular and plural has been analyzed as phonologically short. \nae The pronounciation of the Oapan form seems to vary between <no>yóií:h</no> and <no>yóyí:h</no>. Measurements of Ameyaltepec pronunciation in general seem to show a short initial vowel and long second vowel. Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with <nla>iún</nla> whereas the Oapan form contrasts with <nlo>yoón</nlo>. Finally, note that the entire question of the length of /i/ in <nao>i:n</nao> needs to be resolved in a definitive way; it is still unclear. At times it seems as if used pronominally the /i:/ is long, whereas used adjectivally it is short, /i/. Nevertheless, this is only a preliminary observation. \qry Recheck the correctness of /iwi:n/ as a demonstrative adjective. The above sentence was taken from my corpus, but perhaps /in tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli/ would be more appropriate. Check! \ref 01855 \lxa tla:ki \lxac tla:ki \lxo tla:ki \lxoc tla:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to bear fruit (a tree, a grass such as maize, etc.) \ss rendir (fruto, p. ej., unárbol, un grano como maíz, etc.) \pna Ye tla:ktok. \pea It is already bearing fruit. \psa Ya está cargándose con fruto. \pna Xo:tla:k nomi:hlan. \pea My maize field did not bear fruit. \psa Mi milpa no rindió. \se for there to be a good harvest (of maize) \ss haber una buena cosecha (de maíz) \pna Se:xtli xo:tla:k. \pea Last year there wasn't a good harvest (e.g., of maize, etc.) \psa El año pasado no rindió(p. ej., de maíz, esto es, no hubo una buena cosecha). \flao tla:ki:tia \xrb tla:ki \xvcao tla:ki:tia \nae For a discussion of the impersonal form <nao>tlatla:ki</nao> (Am and Oa) and the reduplicated impersonal <na>tlatlatla:ki</na> (Am) / <no>tlá:tlá:ki</no>, see the discussion under <nla>tlatlatlami</nla> / <nlo>tlá:tlamí</nlo> (Oa). \nde The verb <na>tla:ki</na> is not listed in the Classical sources. It refers to the bearing of fruit by any plant: a fruit tree, a maize plant, sesame, etc. Apparently it can be used to refer to both edible and non-edible fruits, though it is most commonly used in reference to edibles. In its unmarked form it is generally taken to refer to the yield of a milpa, e.g., <na>se:xtli o:tla:k</na> 'last year there wasn't a good harvest.' \ref 01856 \lxa miakpa \lxac miakpa \lxo miahpa \lxoc miahpa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se many times \ss muchas veces \xrb miak \xrl -pa \ref 01857 \lxa xe \lxac xe kichi:wa \lxo xi \lxoc xi tlakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \com Neg-Adv \der Adv-tm \seao not yet \ssao todavía no \pna Xe itlah. \pea There still aren't any. \psa Todavía no hay. \xrb ye \nse The negative phrase <na>Xe itlah</na> 'There still aren't any' contrasts in meaning with <na>Xtlah</na> 'There aren't any,' which has no temporal reference. \ref 01858 \lxa kuwilia \lxac kikuwilia \lxo kowilia \lxoc kikowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to buy (sth) for (i.e., in benefit of) or from \ss comprarle (algo) a o para (p. ej., en beneficio de) \pna Nokuwilia tlayo:hli -=kinokowilia tlayo:hli- \pea He buys maize for himself. \psa Se compra maíz para si mismo. \pna Timitskuwili:s tlayo:hli. \pea I'm going to buy maize for (or from) you. \psa Voy a comprar maíz para (o de) tí. \pna O:nimotlakokuwilih. \pea I bought myself lots of things. \psa Me comprémuchas cosas. \xrb ko:wa \xvbao kowa \nae In Ameyaltepec in particular it is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be present in reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs. Thus although <na>kinokowilia</na> is possible, it is rare. Such forms with a specific and reflexive object in a divalent verb seem to be more common in Oapan. \qry Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it was already sore or hurt). \vl There are some tentative additional tokens from 282. These should be tagged as 1858, but not linked. \grm Re: /Nokowilia tlayo:hli (=kinokowilia tlayo:hli)/ 'he buys maize for himself.' It is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be marked object is used in forms such as <na>kinokowilia</na> although it is possible. Such forms seem to be more common in Oapan. Note that in a discussion with C. Flores he accepted /kinokuwilia/ as correct but denied the acceptance of ?/nikmokuwilia/ or /niknokuwilia/. Instead he gave /nimokuwilia/. \ref 01859 \lxa tale:gah \lxaa talegi:tah \lxac tale:gah \lxo tele:kah \lxoa tale:kah \lxoa teleki:tah \lxoa tele:'ah \lxoc tele:kah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan talega \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se hemp bag (made of maguey fiber) \ss talega (morral hecho de fibra de maguey) \sem tool \nse The Nahuatl borrowing retains the semantics of the Spanish source, which the <i>Diccionario de la Real Academia</i> defines as 'Saco o bolsa ancha y corta, de lienzo basto u otra tela, que sirve para llevar o guardar las cosas.' \qry Determine names for all types of bag. \pqry Check the nature of the sound between /e:/ and /a/ in Ameyaltepec. It might be a very open voiced velar fricative. Perhaps the /g/ should be changed in the orthography. \ilustmp Illustrate with photo and \ref 01860 \lxa tlaxkalwia \lxac kitlaxkalwia \lxo tlaxkalwia \lxof [tlax kal 'wi ya] \lxoc kitlaxkalwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to make tortillas for \ss hacer tortillas para \pna Ma timistlake:wa! Xne:xtlaxkalwi! \pea Let me hire you (e.g., as a <na>molende:rah</na>)! Make tortillas (and the accompanying meal) for me! \psa ¡Deja que te contrate (p. ej., como molendera)!¡Haz tortillas (y la demás comida) para mí! \pno Milá:k tila:wak motlaxkal, ke:n chichi tihtlaxkalwiya! \peo Your tortillas are really thick, it's like you were making tortillas for dogs (who like thick tortillas)! \pso ¡Tus tortillas son muy gruesas, es como le estuvieras haciendo tortillas para perros (a quienes les gustan tortillas gruesas)! \sem cook \xrb xka \nae The applicative nature of <na>tlaxkalwia</na> is obvious from its semantics. For applicatives ending in <n>-lwia</n>, see Launey (1992:188-89) and Canger (1981: chap. 3). \ref 01861 \lxa tekiwi:ka \lxac tekiwi:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \sea to be fulfilling a <spn>cargo</spn>, or annual community service obligation; to have a <spn>cargo</spn> \ssa estar llevando un cargo, o puesto de servicio anual, de la comunidad \syno tekiya:na \xrb teki \xrb wi:ka \ref 01862 \lxa tsi:npan \lxac itsi:npan \lxo tsi:mpan \lxoc i:tsi:mpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \se posterior part of the back of (a beast of burden, on which one may ride bareback, holding on behind the saddle) \ss parte posterior del lomo de (una bestia, sobre que una persona puede montar a pelo, agarrándose atrás de la silla) \sem body \sem animal \xrb tsi:n \xrl -pan \nse The only documented uses of <na>-tsi:npan</na> from Ameyaltepec are in references to the back of an animal that may be mounted. However, it is quite possible that other acceptations are possible. \ref 01863 \lxa sana:man \lxac sana:man \lxo saniman \lxoc saniman \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se right away \ss inmediatamente; luego, luego \pna Sana:man kichi:was. \pea He will do it right away. \psa Lo va a hacer luego luego. \xrb san \xrb a:man \dis san niman; sana:man; san a:man \nse It appears that <nla>san niman</nla> refers in a general sense to 'earliness' when an event is considered in its entirety. Thus, considering a 'day' as a block of time, <na>san niman</na> refers to the initial part of this time. <na>Sana:man</na>, on the other hand, refers to a nearby point in time, in relation to another, often the speaker present. Nevertheless, further contextual evidence of the difference between these two forms should be gathered. The complex form <na>san a:man</na> means 'only/just today' as in <na>san a:man timitspale:wi:s, mo:stla xok</na> 'It is only today that I will help you, tomorrow I won't (lit. 'tomorrow no more'). \mod The difference between Am /san ninam/ and /sana:man/ should be carefully documented and then the proper Oapan cognates/synonyms should be given in the same entry. It is not clear that there are two forms in Oapan, and it might be that this entry, 1863 should simply point to Oa for entry 3772. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Cf Oa for 1863 to Oa for 3772 and perhaps eliminate or change one entry. \ref 01864 \lxa aki \lxo aki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se see <nlao>onaki</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>onaki</nlao> \xrb ak \nae This verb has been lexicalized in the Balsas River region with the directional prefix <n>on-</n>. \ref 01865 \lxa tlamanilia \lxac kitlamanilia \lxo tlamanilia \lxoc kitlamanilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to give an offering to (a deceased relative on All Saints Day) \ss hacer una ofrenda a (un pariente fallecido en Todos Santos) \pna Niktlamanili:s nokoko:l. \pea I will give an offering to my grandfather (on All Saints Day). \psa Voy a darle una ofrenda a mi abuelo (en Todos Santos). \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to patch; to lay a patch on; to sew up (an item of clothing, or other cloth-like materials that are ripped) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) remendar; coser (una prenda de vestir u otros materiales que están rotos o rasgados) \pna Niktlamanili:s nokoto:n. \pea I'm going to put a patch on my shirt. \psa Le voy a poner un remiendo a mi camisa. \pna Niktlatlamanili:s nokosta:l, tsomo:nki. \pea I'm going to patch up my sack, it is ripped \psa Voy a remender mi costal, está rasgado. \sem clothing \sem religion \cfao manilia \xrb man \xvbao mana \xbtlao manilia \nse Apparently the primary meaning of <na>tlamanilia</na> refers to the placing of something flat such as an offering that is laid out for someone, or a patch that is placed on something that has become ripped. Nevertheless, it seems that in the latter case, of fixing something torn, the verb <na>tlamanilia</na> can also (by extension) refer to the simple sewing up of the torn section. \nae For comments on the valency of this verb, see <nlao>manilia</nlao>. The example phrases above suggest that the object of <nao>tlamanilia</nao>, in the sense of 'to patch,' may either be the material object that is patched or the person for whom the patching is done. Thus one phrase is <na>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</na> in which the object is the material repaired (patient) while in another phrase, <na>tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n</na>, in which the human benefactive is the primary object and the material repaired is the secondary object (not overtly marked on the verb). Thus in this case it is clear that the verb <na>tlamanilia</na> acts trivalently; see following entry. \qry Check to see if /tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n/ refers only to the placing of a patch on, or, as indicated in one filecard, also to sewing up a ripped part. \ref 01866 \lxa yo:lki:xtia \lxac kiyo:lki:xtia \lxo yo:lki:xtia \lxoc kiyo:lki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to remove the seeds from inside of (e.g., a watermelon, melon, chile, etc.) \ssao quitarle las semillas de adentro de (p. ej., de una sandía, melón, chile, etc.) \xrb yo:l \xrb ki:sa \nae In the transitive use of <nao>yo:lki:xtia</nao> the general object is a plant such as squash from which the seeds are removed. It may also be used to refer to the effect on a <na>na:wahli</na> when his animal is killed. Note that although one person accepted that the object of <na>yo:lki:xtia</na> could have a slaughtered animal as its subject. But this appears unusual and the usual form for this is <na>kiki:xtilia i:yo:l</na>. \qry Check that the transitivity use of /yo:lki:xtia/ indeed exists in Ameyaltepec. My documentation of use to date is an an intransitive from a story by C. Flores. \ref 01867 \lxa tlapolo:ltia \lxac kitlapolo:ltia \lxo tlapolo:ltia \lxoc kitlapolo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to entice (to do sth one should not or does not wish to do, as the serpent to Eve) \sso animar (a hacer algo que no iba a o debe hacer, como la serpiente a Eva) \se (refl.) to bring shame upon oneself (particularly a woman [S] with a man, having sexual relations and getting pregnant) \ss (refl.) avergonzarse (particularmente una mujer [S] con un hombre, p. ej., al tener relaciones sexuales y quedar embarazada) \pna O:notlapolo:ltih iwa:n se: tla:katl. \pea She brought shame upon herself with a man. \psa Se avergonzócon un hombre. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to bother and confuse; to distract (while sth occurs, e.g., a child [O] in order to keep his mind off sth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) confundir y aturidr; distraer o entretener (mientras que algo pase, p. ej., a un niño [O] para que no piense en otra cosa) \pna Ne:stla:tlapolo:ltia. Na:n nitlakwilotok, ne:chi:ihlia tlato:hli, xihki o:niktla:lih, o:nikpo:poloh. \pea He confuses me. I am writing here, he says things to me, I didn't write it down correctly, I messed it up. \psa Me distrae. Aquí estoy escribiendo, me dice cosas, no lo puse bien, lo hice mal. \pna Mitstla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:ch ika mitstlaxtekilian. \pea He will distract you while they rob you. \psa Te va a estar distrayendo (entreteniendo) mientras que te roben. \xrb pol \xvbao polowa \qry Determine whether /polo:ltia/ can occur without /tla-/, i.e., with a specific primary and secondary object given that the only phrases and examples that I have are with /tla-/ reduplicated with a long vowel. If only forms with /tla-/ are acceptable, then the entry should perhaps be changed to /tlapolo:ltia/. Also, determine the precise meaning of /notlapolo:ltia/. Actually, it may be that /polo:ltia/ is not a ditransitive with /tla-/ occupying one slot, should rather be considered a transitive as /tlapolo:ltia/ in which the /tla-/ is obligatorily present and thus changes the valency from 3 arguments to 2. Also check whether it is possible to reduplicate the verbal root ?/tlapo:pololtia/. If /polo:ltia/ exists without /tla-/ determine the difference between /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. It appears that one is a causative and the other not. Change entry under /polo:ltia/ accordingly. \grm Causative; transitivity: One question concerns whether there is a difference between nondirected transitive alternations and morphological causative, and how this interacts with other transitivity affecting devices. Thus note the case of /poliwi/, /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. The first is intransitive (with one syntactic argument) and the second is transitive (with two syntactic arguments). The third is a causative formation from /polowa/ and thus is trivalent. However, this form has only been documented with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/. Whether /polo:ltia/ can exist with three overt arguments (S, PO, and SO) is uncertain. However, the increase in valency through the causative of a transitive (from /polowa/ to /polo:ltia/) simultaneous with valency reduction through the use of /tla-/ is interesting. In essence it is a device that switches the the only object (patient) of a transitive to the Primary Object (benefactive/malefactive) of a ditransitive without introducing an overt Se condary Object that canbe expressed by a NP. The Secondary Object is represented by /tla-/, which in this case is an indefinite null complement with a noncontextually determined meaning. Again, it will be necessary to determine whether words such as ?/ne:chpolo:ltia NP/ are correct. \ref 01868 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /ilpikatl/. It was a duplicate and has been combined with 1149. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This is a duplicate entry. Tag with number 1149. \ref 01869 \lxa eskaltia \lxacpend *noskaltia \lxo eskaltia \lxoc keskaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to raise (children) \ss criar (a niños) \xrb skal \nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec. \nae The initial vowel may be maintained <na>neskaltia</na> or deleted <na>noskaltia</na>. Note that several Ameyaltepec words show initial /e/ for what in neighboring dialects is initial /i/ (e.g., <nla>elka:wa</nla> and Oapan <nlo>ilka:wa</nlo>). According to Cristino Flores this word is rarely used and when it is used it is employed in the reflexive: <na>noskaltia</na>, which is the equivalent of <na>we:iya</na>. \ref 01870 \lxanotes zzz \qry This entry for /kuhtsotsol/ has been removed. \dt 27/Jan/2002 \ref 01871 \lxa itki \lxac kitki \lxo ihti \lxoc kihti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to carry away (sth in ones hands, on ones shoulders, etc.) \ss llevar (algo en la mano, sobre los hombros, etc.) \xrb tki \xvcao tlatkitia \nse This is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and apparently only as a"borrowing"from other villages. The common term with this significance is <nla>wi:ka</nla>. \nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix <n>k-</n> is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus <no>nihtis</no> 'I will carry it.' Orthographically this is represented as <no>n'ihtis</no>. See discussion under <nlo>ilka:wa</nlo>. \qry I have added this Amyeltepec entry from memory; check. The Oapan term is documented. \ref 01872 \lxa piltsi:n \lxac i:piltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \sea very young baby or child (used almost exclusively in reference to Jesus as the son of God) \ssa bebé o niño muy pequeño (utilizado casi exclusivamente en referencia a Jesús como hijo de Diós) \pna Dió:s ipiltsi:n, Dió:s te:tatsi:n \pea the child of God, God Our Father \psa el hijo de Diós, Diós nuestro padre \sea fetus \ssa fetu \xrb pil \nse <na>Piltsi:n</na> is used, possessed, almost exclusively to refer to the child of God. Otherwise, i.e., to refer to a human baby, it is used almost exclusively (though rarely) by older people. \ref 01873 \lxa kwa:po:xa \lxaa kwa:bo:lsa \lxac i:kwa:po:xah \lxo kwa:po:xah \lxoc i:kwa:po:xah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bolsa</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se bonnet \ss gorrita \se skull-cap (such as those worn by bishops) \ss solideo (como los que utilizan los obispos) \se white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan \ss tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo, presentada semana santa en Oapan \cfa kwa:xikipihli \ref 01874 \lxa akokwilia \lxac kakokwilia \lxo ákokwília \lxop akokwilia \lxoc kákokwília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc Adv-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to pick or lift up for \ss recoger o levantar para \pna Xne:chakokwili! O:nikwa:ltlakal. \pea Pick it up for me! I dropped it (or knocked it down to the ground). \psa ¡Recógemelo! Se me cayó(o lo tiré al suelo). \pna Xkakokwili iko:lah moma:choh! \pea Lift up the tail of your mule! \psa ¡Levántale la cola a tu macho! \pna Xkakokwili! Xkwa:lmaka! \pea Pick it up for him! Reach over here and give it to him! \psa ¡Levántaselo!¡Extienda el brazo hacia aquípara dárselo! \pna Tewa tine:chakokwili:s. Newa xniweli, yetí:k. \pea You're the one to lift it up for me. I can't, it's too heavy. \psa Túeresél que lo va a levantar para mí. Yo no puedo, pesa demasiado. \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \xvba akokwi \xvbo ákokwí \qry In one entry I had /akokwilia/, reflecting the common /o/ - /u/ variation. In another entry I had a long /i:/, i.e. /akukwi:lia/. These issues should be checked. Perhaps change this to /akukwilia/ for Am practical orthography. \vl Check vowel length of both dialects. Cf. to all other words with /ahko/ as a stem/root. \ref 01875 \lxa tsi:nkuwtia \lxac tsi:nkuwtia \lxo tsí:nkohtiá \lxop tsí:nkohtia \lxoc tsí:nkohtiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \rdp Lex reduc (prev-l) \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes \se to feel stiffness in ones rear end; to get a sore rear end (e.g., from sitting too long in one position) \ss sentirse adolorido y tieso las nalgas (p. ej., por estar sentado por demasiado tiempo sin moverse) \fla ma:kuwtia \xrb tsi:n \xrb kow \nae There are many words in Oapan Nahuatl that include the final verbal predicate <no>kohtia</no> to indicate stiffness of a body part. Apparently most, if not all, such words are marked for pitch accent, as they would be if the verbal stem were reduplicated. There is no other factor (e.g., an underlying {h}) that could explain the pitch-accent contours. \grmx Reduplication Oapan: Note that in several other examples I have noticed that the reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl can create pitch accent on a syllable that has a long vowel with a coda nasal. The present case seems to confirm this. Thus /tsí:nkuwtiá/ in Ameyaltepec is /tsi:nkuwtia/ with no reduplication. But the pronunciation here in Oapan is /tsí:nkohtiá/ which would seem to indicate reduplication (the pitch accent pattern is not explainable elsewise). Nevertheless, this should be checked (i.e., whether /tsi:nkuhtia/ exists with no unusual pitch). \sj tsi:nkuhtia \ref 01876 \lxa na:wi \lxac na:wi \lxo na:wi \lxoc na:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Num-b \se four \ss cuatro \se (<na>i:pan ~</na>) the fourth time \ss (<na>i:pan ~</na>) la cuarta vez \pna I:pan na:wi to:kas. \pea He will plant on the fourth time (he passes the plow over the field). \psa Va a sembrar la cuarta vez (que pasa su arado sobre el terreno). \se (with short vowel reduplication) four by four; in fours \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cuatro por cuatro; en cuatros \pna San nana:wi xto:katiw! \pea Go along planting four (seeds) at a time! \psa ¡Ve sembrado de cuatro (semillas) en cuatro! \sem num \cfa nana:wi \xrb na:wi \encyctmp tla:hli; agriculture, Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/. \nse Ameyaltepequeños commonly plant either the third or fourth time they plow a particular field; the more time one passes over the earth, the fewer weeds survive to compete with the maize plants but the greater the labor investment in farming. \ilustmp Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/. \grm pl. /na:wimeh/ (used for people, live animals that are counted). \grm Reduplication: Numerals: cf. Oapan /náná:wi/"four by four"to /ka:dah chi:chikwe:i/"each week." \ref 01877 \lxa itkitia \lxo itkitia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se see <nlao>tlatkitia</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tlatkitia</nlao> \xrb tki \xvba itki \xvbo ihti \xv2ao tlatkitia \qry I have no record of this word without the /tla-/ prefix. Check. \ref 01878 \lxa kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxac kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxo kókotitlántsi:n \lxoc kókotitlántsi:n \lxt kohtitlantsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of maguey as yet unidentified whose fibers, called <nla>ixtli</nla>, are used in hemp bags \ss tipo de maguey todavía no identificada cuyos fibras, llamadas <nla>ixtli</nla>, se emplean en tejer bolsas \pna Kukuwtitlantsi:n | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para tema:tl \pea <na>Kukuwtitlantsi:n</na> : It is good for string, for woven bags (of the type called <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>). \psa <na>Kukuwtitlantsi:n</na> : Es bueno para hilo, para bolsas tejidas (de las que se llaman <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna mexkahli -de- kukuwtitlantsi:n \cfa to:to:lasi:toh \xrb kow \xrl -titlan \nse The etymology of <na>kukuwtitlantsi:n</na> is uncertain. Apparently it contains lexicalized reduplication of what was historically <n>kwaw</n>. The meaning of the <na>-titlan</na> sequence is uncertain, it might be related to the ligature of this same form. The fibers of the <na>kukuwtitlantsi:n</na> are not used in snares (as it other maguey hemp) because its fibers are too thin. \nct mexkahli \qry The vowel length as I have recorded it was in a final, final check and they are correct as noted and should be changed to the above in all entries. In spite of the assertion that all but the last vowels are short, the length of the /a/ should be rechecked as in one entry I do have it long. There seems to be quite a bit of disagreement or debate among my consultants in regard to the identity of this maguey. Cf. the master database and the entries #252 and #290. \vl Check for p-a in Oapan, as well as vl. \ref 01879 \lxa we:ixtok \lxac we:ixtok \lxo we:ixtok \lxoc we:ixtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao big shot \ssao pez gordo \pna We:ixtok, kinemilia san yewa tla:katl. \pea He (thinks he) is a big shot, he thinks he's the only one who is a man. \psa (Se cree que) es un pez gordo, piensa que solamenteél es hombre. \xrb we:i \ref 01880 \lxa wel \lxac wel tekiti \lxo wel \lxoc xwel tekiti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Aux \se (~ [verb]) can [verb] \ss (~ [verb]) poder; saber [verbo] \pna Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti. \pea I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself. \psa Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) del agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo. \pna Xwel tasis pa:mpa titla:ltech. \pea You won't be able to reach (e.g., sth hanging) because you are short. \psa No vas a poder alcanzar (p. ej., algo colgado) porque eres chaparrito. \pna Xwel mela:wis. \pea It can't be straightened out. \psa No se puede enderezar. \se (~ <na>melá:k</na>) when you come right down to it; the real truth is \ss (~ <na>melá:k</na>) a fin de cuentas; la mera verdad es \pna Wel milá:k, xtikmatin. \pea The real truth is, we don't know. \psa La mera verdad es, no sabemos. \pna Ke:no:n tlachia wel melá:k? \pea How does it really truely look? \psa ¿Cómo se ve de veras? \pna San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlowa wel mlá:k ka:nas. \pea He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry. \psa Está abrumado por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener cuatro novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar. \se (~ <na>miák</na>) for there to be truely a lot \ss (~ <na>miák</na>) haber de veras mucho \pna Wel miák a:man. Se:xtli xo:ki:s. \pea There are truely a lot now (in this case maize in a harvest). Last year there was a poor yield. \psa Hay de veras mucho ahora (en este caso maíz de una cosecha). El año pasado no rindió. \flao weli \xrb wel \fl weli \nae <na>Wel</na> is a modifier of a verbal predicate and always precedes the verb phrase. \nde In Oapan the affirmative is with <nlo>kwahli</nlo> as in <nlo>kwahli nihchi:wa</nlo> but the negative uses <no>xwel</no> as in <no>xwel nihchi:wa</no>. \qry Check whether /wel miák/ is a correct term or phrase. \ref 01881 \lxa tewitso:ltia \lxac kitewitso:ltia \lxo tewitso:ltia \lxoc kitewitso:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to heap up; to pile up high (e.g., a container filled with material such as grain, chile, earth, sand, etc., so that a mound forms in the center) \ss copetear; amontonar (p. ej., algún recipiente con material como granos, chiles, tierra, arena, etc., para que quede copeteado, con un montículo en medio) \xrb tewits \xvbao tewitsiwi \nae The intransitive form of <nao>tewitso:ltia</nao> appears to be <nlao>tewitsiwi</nlao>. Unlike most verbs that end in <n>-iwi</n> the transitive form is not a verb ending in <n>-owa</n> but rather one ending in <n>-ltia</n>. Nevertheless, given that most verbs that end in <n>-o:ltia</n> derive from intransitives ending in <n>-owo</n> (cf. <nlao>cholowa</nlao> and <nlao>cholo:ltia</nlao>), the precise the derivational process is not clear. \qry Check for intransitive form, ?/tewitsiwi/, /tewitsowa/, etc. \mod Illustrate. \ref 01882 \lxa tlakotlapa:nki \lxac tlakotlapa:nki \lxo tlákotetlapá:nki \lxoc tlákotetlapá:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tlakotetlapa:nki</na> (Oa) \pa yes-lex \se to be broken in half (e.g., sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic plate, either fissured or with a small section broken off) \ss estar roto o quebrado por la mitad (p. ej., algo duro y quebradizo como un plato de cerámica, tener una hendedura o faltando un pedazo) \xrb tlahko \xrb tlapa: \nae Florencia Marcelino of Oapan gave only the form with the intensifier <n>te-</n>, which might not be optional in Oapan. However, in Ameyaltepec the corresponding form without <n>te-</n> is well documented. Cristino Flores denied that the adjectival with <n>te-</n> was acceptable. \qry Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:na/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how verbal semantics affects reduplication. \ref 01883 \lxa totopo \lxac totopo \lxo tótopóntsi:n \lxoc tótopóntsi:n \lxt tla:ltetekontsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of plant with leafy parts that form a ball-like object that can pop \ss tipo de planta con partes como hojas en forma de pelota que se pueden reventar \pna Totopo | Boboli:tah itla:kihlo. San xiwtli, wel tihkwa:s itla:kihlo. \pea <na>Totopo</na> : Its fruit is a little ball. It's just a plant, you can eat its fruit. \psa <na>Totopo</na> : Su fruta es una bolita. Es solamente una planta, puedes comer su fruta. \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pending?) \xrb topo: \nct xiwtli \qry Check for final sound: glottal stop or /h/. Check for similarity of pronunciation with /totopo/ as a type of grasshopper. Recheck vowel length. Reason for short final /o/ not clear. \ref 01884 \lxa ma:te:ka \lxac kima:te:ka \lxo ma:te:ka \lxoc kima:te:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to weed (a field, garden, etc.) with ones hands or a digging stick (<na>witso:ktli</na> ; as opposed to with a plow) \ss desherbar (un campo, huerta, etc.) con las manos o con coa (<na>witso:ktli</na> ; y no con un arado y yunta) \pna Tlama:te:ka, kima:te:ka imi:l. \pea He is weeding, he is weeding his cornfield. \psa Estádeshierbando, le está quitando yerba a su milpa. \pna Kima:te:kas iyew. \pea He will weed out his beans (i.e., where they are planted, removing weeds from around them). \psa Va a deshierbar sus frijoles (esto es, quitándoles la maleza donde están sembrados). \xrb ma: \xrb te:ka \encyctmp mi:hli \nse In Ameyaltepec <nao>ma:teka</nao> refers to the action of weeding with ones hands or a digging stick; if a plow is being employed, then the correct word is <nlao>xihki:xtia</nlao>. In Oapan the terms vary slightly. Here there are three words for weeding: <no>tlama:te:ka</no> decribes weeding with a digging stick, <no>tlawíwitlá</no> and <no>tlamá:kwí</no> refer to weeding with ones hands, and <no>tlaxihki:xtia</no> is a more generic term that does not imply any particular tool or process. \nae Apprently the object of <na>ma:te:ka</na> can either be the plant (or type of plant) that is cleared of weeds or the field itself. \ref 01885 \lxa ma:teki \lxac kima:teki \lxo ma:teki \lxoc kima:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the branches off of (a plant or tree) \ss cortarle las ramas a (una planta oàrbol) \se to cut the hand of \ss cortarle la mano a \pna Ma:ka xki:tski! Mitsma:tekis! \pea Don't grab it! It will cut your hand! \psa ¡No lo agarres!¡Te va a cortar la mano! \xrb ma: \xrb teki \qry Check for forms such as /ma:teteki/ and /ma:te:teki/. \ref 01886 \lxa po:tsakilia \lxac kipo:tsakilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>tepo:tsakilia</na> \infv class-2a \sea to stuff or push into, filling an opening (generally affecting an animate [PO], often adversely, by stuffing its mouth, an open wound, etc., to an exagerrated extent) \ssa meter a presión o a fuerza, atestando un hueco (afectando generalmente un animado [OP], a menudo en forma adversa, al atestarle la boca, una herida abierta, etc., de manera exagerada) \pna Timistepo:tsakili:s, xkwa! \pea I'm going to stuff it into your mouth, eat it! \psa Te lo voy a meter en la boca,¡Cómetelo! \pna Xpo:tsakilia! Ma mikika:n un kwilimeh! \pea Push it into it (in this case medicine or poison into an animal's wound or open sore)! Let's hope that the worms die (from the medicine or poison)! \psa ¡Méteselo bien (en este caso un remedio o veneno a una llaga de un animal)!¡Esperemos que se mueran los gusanos (al ser matados por el veneno)! \fla po:tsaki \xrb po:tsa \xrb ak \xvba po:tsakia \nae <na>Po:tsakilia</na> is a ditransitive applicative of transitive <nla>po:tsakia</nla>. The primary object of <na>po:tsakilia</na> seems always to be the animate being (or perhaps material object) that has a part into which something is pushed. It appears that this part (e.g., a mouth, wound, etc.) is not overtly expressed but rather understood in context. Whether or not the actual opening can be expressed as a secondary object is not clear. \rt The roots <nr>po:tsa</nr> and <nr>po:ts</nr> are probably related. The former is found with a preceding element in the word for 'to burp' (i.e., <nla>ilpo:tsa</nla> or <nla>elpo:tsa</nla>) and the latter is found in words whose basic meaning seems to refer to a state of being bloated or stuffed (e.g., Classical from Molina <na>yacacuitlapopotz</na> 'mocoso' as well as nominalizations such as azcaputzalli 'hormiguero.') \ref 01887 \lxa pokia:ntsi:n \lxac pokia:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea a little, bitty bit a drink (i.e., alcohol) \ssa un poquitito de trago \pna Xtikpia a:chitsi:n pokia:ntsi:n? \pea Do you have a little bitty bit (particularly in reference to a drink)? \psa ¿Tienes un poquitito (particularmente en referencia a un tragito>? \nae The etymology of <na>pokia:ntsi:n</na> is uncertain. It might be a partial loan from Spanish <spn>poco</spn> combined with a <na>-ya:n</na> ending (such as that found in words such as <nla>no:wiá:n</nla>. <na>Pokia:ntsi:n</na> is particularly used to refer to a <spn>tragito</spn>, a small bit of drink, and is somewhat playful, often used in jest. \qry Ask speakers what the derivation might be, and determine whether /pokia:ntsi:n/ can be possessed. The syntax of /Xtikpia achitsi:n pokia:ntsi:n?/ is unusual and should be checked. If /achitsi:n/ modifies /pokia:ntsi:n./ then the former should be an adjective and the latter a noun. Check if this is the case. \ref 01888 \lxa kwe:tli de tlahikotektli \lxac kwe:tli de tlachikotektli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(k) \sea type of dress that has a horizontal seam in the middle joining the skirt to the blouse, and in which the skirt part is made of two or three pieces of cloth that are sewn together smoothly, with the seam inside and without pleats \ssa tipo de vestido que tiene una costura en medio donde su junta la falda a la blusa, y en que la falta se hace de dos o tres pedazos de tela que se cosen lisamente, con la costura para adentro y sin pliegues o tablitas \cfo tlaí:lakastéhtli \xrb kwe: \xrb chiko \xrb teki \ono kwe:tli \fl kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \ref 01889 \lxa xo:chitla:wi:hli \lxac xo:chitla:wi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea candle used in a religious ceremony (particularly those used in church or during the 'soul-raising ceremony known as <nla>tlakaka:walistli</nla>) \ssa vela utilizada en una ceremonia religiosa (particularmente las que se llevan a la iglesia o que se emplean durante la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' o <nla>tlakaka:walistli</nla>) \xrb xo:chi \xrb tla:wi:l \encyctmp list of things connected with /tlakaka:walistli/, etc. \ref 01890 \lxa ilpihlo \lxacpend *i:lpihlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo; N-dvb-pas \infn N2 \sea cord used to tie the diaper of (sb [Poss]) \ssa cordón utilizado para atar el pañal de (algn [Pos]) \pna Ok tikone:tsi:ntli, ok tikpia molpihlo. \pea You're still a little child, you still have your diaper cord. \psa Todavía eres un niño chiquito, todavía tienes un cordón para tu pañal. \pna Xkonkwi ilpihlo! \pea Go get the cord used to tie his diaper on! \psa ¡Ve por el cordón que se usa para atar sus pañales! \syna tsi:nilpikatl \syno ma:ilpikatl \cfao ilpikatl \xrb ilp \dis ilpihlo; ilpikatl; ma:ilpikatl; tsi:nilpikatl, etc. \nse Apparently the obligatorily possessed <na>ilpihlo</na> is used only to refer to a diaper cord, whereas <nla>ilpikatl</nla> is more general, and includes sashes and other similar objects. Oapan has <nlo>ma:ilpikatl</nlo> and Ameyaltepec <nla>tsi:nilpikatl</nla>, all apparently with similar meanings. \nae Although the possessor of <na>ilpihlo</na> in the phrase <na>ok tikpia molpihlo</na> is the person wearing a diaper, it is possible that the <n>-yo</n> possessed suffix is used because the cord is part of a diaper (much as in the phrase <na>i:kahlo mokal</na> 'the roof of your house,' the <n>-yo</n> is used because the roof is part of the house). In this case the possessor of <na>i:lpihlo</na> would actually be the diaper, i.e., 'its cord,' and the construction <na>molpihlo</na> would be a metaphoric extension. \qry Check the difference between /ilpikatl/ and /ilpihlo/, and possible other uses of each word. Apparently the first is simply a band of cloth, and the second more particularly that used to tie diapers. Check. Recheck the correctness of /-ilpihlo/. \ref 01891 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been removed as a duplicate of 4777 \dt 18/Apr/2005 \pqry Check the p-a patther of the Oapan words originally elicited here and cf. to the words at 4777, which I had transcribed with a different p-a system even though the same word. \ref 01892 \lxa tlakakapatsa \lxac tlakakapatsa \lxo tlakakapatsa \lxoc tlakakapatsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to flap ones wings intensively (a chicken or other similar fowl) \ssa aletear fuertemente (una gallina u otro ave) \pna Tlakakapatsa un piópa:mpa ye miktok. \pea That chichen is flapping its wings hard because it is dying. \psa Esa gallina está aleteando fuerte porque ya está muriendo. \seo to stomp (e.g., a horse its hooves) \sso pisotear (p. ej., un caballo con sus patas) \xrb kapa: \xvaa tlakakapachilia \xbtla kakapatsa \qry My original file card of Nahuatl to Spanish says 'vease nota con 'aletear.' This should be checked. Check full meaning in Oa and Am. \ref 01893 \lxa tlachinowa \lxac tlachinowa \lxo tláchinówa \lxop tlachinowa \lxoc tláchinówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-tla \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to set fire to brush in a a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting \ss quemar campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar \pna O:pe:w tlachino:lo. \pea People have started to clear the fields by burning. \psa Se ha empezado a limpiar el campo al quemarlo. \se (fig.) to smoke together \ss (fig.) fumar juntos \xrb hchina \xbtlao chinowa \nae There are several verbs in Nahuatl that have one form with specific (invariably 3rd-person) objects and another form, with an initial /h/ (on the surface or underlyingly), when the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> is used. Examples are {ki + mati} and {tla +hmati}, {ki + pia} and {tla + hpia}, and {ki + chinowa} and {tla + hchinowa}. \qry Ask about the following: Reduplication; indefinite null complement: The case of /tlachinawi/ and /tlachinowa/ is interesting. It seems that the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ functions as a null complement with a culturally specified meaning: /tla-/ = 'field cleared and to be planted.' It is also interesting how the null complement interacts with reduplication. As a null complement the verb is not reduplicated. Note that a similar phenomenon occurs with /te:mowa/, although here the specific object seems to always occur with a reduplicated form: /nontlate:mo:s/ but /nikontete:mo:s nowa:kax/. With /chinowa/ the situation is different. In the sense of 'to burn a field' it occurs unreduplicated with either /tla-/ (as an indefinite null complement) or with /ki-/ as a specific object: /nontlachino:s/ and /nikonchi:no:s sakayoh/. When reduplicated it refers to the searing of specific material objects, e.g., /nikchichino:s noko:n/ 'I will sear (the bottom of) my pot.' Apparently /tla-/ may a lso be used with the reduplicated form, but here the /tla-/ is contextually specified. At least this is my interpretation at present. Thus /nitlachichino:s/ can only be uttered when some aspect of context (e.g., previous discourse, etc.) establishes a referent. For example (and this is based on my understanding, it should be checked with a consultant), one can say /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa titlachichino:s/; perhaps the best translation would be 'I'll grab this pot and you'll do the searing' (cf. /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa tikchichino:s/. This is perhaps a good example for the grammar of the difference between indefinite and definite null complements. \sj tlahchinowa? kichinowa? \grm Reduplication; indefinite null complement: The case of /tlachinawi/ and /tlachinowa/ is interesting. It seems that the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ functions as a null complement with a culturally specified meaning: /tla-/ = 'field cleared and to be planted.' It is also interesting how the null complement interacts with reduplication. As a null complement the verb is not reduplicated. Note that a similar phenomenon occurs with /te:mowa/, although here the specific object seems to always occur with a reduplicated form: /nontlate:mo:s/ but /nikontete:mo:s nowa:kax/. With /chinowa/ the situation is different. In the sense of 'to burn a field' it occurs unreduplicated with either /tla-/ (as an indefinite null complement) or with /ki-/ as a specific object: /nontlachino:s/ and /nikonchi:no:s sakayoh/. When reduplicated it refers to the searing of specific material objects, e.g., /nikchichino:s noko:n/ 'I will sear (the bottom of) my pot.' Apparently /tla-/ may also be used with the redu plicated form, but herethe /tla-/ is contextually specified. At least this is my interpretation at present. Thus /nitlachichino:s/ can only be uttered when some aspect of context (e.g., previous discourse, etc.) establishes a referent. For example (and this is based on my understanding, it should be checked with a consultant), one can say /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa titlachichino:s/; perhaps the best translation would be 'I'll grab this pot and you'll do the searing' (cf. /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa tikchichino:s/. This is perhaps a good example for the grammar of the difference between indefinite and definite null complements. \ref 01894 \lxa tlatlako:hli \lxac tlatlako:hli \lxo tlátlakó:hli \lxoc tlátlakó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se sin \ss pecado \pna Xmelá:k tlatlako:hli. \pea It's not really a sin. \psa No es un pecado de veras. \se fault \ss culpa \pna Tikpia tlatlako:hli. \pea You are to blame. \psa Tienes la culpa. \se Holy Week \ss Semana Santa \pna Yo:asik tlatlako:hli. \pea Holy Week has arrived. \psa Ya llegóSemana Santa. \pna Ye tlatlapowtok umpa o:tlan tlatlako:hli. \pea The saints are having their eyes uncovered, Holy Week has ended over there. \psa Se están destapando los ojos de los santos, allá terminóla Semana Santa. \xrb htlak \mod Make sure that /tlatlapowi/ or /tlatlapowa/ is in the dictionary; determine whether it should have a separate entry as a /xv1 form. \ref 01895 \lxa mixtlatlama \lxac mixtlatlama \lxo mí:xtlamá \lxop mí:xtlama \lxoc mí:xtlamá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-1 \pa yes-rdp \se to fish with a net (as opposed to with line and hook) \ss pescar con una red (y no con cuerda y anzuelo) \pna Mixtlatlamatinemi. \pea He goes along fishing. \psa Anda pescando. \pna Wel mixtlatlama. \pea He is good at fishing. \psa Sabe pescar. \cfao tlapilowa \xrb mich \xrb ma \cfao pilowa; tlama \encyctmp hunting \qry Check for the presence of {h} in the incorporated reduplication. Also check if the non-reduplicated form exists (and if the simple /tlama/ exists). Note that Karttunen has /tlahtlama/ with the preterite /o:tlahtlamah/. Check the final vowel length and the /h/ in the preterite (i.e. as in inflection paradigm of /tlakwa/). Check to see if this only refers to fishing with a net, or can be used for fishing with a hook or trap. Cf. /tlapilowa/ or /tlapipilowa/. \ref 01896 \lxa mihka:tlatlaxistli \lxac mihka:tlatlaxistli \lxo mihka:tlatlaxistli \lxoc mihka:tlatlaxistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-is \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(s) \seao whooping cough \ssao tosferina \sem disease \xrb miki \xrb tlatlasi \grm Phonology: note the palatalization here: tlatlasi>tlatlaxi+(i)stli. I am not sure that this occurs in other derivations. \ref 01897 \lxa pionakatl \lxac pionakatl \lxo pio:nakatl \lxoc pio:nakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao chicken meat \ssao carne de pollo \pna Xnihkwa nakatl, ni:n de pionakatl. \pea I don't eat meat, not even chicken. \psa No como carne, ni de pollo. \sem food \xrb pio \xrb naka \vl Check vowel length in both forms. Check possibility for possessed form, which I have already coded here. \ref 01898 \lxa i:xtekiki:sa \lxac i:xtekiki:sa \lxo i:xté:kí:sa \lxoa i:xtékikí:sa \lxoc i:xté:kí:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \se to open ones eyes wide in a blank stare; to open ones eyes wide in fright; to make a threatening, challenging (as if ready to fight), or angry gesture with ones eyes by intensely staring out \ss abrir (o abrirsele a uno) bien los ojos en una mirada perdida; abrirse los ojos mucho en miedo o susto; hacer una cara como de amenanza (como para pelear) y enojo al clavar los ojos en una mirada fijada \pna I:xtekiki:sa, kwala:ni. \pea He makes a threatening gesture with his eyes, he is mad. \psa Hace una cara amenazante con sus ojos, está enojado. \pna Yo:i:xtekiki:s. Yo:mik. \pea His eyes stayed open in a wide, blank stare. He is dead. \psa Se le quedaron los ojos abiertos y vacíos. Ya se murió. \seo (fig.) to become startled \sso (fig.) asustarse; espantarse \pno Ikwá:k itláh mitsmóhti:s, ti:xté:kí:sas. \peo When something frightens you, you get startled. \pso Cuando algo te espanta, te asustas. \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb ki:sa \xvco i:xté:ki:sáltia \nse At least in Oapan, <no>i:xté:kí:sa</no> may refer to an actual state of the eyes, or figuratively to fright and being startled. \nae In Oapan (as in usual in such cases) the nonreduced reduplicated form <no>i:xtékikí:sa</no> is also correct. However, the reduced form <no>i:xté:kí:sa</no> is more common. Note that the potential reduplicated form * <na>i:xteki:ki:sa</na> is not acceptable, at least not in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check for Am causative form. \mod Determine how to treat roots like this: use /i:xte/ and have a note there, or have two levels with /i:x/ and /te/ on one level and /i:xte/ on the other. Determine difference between /i:xte:n/ and /i:xte/, which one is used in which combination. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 01899 \lxa tlatlakowa \lxac tlatlakowa \lxo tlátlakówa \lxop tlatlakowa \lxoc tlátlakówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to sin \ssao pecar \pna Mlá:k o:nitlatlakoh, mlá:k miak yo:nikimimiktih pitsomeh iwa:n wa:kax. \pea I have really sinned, I have killed a whole lot of pigs and cattle (said by a butcher who thought that it might be a sin to kill animals). \psa He pecado de a de veras, he matado muchos marranos y reses (dicho por un carnicero que piensa que puede ser un pecado sacrificar a animales) \xrb htlaka \xbtla itlakowa \xbtlo ítlakówa \ref 01900 \lxa koma:hli \lxac koma:hli \lxo koma:hli \lxoc koma:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se round clay griddle used for cooking, often placed on three stones directly over a fire, although at times an adobe-like stove may be constructred, with the comal"built in"; a metal griddle in the shape of a <na>comal</na> \ss comal (de cerámica y, ahora, también de metal) \se (<na>pia</na> or <no>piya</no> ~ [possessed]) to have a pain in ones stomach or intestines \ss (<na>pia</na> o <no>piya</no> ~ [poseído]) tener un dolor en el estómago o intestinos;"tener vaso" \pna Nikpia nokoma:l, ne:chkukwa niti. \pea I have a stomach pain, my belly hurts me. \psa Tengo mi vaso, me duele el estómago. \sem tool \sem disease \xrb koma:l \nse A great number of consultants translated <na>kipia i:koma:l</na> as 'tiene su vaso.' \encyctmp kitchen \qry Check meaning of /kipia ikoma:l/ in reference to illness. \ref 01901 \lxa pepextli \lxac pepextli \lxo pépextlí \lxoc pépextlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes-rdp \se (<na>i:pepech</na> or <no>í:pepéch</no> <nao>ko:ntli</nao>) grating placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (in particular, this is used in cooking tamals) \ss (<na>i:pepech</na> o <no>í:pepéch</no> <nao>ko:ntli</nao>) rejilla colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se está cociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales) \sem tool-cook \cfa sakapepextli \cfo sakápextlí \xrb pech \nae Undoubtedly the reduplicated stem of Oapan <no>pépextlí</no> would be reduced to lengthening on a previous light syllable if there were such a prefix. But the semantics of <no>pépextlí</no> make it so that the only prefix that has been documented in the long voweled 3rd-person possessive prefix <n>i:-</n>. Nevertheless, reduction of the reduplicant does occur on certain incorporated nouns with final light syllables: <nlo>saká:pextlí</nlo> and <nlo>té:pextlí</nlo>, among others. \qry Make sure that Oapan cannot reduce. Check for all ways in which /pepextli/ can be used. \ilustmp Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. \ref 01902 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for /tla:lakatetl/ and has been removed. \dt 18/Jun/2002 \ref 01903 \lxa to:motlaxkahli de un nososowa pan tla:hli \lxaa to:motlaxkaltsi:ntli \lxac to:motlaxkahli de un nososowa pan tla:hli \lxo tó:motlaxkáhli \lxoc tó:motlaxkáhli \lxt no:chahwatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se type of small cactus growing low to the ground of the family Cactacea and genus <l>Opuntia</l>, as yet unidentified with fruit that is sometimes eaten by children by mistake \ss tipo de cactus pequeño que no crece muy alto, de la familia Cactaceae y género <l>Opuntia</l>, hasta ahora no identificado con fruta que a veces la comen niños por equivocación \sem plant \sem cactus \equiva organi:toh \equivo nó:chmatlapáhli \xrb to:moh \xrb xka \nse The identity of this cactus in Oapan and in Tetelcingo Nahuatl needs to be further examined given that for both dialects I have two names at this point. For Oapan there is <no>tó:motlaxkáhli</no> and <no>nó:chmatlapáhli</no> ; for Tetelcingo I have noted both <nt>to:motlaxkahle</nt> and <nt>no:chahwatl</nt>. \cpl This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for food. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. \nct to:motli \ref 01904 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo po:n \lxoa po:h \lxoc po:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan buey \psm Baby \der N-bb \seo ox, he-goat, or sheep (male animals with horns) \sso buey, carnero o chivo (animales con cuernos) \pno Mistewi:s po:h. \peo That ox is going to gore you. \pso Te va a cornear el buey. \sem baby \syna buh \ref 01905 \lxa tla:lxina:chin \lxac tla:lxina:chin \lxo tla:lchina:chih \lxoa tla:lchina:chin \lxoc tla:lchina:chih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se type of insect, apparently a species of termite, that forms large nests around the major branches of certain trees \ss tipo de insecto, aparentemente una especie de termita, que construye nidos grandes sobre las ramas principales de algunosárboles \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tla:l \xrb xina:ch \cpl The nest of this insect is called <nla>tla:lxina:chkahli</nla> ; if I remember correctly it is often built on the branches of the <nla>po:cho:tl</nla>. \grm Oapan phonology: note x>ch/ l ___ /tla:lchina:chih/. There are other cases of this palatalization of fricatives. \ref 01906 \lxa kwa:papayoti \lxac kwa:papayoti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses \ssa enloquecerse; perder los estribos \equiva papayowa \equivo pápáyotí \xrb kwa: \xrb pahpa \nae Although <na>kwa:papayoti</na> is classified as a denominal verb, there is no direct evidence of the nominal form. Thus the classification is based on analogy with other similar derivations including the intransitive marker <n>-tia</n>. However, note that it is the semantic equivalent of <nla>papayowa</nla>. Thus, documented so far is the relationship of <nla>kwa:papayoh</nla> to <na>kwa:papayo:ti</na> and <nla>papayoh</nla> to <na>papayowa</na>. The first pair follows the pattern for adjectives and verbs derived from a nominal root, the second pairs follows the pattern for adjectives ending in <n>-yoh</n>, intransitive verbs ending in <n>-yowa</n>, and transitive verbs ending in <n>-yo:tia</n>. \qry Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive form /-papayo:tia/? Note that I originally had /kwa:papayo:tia/ and changed to /kwa:papayotia/ based on comparative evidence. \mod According to Chen Díaz this is not used, rather one finnds /kwa:papayowa/. Perhaps it should be deleted. \ref 01907 \lxa tilikichowa \lxac kitilikichowa \lxo tilikichowa \lxoc kitilikichowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to sew (a material object) leaving a poorly joined seam (with a protruding ridge where the two sides of the seam are joined) \ss coser (un objeto material) dejando una costura mal hecha (con una protuberancia donde se juntan los dos lados de la costura) \pna O:kitilikichoh mokoto:n. \pea She left a poorly sewn seam on your shirt. \psa Dejó una costura mal hecha en tu camisa. \xrb tilikich \nse Undoubtedly <nao>tilikichowa</nao> \ref 01908 \lxa to:motsotsohli \lxac to:motsotsohli \lxo tó:motsotsóltik \lxoa tó:motsotsóltik de kwa:ichkatetsi:n \lxoc tó:motsotsóltik \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \seao type of cactus with edible fruit, still not identified, in Spanish called <spn>pitaya</spn> \ssao tipo de cactus con fruta comestible hasta ahora no identificado, llamado pitaya \sem plant \sem cactus \sem edible \xrb to:moh \xrb tsol \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name of this cactus, a member of the Cactaceae family, as <spn>tuna pelona</spn>, as does Ramírez and Dakin (1979). For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. \nct to:motli \ref 01909 \lxa okwilxi:ni \lxac okwilxi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to get worms \ssa agusanarse \syna okwihlowa \cfo kwikwihlowa; kwikwilxi:ni \xrb okwil \xrb xi: \dis okwihlowa; okwilxi:ni \nde Oapan has the cognate <nlo>kwikwilxi:ni</nlo> but this refers to worms falling off an infected animal, such as a dog as it enters a house, and not worms infesting an animal, as Ameyaltepec <na>okwilxi:ni</na> indicates. \qry Determine the difference between /okwilxi:ni/ and /okwihlowa/. My documentation at this point only has a stative form /okwilxi:ntok/. Check to make sure that /okwilxi:ni/ exists as an intransitive verb; check also to see if a transitive form exists ?okwilxi:nia. \ref 01910 \lxa kwa:na:miki \lxac kikwa:na:miki \lxo kwa:na:miki \lxoc kikwa:na:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se (for an idea [S]) to sit well with (a person [O]) \ss parecerle bien (una idea [S]) a (una persona [O]) \pna Nikwelkaki ke:n tikitowa, ne:chkwa:na:miki. \pea I like the sound of what you are saying, it sits well with me. \psa Me gusta lo que dices, me parece bien. \seo (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) to get along with \sso (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) llevarse bien con \pno Xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki Juan. \peo Juan does not get along with him. \pso Juan no se lleva bien con. \se (recipr.) to have ones heads resting against each other \ss (recipr.) estar con las cabezas cargadas una contra la otra \pna Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli. \pea They've even got so that their heads are resting one against the other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground. \psa Hasta sus cabezas están descansando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo. \xrb kwa: \xrb na:miki \nse In Oapan this word can mean 'to appear to be a good idea to,' 'to fit the head of' or in a phrase like <no>xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki</no> 'to not get along with.' It is also used to refer to what happens when two people are working together and do not see eye to eye, do not get along or feel comfortable with each other. \rt Check etymoloyg of /na:miki/ as possibly divisible into /na:/ and /miki/. Cf. other words with /na:C/. \ref 01911 \lxa pala:naltia \lxac kipala:naltia \lxo pala:naltia \lxoc kipala:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \se to rot; to cause to rot (e.g., water that gets into wood) \ss pudrir; hacer pudrir (p. ej., agua que le entra a madera) \pna O:kipala:naltih a:tl. \pea The water rotted it. \psa El agua lo hizo pudrir. \se to let (through carelessness) spoil or rot (particularly edible things but not prepared food itself) \ss dejar (por descuido) que se eche a perder, que se pudra (particularmente cosas comestibles pero no comida preparada) \pna O:titlapapala:naltih. \pea You let things rot. \psa Dejaste algunas cosas pudrir. \xrb pala: \xvbao pala:ni \dis Distinguish /pala:ni/, etc. from /itlaka:wi/ or /itlakowa/. \grm Causative: The ways in which the causative can indicate either fairly direct causality or a more mediated process captured by the English auxiliary 'let' is indicated by /pala:naltia/ and two example sentences above: /O:kipala:naltih a:tl/ 'The water rotted it.' and /O:titlapapala:naltih/ 'You let things rot.' In the first sentence the water is the direct causal agent of the process. This is the prototypical causative construction: Inchoative: 'the wood rots'; Causative 'water MAKES the wood rot'. In the second phrase the subject is not the causal agent but, in effect, the accomplice, the entity that allows something to take place by not intervening (e.g., to dry sth, in this case). Givón and others have talked about"let"and causatives.This verb can be perhaps used as an example. \ref 01912 \lxa kwitlatia \lxac kwitlatia \lxo kwitlatia \lxoc kwitlatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc class 4c \der V1-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to become rotten or putrid; to decay \ss pudrirse; echarse a perder \equivao kwitlati \xrb kwitla \nse The verb <nao>kwitlatia</nao> can be used to refer to watermelon or cantaloupe that starts to rot on the inside, becoming soft and black. It can also be used to refer to a wound that putrifies, becoming soft and somewhat fuzzy and black. In general it refers to the black rottenness that affects fruit, vegetables, and other organic substances. \ref 01913 \lxa mexkahli \lxac mexkahli \lxo mexkahli \lxoc mexkahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se generic name for the agave plant \ss nombre genérico para el maguey \sem plant \sem aga \xrb mexkal \encyctmp mexkahli \qry Etymology might contain {ksi}, cf. /tlaxkahli/, and the root /me/. In my original card under /mexkahli/ I have a note which states that the vowel length as follows: /kaxti:hla:n mexkahli/ is definitely correct. Nevertheless, I think it best to rechecked all vowel lengths. And, each type of maguey, of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths. \cpl To date, the following types of <na>mexkahli</na> have been noted: <na>sakamexkahli, mexkaltompestsi:n, mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, kaxti:hla:n mexkahli,</na> and <na>mexkahli de kukuhtitla:ntsi:n.</na>. Each of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths. Ramírez (1991) simply mentions this as <spn>maguey</spn>, of the family <i>Amaryllidaceae</i> and scientific name <i>Agave sp</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not list magueyes. Schoenhals (1988) lists maguey, maguey manso, and maguey pulquero. Re: the first two, of the maguey she mentions:"(<i>Agave</i> spp. e.g., <i>A. atrovirens</i> 'century plant,' 'maguey,' 'pulque maguey'. Mezcal and pulque are the intoxicating drinks from the maguey. In the north, the plant is also called mezcal. Also called maguey manso."Note that it would appear that the plants whose name starts with <na>mexkal</na> are agave plants; the plants discussed by Bravo (1932), see entry under <nla>tlapextli</nla> are cactuses. \nct mexkahli \ncx sakamexkahli; mexkahli de sakaixtli; mexkaltompistsi:n; ka:ka:lo:te:ntli; kaxti:hla:n mexkahli; kokohtitla:ntsi:n \ref 01914 \lxa asitok \lxac asitok \lxo ásitók \lxop asitok \lxoc ásitók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be complete or whole \ss ser completo o entero \pna Xasitok ite:n. \pea His lip isn't complete (said of sb with a harelip). \psa Su labio no está entero (dicho de algn con labio leporino) \xrb ahsi \nse <na>Asitok</na> may also have a progressive sense, often preceded by the adverbial particle <nla>ye</nla>, as in <na>ye tasitokeh</na> 'we are (already) arriving there.' \ref 01915 \lxa tekilia \lxac kitekilia \lxo tekilia \lxoc kitekilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to cut for \ss cortar para \pna Xmotekili tlako:tl para ika titlape:wi:s! \pea Cut yourself a switch with which to drive animals along! \psa ¡Córtate una varita para que con ella puedes arrear! \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to plow for (i.e., to"cut"furrows for) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) arar para (esto es,"cortar"surcos para) \pna Xmotekili ok ke:ch surkos, tiktekis! \pea Plow a few more furrows for yourself, you will plow them! \psa ¡Hazte unos poquitos surcos más, los vas a arar! \flao teki \xrb teki \xvbao teki \ref 01916 \lxa tlatska:kwepa \lxac kitlatska:kwepa \lxo tlatska:kopa \lxoc kitlatska:kopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to accuse of being lazy; to make out to be lazy (see <nlo>tlatska:te:ne:wa</nlo>) \ssa acusar de ser flojo (vé ase <nlo>tlatska:te:ne:wa</nlo>) \pna O:ne:chtlatska:kwep. \pea He accused me of being lazy. \psa Me acusóde ser flojo. \seo to turn over (e.g., a tortilla) disdainfully (angrily, without 'ganas') \sso voltear (p. ej., una tortilla) de mala gana \xrb tlats \xrb kwep \ref 01917 \lxa sampú:n \lxac sampú:n \lxo sampaon \lxoc sampaon \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se just right there (not any further; in sight of speaker) \ss solamente allímismo (y no más lejos; dentro del alcance visual del hablante) \xrb san \xrb on \xrl -pa \dis ompún; sampún \nse Apparently <na>sampún</na> is a contraction of <na>san</na> and <nla>ompún</nla>. \pqry Check vowel length of final /u/. Perhaps /sampú:n/. \vl Note that this word is repeated at #3214. When you get to 3214 the 4 tokens there need to be given instead #01917, with letters"c","d"... etc. as needed. \ref 01918 \lxa ma:se:ka:nowa \lxac kima:se:ka:nowa \lxo ma:se:ka:na \lxoc kima:se:ka:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to sling over ones shoulders (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that hangs over ones shoulder) \ss colgar por el hombro (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa sobre el hombro) \syna se:ka:nowa \fla ma:se:ka:titlan \xrb ma: \xrb se:; \xrl -ka:n \xvca ma:se:ka:no:ltia \xvco ma:se:ka:naltia \nse At first I had this defined as to sling across ones chest. Apparently some people use this word in this sense, but many consultants have corrected the definition to indicate something that crosses in front of ones chest. \qry Check that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is equivalent to /se:ka:no:ltia/. Check vowel length, since I might have been influenced here by by understanding of the etymology. Check and change for /ma:se:ka:nowa/, /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/, /se:ka:nowa/, and /se:ka:no:ltia/, \qry Apparently /ma:se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc. \ref 01919 \lxa tlatopo:nia \lxac tlatopo:nia \lxo tlatopo:nia \lxoc tlatopo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to set off fireworks \ss echar o quemar cohetes \xrb topo \xbtlao topo:nia \ref 01920 \lxa nana:mik \lxac i:nana:mik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea helper (in reference to one who helps by performing the same repeated task as the principal worker, helping again and again to complete each repetition, such as weeding rows in a cornfield) \ssa ayudante (generalmente en referencia a una persona que le ayuda a otra en una tarea que implica la repetición continua de una misma tarea, como limpiar los surcos en una milpa) \pna Kipia inana:mik. \pea He has his helper. \psa Tiene su ayudante. \xrb na:miki \nse In general <na>nana:mik</na> is used to refer to a child helper, who goes with an adult (often his father) and helps by starting at the other end of a chore (such as weeding a row of plants) and repeatedly comes to meet the principal worker. \nde Oapan has the verbal form, e.g., <no>mí:sna:míki</no> but not the nominalization. \qry I have never heard /-na:miki/ used in a nonpossessed form, though its possibility should be check. In general this word refers to someone, usually a child, who helps another in a task, particularly work in the"surcos,"coming to help someone so that he does not lag behind the rest, who are faster. Cf. entry under /na:miki/. \ref 01921 \lxa welis \lxac welis \lxo welis \lxoc welis \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se perhaps; it is possible that; maybe (modal indicating possibility of a action or event taking place) \ss quizá; es posible que (palabra modal indicando la posibilidad que una acción o evento acontecerá) \pna Welis timitspale:wi:s. \pea It is possible that I will help you. \psa Quizáte voy a ayudar. \pna Mo:stla welis nia:s. \pea Tomorrow I might go. \psa Quizávoy a ir mañana. \pna No: welis ihkón nikito:skia. \src DT #1:120 \pea It also possible that I might have said it like that. \psa También es posible que yo lo hubiera dicho así. \xrb wel \ref 01922 \lxa tlawe:hli \lxac tlawe:hli \lxo tlawe:hli \lxoc tlawe:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se bad temper; hot headedness; quick temperedness \ss mal genio \pna Ma ki:sa itlawel! \pea Let his bad temper go away! \psa ¡Quése le quite su mal genio! \se (<na>kipia</na> ~) to be in a bad mood; to be angry \ss (<na>kipia</na> ~) estar de mal humor; estar enojado; estar de mal genio \pna Nochipa nankipian tlawe:hli, xkaman nanpa:ktokeh. \pea You all are always in a bad mood, you are never happy. \psa Ustedes siempre están de mal humor, nunca están felices. \se (<na>-asi</na> ~) to get affected by colic (a young baby [O]) \ss (<na>-asi</na> ~) tener cólico (un bebé[O]) \pna Yo:kasik tlawe:hli, san nokwala:nitokeh itah iwa:n ina:n. \pea He's become colic, his mother and his father are always getting mad at each other. \psa Tiene cólico, su mamáy su papásiempre se enojan uno con el otro. \cfao tlawe:lxiw \xrb tlawe:l \ref 01923 \lxa -tiwetsi \lxac cho:katiwetsi \lxo -tiwitsi \lxoa -tiwetsi \lxoc cho:katiwitsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der aspectual \infv class-3a(ts)/associated motion \seao to do [verb] hurriedly \ssao to do [verbo] de prisa \pna Xtlakwatiwetsi! Ye tiaweh! \pea Eat quickly! We're on our way! \psa ¡Come rápido!¡Ya nos vamos! \pna San tepitsi:n, xne:xchixtiwetsi! \pea Just a moment, just hold up (wait) for me for a second! \psa ¡Un momento, aguántame (espérame) un poquito más! \xrb wetsi \nse The aspectual marker <na>-tiwetsi</na> may combine with all directional markers. In Oapan the middle vowel of <no>-tiwitis</no> seems to vary slightly between /i/ and /e/, with the former much more common. Verbal forms with <no>-tiwitsi</no> (Oa) / <na>-tiwetsi</na> (Am) are often used as a sort of mitigated imperative. Thus a host might well say <no>xtlákwatiwítsi</no> which is more equivalent to the Spanish 'llégale a la comida' or something equivalent, rather than 'come rápido!' \ref 01924 \lxa pu:n \lxac pu:n \lxo pao:n \lxoa pon \lxoa po \lxoc paon, pao o:nkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-loc \pa yes \se right there (in reference to a place visible to speaker) \ss allímismo (en referencia a un lugar visible para el hablante) \pna Ma:ka timoteketsas pu:n itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis. \pea Don't stand right there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off. \psa No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar. \pna Pon tiá:s, pu:n tlanakastlan. \pea You will go over that way, there around the side of the hill. \psa Para allá te vas, allá por el lado del cerrito. \cfa ompú::n \xrb pa \xrb o:n \ono ne:, na:n, nika:n, ne:yhka, umpa, etc. \nse <no>Paon</no> seems to refer to a location that is within the sight of the speaker. It is used in a slightly different way than <nlo>pa</nlo>. The latter is used to refer to a place already mentioned in discourse and is followed usually by a verb. <no>Paon</no> seems to be used for places that are in sight of a speaker, <no>ne:</no> for places out of sight. Thus if Jorge is in his house, out of sight, <no>ne: nemi Jorge, i:cha:n</no>. Some consultants would accept <no>pa nemi i:cha:n</no>, others did not. However, it seems that <no>paon</no> is only used for places in sight of the speaker. \nae The Oapan sequence <no>páo:n</no> is always stressed (high pitch) on the first syllable, even within the phrase <no>páo: o:nkah</no> ; <no>o:nkah</no> receives phrasal intonation (stress/pitch). The absence of the final nasal of <no>páo:n</no> in <no>páo: o:nkah</no> is through a general rule in Oapan Nahuatl that often eliminates word-final nasals before vowel-initial following words. Note also that it appears that <no>o:nkah</no> also has a long vowel. \qry Note the use of /tla:mo/ in the above phrase. I have generally heard this word used in a dependent clause after a positive injunction: /xne:chtlane:wti tomin, tla:mo xkaman timitsmakas/. Here note, however, that /tla:mo/ is used after a negative. This should be checked. \vl There are two more tokens each, female and male, at entry 4228, that should be tagged as 1924 and two should be linked to the second pronunciation above /pao: onkah/. \ref 01925 \lxa ichpo:xtsi:ntli \lxac ichpo:xtsi:ntli \lxo ichpo:xtsi:ntli \lxoc ichpo:xtsi:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn Stem 1(ch) \se very young girl or maiden, between some 8 and 13 years of age \ss muy joven muchacha o niña entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad \sem age \syna ichpokatsi:n \syno ichpakatsi:n \fla te:lpokatsi:n \xrb chpo:ch \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \qry Check difference between /ichpo:tsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Note that the original Ameyaltepec entry had /ichpo:tsi:h/. FM rejected this and gave /ichopo:xtsi:h/, the diminutive of /ichpo:xtli/. \ref 01926 \lxa xte:h \lxac tikpale:wi:s xte:h? \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea no then? isn't it true? \ssa ¿no pues?¿no es cierto? \pna O:mitspale:wi:ki, xte:h? \pea He came to help you, isn't it true? \psa Te vino a ayudar,¿no es cierto? \cfa te:h \cfo te:n \cfo xmelák \xrb teh \nse The use of <na>xte:h</na>, i.e., the negative form of <na>teh</na>, is considered by Oapanecos as marking speech from Ameyaltepec. That is, while <nao>te:h</nao> is common to both dialects, the negative form is not used in Oapan. Indeed, one evening some friends from Ameyaltepec and Oapan were discussing whether my speech was more like Ameyaltepec or Oapan, and those from Ameyaltepec repeatedly mentioned my use of <na>xte:h</na> as proof that I spoke as an Ameyaltepequeño. \ref 01927 \lxa mi:mih \lxac mi:mih \lxo mi:mih \lxoc mi:mih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \se meat \ss carne \se body (of a young girl, used by young boys) \ss cuerpo (de una muchacha, dicho por jovenes) \pna Kwaltsi:n mi:mih! \pea She has a nice body! \psa ¡Québonito cuerpo! \sem baby \xrb mi \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. It follows the usual pattern for baby talk of a reduplicated heavy syllable with long vowel, and final /h/. The word is used in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec. Occasionally it may be used figuratively by men to indicate"flesh,"i.e., sex (as in <no>tihneki mi:mih</no> 'You want sex). \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 01928 \lxa a:wilmati \lxac ka:wilmati \lxo á:wilmáti \lxop á:wilmati \lxoc ká:wilmáti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \pa yes-rdp \se to treat like a joke or to not take seriously \ss tomar como broma o no tomar en serio \pna Ka:wilmati. Kinemilia kichi:was, wa:n xmilá:k. Sahkó:n noka:wtia:s. \pea He treats it like a joke, He thinks about doing it and it isn't true. It just gets left like that (e.g., the task that was going to get done). \psa No lo toma en serio. piensa hacerlo, pero no es cierto. Asíse va dejando (p. ej., la tarea que iba a hacer). \xrb a:wil \xrb mati \nae Oapan Nahuatl often shows reduplication on the first syllable of the root <nr>a:wil</nr> ; see <nlo>á:wihlí</nlo> \vl The length of the first /a/ still needs to be determined. The reason for the high pitch in ON is not clear. \ref 01929 \lxa se:boti \lxac se:boti \lxo xé:potí \lxop xe:poti \lxoc xé:potí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>sebo</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \syn se:botia \se to congeal (fat, lard, or grease) \ss cuajar (el sebo o grasa) \pna Yo:pe:w se:boti un ka:ldoh, ye sese:xtok, xtoto:ni! \pea The lard in that soup stock has started to congeal, it is cooling off, heat it up! \psa La grasa en ese caldo ya empezó a cuajar, ya se está enfriando,¡caliéntalo! \equiva se:botia \equivo xé:potiá \mod Originally (first recording pass) Oapan entry had /sé:botí/ since changed. This should be rerecorded. Note that it was and is apparently at the end of all the sessions. \vl Check vowel length. Originally Oapan (first recording pass) entry had /sé:botí/ since changed. This should be rerecorded. Note that it was and is apparently at the end of all the sessions. Note that there are 4 additional tokens of this verb at 7177. These should be tagged as 1929 and the linked files should be chosen from the tokens originally at 7177 since the quality is better. \ref 01930 \lxa tili:ni \lxac tili:ni \lxo tili:ni \lxoc tili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl/+Caus \infv class-3a \se to become tight or taught (a bag or sack from being stuffed, a knot from being pulled hard, a rope tightly wound, a post as earth is packed around it, clothes that are too small, a screw completely inserted, etc.); to become tightly packed in (e.g., earth that is pounded down) \ss quedar apretado o muy ajustado (un costal o bolsa al atestarse, un nudo al jalarse fuertemente, una soga al torcerse mucho, un poste al macizar la tierra a su alrededor, ropa que queda chica, un tornillo al meterse por completo, etc.); quedar macizo (p. ej., tierra que se golpea) \pna Xtepi:tso in tla:hli!. Ma tili:ni, kaxa:ntok. \pea Make this ground hard (e.g., by pounding on it)! It should get tightly packed, it's loose (right now). \psa ¡Haz que esta tierra se quede maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)!¡Quése macice, está algo suelto (ahora)! \pna Xtepo:tskalakti, ma tili:ni! \pea Stuff them in (e.g., corn husks into a sack) so that it (the sack) gets stuffed tight! \psa Mételos (p. ej., el <nla>to:tomoxtli</nla> en un costal) para que se apriete (el costal)! \se to become swollen (in reference to the tightness of skin around an infection or swollen area) \ss hincharse (en referencia a lo apretado que queda la piel alrededor de una infección o inflamación) \pna O:pe:w tili:ni ka:n o:mitskwah chi:lpa:n. \pea It's started to get swollen where the wasp bit you. \psa Se empezó a hinchar donde te picó una avispa. \xrb tili: \ref 01931 \lxa tekomoltik \lxac tekomoltik \lxo tekomoltik \lxoc tekomoltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se see <nlao>komoltik</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>komoltik</nlao> \xrb komol \ref 01932 \lxa kochi:lia \lxac kikochi:lia \lxo kochi:lia \lxoc kikochi:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to accompany during the night, sleeping nearby (but remaining alert for any problem) \ss acompañar en la noche, al dormir cerca (pero manteniéndose pendiente de cualquier problema) \pna Yo:nekok. Nika:n nikochis, timitskochi:li:s. Ma:ka timomowis! \pea I've arrived. I will sleep here, I will accompany you during the night. Don't be afraid! \psa Ya llegué. Voy a dormir aquí, te voy a acompañar durante la noche.¡No tengas miedo! \xrb kochi \nse <na>Kochi:lia</na> refers often to the action of spending the night at someones side, someone who is sick or perhaps in some other way incapacited, so that in case of an emergency he or she is accompanied. \nde In Oapan this is used to refer to accompanying somebody during the night but not sleeping, even though the other person might. \grm Applicative; comitative: Apparently this is an example of a comitative use of the applicative. Cf. Peterson's discussion of applicatives. He mentions a comitative applicative in Haka Lai. It is unclear how common this is in Nahuatl, but it does add to the typology: beneficiary, maleficiary, comitative, \vl It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long /i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked. \ref 01933 \lxa te:nkwepo:nia \lxac kite:nkwepo:nia \lxo te:nkopo:nia \lxoc kite:nkopo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to fold back the edge or lip of; to turn the edge or lip of inside out \ss doblar la orilla o labio de; invertir la orilla o labio de \pna Xte:nkwepo:ni para wel tikonxi:ni:skeh tli:n otko:wkeh! \pea Turn the edge of it inside out (a sack or bag) so that we can throw what we bought into it! \psa ¡Dóblale la orilla (de un costal o bolsa) para que le podamos echar lo que compramos! \xrb te:n \xrb kwepo: \qry Check for intransitive. \ref 01934 \lxanotes zzz \mod I originally this /ka:milowa/, but this appears to be in error. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry In Oapan the transitive form is not used, see <nlo>ka:miliwi</nlo>. Originally I had this definition: 'to cause to turn purple (e.g, sb's skin through blows or punches); to cause welts to form on the body of', Thus /O:tine:chka:miloh, o:tine:chwi:tek./ 'You bruised me, you whipped me.' Also, another sense: /to cause to darken (e.g., stones with smoke, or ceramics by a poor firing)/. However, neither was accepted by C. Flores, F. Marcelino, etc. \ref 01935 \lxa iska:n \lxo iska:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se see <nla>xiska:n</nla> or <nlo>xíská:n</nlo> \ss vé ase <nla>xiska:n</nla> o <nlo>xíská:n</nlo> \nae This word is only found in the negative. \vl Check vl and p-a in Oapan /xí:ská:n \ref 01936 \lxa pa:chaka:ti \lxac pa:chaka:ti \lxo pa:chika:ti \lxoc pa:chika:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to shrivel and dry up (particularly objects that had been full and often somewhat meaty; fruits that lose their juices, particularly those are formed within pods or similar objects, limbs that shrivel and wither after an accident, an eye that seems to dry up inside its socket) \ss marchitarse y secarse (particularmente objetos que estaban llenos y algo carnosos; fruta que pierde su jugo, especialmente las que se forman dentro de una vaina, un ojo que se seca dentro de la cuenca del ojo, una extremedad del cuerpo que se seca y se muere dejando solamente el hueso) \pna Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh. \pea Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall. \psa Se va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo. \pna O:pa:chaka:t i:xtew. \pea His eye shriveled up and died (e.g., from a blow, blood stopped circulating and the eye died). \psa Se secósu ojo (e.g., a causa de un golpe se dejóde circular sangre y se murió el ojo). \pna Wel pa:chaka:tiitla:kihlo komo:chitl. \pea The fruit of a <na>guamúchil</na> tree can remain puny and poorly developed in the pod (and for this reason inedible). \psa La fruta del guamúchil se puede quedar vano (sin formarse o mal formada dentro de la vaina, y por eso no comestible). \fla pa:chaka:tl \xrb pa:chaka: \dis me:tsikwalo:; pa:chaka:ti \nse In regards to an eye, <na>pa:chaka:ti</na> refers to the eye itself disappearing and drying up, causing blindness. In regards to a fruit (such as that of the <na>guamúchil</na>) the reference is usually to a seed or some bean that is poorly formed inside the pod, that is small, dry, and inedible. \mod Create a single entry/discussion under the root /pa:chaka:/ or /pa:chika:/. \rt The root here might well best be analyzed as /pa:chi/ or /pa:chika:/. Check and compare. \ref 01937 \lxa wetskiswa:xin \lxac wetskiswa:xin \lxt wetskiswa:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 4 \sea type of guaje as yet unidentified with fruit that is edible though not often eaten \ssa tipo de guaje hasta ahora no identificado cuya fruta es comestible aunque generalmente no se come \pna Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikuwyo, xtlah para. \pea The <na>wetskiswa:xin</na>, it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (i.e., its fruit) is edible. It's trunk (and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything. \psa El <na>wetskiswa:xin</na>, rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su tronco es muy delgado, no sirve para nada. \sea tree that bears fruit of this name; also called <nla>wetskiswa:xkuhtsi:ntli</nla> \ssa árbol que da fruto de este mismo nombre; también llamado <nla>wetskiswa:xkuhtsi:ntli</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb wetskits \xrb wa:x \nct kohtli; wa:xin \nse According to one consultant, if one eats the fruit of the <na>wetskiswa:xin</na> one will just be laughing, <na>san tiwetskas</na>. Apparently the name derives from the fact that although this <spn>guaje</spn> is edible, its fruit is very small. \mod Note that this tree was photographed and assigned a number (318), but apparently not collected. \qry Check etymology of this name and any possible attributes of the tree that it might signal. Note that on one file card I had recorded /wetskitswa:xin/. Check whether this should be /wetskiswa:xin/ or /wetskitswa:xin/. \ref 01938 \lxa mahki \lxac mahki \lxo mahki \lxoc mahki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se see <nla>i:xmahki</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>i:xmahki</nla> \apo mahkitik \xrb mawi \nse According to Florencia Marcelino of Oapan, <no>mahki</no> is used to refer animals that are wild and run away (e.g., zebras). <no>I:xmahki</no> refers to an animal that is easily scared, such as certain burros. There is also <no>ma: hki</no> (also written <no>ma:hki</no>) which is a negative imperative '¡Quéno lo hagas!' \qry Make sure that /ma:hki/ is the same as /i:xmahki/. Note that even though here I have notes that FM made a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/, for the latter there is no Oapan entry, only one from Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked. \vl Check lenght of /mahki/ and /ma:hki/. Make sure second has a long /a:/. \ref 01939 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo iswaabi:yah \lxoc iswaabi:yah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>avío</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo a bundle of dried corn leaves stripped off the stalk during the <spn>zacateo</spn> (<nla>iswate:kilistli</nla>) and that is later tied = together with palm to be stored for fodder. \sso manojo de hojas secas de maíz que se quitan durante el zacateo y que se guardan para forraje \syna abi:yah \xrb swa \nse After being stripped from the stem, the bundle of leaves are placed between two bare stems, later to be tied into a <spn>manojo</spn>, or bundle. Usually one <na>abi:yah</na> is tied into a single bundle, although occasionally a bundle is made of what were originally two <na>abi:yas</na>. \nss Después de quitarse del tallo del maíz, las hojas se ponen entre dos tallos desnudos, para después ser atado en un manojo. por lo común una <na>abi:yah</na> se ata en un solo manojo, aunque ocasionalmente dos <na>abi:yas</na> se juntan en un manojo. \mod Illustrate \ref 01940 \lxa piotetl \lxac piotetl \lxo piotetl \lxoc piotetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se chicken egg (from a range chicken) \ss huevo de una gallina (de rancho) \sem edible \xrb te \qry Check to make sure that a possessed form in acceptable. \ref 01941 \lxa kukuwilia \lxac kikukuwilia \lxo kókowília \lxop kokowilia \lxoc kí:kowília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:kowília</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to chop wood for \ss leñar para \pna Xne:chkukuwili:ti! \pea Go chop wood for me! \psa ¡Ve a cortar leña para mi! \xrb kow \xvba kokowi \xvbo kókowí \grm Benefactive; applicative: Note that this is an"applicative"of an intransitive that has a benefactive meaning. Cf. Shibatani's article. \ref 01942 \lxa ma:tli \lxac ma:tli \lxo ma:tli \lxoc ma:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \seao hand \ssao mano \seao arm \ssao brazo \se blow with the hand or fist \ss golpe con la mano \pna Timistlakwalti:s ika ma:tli. \pea I'm going to give you a slap in the face (said, e.g., by a parent to a disobedient child). \psa Te voy a dar de comer con mi mano (dicho, p. ej., por un padre o madre a un hijo desobediente). \pna O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. \pea You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. \psa Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocó un golpe con la mano. \se forelegs (of most four-footed animals) \ss patas delanteras (de la mayoría de animales con cuatro patas) \se legs (of certain insects; e.g., centipedes) \ss patas (de ciertos insectos, p. ej., el cienpiés) \pna... ima:tsitsi:wan petlasolkowatl \pea... legs of a centipede \psa... de un cienpies \se branches (of a tree) \ss ramos; ramitas (de unárbol) \pna Miák kipia ima:wa:n un kuwtsi:ntli. \pea That small tree (or bush-like tree) has a lot of branches. \psa Ese arbolito (o arbusto) tiene muchas ramas. \pna Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian kuwburri:toh \pea A small piece of wood that has three branches, they call it a <na>kuwburri:toh</na>. \psa Un trozo de madera que tiene tres ramitas, le dicen <na>kuwburri:toh</na> / \se knots (in a piece of wood) \ss nudos (en un pedazo de madera) \pna Kipia ima:wa:n un tlikuwtli. \pea That piece of firewood has knots (i.e., places where smaller branches used to join the main branch). \psa Ese pedazo de leña tiene nudos (esto es, donde las ramas menores se juntaban con otras ramas más grandes). \pna Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n. \pea That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a lot of knots. \psa Ese palo de madera está nudoso, tiene muchos nudos. \se unit of measure from the end of one extended arm to the other \ss brazada, una unidad de medir que va del punto extendido de un brazo al otro \pna O:nkow de san se: ma:tli. \pea I bought it (e.g., a piece of cloth) that just measures the distance from one extended arm to the other. \psa Lo compré(p. ej., un pedazo de tela) que mide solamente una brazada. \seo (poss.) part of an apron that goes over ones shoulders and is joined in the front and back to <no>i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa</no> \sso (pos.) parte de un delantar que va sobre los hombros y se cose enfrente y atrás a <no>i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa</no> \se (<na>i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój</na>) the hands of a watch \ss (<na>i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój</na>) las manecillas del reloj \se (<na>te:ma</na>) follower; one who tags along; one who just goes along with or accompanies others; bit player \ss (<na>te:ma</na>) uno que solamente acompaña o sigue a otros; elemento menor \pna San te:ma: katka. \pea He just accompanied the others. \psa Solamente acompañaba a los demás. \se (<na>i:pan</na> ~ [possessed]) passed from, or passed down from, the hands of \ss (<na>i:pan</na> ~ [poseído]) entregado, o heredado, de las manos de \pna I:pan moma: ma wa:le:wa! \pea Let it come from you (i.e., from your hands, in this case in reference to a drink being passed around)! \psa ¡Quévenga de tu mano (esto es, de tus manos, en este caso en referencia a una bebida compartida entre varios)! \se (<na>i:pan</na> ~ [possessed]) during the term of office or period of rule of \ss (<na>i:pan</na> ~ [poseído]) durante el periodo de \pna I:pan ima: Juan de la Rosa, o:nochi:w. \pea It occurred during the time that Juan de la Rosa was 'comisario.' \psa Aconteciódurante el tiempo que Juan de la Rosa fue comisario. \sem body \sem measure \cfa ma:xiw \xrb ma: \nse The composition <na>te:ma</na> can refer to someone in a dance, such as <na>Kone:jos</na> who is not the principle character but simply formed part of the line of the line dance. Note that in regard to four-footed animals <nao>ma:tli</nao> is used to refer to the front legs only; for certain small animals and bugs <nao>ma:tli</nao> refers to what in English are called the animal's legs. \qry Check for vowel length in termination /-tsitsiwan/. Also check for final /h/ in /kuhburri:toh/, e.g. the instrument that is used to hold the /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/. Check /i:ma:tsitsi:wa:n/ in regard to centipedes. \ref 01943 \lxa tlakoko:hloh \lxac tlakoko:hloh \lxo tlakoko:hloh \lxoc tlakoko:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have a wound or wound \ss tener una herida o heridas \pna Nitlakoko:hloh, xwel nitekiti. \pea I have wounds, I can't work. \psa Tengo heridas, no puedo trabajar. \xrb kowa \vl Note that this entry was taken from an original file card with vowel length not marked. Thus the final long /o:/, which is expected and reported for Xalitla, should be checked. The Oapan variant should also be checked; I believe it is long as indicated. \ref 01944 \lxa i:xwi:teki \lxac ki:xwi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to dust off the surface of (by hitting it with sth such as a rag or other similar item, or with an open hand) \ssa despolvorear la superficie de (al azotarla con un trapo o algo parecido, o con la mano abierta) \pna Xki:xwi:teki para ipan timotla:li:s! \pea Dust its surface off (by striking it with sth) so that you can sit on it! \psa ¡Quítale el polvo de encima (al azotarla) para que te puedas sentar! \sem contact \syno í:xtsetselówa \xrb i:x \xrb wi:teki \rt Discuss the possibility of /wi:teki/ and other words with /wi:/ as possibly having sth in common; also the presence of /teki/ here: crossreference to /teki/. \ref 01945 \lxa sotla:wi \lxac sotla:wi \lxo sotla:wi \lxoc sotla:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to faint \ss desmayarse \pna I:xtetletlekowa. O:sotla:w. \pea His eyes have rolled up and back in his head. He fainted. \psa Sus ojos fueron para atrás. Se desmayó. \pna Xtekontetso:tsona mopio:tsi:n ika wekahli, o:sotla:w! \pea Hold a gourd over your chick and tap on it lightly, it fainted! \psa ¡Acércale una jícara a tu pollito y darle golpecitos, se desmayó! \xrb sotla: \nae The transitive alternation is to <nla>sotla:wia</nla> in Ameyaltepec and to <nlo>sotla:wa</nlo> in Oapan. \nde Note that in Oapan the transitive is <nlo>sotla:wa</nlo>. \qry Recheck as originally I had /sotla:wa/ for the Ameyaltepec headword; also check the transitive since the Oapan /sotla:wa/ is certain. \ref 01946 \lxa chaltlatowa \lxac chaltlatowa \lxo cháltlatówa \lxop chaltlatowa \lxoc cháltlatówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through) \ss sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto) \pna Chaltlatowa mopla:toh; sio:tonki. \pea Your plate makes a hollow ringing sound; it is fissured. \psa Tu plato hace un sonido hueco; está roto. \sem sound-material \syna chaktlatowa \xrb chala: \xrb hto \encyctmp page on sounds; in general pages on all semantic fields \nse Apparently <na>chaltlatowa</na> is the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec <nla>chaktlatowa</nla>, which has not been documented in Oapan. \qry Check correctness of this term. \mod Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by <na>chaktlatowa</na> as <na>nokomo:nilia</na> 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/. \grm Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/. \ref 01947 \lxa metohlowa \lxac metohlowa \lxo metohlowa \lxoc metohlowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \se to get covered with worms (maggots?) \ss cubrirse de gusanos \pna Metolimeh, ke:n kwilintsitsi:nteh pero totomiokeh. Unkah ipan nakatl deke o:tikiye:w ika kostá:l. Niman metohlowa. Ipan ke:soh, no: metohlowa. \pea <na>Metolimeh</na> are like little worms, but they are fuzzy. They are found on meat if you stored it in a sack. It quickly gets covered with worms. The surface of cheese also can get covered with such worms. \psa Los <na>metolimeh</na> son como gusanitos, pero peludos. Se hallan sobre la carne si la guardas en un costál. Luego luego se cubre de gusanos. La superficie del queso también se puede cubrir de tales gusanos. \xrb metol \qry In my original notes for this sentence I recorded /metolowa/; this is undoubtedly an error and I have changed to /metohlowa/. Nevertheless, the correct pronunciation should be checked with a native speaker and corrected throughout, if necessary. Determine the Spanish name for these. RS has for /metolloa/ 'apoillarse, hablando de vestidos'; thus check as to whether the metolin do appear on clothes. Note that I have no adjectival or transitive forms; check. \vl Check for /hl/ sequence. \ref 01948 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for /xa:yakatsotsoneh/ and has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01949 \lxa kuwtekomatl \lxac kuwtekomatl \lxo kohtekomatl \lxoc kohtekomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se tree of the trumpet-creeper family, named <l>Cresentia alata</l> \ss árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae, llamado <l>Cresentia alata</l> \pna Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k nopale:wia suwa:tl, koni kuwtekomatl itla:kihlo. Ma poso:ni itik a:tl. Kipale:wi:s suwa:tl deke koni. \src Pánfilo Lorenzo \pea <na>Kuhtekomatl</na> : When a woman is giving birth, she drinks the fruit of the calabash tree. It should be boiled in water. It will help the woman if she drinks it. \psa <na>Kuhtekomatl</na> : Cuando una mujer está por dar a luz, bebe la fruta del cuatecomate. Se debe hervir en agua. Va a ayudar a la mujer si se la bebe. \pna Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k tikpia go:lpeh, tla: o:mitswi:sohkeh noso san tewa o:tiwets, wa:n o:mitsaxi:lih itlah tli:no:n, wel tikoni:s kohtekomatl para ma se:wi, para ma tipati. Tihki:xtili:s de tlaitik itla:kihlo, kipia tli:ltik itik wa:n tihki:xti:s. Itik a:toto:nihli tiktla:li:s, ihkón tikoni:s wa:n tipatis. Xok tikpias go:lpeh, xok mitskoko:s. \src Cristino Flores \pea <na>Kuwtekomatl</na> : When you have a bruise, or you got beaten up, o perhaps you just fell by yourself and something hit you, you can drink [the fruit of] the calabash tree so that it (the bruise and pain) calms down, so that you get better. You will take out what is inside [the fruit], it is black inside and you will take it out. You place it in hot water, you drink just like that and you'll get better. You won't have bruises anymore, it won't hurt anymore.. \psa <na>Kuhtekomatl</na> : Cuando tienes un golpe, o te golpearon o tal vez solamente te caiste por tísolo y te alcanzó algo, bien puedes tomar [la fruta d]el cuatecomate para que se apague, para que te alivies. Le quitas lo que está adentro de su fruta, adentro tiene algo negro. Lo pones en agua caliente, asíte lo tomas y te vas a aliviar. Ya no vas a sentir los golpes, ya no te va a doler. \pna Kuwtekomatl | Itla:kihlo para kikokoyo:nian, kitlapahlo:tian para nito:tikeh ia:yekach. Ikuwyo para si:yah. \pea <na>Kuwtekomatl</na> : They perforate its fruit, they paint it, for dancers' rattles. Its wood (is used) for chairs. \psa <na>Kuwtekomatl</na> : Agujerean su fruta, la pintan para las sonajas de los danzantes. Su madera (se usa) para sillas. \pna Kuwtekomatl | Deke o:mitsmak go:lpeh kiposo:nian itikwitl. Tikoni:s. Koni:ltian deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. \pea <na>Kuwtekomatl</na> : If you have gotten bruised, they boil the inside of its fruit. You drink it. They give it to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has stomach cramps. \psa <na>Kuwtekomatl</na> : Si tienes golpes hierven la parte interior de su fruta. Te la bebes. Se lo dan de beber a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el estómago. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-med \xrb kow \xrb tekoma \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>sirián</na> ; Ramírez (1991) identifies it as of the family <na>Bignoniaceae</na> and more specifically as <na>Crescentia alata</na>. Schoenhals (1988) does not mention <na>sirián</na> but does have an entry for cuautecomate:"(<na>Crescentia</na> spp., e.g. <na>C. cujete, C. alata</na>) 'gourd tree,' calabash tree' The fruit resembles a large gourd, the dried shell of which is used for containers and bowls called jícaras. The gourds can be trained into different shapes by tying them while still green. Hard shells can be polished. Also called calabazo, cimo, cujete, guaje, güiro, jícaro, morro, tecomate."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:180) mention a tree of the <i>Bignoniaceae</i> family named <i>Crescentia alata</i>, also known in Spanish as <spn>cirián</spn> or <spn>tecomate</spn>. \nct kohtli \rt The root /tekoma/ might well be related to /ko:m/, as in /ko:ntli/. Comment on. \ref 01950 \lxa tlatla:hlo:tia \lxac kitlatla:hlo:tia \lxo tlátla:hló:tia \lxop tlatla:hlo:tia \lxoc kí:tla:hló:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:tla:hló:tia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to make dirty; to cover with earth or dirt \ss ensuciar; cubrir con tierra o mugre \pna Ma:ka tikma:ma:s, tla:mo mistlatla:hlo:ti:s wa:n tewa chipa:wak motlake:n! \pea Don't carry it on your shoulders, if you do it will get you dirty and your clothes are clean! \psa ¡No te lo vayas a cargas, si lo haces te va a ensuciar y tu ropa está limpia. \se (refl.) to get oneself dirty \ss (refl.) ensuciarse; hacerse ensuciar \pna Timotlatla:hlo:ti:s deke timomi:milo:s ipan tla:hli. \pea You'll get yourself dirty if you roll back and forth on the ground. \psa Te vas a hacer ensuciar si revuelcas de un lado a otro en el suelo. \xrb tla:l \ref 01951 \lxa bu:rroh me:soh \lxac bu:rroh me:soh \lxo bu:rroh maye:soh \lxof ['bu: rro ma 'ye: soh] \lxoc bu:rro maye:soh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan manadero \psm N \der N-loan (?) \infn N1 \seao donkey (or type of donkey) used to impregnate mares and thus sire mules \ssao burro (o tipo de burro?) utilizado para impregnar a las yeguas y producir mulas y machos \nse <na>Me:so</na> has only been documented in the phrase <na>burroh me:soh</na>. Note that in Oapan these types of donkeys are called <no>ma:ye:soh</no>. The words <na>me:soh</na> and <no>maye:soh</no> are probably derived from Spanish, although the source term has not yet been determined. \nct yo:lki \vl Check for final /h/ in both /burro/ and /me:so/. Check to see if /me:so/ occurs in other instances rather than only after /burroh/. \ref 01952 \lxa texkahli \lxac texkahli \lxo texkahli \lxoc texkahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se stony area, covered almost completely with large, round stones \ss pedregal \xrb te \xrb xka \nse The word <na>texkahli</na> is used in a manner that makes it virtually equivalent to <nla>texkahloh</nla>, the denominal adjectival form, though the latter is much more common. Indeed, <na>texkahli</na> is rarely used. \nde Molina has for <n>texcalli</n> 'peñasco, risco, o horno.' RS has for the same word 'roca, elevación, lugar escarpado, caverna, madriguera de fieras; horno, hornada; <n>texcalli ouitica</n>, roca escarpada, difícil de escalar. Con la posp. <n>co: texcalco,</n> en la caverna, en el horno; <n>texcalco icucic texcalli</n>, pan cocido al horno.' \ref 01953 \lxa techichikiltik \lxac techichikiltik \lxo téchichikíltik \lxoc téchichikíltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not to have grown to full size) \ss estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) \pna Techichikiltik, kas kwalo. \pea He is skin and bones, perhaps he's sick. \psa Está enclenque, quizá está enfermo. \se puny; tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out, a plant or part of a plant that is very small) \ss chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca, una planta o parte de una planta que es muy chiquita) \apa techichikil \apo té:chikíl \cfa chichikiltik \xrb te- \xrb chikil \nse Luis Lucena accepted the form <na>chichikiltik</na> as equivalent to <na>techichikiltik</na> although I have only heard the former in conversation a few rare times. Thus although there is an entry under <nla>chichikiltik</nla> with the observation that this may take the intensifier <n>te-</n>, the major entry is <na>techichikiltik</na>. \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. \ref 01954 \lxa yetla:hli \lxac yetla:hli \lxo yetla:hli \lxoc yetla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se land on which beans only are planted \ss tierra sembrada sólo con frijoles \xrb ye \xrb tla:l \encyctmp tla:hli \qry Get names for other types of lands in reference to what is planted on them (tlayo:ltla:hli? a:yotla:hli?, etc.). Make sure that this term is correct. \ref 01955 \lxa a:wa:xkuwtli \lxac a:wa:xkuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit \ssa <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva a:wa:xinkuwtli \equivo kalwa:xkohtli \equivo kalwa:xin \xrb a: \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \ref 01956 \lxa mela:hka:n \lxac i:mela:hka:n \lxo mela:hka:n \lxoa mela:hka:h \lxoc i:mela:hka:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ka:n \infn N2 \se right in front of \ss directamente enfrente de \pna Me:roh tomela:hka:n o:wets. \pea It fell over right in front of us (i.e., in the direction we were going). \psa Se cayódirectamente enfrente de nosotros (esto es, por donde nosíbamos). \pna I:mela:hka:n kasti:yokuwtli o:notla:lih. \pea He sat down right in front of the post used for securing the <spn>castillos</spn> upright. \psa Se sentódirectamente enfrente del poste utilizado para amarrar a los castillos. \xrb mela: \xrl -ka:n \nse Most often <nao>mela:hka:n</nao> is used to refer to the place right in front of where a person (or animal) in motion is heading, although apparently at times it may also refer to the place in front of a stationary object. \qry Confirm observation in /nse field re: semantics of this word. \ref 01957 \lxa iyá:k \lxac iyá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \sea to be foul-smelling (<nba>yepakihli</nba>, <nla>nextamahli</nla>, corpses) \ssa ser apestoso (<nba>yepakihli</nba>, nixtamal, cadáveres) \sem smell \xrb hya: \encyctmp smells (again; ency for all semantic fields) \mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. \ref 01958 \lxa tlixo:xtli \lxac tlixo:xtli \lxo tlixo:xtli \lxoc tlixo:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se ember; coal (of a fire) \ss brasa \pna Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. \pea The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. \psa Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. \xrb tli \xrb xo:ch \nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has <n>tlexochtli</n> and <n>tlexuchtli</n>, both glossed as 'brasa o asqua.' I would imagine the possibility of a possessed form, but have not coded it pending documentation. \ref 01959 \lxa tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl \lxac tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl \lxo tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \seo small winged bug that develop in stored maize \sso pequeño insecto con alas que salen del maíz almacenado \sem animal \sem insect \syna pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \xrb pa:lo: \xrb o:ya \ref 01960 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo po:nkah \lxoc po:nkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular \seo to be right there \sso estar allímismo \syna u:mpakah \xrb on \xrb ka \xrl -pa \encyctmp adverbs \nde In Oapan one uses <nlo>kah</nlo> for inanimate objects and <nlo>nemi</nlo> for animates. Thus <no>ponkah mosombre:roh</no> but <no>páon nemi moburroh</no>. \nae Apparently Oapan <no>ponkah</no> is equivalent to Ameyaltepec <nlo>ompakah</nlo>. However, there might be some semantic difference that has not yet been documented. \grm Deixis: In Oapan one uses <no>kah</no> for inanimate objects and <no>nemi</no> for animates. Thus <no>ponkah mosombre:roh</no> but <no>páon nemi moburroh</no>. Check and confirm. This is in the entry. \ref 01961 \lxa tenexa:tl \lxac tenexa:tl \lxo tenexa:tl \lxoc tenexa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se water, mixed with lime, used for making <nla>nextamahli</nla> and for whitewashing walls (when employed for this latter purpose a little salt is added to the water so that the whitewash does not get on the clothes of people who lean up against the wall) \ss agua mezclada con cal utilizada para hacer nixtamal y para pintar paredes (para esteúltimo uso se le agrega un poquito de sal para que no manche a la ropa de las personas que se recarguen sobre la pared) \sem material \cfo tenexa:wi:teki \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb a: \qry There is no documentation of the possessed form, but I have nevertheless coded it. Note that I originally had this defined as mortar/mezcla. \ref 01962 \lxa xa:yakatili:ni \lxac xa:yakatili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \sea for ones face to swell or puff up \ssa hincharse la cara a \pna O:xa:yakatili:n. O:wets. \pea His face swelled up. He fell. \psa Se le hinchóla cara. se había caido. \syno xa:ya:posa:wi \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tili: \qry Check for transitive form, not documented to date. Note that in reviewing this entry under /lxo there was only"see <no>xa:yakaposa:wi</no>."However, under the /lxoc field I had /xa:yakatili:ni/, which seems to indicate that the verb is acceptable. My recollection is that in Oapan the use of /tili:ni/ for swollen is not correct, so this entry should be rechecked. First, check to make sure that /xa:yakatili:ni/ was actually pronounced. If there is a recording/elicitation of /xa:yakatili:ni/ for Oapan, don't create an entry and link until checking the validity of this form. \ref 01963 \lxa monextik \lxac monextik \lxo mónextík \lxoc mónextík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>temonextik</na> \pa yes-lex \se to be dusty; to be covered with dust; to be dirty \ss estar empolvoreado, estar cubierto de polvo; estar sucio \se to be the color of light dirt \ss estar el color de polvo \pna San temonextik, o:notla:lmi:miloh. \pea He's covered with dust, he (e.g., a child, drunk, etc.) rolled around back and forth on the ground. \psa Estácubierto de polvo, se revolcó(p. ej., un niño, un borracho, etc.) de un lado a otro por la tierra. \sem color \apa monex \apo mónéx \xrb mohnex \qry Determine whether /monextik/ and /temonextik/ are equivalent, and if /te-/ should be considered the intensifier. Also compare to other grey colors (e.g., /kwitlanextsi:n/). \ref 01964 \lxa totopoka \lxac totopoka \lxo totopoka \lxoc totopoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to make a sputtering sound (an engine or mechanical device); to make a popping sound (e.g., <spn>guaje</spn> seeds when being toasted on a griddle); to crackle (e.g., certain crunchy foods when eaten) \ss petardear; hacer un sonido como de pequeñas explosiones (semillas de guaje al tostarse sobre un comal); hacer un sonido como chasquido (p. ej., ciertas comidas al comerse) \pna Totopokatok a:tl, kemech poso:ni. \pea The water is making a popping sound, it is just at the point of boiling. \psa El agua está haciendo un sonido como de"pum, pum", está a punto de hervirse. \se to growl (ones stomach) \ss gruñir (el estómago) \pna Totopoka nitik, nimotla:lili:s tlikonextli. \pea My stomach is growling (from being upset, it hurts), I will put ashes on it (as a cure). \psa Mi estómago está gruñiendo (por estar mal, adolorido), me lo voy a poner cenizas (para curarlo). \sem sound \xrb topo: \xvnao topo:ni \dis kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling; see /itikukwalaka/ and check for /ititotopoka/); check /kokomoka/ vs. /totopoka/, etc. \qry Note that I had 'The bus is coming sputtering along.' but no Nahuatl. The Nahuatl might be /Wa:ltotopokatiw fle:chah/; in another entry I have /Wa:lkokomokatiw fle:chah/. Check whether /totopoka/ is correct here. \ref 01965 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /to:xtsotsol/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 27/Jul/2001 \ref 01966 \lxa tlatlawi:teki \lxac kitlatlawi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea see <nla>tlawi:teki</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tlawi:teki</nla> \xrb wi:teki \ref 01967 \lxa koxtlalowa \lxac nokoxtlalowa \lxo koxtlalowa \lxoc nokoxtlalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-refl \infv class-2b \tran +Refl/-trans \se to sleepwalk \ss sonambular \pna Nokoxtlalowa. Nokwiste:wa san ikochipan. \pea He sleepwalks. During his sleep he gets up. \psa Sonambula. Se levanta durante el sueño. \xrb kochi \xrb tlalo \qry Recheck whether /tlalowa/ is only used in the reflexive here. Check also to see if there is any transitive form. Etymology should be checked. Determine the proper way to give the stems of transitive verbs ending in /-owa/. \ref 01968 \lxa tlako:lo:lto:ka \lxac kitlako:lo:lto:ka \lxo tlako:lo:lto:ka \lxoc kitlako:lo:lto:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \se to plant a <nlao>tlako:lo:hli</nlao> \ss sembrar un <nlao>tlako:lo:hli</nlao> \se (with object marker) to plant (a specific hill or location) as a <nao>tlako:lo:hli</nao> \ss sembrar (un cerro o lugar en particular) como un <nao>tlako:lo:hli</nao> \sem agriculture \xrb tlako:l \xrb to:ka \ref 01969 \lxa ma:wia \lxac kima:wia \lxo ma:wia \lxof [ma: 'wi ya] \lxoc kima:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to use ones hands for (a particular activity) or on (a particular object) \ss utilizar las manos para (alguna actividad) o sobre (un objeto en particular) \pna Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas. \pea I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand. \psa Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano. \pna San o:nikma:wih, xo:nkalaktih wa:kax. \pea I just worked it (in this case a field) with my hands, I didn't use (a team of) oxen. \psa Nada más lo trabajé(en este caso un terreno) con las manos, no le metí(una junta de) bueyes. \cfao ma:tlapa:na \xrb ma: \qry Refers to the action of using ones hands, in apparently any activity. Check for full range of use. \vl There is an extra token of this word at 5776. \ref 01970 \lxa a:kestok \lxac a:kestok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \com Adv-V1 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be lying down face up (a person or animal and, by extension, certain objects with a"face"or"mouth") \ssa estar acostado boca arriba (una persona o animal y, por extensión metafórica, algunos objetos con una"boca"o"cara") \pna Xki:xakamana, ma:ka ihkón a:kesto. \pea Place it upside-down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket) don't let it stay upright. \psa Colócala boca abajo (un plato, taza, cubeta), que no estéboca arriba. \pna Nika:n na:kestok. \pea Here I am lying face-up. \psa Aquí estoy acostado boca arriba. \syno ákestewéstok \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \fl a:kestete:ka \nae One finds both <na>ta:kestok</na> and <na>tia:kestok</na>. Carochi (f. 127; Lockhart p. 466) distinguishes <n>a:quetza</n> with a long vowel, from <n>àquetza</n> with a 'saltillo.' The former he glosses as 'larga, colgar el agua, como lo haze quien haze cacao para que haga espuma.' The latter as 'alço la cabeça.' Yet it seems that, at least occasionally, underlying {ah} in Ameyaltepec is realized as a long /a:/. Thus if the vowel length of <na>a:kestok</na> is confirmed as long, this would simply reflect lengthening of underlying {h} and not historical length. In Oapan one finds <nlo>ákestewéstok</nlo> \qry Determine whether other aspectual endings may be used and the form: /akestitiw/ or /akestiw/. Note that the differences between /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/, etc. should be discussed here; cf. the entries in Molina. \vl Check vowel length here as my original notes were inconclusive as to the length of the initial vowel. For determining length it might be best to elicit a form with an initial stop: /ta(:?)kestok/, etc. \grm The stative meaning of this form suggests that it is derived from an underlying unaccusative (intransitive), which would be ?/ketsi/ (cf. /a:ntok/, etc. Note that in Molina one finds /anqui/ and /titlantli/. Cf. comments by Launey on these derivations from transitives. \ref 01971 \lxa xawa:nia \lxac kixawa:nia \lxo xawa:nia \lxoc kixawa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to crunch sth brittle in ones mouth, making crackling sounds (e.g., old dried tortillas, <na>chicharrón</na>, <nlao>totopoxtli</nlao>) \ss mascar (p. ej., tortillas viejas, chicharrón, <nlao>totopoxtli</nlao>) \pna Melá:k tikxawa:nitok un xokotl. \pea You are really crunching that plum in your mouth, making it make a cracking sound. \psa De veras estás mascando esa ciruela en tu boca, haciendo que suenen los crujidos. \xrb xawa: \xvkao xaxawatsa \nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has the same word but with a different meaning: <n>xauania. nitla</n> 'vaziar agua o cosas liquidas.' Although no intransitive form ? <n>xawa:ni</n> has been documented for Ameyaltepec and Oapan, Carochi (f. 75, Lockhart 276) does given have <n>xaua:ni</n> 'caer gole de agua,ôotras cosas líquidas.' This verb is not in Molina. \qry Determine the precise difference between /xaxawatsa/ and /xawa:nia/, if in both cases it refers only to things cruched in ones mouth, etc. Also determine whether /xawa:ni/ exists. \ref 01972 \lxa te:ntia \lxac kite:ntia \lxo te:ntia \lxoc kite:ntia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to sharpen (a knife, ax, machete, etc.) \ss afilar; sacarle filo a (un cuchillo, machete, hacha, etc.) \xrb te:n \ref 01973 \lxa dále \lxac dále te:h \lxo dále \lxoc dále té:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>(án)dale</spn> \psm Interj \der Interj \syn á:ndale teh! \se Ok then! \ss ¡ándale pues! \pno ¡Dáleka:n! \peo Hurry up then! \pso ¡ándele Uds.! \xrb teh \nse This interjection is used in response to a statement that the first party is going to do something, usually leave a place. It is the same as /ándale téh/ and is a Spanish borrowing meaning 'ándale pues.'For example, after someone says <na>ma nia</na> ('I'm going now!') in taking leave, the one remaining behind may respond <na>dale téh</na>, i.e. 'Ok then!' Note the use of the plural imperative marker <n>-ka:n</n> with this interjection in Oapan. Cf. a similar use with <nlo>mo:stla</nlo> as in the greeting used to take leave of more than one person: <no>mo:stlaka:n</no>. \grm Imperative, optative: Note the use of the plural imperative marker <n>-ka:n</n> with this interjection /dáleka:n/ in Oapan. Cf. a similar use with <nlo>mo:stla</nlo> as in the greeting used to take leave of more than one person: <no>mo:stlaka:n</no>. \ref 01974 \lxa sa:yo:ltlakwahli \lxac sa:yo:ltlakwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea to be bitten (a human) by a lot of mosquitos \ssa tener (una persona) muchos piquetes de mosquito \xrb sa:yo:l \xrb kwa \qry Check meaning and contextual use, e.g, ?/sayoltlakwahli mokxi/, etc. This may simply have been a 'vacilada' from some young men in Ameyaltepec and not a word that should be entered in a lexicon. \ref 01975 \lxa kuwyo:lki \lxac kuwyo:lki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1; pl. <na>kuwyo:lka:meh</na> \sea wild animal (any wild animal, tiger, wolf, deer, coyote, <na>tejón</na>, that lives <na>i:tik kuwyoh</na> 'in the woods or forest') \ssa animal silvestre (cualquier animal, tigre, lobo, venado, coyote, tejón, que vive <na>i:tik kuwyoh</na> 'en el bosque') \sem animal \sem cat \equivo tepe:yo:lki \xrb kow \xrb yo:l \ref 01976 \lxa i:wia:ntilia \lxaa ni:wia:ntilia \lxac noi:wia:ntilia \lxo í:wia:ntília \lxop í:wia:ntilia \lxoc ní:wia:ntília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to get it together (in terms of getting a job done, picking up sth that one is being taught) \ss ponerse listo o abusado (en cuanto a cumplir con una tarea o captar bien lo que se le enseña) \pna Xomoi:wia:ntili! Xmotla:tlasiwi:ti! \pea Get it together! Get a move on! \psa ¡Ponte listo!¡Apúrate! \xrb i:wia:n \qry Note that the verb here refers to the action of"getting smart", i.e."ponerse listo". Check to see if the derived form /iwia:nti/ exists; and also if the verb /iwia:ntilia/ is used only in reflexive. \pqry Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check. \ref 01977 \lxa te:tlamakake:tl \lxac te:tlamakake:tl \lxo te:tlamakake:tl \lxoc te:tlamakake:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se woman who brings food to people (in general a woman who stays home while the men go to the field, she then cooks and brings them the food at midday) \ss mujer que lleva comida a la gente (en general una mujer que se queda atrás en la casa mientras que los hombres vayan al campo a trabajar, ella cocina y después les lleva la comida caliente a mediodía) \cfao tlamaka \xrb maka \ref 01978 \lxa ita \lxac kita \lxo ita \lxoc kita \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \epen i>0 \tran +Appl; +Caus \se to see \ss ver \pna O:tikitak un te:lpokawah? San mitsiistok. \pea Did you see that boy? He's just looking you over (e.g., because he likes you). \psa ¿Viste ese muchacho? Se la pasa echándote ojo (p. ej., porque le gustas). \pna Xne:cha:lita, xniwetska! \pea Look over here at me, I'm not laughing! \psa ¡Mírame hacia acá, no me estoy riendo! \pna Nostoyan. \pea They were looking at each other. \psa Se estaban viendo. \se to figure out; to decipher; to find a solution (to a problem) \ss descifrar; ver como (hacer una cosa); solucionar (un problema) \pna Xekita ke:n kichi:was. \pea He still hasn't figured out how he will do it (i.e., still hasn't found the way or solution, or hasn't learned the process). \psa Todavía no le ve cómo lo va a hacer (esto es, todavía no lo soluciona, todavía no ha aprendido cómo hacerlo). \pna Kita ke:n yes, ke:n kichi:wili:s. \pea He's figured out how it will be, how he will do it (i.e., arrange it). \psa Ve cómo va a ser, cómo le va a hacer (esto es, arreglarlo, etc.). \se (recipr. 1st person pl., usually future) see you around; be seeing you (used in taking leave of sb) \ss (recipr. 1a persona pl., generalmente futuro) nos vemos (utilizado como palabras de despedido) \pna Timotaskeh! \pea See you around! \psa ¡Nos vemos! \se (<na>ke:n</na> ~) to be a relative of (note: does not include husband and wife) \ss (<na>ke:n</na> ~) ser pariente de (nota: no incluye a un esposo y su conyuge) \pna Ke:n timitsita. \pea I am a relative of yours. \psa Soy pariente tuyo. \pna Ke:no:n tikita? \pea How is he related to you? \psa Cúal es su relación de parentesco contigo? \pna Xke:n notan. \pea They are not relatives. \psa No son parientes. \pna Xke:n nikita. \pea I am not related to him. \psa No tengo una relación de parentesco conél. \pno Yon neyásiwa:tl, ke:n ni:ta. \peo That there woman, I'm related to her. \pso Esa mujer allá, es mi pariente. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to stare at; to look over; to fix ones eyes on (e.g., in looking at a statue or work of art; or in being circumspect in going around a tree, an animal that is sleeping, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) mirar intensamente a; echarle ojo a; clavar la vista a (p. ej., en observar un monumento u obra de arte, o en ir esquivando un animal peligroso) \pna San ne:chi:ita. \pea He's just staring at me (looking me up and down). \psa Solamente me está ojeando (viéndome desde arriba hasta abajo). \se (with intraverse directional and <nao>-tiki:sa</nao>) to grow up seeing; to see in passing as one matures or gets older \ss (con una direccional intraversa y <nao>-tiki:sa</nao>) ver algo al crecer o al avanzar de edad \pna Ihkón o:nikistiki:sako. \pea That's the way I saw it when growing up. \psa Asílo vi en mi niñez. \xrb ta \xvcao ititia \xvaao itilia \xv0a tlatlata \xv0o tlátlatá \nse In the use of <nao>ita</nao> to indicate kinship relations it is not clear whether <na>Ke:non tikita?</na> is more correctly interpreted as 'How is he related to you?' or 'How are you related to him?' It appears that the first interpretation is the correct one. Determination of use in context and the proper response to such questions would clarify the precise meaning of the construction. \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the initial /i/ of <nao>ita</nao> is dropped after the directional <n>on-</n> : <nao>Ma nikonta</nao> 'Let me go take a look at it!' Compare this to <nao>kwa:litas</nao> 'He will come look at it', in which case the initial /i/ is not dropped. In the negative expression <nlao>xta</nlao> both the subject and object pronouns are deleted. In Oapan the intervocalic <n>k-</n> is often deleted with a subject pronoun having final /i/. This is written as, for example, <no>ni'ita</no> in transcriptions; the initial sound of this <n>i-</n> initial word seems to be different (i.e., a double articulation of the initial vowel) than that of other <n>i-</n> initial words that lose the object prefix, e.g., <nlo>ilna:miki</nlo>, cf. <no>nilna:miki</no>. \qry Determine difference between /iita/ and /i:ita/. Also determine difference between forms such as mitsiita and mitstlatlata. Check whether /ke:non tikita/ means 'how is he related to you?' or 'how are you related to him?' \grm Oapan phonology: Note that when a /k/ is lost between a subject prefix and an initial short /i/ of a verbal stem, the resulting /i/ is long: /ke:n ni:ta/ or /ní:towá/, or /ni:lka:wa/. \ref 01979 \lxa tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n \lxaa tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n \lxac tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n \lxo tlatlachpa:wa:stsi:n \lxoc tlatlachpa:wa:stsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-wa:s \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1 \se generic name of several herbaceous plants that have still not been properly identified \ss nombre genérico de varias plantas herbáceas todavía no identificadas \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chpa: \cpl Consultants mentioned that this plant is not used for anything: <na>xtlah para</na>. It thus is probably not used in brooms despite its name. Given the use of reduplication in Nahuatl to indicate metaphoric extension \nct xiwtli \grm Oapan phonology: Note n-to-0 \ref 01980 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for Oapan /no:chma:tlapahli/ and has been removed as it was duplicated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 01981 \lxa wi:loh \lxac wi:loh \lxo wi:loh \lxoc wi:loh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>wi:lah</n> \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se lame \ss cojo \pna Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh. \pea His leg is crooked, he is lame. \psa Tiene la pierna chueca, está cojo. \xrb wila: \nae <nao>Wi:loh</nao> is undoubtedly related to Classical <n>uila</n>, glossed by Molina as 'persona tollida que anda agatas,' itself related to the Nahuatl stem <nr>wila:</nr> (as in Classical <n>uila:na. nino</n> 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo' and <n>uilantli</n> 'tollido que anda agatas.' The fact that the Balsas region has final <n>-oh</n> and a long initial /i:/ suggests that <n>wilah</n> might have been reanalyzed as a gender specific Spanish word. This would explain the shift to final <n>-oh</n> and the lengthening of the initial (here penultimate) syllable. \qry Check whether gender marking occurs here as /wi:lah/. \ref 01982 \lxa onaki \lxac onaki \lxo onaki \lxoc onaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran -Trans (Oa) \infv class-3a(k) \se to fit into (implicitly, a tight space, or a narrow space such as a bed) \ss caber dentro de un lugar (implícitamente ajustado o apretado, incluyendo cosas como camas) \pna Xtonakiskeh. \pea We won't fit (e.g., in a small car). \psa No vamos a caber (p. ej., en un coche pequeño). \pna Xo:nonak. \pea I didn't fit (in given reduced space). \psa No cupe (en un espacio reducido). \se to be appropriate (to a situation) \ss ser apropriado para (una situación) \pna Umpa xonaki un tlato:hli. \pea That word is not correctly used (not appropriate) there. \psa Esa palabra no es apropiada allí(no le queda allí). \cfa akia \cfo onahtok \xrb on- \xrb ak \dis kalaki \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>onaki</na> refers to objects or persons that fit into a relatively tight space (e.g., people in a car, a crowded room, papers in a drawer, etc.). <na>Kalaki</na>, on the other hand, does not have this sense of"fitting"; rather it seems most often to refer to material objects or animate beings that enter into a large space, such as a person walking into a room or a drawer entering a chest. \nae The intransitive form <nao>aki</nao> occurs only with the"directional"prefix element <n>on-</n> ; it does not accept <n>wa:l-</n>, i.e. * <na>wa:laki</na> is not acceptable. Note that where as Ameyaltepec has a transitive form <na>akia</na>, Oapan does not, instead using only the verb <nlo>kalahtia</nlo> to indicate the act of placing an object (or animate being) inside something. \qry Make sure that /wa:laki/ is not correct. Make sure that Oapan does not have /akia/ as a transitive. \ref 01983 \lxa koska:tlatla:ltsi:n \lxac koska:tlatla:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be yellowish earth-colored \ssa ser el color como tierra amarilla \xrb ko:s \xrb tla:l \nse Reduplication is characteristic of Nahuatl color terminology in the Balsas region; <na>ko:skatlatla:ltik</na> follows this tendency. \nae Apparently this is derived from the root <nr>ko:s</nr> 'yellow' and <nr>tla:l</nr> 'earth.' The <n>-ka-</n> syllable might be misrepresented as having a short vowel where a long one is expected if the etymology is from the root for 'yellow.' \qry Recheck length of /a/ in /ka/ syllable. Recheck meaning and how applied, and also check morphology. The vowel is probably long and and miswritten/heard as short. Check. \grm Reduplication: Note the reduplication in /ko:skatlatla:ltik/ 'yellowish earth-colored' The reduplication seems to be a generality of color terminology. \ref 01984 \lxa po:chaktik \lxac po:chaktik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea to be black and dirty (but from sth that does not include soot) \ssa estar negro y sucio (de algo que no sea hollín) \pna Xki:xti motlake:n! Melák po:chaktik, o:titlatla:hlowak. \pea Take off your clothes! They are really black and dirty, you got covered with earth. \psa ¡Quítate la ropa! Estámuy negra y sucia, te cubriste de tierra. \xrb po:ch \dis Distinguish between the various words that indicate a blackening, e.g. /po:chaktik/, /po:ktik/, /tli:liwi/, etc. \nse Although Luis Lucena mentioned that <na>po:chaktik</na> refers to something that has become black, but not from soot, the Classical sources give similar words (such as <na>pochectia</na>) as meaning things such as 'ahumarse, ennegrecerse, tomar el color del humo.' An association with smoke and soot would be expected from the root, so the definition given above should be checked. \qry Check to see if this is should be /po:chektik/, from the verb /po:che:wi/, which would put the adjectival formation in the same group as /tetomaktik/, though without the intensifier. Also, check to determine if /po:chaktik/ does accept the intensifier, which it might well. Check for /po:cha:wak/. Note that Luis Lucena mentioned that /po:chaktik/ is used for sth that has become black, but when this is not from soot. Check. \ref 01985 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo teo:lo:tl \lxoc teo:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \syna o:lo:tetl \infn Stem 2 \seo instrument used to shell maize, consisting of upright corncobs bound together in a tight circle with a metal band (<spn>cincho</spn>) or rope \sso instrumento para desgranar maíz, que consiste en un círculo de olotes puestos verticales y amarrados apretadamente con un cincho de metal o una soga \sem tool \xrb o:lo: \xrb te \ilustmp See illustration on original filecard. \grm Noun compounding: Note that in several cases the order of compounding in Oapan and Ameyaltepec is completely reversed. Thus in the present case Oa has /teo:lo:tl/ whereas Ameyaltepec has /o:lo:tetl/. They both refer to the same instrument for shelling corn. There are other examples. If I remember correctly one of these is /tamaliswatl/ (Oa) and /iswatamahli/ (Am), both of which refer to the wide leaves of corn plants that are used for wrapping up certain types of tamales. \ref 01986 \lxa maxaktlapa:na \lxac kimaxaktlapa:na \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \sea to split right at the point of bifurcation (e.g., a thick, forked wooden pole, <na>horcón</na>, a branch of a tree, etc.) \ssa hendir (p. ej., un horcón, una rama donde se junta al tronco, etc.) justamente en el punto de una bifurcación \syno kamachaltlapa:na \xrb maxa \xrb tlapa: \xrl -ko \ref 01987 \lxa peto:nilia \lxac kipeto:nilia \lxo peto:nilia \lxoc kipeto:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to detach for; to loosen for; to unsnag for \ss aflojar o desatar para; desprender para \se to unbutton for (e.g., a shirt [SO] for sb [PO]) \ss desabrochar para (p. ej., una camisa [SO] para algn [PO]) \se (refl. with <n>tla-</n>) to lose hold (of sth that one is grasping or holding on to, e.g., a tree that one is climbing) \ss (refl. con <n>tla-</n>) caer al no poder mantenerse agarrado (a algo que uno está sujetando o donde uno está agarrado, p. ej., unárbol que uno está trapando) \pna Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s, tiwa:lwetsis, tikwa:tlapa:ntekos. \pea Don't lose hold (e.g., in climbing a tree, a cliff, etc.), you'll fall to the ground, you'll split your head open when you hit the ground. \psa No te vayas a resbalar (p. ej., al no mantenerte agarrado a algo que está trepando, como unárbol, risco, etc.), te vas a caer al suelo, te vas a romper la cabeza al estallar contra el suelo. \xrb peto: \xvbao peto:nia \qry Applicative: Note the following interesting use of an applicative and non-specific object: /peto:nilia/ (refl. with <n>tla-</n>) to lose hold of. E.g.. /Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s, tiwa:lwetsis, tikwa:tlapa:ntekos/ 'Don't lose hold (e.g., in climbing a tree, a cliff, etc.), you'll fall to the ground, you'll split your head open when you hit the ground' \grm Applicative; /tla-/: Note that in /notlapeto:nilia/ one has a trivalent verb that takes two objects. Note the difference between /peto:ni/, intransitive, /tlapeto:nia/, transitive with a nonspecific object, and /notlapeto:nilia/, which is reflexive and has a nonspecific object /tla-/. \ref 01988 \lxa sakachocholtsi:n \lxac sakachocholtsi:n \lxo saká:choltsí:n \lxoc saká:choltsí:n \lxt sakachohcholtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \seao type of very short grass \ssao tipo de zacate muy corto \pna Sakachocholtsi:n | Xtlah para, itlakwal burroh. \pea <na>Sakachocholtsi:n</na> : It's not used for anything, it's fodder for donkeys. \psa <na>Sakachocholtsi:n</na> : No se usa para nada, es comida de burros. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \xrb chol \cpl Apparently the use of <na>-chocholtsi:n</na> refers precisely to the shortness of this grass. Ramírez (1991) simply mentions that this is a member of the family <na>Gramineae</na> and gives its Spanish name as <na>zacate pisado</na>. \nct sakatl \grm Nominalization: Note the use of /tsi:n/ to create nominal forms. Thus from /cholowa/, or the stem of this verb, the /tsi:n/ creates what appears to be a nominal form. \ref 01989 \lxa ikxine:stok \lxac ikxine:stok \lxo ixine:stok \lxoc ixine:stok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der Stat \infv Durative \se for footprints to be visible (from a human or the back legs of an animal) \ss estar visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o las piernas traseras de un animal) \pna Ikxine:stokeh, nika:n o:pano:lo:k. \pea There are footprints visible, people passed by here. \psa Se pueden ver huellas de pie, aquípasógente. \se to have ones legs exposed \ss tener las piernas expuestas \xrb kxi \xrb ne:si \ref 01990 \lxa tla:ltextia \lxac tla:ltextia \lxo tla:ltextia \lxoc tla:ltextia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to become close to the ground (e.g., sth heavy that is hanging and slowly stretches, getting closer to the ground, a car that is overloaded, etc.) \sso acercarse a la tierra o suelo (p. ej., algo pesado que está colgado y poco a poco se estira, acercándose a la tierra, un coche con un sobrecargo de gente, etc.) \equiva tla:ltechiwi \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \grm Verbalization /-tia/: here note the use of /-tia/ to verbalize a locative construction with the relational noun /-tech/. \ref 01991 \lxa tekamotli \lxac tekamotli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \sea type of <spn>camote</spn> or sweet potato that is most commonly found in the Chilpancingo and Tixtla areas; still not identified \ssa tipo de camote, nativo a los alrededores de Chilpancingo y Tixtla; todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem tuber (pending) \sem edible \xrb te \xrb kamoh \encyctmp kamotli \cpl My notes to date do not indicate whether this type of sweet potato is cultivated or wild. \nct kamotli \ref 01992 \lxa chakayoltik \lxac chakayoltik \lxo chakailtik \lxoc chakailtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be pockmarked; to be rough; to be uneven and not smooth; to be bumpy (said of a surface such as that of a good metate) \ss estaráspero; estar rasposo; estar disparejo y no liso; estar cacarañado (se dice de la superdicie de un objeto como la de un metate) \sem texture \xrb chakayol \dis chakayoltik; tesontik, tewistik; tsotsokoltik \nde Molina has <n>chacayulli</n> 'callos delos pies, o de las manos.' This is a nominal form that is clearly the base for the Balsas region adjectival. However, there is no other documentation of this root in the sources consulted. \qry Determine other surfaces that are /chakayoltik/; also determine whether this can refer to ones hands \mod Add an onomasiological entry on surfaces: rough and smooth: the words used to define these and typical objects. \grm Note that /chacayohli/ (callos) and /chacayoliui/ (tener durezas, callos) are both in RS. Thus /chakayoltik/ can be considered Adj-part-wi-tik or Adj-denom-tik. A surface of a good metate is /chakayoltik/. \grm Oapan phonology: It is not uncommon for Oapan Nahuatl to manifest a change of yo>i. There are other examples, such as /tepailowa/ cf Am /tepayolowa/. \ref 01993 \lxa nexwah \lxac nexwah \lxo nexwah \lxoc nexwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of snake, apparently grey- or ashen-colored, not yet identified \ssao tipo de culebra, aparentemente color gris o de ceniza, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem sn \xrb nex \xrb wah \nse One consultant, don Luis Lucena, described this snake as <nla>tekwitlanextik</nla> (i.e., 'ashen' or 'grey') and as <nlo>te:muhtih</nlo> ('fierce' or, in Spanish, 'bravo'. \nae Although the etymology of <na>nexwah</na> is uncertain, it apparently contains the element <na>nex</na> 'ash' and a termination <na>-wah</na> that is found with other snake names, e.g., <nla>a:palwah</nla>, which apparently comprises this same 'snake' root <nr>wah</nr>. \encyctmp kowatl \ref 01994 \lxa mumuwilistli \lxac mumuwilistli \lxo mómowilístli \lxoc mómowilístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes-rdp \se fear, fright \ss miedo; susto; terror \pna O:ne:chasik se: mumuwilistli. \pea A fear took hold of me. \psa Me agarró un miedo. \xrb mowi \qry In phrase above, check for correctness of /se:/ as originally recorded in my notes. Check for other uses of this nominalization. Note that originally I had mumuwistli, but C. Flores corrected this to /mumuwilistli/. \ref 01995 \lxa che:ncheh \lxaa moche:cheh \lxaa xmoche:ncheh \lxac che:ncheh \lxo che:ncheh \lxoa moche:ncheh \lxoc che:ncheh \dt 04/Jun/2005 \loan siéntate \psm Baby \der V2-loan \se sit down! \ss ¡siéntate! \pna Nika:n che:ncheh! \pea Sit down here (as used in talking to babies)! \psa ¡Siéntate aquí(empleado solamente al hablar con bebés)! \pna Xmoche:ncheh! \pea Sit down (baby-talk)! \psa ¡Siéntate (palabra de niños)! \sem baby \syno tla:lintsi:n \nae <nao>Che:ncheh</nao> is used in speaking to very young children. It may be used not only in the form listed as the headword but also as <nao>moche:ncheh</nao>, and <nao>xmochencheh</nao>. This word is a borrowing from Spanish 'siéntate' with palatalization, as is common in babytalk. \ref 01996 \lxa i:xkwa:tetl \lxac i:xkwa:tetl \lxo i:xkwa:tetl \lxoc i:xkwa:tetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se forehead (of both humans and animals) \ss frente (de la cabeza, de tantos los humanos como los animales) \sem body \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te \nse <nao>I:xkwa:tetl</nao> is found almost exclusively in the possessed form, e.g., <nao>ni:xkwa:tew</nao>. \mod See note below re: grammar. \grm It is uncertain whether words such as /i:xkwa:tetl/ should be entered in the dictionary with the possessed termination, i.e., as /i:xkwa:tew/ or whether the absolutive form should be used, even though it might never be heard. My tendency at present is to change the coding and organization. These words should be entered in the absolutive with a parenthetical code indicating that almost always, or always perhaps, the noun is found in possessed form. \ref 01997 \lxa pala:ni \lxac pala:ni \lxo pala:ni \lxoc pala:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus/-Trans \infv class-3a \se to rot (wood that has gotten wet, plants that are lying on the ground) \ss echarse a perder; pudrirse (madera que se moja, plantas que están tiradas por el suelo) \pna Tlapala:ni ika iswatl. \pea There's been some rotting of the corn leaves. \psa Se ha pudrido algo de las hojas de maíz. \xrb pala: \xvca pala:naltia \qry Check to determine if ?pala:nia exists. Determine all things that can be incorporated. Determine whether intensifier can be used. \ref 01998 \lxa tla:ltepi:tsiwi \lxac tla:ltepi:tsiwi \lxo tla:ltepi:tsiwi \lxoc tla:ltepi:tsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for the earth to harden (particularly that of a dirt floor from having been repeated walked on or soaked with water) \ss endurecerse la tierra (particularmente la de un piso de tierra por haber sido mojado muchas veces, o pisada continuamente) \pna Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi. \pea I am sprinkling water on the ground so that the earth (floor) gets hard. \psa Estoy rociando agua para que la tierra quede maciza. \xrb tla:l \xrb tepi:ts \ref 01999 \lxa netextik \lxac netextik \lxo netextik \lxoc netextik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \tran -Base \se to be close together \ss estar juntos; estar pegados; estar cercanos uno al otro \pna Netextik xtla:li! \pea Place them close together (e.g., two sacks of maize, etc.)! \psa ¡Pónlos pegados unos a otros (p. ej., dos costales de maíz)! \pna Ma:ka we:weka xtla:li, ne:netextik! \pea Don't place them far apart, place them close together! \psa No los coloques muy apartados (o abiertos), pónlos pegaditos (cerca unos a otros)!. \xrb netech \nse <nao>Netextik</nao> refers to things such as the rods in a roof of a house, mesh wiring, etc. that are placed or woven close together. \nae Although the transitive <nlao>netechowa</nlao> has been documented in both dialects, the associated intransitive ? <n>netechiwi</n> has not been noted, either in conversation or in any extant text. Classical Nahuatl likewise has <n>netechoa</n> but not ? <n>netechiui</n>. \qry Check all the things to which /netextik/ can be applied; also check to determine whether the nonreduplicated form can be used, although one of sentences above has such a usage (recheck). Finally, check for verbal forms. See illustration on original filecard. \mod Cf. diagram with netestik \grm Adjectival derivation from intransitive: Statives marked -x are those for which a corresponding intransitive does not exist, although the meaning of the stative and the derivational process in general is based on intransitives (and unaccusatives). Apparently, as /netextik/ demonstrates, this situation can also occur with adjectivals. That is, the form /netextik/ is apparently related to an intransitive ?netechiwi. This verb has not been found in the corpus, though perhaps it will be. At any rate, the question is whether the derivational process illustrated here can be related to"intransitives"that do not exist in the lexicon. Or, viewed another way, are all adjectivals forms from -iwi/-owa verbs based simply on a stem (withouth the -iwi/-owa) or should they be considered derived from the intransitive. It will be important to determine for all Adj-part-wi-tik adjectivals whether the intransitive exists. Hence: check for ?netechiwi. \ref 02000 \lxa xokopepenke:tl \lxac xokopepenke:tl \lxo xokó:penké:tl \lxoc xokó:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \seo person who gathers up wild plums scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena ciruelas regadas por la tierra \xrb xoko \xrb pena \ref 02001 \lxa pano:ltilia \lxac kipano:ltilia \lxo pano:ltilia \lxoc kipano:ltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to pass to; to relay to; to cede to (a material object [SO]); to relate or pass on (a message [SO]) to \ss pasar o ceder (un objeto [SO]) a; relatar (un mensaje [SO]) a \pna Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko! \pea Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone! \psa ¡Pásame ese plato alla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)! \pna Xne:chka:wili, newa nikpano:ltili:s. Nikihli:s ika yo:tiwa:hlah. \pea Leave it to me, I'll pass it on to him! I'll tell him that you've already come. \psa ¡Déjamelo, yo se lo voy a relatar! Le voy a decir que ya veniste. \pna Xne:chpano:ltili motla:l! \pea Give your land to me (in a sale)! \psa ¡Dáme tu terreno (en una venta)! \pna A:man bwe:noh tine:chimpano:ltili:skia un tobaki:tas para no: newa nikimpias. \pea Now is a good time for you to pass some of our cows on to me, so that I can also take care of them (in this case said by a man to his elder brother after their father's death, given that the elder brother had been caring for all the cattle by himself). \psa Ahora es bueno ahora que me pases algunas de nuestras vacas para que yo también las pueda cuidar (en este caso dicho por un joven a su hermano mayor que había estado cuidando todas las vacas que su recién fallecido padre les había dejado). \xrb pano: \xvbao pano:ltia \ref 02002 \lxanotes zzz \lxac ---- \mod This was the entry for /ma:kokoh/. It has been removed and placed as an alternate pronunciation for /ma:kokon/. \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 02003 \lxa xoto:nia \lxacpend *kixoto:nia \lxo xoto:nia \lxoc kixoto:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to pile up; to heap up or place in a heap \ss amontonar; apilar \pna Kixoto:ntokeh ikal. \pea They are piling up (the pieces of) their house (i.e., after having taken it apart). \psa Están amontonando (las piezas de) su casa (esto es, después de haberla desbaratada). \xrb xoto: \nse Although this word has been documented in Ameyaltepec, it is more a word used in Oapan. The equivalent Ameyaltepec term, in regards to the taking apart of a house, is <nla>xiti:nia</nla>. See also <nla>xoto:ntetla:lia</nla>. \ref 02004 \lxa wi:lo:tlama \lxac wi:lo:tlama \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V1-b \infv class-1 \sea to hunt <spn>huilotas</spn> (with a net, rifle, slighshot, etc.) \ssa cazar huilotas (con una red, rifle, resortera, etc.) \syno to:to:tlama \cfao tlama \xrb wi:lo: \xrb ma \encyctmp tlama (whole page on hunting, fishing, etc.) \nse When <nao>tlama</nao> occurs with noun incorporation, the presence or absence of short vowel reduplication (cf. <nla>chapoltlatlama</nla> (Am)) indicates the manner in which the hunting or gathering takes place. For those animals that are collected in groups, the reduplicated form is used, such as occurs with <na>chapoltlatlama</na> and <nla>mixtlatlama</nla>. In other cases, with animals that are hunted individually, there is no reduplication, as with <nla>masa:tlama</nla>. Thus the fact that <na>wi:lo:tlama</na> occurs without reduplication of the intransitive verbal stem suggests that <spn>huilotas</spn> are hunted individually. \qry Check to make sure that in /huilo:tlama/ they are indeed hunted individually; and check whether /wilo:tlatlama/ exists (and is different in meaning). \ref 02005 \lxa kwa:chakwa:nia \lxac kikwa:chakwa:nia \lxo kwa:techakwa:nia \lxoc kikwa:techakwa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am) <na>kwa:techakwa:nia</na> ; Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-2a \se to hit on the head (particularly on the side) \ss golpear en la cabeza (particularmente por el lado) \pna Kikwa:chakwa:nitokeh mokone:w. \pea They are hitting your child on the side of the head (i.e., holding the side of his head and lightly pounding on it with their fists). \psa Le están golpeando a tu niño por el lado de la cabeza (esto es, agarrándole la cabeza y ligeramente golpeándola con sus puños). \se (~ <n>i:pan</n> [noun]) to bang or hit the head of against [noun] \ss (~ <n>i:pan</n> [sustantivo]) golper la cabeza contra [sustantivo] \pna Timitskwa:chakwa:ni:s ipan tla:hli. \pea I will bang your head against the ground (e.g., holding you by your hair and hitting your head against the ground). \psa Te voy a golpear la cabeza contra el suelo (p. ej., agarrándotela por el cabello y golpeándola contra el suelo). \se (repr.) to butt heads (e.g., animals in fighting) \ss (repr.); embestirse (p. ej., animales al pelear); darse cabetazos o topetazos \pna Nokwa:chakwa:nian to:ros kwa:k nomailian. \pea When bulls fight they butt their heads together. \psa Cuando se pelean, los toros se embisten. \pna O:nokwa:techakwa:nikeh. \pea They butted (or banged) their heads together. \psa Se dieron cabetazos, uno contra el otro. \sem contact \xrb kwa: \xrb chakwa: \qry Check for how verb should be categorized, as a cognate with /-ni(a)/ lacking the intransitive, or as a basic verb. Check for use of /te-/ which is common in such verbs, i.e., /kwa:techakwa:nia/. Check for intransitive since I do have /tsi:nchakwa:ni/ recorded as a lexeme. \ref 02006 \lxa tesokitl \lxac tesokitl \lxo tesokitl \lxoc tesokitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se heavy clods or balls of mud from black earth (usually formed in planted fields after a heavy rain) \ss terrones de de tierra negra (que generalmente se forman en los terrenos sembrados después de una fuerte lluvia) \sem soil \xrb te \xrb soki \dis sokitl; tesokitl \nse <na>Tesokitl</na> is used to refer to the condition of wet or moist black earth, which forms heavy clods or balls of mud. The term <nla>sokitl</nla>, on the other hand, can both refer to the red clay used in ceramics or to the mud that forms on paths after a rain, etc. \ref 02007 \lxa chichi:k tlako:tl \lxac chichi:k tlako:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea type of small tree (or perhaps plant) of the family Lamiaceae \ssa tipo deárbol chiquito (o tal vez planta) de la familia Lamiaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chichi: \xrb tlako: \nae The accentual pattern of <na>chichi:k tlako:tl</na> suggests an analysis as two words, as opposed to <nla>chichi:hkamotli</nla> in which the accentual pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check note: The accent pattern indicates two words, as opposed to <na>chichi:hkamotli</na> where accent pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis. \ref 02008 \lxa amo kwahli \lxac amo kwahli \lxo amo kwahli \lxoc amo kwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se the Devil \ss el diablo; el demonio \se no good person (an adult who does sth wrong, a mischievous child) \ss sinvergüenza (un adulto que hace mal, un niño latoso) \pna Amo kwahli tla:katl, o:tine:chtlapa:nilih notepalkaw. \pea You no good man! You broke my bowl! \psa ¡Sinvergüenza!¡Rompiste mi plato! \xrb ahmo \xrb kwal \cfa Xye:ktli \nse Although <na>amo kwahli</na> can be used to refer to the Devil himself, it is is occasionally used as an exclamation or address term (it is never used with a person prefix, e.g., <n>t-</n>, even though the following verbal predicate does use a person marker, as in the above illustrative phrase) to express displeasure with a certain person for something he or she did. The only use of <na>amo</na> that I have documented in Ameyaltepec is in this set phrase used to curse people, adults as well as children (e.g., a mischievous child). In regard to Oapan, Florencia Marcelino has heard this word (or phrase) used in Oapan but has never understood what it means. Thus the pitch-accent pattern in her utterance might be in error. \ref 02009 \lxa moya:wak \lxac moya:wak \lxo moya:wak \lxoc moya:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be muddied (e.g., a river during the rainy season); stirred up and dirty (e.g., a liquid with sediment) \ss estar revuelto y sucio (p. ej., un río durante la temporada de lluvias, un líquido tener su poso, etc.) \pna Moya:wak a:tl, xnima:ti:sneki. \pea The water (or river) is dirty (from having sediment on the bottom stirred up), I don't want to go swimming. \psa El agua (o río) está sucio (por estar revuelto con sedimento), no me quiero bañar. \pna Xchipa:wak un tra:goh, moya:wak. \pea That drink isn't clean, its dirty. \psa Ese trago no está limpio, está revuelto y sucio. \xrb moya: \ref 02010 \lxa tla:lkokone:tl \lxac tla:lkokone:tl \lxo tlá:lokóne:tl \lxoc tlá:lokóne:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \seao tlalconete, type of lizard still not identified, said to be poisonous \ssao tlalconete, tipo de lagartija, todavía no identificado, que se dice ser venenoso \sem animal \sem lizard \xrb tla:l \xrb kone: \cpl Under tlalconete Schoenhals (1988:334) states:"(<i>Bolitoglossa</i> spp.) 'salamander.' A type of salamander to which various repulsive practices are ascribed in folklore. Bright red-orange with black spots. Also called salamandra. \qry Check to determine if this is a type of /kowi:xin/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note the k>0 change. This is not entirely unheard of in Oapan Nahuatl: /kikokowa/ 'it hurts him' and /ne:chokowa/ 'it hurts me.' It is not clear if there is a specific phonological environment that motivates this change. \ref 02011 \lxa tsonwa:swia \lxac kitsonwa:swia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to lasso (by hiding in a tree and tossing a lasso down on an animal as it passes) \ssa lazar; echarle un laso a (un animal; al esconderse una persona en unárbol y aventarle un laso desde arriba a un animal cuando pase) \pna Kitsonwa:swi:skeh. Kwa:k kasin kaba:yoh kichian ipan kuwtli. Kwa:k panowa, kwa:ltlakalilian rria:tah. \pea They are going to lasso it. When they (go to) catch a horse they wait for it in a tree. When it passes by they throw the lasso onto it. \psa Lo van a lazar. Cuando agarran un caballo, lo esperan en unárbol. Cuando pase, le echan el lazo. \syno tsowa:stla:lia \syno tlá:mekatla:lília \xrb tson \dis tsonwaswia; tsonwia \encyctmp hunting \nse Although the nominal <na>tsonwastli</na>, which Molina glosses as 'lazo para caçar algo' is not yet documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the verbalized <na>tsonwastli</na> is. In terms of the difference between <na>tsonwaswia</na> and <na>tsonwia</na>, one consultant mentioned that" <na>tsonwia, san ipan tla:hli</na>,"i.e., that the verb <na>tsonwia</na> is used when the agent is on the ground (implying, it seems, that <na>tsonwaswia</na> is used when the agent is above ground, for example in a tree waiting for an animal to pass by). \ref 02012 \lxa a:tlakali \lxac ka:tlakali \lxo á:tlakáli \lxop á:tlakali \lxoc ká:tlakáli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to throw into the water (sth or sb, either in play or to kill the person, perhaps throwing him off a ledge into the water, tied up or with rocks as weights) \ss aventar al agua (algo o a algn, tal vez jugando o hasta para matar, aventando la persona de lo alto, quizás atada o con piedras amarradas) \pna Mitsa:tlakaliskeh. \pea They will throw you into the water. \psa Te van a aventar al agua. \se (refl.) to dive or jump into water (from outside, e.g., the bank of a river) \ss (refl.) clavarse o saltar al agua (desde afuera del agua, p. ej., la ribera de un río) \pna Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon -=yo:panwetskeh-! \pea Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (in this case after having used a <spn>máquina</spn> to fish, stunning them so they surface)! \psa ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua!¡Ve que tantos pescados ya subieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una"máquina"para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)! \qry Check to determine whether in Oapan this always occurs with pitch accent. For now lxop has been given as /á:tlakáli/ \xrb a: \xrb tlahkali \ref 02013 \lxa to:ne:wa \lxac kito:ne:wa \lxo to:ne:wa \lxoc kito:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the skin of \ss hacer arder la piel de (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile) \pna Ne:xto:ne:wa un chi:hli, o:nikwa:lma:mah. \pea That chile causes my skin to burn, I carried it here on my back. \psa Ese chile me hace arder la piel, lo cargué a cuestas hacia acá. \xrb to:n \mod Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root. \ref 02014 \lxa tetso:tsona \lxac kitetso:tsona \lxo tetso:tsona \lxoc kitetso:tsona \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \se to strike or pound repeatedly with a rock (e.g., in order to chip away at sth, to drive in a nail, etc.) \ss golpear repetidas veces con una piedra (p. ej., para desportillar algo, meter un clavo, etc.) \xrb te \xrb tsona \xvaao te:tso:tsonilia \nae Only the reduplicated form of this verb has been documented, with a long vowel that indicates repeated action at measured intervals. The verb for striking an object once with a rock has not been determined, but simply <nao>te:tsona</nao> has not yet been documented. \qry Check whether /tetsona/ or /tetsotsona/ exist. \grm Reduplication: It appears that /tsona/ occurs only in reduplicated form. Note, therefore, that on the one hand one has /tsotsona/ meaning 'to play an instrument (such as those that involve strumming). On the other hand one has /tetso:tsona/, which refers to the repeated action of striking sth with a stone. Check whether ?/tetsotsona/ exits. \ref 02015 \lxa tlawe:lxiw \lxac i:tlawe:lxiw \lxo tlawe:lchiw \lxoc i:tlawe:lchiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \se person who makes one [possessor] mad or angry, that irks one, with whom one is constantly engaging in fights and disputes \ss persona que hace enojar a uno [poseedor], con quien uno siempre está peleando, molesto \pna Yewa notlawe:lxiw. \pea He's the one who makes me mad. \psa él es el que me hace enojar. \pna So:lo yewa notlawe:lxiw pa:mpa ne:chkwala:nia de melá:k, melá:k niktlawe:lita. \pea He's the only one who irks me because he really gets me mad, I really despise him. \psa Sóloél me hace enojar porque me fastidia mucho, lo odio de a de veras. \cfao tlawe:hli \xrb tlawe:l \qry Make sure that the subject can be both a person or object/event, etc. \grm Phonology Oapan: Note that in Oapan it is common for fricatives to become affricates in certain phonological contexts. The present is one: x>ch / l __. \ref 02016 \lxa noxi:kwa:n- \lxac noxi:kwa:nyo:lki \lxo noxi:kwa:n- \lxoc noxi:kwa:ntlatki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \se (~ [noun]) damn [noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo]; [sustantivo] escandaloso \pna Noxi:kwa:nyo:lki! Xkineki notlama:malti:s. \pea Damn ! He doesn't want to be loaded up. \psa ¡Pinche animal! No se deja cargar. \pna Noxi:kwa:nkone:tl! \pea Damn kid! \psa ¡Pinche niño! \cfa noxi:kwa:ni \xrb xi:kwa: \nse <na>Noxi:kwa:n</na> is a term (basically a reflexive verbal form used as a modifier) affixed to a noun and meaning something like 'God-damn' or 'Damn.' In Ameyaltepec I have heard it used as <na>noxi:kwa:nyo:lki</na> and <na>noxi:kwa:nkone:tl</na>, as the above examples indicate. In Oapan the only documented form to date is <no>noxi:kwa:ntlatki</no> ; Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez Clearly <nao>noxi:kwa:ni</nao> thus used is an apocopated form of <nao>noxi:kwa:ni</nao>, a name used for the Devil. The loss of the final /i/ of the"agentive"or"eventual" <n>-ni</n> is not uncommon is derivations from these forms (as is a modifying use). \nde In Oapan only the form <no>noxi:kwa:ntlatki</no> is used. \ref 02017 \lxa popoí:toh \lxac popoí:toh \lxo pópoí:toh \lxoc pópoí:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pollo (?) \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of herbaceous plant \ss tipo de planta herbácea \pna Popoi:toh | Xiwtli, wel ka:wiltian ko:koneh. Nowapa:wa derechi:toh, xma:s wekapan, wa:n kipia se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan. Wa:n de o:me nasin, timopilo:s, dya yewan kechkopi:ni, yewa kitla:nin, kimailian. \src Gabriel de la Cruz (personal conversation) \pea <na>Popoi:toh</na> : It is a weed, children can play with it. It grows straight up, it's not too high, and it has a small, round bud on the top. And if two are intertwined, you pull down and the one that snaps off at the neck, that is the one that is beaten, that is the one that is beaten up on. \psa <na>Popoi:toh</na> : Es un tipo de maleza, niños pueden jugar con ello. Crece derechito, no es muy alto y tiene un pequeño capullo arriba. Y si dos se entrelazan, te jalas y el que se revienta por el cuello, a ese le ganaron, a ese le dieron. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nse Given the description of this plant, it seems to be a clear borrowing from Spanish. One Ameyaltepec consultant mentioned that it is called <nao>popoí:toh</nao> because if two are intertwined they fight, a child pulls on one of the two to see which one loses the bud on the top, which snaps off. The two plants are thus said to fight like cocks. There seem to be several plants with this name. \nct xiwtli \ref 02018 \lxa to:ka \lxac kito:ka \lxo to:ka \lxoc kito:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \se (with no object marker) to plant \ss (sin marcador de objeto) sembrar \pna O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch, o:nikto:kak wa:n o:noka:wato itik tla:hli. \pea I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using), I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., 'remained in the earth'). \psa Perdípara siempre la semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando (esto es, la variante que estaba sembrando), lo sembréy nunca germinó(lit. 'se fue a quedar dentro de la tierra'). \se (refl.) to be planted (a field) \ss (refl.) sembrarse (un campo o terreno) \pna Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka. \pea It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted. \psa Se va volver monte (a cubrirse con maleza y arbustos), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no se siembra. \seo (with short vowel reduplication and the aspectual ending <no>-tiw</no>, usually used in the imperative or optative) to walk quickly \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta y la terminación <no>-tiw</no>, usualmente utilizado en el imperativo o optativo) caminar rápido \pno Xtoto:katiw! \peo Walk quickly! \pso ¡Camina rápido! \seo (<no>ke:n i:to:ka: on</no>) tip of the tongue phenomenon used in Oapan, particularly in storytelling, when the narrator is momentarily unable to find the correct words \sso (<no>ke:n i:to:ka: on</no>) frase hecha utilizada en Oapan cuando alguien, particularmente el narrador de un cuento, momentariamente no puede encontrar la palabra o frase adecuada \xrb to:ka \xvaao to:kilia \encyctmp tla:hli \nse Note that <na>to:ka</na> meaning 'to plant' does not usually take an object prefix, given that it is most often used in the canonical sense of 'to plant a maize field.' When it does take an object, it accepts only a specific one, as in a sentence above. In most instances the specific object refers to the seed planted; however I also seem to remember utterances in which the grammatical object referenced the field, i.e., <na>nikto:kas notla:l</na>. Note, however, that with the meaning 'to bury' an object must be used (hence the separate entry) including the nonreferential object <n>te:-</n>, e.g., <na>te:to:kalo:s</na> 'a burial will take place.' \nae Apparently Ameyaltepequeños use the reduplicated form <na>to:to:ka</na>, with a long vowel. This is not a word from Ameyaltepec, but rather from Oapan. However, it is understood by Ameyaltepequeños who occasionally use it in jest, with the same meaning it has in Oapan. In Oapan, however, there is a short vowel in the reduplicant and no coda glottal stop {to + to:ka}. This is what FK reports: short vowel reduplication (and no glottal stop), i.e., <n>toto:ca</n> 'to run, to hurry, for illness to worsen / ir de priesa o correr, empeorar, crecer la enfermedad (M).' Despite the apparent affinity of meaning, this is not derived by reduplication from TOCA 'to pursue someone,' since they differ in transitivity and in vowel length. C contrasts this with TO:TOCA 'to run after something,' which is a genuine reduplicated derivation from TOCA."The Oapan form agrees with the information in FK in that the verbal stems is <n>to:ka</n> and there is no glottal stop in the reduplicant. Note, finally, th at in Ameyaltepec there are many verbs of motion that with long vowel reduplication indicate 'hurrying': Cf. <nla>tlaksa</nla>, <nla>cholowa</nla>, <nla>nenemia</nla>, and <nla>weliwin</nla>. The use of <no>toto:katiw</no> is particular to Oapan, although Ameyaltepequeños know this term. The first syllable can be reduplicated (reduced), leading to the form <no>tó:to:katiw</no>. \qry Check vowel length in /to:to:ka/. Check what the object marker /ki/ refers to in /kito:kas/, i.e., the seed planted or the field planted in (or perhaps either, i.e., either all speakers accept both, or some speakers accept one and others another). \mod For a diagram as to the different way in which one plows a field depending on whether one plants on the third or fourth pass, see diagram with <na>o:melia</na> filecard. \vl The Oapan form <no>xtoto:katiw</no> is definite as recorded (the Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked). \grm Reduplication with long vowel: cf. /to:to:ka/ here 'to walk quickly' to /cho:cholowa/ 'to walk quickly.' Cf. also /tlaksa/, which manifests the same type/meaning of reduplication. \grm Passive: Note the following: /Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka/ 'It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted.' There have been many previous examples of passive constructions with inanimate (or non-human) objects. Generally the functional equivalent of a passive with inanimates is a reflexive construction. Thus /ne:kchi:was/ 'it will be fixed' or /nochi:was mokal/ 'your house will be built.' All these verbs, however, are transitive. With intransitive verbs the pattern is different."Unaccusatives"(or perhaps in general those verbs with inanimate subjects) take the /tla-/ prefix. Thus /tlakoto:ni/ 'things will become snapped.' However, this is not a passive since there is no implied agent; likewise the simple /koto:ni/ is an intransitive (with no similarity to a passive). However, note that with the meaning of sembrar /to:ka/ is often found without any object. Here a zero morpheme, not /tla-/ is the indefinite null complement. Nev e rtheless, with a specific object the marker /ki-/ can occur. What is interesting is that a"passive"construction does exist with /to:ka/ in which it is the specific, definite field (planted) that is the new subject. \ref 02019 \lxa teyo:ti \lxac teyo:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to increase in bulk or become abundant (grains such as beans or rice cooked in a pot, or maize planted in a field) \ssa llegar a ser abundante, o incrementar en cantidad (granos como frijoles o arroz cocidos en una olla, o maíz sembrado en el campo) \cfa ma:teyo:ti \xrb te \nse <na>Teyo:ti</na> is often stated to be equivalent to <nla>miakia</nla> although there is an important difference between the two terms. <na>Teyo:ti</na> suggests an abundance in general, but not necessarily in an individual count. It seems to be used with mass nouns. <nla>Miakia</nla>, on the other hand, is apparently reserved for (or principally applied to) reference to countable objects. Thus, <na>teyo:ti</na> is most commonly used to refer to grains that, when boiled, increase in bulk. For example, one takes a handful of beans or rice and places them in boiling water. As a result one gets many servings: <na>o:teyo:t yetl</na>, 'the beans become plentiful.' <na>Teyo:ti</na> may also be used to indicate corn that yields when planted in a fertile field: a few seeds are planted and much corn is the result. \qry Check potential subjects of /teyo:ti/. \ref 02020 \lxa a:matl de un uwe:i \lxaa a:matl de un we:i \lxac a:matl de un we:i \lxo a:matl yón wéwé:i \lxoc a:matl yón wéwé:i \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se species of tree of those generically called <nla>a:matl</nla> \ss especie deárbol de los genéricamente llamados <nla>a:matl</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a:ma \xrb we:i \encyctmp a:makuhtli \cpl See entry under <nla>a:makuhtli</nla> and <nla>a:makostli</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 02021 \lxa te:kilia \lxac kite:kilia \lxo te:kilia \lxoc kite:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pour (a liquid) onto or into \ss verterle (un líquido) sobre o dentro de \pna Xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl! \pea Pour water onto it (in this case a wound) so that it gets cleaned, so that the watery blood goes (gets washed) away! \psa ¡échale agua (en este caso a una herida) para que se limpie, para que salga (para que se lleve por el agua) la sangre aguada! \fla a:te:kia \flo a:te:kiya \xrb te:ka \xvbao te:ka \nse With <na>te:kilia</na>, as is often the case, the nonspecific object is used to indicate a"taboo."Here in Ameyaltepec and in speech restricted to men, it has a vulgar reference to the sexual act as it is performed on a woman. Thus a vulgar use would be <na>O:tikontlate:te:kilitiwets mono:biah</na> 'You had a quickie with your girlfriend' ('Le echaste una rapadita a tu novia'). The liquid is the semen, which is"poured"by the man [agent] into the woman [recipient]. \nae <na>Te:kilia</na> is a trivalent verb with the primary object being the thing onto or into which a liquid is poured. The secondary object must be overtly expressed or recoverable from immediate context (e.g., <na>Xte:kilia a:tl moxo:chiw</na>). Thus simple ? <na>Xte:kilia moxo:chiw</na> is infelicitous. An interesting problem is the relationship between <nao>te:kilia</nao> and <nao>a:te:kilia</nao>, which are both ditransitive verbs (i.e., trivalent). However, in the first the primary object is the object into, onto, or for which a liquid is poured (i.e., a recipient, a flower, a person who benefits from the pouring) and the secondary object is the liquid that is poured. In <nao>a:te:kilia</nao>, however, the primary object is the benefactive (the person for whom pouring is down) and the secondary object is the object onto or into which a liquid is poured (e.g., <nao>xne:cha:te:kili noxo:chiw</nao>). The liquid that is poured is water and is manifested in the incorporated noun root <nr>a:</nr>. The question for grammatical analysis is the relationship of the two forms, <nao>te:kilia</nao> and <nao>a:te:kilia</nao>. One analysis would have <nao>a:te:kilia</nao> as <nao>te:kilia</nao> with an incorporated noun that does not reduce valency, i.e., a"modifying"incorporation. However, this would not account for the different objects of the two verbs under consideration. Another analysis would have <nao>a:te:kilia</nao> as the applicative of the ditransitive <nlao>a:te:kia</nlao> 'to pour water on' yielding 'to pour water on for.' Here the change in valency from <nao>a:te:kia</nao> to <nao>a:te:kilia</nao> is transparent: the increase that is expected in applicative derivations. The question, however, is shifted to another level: the nature of the transitive of <nao>a:te:kia</nao> and its relation to <nla>te:ka</nla>. For this, see discussion under <nlao>a:te:kia</nlao>. \qry For /O:tikontlate:te:kilitiwets mono:biah/ confirm that the reduplication is with long vowel and that it is necessarily. \ref 02022 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /nakaskaki/ which is repeated. Only 01011 has been kept. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02023 \lxa takalowa \lxac ---- \lxo takalowa \lxoc kitakalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se see <nlao>ta:takalowa</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>ta:takalowa</nlao> \mod When possible remove the Oapan token from the links. This word, as far as I can tell, is never uttered in a non-reduplicated form. \ref 02024 \lxa tlai:xwi:hli \lxac tlai:xwi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea evil eye \ssa mal de ojo \pna O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. \pea They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. \psa Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. \sea child or small animal that is the victim of evil eye \ssa niño o pequeño animal que ha sido víctima de mal de ojo \cfo i:xwi:hloh \xrb i:x \nse It is not entirely certain that <na>tlai:xwi:hli</na> can refer to the child or animal who is a victim of evil eye, or only to evil eye itself. \qry Check to determine if /tlai:xwi:hli/ can indeed refer to the victim of 'evil eye' or whether it refers only to the act of casting evil eye itself. For example, check to determine whether /nitlai:xwi:hli/ is correct. \ref 02025 \lxa adobe:tsi:n \lxacpend *adobe:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan adobe \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \sea to be the color of beige \ssa ser el color beige \sem color \encyctmp colors \ref 02026 \lxa munye:koh \lxac munye:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan muñeco \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea see <nla>kweskomatl de munye:koh</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>kweskomatl de munye:koh</nla> \ref 02027 \lxa chikote:roh \lxac chikote:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan chicote \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small snake not yet identified \ssa tipo de culebra pequeña, todavía no identificada, aparentemente llamada chicote \sem animal \sem snake \encyctmp kowatl \qry I have here that /chikote:roh/ and /kowi:xkowatl/ are identical. But under \ref 02028 \lxa te:mpupwa \lxac kite:mpupwa \lxo té:mpopówa \lxop te:mpopowa \lxoc kité:mpopówa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa); irregular: perf. <na>o:te:mpopo:w</na> ; fut. <na>kite:mpupwas</na> ; prog. <na>kite:mpopo:wtok</na> ; dir. <na>o:kite:mpupwato</na> \se to clean or wipe off the mouth of (e.g., a child who has eaten sloppily, the top of a bottle from which one is to drink, etc.) \ss limpiar la boca de (p. ej., un niño que ha comido sin cuidado, la boca de una botella de que se va a beber, etc.) \pna Xte:mpupwa, kwalahki:stok! \pea Wipe off his mouth, he is drooling! \psa ¡Límpiale la boca, está babeando! \pna ¡Xmote:mpupwa! O:mitsaski ipan mote:n tli:n tihkwatoya. \pea Wipe off your mouth! Something that you were eating is stuck around it. \psa ¡Límpiate la boca! Algo que estabas comiendo se te quedópegado. \xrb te:n \xrb po:wa \ref 02029 \lxa tlakpamona:ntli \lxac tlakpamona:ntli \lxo tlahpamona:ntli \lxoc tlahpamona:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se stepmother of ones spouse (wife or husband) \ss padrastra del esposo (mujer o hombre) de uno \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb mon \xrb na:n \ref 02030 \lxa xi:hla:nki:tskia \lxac noxi:hla:nki:tskia \lxo xi:hla:nki:tsia \lxoc kixi:hla:nki:tsia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to be with ones arms (or one arm) akimbo (see <nlo>pitsa:hka:nki:tsia</nlo>) \ss (refl.) estar con los brazos (o un brazo) en jarras (vé ase <nlo>pitsa:hka:nki:tsia</nlo>) \pna Timoxi:hla:nki:tskitok. \pea You are (standing) with your arms akimbo. \psa Estás con los brazos en jarras. \xrb xi:lla:n \xrb ki:tski \qry Note that in my original notes from Am I stated that this verb was used only in the reflexive. However, in elicitation with Florencia Marcelino (Oa) she gave a fully transitive form. Thus probably it is not used only refllxively, but this should be checked (as well as the meaning of a nonreflexive use). \vl See note under /xi:hlan/. \ref 02031 \lxa komo:nia \lxac nokomo:nia \lxo komo:nia \lxoc nokomo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \tran +Refl/-tran \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekomo:nia</nao> \infv class-2a \se (refl., usually with <n>te-</n>) to spread out and ruffle its feathers (a bird such as a turkey; see <nlo>xi:hkomo:nia</nlo>) \ss (refl., generalmente con <n>te-</n>) extender y abrir su plumaje (un ave como el guajolote; vé ase <nlo>xiñhkomo:nia</nlo>) \pna Notekomo:nitok nowexo:lo:w. \pea My turkey is spreading out and ruffling its feathers. \psa Mi guajolote está extendiendo y abriendo su plumaje. \pna Notekomo:nia wexo:lo:tl kwa:k yo:isak. \pea The turkey puffs up its feathers when it awakens. \psa El guajolote extiende y abre su plumaje cuando despierta. \pna Wexo:lotl notekomo:nia, kitokatinemi cha:ntsi:n. \pea The male turkey puffs up and ruffles its feathers, it is following around after a female turkey. \psa El guajolote macho se infla y eriza su plumaje, anda siguiendo un guajolote hembra. \se (refl.) to spread outs its branches and become full and bushy (a plant) \ss (refl.) empezar a extender sus ramas y llenarse de foliaje (una planta) \pna Yo:pe:w nokomo:nia nochi:l. \pea My chile plants have started to spread out their folliage, becoming full and bushy. \psa Mis plantas de chile han empezado a extender sus ramas (y llenarse de foliaje). \xrb komo: \nse All examples with the meaning of a turkey opening and ruffling its feathers have the intensifying prefix <n>te-</n>. Indeed, whether or not this verb occurs without the intensifier, and the degree to which such"non-intensified"forms exist, needs to be determined. \nde Molina has <n>comonia. mo</n> 'alterarse, o alborotarse la gente' and <n>comonia. nite</n> 'alterar, o alborotar la gente.' For the intransitive <n>comoni</n> he has 'encenderse y echar llama el fuego.' Note that this verb has two transitive, <n>comonia</n> and <n>comonaltia</n>. \qry Make sure Oa is /xihkomo:nia/ as indicated here in xref. Entry is 06466. Also, determine the degree to which /komo:nia/ occurs without the intensifier, and if there is any precise semantic distinction between forms with and without (e.g., with only referring to turkeys ruffling their feathers, etc.). Check the differences between /komo:nia/, /tekomo:nia/, /komo:naltia/, /tekomo:naltia/. \qry Check other meanings of /komo:nia/ (perhaps for a dress to billow out as a dancer spins?) and whether it is always used in the reflexive. If used with a transitive object determine the meaning. Note that RS lists all uses: refl"agitarse, moverse, alborotarse, dispersarse, hablando de una multitud; te:-"agitar, amotinar a la gente. tla-"golpear, batir una cosa, sublever a la multitud. Thus greater care needs to be paid to variation in modern. Also, most of my examples include /te-/. Thus cf. in regards to the turkey: /notekomo:nia/. Check whether this could also be said without /te-/. In general check for difference between /te-/ and non-/te-/ forms with /komo:ni/ and /komo:nia/. Perhaps there should be separate entries. Check also difference between /komo:naltia/ and /komo:nia/. \rt Note that in general many meanings of /komo:/ words have to do with things ruffling out in circles (e.g., feathers, a dress billowing, etc.). \ref 02032 \lxa awia:ya \lxac awia:ya \lxo áwiá:ya \lxop awia:ya \lxoc áwiá:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to become fragrant or sweet-smelling \ss llegar a ser fragrante y aromático, o oler bien \se to become flavorful; to become good-tasting \ss agarrar un buen sabor; volverse o hacerse sabroso \cfa a:wiá:k \cfo áwiá:k \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \ref 02033 \lxa pi:stik \lxac pi:stik \lxo pi:stik \lxoc pi:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be narrow (an opening in sth such as a sack or bag, an entranceway where sth has to fit through, a pass such as where a river runs, etc.) \ss ser angosto (una apertura como en un costal o saco, una entrada apretada donde algo tiene que pasar, un paso como por donde corre un río, etc.) \pna Ti:roh pi:stik ite:n ma:tekon, xikte:ntekoya:wa! \pea The opening of your gourd canteen is really narrow, widen it out! \psa La boca de tu cantimplora está muy apretada,¡ensánchale bien! \se to be tight-fitting (e.g., clothes, shoes, etc.) \ss estar apretado (p. ej., ropa, calzado, etc.) \pna Pi:stik itlake:n. \pea His clothes are tight-fitting. \psa Está apretada su ropa. \se (pl. with short vowel reduplication) close together; narrow (e.g., furrows plowed in a field, or rows close together between which sth has to pass) \ss (pl. tener reduplicación de vocal corta) juntos; cercanos (p. ej., los surcos hechos en un terreno, o filas muy cercanas en medio de las cuales algo tiene que pasar) \pna Pipi:stik -=pipitsa:wak- kwentli. \pea The furrows are close togther (i.e., the mounds in the middle are narrow). \psa Los surcos están muy juntos (esto es, los montículos en medio se quedaron angostos). \flao patla:wak \xrb pi:ts \encyctmp tla:hli \nse In the sense of furrows plowed close together, <nao>pipi:stik</nao> is the antonym of <nao>kokoya:wak</nao> and <nao>papatla:wak</nao>. \ref 02034 \lxa kwa \lxac kikwa \lxo kwa \lxoc kikwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to eat \ss comer \pna Ke:n titlakwa:ni, we:i tihkwa! \pea How big an eater you are, you eat a lot! \psa ¡Quécomelón eres, comes mucho! \pna Xok tlakwa, yo:tlanaw. \pea He doesn't eat anymore, he is in a grave state. \psa Ya no come, está grave. \se to bite \ss morder \pna O:ne:chkwah motskwin. \pea Your dog bit me. \psa Tu perro me mordió. \pna O:nimokwah. \pea I bit myself (my tongue or lip). \psa Me mordí(el labio o lengua). \se to sting (certain insects and other animals, e.g., bees, wasps, scorpions, etc., and certain plants with small fuzzy thorns) \ss picar (algunos insectos y otros animalitos, p. ej., abejas, avispas, alacranes, etc., y ciertas plantas cubiertas con púas pequeñas) \pna Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n \pea It (in this case the <nba>te:kwa:nxiwtli</nba>) will sting you like a <nba>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nba>. \psa Te va a picar (en este caso el <nba>te:kwa:nxiwtli</nba>) como un <nba>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nba>. \se (<nao>wel</nao> ~) to like the taste of \ss (<nao>wel</nao> ~) gustar el sabor de \pna Xwel kikwa. \pea He can't eat it (in the sense of not being accustomed to the type of food). \psa No lo puede comer (en el sentido de no estar acostumbrado a comer ese tipo de comida) \se to burn the skin or surface of (the sun, acid or any similar substance) \ss quemar la piel o superficie de (el sol,ácido u otra substancia parecida) \pna O:nima:xixio:t, o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. \pea My arm peeled, I got burnt by the sun. \psa Se me peló el brazo, me quemó el sol. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to chew; to gnaw; to nibble on (the intensifier <n>te-</n> is acceptable here; for indefinite null complement, see <nla>tlakukwa</nla>) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) masticar; roer (el intensificador <n>te-</n> aquí es aceptable; para complemento nulo indefinido, vé ase <nla>tlakukwa</nla>) \pna Kikukwatok kupahli. \pea He is chewing gum. \psa Estámasticando chicle. \pna ¡Ma:s san un chi:lxoxo:hki, xtekukwa! \pea Even though it's just that green chile, nibble on it! \psa ¡Aunque sea nada más ese chile verde, másticalo! \seao (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog at a person; see <nla>tlayawa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tláyawá</nlo> (Oa)) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrarle a (un perro a una persona; vé ase <nla>tlayawa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tláyawá</nlo> (Oa)) \pno Ne:chkwa:kwa motskwin. \peo Your dog barks at me. \pso Me ladra tu perro. \se (with long vowel reduplication) (for scissors, or similar tools) to fail to cut (but simply to"bite down"on the material) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) no poder cortar (tijeras o herramientas parecidas, pero simplemente abrir y cerrar sobre el material) \pna San kikwa:kwa tlake:ntli, xoh kiteki. \pea It (in this case scissors) just bites down on the cloth, it doesn't cut it anymore. \psa Nada más (en este caso tijeras) muerden la tela, ya no la cortan. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to scar or mark up \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) picar o cicatrizar \pna Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl. \pea He has a pock marked face, sores left it scarred up in places (e.g., from a very bad case of acne). \psa Es cacarizo, su piel se picópor los granos (p. ej., tiene acné). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to open and close on top of; to move up and down on, or side to side against \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) abrir y cerrar sobre; mover para arriba y abajo contra; o de lado a lado contra \pna Yo:kaxa:n noburrosi:yah, san tlakwa:kwatok, mláyo:kaxa:n, ne:chkwa:kwa. \pea My burro's saddle has become loose, it is moving up and down (i.e., opening up and away, then closing, from the animal's body). It's really loosened up, it pinches me (as it moves up and down, i.e., <na>nopan notekwaltia</na>). \psa La silla de mi burro ya se aflojó, se mueve de un lado a otro (esto es, abriendo y cerrando un espacio entre ella y el cuerpo del animal). De veras está flojo, me pellizca (mientras se mueve de un lado a otro, esto es, <na>nopan notekwaltia</na>). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog [S]) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrar a (un perro [S]) \pna Kwa:k yekah panowa, pe:wa tlakwa:kwan, kikwa:kwan. \pea When someone passes by they (dogs) begin to bark, they bark at him. \psa Cuando alguien pasa, ellos (los perros) empiezan a ladrar, le ladran. \se (<na>nokwa</na> <nla>to:nahli</nla>) for there to be a solar eclipse \ss (<na>nokwa</na> <nla>to:nahli</nla>) haber un eclipse solar \pna Nokwa:s to:nahli. \pea There will be a solar eclipse. \psa Va a haber un eclipse solar. \se (<na>nokwa</na> <nla>me:stli</nla>) for there to be a lunar eclipse \ss (<na>nokwa</na> <nla>me:stlii</nla>) haber un eclipse lunar \pna Nokwa:s me:stli. \pea There will be a lunar eclipse. \psa Va a haber un eclipse lunar. \xrb kwa \xvaao kwa:lia \xvcao kwaltia \xvcapao kwaltilia \xv1a tlakwa; tlakukwa; tlakwa:kwa \xv1o tlakwa; tlá:kwá; tlakwa:kwa \cfa tekwa \nse The word <na>tlakukwa</na> meaning 'to graze' is used to refer to a pasturing animal that is eating where there is wild grass or bush (i.e., it is <nla>xiwioh</nla>, 'covered with grass' or <nla>sakayoh</nla> 'covered with zacate'). However, if the animal enters into a planted corn field that has not been harvested, the form <na>tlakwa</na> 'to eat' is used. Thus the difference between <na>kukwa</na> and <na>kwa</na> in regards to animals concerns not so much the action of eating itself, but the material eaten. With forms such as <na>tlakwa:kwa</na> in relation to an animal opening and closing its mouth, I have been told that only the female donkey does this not, for example, the cow. Nevertheless, the same long vowel reduplication can be used to indicate a dog barking or people yelling. Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, <na>tla:tlakwa</na>, with the long vowel reduplication on <n>tla-</n> is the equivalent of the more common <na>tlakwa:kwa</na>, with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. \qry Re: solar eclipse cf. Flk 1984-05-13.2 I have recorded that a partial eclipse is indicated by /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n sitlalin/ whereas a total solar eclipse is /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n me:stli/. However, this should be checked. \qry Re: /tekukwa/. It is not clear whether /tekukwa/ is semantically distinct from /kukwa/, however, it may well be. I have understood /kukwa/ to mean to chew or masticate (i.e. gum, a cow on its cud, etc.) whereas /tekukwa/ has more the sense of 'nibble'. However, this should be checked. When I asked about /tekukwa/ one person said it is used to refer to the action of nibbling on chile verd, e.g. with one's tortilla if there is no chile sauce. One person state taht this verb form /-tekukwa/ could also be used to refer to the eating of green mangos. Check other meanings and decide whether it should be given a separate entry given that unlike other uses (optional) of the intensifier /te/ (e.g. /(te)koto:ni/) in which the semantics do not change much, here they appear quite different between /-kukwa/ and /- tekukwa/. NOTE: I have decided to give a separate entry under /tekwa/ meaning 'to pinch or catch something between two things' and thus perhaps /-tekukwa/ should be placed under /te kwa/. \qry Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, <na>tla:tlakwa</na>, with the long vowel reduplication on <n>tla-</n> is the equivalent of the more common <na>tlakwa:kwa</na>, with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. This should be checked. \grm Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, <na>tla:tlakwa</na>, with the long vowel reduplication on <n>tla-</n> is the equivalent of the more common <na>tlakwa:kwa</na>, with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. Both mean (or can mean) 'to bark' If this is true, then record in the grammar in regards to reduplication. \ref 02035 \lxa komo:chikuwtli \lxac komo:chikuwtli \lxo komo:chikohtli \lxoc komo:chikohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se 'ape's earing,' or 'blackbead bush,' type of tree with edible fruit (called <spn>guamúchil</spn> in Spanish) \ss guamúchil, tipo deárbol con fruta comestible que crece cerca de los ríos \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao komo:chitl \xrb ko \xrb mo:ch \cpl <na>Kuhtli, nokwa itla:kihlo</na> 'It is a tree, its fruit is edible.' Schoenhals (1988:54) states under <na>guamúchil</na> " <na>Pithecolobium</na> spp., e.g., <na>P. dulce</na> 'ape's earing,' 'blackbead bush' Relative of the soap-bark tree with edible fruit in twisted pods. Whilte or yello, acacia-type flowers; pods also resemble those of the acacia. The coiled pods are evidently the source of the English name. Also spelled huamúchil. Also called guajilla, hormiguillo, patzagua, tenaza."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this simply as <spn>huamúchil</spn>. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as <na>Pithecollobium dulce</na>. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:109) also identify this as of the family <na>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</na> and the genus-species <na>Pithecellobium dulce</na> (Roxb.) Benth. \nct kohtli \xrb ko \xrb mo:ch \xrb kow \ref 02036 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was removed; it was /tsonaka westok/. Now a single entry is under /tsonakawestok/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02037 \lxa tsonchichi:wa \lxac kitsonchichi:wa \lxo tsó:nchí:wa \lxoc kitsó:nchí:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \se to arrange the hair of (particularly in reference to a woman braiding her hair; usually used reflexively) \ss arreglarse el pelo o cabello (particularmente en referencia a una mujer poniéndose trenzas; generalmente utilizado en reflexivo) \pna O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa. \pea Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it). \psa Estádesgreñado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello. \xrb tson: chi:wa \ref 02038 \lxa kets kets kets \lxac kets kets kets \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Call \der Onom \sea ribbit (the sound of a frog) \ssa el sonido que hace una rana \sem sound-animal \encyctmp animal sounds \nse Documentation of this word to date is always with it being repeated three times, <na>kets kets kets</na>, to imitate the sound a frog makes. \qry Check to make sure that this is always repeated 3 times. \mod Check for other animal sounds. \ref 02039 \lxa nopih \lxac nopih \lxo nopih \lxoc nopih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1(Poss-N2) \seao see <nlao>-pih</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-pih</nlao> \xrb pih \ref 02040 \lxa si:tlaltik \lxac si:tlaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \sea to be striped (particularly watermelon and melon) \ssa ser rayado (particularmente sandía o melón) \sem color \syna tesi:si:kwiltik \syno i:xté:si:tláltik \syno sísi:tláltik \xrb si:tlal \nae The only documented form to date is with the intensifier <n>te-</n> ; whether or not ? <na>si:si:tlaltik</na> is correct still needs to be determined. Note, however, that Oapan cognates apparently have short vowel reduplication and may occur without the intensifier <n>te-</n>. Thus one has Oapan <no>sísi:tláltik</no> and <no>i:xté:si:tláltik</no>, in which case the <n>te-</n> is part of the noun stem <no>i:xtetl</no> and not the intensifier. \qry Determine all objects that can be /tesi:si:tlaltik/, if only referring to white spots, etc. Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to see if /te-/ is obligatory. Given that Oapan forms have a short rdp, recheck the vowel length here and correct as necessary. Also, given that this word, tesi:si:tlaltik, is apparently synonymous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/, (check), also the vl there should be checked. \mod See illustration on original filecard. \vl Check length of reduplicant and cf. to Oapan. \ref 02041 \lxa kwitlap:ihli \lxac kwitlapi:hli \lxo kwitlapi:hli \lxoc kwitlapi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se tail (of an animal) \ss cola (de un animal) \pna Ma:ka xki:tski ikwitlapi:l chichi! \pea Don't grab the tail of a dog! \psa ¡No agarres la cola de un perro! \seo (<no>te:kwitlapil</no>) person (usually a child) who always follows others around (i.e., sb's"shadow") \sso (<no>te:kwitlapil</no>) persona (generalmente un niño) que sigue o camina atrás de los demás (como"sombra"de algn) \sem body \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \nse The Oapan expression <no>te:kwitlapi:l</no> is used occasionally and jokingly by parents to describe a child who is always following them around. In Ameyaltepec <na>kwitlapi:hli</na> is seldom used; rather the Spanish loan <na>ko:lah</na> is common. \qry Check to determine what animals have /-kwitlapi:l/. Check the effects of grabbing the tail of a dog. \vl My notes have a short penultimate /i/ in Am and a long one in Oapan. Check Oapan recording and measure. \ref 02042 \lxa montatli \lxac montatli \lxo móntatlí \lxoc móntatlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \infn Stem 1(h) \seao father-in-law \ssao suegro \sem kin \xrb mon \xrb tah \ref 02043 \lxa tsope:lik xokotl \lxac tsope:lik xokotl \lxo tsope:lixokotl \lxoc tsope:lixokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex(Am) \infn Stem 2 \se type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified \ss tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente \xrb tsope:l \xrb xoko \xrb kos \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \encyctmp xokotl \nse Although Cristino Flores gave several types of <na>tsope:lik xokotl</na> he mentioned that in general they are all referred to simply as <na>tsope:lik xokotl</na> and not further distinguished, at least not in general conversation. \nae Whether or not the Oapan <no>tsope:lixokotl</no> should be written as two words or one is not immediately clear. Certainly there is no final /k/ that would inequivocably indicate the word-final stop. However, final consonants in Oapan Nahuatl often delete in \cpl Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla> ; it bears fruit in late summer, during August and September. This is perhaps the same plum also known as <nla>kostik xokotl</nla>, although this needs to be clarified. See <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 02044 \lxa tlaawia:ka:n \lxac tlaawia:ka:n \lxo tlaáwiá:ka:n \lxop tlaawia:ka:n \lxoc tlaáwiá:ka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \pa yes-lex \se fragrant place; place that is sweet-smelling (e.g., a flower shop) \ss lugar fragrante (p. ej., donde se venden flores) \pna O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n \pea I smelled how it was a fragrant place. \psa Olíque tan fragrante era este lugar. \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \ref 02045 \lxa cho:mboh \lxac cho:mboh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-loan (?) \infn Gender \sea blind \ssa ciego \nse The etymology of <na>cho:mboh</na> is uncertain, it is probably borrowed from some word in Spanish. \ref 02046 \lxa kwepo:nilia \lxac kikwepo:nilia \lxo kopo:nilia \lxoc kikopo:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to make (sth) turn up or back (affecting a person or object) \ss hacer volver o voltear hacia arriba (afectando a una person u objeto) \pna O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak. \pea The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard. \psa El viento alzósu falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento. \se to thrash or hit hard with (a switch, lasso, etc.) \ss dar látigos a con (algo como una vara, etc.); golpear fuerte a con (una vara, soga, etc.) \pna O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl. \pea He thrashed him three times with a switch. \psa Le diótres latigazos. \sem contact \xrb kwepo: \xvba kwepo:nia \xvbo kopo:nia \qry Check for other meanings of /kwepo:nilia/. \ref 02047 \lxa ne:xtia \lxac kine:xtia \lxo ne:xtia \lxoc kine:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to find; to locate (an object) \ss hallar; encontrar; localizar (un objeto) \pna Xok kine:xti:s,itekiw yo:poliw. \pea He won't find it anymore, surely it's gotten lost. \psa Ya no lo va a encontrar, seguro ya se perdió. \pna Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtiaitomi:ntsi:n. \pea He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there. \psa Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí. \se to guess at (for example, the answer to a riddle) \ss adivinar (p. ej., la respuesta a una adivinanza) \pna Xne:xti ke:ch nokone:wa:n! \pea Guess how many children I have! \psa ¡Adivina cuantos hijos tengo! \se to solve; to find (a solution to a problem) \ss solucionar; encontrar (la solución a un problema) \pna Xtiknexti:s ke:no:n, xtiwelis. \pea You won't find a way (to do sth, to solve a problem), you won't be able (to do it). \psa No le vas a solucionar, no vas a poder. \se (refl.) to become or get wealthy \ss (refl.) hacerse o volverse rico \pna Sana:man riko:ti, kemech none:xtitok. \pea He got rich right away, he is just now getting wealthy. \psa Luego luego se enriqueció, apenas se está volviendo rico. \xrb ne:si \xvbao ne:si \ref 02048 \lxa ikximo:motsi:ni \lxac ikximo:motsi:ni \lxo iximo:motsi:ni \lxoc iximo:motsi:ni \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l?; Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>ikxitemo:motsi:ni</na> \infv class-3a \se to get cracks in ones legs (e.g., from contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.) \ss agrietarsele a uno las piernas (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, etc.) \se to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin to dry and crack on one's leg \ss secarsele y agrietarsele una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por la pierna a \pna Xonitla:lki:s, san o:nikxitemo:motsi:n. \pea All the dirt didn't come off (my leg), I was left with a thin layer of dry cracked dirt on my leg. \psa No saliótoda la mugre (de mi pierna), se me quedó una capita de mugre secada y agrietada sobre la pierna. \pna Melánikximo:motsi:ni. \pea The back of my heel (most commonly, although can refer to other parts of one's foot) is really cracking from dryness. \psa De veras se me está agrietando mi talón (o, tal vez, la piel de otras partes del pie) por seco. \xrb kxi \xrb motsi: \nse As with most verbs containing the element <na>motsi:ni</na> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. Often this verbal stem is used to refer to situations such as when after bathing some soap or dirt remains on one's body and it dries, leaving a thin crackled layer or pattern on ones skin. Or perhaps one has walked through muddy water, and the water dried leaving a thin cake of dirt, which dries and crackles. The verb may also refer to a layer of dried, cracked skin, such as might occur on one's foot or leg. Apparently this meaning is communicated only with long vowel reduplication. \nae Documentation to date does not indicate whether only the reduplicated forms exists. Nor is the difference between long and short vowel reduplication clear. It appears that the Oapan headword form has short vowel reduplication and no pitch-accent, indicative of the lack of underlying {h}; the Ameyaltepec headword according to my original written notes, has long vowel reduplication. It is possible that this is in error. \qry Check vowel length in /mo:motsi:ni/ as well as other uses of this term. Check to whether a nonreduplicated form can exist, and the difference between the two types of reduplication, with long and short vowels. Note: check to see if a transitive form exists. Check etymology, particularly formation of words with /mots.../. In one entry I have a long first /o:/, i.e. /ikxitemo:motsi:ni/. Recheck vowel length. Also, in this second entry I have /te/ in parentheses, suggesting that it is optional, not required, i.e. that /ikximo:motsi:ni/ is also correct. Note that for Oapan I had this first recorded as short reduplicant. But after doing the entry for /ma:mo:motsi:ni/, it appears that the /o:/ is long there, therefore I have changed it here, pending further analysis. \vl Check vl and p \ref 02049 \lxa tsi:ntewila:na \lxac kitsi:ntewila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Op. inf. <n>te-</n> ; <na>tsi:ntewila:na</na> \infv class-3a \sea (refl.) to drag oneself along the ground on ones rear end, using ones hands to pull the body forward (a young child unable to crawl, an animal such as a pig that has been shot in the rear and cannot use his hind legs, a person sitting on a river bottom struggling to move against the current, etc.) \ssa (refl.) arrastrarse por el suelo sobre las nalgas, utilizando las manos para jalar el cuerpo adelante (un niño pequeño, un animal como un marranito que ha sido pegado con un tiro por las nalgas y no puede utilizar sus piernas de atrás, una persona sentada por un río con un fuerte corriente que se mueve arrastrándose con las nalgas asentadas sobre el fondo del río, etc.) \pna Wa:lnotsi:ntewila:ntiw. Kemech pe:wa wel ma:nenemi. \pea He comes dragging himself along the ground on his butt (a baby still not able to crawl on hands and knees). He's just beginning to learn how to crawl. \psa Viene arrastrándose por las nalgas (un bebésentado que todavía no sabe gatear). Está apenas aprendiendo andar a gatas. \sem motion \syno tsí:ntechiwilá:na \xrb tsi:n \xrb wila:na \dis ma:nenemi \qry Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in some circumstances. \mod THIS SHOULD BE /kitsi:ntewila:na/ which CF later said was the correct form. Correct if possible. \ref 02050 \lxa a:kin \lxac a:kin kineki \lxo a:kin \lxoa a:'in \lxocpend a:'in \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltz \der Pr-rel \sea who (as relative pronoun) \ssa quien (como pronombre relativo) \pna Nika:nas se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chtlasotlas. \pea I'm going to marry a man who will love me. \psa Me voy a casar con un hombre quien (que) me vaya a querer. \sea who; the one or person who (in a headless relative clause) \ssa el que; la persona que (en una claúsula relativa sin cabeza) \pna Nikwi:kas a:kin kineki. \pea I will take whoever wants (to go). \psa Me voy a llevar a quien quisiera (ir). \cfo yon \xrb a:kin \nse The precise conditions of use of <na>a:kin</na> as a relativizer as opposed to <nla>yewan</nla> are not clear and need to be completely researched. In Ameyaltepec <na>a:kin</na> is used both in relative clauses that are headless and those that have a nominal head. Thus one can say <na>niktete:mo:s a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s</na> 'I am looking for someone who will help me' (in reference to anyone, e.g., man, woman, child, etc.) or one can say <na>niktete:mo:s se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s</na> 'I am looking for a man who will help me.' Apparently in Oapan the equivalent \qry I have the following phrases in my notes, but they should be checked: /akin okse:?/ Who else? Quién más? Check to see if this is correct as I would expect /akinon okse:?/; perhaps /akin okse:?/ is simply contextually shortened. Likewise, check /akin kineki/, which according to my understanding now is a dependent/subordinate clause, and as a question should be /akinon kineki?/. Thus, check the correctness of the recorded phrases /akin okse:?/ and /akin kineki/. Perhaps in both cases the use of /akinon/ is called for given the interrogatory nature of the phrase. Also check vowel length. Note the possible relation to /a:k/. Likewise, check /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/, which, given its status as a complement, I would expect to be /a:man tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/. I have translated /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we'll see who arrives first'/'Ahora veremos quién llega primero.' In addition, since I made the sentence up as an example, check /nika:nas se: tla:katl ak in ne:chtlasotlas/. Finally, check for possibility of sequences such as /in akin/. \vl Check vowel length of /a:/. \ref 02051 \lxa i:n \lxac i:n tla:katl nikpale:wi:s \lxo i:n \lxoc yo i:n tekitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr/Adj(demon) \der Adj-dem \se this; these \ss este; estos \pna Ma:ka i:n me:sah, un ne:nkah! \pea Not this here table, that one there! \psa ¡No este mesa, aquella allá ! \pna Xnihkwa:s i:n nakatl. \pea I'm not going to eat this meat. \psa No voy a comer esta carne. \pno Ná:wiltiáya: i:n ka:rroh. \peo He is playing with this car. \pso Estájugando con este carro. \xrb i:n \nae In some notes I have mentioned that <na>in</na> with a short vowel is used as a demonstrative adjective ('this,' or Spanish <spn>este</spn>) as in <na>xkwa in tlaxkahli</na> 'eat this tortilla,' whereas with a long vowel it is used as a demonstrative pronoun ('this one,' or Spanish <spn>éste</spn>) the vowel is long and stressed, e.g., <na>xne:chmaka i:n</na> 'Give this one to me!' However, in other notes I mention that both seem long, both the demonstrative adjective and the associated pronoun. Nevertheless, this needs to be checked. \qry Check vowel length of /i:n/, perhaps it should be long. I have noted that /in/ can be used for singular or plural, check. Correct whatever is determined. I was entirely inconsistent in my recording of this particle. Since then I have standardized, without checking, to /in/. This needs to be checked. My understanding from memory is that as a demonstrative the /i/ is short, as in /xne:chmaka in tlake:ntli/ 'give me this piece of cloth.' However, unlike Classical, /in/ does not function as a relativizer. Finally, note that Launey discusses the vowel length of the demonstratives:"La vocal de los demostrativos puede ser facultativamente alargada: /Ca tetl i:n, ca calli o:n, in pilto:ntli i:n, ino:n piltontli (sic), etcetera."All this should be carefully checked. Note that perhaps as a pronoun there is a long vowel: /nikneki i:n/ as opposed to a demonstrative /nikneki in xo:chitl/. Check. \mod A subsequent recording of /i:n/ has been made: /yói:n tekitl nikchi:was/. \vl The Am word was originally written short. It is very hard to determine proper length. At times it seems as if the adjectival element is /in/ and the pronominal is /i:n/, stressed and phrase-final, but this needs to be thoroughly checked. \ref 02052 \lxa tlamati \lxac tlamati \lxo tlámatí \lxop tlamati \lxoc tlámatí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \der V1-tla \pa yes-lex \se to be skilled; to be an expert \ss tener habilidad; ser experto \xrb hmati \nae The base verb, {hmati} has not been documented with a specific object prefix. Nevertheless, FK states that the initial /i/ of the underlying form {ihmati} \qry Make sure that Ameyaltepec has /tlamati/ with this sense, cognate to Oapan /tlámatí/. Also make sure (cf. discussion under /mati/) that this verb occurs only with the /tla-/ prefix and cannot take specific markers (e.g., for Oapan *kímatí) \nse This is a defective verb in that it apparently occurs only with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. In Ameyaltepec the underying {h} is lost whereas in neighboring dialects it is preserved. Thus in Oapan one finds <nlo>tlámatí</nlo> while in San Juan Tetelcingo one finds <na>tlahmati</na>. \qry Make sure this occurs only with /tla-/ and that forms such as ?/kihmati/ are not acceptable. Check to see that the /i/ never appears (e.g., /nimati/). Cf. FK (p. 99) who states that the /i/ is maintained before the reflexive. \ref 02053 \lxa xi:lo:ti \lxac xi:lo:ti \lxo xi:lo:ti \lxoc xi:lo:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to form a <nla>xi:lo:tl</nla> (i.e., for a maize plant to be at the stage of development where the <spn>jilotes</spn> are just forming) \ss salirse un jilote (esto es, estar una planta de maíz en el mero momento cuando se le salen los jilotes) \pna Kemech xi:lo:ti. Xe ye:lo:ti, kemech xi:lo:titok. \pea It is just forming <spn>jilotes</spn>. The <spn>elotes</spn> haven't yet started to form, the <spn>jilotes</spn> are just starting to emerge. \psa Apenas están formándose los jilotes. Los elotes todavía no salen, apenas están saliendo los jilotes. \pna Kemech xi:lo:titok nomi:l. \pea My cornfield is just at the stage where the <spn>jilotes</spn> are forming. \psa En mi milpa apenas está saliendo los jilotes. \sem plant \sem stage \xrb xi:lo: \ref 02054 \lxa chi:chitia \lxac kichi:chitia \lxo chi:chitia \lxoc kichi:chitia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to nurse; to breast-feed \ss dar pecho o leche a (un niño) \xrb chi:chi \xvbao chi:chi \xvaa chi:chitilia \ref 02055 \lxa tlapayawto:to:tl \lxac tlapayawto:to:tl \lxo tlapayahto:to:tl \lxoc tlapayahto:to:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of swift, in Spanish <spn>golondrina</spn> ; apparently this term covers birds in the genera <l>Cypseldoides</l>, <l>Streptoprocne</l>, and <l>Chaetura</l>, and <l>Panptila</l>, though perhaps also the <l>Aeronautes saxatalis</l>. The bird appears in the Oapan area from the south, allegedly from Ostotempan, around May, and immediately leave. They fly high and cry as they go. \ss tipo de golondrina, aparentemente incluye aves en los genera <l>Cypseldoides</l>, <l>Streptoprocne</l>, <l>Chaetura</l> y <l>Panptila</l>, y quizátambién <l>Aeronautes saxatalis</l>. El ave aparece en Oapan desde el sur, supuestamente de Ostotempan, en mayo y luego luego se va. Vuela alto, y va gritando cuando va. \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 28, various \pna Kitowa deke ne:si tlapayawto:to:tl, wa:hlaw. Kwa:hki a:tl. Tlapayawis, kiawis. \pea It is said that if a <na>tlapayawto:to:tl</na> appears, it (the rain) will come. It brings the rains. It will drizzle, it will rain. \psa Se dice que si aparece un <na>tlapayawto:to:tl</na>, va a venir (el agua). Trae las aguas. Va a lloviznar, va a llover. \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tlapa \xrb yawi \xrb to:to: \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'golondrina.' Note that in early June 2003 I saw what appeared to be several of these birds (I was alone at the time and could not consult a native speaker) and they had one white stripe on the underside of each wing. \ref 02056 \lxa me:mela \lxac me:mela \lxo me:mela \lxoc me:mela \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se thick oval-shaped tortilla made quickly, often when there is no time to make flat tortillas, and that is generally eaten spinkled with salt \ss tortilla gruesa y ovoide hecha rapidamente, a menudo porque no hay tiempo para hacer tortillas normales, que generalmente se come rociada con sal \pna Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli. \pea A <na>me:mela</na>, it's not thin, it's a thick tortilla. \psa Una <na>me:mela</na>, no es delgada, es una tortilla gruesa. \sem food-maize \xrb mela: \nse The etymology of this is uncertain, but it probably derives from a reduplicated form of <na>mela:wa</na>. Note how reduplication is often used in metaphoric lexemes, although here the reduplication is with a long vowel. Note, however, that long vowel reduplication (with final /h/) is used in baby talk. Perhaps there is some relationship to these forms here. \qry Check for presence of final /h/ here. The <na>me:mela</na> is like what is expressed by the Spanish <na>huaraches</na> (a type of tortilla or gordita), but the <na>me:mela</na> is plain (i.e., it is not made with beans, nor is anything but salt placed on top). \grm Reduplication: /Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli/ In the phrase note how the short vowel reduplication is used with /kana:wak/ and /tila:wak/, and would seem to indicate"somewhat". Perhaps this should be investigated. Also, however, it is used because the left placement of /me:mela/ indicates a generic sense, and these are not countable but plural. \ref 02057 \lxa tlakotia:n \lxac i:tlakotia:n \lxo tlákotiá:n \lxoc i:tlákotiá:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se waist \ss cintura \pna Ne:chkukwa notlakotia:n. \pea My waist hurts me. \psa Me duele la cintura. \pna Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! \pea Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! \psa ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., un cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura está muy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)! \se middle (of sth long) \ss mitad o parte en medio (de algo largo) \pna Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli. \pea It's a dress with a seam between two pieces of cloth haflway down. \psa Es una falda que a la mitad tiene una costura entre dos pedazos de tela. \pna Pakah ne:, itlakotia:n tlakaltech. \pea It is there, halfway up the steep slope. \psa Allá está, a la mitad de la cuesta muy inclinada. \pna Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. \pea The insects called <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). \psa Los insectos llamados <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). \se halfway point (of a period of time) \ss a mediados (de un periodo de tiempo) \pna Yekos itlakotia:n i:n me:stli. \pea He will arrive in the middle of this month. \psa Va a llegar a mediados de este mes. \sem body \cfa tlamia:n \cfa pe:wya:n \cfo tlamiya:n \cfo pe:hya:n \xrb tlahko \nae Although <na>tlakotia:n</na> has been considered an obligatorily possessed form, in one phrase it appears unpossessed (<na>tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh</na>). I had also documented it as having final stress in this form. It might be best considered an abbreviation, or perhaps a single word (<na>tlakotia:npipitaktikeh</na>). The absence of the possessed marker and the final syllable stress need to be checked. Note that in the pronunciation Inocencio Jiménez the final /n/ is clear; Florencia Marcelino, also from Oapan, utters a final /h/. \qry Although I have coded this as an obligatorily possessed form (which I will leave as is for now), I have one example where /tlakotiá:n/ is not possessed (and where, moreover, it is stressed on the final syllable). This should be checked. It might be that /tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh/ is simply an acopated form of the possessed. Or it might even be an"incorporated"form, ?/tlakotia:npipitsaktikeh/. All these possibilities should be checked. \vl Note that in the pronunciation Inocencio Jiménez the final /n/ is clear; Florencia Marcelino, also from Oapan, utters a final /h/. Check and make sure this is manifested in the selection of material. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in the recording of this word the final /n/ is clear in Inocencio Jimenez; Florencia Marcelino utters this with a final /h/. \ref 02058 \lxa sa:ndiakokone:tl \lxac sa:ndiakokone:tl \lxo sa:ntiá:koné:tl \lxoc sa:ntiá:koné:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \se small watermelon that has formed with a long, thin, and curved neck (i.e., a pointed end) \ss sandía que se formócon un cuello largo, delgado y encorvado (esto es, tiene la punta alargada y delgada) \sem plant \sem domesticated \cfa a:yukokone:tl \cfo ayó:koné:tl \xrb kone: \nse Apparently the use of <na>kokone:tl</na> with certain fruits is related to their resemblance to a doll. \qry Query if this is an actual type of watermelon (i.e., species) or is simply a reference to the fact that it is small and perhaps doll-like in appearance. Check for other fruits/vegetables that may contain the /kokone:tl/ term. Check the length of the first /a/ in the Oapan form; it may be short. \ilustmp Illustrate with picture or line drawing. \ref 02059 \lxa te:siawi:tih \lxac te:siawi:tih \lxo te:siawi:tih \lxoc te:siawi:tih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be tiring or exhausting (a task or sth that requires physical exertion); to cause tiredness \ss ser cansado (una tarea o algo que requiere un esfuerzo físico); causar cansancio \xrb siawi \dis te:siawi:tih; te:kuhtilih etc., i.e., different words that apply to the difficulty of different tasks. \ref 02060 \lxa chi:chi:le:wi \lxac chi:chi:le:wi \lxo chi:chi:le:wi \lxoc chi:chi:le:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Lex. rdp-l; Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <nao>techi:chi:le:wi</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se to redden or become red \ss ponerse rojo \pna Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok. \pea Go take a look at your milpa! It's all turning red, it's already begun to dry up. \psa ¡Ve a ver tu milpa! Estáquedándose rojo, ya se está secando. \sem color \equivao chi:chi:liwi \xrb chi:l \nse It is interesting that the color red (and not brown or black) is used to refer to a milpa that is drying up. This may be compared to the use of the term for 'to become black,' <na>tlitli:le:wi</na>, which is used to refer to a healthy"green"milpa, particularly one that might result to use of a good fertilizer. \nae In regard to the variation between <na>chi:chi:le:wi</na> and <na>chi:chi:liwi</na>, many consultants consider them equivalent. However, when questioned about the phrase <na>Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok</na> Luis Lucena remarked that <na>sa: chi:chi:liwtok</na> would not be correct. \ref 02061 \lxa petla:naltia \lxac kipetla:naltia \lxo petla:naltia \lxoc kipetla:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b(ni/altia) \infv class-2a \se to shine (e.g., a surface such as that of shoes, a table, etc.); to make sparkle \ss lustrar (p. ej., una superficie como una mesa, etc.) sacarle brillo a; pulir hasta que brille; bolear \pna Kipetla:naltia sapa:tos un kone:tl. \pea That child shines shoes. \psa Bolea zapatos ese niño. \xrb petla: \xvbao petla:ni \qry Check whether transitive /petla:nia/ exists. \ref 02062 \lxa tlachi:xtok \lxac tlachi:xtok \lxo tlachi:xtok \lxoc tlachi:xtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be conscious (e.g., after having fainted); to be recovered (e.g., after an illness); to be sober (e.g., after a bout of drinking) \ss ser conciente (p. ej., después de haber desmayado, etc.); ser recuperado (p. ej., después de una enfermedad); estar sobrio (p. ej., después de una borrachera) \pna Ma:ski o:tlai:lo:k, pero yewa xo:tlai:k. Tlachi:xtok. \pea Even though people drank, he didn't. He is sober. \psa Aunque la gente tomaba,él no tomó. Estásobrio. \se to be looking good; to be looking healthy; to have a good appearance (a person, animal, plant, etc.) \ss verse bien, con saludo; tener buena apariencia (una persona, animal, planta, etc.) \pna Melá:k tetomaktik mokaba:yoh, tlachi:xtok. \pea Your horse is really hefty, it's looking good. \psa Tu caballo está muy robusto, se está viendo bien. \pna Xkowili un iyo:lka:w. Yewa tlachi:xtok. \pea Buy that animal from him! That one looks to be in good shape (i.e., healthy, robust, filled out, etc.) \psa ¡Cómprale su animal!ése se ve bien (esto es, con buen salud, llenito, fuerte, etc.). \pna Ye tlatlachi:xtok nomi:l. Xka:wa, ya:lwa pili:ntoya. \pea My maize field is looking good. You wouldn't have guessed it, yesterday it was drooping. \psa Mi milpa se está viendo bien. No lo hubieras pensado, ayer se estaba secando. \cfao tlachia \xrb chiya \ref 02063 \lxa sepo:wa \lxac kisepo:wa \lxo sepo:wa \lxoc kisepo:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3b(ow) \se to anesthesize \ss anestesiar \pna Kisepo:was motlan para ma:ka mitskoko:s. \pea He will anesthesize your tooth so that it won't hurt you (i.e., when he drills into it). \psa Te va a anestesiar el diente para que no te vaya a doler (esto es, cuando te lo trabaje con la fresa). \se to cut (with a machete) partially through (the branches of felled trees in order to be able to flatten them down, for example, so that they may serve as a barrier or fence; the tree, not the branches, is [O]) \ss cortar (con un machete) y atravesar parcialmente (las ramas deárboles tumbados para poder aplastarlas y colocarlas cerca del tronco, p. ej., para que sirvan como cerca o barrera; nótese que elárbol, no las ramas, es el [O]) \pna Xiksepo:wa un kohtli! San tlakotipantsi:n xtsonteki, ma kwelpachiwi! \pea Chop through (the branches of) that tree! Just cut halfway through, let them (the branches) fold over! \psa ¡Córtale (las ramas a) eseárbol!¡Córtale a la mitad nada más para que se puedan doblar! \cfao ma:sepo:wa \xrb sepo: \qry Further check meaning. Check inflection carefully. Record and perhaps acoustically measure forms. \ilustmp Illustrate the reference to tree. \ref 02064 \lxa kuch \lxaa uch \lxac kuch \lxo kuch \lxoa uch \lxoc kuch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cochino (?) \psm N; Interj \der N-loan \infn N1 \se sound used for driving away pigs \ss sonido utilizado para espantar y ahuyentar a marranos \se piggy \ss marranito \pna Ne:nkah kuch! \pea There's a piggy there! \psa ¡Hay un marranito allá ! \equivao uch \sem baby \nse <nao>Kuch</nao> might well be derived from Spanish <spn>cochino</spn>. Its use as a noun apparently derives from, or is at least related to, the sound used to drive away pigs. As a noun, <na>kuch</na> is used by very young children, before they can talk well. It is also used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. Also as a noun, <na>kuch</na> is equivalent to <na>uch</na>, although one consultant, Juana Rodríguez, mentioned that the former is used by slightly older children and that the youngest, unable to pronounce the /k/, say <na>uch</na>. \ref 02065 \lxa wi:tsapo:lin \lxac wi:tsapo:lin \lxo wí:tsapó:lin \lxoc wí:tsapó:lin \lxt wi:tsakapo:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 4 \se small grass still unidentified, of the family Poaceae \ss tipo de sacate pequeño, de la familia Poaceae \pna Wi:tsapo:lin | Xiwtsi:ntli ke:n akistiwewetsi. Te:sok itla:kihlo. \pea <na>Wi:tsapo:lin</na> : It is a small plant like the <nla>akistewe:wetsi</nla>. It's fruit pierces the skin. \psa <na>Wi:tsapo:lin</na> : Es una plantita como la <nla>akistewe:wetsi</nla>. Se puede espinar con su fruta. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb wits \xrb apo:l \nse According to the original notes on this plant, it is the same as another called <nla>tsontekomawistli</nla>. However, in the first fieldwork session of September-October 2001, no consultant knew that <na>witsapo:lin</na> was identifical to <nla>tsontekomawistli</nla>, nor had even heard of this latter plant. \nct sakatl \qry Check stress pattern in Oapan forms as I did not hear the pitch accent in the pronunciation of Silvestre Pantaleón. According to one person in Oapan this is the name given to the seeds of a certain type (or certain types?) of zacate. Check. \pqry Check vowel length of first /i:/??? \vl Check for all forms/dialects. Extract pronunciation form Silvestre Pantaleón and chec \ref 02066 \lxa i:xpoye:lia \lxac ki:xpoye:lia \lxo i:xpoye:lia \lxoc ki:xpoye:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj/-Intrans \infv class-2a \se to sprinkle salt on the surface of \ss echarle sal sobre la superficie de \pna Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes. \pea Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! If you do, it will get really salty \psa échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla).¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedarámuy salado! \xrb i:x \xrb poye: \qry Check to see if an intransitive form /i:xpoye:ya/ exists. Provisionally I have marked the /tran field for no adjectival and no intransitive. Check all paradigms for these alternations. \ref 02067 \lxa mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxac mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxo mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n \lxoc mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-comp \infn N1 \pa yes \se see <nla>kukuwtitlantsi:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>kukuwtitlantsi:n</nla> \sem plant \sem aga \xrb mexkal \xrb kow \xrl -titlan \ref 02068 \lxa kamane:lowa \lxac kikamane:lowa \lxo kamane:lowa \lxoc kikamane:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to toss around in ones mouth (e.g., a person sucking on a candy, an animal with a bone in its mouth, etc.) \ssao agitar dentro de la boca (p. ej., una persona chupando un dulce, un animal con un hueso en la boca, etc.) \sea (~ <na>tlato:hli</na>) to mumble or not pronounce or articulate clearly (see <nlo>popoloka</nlo>) \ssa (~ <na>tlato:hli</na>) no pronunciar bien; hablar entre dientes; mascullar (vé ase <nlo>popoloka</nlo>) \pna Kikamane:lowa tlato:hli, xkipanki:xtia kwahli, xtihkakis. \pea He mumbles his words, he doesn't pronounce them clearly, you won't understand what he says. \psa Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia bien las palabras, no le vas a entender. \xrb kama \xrb ne:l \ref 02069 \lxa tsi:tsikiltik \lxac tsi:tsikiltik \lxo tsi:tsikiltik \lxoc tsi:tsikiltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to be in zig-zag (e.g., a line drawn, the edge of certain fruit bowls, some dress hems, etc.) \ss estar en zig-zag (p. ej., una línea dibujada, la orilla de ciertos fruteros, el dobladillo de algunas faldas, etc.) \xrb tsikil \nse Both <na>tsi:tsikiltik</na> and <nla>tsi:tsikiltsi:n</nla> refer to zig-zag patterns. However, the diminutive form indicates a more closed pattern, with the lines closer together. Consultants indicated that <na>tsi:tsikiltiktsi:n</na> is also correct, though less common. However, I do not remember hearing it in natural discourse. In Oapan <no>tsi:tsikiltik</no> is used to refer to clothes with a zig-zag edge. If the zig-zag is on lace <no>tsi:tsikiltsi:h</no> is used. A ceramic fruit bowl, like those sold in Oapan, is referred to as <nlo>te:ntsi:tsikiltik</nlo>. \ilustmp Illustrate. See illustration on original 3x5 card. \vl Check vowel length of first syllable; check whether /tsitsikiliwi/, /tsitsikiltik/ with short first vowel exists. \grm Adjectivals in /-tik/; diminutives. Note that the diminutive of adjectivals ending in /-tik/ appears to involve simply the replacing of /-tik/ with /-tsi:n/. Thus one has /tsi:tsikiltik/ and /tsi:tsikiltsi:n/. \ref 02070 \lxa te:kwa:nxiwtli \lxac te:kwa:nxiwtli \lxo te:kwa:nxihtli \lxoc te:kwa:nxihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of plant as yet unidentified \ss tipo de planta hasta ahora no identificada \pna Te:kwa:nxiwtli | Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n. \pea <na>Te:kwa:nxiwtli</na> : It will sting you like a <nba>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nba>. \psa <na>Te:kwa:nxiwtli</na> : Te va a picar como un <nba>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nba>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kwa \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \ref 02071 \lxa itika:xowa \lxac nitika:xowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; Compl \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to sink or pull in ones stomach or midsection \ssa (refl.) sumirse el estómago o barriga \pna Xmitika:xo! \pea Suck in your gut! \psa ¡Súmete la barriga! \syno ítiko:pa:xówa \xrb hti \xrb ka:x \ref 02072 \lxa kwa:tsonawatl \lxac kwa:tsonawatl \lxo kwa:tsónawátl \lxoc kwa:tsónawátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se scalp disease in which a person's hair falls out in a round, expanding area (ringworm?) \ss enfermedad del cabello en que se le va cayendo el pelo en un círculo redondo y expandiendo (tiña?) \sem disease \synao kwa:tenextli \xrb kwa: \xrb tson \xrb ahwa-2- \qry Check Oapan and San Juan cognates for probable presence of /h/; cf. in Karttunen /ahhuayowa/ 'to have an itch'. In the meantime I have recorded the root as /ahwa/. Also determine proper name of the disease, which I have temporarily given as ringworm. \ref 02073 \lxa tlakwahli \lxac tlakwahli \lxo tlakwahli \lxoc tlakwahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se food \ss comida \se (fig.) bites (of insects) \ss (fig.) piquetes (de insectos) \pna Nochi tlakwahli mokxi. \pea Your leg is all bites. \psa Tu pierna es puros piquetes. \seo (<no>tlá:tlakwál</no>) favorite dish of (sb) \sso (<no>tlá:tlakwáli</no>) el antojito de (algn) \cfa tlakukwahli \cfo tlá:kwahlí \xrb kwa \qry Cristino Flores did not accept /nochi tlakwahli mokxi/ but rather /nochi mokxi i:tlakwal sa:yo:lin/. \ref 02074 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xtetla:katsi:n \lxoc i:xtetla:katsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \seo colored part (pupil and iris) of the eyes \sso parte de color (pupila e iris) del ojo \sem body \syna i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb tla:ka \nse In my notes for Ameyaltepec I have noted that this refers to the pupil, the black center of the eye. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) mentioned that Oapan <nlo>i:xtetla:katsi:n</nlo> refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. However, Roberto Mauricio stated that this term refers only to the pupil. \nae There is no reduplication in Oapan <no>i:xtetla:katsi:n</no>, whereas the Ameyaltepec cognate form does manifest reduplication. Note also that whereas the initial stem in Oapan is <no>i:xte-</no>, in Ameyaltepec it is <na>i:xte:n-</na> \qry I have noted that the reduplicated vowel is definitely long, although in one entry I had originally recorded it short. Nevertheless, note that in Oapan the /te:/ is long and there is no reduplication. Recheck Ameyaltepec. I originally had this as pupil, but FM stated that it refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. \vl Check to make sure no reduced reduplication on /te/. \ref 02075 \lxa tisi \lxac kitisi \lxo tisi \lxoc kitisi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-3a \se to lightly rub against (an object) \ss frotar contra ligeramente (un objeto) \pna O:kwa:ltistiah. \pea It came along rubbing lightly against it (e.g., a rope against the saddle of a burro, or water canteens and other objects against ropes to which they are tied) \psa Venía frotándose contra ello (p. ej., una soga contra la silla de un burro, o cantimploras u otros objetos contra un laso) \xrb tisi \dis techiki \qry Determine the exact context in which /tisi/ can be used with the sense of 'to lightly rub against' and check for the difference between /tisi/ so used and /techiki/. \ref 02076 \lxa kuwsa:watl \lxac kuwsa:watl \lxo kosa:watl \lxoc kosa:watl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for a type of tree, the <na>cazahuate</na>, that includes two types: <nba>kuhsa:watl</nba> and <nba>tenexkuhsa:watl</nba> \ss nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el <na>cazahuate</na>, que incluye dos tipos: <nba>kuhsa:watl</nba> y <nba>tenexkuhsa:watl</nba> \se specific type of <na>cazahuate</na>, known simply as <nba>kuhsa:watl</nba> ; tree of the family Convolvulaceae and genus species <l>Ipomoea pauciflora</l> \ss tipo específico del cazahuate, conocido simplemente como <nba>kuhsa:watl</nba> ;árbol de la familia Convolvulaceae and genus species <l>Ipomoea pauciflora</l> \pna Kuwsa:watl | Xtlah serbi:rowa, san deke timopo:ktla:lili:s. Kana:wak ixiwyo. \pea <na>Kuwsa:watl</na> : It is not good for anything, except if you want to use it to emit smoke around yourself (e.g., to keep mosquitos away while one is sitting). Its leaves are thin. \psa <na>Kuwsa:watl</na> : No sirve para nada, solamente si quieres echarte humo (esto es, para ahuyentar a los mosquitos cuando uno estésentado). Sus hojas son delgadas. \sem plant \sem kohtli \cfo te:ko:ntlapa:na \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \cpl According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of <no>kosa:watl</no> very similar in appearance and both called by the same name, with no distinguishing clause. One is found in Oapan and the other near Ameyaltepec, with the latter having slightly thicker leaves than the former. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>cuasahuate</na>, as does Ramírez (1991), who identifies it as of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Ipomoea murucoides</i>. Schoenhals (1988) under the name cazahuate mentions:"(<i>Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides</i>) 'morning-glory tree' See palo blanco."Under this entry, she states:"(<i>Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides</i>) 'morning-glory tree' The same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto, palo santo. 2. (<i>Acacia willardiana</i>) '[type of] acacia' Tree has thin, white bark and a hard wood. Found in the coastal mountains of Sonora. 3. (<i>Maytenus phyllantoides</i>) 'Florida mayten' See mangle dulce. 4. (<i>Roseondendron donnell-smithii</i>) 'spring bellos.' See primavera. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have two trees that are relevant, both of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. The first (p. 173) is <i>Ipomoea arborescens</i>, known in Spanish by the names of <spn>sacamanteca</spn> or <i>cazahuate</i>. The second (p. 174) is the <i>Ipomoea wolvottiana</i>, known in Spanish as <spn>cazahuate</spn>. According to Lupe Domínguez, the <no>kohsa:watl</no> is considered to <nbo>te:ko:ntlapa:na</nbo> because if one grabs its flowers when they have just come into bloom, <no>tiko:ntlapa:nis</no>. However, she did not consider <no>te:ko:ntlapa:na</no> itself to be the name of a plant. \qry Check last name of Lupe, wife of Victorico Jimenez. \nct kohsa:watl; tenexkohsa:watl \nct kohtli; kohsa:watl \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check for the presence of /h/ in the Oapan version, i.e., the possibility that the spelling is /kohsa:watl/. I originally had this without /h/ but have since changed it without checking the recording. \ref 02077 \lxa xkaman \lxac xkaman \lxo xkaman \lxoa xkamah \lxoc xkaman \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se never \ss nunca \pna Xoh kaman wi:ts. \pea He will never come again. \psa Nunca jamás vendrá. \pna U:mpa xniá:s kaman, ke:n weka. -=Umpa xkaman niá:s, ke:n weka.- \pea I will never go there, it's too far away. \psa Nunca voy a ir allá, es demasiado lejos. \cfao kaman \xrb kaman \nae <nao>Kaman</nao> is almost found in the negative, although the clitic <n>x=</n> may (rarely) be placed before a the verbal head of the phrase, with the adverbial <na>kaman</na> afterward (e.g., <na>Xniá:s kaman</na>). However, although the negative clitic is at the left end of the verbal predicate, the predicate modifier <nao>kaman</nao> can be pre- or postverbal (with the former apparently more common). Thus one can also have both <na>xkaman niá:s</na> or, in a marked form <na>niá:s xkaman</na>. Nevertheless, the preverbal position is more common and one is much more likely to find <na>xkaman nihkwa nakatl</na> than <na>xnihkwa nakatl kaman</na>. \qry Check possible difference in meaning/emphasis between /ompa xniá:s kaman/ and /ompa xkaman niá:s/. Check whether one can say both /xkaman niaw/"I never go"and /xniaw kaman/. It appears that the future form with /kaman/ at the end and the negative with the verb is the more common syntax. Check vowel length; cf. to /ke:mman/ in other dialects. \grm The lexeme <na>kaman</na> is only found in the negative, although the clitic <na>x</na> may be placed before a the verbal head of the phrase, with the adverbial <na>kaman</na> afterward. However, in general this syntax seems limited, and one is much more likely to find <na>xkaman nihkwa nakatl</na> that <na>xnihkwa nakatl kaman</na>. \ref 02078 \lxa chika:hka:no:tsa \lxac kichika:hka:no:tsa \lxo chika:hka:no:tsa \lxoc kichika:hka:no:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to talk to in a loud voice (sometimes for being somewhat annoyed) \ss hablar a en una voz alta (y a veces algo molesto) \pna Kichika:hka:no:tsa, ye kwala:ni. \pea He speaks to him in a loud tone of voice, he is getting mad. \psa Le habla algo molesto y en voz muy alta, ya se enoja. \cfao yema:nka:no:tsa \xrb chika: \xrb no:tsa \ref 02079 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:kanahtik \lxoc chi:kanahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to be very thin (e.g., a cloth, flat things whose"thickness"can be measured or judged) \sso ser muy delgado (p. ej., una tela, cosas planas que tienen grosor) \syna tekanaktik \syno tekanahtik \xrb chi: \xrb kana: \nae The close relationship between <n>te-</n> and <n>chi:-</n> as affixal intensifiers is demonstrated by similarity in meaning between the two terms, Ameyaltepec <na>tekanaktik</na> and Oapan <no>chi:kanahtik</no>. \qry Whether or not /tekanaktik/ exists in Oapan needs to be checked, likewise /chi:kanahtik/ in Ameyaltepec. Note that in general the position of /te-/ is obligatory with forms such as /tekanaktik/ (cf. kana:wak), /tetomaktik/ (cf. toma:wak), etc. \ref 02080 \lxa matekia \lxac kimatekia \lxo mátekía \lxop matekia \lxof ['ma te 'ki ya] \lxoc kimátekía \dt 25/May/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to pour water over the hands of (so that they may wash them) \ss echarle o verterle agua a las manos de (para que las lave) \pna Xne:chmateki, ye titlakwa:skeh. \pea Pour water over my hands so that I may wash them, we're about to eat. \psa Viérteme agua sobra las manos para que las puedo lavar, ya vamos a comer. \se (refl.) to wash ones hands \ss (refl.) lavarse las manos \pna Xmomateki! \pea Wash your hands! \psa ¡Lávate las manos! \xrb mah \xrb teki \nse Although <na>matekia</na> would seem to be related to <na>a:</na> 'water' and <na>te:ka</na> 'to pour' (cf. <na>kwa:te:kia</na> 'to baptize'), the form as noted has both a short /a/ and short /e/. If this were to hold up under analysis, then the etymology of <na>matekia</na> would be problematical. FK notes under <n>mahtequia</n> "C[arochi] contrasts this with the imperfect form of <n>ma:tequ(i)</n> 'to cut one's hand.' This would seem to be from <n>ma:(i)-tl</n> 'hand and <n>a:te:quia:</n> 'to sprinkle water on something,' but the vowel length pattern is completely wrong. Even deriving it with <n>mah</n> the alternative stem of <n>ma:(i)-tl</n> and <n>te:quia:</n> 'to sprinkel something,' there remains a discrepancy. X[alitla] has <n>ma:</n> for <n>mah</n>. Apparently in Oapan it is more common to use <no>ma:pa:ka</no> although this should be checked. \qry Check length of /e/. Check neighboring dialects for /h/ after /a/. \vl Check vl in both dialects. \ref 02081 \lxa ma:temetsakia \lxac kima:temetsakia \lxo ma:temetsakia \lxof [ma: te me tsa 'ki a] \lxoc kima:temetsakia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to pound with ones fist on the arm of \ss golpear con el puño el brazo de \fla temetsakia \xrb ma: \xrb temets \xrb ak \qry Recheck length of penultimate /a/. Check whether forms such as /temetsakia/, /ma:metsakia/, etc. exist. \ref 02082 \lxa ka:ldoh \lxac ka:ldoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan caldo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea clear soup (particularly made of chicken stock) \ssa caldo \sem food \syno chi:la:tl \ref 02083 \lxa ma:a:la:wi \lxac ma:a:la:wi \lxo ma:a:la:wi \lxoc ma:a:la:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape ones arm or hand \ss rasparse el brazo o la mano \pna O:nima:aga:la:w. \pea I scraped my arm (in various places, e.g., in falling). \psa Se me raspó el brazo (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme). \flao a:la:wi \xrb ma: \xrb a:la: \vl Check for glottal stop in Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of /ma:a:la:wi/. Also check for /g/ in Am between stem and reduplicant. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that here and elsewhere Inocencio Jimenez seems to insert a glottal stop or pause between the IN and the V [ma:? a:la:wi]. This should be checked. \grm Ameyaltepec phonology: in /o:nima:aga:la:w/ note that there is a voiced stop, [g] between the reduplicant and verb stem. This should be confirmed and if it is present, the contexts in which 0>g occurs should be established. \ref 02084 \lxa yo:li:k \lxac yo:li:k \lxo yo:li:k \lxoc yo:li:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \pss TM; PM \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans;-Trans \infv pl. <nao>yo:li:kmeh</nao>, <na>yo:likeh</na> \se (as adjective) to be slow \ss (como adjectivo) ser lento \pna Yo:li:kmeh, ke:n sasa:lmeh. \pea They take their time about it, they are slowpokes. \psa Toman su tiempo, son lentones. \seao (as predicate modifier) slowly \ssao (como modificador de un predicado) despacio \pna Yo:li:k xyatiw! \pea Go along slowly! \psa ¡Ve yendo despacio! \pna Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok. \pea My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's already tired. \psa Mi burro he hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se cansó. \se (as predicate modifier) quietly; at a low volume \ss (como modificador de un predicado) bajito; a un volumen bajo \pna Yo:li:k xtlatsotsona, ma:ka chika:wak! \pea Play it softly, not loudly! \psa ¡Tócalo despacito, no fuerte! \pna Yo:li:k tlatowa. \pea He speaks softly (or, 'he speaks slowly'). \psa Habla despacito (en cuanto a volumen o rapidez). \xrb yo:l \nse The utilization of <nao>yo:li:k</nao> to mean 'softly' or 'at a low volume' might be a calque from Spanish 'despacio,' which also has both meanings. \nae It is unclear what the best interpretation of the form <na>yo:li:k</na> is. One possibility is to analyze it as a deverbal adjectival, a participial form of the verb <nlao>yo:li</nlao>. Another would be to consider it a denominal adjective (as it has been coded above) along the lines of <nla>istá:k</nla>, <nla>yenkwik</nla>, etc. However, the problem with this interpretation is that no corresponding verbal forms have yet been documented in the corpus. \qry Note that originally for Am I had a short final /i/. This has been changed here but should be checked. \ref 02085 \lxa ma:tetepon \lxac ma:tetepon \lxo ma:tetepoh \lxoa ma:tetepon \lxoc ma:tetepoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to be one-armed (usually because one arm has been amputated) \ss ser manco (generalmente a causa de una amputación) \se to be short-sleeved (a shirt) \ss ser de manga corta (una camisa) \pna Tine:cha:lkwi:li:s notlake:n de ma:tetepon. \pea You will bring me my short-sleeved shirt. \psa Me vas a traer mi camisa de manga corta. \xrb ma: \xrb tepon \fl tetepon \ref 02086 \lxa molo:naltia \lxac kimolo:naltia \lxo molo:naltia \lxoc kimolo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \seao to let rot and get fetid (particularly meat) \ssao dejar que se eche a perder y agarre un mal olor (en particular la carne) \pna Xniman o:hte:tek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw. \pea You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad. \psa No cortaste esa carne luego luego. Dejaste que empezara a pudrir, se echó a perder. \cfa momolo:naltia \flao molo:nia \xrb molo: \xvbao molo:nia \qry Check whether in ref. to cotton, etc. only the reduplicated form with a long vowel is used. Also, determine what the precise action is. Check for use and meaning of /molo:ni/ and whether ?molonia exists. Apparently this might be in error and the form /momolo:nia/ more correct. \grm Causative: /Xniman o:htetek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw/ 'You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad.' Here note how the causative assumes a 'let' semantics (cf. tlanemi:tia). The subject of /molo:naltia/ does not make the meat go bad, but allows this to occur. Note that the subject of the intransitive is not a potential agent. \ref 02087 \lxa xo:chia:pa:ntli \lxac xo:chia:pa:ntli \lxo xo:chiá:pá:ntli \lxoc xo:chiá:pá:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \pa yes \sea pattern of leaves (only of certain appropriate plants) that are placed as a bedding under the offering of <nla>yo:ltamalteh</nla> as part of the 'soul-raising ceremony known as <nla>tlakaka:walistli</nla> ; the <na>xo:chia:pantli</na> may be in various forms, depending upon the requisites of the ceremony; see <nlo>á:pá:ntlí</nlo>) \ssa arreglo de hojas (de solamente ciertas plantas) que se colocan como colchón abajo de la ofrenda de <nla>yo:ltamalteh</nla> que forman para de la ceremonia de 'levantamiento de sombra' que se conoce en náhuatl como <nla>tlakaka:walistli</nla> ; el <na>xo:chia:pantli</na> puede estar en varias formas dependiendo de los requisitos de la ceremonia; vé ase <no>á:pá:ntlí</no>) \seo garland of marigolds or <nbo>sásanmigé:ltsi:n</nbo> that are placed around the necks of saints (syn. Oa <no>á:pá:ntlí</no>) \sso guirnalda de sempoalxochitl o <nbo>sásanmigé:ltsi:n</nbo> que se colocan por los cuellos de los santos (sin. Oa <no>á:pá:ntlí</no>) \xrb xo:chi \xrb a: \xrb pa:n \ono tlakaka:walistli \qry Check the vowel length in the Oapan form. During the recording I heard a long vowel in /pa:n/. However, if it were long it should retain the pitch-accent. Thus even though I have heard it long, I have written short. Check. I have checked this with R. Mauricio and it appears to definitely have a long penult vowel that retains p-a. \mod In the def. for Ameyaltepec I have a reference at the end:"see <no>á:pantlí</no>. This originally was <nlo>... but I don't have a lexical entry for Oaá:pantlí. Hence I have changed this to <no>. Nevertheless, check this and either create appropriate entry or delete the xref here. \ref 02088 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /xtopa/ has been eliminated as a repete. The speech token from this present word (2088) should be tagged with number 4374. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02089 \lxa tlatlako:lkwi:lia \lxac kitlatlako:lkwi:lia \lxo tlátlako:lkwí:lia \lxop tlatlako:lkwi:lia \lxoc kitlátlako:lkwí:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \sea to mock (sb) for being unable to do sth \ssa burlarse de (algn) por no poder hacer algo \pna O:kwetskilih, o:kitlatlakolkwi:lih. \pea He laughed at him, he mocked him for something (e.g., a task or job) that he couldn't do. \psa Se riódeél, se burlódeél por algo (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo) que no pudo hacer. \pna Kitlatlako:lkwi:lia, kuwetskilia ke:n xweli. \pea He mocks him for not being able to do something, he laughs at how he can't do it. \psa Se burla deél por no poder hacer algo, se rí e de comoél no lo puede hacer. \seao to take the sin of (e.g., if one murders sb who has himself murdered another, then the first person will suffer the sin in Hell while the other will be absolved; see <nlo>chipawi:lo</nlo>) \ssao cargarse con el pecado de (p. ej., si una persona mata a algn que ha matado, el primero se carga con el pecado y va al infierno a sufrir mientras que la otra, que primero mató, se absuelve; vé ase <nlo>chipawi:lo</nlo>. \xrb htlako \nse <na>Tlatlako:lkwi:lia</na> refers to the action of mocking someone who is attempting to do something that he can't do well such as dancing, painting, or other activities involving skill. \nae It would seem that <na>tlatlako:lwilia</na> would be an applicative of the transitive verb ? <na>tlatlako:lwia</na>. However, this latter has not been yet been documented in any of the sources used. \qry Note that in one filecard I had written /tlatlakolwilia/. This might be in error as another filecard had /tlatlako:lkwi:lia/ with the same meaning. This should be checked and corrected. Cf. also the entry for /wetskilia/ where one of the above phrases is entered. Check whether /tlatlako:lwia/ is a word, in either dialect. \ref 02090 \lxa sie:mpreh \lxac sie:mpreh \lxo sie:mpre \lxoc sie:mpre \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan siempre \psm Modal \der Modal \se in any case; after all; in the end; after all is said and done \ss en todo caso; después de todo; a fin de cuentas \pna Sie:mpreh tiá:s. \pea In any case, you'll wind up going. \psa En todo caso, vas a ir. \pna Sie:mpreh se:se:wa. \pea After all is said and done, it is still cold. \psa Después de todo, hace algo de frío. \nse The Spanish loan <na>sie:mpreh</na> is not used in the sense of 'always' but rather to indicate that 'in the final analysis' something is bound to occur, a certain state is deemed to exist, etc. Thus it suggests a speaker's evaluation of the probability that an event will occur or that, after much debate, a certain state exists. \qry Check for glottal stop; originally I had Am with final /h/; this should be checked. Apparently Oa has glottal stop. \vl Chech the final glottal stop (phonetic) in Oapan [sie:mpre]. Also, do the same in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02091 \lxa tlamemekawia \lxac tlamemekawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sem tool \sea to use a string or cord to set a snare trap (for birds, e.g., in a field where sesame has been cut and birds alight to feed) \ssa utilizar un mecate para tender una trampa (para atrapar pajaritos, p. ej., en un campo donde se ha cortado anjolin y donde los pájaros van a comer) \pna O:nitlamemekawi:to. \pea I went to set traps with a string. \psa Fue a tender trampas con un mecate. \syno tlá:maná \xrb me:ka \ono hunting \nse The verb <na>mekawia</na> refers to setting a"trigger"trap, which consists of a noose set on the ground for trapping birds who are caught by tripping a cord. \nae Although <na>tlamemekawia</na> would suggest a form <na>memekawia</na> or <na>mekawia</na> that would take specific object markers, neither of these has been yet documented. Note that although it is possible that an unreduplicated form exists ? <na>tlamekawia</na>, this too has not been documented. \nde An unreduplicated form with specific objects is documented in Classical. Molina has under <n>mecauia. nitla</n> 'caçar fieras con lazos, o ligar algo con cordeles.' \qry Determine whether specific object can be used. Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most used. It appears that in the above the reduplicated form was used because in the situation of utterence various traps were being set. I have only heard this used in reduplicated form; check for the possibility of a nonreduplicated form. Also check the possibility of a form without /tla-/, e.g., /mekawia/, etc. \mod Illustrate. Give a description of the various types of traps and hunting/fishing that occurs. Add illustration of how these traps are set. \ref 02092 \lxa tla:lte:mia \lxac kitla:lte:mia \lxo tla:lte:mia \lxoc kitla:lte:mia \dt 25/May/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to cover with a thin layer of dirt (either on purpose or accidentally); to place dirt on, around, or in \ss cubrir con una delgada capa de tierra (a propósito o por casualidad); colocar tierra alrededor, sobre o en \pna A:man x'tla:lte:mi, dya xtetso:tsona para ma tepi:tsiwi! \pea Now cover it with earth, and then pound it with something heavy so that it (the ground) becomes hard! \psa ¡Ahora cúbrele con tierra y después golpé alo con algo pesado para que se macice (la tierra)! \pna X'tla:lte:mi! Ma tili:ni, ma:ka wetsis. \pea Fill it with earth (in this case the space around a post being placed in the ground)! Let it get firmly held in place so that it doesn't fall over! \psa ¡échale tierra (en este caso alrededor de un horcón recién metido en la tierra)!¡Quése quede apretado para que no caiga! \pna Xtla:lte:mitiw kwahli! \pea Go along covering it nicely with dirt (e.g., while planting, to go along pushing dirt with ones feet to cover the seeds dropped on the ground)! \psa Ve tapándolo con tierra (p. ej., al estar sembrando, ir empujando tierra con los pies para cubrir las semillas que uno va dejando caer al sembar). \se to throw dirt on (e.g., a person one is angry with) \ss echarle tierra a (p. ej., una persona con quien se está peleando) \pna Ma:ka xne:xtla:lte:mi! Newa xtlah timitschi:wilia. \pea Don't throw earth on me! I don't do anything to you. \psa ¡No me eches tierra (p. ej., sobre el cuerpo, en la cara, etc.)! No te hago nada. \xrb tla:l \xrb te:m \xvaa tla:lte:milia \nae The valency of <na>tla:lte:mia</na> (and <nla>tla:lte:milia</nla>) presents an interesting problem. Clearly <na>tla:lte:mia</na> is transitive, taking a subject and object marked on the verb. It also has an incorporated noun. If this incorporated noun had"saturated"the verb, taking up an argument slot, then <na>te:mia</na>, which has not been independently documented in the sources for this dictionary, would have to be basically ditransitive. If the incorporated noun root <na>tla:l</na> is"modifying,"then <na>te:mia</na> would be transitive. This question is discussed to a greater extent in the grammar. Cf. <nla>tla:lka:wia</nla> and <nla>a:te:kia</nla>. \qry Check for other verbs ending with te:mia, e.g., xa:lte:mia. \ref 02093 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was repeated and has since been removed. \dt 29/Jan/2002 \ref 02094 \lxa tlampwe:rtah \lxac tlampwe:rtah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>puerta</spn> \psm Adj(ap) \der N-loan \sea to be missing ones front teeth, particularly the upper front teeth \ssa faltarle los dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba, a (algn [S]) \syno tlantra:nkah \syno tlantrá:nkatík \xrb tlan \ref 02095 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be kwa:wawa:tsa, but this has been deleted and /kwa:wawatsa/ considered a secondary or alternative pronunciation of /kwa:uwa:tsa/ in Ameyaltepec. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02096 \lxa tlapalo:ma:ma \lxac kitlapalo:ma:ma \lxo tlapalo:ma:ma \lxoc kitlapalo:ma:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seo to carry (e.g., a young child) behind ones back, horizontally and half-way down the back (or on the shoulders) \sso cargar (p. ej., un niño) por la espalda y horizontalmente, a la mitad del cuerpo (o por los hombros) \sem sex \xrb tlapalo: \xrb ma:ma \nse My notes for this verb, taken from conversations with male consultants, indicate that the sexual relations are often not with the full consent of the woman. This is not clear, but may refer to the position, which most men consider to be somewhat"aggressive." \nae Etymologically <nao>tlapalo:ma:ma</nao> is derived from a modifying incorporated stem and a verb, <nlao>ma:ma</nlao>. The grammatical category of <nr>tlapal</nr>, however, is not clear. It does not fall neatly into the nominal or adjectival categories. \qry Check meaning of this term; also check the meaning of /ma:ma/, which I believe also can involve sexual activity though this signification is not now listed under /ma:ma/. I have deleted this sense. '(vulg.) to have sexual intercourse with (a woman [O]) horizontally and from behind)' \ilustmp Ilustrate this. Perhaps a page of all the things that can be done sideways. \ref 02097 \lxa a:xi:xtekomatl \lxac a:xi:xtekomatl \lxo a:xi:xtekomatl \lxoc a:xi:xtekomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se bladder \ss vejiga \sem body \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb tekoma \qry Reconfirm that the unpossessed also exists. This would seem to be the case given that in elicitation for the Oapan form I believe that the unpossessed form was given. \vl Check length of final /o/ and check whether unpossessed form also exists. \ref 02098 \lxa i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi \lxac i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones eyelids to droop; to have bags under ones eyes \ssa tener ojeras \pna Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw ika nikochisneki. \pea My eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy. \psa Tengo ojeras porque tengo sueño. \syno i:xté:xo:pi:liwi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ko: \xrb pi:l \nae Oapan has a cognate form <no>i:xté:xo:pi:liwi</no> \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form and its possible use. Also, in original notecard /e/ was recorded short: this should be checked. Finally, check etymology, particularly whether /ko:/ should be a separate root. \grm /Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw i:ka nikochisneki/ 'my eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy' Note the use of /i:ka/ with adverbial phrase, giving the cause of the \ref 02099 \lxa ye:ktli \lxac ye:ktli \lxo ye:htli \lxoc ye:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(at) \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \se sth good; sth well made \ss algo bueno; algo bien hecho \se to be good looking (a man or a woman, an animal, etc.) \ss ser bien puesto o puesta (un hombre o una mujer, an animal, etc.) \pna Ye:ktli un suwa:tl. \pea That's a good-looking woman. \psa Es una mujer bien puesta. \sea see <nla>xye:ktli</nla> (Oapan synonym <nlo>xkwahli</nlo>) \ssa vé ase <nla>xye:ktli</nla> (sinónimo de Oapan <nlo>xkwahli</nlo>) \xrb ye:k \nse In Oapan <no>ye:htli</no> is rarely used and when it is, almost always by groups of men (as Florencia Marcelino said: <no>nolo:kama:wah</no>) to refer to young women. \ref 02100 \lxa tlapayawi \lxac tlapayawi \lxo tlapayawi \lxoc tlapayawi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to drizzle \ssao lloviznar \pna Xsan tlachi:chipi:ni. Tlapayawi. \pea It's not that just a few drops of water are falling. It's drizzling. \psa No es que solamente se están cayendo unas gotas de agua. Estálloviznando. \sem weather \xrb tlapa \xrb yawi \ref 02101 \lxa kalaki \lxac kalaki \lxo kalaki \lxoc kalaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to enter (an animate being, able to act under its own volition, into a closed space, or an object that goes into a recepticle or container, such as a coin in a piggy bank) \ss entrar; pasar a (un ser animado, capaz de actuar por su propia cuenta, que entra a un espacio como un cuarto, o un objeto que se mete dentro de un recipiente) \pna I:kochipan kakalakisnekiya. \pea He repeatedly tried to get in (in this case a man into a woman's hut) while she was sleeping. \psa Quería entrar cuando estaba durmiendo (en este caso un hombre que trataba de entrar donde una mujer está durmiendo) \se to set or go beneath the horizon (the sun or moon, or stars during the course of the night) \ss ponerse o meterse abajo del horizonte (el sol o la luna, o estrellas que se meten abajo del horizonte durante la noche) \pna I kalakis to:nahli \pea The sun is about to set. \psa El sol ya se va a poner. \se (often with <na>ika</na> or <no>ya</no>) to contribute (e.g., money to a collection) to participate (e.g., with work in a joint effort, etc.) \ss (a menudo con <na>ika</na> or <no>ya</no>) contribuir (p. ej., dinero a una colección); participar (p. ej., con trabajo en un esfuerzo conjunto o comunal) \pna Nikalakis ika tomi:n. \pea I'm going to contribute with money. \psa Voy a entrarle con dinero. \pna Tika:kalakiskeh ika tomi:n. \pea Each of us is going to contribute money, one after the other. \psa Cada uno de nosotros va a contribuir con dinero, uno tras otro. \se to begin a task or job (particularly a cargo, or obligatory community service) \ss empezar un trabajo o comenzar una tarea (particularmente, entrar en un cargo, un trabajo obligatorio de la comunidad) \pna De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis. \pea There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (in this case his <spn>cargo</spn> as juez) or he won't. \psa Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo (en este caso el cargo de comisario del pueblo), o no lo acepta. \seo (<n>-tlak</n> ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Am <nlo>ki:sa</nlo>) \sso (<n>-tlak</n> ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; vé ase Am <nlo>ki:sa</nlo>) \pno Notlak o:kalak. \peo It affected me causing delirium (a scorpion bite). \pso Se me trabó(el piquete de un alacrán). \sem motion \cola kochia:n \cola -tech \colo -tlak \xrb kalak \xvca kalaktia \xvco kalahtia \xvao kalakilia \xvcapa kalaktilia \xvcapo kalahtilia \qry Recheck correctness of /ika/ and /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis/. Perhpas /de o:me unkah, kalakis, noso xkalakis/. Check. Check to see if only a scorpion bite can cause /motlak kalaki/; add same information to Am /motech ki:sa/, under /ki:sa/. \mod Note use of /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah/ also note use of /ika/. Place under both. \rt Perhaps historically the root /kalaki/ is related to both /kal/ and /aki/. \ref 02102 \lxa kwa:istaluwitla \lxac kikwa:istaluwitla \lxo kwa:istalwí:witlá \lxop kwa:istalwí:witla \lxoc kikwa:istalwí:witlá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se to pull out the grey or white hairs of \ss arrancarle los canos de la cabeza a \pna Xne:chkwa:istaluwitla! \pea Pull out my grey hairs! \psa ¡Arráncame los canos! \cfo tlawí:witláke:tl \xrb kwa: \xrb sta \xrb witla \sj kwa:istalwiwitla. Check for /h/ after reduplicant. \vl Check vl of the Oapan form. I would have expected reduction of the reduplicant and lengthening of the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem /kwa:istal/. It may be that the final /a/ of /kwa:istal/ should be long, this would explain the lack of reduction. Or it may be that the reduplicant (the first /wi/ of /wiwitla/) is long (i.e., wi:witla). Note that in other Oapan entries with /wiwitla/ there is no reduction (e.g., /tlawíwitlaké:tl/) there is no reduction; and in some (e.g., /kiwiwitla/) there is no pitch-accent. These entries should be checked, but the absence of reduction and p-a might be due to the lexicalization of the reduplicated form (even though apparently nonreduplicated examples, e.g, /witla/, do exist). This verb is somewhat problematical for p-a and it should be extensively discussed. Check all instances of /witla/ as my notation is not consistent. \ref 02103 \lxa tsonto:ka \lxac kitsonto:ka \lxo tsonto:ka \lxoc kitsonto:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to point downward; to make (sth) point downward \ss apuntar o hacia abajo \se (refl.) to be with ones head bowed down \ss (refl.) estar cabizabajo \pna Xmee:kchi:wa, ma:ka san xmotsotsonto:ka! \pea Look alive, don't just be there with your head bowed over! \psa ¡Anímate, no estés nada más con la cabeza agachada! \se (refl.) to dive down headfirst (a bird diving for its prey, a plane in a dive, a firework that heads to earth, etc.) \ss (refl.) clavarse de cabeza hacia abajo (una ave buscando su presa, un avión que se desciende en picada, un cohete que se tira hacia abajo, etc.) \xrb tson \xrb to:ka \vl There is an extra token, /notsonto:ka/ at 4558. \qry I originally had this, rejected by C. Flores /O:timotsonto:kak i:tik a:tl./ You dove headfirst down into the water (i.e., while already in the water). \ref 02104 \lxa cholwia \lxac kicholwia \lxo cholwia \lxof [chol 'wi ya] \lxoc kicholwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take quick leave of; to run off to avoid seeing (e.g., in seeing that sb is coming to visit) \ss de repente salir de la companía de; despedirse rápidamente de (algn); huir (al ver a algn acercarse, para evitar hablar conél) \pna O:tikincholwih. Inwa:n timonono:stoya wa:n o:tikinka:wte:w. \pea You took sudden leave of them. You were carrying on a conversation with them and then you got up and left them behind. \psa Saliste rápido de su companía. Estabas hablando con ellos y de repente te paraste y los dejaste al salir. \xrb cholo \nae This is an applicative of the intransitive verb <nao>cholowa</nao>, manifesting the metathesis that Canger (1980) describes. \grm Apparently this is an applicative of an intransitive, with the metathesis described by Canger. Check if the conditions for such metathesis are filled. \ref 02105 \lxa tepexiwia \lxac notepexiwia \lxo tepexiwia \lxof [te pe xi 'wi ya] \lxoc notepexiwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to fall down a steep slope \ss (refl.) desbarancarse; caerse por una cuesta muy inclinada \pna O:notepexiwih nowa:kax. \pea My head of cattle (e.g., a cow, bull, steer, etc.) fell down a hill. \psa Mi ganado se desbarrancó. \fla osto:wia \xrb tepexi \nae The lack of pitch accent in Oapan suggests the absence of an internal {h}. The San Juan Tetelcingo dialect should be checked since underlying {h} is there retained in most cases. FK remarks for this verb:"This is abundantly attested in T[etelcingo, Morelos], where the internal glottal stop is missing. B[ancroft] has a single attestation with the glottal stop (f. 1v). The high frequency in T is due to compounding with many possible locations, <n>cuauhtepehxihuia:</n> 'to hurl something down from a tree,' <n>tlapechtepehxihuia:</n> 'to knock someone out of bed,' etc."Note that FK inserts an {h} in these two forms even though none is present in the original source. North Puebla Nahuatl has an /h/: <n>quitepehxihuiya</n>. \dis tepe:xiwia; osto:wia \qry Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be explored. Check presence of glottal stop and vowel lenght in this word, /tepexiwia/. Also, as with /osto:wia/, make sure that only the reflexive is used. Probably this is not the case, but examples should be obtained of non-reflexive use. Finally, confirm the difference between /osto:wia/ and /tepexiwia/ as I have noted in the former entry. Check for noun form /tepe(h)xitl/. Check for nonreflexive use of this verb. \sj Check for /h/. \vl Check for p-a in Oapan. In other dialects one finds \ref 02106 \lxa tlakotsi:n \lxac tlakotsi:n \lxo tlákotsí:n \lxoa tlákotsí:h \lxoc tlákotsí:h \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se half; portion, piece, or part (of approximately one-half the total item or size) \ss mitad; porción o sección (de aproximadamente la mitad de todo el objeto) \xrb tlahko \nae The use of <n>tsi:n</n> in a nominalized construction is clear here. However, more research should be conducted on the range of possible syntactic uses of <na>tlakotsi:n</na>. Cf. the entry under <nlao>tlákó</nlao> \ref 02107 \lxa xihki \lxac xihki \lxo xki \lxoa xkíi:n \lxoc xki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \pa yes \se not in this manner; not that way \ss no así; no de esta manera \pna Xihki! Ma:ka hkó:n xikchi:wa! \pea Not that way! Don't do it that way! \psa ¡Asíno!¡No lo hagas así! \pna Xihki ke:n o:nchi:w! \pea The way I did it (e.g., made sth) is not the right way! \psa ¡La manera en que lo hice (p. ej., en fabricar algo) no es la correcta! \cfa ihki \xrb iw \mod Recheck Oapan form. Originally I had this as /xihki/ but several people have corrected this to simply /xkí/ with the observation that /xihki/ is not from Oapan but, perhaps, an Ameyaltepec word. However, check the recorded sound token. \vl Recheck final stress in Oapan, i.e., where stress falls on this word. \ref 02108 \lxa ista:k xo:chitl \lxac ista:k xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea white flower (of any plant) \ssa flor blanca (de cualquierárbol) \xrb ista \xrb xo:chi \cpl This tree is not in Ramírez (1991). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as a flower by the name of <spn>flor blanca</spn>. Although 4 trees in Guizar and Sánchez have 'blanco' in their name, none is readily identifiable as the <na>ista:kxo:chitl</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 02109 \lxa i:xmana \lxac ki:xmana \lxo i:xmana \lxoc ki:xmana \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to smooth or level the surface of; to plane \ss nivelar o poner lisa la superficie de; aplanar \pna O:ntewitso:ltih nokube:tah. Xo:niki:xman. \pea I piled my bucket high (e.g. with maize, <nla>nixtamahli</nla>, etc., leading to the formation of a small mound in the center), I didn't level it off at the rim. \psa Copeteémi cubeta (p. ej., con maíz, nixtamal, masa, etc., dejando un montículo en medio). No la nivelépara que estuviera plana con la orilla. \pna Tlai:xmana. \pea He is smoothing over the surface (of something that is uneven, often by running ones hands in small circles, smoothing out sth such as a dirt floor). \psa Está aplanando la superficie (de algo, a menudo al mover la mano en círculos chiquitos para alisar algo, como un piso de tierra). \pna Xki:xmana! Ma:ka ihkón witsiwtok! \pea Level it off! Don't let it be piled up like that (e.g., a bucket of maize, a <spn>cuartillo</spn> being measured, etc.)! \psa ¡Pónlo nivelado!¡Quéno estécopeteado así(p. ej. una cubeta de maíz, un cuartillo de algo medido, etc.)! \xrb i:x \xrb man \xvcao i:xmani:ltia \dis i:xpetsowa \nde In Oapan at least, <nlo>i:xmaniltia</nlo> refer to smoothing down a measure of grain with ones hand; when on uses a wooden stick the word <nlo>i:xteki</nlo> is used. \qry Check in above sentence if /witsiwtok/ should be /witsiwto/ \mod Add entries /witsiwi/ and /(te)witso:ltia/; or check whether they should be added. \ref 02110 \lxa sepa \lxac sepa \lxo sápá \lxop sapa \lxoc sápá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \pa yes \se again \ss otra vez \pna Yo:kito:tokaya isuwa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh. Yo:wa:hlah icha:n. \pea He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again. She's come back to his home. \psa Había corrido a su esposa de la casa, pero ya otra vez la trajo. Ya vino (ella) a su casa. \pna Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. \pea When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly). \psa Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos). \pna Yo:pe:w i:xtoma:wi, sepa ye o:stli kas. \pea Her face has already started to fill out, perhaps she's pregnant once again. \psa Ya se le empezó a llenar la cara, quizás otra vez está embarazada. \cfa oksepa \xrb sek \xrb -pa \nse Apparently <na>sepa</na> is the same as, an apocopated form of, <na>oksepa</na>. \qry Check that /oksepa/ and /sepa/ are virtual equivalents. Check length of /e/ in /sepa/ as FK gives a long vowel (but also /seppa/). \vl There are four tokens of this word associated with entry 03577, which used to have /sápá/ in the /lxo field. \ref 02111 \lxa teskaltik \lxac teskaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be tightly woven or stiched, with the threads very close together \ssa estar tejido o cosido muy finamente; tener los hilos muy apretados \pna Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli. \pea It is tightly stiched, it is finely sewn. \psa El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido. \pna Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik. \pea You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together. \psa Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino. \xrb teskal \nde RS lists <n>tezcalli</n> as 'marmol.' He does not give the source for this word and gloss; it is not in the vocabularies of Molina or Olmos, nor is it apparently mentioned by Carochi. It may be that the adjectival meaning of Ameyaltepec <na>teskaltik</na> derives from the primary meaning 'marble' and refers to the glossiness of something tightly woven. \ref 02112 \lxa xi:lo:kakamatl \lxac xi:lo:kakamatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea (intrinsic possession) small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear \ssa (posesión intrínsica) jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal \pna Kipia ixi:lo:kakamayo. \pea It has its little ears of green corn located just below the fully formed cobs. \psa Tiene sus jilotes vanos ubicados justamente abajo de los elotes bien formados. \pna Xi:lo:kakamatl, xye:lo:ti. Unkah itik ito:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl. \pea A <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na>, it doesn't mature into a green ear of corn (i.e., a <nla>ye:lo:tl</nla>). [Rather], it is found inside the husk of an <spn>elote</spn>. \psa Un <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na>, no madura para convertirse en elote. [Al contrario] se encuentra dentro de las hojas de la mazorca. \sea (fig., rit.; poss. with <n>-w</n>) young tender daughter (so referred to during an Ameyaltepec bride-asking speech when her hand is being sought) \ssa (fig., rit.; pos. con <n>-w</n>) hija tierna y joven (asíllamada durante una petición Ameytepequeña de novia cuando se le pide al padre en matrimonio) \pna O:kontakeh moxi:lo:kakamaw. \pea Your young precious daughter has been noticed. \psa Se han fijado en tu hija tierna y preciosa. \sem plant \sem mi:hli \synao kakamatl \synao ye:lo:kakamatl \xrb xi:lo: \xrb kama \nae The possessive forms of <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na> illustrate an interesting aspect of Nahuatl possessive structures. First, when it refers to a part of the maize plant and the possessor is the entire plant, the <n>-yo</n> possessor construction is used, as is to be expected with part/whole relations of plants. However, when it refers to a figurative kinship relation among human (a daughter in relation to her father), the <n>-w</n> possessed marker is used. Second, although <n>-yo</n> is used to expressed the possessed relation between a maize plant and its small ear of corn when the word <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na> is used, when the simple terms <nla>xi:lo:tl</nla> and <nla>ye:lo:tl</nla> are used, only the <n>-w</n> possessed marker is employed (e.g., <na>ye kipia i:xi:lo:w</na>). The reason for this is not clear given that with words such as <na>iswatl</na>, the <n>-yo</n> possessed marker is used. \nct tlayo:hli \qry Note that here I have stated that the possessed form of /xi:lo:kakamatl/ is /i:xi:lo:kakamayo/. However, note that for /xi:lo:tl/ and /ye:lo:tl/, the possessed is with /-w/: /ixi:lo:w/ and /iye:lo:w/. All this needs to be checked. Cf. comments in /nae and /grm. \grm Possession: The possessive forms of <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na> illustrate an interesting aspect of Nahuatl possessive structures. First, when it refers to a part of the maize plant and the possessor is the entire plant, the <n>-yo</n> possessor construction is used, as is to be expected with part/whole relations of plants. However, when it refers to a figurative kinship relation among human (a daughter in relation to her father), the <n>-w</n> possessed marker is used. Second, although <n>-yo</n> is used to expressed the possessed relation between a maize plant and its small ear of corn when the word <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na> is used, when the simple terms <nla>xi:lo:tl</nla> and <nla>ye:lo:tl</nla> are used, only the <n>-w</n> possessed marker is employed (e.g., <na>ye kipia i:xi:lo:w</na>). The reason for this is not clear given that with words such as <na>iswatl</na>, the <n>-yo</n> possessed marker is used. \ref 02113 \lxa nowitike:tl \lxac nowitike:tl \lxo nówitíké:tl \lxop nowitike:tl \lxoc nówitíké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se passer-by, traveler; person who passes by or through a given place \ss caminante; persona que pasa por un lugar sin quedarse \pna O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl. O:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl. \pea I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield). He plucked off some green corn as he went by. \psa Me chingó un caminante (en este caso algn que pasópor mi milpa); arrancó unos elotes al pasar. \cfa owitia \xrb oh \nae <na>Nowitike:tl</na> is a nominalized form of <na>(o)witia</na>. The form * <na>nowitiki</na> does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface <no>wítiké:tl</no> here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the <no>wi</no> syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from <no>wi</no> to <no>ti</no> because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequence (i.e., <no>nówí-</no>). Or the middle accent is retained on <no>tí</no> because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to <no>wi</no> (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pi tch accen t on the initial syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., <nlo>te:máxtiké:tl</nlo>) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on <no>ti</no>. \qry I have one entry which gives simply /owitikeh/, rather than /nowitikeh/. This is probably in error. Check for acceptability of <na>nowitiki</na>. Check short /i/ before the causative. \grm Antipassive: /O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl/ 'I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by.' Note again, as in many other examples, how the nonspecific /tla-/ is used and then an oblique phrase introduces the object, that which was affected by the action of the verb. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note the form /nówitíké:tl/ in Oapan. Here the underlying form is {nohwitihke:tl}. If high p-a is on the nucleus with {h} coda, then there is no readjustment here: /nówitíké:tl/. <na>Nowitike:tl</na> is a nominalized form of <na>(o)witia</na>. The form * <na>nowitiki</na> does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface <no>wítiké:tl</no> here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the <no>wi</no> syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from <no>wi</no> to <no>ti</no> because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequen ce (i.e., <no>nówí-</no>). Or the middle accent is retained on <no>tí</no> because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to <no>wi</no> (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pitch accent on the initial syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., <nlo>te:máxtiké:tl</nlo>) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on <no>ti</no>. \sj Check this and similar words (e.g., /nowitia/) in SJ. \vl It will be very important to get the pitch-accent contour on the Oapan word since there are two p-a forming segments {nohwitihke:tl}. Check. \vl For #1534, since deleted, Florencia Marcelino gave two different pronunciations for this word. I believe that the one recorded was <no>nówítiké:tl</no> while the other was <no>nówitíke:tl</no>. However, this should be checked. If both are there, add to /lxoa field and /grm \grm Agentive; reflexive: Note that according to C. Flores the 1st person is /nimowitike:tl/ and the 2nd is /timowitike:tl/. NOTE WELL. \ref 02114 \lxa to:motlaxkahli \lxac to:motlaxkahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se type of large wild cactus as yet unidentified, like the nopal cactus but not edible, either its flesh nor its fruit \ss tipo de cactus hasta ahora no identificado, como el nopal pero no comestible, ni sus hojas ni su fruta. \equivo nó:chmatlapáhli \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb to:moh \xrb xka \encyctmp to:motli \cpl This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for food. (It may be a variety of this cactus so-called for not growing high off the ground.) For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Its fruit is eaten by the <na>tekoch</na> (i.e., woodpecker). \nct to:motli \mod Note that originally Florencia Marcelino identified the Ameyaltepec form /to:motlaxkahli/ as /tó:motlaxkáhli/, but this has since been corrected since this word in Oapan refers to the small variety. The large unedible cactus, like a nopal cactus, is /nó:chmatlapáhli/. Note also that at one time Asención Marcelo stated that the San Juan Tetelcingo word was /mahno:chtlapahli/. However, during fieldwork the form now listed in the headword was given. The correctness of the previous mahno:chtlapahli should be checked. \qry Confirme absence of /h/ in SJ form. \ref 02115 \lxa Dió:s ipiltsi:n \lxac Dió:s ipiltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea see <na>piltsi:n</na> \ssa vé ase <na>piltsi:n</na> \xrb pil \ref 02116 \lxa yeski:sa \lxac yeski:sa \lxo yeski:sa \lxoc yeski:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to bleed \ss sangrar \pna O:timoma:tlakokowilia ka:n o:timotek. Oksepa yo:pe:w yeski:sa. \pea You opened up a wound (that was healing) on your arm where you had cut yourself. Once again it's started to bleed. \psa Te abriste una herida (que estaba sanando) de tu brazo donde te habías cortado. Otra vez empezó a sangrar. \xrb es \xrb ki:sa \xvcao yeski:xtia \ref 02117 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /onkah/, which is now an alternate form of /unkah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02118 \lxa tepa:nyo:tia \lxac kitepa:nyo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to put or construct a ridge around the walls of a house (that previously had only posts and a roof) \ssa (ponerle un risco a una casa (donde la genge puede descansar) \pna Kitepa:nyo:titok ikal. \pea He is putting walls on his house. \psa Le está construyendo paredes para su casa. \cfo china:ntia \xrb te \xrb pa:m \nse As in other cases of verbalization with the ending <n>-yo:tia</n> the nominal stem is that without <n>-yo:tia</n> not simply without <n>-tia</n>. Thus the base form is <nla>tepa:ntli</nla> and not ? <n>tepa:nyo:tl</n>. \qry Check to see what the possessed form of /tepa:ntli/ is in a phrase such as 'the wall of your house' (/itepa:n mokal/ or /itepa:nyo mokal/)? \grm Verbalization; /-tia/ Note the formation /tepa:nyo:tia/ in which an inalienably possessed construction. Similar constructions are found in, for example, /a:yo:tia/ 'to make watery' in which /a:yo:tl/ does exist (meaning 'broth,' 'juice,' etc.). However, with /a:yo:tia/ I know for a fact that the construction /ia:yo/ exists 'its broth,' 'its caldo,' 'its juice,' etc. However, I am not certain whether /-tepa:nyo/ exists with a parallel meaning. \ref 02119 \lxa tsi:ntlawi:teki \lxac kitsi:ntlawi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-tla-V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <n>tsi:ntetlawi:teki</n> \infv class-3a(k) \sea to push causing to fall on the ground (e.g., a tree that has a rotten bottom and is pushed over and uprooted) \ssa empujar hasta tumbar al suelo (p. ej., unárbo que está podrido por las raíces y se puede tumbar sacudiéndolo y empujándolo) \xrb tsi:n \xrb wi:teki \nse This word can have a vulgar sexual connotation and is thus seldom used. \nae It is not entirely clear whether the second syllable <n>te</n> is part of the compound noun <n>tsi:ntetl</n> or the verbal intensifier of the same form, here before the verbal compound <na>tlawi:teki</na>. Note also that in <na>tlawi:teki</na> the <n>tla-</n> is the nonspecific object prefix incorporated as a modifying element; see <nla>tlawi:teki</nla>. \dis wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; tsi:ntetlawi:teki \qry Determine whether /tsi:ntetlawi:teki/ is used only in reference to having sexual relations on the ground, etc. I had originally had the definition of /tsi:ntetlawi:teki/ as 'to lay down flat on the ground (a woman on her back [O] in order to have sexual intercourse)' / 'acostar por la espalda en el suelo (un hombre [S] a una mujer [O] para tener relaciones sexuales)'. I have removed this; add to the censored section of the dictionary \ref 02120 \lxa tira:nteh \lxac tira:nteh \lxo tra:nteh \lxoc tra:nteh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan tirante \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se ridge beam (although slightly lower, directly on the wall, than ridge beams usually are): thick beams that are placed on the <na>sole:ras</na> or <na>kontrasole:ras</na> ; they cross the width of a house at a level near the top of the walls, which they serve to hold in, keeping them from leaning and falling outward \ss tirante (aunque algo más bajo, directamente sobre la pared, de donde generalmente se colocan los tirantes): vigas gruesas que se colocan sobre las soleras o contrasoleras; cruzan lo ancho de una casa a un nivel cerca del punto más alto de las pareded, que jalan para adentro, evitando que caigan hacia afuera \pna Kipia ye:i itira:nteh nokal. \pea My house has three crossbeams. \psa Mi casa tiene tres tirantes. \se (poss) the bone at the top of ones shoulder (on which burdens are born, hence the name: e.g., <na>notira:nteh</na>) \ss (poss) el hueso en la parte superior del hombro (y sobre que se cargan cosas, por eso el nombre, p. ej., <na>notira:nteh</na>) \sem body \encyctmp kahli \nse In general the <na>tira:nteh</na>, as pertaining to house construction, refers to part of a thatched-roof hut, not of a house made of brick. Nevertheless, cement houses with pointed teja roofs do occasionally have the equivalent of wooden <na>tira:ntes</na>, i.e., thick cement beams that cross the width of the house and hold up the posts on which the high center of the roof is supported. Cement houses with flat roofs do not, however, have <spn>tirantes</spn>. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and the words there listed. \ilustmp Illustrate this and other house elements. \ref 02121 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am toponym /I:a:pan Peri:koh/ now in a separate database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02122 \lxa pa:smoh \lxac pa:smoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pasmo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea severe infection associated with convulsions; tetanus \ssa severa infección asociada con convulsiones; tétano \sea (<na>kasi</na> ~) to get an infection \ssa (<na>kasi</na> ~) infectarse \pna O:ne:chasik pa:smoh. Ne:chkukwa nokxi. \pea I got an infection. My foot hurts me. \psa Me agarró una infección. Me duele el pie. \cfa pa:smayowa \cfo pa:smarowa \qry Check definition and further define. The definition above is taken from the Real Academia definition of 'pasmo.' Check vl in verbal forms here xref'd and change if needed. \ref 02123 \lxa im- \lxac imina:n \lxo i:m- \lxoc i:minakaw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pref(pos) \der Pr-pre-poss \se their \ss su (de ellos) \qry A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the singular /i-/. \ref 02124 \lxa pi:na:wilia \lxac kipi:na:wilia \lxo pípi:na:wília \lxop pipi:na:wilia \lxoc kí:pi:na:wília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \sea to feel embarrassment in comparison to (sb [O]) \ssa sentir pena en comparación con (algn [O]) \pna Yewa ne:chpi:na:wilia pa:mpa ma:s niweli iswate:ka. \pea He is embarrassed in comparison to me because I am better at stripping corn leaves off the stalks. \psa Se siente pena en comparación conmigo porque soy mejor para el zacateo. \seo to feel embarrassment for (sb) and as a result not reveal (sth, e.g, that the person has little to eat, etc.) \sso sentir vergüenza por (algn) y como resultado no revelar algo (que podría causarle pena) \xrb pi:na:wi \qry In the above sentence, check the clause /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/. Or should it be /ma:s weli niswate:ka/ or /ma:s niweli niswate:ka/. The definition of this is that the subject suffers a feeling of embarrasment in the face of another person (object) who can do something better (adjunct) should be rechecked. Other example sentences obtained. \grm Comparative; subject clitic and clause structure: /Yewa ne:chpi:na:wilia pampa ma:s niweli iswate:ka/ 'He is embarrassed in comparison to me because I can strip corn leaves off the stalks better than him.' Note that the comparative is expressed by a Spanish loan /ma:s/, which can be translated as 'better' in the present context, i.e., /ma:s niweli/ 'I am better able [to verb].' In general, then, a comparative is expressed by /ma:s/ placed before a predicative expression. Thus /ma:s nitla:katl/ 'I am more of a man' and /ma:s nitlakwa/ 'I eat more' and /ma:s niweli + verb/ 'I can [verb] better.' Also important is the placement of the subject marker: /ma:s niweli niswate:ka/. Here /iswate:ka/ functions as a non-finite verb, since it is not marked for person. It is important, however, to examine the difference between /wel niswate:ka/ and /niweli iswate:ka/. Apparently they are similar. Ameyaltepec, if I remember correctly, uses the first form, in which /wel/ is an auxiliary, while a villa ge such as San Juan utilizes /niweli niswate:ka/, in which there are two finite verbs. However, the form /niweli iswate:ka/ is found in the Ameyaltepec phrase /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/. Perhaps they could also say /ma:s wel niswate:ka/, although this should be checked. However, the fact that one does find /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/ suggests both the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has non-finite verbs and that /ni-/ is a preclitic, placed at the leftmost edge of a predication (including a modifier), although in this case the loan /ma:s/ is left of the verb. \grm Applicative of intransitive. Note the meaning of /pi:na:wilia/ 'to feel embarrassment in comparison to.' Here the object is the cause or source of the feeling. A similar analysis could be offered for /cho:kilia/ as in /nikcho:kilia notah/ 'I cry for my father (who recently died)' and /nikwetskilia/ 'I laugh at him (i.e., he is the reason for my laughter).' In a certain sense, even, an applicative of an intransitive can be considered a type of reversed causative, albeit a mediated causative. That is, in all the following /ne:chpi:na:wilia/, /ne:chcho:kilia/ and /ne:chwetskilia/ I, the object, am the source or cause of the emotion or event. One can interpret this as the incorporation of an argument that was an obliquely expressed subordinate adverbial clause. Thus /ne:chpi:na:wilia/ is /pi:na:wi pampa ni+Verb/, /ne:chcho:kilia/ is /cho:ka pampa ni+Verb/, and /ne:chwetskilia/ is /wetska pampa ni+Verb/. This might be a way to think of applicatives of intransitive verbs. \ref 02125 \lxa ko:stamal \lxac i:ko:stamal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea calf \ssa pantorilla \sem body \syno ixia:po:tetl \syno ixitoma:hka:n \xrb ko:ts \xrb tamal \vl Originally this had /ixia:po:tetl/ for the Oapan entry. However, this word is found in 06249. Thus tag the pronunciations/citations of this word here with the reference number 06249 and the letters z, y, etc. \ref 02126 \lxa kayo:tl \lxac yo:weka:w kayo:tl \lxo kayo:tl \lxocpend i wéka:wi káyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Clit \der Clit \se ([period of time] ~) of that time (i.e., of the time expressed in the immediately preceding phrase) \ss ([periodo de tiempo] ~) de ese tiempo (esto es, del tiempo expresado anteriormente) \pna Asta de o:me xihpan kayo:tl. \pea It is from two years ago (e.g., grain left over after two years from the harvest have passed). \psa Se queda de desde hace dos años (p. ej., grano que todavía no se ha consumido dos años después de la cosecha). \pna Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl. \pea It is from the year 1932. \psa Es del año 1932. \pna Ye weka:wi kayo:tl. \pea It's from a long time ago. \psa Es de ya hace mucho tiempo. \pno Se:pan tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh. \peo We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year. \pso Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año. \cfao -xkayo:tl \xrb kayo: \nse <na>Kayo:tl</na> is a seemingly highly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some Ameyaltepec speakers accepted <na>weka:wkayo:tl</na>, while others did not, accepting only <na>weka:wikayo:tl</na>. Note that once in Oapan, in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said <no>San Pedro kayo:tl</no>. \nae Whether or not <nao>kayo:tl</nao> should be written as part of the previous word or separate has not been definitively determined. More documentation on the phonology of compound forms needs to be obtained as well as examples of use. However, as the Oapan phrase <no>Se:pan tikayo:meh</no> and <no>San Pedro kayo:tl</no> as well as Ameyaltepec <na>Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl</na> exemplify, at least in some cases <nao>kayo:tl</nao> should be written separately, as it apparently was in Classical. \nde The Classical equivalent of Balsas region <nao>kayo:tl</nao> was apparently <n>cauitl</n>, which Molina glosses as 'tiempo.' Carochi (f. 59; Lockart p. 226) gives this with a long vowel. \qry Cf. Gram 1985-02-24.1 and 1985-11-12.2 on the use of /kayo:tl/. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/.Perhaps a special study should be conducted on this particle to determine the full extent of its productive use. Check. Discuss orthographic conventions \mod The recorded entry for this headword was for Oapan /o:mexkayo:tl/. However, /=xkayo:tl/ has now been given a separate entry (#2163) and the elicitation audio file for /o:mexkayo:tl/ should be linked there. \grm Note that the use of /kayo:tl/ in the construction /weka:wi kayo:tl/ with the present tense of the verb seems to indicate that /kayo:tl/ should be considered a spearate and unbound morpheme. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/. <na>Kayo:tl</na> is a seeminly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some speakers accepted <na>weka:wkayo:tl</na>, while others did not. In Oapan in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said <no>San Pedro kayo:tl</no>. \ref 02127 \lxa komo:naltia \lxac kikomo:naltia \lxo komo:naltia \lxoc kikomo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekomo:naltia</nao> \infv class-2a \se to make (sth such as a drum) emit a booming, thundering sound; to beat (causing a thundering sound) \ss hacer que (alg como un tambor) resuene fuertemente, como un trueño; golpear fuertemente (causando un sonido como de trueño) \pna Kwaltsi:n kikomo:naltitok. \pea He is beating it (in this case a large drum) nicely, causing it to emit a deep resonating sound. \psa Lo está tocando bien (en este caso un tambór), haciendo que resuene fuerte. \pna Kitekomo:naltia, ti:roh chika:wak kwi:teki. \pea He makes it resound heavily from a blow, he really beats it hard (e.g., a drum, an animal or person, or other things that give off a loud sound when beaten). \psa Le hace resonar fuerte de un golpe, de veras le da golpes muy duros (p. ej., un tambór, un animal o persona, o cualquier cosa que resuene al ser golpeada). \se to give a thrashing to (sb, hitting them hard with ones hand or some object) \ss darle una tunda a (algn, golpeándolo fuertemente con la mano o algún objeto) \pna Milá:k o:ne:chtekomo:naltih notah, o:nitla:wa:n. \pea My father really gave me a thrashing, (because) I got drunk. \psa Mi padre me dió una tunda, (porque) me emborraché. \sem sound \sem contact \xrb komo: \xvbao komo:ni \qry Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes. \grm Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes. \ref 02128 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /piya:sowa/. Now this is entered as an alternate pronunciation of /peya:sowa/ \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02129 \lxa tsope:lilia \lxac kitsope:lilia \lxo tsope:lilia \lxoc kitsope:lilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to sweeten for \ss endulzar para \pna Xmotlatsope:lili! \pea Sweeten it up (sth such as coffee that is already known from context) for yourself! \psa ¡Endúlcetelo (algo como café)! \xrb tsope:l \nae The morphology of <na>tsope:lilia</na> as an ditransitive applicative is unclear. The sequence <nla>tsope:lik</nla>, <nla>tsope:lia</nla>, and <nla>tsope:lilia</nla> as adjectival, intransitive verb, and transitive verb is common in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, with <na>-lia</na> functioning as a causative ending. This pattern is the same as that found in Classical Nahuatl. Thus, for example, Molina has <n>tzopelic</n> 'cosa dulce,' <n>tzopelia. ni</n> 'endulcecerse,' and <n>tzopelilia. nitla</n> 'endulcecer algo.' This is the pattern found in Ameyaltepec. In Tetelcingo, Morelos, however, there is only a listing for the adjectival <na>tzopielic</na> 'dulce, miel,' the transitive <na>quitzopielia</na> 'lo endulza,' and the ditransitive application <na>quitzopielilia</na> 'se lo endulza.' Tetelcingo does not list an intransitive form 'to become sweet' (although such intransitive morphologies do exist, e.g., <n>yemönia</n>, (the dierethis over the /o/ is representative of what in other dialects i s a long /a:/) which follows the Classical and Ameyaltepec paradigm. Thus, it might be that in Tetelcingo <na>tzopielic</na> is irregular, or there might be an error. Given this caveat it is still not clear whether Ameyaltepec applicative <na>tsope:lilia</na> (this present entry) as an applicative of a transitive follows the Tetelcingo pattern or whether the Ameyaltepec ditransitive has been mistakenly recorded for ? <na>tsope:lililia</na>. Further research will clarify this question. Note that in Oapan Roberto Mauricio only accepted <no>kitsope:lilia</no> as the transitive (V2) form whereas the younger speakers Jeremías Cabrera and Emiliana Domínguez accepted both <no>kitsope:lilia</no> and <no>kitsope:lia</no> as the transitive. For Roberto Mauricio <no>tsope:lia</no> is only an intransitive and he would not \qry See /nae field and query /Xmotlatsope:lili/, perhpas it should be /Xmotlatsope:lilili/. On base of answer add /xvb field. \ref 02130 \lxa masa:tlama \lxac masa:tlama \lxo masa:tlama \lxoc masa:tlama \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \seao to hunt deer \ssao cazar venado \pna Kwahli masa:tlama \pea He is good at hunting deer. \psa Caza venado muy bien. \cfao tlama \xrb masa: \xrb ma \ono tlama \ref 02131 \lxa tetekets \lxac tetekets \lxo tetekets \lxoc tetekets \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \se to be always taking breaks, always stopping (e.g., a worker, particularly one who works while walking such as in the harvest, who every few steps stops to rest) \ss siempre tomar descanos, parándose en seguida (p. ej., un trabajador, particularmente uno que trabaja caminando como en cosechar, que seguido se para) \pna Ke:n titetekets. \pea You really take a lot of breaks (e.g., while picking squash, harvesting corn, etc.). \psa De veras tomas muchos descansos (p. ej., al recoger calabaza, piscar maíz, etc.) \seo to be always standing up, unable to sit or lie down (e.g., a person who is nervous, an animal, etc.) \ssa estar siempre parado, no sentándose ni acostándose (p. ej., una persona nerviosa, un animal, etc.) \xrb teketsa \apo te:tekestik \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nae At least the Oapan variant <no>te:tekets</no> may be analyzed as an apocopated form of the deverbal adjective <nlo>te:tekestik</nlo>, apparently derived from the transitive verb <nlo>teketsa</nlo>. In my original dictionary filecards the Ameyaltepec form was noted down with a short vowel and the meaning of 'person who always takes breaks.' This is slightly different than the definition given by Florencia Marcelino for Oapan <no>te:tekets</no> 'person who is always standing up, unable to sit or lie down.' It might be that there is a semantic difference based on the different vowel length of the reduplicants. Or, my initial notes for Ameylatepec <na>tetekets</na> might be in error.The Oapan form <no>te:tekets</no> might be analyzed as an deverbal adjective derived from the perfective form of the verb <nlo>teketsa</nlo> (much like <nlo>te:mihtih</nlo> 'fatal' is derived from <no>te:mihtia</no>), or it might be considered an apocopated form of a deverbal adjective ending in <n>-tik</n>. However, note that Oapan <nlo>tétekéstik</nlo> has a different semantic meaning from <no>te:tekets</no>, and it has short vowel reduplication as opposed to the long vowel form of the present entry. However, it remains to be determined whether there is also a form ? <no>te:tekestik</no>, in which case the present entry might indeed be an apocopated form. Finally, there is the question of the vowel length of the initial syllable and its morphological analysis. Note that although there is only a transitive form of the verb, <nlao>teketsa</nlao> 'to stand upright,' the adjectival forms seem to result from reduplication with no nonspecific prefix that would saturate the verbal valency as is usually required in nominal and adjectival derivations from verbs. Classical Nahuatl has the deverbal <n>tequetz</n> (i.e., <n>te:kets</n>), which Molina glosses as 'cosa que haze parar al que camina.' This is a regular formation: clearly the verbal <n>quetza</n> (the Classical cognate of Balsas Nahuatl <nao>teketsa</nao>) plus the nonspecific human object <n>te:-</n>. It might be that Oapan <no>te:tekets</no> is simply the modern equivalent (the result of the verbal equivalence of Balsas <nao>teketsa</nao> having the same meaning as Classical <n>quetza</n>). However, given the semantic difference between the two terms (Oapan <no>te:tekets</no> does not refer to sth that stops a walking person, but rather to the person himself), it would appear quite possible that the first syllable <n>te:-</n> in Oapan <no>te:tekets</no> is not the object prefix but a long vowel reduplicant and the entire form might be an apocopated variant of ? <no>te:tekestik</no>, even though this has not yet been documented. The Ameyaltepec form here has a short vowel as based on my original filecard documentation. This needs to be checked since it too appears quite distinct in meaning from the adjectival <nla>tetekestik</nla>. \pqry Check vl of both Am and Oapan entries here. Cf. discussion in /nae. \sj Check for /h/. \vl There are 8 additional tokens of this word at 6226; these should be tagged as 2131 and should be encoded here, given that the former entry, 6226, was a duplicate of the Oapan form here. Note that the two linked (f and m) files should be from those that were originally at 6226. \ref 02132 \lxa tlauwitlake:tl \lxac tlauwitlake:tl \lxo tlawí:witláke:tl \lxop tlawí:witlake:tl \lxoc tlawí:witláke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se person who pulls out plants, roots and all (either in weeding, for transplanting, or even in harvesting such plants as onions) \ss persona que arranca plantas con las raíz y todo (o para desherbar, para transplantarlas o hasta para cosechar, p. ej., cebollas) \xrb witla \nae The Oapan data suggests two forms of this verb: <no>wiwitla</no>, which has a lexicalized reduplicated stem, and <no>wí:witlá</no>, which has a reduced reduplication on the first CV syllable of the lexicalized reduplicated stem (what I have called"triplication"). In this sense the forms of <no>wiwitla</no> mirror those of frequentatives such as <nlo>pepetlaka</nlo> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. All show pitch accent, indicative of a reduplicant with final {h}. However, in this entry and in that for <nlo>kwa:istalwí:witlá</nlo> it is interesting the Ameyaltepec cognates manifest a short vowel reduplication (apparently without a coda {h} as is common with /w/- or /m/-initial stems) whereas Oapan forms manifest the"triplication"forms in which the reduplicant of a reduplicated stem receives a lengthened and high-pitched vowel. \qry The form * <na>tlauwitlaki</na> is not acceptable. Check vowel length of /i/. Check whether this can refer to one who plucks feathers out of hens. \grmx The Oapan data suggests two forms of this verb: <no>wiwitla</no>, which has a lexicalized reduplicated stem, and <no>wí:witlá</no>, which has a reduced reduplication on the first CV syllable of the lexicalized reduplicated stem (what I have called"triplication"). In this sense the forms of <no>wiwitla</no> mirror those of frequentatives such as <nlo>pepetlaka</nlo> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. All show pitch accent, indicative of a reduplicant with final {h}. However, in this entry and in that for <nlo>kwa:istalwí:witlá</nlo> it is interesting the Ameyaltepec cognates manifest a short vowel reduplication (apparently without a coda {h} as is common with /w/- or /m/-initial stems) whereas Oapan forms manifest the"triplication"forms in which the reduplicant of a reduplicated stem receives a lengthened and high-pitched vowel. \sj tlawiwitlake:tl. Check for tlawihwiwitlake:tl, etc. \vl Check length of first /wí:/. It seems long, but this would require an analysis that would differentiate this word from the Am cognate. \ref 02133 \lxa kamakekexkia \lxac kamakekexkia \lxo kamaké:kexiá \lxop kamaké:kexia \lxoc kamaké:kexiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k] \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa) \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-rdp \se to have or feel itching in ones mouth \ss escocerle a uno la boca \xrb kama \xrb kex \xvca kamakekexkilia \nae The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, <no>kekexia</no>, which does not occur unreduplicated (* <no>kexia</no>). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan <no>kamaké:kexiá</no> would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recorded) it might be that Oapan ? <no>kamakekexia</no> is also acceptable. This should be checked. \qry For possible presence of /h/ after reduplication check Oapan or San Juan pronunciations. Check length of final /a:/ in the imperfective, and as with all forms with /kekexkia/, check whether this is indeed a class 4 irregular 1a verb. For grammar notes, determine in general nature of"causatives"ending in /-lia/. \vl Check all forms of Oapan /kekexia/ for reduced reduplication on initial CV syllable of reduplicated stem! \grm Oapan reduplication: Note the following reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/. Although I did not elicit the"unreduplicated"form, it is obvious from other entries that this would be /kamakekexia/ (i.e., cf. /kekexia/). The reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/ is similar in structure to that of /pé:petlaka/ (cf. /pepetlaka/) and /né:nemí/ (cf. /ne:nemi/). Indeed, not reflecting on it the final form is interesting because the basis of /né:nemi/ is probably /ne:nemi/, which is quite different from the relationship of /pepetlaka/ and /pé:petláka/). Later I noted: The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, <no>kekexia</no>, which does not occur unreduplicated (* <no>kexia</no>). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan <no>kamaké:kexiá</no> would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recor ded) it might be that Oapan ? <no>kamakekexia</no> is al so acceptable. This should be checked. \ref 02134 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was /tla:kakone:wati/ and has been removed. It still might be checked as a possible word but according to Florencia Marcelino, whose argument made eminent sense, one would never say this because one never knows if the child is a boy or girl. (And perhaps even if one did know, it wouldn't be expressed in this way but rather analytically). Nevertheless, ask Am speakers about this word. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 02135 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:ti \lxac i:xpapa:ya:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight) \ssa llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala) \syna i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \cfo í:xpapayá:tik \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \xvca i:xpa:ya:tilia \qry I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:yati/; the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. \ref 02136 \lxa te:nwiwiyoka \lxaa te:nuwiyoka \lxac te:nwiwiyoka \lxo te:nwiwiyoka \lxoc te:nwiwiyoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se for ones lips to tremble (from the cold, fear, sickness, etc.) \ss temblarsele los labios a (por frío, miedo, enfermedad, etc.) \pna Tite:nwiwiyokatok, tikwalo. \pea Your lips are trembling, you are sick. \psa Se te están temblando los labios, estás enfermo. \xrb te:n \xrb wiyo: \qry Check to determine whether /te:nwiyo:ni/ is acceptable. If not, determine whether or how to code /xvn in these cases. Perhaps simply null. \grm Frequentatives: Note that to date (Jan. 2002) I have only documented /te:nuwiyoka/ Am and /te:nwiwyoka/ Oa. The nonfrequentative form /te:nwiyo:ni/ has not been found. This should be noted in the grammar, much as in many case N-V2 compounds when V2 is of nondirected alternation do not have corresponding N-V1. \ref 02137 \lxa te:ntsonaka \lxac te:ntsonaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N/Adj \com N-PM \der Mod \infn N1 \sea person who eats sloppily, letting food or drink fall from the mouth (particularly someone ill) \ssa persona que come descuidadamente, dejando caer comida o bebida de la boca (particularmente algn enfermo) \pna Tite:ntsonaka, ke:n kone:tsi:ntli titlakwatok. \pea You are a sloppy eater, you are eating like a child. \psa Comes descuidadamente, estás comiendo como un niño. \xrb te:n \xrb tsonaka \nae Literally <na>te:ntsonaka</na> is 'mouth-tilted' and follows the usual pattern for possessor raising in which a noun incorporated into a predicate (in this case adjectival) has its possessor expressed as a core argument of the predication. \grm Incorporation: The order of incorporation and other elements within compounds needs great exploration. Note that in this case /te:ntsonaka/ it is the modifying element that is final. This same order is found in many word, e.g., /chi:lposo:nki/, /a:chipa:wak/, etc. The complete list of these should be made, but they seem to be categorized as N-Adj or, as in the present case, N-Mod (considering /tsonaka/ as a"modifying"element). However, with other types of incorporation, the participial element is first. This is definitely the case with a verbal predicate: /kwala:nka:no:tsa/. It is also the case with nominal, human predicates: /kaxa:nka:sowa:tl/. The reason for this variation is not immediately clear and should be investigated (check Launey). \ref 02138 \lxa e:ktla:lia \lxac ke:ktla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to set right; to fix \ssa componer; dejar bien (algo roto, como una máquina, etc.) \pna Oksepa nike:ktla:li:s. \pea I'll set it right again. \psa Una vez más lo voy a dejar bien. \equiva kwaltla:lia \equivo kwehtla:lia \cfa e:kchi:wa \cfo e:hchi:wa \xrb e:k \xrb tla:l \dis e:ktla:lia; e:kchi:wa; kwaltla:lia \ref 02139 \lxa tso:tso:yo:tik \lxac tso:tso:yo:tik \lxo tso:tsó:yotík \lxoc tso:tsó:yotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <na>tetso:tso:yotik</na> ; <no>tetso:tsó:yotík</no> \se to have bad spots on its surface (e.g, a fruit from worms) \ss tener parte de la superficie mal (p. ej., una fruta tener gusanos) \pna Xtihkowaskia. Tetso:tso:yotik. \pea You shouldn't have bought it (in this case some fruit). It's covered with bad spots (e.g., from worms). \psa No lo hubieras comprado (en este caso unas frutas). Estácubierto de manchas (p. ej., a causa de gusanos). \xrb tso: \nse Oapan <no>tso:tsó:yotík</no> is equivalent to <no>tso:tso:tik</no>. It was used to describe"bubble wrap"for shipping, the surface of certain avocados, etc. Florencia Marcelino also gave <no>tsótso:tsó:tik</no> although no explanation of the difference with <no>tso:tso:tik</no> was offered. However, the difference is probably parallel to that between <no>pepetlaka</no> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. \qry The Am form originally had a long /o:/ in /tso:tso:yo:tik/. I changed thsi but it should be rechecked. Check difference of Oa /tso:tsó:yotík/ from /tsótso:tsó:yotík/. If not on the recording, tape this latter form. \grm Triple reduplication The Oapan form <no>tso:tsóyotík</no> is equivalent to <no>tso:tso:tik</no>. It was used to describe"bubble wrap"for shipping, the surface of certain avocados, etc. Florencia Marcelino also gave <no>tsótso:tsó:tik</no> although no explanation of the difference with <no>tso:tso:tik</no> was offered. However, the difference is probably parallel to that between <no>pepetlaka</no> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. \ref 02140 \lxa patiliwi \lxac patiliwi \lxo patiliwi \lxoc patiliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao see <na>patile:wi</na> \ssao vé ase <na>patile:wi</na> \equivao patile:wi \xrb patil \ref 02141 \lxa te:mpatiliwi \lxac te:mpatiliwi \lxo te:mpatiliwi \lxoc te:mpatiliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a twisted mouth, one that goes off to one side \ss tener o adquirir una boca torcida, que va hacia un lado; torcersele los labios \pna Seki ma:ski we:i, te:mpatiliwi, pero x itla:katilis. \pea Some, even though they are old, get a twisted mouth, but it is not congenital to them. \psa A algunos, aunque sean grandes, se les tuercen los labios, pero no es de nacimiento. \xrb te:n \xrb patil \dis te:mpatiliwi; te:nkwepaliwi \qry Check for other subjects, e.g., a ceramic bowl's lips? \qry Determine how to write negative forms such as /x itla:katilis/. Elicit minimal pairs such as /x a:tli/ as a negative and /xa:tli/ as an imperative. \vl Later female token is found at 3946. \ref 02142 \lxa tlanchachawatik \lxac tlanchachawatik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have yellowed teeth \ssa tener los dientes amarillientos \apa tlachachawa \syna chachawatik \syno tlante:poyotik \xrb tlan \xrb chawa \nse Apparently <na>tlachachawatik</na> and <na>chachawatik</na> are synonyms, the compounded noun stem <nr>tlan</nr>. \nde Molina has <n>chachaua</n> 'moho, o vello deárboles'; the use to indicate rottenness of teeth is undoubtedly related to the semantics of the word reported in Classical Nahuatl. \qry Check presence of /h/ in reduplication. Check whether /chachawa/ is equivalent in meaning. Check for unreduplicated, with /te-/, etc. \ref 02143 \lxa sekwtli \lxac sekwtli \lxo sehtli \lxoc sehtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \se coldness \ss frío \pna Ye nimiktok ika sekwtli. \pea Already I'm freezing to death. \psa Ya me estoy muriendo del frío. \seo ice \sso hielo \xrb se \xrb kwi \nae Whether or not this is a deverbal noun is unclear. The roots <nr>se</nr> and <nr>sek</nr> are abundantly attested in words that refer to coldness. The potential root <n>sekw</n> would, however, be attested only in this present entry, <na>sekwtli</na> or <no>sehtli</no>. Therefore it might well be that this present entry represents a deverbal noun, derived from the perfective stem of the verb <nlao>sekwi</nlao>. \qry Recheck pronunciation for possibility that this should be /sektli/. \ref 02144 \lxa temo:ltilia \lxac kitemo:ltilia \lxo temo:ltilia \lxoc kitemo:ltilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to take down for; to lower for; to unload for \ss bajar para; descargar para \pna Xne:cha:ltemo:ltili, newa yo:nisiaw! \pea Reach over here and take it (a load) off me (or, lower it, for example off a beast of burden, for me), I'm tired! \psa ¡Descárgamelo, ya me cansé! \se to lower (a price) for \ss reducir (un precio) para \pna Xne:xtemo:ltili, mlá:k patioh! \pea Lower the price for me, it's really expensive! \psa ¡Bájame el precio, es muy caro! \pna O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia. \pea He lowered the price for you, he takes pity on you. \psa Te bajó el precio, te tiene compasión. \syna temowia \xrb temo: \xvbao temowa \nse Apparently <na>temowia</na> is a synonym of <na>temo:ltia</na> although the former seems much less common. \ref 02145 \lxa tsakwa \lxac kitsakwa \lxo tsakwa \lxoc kitsakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to close (a drawer, a chest, etc.) \ss cerrar (un cajón de un mueble, un baúl, etc.) \se to button (clothes) \ss abrochar (ropa) \pna Koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. Xkaman kitsakwa itlake:n. \pea He goes around in public with his shirt open to the chest. He never buttons his clothes. \psa Anda en público con su camisa abierta hasta el pecho. Nunca abrocha su ropa. \pna Niktsatsakwas nokoto:n. \pea I'm going to button up my shirt. \psa Voy a abrochar mi camisa. \se to jail; to lock up (a prisoner) \ss encarcelar; encerrar (un prisionero) \pna Ya:lwa o:kitsahkeh, xe ki:sa. \pea Yesterday he was locked up, he still hasn't gotten released. \psa Ayer lo encarcelaron, todavía no sale. \se to block the way of (sb moving in a particular direction, such as when walking along a path); to block the view of \ss estorbar (p. ej., el paso de algn que camina por una senda, o la vista de algn que quiere mirar en algna dirección) \se (refl.) to overgrow and cover completely (plants or trees over a given area) \ss (refl.) cubrir (plantas o arbustos sobre unaárea dada) \pna Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka. \pea It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted. \psa Se va volver monte (a cubrirse con maleza y arbustos), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no se siembra. \pna Notsakwtok notla:lpan un a:yokilhi. San kanatsi:n tlapo:wtok. \pea The squash plants are overgrowing my field. Only in a few places is it (still) clear. \psa Las plantas de calabaza están apoderándose de mi milpa. Está abierta en solamente algunos lugares. \se (refl.-anticaus.) to close (e.g., a door by itself, as when hit by a gust of wind); to heal by closing up (e.g., a wound) \ss (refl.-anticaus.) cerrarse (p. ej., una puerta por si solo, como cuando la empuja algo de viento); sanar y cerrarse (p. ej., una herida) \se (refl. + <nla>tlato:hli</nla>) for an agreement to be reached (particularly in regard to a marriage) \ss (refl. + <nla>tlato:hli</nla>) llegar a un acuerdo (particularmente en cuanto a un matrimonio) \pna A:man in to:nahli tio:tlak notsakwas tlato:hli. Notla:li:s kamanon tlai:lo:s, tla: ika mú:sikah noso tla: sahki. \pea Today this day, in the afternoon, an agreement will be reached (in regard to a marriage ceremony). It will be determined when the fiesta will be, if with musicians or just simple. \psa Hoy en este día, en la tarde, se va a llegar a un acuerdo, se va a decidir cuando va a ser la fiesta de la boda, si serácon música o solamente sencillo. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to fill in (e.g., colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) rellenar (p. ej., los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores) \pna Ma kitsatsakwa mokone:w! \pea Have your child fill it in (e.g., an amate painting still not colored)! \psa ¡Quélo rellene tu hijo (p. ej., un dibujo sobre amate, todavía en blanco y negro). \pna Tewa xtlatli:lwi:teki, newa nitlatsatsakwas! \pea You paint the outline in black, I'll fill in the colors! \psa ¡Tútrazas las figuras en tinta negra, yo las voy a rellenar con colores! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to shut one after another (e.g., to go around a house shutting all the windows and doors) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrar uno tras otro (p. ej., ir por una casa cerrando las ventanas y puertas) \pna Nitlatsa:tsakwas nokal. \pea I will close up everything in my house (i.e., shutting all the windows and doors). \psa Voy a cerrar todo en mi casa (esto es, cerrando todas las ventanas y puertas, una tras otra). \seo to turn down; to lower the volume of (e.g., a radio) \sso bajar el volumen de (p. ej., un radio) \pno Xtsakwatsi:n mora:dioh! \peo Turn the volumen down a little on your radio! \pso ¡Bájale un poquito el volumen a tu radio! \xrb tsakwa \xvaao tsakwilia; tsakwililia \xv1a tlatsakwa; tlatsatsakwa \xv1o tlatsakwa; tlá:tsakwá \encyctmp amate (see /tlakalilia/) \nse Note that whereas <nla>tlatsakwa</nla> has the lexicalized meaning of 'to close (a building)' in general, the form <na>tlatsa:tsakwa</na> makes more specific reference to shutting one thing after another, of going around and closing various objects (such as windows in a house) one after the other. \qry The phrase /nitlatsa:tsakwas nokal/ is problematical in that it would appear that as a transitive verb if /nokal/ were to be an argument, one would have /niktsa:tsakwas nokal/. However, this is also problematical given that it is not really the house that is closed, but the parts of it. What this suggests, and this should be checked, is that /nokal/ indicates more of a locative, i.e., where the action of 'closing iteratively' takes place. This needs to be checked (i.e., can one say /nitlatsa:tsakwas ipan nokal/, or /niktsa:tsakwas nokal/, etc. \grm /-tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ as a diminutive with the following verb: /Xtsakwatsi:n mora:dioh!/ 'Turn the volumen down a little on your radio!' One can also say: /xtse:witsi:n/. \grm Oapan phonology. Note the s>ts in /xtse:witsi:n/ 'turn it down (e.g., the loudness of a radio). \ref 02146 \lxa kabe:sah \lxac kabe:sah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cabeza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea principal rafter: beams of wood, usually in groups of four, that pass above and behind the <na>sole:ras</na> and <na>kontrasole:ras</na> and go to the part of a house of palm or grass called <na>kaltsonko</na>, where they are riveted together with a wooden rivet called a <na>nekoxtli</na> that passes through and joins all four <na>kabe:sas</na> \ssa vigas de madera, generalmente en grupos de cuatro, que pasan arriba y atrás de las <na>sole:ras</na> y <na>kontrasole:ras</na> hacia la parte de una casa de palma o zacate que se llama <na>kaltsonko</na>, donde se fijan todos por un remache de madera, llamado <na>nekoxtli</na>, que atraviesa las cuatro <na>kabe:sas</na> \sem construct-part \syno kaltlama:stli \encyctmp kahli \ilustmp Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/. \ref 02147 \lxa pe:wa \lxac pe:wa \lxo pe:wa \lxoc pe:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to begin \ss empezar \pna Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. \pea When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly). \psa Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos). \pna Newa nipe:was. \pea I'll begin (e.g, a task, telling a story, etc.). \psa Voy a empezar (p. ej., una tarea, contando una historia, etc.). \xrb pe:wa \xvcao pe:waltia \qry Check to see if a form such as /kipe:was/ exists. I seem to remember this, but would like to check. \ref 02148 \lxa kuwtlapextli \lxac kuwtlapextli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea scaffold, trunks laid flat on supports to help workers reach high places \ssa andamio, ramas o troncos deárboles que se colocan sobre soportes para que los trabajadores pueden alcanzar lugares altos \xrb kow \xrb pech \qry Make sure that possessed form is correct. I have coded this entry as possibly possessed, but it is not yet documented nor checked with a native speaker. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 02149 \lxa a:kino:n \lxac a:kino:n \lxo a:kino:n \lxoa a:'ino:n \lxoc a:kino:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \infv pl. <na>akinono:meh</na> ; <na>a:kino:meh</na> \se who? (in terms of the identity of a person) \ss ¿quién? (en cuanto a la identidad de una persona) \pna A:kinon? \pea Who is it (that is being referred to, that will do sth)? \psa ¿Quién es (al que se refiere, que hará alguna cosa)? \pna A:kinono:meh? \pea Who (pl.) are they? \psa ¿Quiénes son ellos? \pna A:kinon tewa? \pea Who are you? (in the sense of 'Who do you think you are?'). \psa ¿Quién eres tu? (en el sentido de '¿Quién te crees?'). \pna A:kinon kineki? \pea Who wants (to do) it? \psa ¿Quién lo quiere (hacer)? \pna A:kinon nanwameh? \pea Who (pl.) are you? \psa ¿Quiénes son ustedes? \pna A:kinono:meh ya:skeh? \pea Who are the one who are going to go? \psa Quiénes van a ir? \pna A:kinon ia:xka -iwa:xka-? \pea Whose is it? \psa ¿De quién es? \pna A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh? \pea Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? \psa ¿Quiénes vienen?¿son de aquí? \pna A:kinon iwa:n. \pea With whom (e.g., are you going)? \psa ¿Con quién (p. ej., vas a ir)? \se to be someone (usually used in the negative, i.e., to be no one important) \ss ser alguien (usualmente empleado negativamente para indicar no ser nadie importante) \pna Newa xnia:kino:n, ma:ka xne:xchi:wili kwe:ntah. \pea I'm a nobody, don't pay attention to me. \psa No soy nadie, no me hagas caso. \pna Newa xnia:kino:n, newa xnikmati. \pea I'm not anybody, I don't know. \psa No soy nadie, no lo sé. \pna Xa:kinomeh katkan, xtlah kimatin. \pea They weren't anyone (important), they know nothing about it. \psa Ellos no son nadie (importante), no saben nada acerca de eso. \se who (in an embedded question as complement) \ss quien (para introducir una cláusula complementaria) \pna Xnikmati a:kino:n ya:s. \pea I don't know who will go. \psa No séquien va a ir. \seo what (in reference to animates) \sso que (en referencia a seres animados) \pno Xnihmati a:ino:n! \peo I don't know what it is (e.g., in reference to an animal such as a bug)! \pso ¡No séque es! (p. ej., en referencia a un animal como un insecto)! \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb a:kin \nse In Oapan the term <no>a:inon</no> or <no>a:kinon</no> can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say <no>a:inon?</no> 'What is it? (i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative <nlo>tli:non</nlo> is used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans. \nae Occasionally some Ameyaltepec speakers will use <na>akino:meh</na> although the majority seem to accept only <na>akinono:meh</na> as the plural. In terms of agreement, one can say both <na>a:kinon nanwameh</na> and <na>a:kinono:meh nanwameh</na>. Note that the length of the final vowel in Ameyaltepec is problematical. Inocencio Díaz gave a long final /o:/ for <na>ke:no:n</na>, <na>ka:no:n</na>, <na>tli:no:n</na> and a short final /a/ for <na>kamanon</na> and <na>a:kinon</na>. These are the forms that have been entered in the lexicon although there seems to be some variation or disagreement among different speakers. \mod Add reference and sentence to nika:meh under nika:n. \vl As checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. '86: /akinon/ was compared at this time with /misto:n/ which has a def. long final /o:/. In a final check of June 1986, the vowel length of /akinono:meh/ was found as indicated, i.e. with a long final /o:/. This should be the pattern recorded in all entries. At the same time I checked /akinon/ and perceived a short initial /a/. However, In a recent recording of Oapan Nahuatl I seemed to perceive a long initial /a:/. This should be checked both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec. For now the /a/ has been considered long in both dialects. This might be erroneous, at least for Ameyaltepec. \grm Akinono:meh wa:hlaweh?, de nika:meh? Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? Note the pluralization of /nika:n/ here! Thus the form /nika:n/ should be considered an adjectival. \grm Animacy: In Oapan the term <no>a:inon</no> or <no>a:kinon</no> can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say <no>a:inon?</no> 'What is it? (i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative <nlo>tli:non</nlo> is used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans. \ref 02150 \lxa tlai:ni \lxac tlai:ni \lxo tlai:ni \lxoc tlai:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se alcoholic; person who drinks a lot \ss alcohólico; persona que bebe mucho \xrb i: \ref 02151 \lxa yo:lkwi:tia \lxac kiyo:lkwi:tia \lxo yo:lkwi:tia \lxoc kiyo:lkwi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take confesion from (e.g., a priest [S] from a believer [O]) \ss tomar confesión de (un sacerdote [S] de un creyente [O]) \se to get (sb) to reveal their inner feelings or secrets \ss inducir a (algn) a revelar sus sentimientos internos \se (refl.) to take confession; to confess (in the religious sense of revealing a sin, or in the sense of externalizing ones feelings and emotions) \ss (refl.) confesarse (en el sentido religioso de revelar un pecado, o en el sentido de externalizar los sentimientos y emociones) \pna Kwa:k timona:mikti:s, timoyo:lkwi:ti:s. \pea When you get married your will confess (to a priest). \psa Cuando te cases te vas a confesar (a un sacerdote). \cfao kwi:tia \xrb yo:l \xrb kwi \ref 02152 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xi:kama \lxoc xi:kama \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao jicama, type of edible plant still not fully identified \ssao jícama, tipo de planta comestible todavía no plenamente identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \equiva jí:kamah \xrb xi:kama \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states"(<i>Pachyrrhizus</i> spp.) 'jicama'. A vine with roots that look like large brown turnips and are good to eat. Pods and seeds are edible when plant is young."Apparently this is not indigenous to nor cultivated in the Balsas area, but is readily available in local markets. \nct xiwtli \vl Check for presence/absence of final /h/. \ref 02153 \lxa sampa \lxac sampa \lxo sampa \lxoc sampa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se right there (neither more nor less; e.g., in turning up the heat, in moving in a particular direction, etc.) \ss allímismo nomás (p. ej., en subir la temperatura, en ir moviendo en una cierta dirección, etc.) \pna Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. \pea The small ears of maize known as <na>kakamatsitsi:nteh</na>, they just dry up at the side of the <spn>jilote</spn> (i.e., that's the only place they are found). \psa Los pequeños elotes llamados <na>kakamatsitsi:nteh</na>, allínada más se secan al lado del jilote. \xrb sa: \xrb on- \xrl -pa \encyctmp adverbs, e.g., cf. sampa to ne:, etc. \fl sayhkó:n \nse The relationship of <na>sampa</na> to <nla>ompa</nla> seems quite similar to the relationship of <nla>sayhkí:n</nla> and <nla>sayhkón</nla> to <nla>ihkí:n</nla> and <nla>ihkón</nla>, respectively. That is, unlike <na>ompa</na>, <na>sampa</na> indicates that there was a process or progression (generally spatially but at times also temporally). Thus the semantics of <na>sampa</na> would seem to indicate a compound with <nla>sa:</nla> and not <na>san</na>. One test would be to question whether <na>sampa</na> is equivalent to <na>sa: umpa</na> or <na>san umpa</na> ; an equivalent"test"with <nla>saka</nla> suggests that the full form is <na>sa: ika</na> and not ? <na>san ika</na>. One consultant suggested that <na>sampa</na> is used in actions such as the movement of a person in a given direction (<na>sampa</na> would indicate that the process of moving, or even of sth such as increasing the heat of a fire, should not proceed further). There also exists the form <no>sa: mpa</no> (Oa) or <na>sa: umpa</na> (A m) with a slightly different sense. Thus cf. in Ameyaltepec <na>sampa xtla:li</na> 'Ponlo alli nada más' (Just put it there!)' and <na>sa:mpa unkah</na> 'Nada más allíhay' (There is just some there, i.e., and nowhere else).' \qry Check to see if"careful"pronunciation of /sampa/ is /san umpa/ or /sa: umpa/, or perhaps it is simply /san + pa/, with no presence of /ompa/. In general the question might be phrased as to whether /sampa/ means 'only there' as in 'You will only find it there' (/san ompa tikne:xti:s/), i.e., not in any other location, or whether it means 'just right there (and no further)' as suggested in the definition and the /nte field. \rt Discuss the fact that combination form of /sa:/ appears to be /sa/ as in /saka/, /sayhki/, /sampa/, etc. \ref 02154 \lxa mawistlatowa:ni \lxac mawistlatowa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sea (ritual) father of the bride \ssa (ritual) padre de la novia \sem ritual \syna mawistla:katl \xrb mawis \xrb hto \nse This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's = father in addressing the bride's father. Nevertheless, although in the bride-asking speech <na>mawistlatowa:ni</na> is used in a parallel construction with <na>mawistla:katl</na>, don Luis Lucena thought that <na>mawistlatowa:ni</na> referred to the bridegroom's representative, i.e., the very person who utters the ritual speech. This interpretation seems more in accord with the meaning of the term, although the only documented use is in a parallel construction with <na>mawistla:katl</na>. \nae Although the nominal ? <na>mawistli</na> has not been documented in Ameyaltepec or Balsas region Nahuatl, it did exist in Classical: Molina gives 'miedo, o persona digna de honnra.' For this reason Ameyaltepec <na>mawistlatowa:ni</na> has been considered a N-N compound. \ref 02155 \lxa tlaka:wia \lxac kitlaka:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to save or leave (sth such as food, a material object, etc.) for \ssa guardar o dejar (algo como comida, bebida, un objeto material, etc.) para \pna Xne:chtlaka:wi a:chitsi:n! \pea Save a little (e.g., food) for me! \psa ¡Guárdame un poquito (p. ej., de comida)! \xrb ka:wa \nae The argument structure of <na>tlaka:wia</na> seems to involve mechanisms that both increase (applicative) and decrease (the prefix <n>tla-</n>) verbal valency. Thus the transitive <na>ka:wa</na> has an applicative formation <na>ka:wia</na>, which would thus be a ditransitive verb with three arguments (S, PO, and SO). The prefixation of <n>tla-</n> marks the secondary object as nonspecific and determines that in the phrase <na>Xne:chtlaka:wi a:chitsi:n!</na> the word <na>a:chitsi:n</na> modifies the nonspecific secondary object. Note that Molina has <n>cauia. nicno</n> 'dexar algo para siél que reparte algo a otros' and <n>tlacauia. nino</n> 'dexar o guardar algo para si, merendar, o hazerse fuerza para echar de si el empacho y verguenza.' This argument structure (<n>tlacauia</n> as a transitive) in Classical matches that of Ameyaltepec except that in Classical only the reflexive use is documented in Molina whereas in Ameyaltepec, to date, only the transitive is documented. Apparently ? <na>ka:wia </na> without the <n>tla-</n> prefix is not used in Ameyaltepec (whereas Molina does have it, but only documents a reflexive use). \qry Check to determine whether a phrase such as /ne:chka:wia nakatl/ is correct. Apparently it is not, and one has instead /ne:chka:wilia nakatl/. Cf. other cases, e.g., /tla:lka:wia/ in which /ka:wia/ is found only with an incorporated noun. Cf. also forms like /a:te:kia/, etc. \mod There is a good discussion of thsi word under /tlakawilia/ at 7641 \ref 02156 \lxa masa:tlama:ke:tl \lxac masa:tlama:ke:tl \lxo masa:tlámaké:tl \lxoc masa:tlámaké:tl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se deer hunter \ss cazador de venado \xrb masa: \xrb ma \nae Apparently the /a/ is short in Oapan and long in Ameyaltepec, though in the latter this word is seldom used. More common in Ameyaltepec is <nla>masa:te:roh</nla> ; in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan one also finds <nla>masa:te:moke:tl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>masa:té:moké:tl</nlo> (Oa). \qry Apparently /masa:tlamaki/ is not acceptable. \ref 02157 \lxa palowa \lxac kipalowa \lxo palowa \lxoc kipalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to sop or scoop up (e.g., a dish of food with a tortilla); to dunk in and eat (e.g., bread or doughnuts in coffee) \ss sopear (p. ej., una caldo, salsa, frijoles, etc., con una tortilla; cafécon pan o una dona) \pna Xikpalo un tlakwahli. \pea Dip your tortilla into that food (to eat it). \psa Sopé a esa comida con tu tortilla (para comertela). \pna Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n. \pea Some people sop up their coffee with bread. \psa Algunos sopean el cafécon pan. \pna Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tikpalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis. \pea Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked. \psa ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar! Nada más lo vamos a sopear, no se va a cocinar bien (esto es, no se va a quedar duro). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to lick \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) lamer \pna Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa. \pea It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him. \psa Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo. \pna Xotpix kwida:doh, yo:kipapalo:ko chichi. \pea You weren't careful, a dog came and licked it. \psa No tuviste cuidado, un perro vino a lamerlo. \pno Nó:palówaíkwá:k nokokowa i:pa i:xi. \peo It licks itself when its leg hurts. \pso Se lame cuando le duele la pierna. \pna Deke tlai:xwi:lo kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wa:n, a:kin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k. \pea If a little child has been given the evil eye, so that the evil eye goes away he should have his forehead, his face, his arms, licked by the person who gives evil eye. Some say that evil eye tastes salty, some say that it is bitter. \psa Si un niñito ha sido afectado por mal de ojo, para que desaparezca debe ser lamido por la frente, la carita, las manitas porél que echa mal de ojo a la gente. Algunos dicen que el mal de ojo sabe salado, otros que es amargo. \xrb pal \nse Note that the reduplicated form of <no>palowa</no> is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however <no>nó:kwáh</no> and a person licking his lips <no>noté:mpalówa</no>. \qry Check vowel length of /o:tpix/. Note that originally in /Xtlikonexpo:poxo on to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis./ I had /te/, but C. Flores said this was incorrect. It has thus been changed, particularly given that this form with /te/ seems unusual here. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that the reduplicated form of <no>palowa</no> is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however <no>nó:kwáh</no> and a person licking his lips <no>noté:mpalówa</no>. Note in /noté:mpalówa/ how reduplication reduces on a long vowel of an incorporated noun. Again, however, note how the heavy syllable had a nasal as a coda (a characteristic of those heavy syllables that accepted reduced reduplication manifested by p-a. \ref 02158 \lxa tlapupwalistli \lxac tlapupwalistli \lxo tlá:powalístli \lxoc tlá:powalístli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes-rdp \se action of clearing a field of brush and thorn bushes in preparation for planting \ss acción de limpiar un terreno de arbustos y espinas en prepararlo para la siembra \xrb po:wa \ref 02159 \lxa ma:pala:ni \lxac ma:pala:ni \lxo ma:pala:ni \lxoc ma:pala:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for one's hand to rot \ss podrirsele la mano a uno \se for the branch (of a tree) to rot \ss pudrirsele la rama (a unárbol) \xrb ma: \xrb pala: \nse It is said in Ameyaltepec, for example, that if one points at a rainbow, ones hand will rot (<na>tima:pala:nis</na>). \qry Check to determine transitive form of the verb /pala:ni/ and if a transitive form exists with this compound verb. Also redetermine what precisely this means and whether it is used in other contexts. Check if this verb can be used to refer to tree branches. \vl For future reference: the initial sound here should be compared to 2939, which seems to devoice. \ref 02160 \lxa albe:stoh \lxac albe:stoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan asbestos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea asbestos sheeting used for house roofs \ssa lámina de asbesto para techar \syno lá:minah \ref 02161 \lxa nesawahli \lxac nesawahli \lxo nesawahli \lxoc nesawahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn Stem 3 \se fast (from not eating) \ss ayuno \pna O:kite:makaton nonesawal. \pea They went to give word of my fasting. \psa Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno. \pna Kinekis nesawahli. Xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w! \pea It (e.g., a particular remedy or curing ceremony) needs (to be accompanied by) fasting. Fast so that the ill member of your family will get better! \psa Necesita (p. ej., un remedio o ceremonia en particular) que participe alguien en ayunas.¡Ayuna túpara que se levante tu pariente que está enferma. \xrb sawa \nse The phrase <na>o:kite:makaton nonesawal</na> was uttered by a person who fasted halfoodays (till noon) every Wedensday and Friday, as is the custom with some during Lent, and whose children went to church on the Saturday after Good Friday to give word of this fasting to the village saint. The father had fasted so that he would not get sick, would have good luck, etc. \qry Check that /nesawahli/ can refer to the person who fasts. \grm O:kite:makaton nonesawal. 'They went to give word of my fasting.' Note that the object here is not something that is actually given, but something about which word is given. \ref 02162 \lxa tli:hli \lxac tli:hli \lxo tli:hli \lxoc tli:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se soot (e.g., at the bottoms of pots and pans, the roofs of kitchens, etc.) \ss tizne; hollín (p. ej., sobre los fondos de ollas y sartenes, en el techo de una cocina, etc.) \pna O:ne:chasik itli:hlo tli:n o:tlatlaka ka:n o:nitlachinoh. O:nitlitli:hlowak. \pea The soot of what had burned when I set fire to the brush to clear the field got on me. I got covered with soot. \psa Me alcanzó el hollín de lo que se había quemado cuando quemécampo por limpiar un terreno. Me cubrícon hollín. \xrb tli:l \qry Check meaning of /tli:hli/ as soot. Also check meaning of 'black paint.' I.e., does one say /xtla:lili tli:ltik/ or /xtla:lili tli:hli/. Check all uses and meanings. \ref 02163 \lxa -xkayo:tl \lxac ye:ixkayo:tl \lxo -xkayo:tl \lxoc se:xkayo:tl; o:mexkayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Num-Clit \der N-d-kayo:tl \se to be from the number of years ago indicated by a numeral that in incorporated to this bound verb (particularly used in reference to maize and beans left over from a harvest the indicated numbers of years ago) \ss ser del número de años que se indica por un número combinado a este verbo (particularmente en referencia a maíz y frijoles que se quedan de desde hace el número de años indicado) \pna Se:xkayo:tl notlayo:lxina:ch. \pea My maize seed is one year old (i.e., from last year's harvest). \psa Mi semilla de maíz tiene un año (esto es, viene del año pasado). \cfao kayo:tl \xrb xiw \xrb kayo: \nse Apparently <na>se:xkayo:tl</na> is nearly equivalent, if not equivalent, in meaning to <nla>pochawistli</nla>. In the corpus <nla>se:xkayo:tl</nla>, <nla>o:mexkayo:tl</nla>, and <nla>ye:ixkayo:tl</nla> have all been independently documented. \nae It appears that <nao>-xkayo:tl</nao> is an apocopated form of <na>xiwkayo:tl</na>, much as <nlao>se:xtli</nlao> might also be as well. In general it appears that although <nlao>kayo:tl</nlao> is best considered a separate lexeme in many cases, it does combine with certain stems (e.g., \qry CHECK VOWEL LENGTH! Apparently this can be formed with other temporal terms. Check for possible form /se:xiwkayo:tl/ and whether this is the same or different than /se:xkayo:tl/. Check /o:mexkayo:tl/ or /o:me xiwkayo:tl/ etc., and which is correct. My original notes give /se:xkayo:tl/ as the same as /pochawistli/. Check the meaning and possible meaning differences, particularly in collocates. If completely identical, then add each to the /syn field in the other's entry. In one entry I have a long /a:/; this should be checked. Also in one entry I have a reference to cf. /-xkayo:tl/. \vl For this entry take the elicitation audio file that was recorded for /=kayo:tl/ (entry 2126), i.e., /o:mexkayo:tl/ and link it here. Check vowel length of all words that have this /kayo:/ is the root. For /se:xkayo:tl/ it seems short, though acoustically not overly so. \ref 02164 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tetlawi:teki/ but has been combined with /tlawi:teki/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02165 \lxa nekwahlo:tl \lxac nekwahlo:tl \lxo ne:nkwahlo:tl \lxoc ne:nkwahlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) \ss tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') \syna nekwahli \syno ne:nkwahlo \fla nekwahli \xrb kwa \nae The etymology of this noun, and related forms, is not clear. For now the Ameyaltepec and Oapan entries have been left as one, with the assumption that the difference between one and the other is phonetically motivated. However, they may reflect two different (re)interpretations. Ameyaltepec might be a nominalization of <na>kwa</na> used reflexively; Oapan may be a incorporated form with <nla>ne:n</nla> incorporated into the same verb <no>kwa</no>. Perhaps neighboring dialect form will clear up the nature of this. \nde No cognate has yet been found in Classical or other Nahuatl dialects. \sj Check SJ here and with all related forms. \vl Check length here and in all related forms. \ref 02166 \lxa chika:hka:miki \lxac chika:hka:miki \lxo chika:hka:miki \lxoc chika:hka:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to die from old age \ssa morir de viejo \seo to have gotten to a state (an animal that is to be eaten) so that its meat is tough and does not cook rapidly \sso haber llegado a un estado (un animal para comerse) en que la carne se cocina muy despachio \seo to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside \sso llegar a un estado (p. ej., una sandía) en que aunque pequeño se abre sin tener casi nada adentro \xrb chika: \xrb miki \encyctmp Perhaps elicit a list of the stages through which a fruit passes. \qry The precise meaning of the second Oapan definition needs to be clarified: 'to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside' \ref 02167 \lxa tli:ltsapotl \lxac tli:ltsapotl \lxo tli:ltsapotl \lxoc tli:ltsapotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se black zapote fruit \ss fruta del zapote negro \se tree from which the black zapote comes, still not definitively identified \ss árbol que da el zapote negro, todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem edible \xrb tli:l \xrb tsapo \cpl Schoenhals (1988) mentions under zapote negro:"(<i>Diospyros digyna</i>) 'black sapote,' 'Indian ebony persimmon.' See zapote prieto."And under zapote prieto:""(<i>Diospyros digyna</i>) 'black sapote,' 'Indian ebony persimmon.' Related to the persimmon. Immature fruits are bitter and pucker the mouth. Pulp of the fruit is 'axle-grease black.' Wood is reported to have teh properties of typical ebony. Also called zapote negro." \nct kohtli; tsapotl \ref 02168 \lxa -me:sti \lxac se:me:sti \lxo -me:sti \lxoc se:me:sti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff var \infv class-4a \seao to complete the number of month's time indicated by an incorporated numeral \ssao completar el número de meses que se indica por un número incorporado \pna Ye wi:kpla o:nise:me:stik. \pea Yesterday I completed one month. \psa Ayer cumplí un mes. \pna Nio:meme:stis. \pea I will complete two months. \psa Voy a completar dos meses. \pna Ye wi:kpla se:me:stitoya. \pea Yesterday was its one-month anniversary. \psa Ayer cumplía un mes. \xrb me:ts \qry Determine the difference between /o:se:me:stik/ and /se:me:stitoya/. \ref 02169 \lxa uwelowa \lxac kuwelowa \lxo té:welówa \lxop té:welowa \lxop té:welowa \lxoc kité:welówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to take apart (sth built and put together, such as a house) \ss desarmar (algo construído, como una casa) \pna Nikuwelo:s nokal, oksepa nimokalti:s. \pea I'm going to take down my house, I'm going to build me a new one. \psa Voy a desarmar mi casa, me voy a hacer otra. \se to break (a material object or machine that functions) \ss descomponer (un objeto material que funciona) \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to put together carelessly so that everything comes apart \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) armar sin cuidado para que todo se derrumbe \pna Xkwahli titlatlama:maltitok. Titlauwelo:s. \pea You aren't loading things up right (e.g., firewood on a donkey or mule). You're doing things in such a way that everything will come apart on you (i.e., the knots, the firewood, etc., so that it all falls to the ground). \psa No estás poniendo bien la carga (p. ej., leña a un burro o mula). Estás haciendo las cosas (con tanto descuidado) que todo se te va a derrumbar. \fla uweliwi \xrb wel \xvaa uwelowilia \xvao té:welowília \ref 02170 \lxa ikni:wtia \lxac kikni:wtia \lxo ihni:htia \lxoc kihni:htia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran Refl>V3(Oa) \infv class-2a \se to place together in a single space; to merge or join with others of the same (animals in a corral, items in a pile or bag, etc.) \ss juntar cosas iguales en un solo espacio (animales en un corral; objetos sueltos en una pila o bolsa) \pna Xkikni:wti un yetl. \pea Place those beans together with the rest (e.g., in a sack). \psa Junta esos frijoles con los demás (p. ej., en un costal). \pna O:nikimikni:wtih. O:nikwi:kak ika ikni:wa:n para wa:hla:skeh. \pea I placed them together (in this case animals from one stable that were difficult to manage with other animals from another stable that were more manageable). I took them along with their mates so that they would come back. \psa Los junté(en este caso animales de un establo que eran difíciles de arrear con los de otro establo más mansos). Los llevécon sus compañeros para que vinieran juntos. \seo to think that (sb) is the sibling of another person one has seen \sso pensar que (algn) es el hermano de otra persona que uno ha visto \seo (refl. with object) to treat and call (sb [O]) as ones sibling (when the person is not in fact) \sso (refl. con objeto) tratar y llamar (a algn [O]) como si fuera hermano (cuando no es de veras) \pno Kinohni:htia, kitlásotlá. \peo He treats him as if he were his brother, he loves him. \pso Lo trata como si fuera su hermano, lo quiere. \xrb kni:w \nse In the case of grains, this word refers to the action of receiving a certain portion and placing it in a sack with other portions of grain that have already been received (e.g., during a wake when relatives and friends bring grain to help defray the costs of the ceremony). This verb can also refer to the action of writing something on paper and putting this paper with others that have already been written on. \nae The Oapan form <no>kinohni:htia</no> manifests a reflexive formation that is benefactive in its sense, since the referent of the grammatical subject/reflexive is at one time both agent and benefactive. However, there is no overt marker that increases valency. The cognate use in Ameyaltepec has still not been determined (by cf. <nlao>na:ntia</nlao>), i.e., whether one has a form such as ? <na>kinokniwtia</na> or whether the object is expressed obliquely. Also, it has not yet been determined whether variations in valency such as that of the present verb should be given separate entries. They probably should be, which would mean that the two senses of <no>ihni:htia</no> documented to date should receive separate entries. \ref 02171 \lxa kwa:tlapa:na \lxac kikwa:tlapa:na \lxo kwa:tlapa:na \lxoc kikwa:tlapa:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to split the head open of \ss descalabrar \pna O:kikwa:tlapa:nkeh, o:kikwa:temo:tlakeh ika tetl. \pea They split his head open, they threw a rock at his head. \psa Lo descalabraron, le tiraron una piedra en la cabeza. \se (refl.) to rack ones brains out \ss (refl.) romperse la cabeza para hallar una solución \pna Timokwa:tlapa:ntok, xtikne:xtilia. \pea You are racking your brains (trying to figure something out), you can't find the solution. \psa Estás rompiéndote la cabeza (para desifrar algo), no le hallas la solución. \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapa: \ref 02172 \lxa se:pa:n \lxac se:pa:n tia:skeh \lxo se:pa:n \lxoc se:pa:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \se all together \ss todos juntos \pna Se:pa:n ma tiá:n! \pea Let's go all together! \psa ¡Vamos todos juntos! \pna Ma tise:pa:nya:ka:n! \pea Let's go all together! \psa ¡Vamos todos juntos! \pna Se:pa:n tia:skeh! \pea We will go all together! \psa ¡Vamos todos juntos! \pna Xtikneki tise:pa:nya:skeh? \pea Do you want us to go all together? \psa ¿Quieres que vayamos todos juntos? \pno Se:pa:n tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh. \peo We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year. \pso Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año. \xrb se: \xrb pa:n \nse In Ameyaltepec occasionally the sequence <na>se: ipan</na> 'on one' is reduced to <na>se:pan</na>. \nae The adverbial element <nao>se:pa:n</nao> may be expressed as a preclitic, preceding the verbal predication, or it may be incorporated adjacent to the verbal stem. \qry Note that the Nahuatl text to the following sentence was inadvertently deleted: 'Let's eat together!' \vl Recheck vowel length; check for any utterance with final /h/. \ref 02173 \lxa pexo:ntok \lxac pexo:ntok \lxo pexo:ntok \lxoc pexo:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be filled to the brim (a liquid inside a recepticle); to be overflowing \ss estar lleno hasta el tope; a punto de desbordarse (un líquido dentro de un recipiente) \xrb pexo: \ref 02174 \lxa almo:n \lxac almo:n \lxo a:lmo:n \lxoc a:lmo:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan almud \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <na>almo:meh</na> ; poss. <na>noálmo:n</na>, <na>noalmó:n</na>. \se reed basket (typically of <nla>o:tlatl</nla>) used to hold or transport items, particularly dried ears of maize, shelled maize, ceramics, etc. \ss canasta, tipicamente de otate, usada para guardar o transportar cosas, particularmente mazorca, maíz, cerámica, etc. \sem measure \nse Although originally an <na>almud</na> referred to a particular measure (of 4 <spn>cuartillos</spn>, which equals 1/24 of a <spn>carga</spn> ; an <spn>almud</spn> is also 7.568 liters or 6.88 dry quarts), in the Balsas area this term no longer a particular measure but rather a basket that can be various sizes: 4, 5, 6, or more <spn>cuartillos</spn> ; the largest are 12 or even 25 <spn>cuartillos</spn>. \qry Also determine the number of liters in a cuartillo for my notes above. \vl Check vowel length: one instance had short final /o/. In general vowel length is difficult to record in final /on/. Perhaps accent shift affects length in this borrowing. Probably the Am form has a long initial /a:/. Check and confirm. \ref 02175 \lxa a:makuwtli \lxac a:makuwtli \lxo a:makohtli \lxoc a:makohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se generic term for groups of trees, all of which have <nlao>a:matl</nlao> in their name \ss nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol, todos los cuales tienen <nlao>a:matl</nlao> como parte de su nombre \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao a:matl \xrb a:ma \xrb kow \cfa a:matl \ono super a:makuhtli \nse The following types of <nao>a:matl</nao> have been documented: <nla>a:mai:skitl</nla>, <nla>a:makostli</nla>, and <nla>a:matl</nla> or <nla>a:makuhtli</nla>, also called <nla>a:matl de on uwe:i</nla>. Consultants varied slightly in their information as to the identification of the <nla>a:matl de on uwe:i</nla>, but it seems that this is simply a further specification of the tree called simply <na>a:matl</na> or <na>a:makuhtli</na>, names that apply both to the group in general and to a specific species within this group. Marcelino Venancio mentioned that there were two types of <na>a:makuhtli</na> that are named by gender: <na>a:matl de susowa:tl</na>, which has large leaves (<na>we:i i:xiwyo</na>), and <na>a:matl de tlatla:katl</na>, which has small leaves (<na>pi:pitik i:xiwyo</na>). However, Cristino Flores mentioned that he did not know of the male and female name references. \cpl Under <na>a:matl</na> Ramírez (1991) simply gives the family name <spn>Moraceae</spn> and the scientific name as <i>Ficus</i> sp. However, Guizar and Sánchez list the following Moraceae: <i>Chlorophora mollis</i> (with no Spanish name given); <i>Ficus cotinifolia</i> (in Spanish <spn>texcalamate</spn> or <spn>higo</spn>); <i>Ficus goldmanii</i> (with no Spanish name given); <i>Ficus mexicana</i> (called in Spanish <spn>higo</spn>); and <spn>Ficus petiolaris</spn> (called in Spanish <spn>amate amarillo</spn>). \nct kohtli \ref 02176 \lxa ma:ne:xtia \lxac kima:ne:xtia \lxo ma:ne:xtia \lxoc kima:ne:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to find through divination (with cards, copal, or other items that a person throws to the ground, into water, or lays out with his hands) \ssa adivinar la suerte de (con naipes, copal u otras cosas que uno"echa"al agua o al suelo con las manos) \seo to acquire with ones"hands"(i.e., labor) \sso adquirir con las"manos"(esto es, con el trabajo) \xrb ma: \xrb ne:si \xvbao ma:ne:si \qry Check the range of types of divination covered by this term; apparently all involve items that are scattered by hand and then read. Document meaning. \ref 02177 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlanchikol/ with xref to /tlanchikohlo/. It has been removed and the major entry is /tlanchikohlo/. Also /tlanchikohli/ is still an entry. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02178 \lxa toli:nwia \lxacpend notoli:nwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting \ssa (refl.) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas \pna Nimotoli:nwia. Ke:n nimosawa para ma:ka itlah tli:n kokolistli kasis noyo:lka:w. \pea I make myself suffer from lack of food. I fast so that no disease affects my animals. \psa Me hago sufrir por falta de comer. Me pongo en ayunas para que ninguna enfermedad agarre a mis animales. \syno toli:nia \xrb toli: \nse Cristino Flores did not accept the validity of this word, which he said was from Oapan. However, Oapan consultants also did not know this word. Despite this fact the word <na>toli:nwia</na> has been retained pending further consultation. \qry Check for nonreflexive use, other meanings. \ref 02179 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo estapa:do:r \lxoc estapa:do:r \dt 17/Mar/2005 \loan destapador \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo bottle opener \sso destapador \nae Vowel length in Spanish borrowings is often difficult to determine. In the present case the length of /a/ at times appears short, at times not. The final vowel is difficult to determine given voicing of the syllable-initial stop [d] and the following /r/. In Ameyaltepec the full Spanish loan is used: <na>destapado:r</na>. \vl Check vowel length. \ref 02180 \lxa makate:wa \lxac kimakate:wa \lxo makate:wa \lxoc kimakate:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc V3-asp \der V3-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to leave in inheritance to \ss legar a \pna O:ne:chmakate:w noba:leh kwa:k o:mik. \pea My friend left it to me in inheritance when he died. \psa Mi amigo me lo dejócomo herencia cuando se murió. \cfao maka \xrb maka \xrb e:wa \dis makate:wa; ka:wilite:wa \nse <na>Makate:wa</na> may have both the lexicalized meaning of 'to leave in inheritance to' and the more literal meaning 'to give to upon taking ones leave' as in <na>timitsmakate:was notomi:n kwa:k yeniaw</na> 'I will give you your money when I leave.' \ref 02181 \lxa pa:ktia \lxac kipa:ktia \lxo pa:htia \lxoc kipa:htia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make happy \ss hacer feliz a \pna Xne:chpa:ktia, xnikwelita. \pea It doesn't make me happy, I don't like it. \psa No me hace feliz, no me gusta. \xrb pa:ki \xvbao pa:ki \qry Determine if this can also mean 'to make healthy' /ne:chpa:ktia reme:dioh/? \ref 02182 \lxa kuwia \lxac kikuwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to beat with a stick \ssa pegar con un palo \pna Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkuwia. \pea A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. \psa Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. \syno karro:tewiya \xrb kow \qry Recheck /kowia/ \ref 02183 \lxa sokito:ka \lxac nosokito:ka \lxo sokito:ka \lxoc nosokito:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to sink into the mud (e.g., up to ones calf, just below the knees, etc.) \ss (refl.) hundir en el lodo (p. ej., hasta la pantorilla, la rodilla, etc.) \pna O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak. \pea I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud. \psa Me atoré en el lodo porque elárea está cubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra está muy blanda, me hundí en el lodo. \xrb soki \xrb to:ka \nse The difference between <na>sokito:ka</na>, <nla>sokitla:laki</nla>, and <nla>sokipolaki</nla> is still not clear. For now I have translated <na>sokitla:laki</na> as more concerned with getting stuck in the mud, and the other two with sinking into it. The construction <na>tlasokito:ka</na> is unusual if <na>sokito:ka</na> is always considered a transitive (bivalent) verb. However, if it is also acceptable as an intransitive meaning 'to sink into the mud' (in which case a separate entry should be established) then <na>tlasokito:ka</na> is clearly interpretable as a subjectless impersonal, i.e., 'there is sinking into the mud' or 'the area is deep with mud (into which things sink).' The possibility of a monovalent <na>sokito:ka</na> should be checked and, if it is so interpretable, the difference between <na>sokito:ka</na> and the reflexive <na>nosokito:ka</na> should be stated in the lexicon. \dis sokipolaki; sokito:ka; sokitla:laki; check meaning of /tlasokito:ka/ \ref 02184 \lxa chi:pi:lin \lxac chi:pi:lin \lxo chi:pi:lin \lxoa chi:pi:lih \lxoc chi:pi:lih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao generic name for a group of plants that include the <nao>chi:pi:lin</nao>, <nao>tepe:chi:pi:lin</nao>, and another plant with various names in the Balsas River basin \ssao nombre genérico de un grupo de plantas que incluye <nao>chi:pi:lin</nao>, <nao>tepe:chi:pi:lin</nao> y otra planta cuyo nombre varia en la región del Balsas \seao edible plant apparently of the family Leguminosea and genus <l>Crotolaria</l> \ssao planta comestible, aparentemente de la familia Leguminosea y género <l>Crotolaria</l> \se (<na>i:xixi:tew</na> ~) frutescence of the <na>chi:pi:lin</na> (and other plants of this genus) \ss (<na>i:xixi:tew</na> ~) frustescencia del <na>chi:pi:lin</na> (y otras plantas de este género) \sem plant \sem edible \xrb chi:pil \qry Note that in one example phrase I have recorded /chi:pi:lin/ in a previous entry example phrase. In other cards I have /chi:pilin/. However, in my botany notes the vowel is long. Also note that that Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give /chipi:lin/, which they identify as chipil or chipilín. Vowel length should be rechecked. \cpl Schoenhals (1988:42) gives"chipilín de monte (<i>Crotalaria</i> spp., e.g. <i>C. longirostrata</i>) 'rattlepod,', has yellow flowers and grows in the corn fields; the leaves are eaten like spinach or used as a cooking herb. Also called chepil, tronadora."Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name as <spn>chipile</spn> and the family as <i>Leguminosae</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>chipil</spn> or <spn>chipilin</spn>. \nct xiwtli \ref 02185 \lxa tlanxi:nia \lxo tlanxi:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2a \se see <nla>tlanxixi:nia</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tlanxixi:nia</nla> \xrb tlan \xrb xi: \ref 02186 \lxa fa:ltoh \lxac fa:ltoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan falto \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infv Gender \sea foolish; simple (in the sense of mentally challenged) \ssa tonto \pna Ma:ka xfa:ltoh! \pea Don't be foolish! \psa ¡No seas tonto! \grm /ma:ka/; negation: note that /ma:ka/ can be used with nominal predicates. The structure is as indicated: /ma:ka xfa:ltoh/. Check for other occurrence of this negative form with nonverbal predicates. \ref 02187 \lxa xihki:xtia \lxac kixihki:xtia \lxo xihki:xtia \lxoc kixihki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \sea to weed by passing over the milpa with a plow just after the maize has sprouted \ssa desherbar con un arado, volteando la tierra poco después de que brote el maíz \pna Kixihki:xti:s un imi:l. \pea He will weed his maize plants. \psa Va a quitarle la maleza alrededor de sus plantas de maíz. \seo to weed (particularly a cornfield) by hand \sso desherbar (particularmente una milpa) con la mano. \xrb xiw \xrb ki:sa \encyctmp mi:hli \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>xihki:xtia</na> refers to the action of using a plow to turn over the earth and kill weeds. In this village <na>ma:teka</na> is the proper word for when one is using ones hands or a digging stick (<nla>witso:ktli</nla>) to weed. <na>Xihki:xtia</na> is used in Ameyaltepec, but not in Oapan, to refer to the action of passing the plow over the field soon after the maize has sprouted. Most often this verb is found with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> (e.g., <na>nitlaxihki:xti:s</na>) 'I'm going to weed (my field with a plow)' although occasionally it occurs with a specific object prefix when a particular field is the topic of discourse. In Oapan the equivalent term for use with a plow is <nlo>ó:meliá</nlo>. Oapan has a synonym for <no>xihki:xtia</no> which is <nlo>má:kwí</nlo>. For a fuller discussion of terms used for plowing, see entry under <nlao>teki</nlao>. \qry Check for /h/ in Oapan /kixih.../ Check why I have this as an entry for Oapan when in the /nse field I mention that this word is not used in Oapan. \ref 02188 \lxa tlatla:hlowa \lxac tlátla:hlówa \lxo tlátla:hlówa \lxop tlatla:hlowa \lxoc tla:hlowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:tla:hlówa</no> \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se to get covered with earth, dirt, grime, etc. \ss llenarse, ensuciarse o cubrirse de tierra o mugre \pna Xki:xti motlake:n! Melá:k po:chaktik, o:titlatla:hlowak. \pea Take off your clothes! They are really dirty and black, you got covered with dirt. \psa ¡Quítate la ropa! Están muy negros y sucios, te llenaste de tierra. \pna O:nitlatla:hlowak pa:mpa o:nitla:lxi:nih wan tla:ltektlan. \pea I got covered with dirt because I shoveled earth and it was dusty (i.e., the earth was very loose and dry). \psa Me ensuciéde polvo porque echétierra con una pala y había mucho polvo (esto es, la tierra estaba muy suelta y seca). \xrb tla:l \nae Although the headword for this intransitive verb and for the other lexical elements of the paradigm (<nla>tlatla:hloh</nla> and <nla>tlatla:hlo:tia</nla> are all reduplicated, the fact that the elicitation form here for the Oapan sound file it is clear that a nonreduplicated form is correct, though undoubtedly rarely if ever used. Nevertheless, despite this fact the headword here has been entered as reduplicated in order to maintain the paradigmatic relationship with the other forms. \ref 02189 \lxa kwi:katia \lxac nokwi:katia \lxo kwi:katia \lxoc nokwi:katia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sing \ss (refl.) cantar \pna Wel nokwi:katia. \pea He can (knows how to) sing. \psa Sabe cantar. \se (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing (a particlar song or tune [O]) \ss (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar (una canción o son en particular [O]) \seo (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing about (a person [O]) \sso (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar acerca de (una persona [O]) \xrb kwi:ka \nse My written documentation from Ameyaltepec includes only the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd-person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like <na>ito:tia</na>. \nde Launey (1992:189) mentions that in Classical Nahuatl the verb <n>cui:catia</n> is one of the two common verbs in which causative morphology (<n>-tia</n>) has an applicative sense. In Classical, the simple intransitive <n>cui:ca</n> means 'to sing' and the derived causative <n>cui:catia</n> means 'to sing for' (i.e., an"applicative sense"). Thus Classical <n>¿Cuix tite:chcui:cati:z?</n> means '¿Cantarás para nosotros?' The other principal verb with causative morphology in an applicative sense is <na>na:mactia</na> 'to sell to.' \qry I have only wrriten down the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like <na>ito:tia</na>. Also, if used with other objects, make sure to note whether they can be animate, first and second, etc. Determine whether there is a way of indicating 'to sing to' as in 'she sings to her baby' Whatever the answers to these questions might be, adjust the /cat field accordingly. I have recorded an Ameyaltepec applicative/causative /kwi:katilia/. Check. \ref 02190 \lxa na:wati \lxac na:wati \lxo na:wati \lxoc na:wati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3d(ti) \se to utter a sound; to make oneself heard \ss hacer un sonido; hacerse escuchar \pna Niman o:na:wat. \pea He spoke up right away. \psa Luego luego se hizo escuchar. \pna Xekah na:wati, xekah mitsna:nkilia. \pea No one speaks up, no one answers you. \psa Nadie habla, nadie te contesta. \pna Ma:ka xna:wati, ye wa:hlaw tla:wa:nke:tl! \pea Don't make a sound, here comes a drunk (i.e., keep quiet so that he doesn't notice us)! \psa ¡No hagas ruido, acá viene un borracho (esto es, para que no se fije en nosotros)! \xrb na:wa \xvca na:watilia \qry Determine to what types of animals and sounds the word /na:wati/ can be applied. Note that I have checked several times and the initial /a:/ is definitely long. \ref 02191 \lxa nekoko:hli \lxac * nekoko:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn Stem 3 \sea pain (from an illness or disease, not from physical injuries such as cuts, broken bones, etc.) \ssa dolor (de una enfermedad, no de una herida, hueso roto, etc.) \pna Kipia nekoko:hli. Kwalo. \pea He is in pain. He is ill. \psa Tiene dolor. Está enfermo. \qry Cristino Flores rejected thsi form. \xrb kowa \ref 02192 \lxa welitilia \lxac kwelitilia \lxo welitilia \lxoc kwelitilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc Mod-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to envy the looks of (sth that sb has) \ss tenerle envidia (a algn) de la aparencia de (algo que tiene) \pna Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s, sie:mpreh tika:nas mono:biah! Ke:n timitswelitilia. \pea Don't back out, in the end you'll wind up marrying your girlfriend! I really envy you her good looks. \psa ¡No te reniegues, siempre te vas a casar con tu novia! De veras te tengo envidia por la guapa que se te ve contigo. \xrb wel \xrb ita \xvbao welita \qry Check final /h/ of /sie:mpreh/. \ref 02193 \lxa sakakaltia \lxac kisakakaltia \lxo sakakaltia \lxoc kisakakaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to build a grass thatched roof house for \ss construir una casa con techo de pasto para \pna Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl. \pea When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it (<nla>me:kotlako:tl</nla>) in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again. The rod is not visible. \psa Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso (<nla>me:kotlako:tl</nla>) lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no está visible. \xrb saka \xrb kal \ref 02194 \lxa kwe:xtia \lxac kwe:xtia \lxo kwe:xtia \lxoc kwe:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become finely ground \ss quedarse bien y finamente molido \xrb kwe:ch \xvaao kwe:xtilia \nae Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending <n>tia</n>, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather, <nao>kwe:xtia</nao> is related to <nlao>kwe:chiwi</nlao>, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> often lose the entire <n>-iwi</n> ending in derivational forms. Thus from <nlao>tlatsiwi</nlao> one derives <nlao>tlatski</nlao> and from <nlao>kwe:chiwi</nlao> one derives <nlao>kwe:xtik</nlao>. Thus it seems that the root or stem of <n>-iwi</n> verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without <n>-iwi</n>. \qry Check for existence of /kwe:xtli/. My original notes say that this word is often used to refer to finely ground chile, or to sand (or other objects) that is not naturally coarse. Check how this might be used to refer to sand, since one might expect an adjectival, not inchoative. \grm /-iwi/ verbs: Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending <n>tia</n>, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather, <nao>kwe:xtia</nao> is related to <nlao>kwe:chiwi</nlao>, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> often lose the entire <n>-iwi</n> ending in derivational forms. Thus from <nlao>tlatsiwi</nlao> one derives <nlao>tlatski</nlao> and from <nlao>kwe:chiwi</nlao> one derives <nlao>kwe:xtik</nlao>. Thus it seems that the root or stem of <n>-iwi</n> verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without <n>-iwi</n>. \ref 02195 \lxa tlakwa:lia \lxac kitlakwa:lia \lxo tlakwa:lia \lxoc kitlakwa:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to eat the milpa of (sb [O], an animal that enters ones field) \ssao comer la milpa de (algn [O] un animal que entra el campo) \xrb kwa \xvbao tlakwa \xbtlao kwa:lia \nse Like <nlao>tlakwa</nlao>, <nao>tlakwa:lia</nao> may have a lexically specified sense (along with a more context-dependent sense of 'to eat (sth) of sb'). It refers most often to an animal that enters somone's field and eats his maize, e.g., <na>o:ne:xtlakwalih mowa:kax</na> 'your cattle got into and ate up my field (on me).' \qry Check meaning and if one can refer to someone eating another's apply, for instance, as /o:kitlakwalikeh/. Also check antipassive. \ref 02196 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /o:kpaikniwtli/ 'half-sibling (brother or sister)' but it seems to be in error: The expressions <na>noo:kpaikniw</na> and <na>i:ka o:kpa nokniw</na> are equivalent. Note that <na>o:kpaikniwtli</na> is rarely found in unpossessed form. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \ref 02197 \lxa tlakwi:xwilia \lxac kitlakwi:xwilia \lxo tlakwi:xwilia \lxoc kitlakwi:xwilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to make a hissing sound at (e.g., with a 'ts ts' sound in order to call the attention of or to chase away) \ss hacerle un sonido como de silbido a (p. ej., con un sonido como de 'psst' para llamar la atención de o para ahuyentar a algn) \pna O:ne.chtlakwi:xwilih pero xo:nikchi:wilih kwe:ntah. \pea He called to me with a hissing sound, but I didn't pay any attention. \psa Me llamócon un sonido como silbido, pero no le hice caso. \xrb kwi:x \xvba tlakwi:xwia \xvbo tlakwi:xwiya \qry Check for the possibility that a form without /tla-/ occurs. \ref 02198 \lxa chi:boh \lxac chi:boh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan chivo \psm N \der N-loan \sea loan found only in a collocation with <nla>itakatl</nla> or compounded with the stem of <nla>yetl</nla> \ssa préstamo utilizado solamente en colocación con <nla>itakatl</nla> o compuesto con la raíz de <nla>yetl</nla> \cola itakatl \cfa yechi:boh \cfo ítakachí:boh;ítakátl \ref 02199 \lxa yesa:tli \lxac kiyesa:tli \lxo yesa:tli \lxoc kiyesa:tli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V1] \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink the blood of \ss chupar o beber la sangre de \pna Kanah u:nkah kuwatl mitsyesa:tli:s. Kihlian tli:lkowatl. Kikalakti:s iko:lah itik moyekatso:l, kwa:kon kiki:xti:s yestli. \pea There's a snake somewhere that drinks your blood. It is called a 'black snake.' It puts its tail into your nose, then it takes out blood. \psa Hay una culebra en algún lugar que te bebe la sangre. Lo llaman 'serpiente negra.' Mete su cola por la nariz, entonces te chupa la sangre. \xrb es \xrb a: \xrb i: \nae Like <nao>a:tli</nao>, <na>yesa:tli</na> can be both intransitive (with incorporated noun as patient) and transitive (with incorporated noun an example of"possessor raising"and not reducing valency). \qry Reconfirm that this can be a transitive verb, this would agree with the transitivity of /a:tli/, /po:ki/, etc. which are also both intransitive and transitive. \ref 02200 \lxa xiwtli \lxac xiwtli \lxo xihtli \lxoc xihtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se generic term for herbaceous plant \ss término genérico para planta herbácea \se weeds \ss maleza \pna Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l. \pea My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds. \psa Mi milpa se está cubriendo con maleza. \se (intrinsic possession) leaves; foliage (as part of trees, bushes, plants, etc.) \ss (posesión intrínseca) hojas; follaje (como parte de unárbol, arbusto, planta, etc.) \pna Kwaltsi:n ixiwyo. \pea It's leaves are pretty. \psa Son bonitas sus hojas. \pna Kipia ixiwio un kuwtli. \pea That tree has its foliage. \psa Eseárbol tiene su follaje. \sem plant \sem part \xrb xiw \nse When asked the definition of <na>xiwtli</na>, Luis Lucena extended his hands flat and made a horizontal sweeping motion. Thus it would appear that one of the defining features of this term is that the plant grows close to the ground and not high. \nae Unlike other plant parts such as <nlao>xo:chitl</nlao>, which is found as <na>i:xo:chiw</na> (e.g., a flower belonging to a person) and <na>i:xo:chio</na> (e.g., a flower of a plant), <na>xiwtli</na> (or <no>xihtli</no>) is found only unpossessed, referring in general to herbaceous plants, or with the <n>-yo</n> possessed suffix. \qry Check Oapa: /i:xo:chyo/ or /i:xo:chiyo/. Where is the stress, etc. \vl There is an extra female token at 5491. \ref 02201 \lxa tso:tso:ti \lxac tso:tso:ti \lxo tso:tso:ti \lxoc tso:tso:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3a \se to get sores or infected pimples on ones skin \ss salirsele llagas o granitos infectados en la piel a \pna Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep. \pea I got sores on my skin. <spn>Ajes</spn> bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores. \psa Se me salieron granos en la piel. Ajes me mordieron; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas. \xrb tso:tso: \xvaao tso:tso:tilia \ref 02202 \lxa wi:pa:na \lxac kwi:pa:na \lxo wi:pa:na \lxoc kiwi:pa:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to line up (individual objects) one after another \ss alinear (objetos individuales) una cosa tras otra \se to interlace; to tie together in order, one after another (e.g., the rods of the <nla>tlapextli</nla> cactus in making a bed) \ss entrelazar; atar una cosa tras otra (p. ej., las varas del cactus llamado the <nla>tlapextli</nla> al hacer una cama) \xrb wipa: \qry Check for use of /te-/. \ref 02203 \lxa ma:tsiwi \lxac ma:tsiwi \lxo ma:tsiwi \lxoc ma:tsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become folded or doubled over (sth pliable that gets slightly crushed and folded over) \ss quedarse doblado sobre si mismo (algo suave que se aplasta ligeramente) \pna I:pan o:kitla:lilikeh itlah tli:no:n, o:ma:tsiw nosombre:roh. \pea They laid something on top of it, my hat got crushed and doubled over. \psa Le dejaron algo encima, mi sombrero se quedó apachurado y doblado. \pna O:ma:tsiw un mange:rah. \pea The sides of that hose have gotten crushed together and flattened out (e.g., for having had sth heavy placed on it). \psa La mangera se quedó aplastada (p. ej., a causa de haber tenido algo pesado encima). \xrb ma:ts \qry In reference to the hose, determine whether this refers to the sides coming together, or to the hose folding in two after getting bent. \ref 02204 \lxa tla:wiltia \lxac tla:wiltia \lxo tla:wiltia \lxoc tla:wiltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-2a \se to ride a bull in a rodeo or <spn>jaripeo</spn> \ss montar un toro en un jaripeo \pna Tla:wilti:s. Mlá:k tla:katl! \pea He will ride a bull (in a rodeo). He's a real man!. \psa Va a montar un toro (en un jaripeo).¡Quéhombre! \pna Tla:wilti:lo:s. \pea There will be a rodeo. \psa Va a haber un jaripeo. \xrb a:wil \xbtlao a:wiltia \ref 02205 \lxa tlakaka:hke:tl \lxac tlakaka:hke:tl \lxo tlá:ká:hke:tl \lxoc tlá:ká:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \se person who performs the ceremony known in Spanish as <spn>levantamiento de sombra</spn> \ss persona que lleva a cabo la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' \cfa tlakaka:wa \xrb ka:wa \encyctmp tlakaka:wa \ref 02206 \lxa masa:xokotl \lxac masa:xokotl \lxo masa:xokotl \lxoc masa:xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of wild plum and, by extension, the plum tree it grows on \ss tipo de ciruela silvestre y, por extensión, elárbol en que crece \cfa xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva masa:xokokuwtli \equivo masa:xokokohtli \xrb masa: \xrb xoko \ono xokotl \cpl Ramírez (1991:175) identifies this only as a member of the family <na>Rosaceae</na>. The <na>masa:xokotl</na> is a specific type of plum whose fruit is green when young and becomes redder when ripe: <na>tla:ki kware:smah</na> 'it comes to fruit in March to April.' There are two types of <na>ma:saxokotl</na> : <na>ma:saxokotl</na> and <na>mihka:xokotl</na>. Under <spn>ciruelo</spn> Schoenhals has two genera: <i>Spondias</i> and <i>Prunus</i>. The second is identified as the commercial plum. Re: the former, Schoenhals notes:"(<i>Spondias</i> spp. e.g. <i>S. purpurea</i>) 'plum', 'hog plum', 'mombin', Plums that grow in a hot climate. Fruit may be red or yellow. Also called jocote, jobo."The color identification of red or yellow fits in with most of the wild plums of the Balsas River area. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) seem to have two species of the <i>Anacardiaceae</i> family that bear edible fruit. One is the <i>Spondias purpurea I</i> known in Spanish as <spn>ciruelo</spn> or <spn>ciruel ita de cerro</ spn>. Of this:"El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera."This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i> known as <spn>coco de cerro</spn>. Of this:"Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales."It seems clear that one of the two is the <na>masa:xokotl</na> and the other is the <na>kopaxokotl</na>. At this point my guess is that of the two the <na>kopaxokotl</na> might well be <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i>, while the <na>masa:xokotl</na> would seem to be the <i>Spondias purpurea</i>. See <nla>masa:xokotl</nla>. See <nla>kopaxokotl</nla>. \qry According to C. Flores there are 4 types of /masa:xokotl/: /masa:xokotl de xokó:k/, /mihka:xokotl/, and /masa:xokotl tsope:lik/ of which there are two types: /kostik/ and /chi:chi:ltik/. The sweet are found in Tonalapa del Sur, Tecuescontitlan, Xalitla, etc. \nct kohtli \ref 02207 \lxa kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n* \lxac kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of large bird, apparently a <na>kwi:xin</na> or <spn>gavilán</spn>, still not positively identified \ssa tipo de ave grande, aparentemente un <na>kwi:xin</na> or gavilán, todavía no identificado plenamente \src name given by Cristino Flores \sem animal \sem bird \syno kwi:xin \xrb kwi:x \xrb pitsa: \encyctmp kwi:xin \ref 02208 \lxa xkon \lxaa xihkón \lxac xihkón \lxo xkión \lxoa xkon \lxoa xihkón \lxoc xkión \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \com Neg-Adv-Demons \der Adv \se not in that way \ss no asíde esa manera \xrb iw \xrb on \nse The sense of <na>xihkón</na> or <no>xkiyon</no> is that of a comment by speaker that a certain situation or event is not, in his judgement, how it should be. The difference between <na>xihkón</na> and <nla>xihki</nla> appears to be one that is simply of deixis, of the referent of the final demonstrative of these compounds. \pqry Check for the best representation in the orthography for this sound; get from phoneticial precise phonetic transcription of sounds here and perhaps include somewhere in pronunciation guide. \vl Recheck p-a pattern for both. Oa stress on /i/ is not written given its penultimate position. There are 4 addition tokens of this word at 5617. They should be tagged with 2208. The link to the present headword should be a soundfile from 05617 since this is better quality sound than the 2208 recordings. I.e., as is usually the case, the later sounds should be better and therefore the links should be made with the later recordings. \ref 02209 \lxa kwa:temasol \lxac kwa:temasol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \sea to have disheveled hair \ssa tener el cabello despeinado \syna kwa:tepasol \syno kwa:tépasól \xrb kwa: \xrb masol \dis kwa:temasol; kwa:tepasol \nse The etymology of <na>kwa:temasol</na> is uncertain, though the similarity in meaning and form to <na>kwa:tepasol</na> is striking. Given this similarity, I have analyzed the <n>te-</n> of <na>kwa:temasol</na> as the intensifier morpheme, although this decision might be modified with subsequent data. It might be, however, that this present entry is in error and that the speaker had confused one consonant with another. \ref 02210 \lxa pa:lakachowa \lxac kipa:lakachowa \lxo pa:lakachowa \lxoc kipa:lakachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to spin (an object) in a circle, around a center point; to make gyrate \ss girar o hacer (a algn) dar vueltas en círculos, alrededor de un punto en medio \pna Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s. \pea The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it. \psa Estádando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir. \pna Se: kone:tsi:ntli, kasin ipanima:tsitsi:wa:n dya wel kipa:pa:lakachowan. \pea A little child, they grab him by his arms and then they can spin him around and around (i.e., either with his feet flying around in a circle, or spinning around while standing on the ground). \psa Un niño, lo agarran por las manitas y entonces lo pueden hacer girar (o con sus pies volando hacia afuera, o bien girando con los pies en el suelo). \sem motion \xrb palakach \dis pa:lakachowa; kwepa; malakachowa. \nse The \qry Check vl for the Am form; Oa is definitely long. \ref 02211 \lxa kwa:xtli \lxac kwa:xtli \lxo kwa:xtli \lxoc kwa:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se type of padding made of palm bark that is placed under wooden saddles used for donkeys and mules \ss tipo de cobija hecho de palma que se coloca abajo de las sillas de madera utilizadas para burros o mulas; cuaxtle; \sea good, old friend (vocative, or possessed as a predicate; often used as a vocative without the absolutive: <na>kwa:ch</na>) \ssa buen amigo (vocativo, o poseído como predicado; a menudo utilizado como vocativo sin el absolutivo: <na>kwa:ch</na>) \pna Kwa:xtli! \pea Hey buddy! \psa ¡Amigo! \pna Yo:yah nokwa:ch, a:man xnikmati a:kino:n iwa:n nima:wilti:s. \pea My friend's gone, now I don't know whom I'll play with. \psa Ya se fue mi cuate, ahora ya no sécon quien voy a jugar. \xrb kwa:ch \nse Apparently <nao>kwa:xtli</nao> is also used as padding in loading shotguns. \nae <na>Cuaxtle</na> ' is the regional Spanish term for this item. According to Gabriel de la Cruz, the use of <na>nokwa:ch</na> meaning 'my friend' is a re-borrowing from the Spanish 'cuate' and instead of saying <na>nokwa:teh</na> say <na>nokwa:ch</na>. Thus, according to de la Cruz the usage does not derive from a metaphoric extension of <na>kwa:xtli</na>. Neverthless, although the original etymology might be from <spn>cuate</spn> Ameyaltepec speakers have reanalyzed this and made it into a Nahuatl noun through the use of the absolutive. \mod If the above proves to be true, i.e., /nokwa:ch/ as a re-borrowing, then a separate entry should be given for /kwa:ch/. \qry I had"suadero"as /ss, i.e., translation for kwa:xtli. Check if /suadero/ is an accurate term. \ref 02212 \lxa kechkuwyo:tl \lxac kechkuwyo:tl \lxo kechkohyo:tl \lxoc kechkohyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se neck \ss cuello \sem body \xrb kech \xrb kow \qry Check for /kechkuhio:tl/ as well as, e.g., /nokechkuh/. \grm It is interesting that apparently all body parts that end in /kuh/ utilize /-yo/ except penis (which is /nokuh/). Perhaps this is because both 'neck' and 'thigh' (metskuhio) can be alienably possessed. Note that /h/ is a bilabial fricative allophone. These are the only body parts that use /-yo/. \rt Finally, perhaps /kwaw/ root should be simply given as /kuh/ for easier comparison although it hinders some cross-references with difference dialects. Perhaps in root dictionary an entry should be made for /kwaw/ and an explanation that this root occurs under /kuh/, or vice versa. \ref 02213 \lxa arrosi:yoh \lxac arrosi:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan arrocillo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of white maize with large kernels \ssa tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes \encyctmp maize \ref 02214 \lxa tlamantli \lxac tlamantli \lxo tlamantli \lxoc tlamantli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \se group (e.g., of dancers in religious dances) \ss grupo (p. ej., de danzantes en un baile religioso) \pna Unkah o:me tlamantli. \pea There are two groups (e.g., of 'danza de bola'). \psa Hay dos grupos (p. ej., de 'danza de bola'). \se offering (e.g., left before a cross or saint) \ss ofrenda (p. ej., dejada frente a una cruz o santo) \xrb man \ref 02215 \lxa terra:yah \lxac terra:yah \lxo tera:yah \lxoa terra:yah \lxoc tera:yah; terra:yah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan atarraya \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se large round fishing net with small lead weights around the bottom of a cuff that is sewn back into the interior of the net; it is cast from the shoulders and spun out so it hits the water fully extended in a circle, then sinking rapidly to the river's bottom \ss atarraya, tipo de red de pescar \pna O:xo:pi:liwtasik noterra:yah. \pea My <spn>atarraya</spn> (a woven circular fishing net) wound up oval-shaped as it hit the water. \psa Mi atarraya quedó en forma ovalda al entrar en el agua. \sem tool-hunt \nae Although occasionally speakers will pronounce /r/ for /rr/, in general the Spanish phonology is used. \vl In one recorded pronunciation, Florencia Marcelino definitely had an /rr/; it is not clear whether this should be the form of the headword. Check Ameyaltepec forms. Note: in linking the sound use /tera:yah/ from Florencia, /terra:yah/ from her husband. \ref 02216 \lxa tsetselowa \lxac kitsetselowa \lxo tsétselówa \lxop tsetselowa \lxoc kí:tselówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:tselówa</no> \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to shake out (e.g., a blanket of dust, a plant so that the earth falls off its roots, a grain plant so that the seeds or kernels fall to the ground, etc.) \ss sacudir (p. ej., una cobija que tiene polvo, una planta o maleza arrancada para que se le caiga la tierra de las raices, o la planta de un grano para que se caiga la semilla, etc.) \pna Xtsetselo mopetl! Yo:tla:ltekwyowak. \pea Shake out your petate! It's gotten dusty. \psa ¡Sacude tu petate! Ya se cubrióde polvo. \pna Xtsetselo moanjóli:n, yo:wa:k. \pea Shake your sesame plants (to dislodge the seeds), they have dried. \psa Sacude tus plantas de anjojolí(para sacar la semilla), ya se secaron. \se to make (sth) shake (an object or small structure) \ss agitar; hacer vibrar o temblar (un objeto o pequeña estructura) \pna O:nikonkak a:sta kitsetselotoya tlapextli. \pea I overheard how he even made the bed shake (in this case from having sexual intercourse). \psa Pude escuchar allá como agitaba la cama (en este caso por estar haciendo el amor). \se to make shake or shiver (the cold [S]) \ss hacer temblar o tiritar (el frío [S]) \pna O:hmat pero a:sta ne:xtsetselotok sekwtli. \pea I felt it (in this case the cold), it was so cold as to make me shiver. \psa Lo sentí(en este caso el frío), hacia tanto frío que me hacía temblar. \seo to strain (e.g., coffee to get the grinds out, atole to remove the thick portions, etc.) \sso colar (p. ej., cafépara quitar los asientos, atole para sacar los desperdicios lo que no se molióbien) \xrb tsel \xvaa tsetselowilia \xvao tsétselowília \qry Check spelling of /tla:ltekwyowak/. Make sure applicative has p-a. See note there. \grm Reduplication: the verb /tsetseliwi/ and /tsetselowa/ is a good example of lexicalized reduplication, a reduplication based on the nature of the action. Similar cases arise with other verbs that my definition involve repeated actions: /mimiliwi/, /po:poxowa/, etc. The spacing of the repeated action determines whether the reduplication is with long or short vowel. \ref 02217 \lxa tlimiktilia \lxac kitlimiktilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \sea to slightly cook for (usually things such as meat that are place on a <nla>koma:hli</nla>, though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun) \ssa cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego para (algn, p. ej., carne con el fin de evitar que se eche a perder con el calor) \pna Xne:chtlimiktili para ma:ka itlakawis! \pea Heat it up slightly for me so that it doesn't spoil! \psa ¡Caliéntelo ligeramente (p. ej., sobre un comal) para mípara que no se eche a perder! \sem cook \syno tlipili:naltilia \xrb tli \xrb miki \xvba tlimiktia \qry Check whether /tlimiki/ exists as an intransitive. \ref 02218 \lxa tema:tlatl \lxac tema:tlatl \lxo tema:tlatl \lxoc tema:tlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of bag made from maguey fiber (from <nba>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nba>, <nba>sakamexkahli</nba>, or <nba>kukuwtitlantsi:n</nba>) and used, in particular, to carry squash and maize that is being harvested \ss tipo de bolsa hecha de fibra de maguey (de <nba>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nba>, <nba>sakamexkahli</nba>, o <nba>kukuwtitlantsi:n</nba>) y empleada especialmente para cargar fruta en la cosecha de maíz y calabaza \xrb te \xrb ma:tla \sem tool \sem medicine \encyctmp ma:tlatl; nets \nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec (check whether this is also true of Oapan), the <nao>tema:tlatl</nao> is also used in curing <nla>mihka:siwi</nla> 'whooping cough'; the sick person's body is beaten with the bag as the main action of the cure. \mod See Flk-1984-03-12.1 for a description of this cure. \ref 02219 \lxa pasoliwi \lxac pasoliwi \lxo pásolíwi \lxop pasoliwi \lxoc pásolíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <na>tepasoliwi</na> (Am); <no>tépasolíwi</no> (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to become tangled; to get knotted up (thread, string, etc.) \ss enredarse; enmarañado (hilo, cuerda, etc.) \pna O:tepasoliw noi:loh. \pea My string got all tangled up. \psa Se enmarañómi hilo. \se to become disheveled and tangled (hair, particularly of women whose braids become undone, or who don't brush their hair for several days) \ss desarreglarse y despeinarse; enredarse (pelo, particularmente de mujeres a quienes se le desatan las trenzas o quienes no cepillan su cabello por varios días) \pna O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. \pea That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and arranged it), it's disheveled. \psa Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezó a desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días que no se arregla el pelo), está todo despeinada. \pna O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa. \pea Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it). \psa Estádesarreglado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello (esto es, al cepillarlo o ponerlo en trenzas). \se to annoy or bother one another (several people in close proximity over long periods of time) \ss molestarse unos con otros (varias personas que están encimadas por un largo tiempo) \pna Yo:pe:w pasoliwin. Xka:wa, xkaman nokwala:nia:yan. \pea They've started to annoy each other (e.g., people in one household). You'd never have thought it, they never used to get angry with each other. \psa Ya empezaron a molestarse (p. ej., varias personas en una sola casa). No se hubiera pensado, no solían enojarse antes. \se to get mixed up (in a task one is performing); to get sidetracked; to stop progressing in a certain direction or manner (e.g., for a person or a plant to stop growing) \ss confundirse (en la realización de una tarea); distraerse; desviarse (de una dirección en que va; p. ej., una planta que deja de crecer) \pna Ikwa:k tlakwa kwilin, pe:wa pasoliwi mi:hli, xok tla:ki. \pea When worms start to eat, the corn plants begin to stop growing, they don't produce a yield. \psa Cuando empiezan a comer los gusanos, el maíz empieza a dejar de crecer, ya no rinde. \xrb pahsol \qry Determine precise meaning of /pasoliwi/ when referring to plants, to what plants this can refer. My first understanding was that /pasoliwi/ was used here because it referred to the leaves become meshed and tangled together. But on reflection the use of /pasoliwi/ seems to refer to a process becoming metaphorically"entangled,"i.e., stopped, to become sidetracked in a particular task. Check phrases like /yo:pe:w pasoliwin/ 'they've started to annoy each other' and check whether /yo:pe:w nopasolowan/ would be more"accurate."Certainly the use of the intransitive here seems unusual. Also check dif. between /pasoliwi/, /papasoliwi/ and /tepasoliwi/, etc. \ref 02220 \lxa xixitika \lxac xixitika \lxo xixitika \lxoc xixitika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \infv class-4a \se to crumble down or to topple down (e.g., a cliff, pile of rocks, etc.) making a sound as it goes \ss desmoronarse o desbaratarse (p. ej., un peñasco, cerca de piedras, etc.) haciendo un sonido al caerse \pna O:nikonkak milá:k xixitika tli:nonon, kas notekorral. \pea I heard something (that I wasn't sure what it was) fall down, perhaps it was my fence of lose stones. \psa Escuché algo (pero no estaba seguro que) desbaratándose, quizá era mi cerca de piedras apiladas. \pna Yo:pe:w xixitika osto:tl, nikonkaktok. \pea The cliff has started to crumble down, I can hear it over there. \psa El peñasco empezó a desmoronarse, lo puedo escuchar desde allá. \pna Tlaxixitikatiw temantli. \pea The stones that had been piled up in rows between the maize plants (in previous years, but have remained in place) go toppling down making a sound as they fall apart (i.e., as the plow passes close by, pushing them over). \psa Las piedras que habían sido amontonadas en línea entre las matas de maíz (en años anteriores, y que se quedaron apiladas) se van desbarratánose (por el paso del arado) haciendo un ruido al caerse. \sem sound \xrb xiti: \xvnao xiti:ni \qry Check whether /tlaxixitikatiw temantli/ is correct, or whether it should be /tlaxixikatiw ika temantli/. From my understanding of Nahuatl grammar the latter should be the"correct"form; perhaps I made an error in the transcription of speech. Check spelling of /tekorral/. Check spelling of /tli:nonon/. \grm /tla-/; impersonal passive: There have been several cases of /tla-/ being prefixed to an intransitive verb where there is a definite subject. I have noticed /nitlachichipi:ni/ and /tlapepetlaka ba:rah/ (check this last one). Here one finds /Tlaxixitikatiw temantli/ 'The stones that had been piled up in rows between the maize plants (in previous years, but have remained in place) go toppling down making a sound as they fall apart (i.e., as the plow passes close by, pushing them over).' My feeling is that in general the statement that /tla + V1/ is an impersonal and subjectless is true. Check with this case, though. \ref 02221 \lxa pi:pitik yetl \lxac pi:pitik yetl \lxo pi:pitiketl \lxoa pi:pitihyetl \lxoc pi:pitiketl; pi:pitihyetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of small, black bean that is planted between corn plants \ss tipo de frijól pequeño y negro que se siembra entre el maíz \sem plant \sem domesticated \syno yepi:pitik \xrb pi \xrb ye \encyctmp yetl \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>pi:pitikyetl</na> is apparently also referred to as <na>pi:pitik yetl de tl:ltiktsi:n</na>. According to my original notes, it used in the following foods: <nla>yetamahli</nla>, <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, <na>yexoxo:hka:tsi:n</na>, <nla>itakatl</nla>, and <nla>a:to:hli</nla>. In Oapan occasionally the alternate form <nlo>yepi:pitik</nlo> is heard, though it is rare. \nae In Ameyaltepec the difference in pronunciation between <na>pi:pitik yetl</na> and <na>pi:pitikyetl</na> is stress placement, and this is reflected in the orthography. The former is [pi:pitik 'yetl] and the latter [pi:pi'tik yetl]. \nct yetl \qry Check to make sure that /pi:pitik yetl/ is the same as /pi:pitik yetl de un tli:ltiktsi:n/. Note that a possessed form might well exist, but I have not coded it so far. This should be checked. \vl Note that FM stated /pi:pitiketl/ whereas her husband gave /pi:pitikyetl/ \ref 02222 \lxa ma:nepanowa \lxac noma:nepanowa \lxo ma:nepanowa \lxoc noma:nepanowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to cross ones arms \ss (refl.) cruzarse los brazos \seo (refl.) to clasp ones hands (e.g., as those of a deceased person in a casket; Ameyaltepec synonym <nla>ma:nekwahlo:tia</nla>) \sso (refl.) agarrarse las manos con los dedos entrelazados (p. ej., como las de un muerto en un ataúd; sinónimo de Oapan <nla>ma:nekwahlo:tia</nla>) \xrb ma: \xrb nepan \vl For Am check length of first /a:/ since the file card is a first series one with no vowel length recorded. Nevertheless, Oapan has clear /a:/. \ref 02223 \lxa nemilia \lxac kinemilia \lxo nemilia \lxoc kinemilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to think about \ss contemplar; ponderar; pensar sobre \pna Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. \pea I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. \psa ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. \pna Xnemili! \pea Think about it! \psa ¡Piénsalo! \pna Ne:si xkwahli tli:n kinemilitok. \pea It seems that he's not thinking about anything good. \psa Parece que no está bien lo que está pensando. \xrb nemi \xvbao nemi \ref 02224 \lxa yo:lkaxa:nki \lxac yo:lkaxa:nki \lxo yo:lkaxa:nki \lxoc yo:lkaxa:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be weak-willed; to be sensitive (e.g., sb who cannot bear punishment or scolding, or who backs down right away when confronted) \ss ser débil deánimo o espíritu (p. ej., algn que no aguanta el castigo o regaño, o que cede luego luego de que se le enfrenta) \sem character \xrb yo:l \xrb kaxa: \ref 02225 \lxa tlapi:lia \lxac kitlapi:lia \lxo 'tlapí:lia \lxop tlapi:lia \lxoc kítlapí:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take care of; to watch over (e.g., an animal, a field, a house, etc., to make sure sth doesn't happen) \ss cuidar; poner guardia sobre (algo como un animal, un campo, una casa, etc., para asegurar que no pase algo) \pna Kitlapi:lia nomi:l, milá:k miák ka:ka:lo:meh. \pea He is watching over (caring for) my cornfield, there really are a lot of crows (there). \psa Estácuidando mi milpa, de veras hay muchos ciervos. \pna Ne:xtlapi:lia ne: nocha:n, kitlapi:lia nokal, nia:s ne:yhka. \pea He is watching over my home for me there, he is taking care of my house, I am going away. \psa Me está cuidando la casa allá, está cuidando mi casa, voy para allá de viaje. \pna Kitlapi:litok pitso, ke:n tlayehli. \pea He is watching over the pig, it's really mischievous. \psa Estácuidando el marrano,¡quélatoso es! \pno Sa: tlawe:i xi:ntikah nosen. I niatok, nóntlapí:li:s. \peo My <spn>mazorcas</spn> are just all spread out in one huge area (cleared for the purpose, e.g., <no>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</no>). I'm about to go, to go keep an eye on it. \pso Mi mazorca estátodo extendido en un solo lugar (limpiado para tal fin, p. ej., <no>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</no>). Ya me voy a ir, a cuidarla. \xrb hpia \xvba tlapia \xvbo tlápiyá \nae The present entry is the applicative of <no>tlápiyá</no> which has an underlying {h}, i.e., {tlahpiya}. Note that in Ameyaltepec there is no way to determine the presence of an underlying {h}. \qry Apparently this is the applicative of /tlapia/, which perhaps should be considered as distinct from /pia/, the former meaning 'to watch over' and the second 'to have.' Moreover, the former would have an underlying {h} whereas the second would not. To determine this, the cognate forms in Oapan and Tetelcingo should be checked. Note also the question of the object of this word, whether it can be a human for whom the action is done, or the object watched over. Check to determine whether /ne:chtlapi:lilia/ is correct. Check the correction pronunciation.. Re-record. \ref 02226 \lxa ayukihli \lxac ayukihli \lxo áyokíhli \lxoc áyokíhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash \ss el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna ayuxiwtli \xrb ayoh \xrb kil \nfc xo:chitl \nde In Oapan only the form <no>áyokíhli</no> is used whereas in Ameyaltepec ones hears both <na>ayukihli</na> and <na>ayuxiwtli</na>. \nct ayutli \qry Determine if this can be possessed: /ia:yokihlo/?? As with all words contained /ayutli/ check length of initial vowel. This is hard to determine in Oapan with the pitch accent. \ref 02227 \lxa wa:hkihli \lxac wa:hkihli \lxo wa:hkihli \lxoc wa:hkihli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se <l>Amaranthus hybridus</l>, edible plant of the Amaranthaceae family grown in riverbank gardens, called <spn>huazontle</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Amaranthus hybridus</l>, planta comestible de la familia Amaranthaceae que se cultiva en huertas ribereñas; comunmente llamada huazontle \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb wa:w \xrb kil \nae In some other dialects this plant is known as <n>wa:wtli</n> ; in the Balsas River villages the {wk} sequence surfaces as [hk]. \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name of <na>wa:hkihli</na> as <spn>wajquelite</spn> or <spn>quintonil</spn>. She states it to be a member of the <i>Amaranthaceae</i> family. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>huajquelite</spn>. \nct xiwtli \vl Check vowel length. \ref 02228 \lxa tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n \lxac tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n \lxo tlátla:lwa:xtsi:n \lxoa tlátla:lwá:stsi:n \lxoc tlátla:lwá:xtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \infn N1 \se type of inedible plant still not identified, like the <nla>tla:lwa:xin</nla> but different \ss tipo de planta no comestible como el <nla>tla:lwa:xin</nla> pero diferente; todavía no identificada \pna Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n | Tlachia ke:n tla:lwa:xin, pero xwe:lik. \pea <na>Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n</na> : It looks like the <nba>tla:lwa:xin</nba>, but it is not edible. \psa <na>Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n</na> : Se ve como el <nba>tla:lwa:xin</nba> pero no sabe bien. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tla:l \xrb wa:x \nct xiwtli \sj Check for /h/. Apparently this is plant #124. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez apparently knew of this plant and gave it in elicitation, Silvestre Pantaleón did not. This should be checked with other consultants. \vl Check vowel length and pitch-accent. Check final sequence. \ref 02229 \lxa i:xtekoyak \lxac i:xtekoyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv Voc \sea to have empty-eyeballs (insult term used as a vocative) \ssa tener las cuencas de los vacíos (vocativo utilizado para insultar) \pna I:xtekoyak timikis! \pea Empty-eyeballs, you will die! \psa ¡Cuenca-de-ojos-vacío, te vas a morir! \cfa i:xte:ntekoyaktik \xrb i:x \xrb koya: \nse There is a belief that a tecolote may call out your name followed by this phrase, announcing your death. It is likely that the <n>te-</n> element is the intensifier <n>te-</n> and not the noun stem <nr>te</nr> that is found in <nla>i:xtetl</nla>, the word for 'eye.' Note that in the similar term <na>i:xte:ntekoyaktik</na>, cf. <na>tekoyaktik</na> and not from <na>i:xtetl</na>, as is clearly the case with <na>i:xte:ntekoyaktik</na>. \nae Note that there is no adjectival form ending in <n>-tik</n> associated with <na>i:xtekoyak</na>. \qry Recheck whether /te-/ is part of the noun or verb. \grm Note that apparently adjectives with suppression of /-tik/ indicate a type of insultive name or label. \ref 02230 \lxa a:wakakuwtli \lxac a:wakakuwtli \lxo a:wakakohtli \lxoc a:wakakohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se avocado tree \ss árbol de aguacate \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem edible \equivao a:wakatl \xrb a:waka \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives this of the family <i>Lauraceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Persea americana</i>. It is not listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). Schoenhals (1988) under aguacate states:"(<i>Persea</i> spp., e.g, <i>P. americana</i>) 'avocado,' 'alligator pear.' Refers to the edible varieties. The Guatemala type has thick, warty, and brittle skin. The West Indian varieyt is a smooth-skinned, enourmous fruit such as can be obtained in Yucatán. The Mexican type is often considered the choiciest. Also calledlaurelillo, pagua."Apparently this tree is cultivated in the Balsas region, but does not grow wild. According to Marcelino Venancio there is a female and male variety of this tree. \nct kohtli \vl Vowel length of the first /a/ is hard to determine, but it seems long. A definite comparison should be made of all words with the nominal root /a:waka/. \ref 02231 \lxa mi:xiwi \lxac mi:xiwi \lxo ni:xiwi \lxoc ni:xiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-3a(w) \se to give birth (for animals that do not lay eggs; see <nla>tlatla:sa</nla>) \ss dar a luz (para los animales que no ponen huevos; vé ase <nla>tlatla:sa</nla>) \se to yield a profit or earning \ss rendir una ganancia \pna Ari:nah mi:xiwi. \pea Flour yields a profit (i.e., buying flour and making bread yields a gain on the money invested). \psa La harina rinde una ganancia (esto es, el acta de comprar harina y hacer pan rinde una ganancia sobre el dinero invertido). \xrb mi:x \ono birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) \nse In regards to giving birth, <na>mi:xiwi</na> is used in reference to women only by very elder speakers, but others it is even considered vulgar when so employed. Some younger speakers will even say that <na>mi:xiwi</na> is incorrect when used to refer to women. Instead, most Ameyaltepequeños now use the more euphemistic <na>nopale:wia</na>. In this sense its use parallels that of the Spanish 'parir.' \grm Oapan phonology: The switch from initial /m/ to /n/ in Oapan is not motivated by any known rules or context. Nevertheless, the /m/- ~ /n/ variation is not unheard of (e.g., nochi for mochi, etc.) \ref 02232 \lxa sese:ya \lxac sese:ya \lxo sese:ya \lxoc sese:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to cool off; to become cold or cool \ss enfriarse; refrescarse \pna Xikchia, ma sese:ya! \pea Wait for it, let it cool off (e.g., a hot drink)! \psa ¡Espéralo, que se enfrie (p. ej., una bebida caliente)! \pna Ye sese:xtok. \pea It's already cooling off (getting cold). \psa Ya se está enfriando. \xrb se \qry Check whether this can refer to animates, or all possible subjects. \sj Check for /h/ in first syllable coda. \ref 02233 \lxa ichpokawah \lxac ichpokawah \lxo ichpakawah \lxoc ichpakawah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln (irregular: <nao>nochpo:ch</nao> ; pl. Am: <na>ichpokameh</na> ; Oa: <no>ichpakameh</no>) \se young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old \ss jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad \sem age \synao ichpo:xtli \xrb chpo:ch \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \qry Check difference between /ichpo:xtli/ and /ichpokawa/ if there is any. In another entry I had recorded that the two were synonyms. \ref 02234 \lxa tlakwalo:tla \lxac tlakwalo:tla \lxo tlakwalo:tla \lxoc tlakwalo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-tla \infv class-4a \se to have a sick person in ones family \ss estar con un miembro de la familia enferma \pna Nitlakwalo:tla, yewa ika xkanah niaw. \pea One of my family is ill, that is why I don't go anywhere. \psa Uno de mis gentes está enferma, por eso no voy a ningún lado. \xrb kwa \xbtlao kwalo:tla \qry Check to make sure that this verb is used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. check possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of ones family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household. \grm Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/, apparently always with /tla-/: nitlakwalo:tla 'one of my family is ill.' Cf.this to causatives. My original notes reported that this verb only occurs with /tla-/ prefix; i.e., one cannot say ?/kikwalo:tla/. Nevertheless, this should be checked. If only the /tla-/ form occurs, keep the entry under /kwalo:tla/ and x-ref to /tlakwalo:tla/. \ref 02235 \lxa suwa:montli \lxac suwa:montli \lxo siwa:montli \lxoc siwa:montli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se daughter-in-law \ss nuera \se wife of ones grandson (more precise is <nla>ixwi:wsowa:montli</nla>) \ss esposa de un nieto (más preciso es <nla>ixwi:wsuwa:montli</nla>) \seao fiber brush used to dust and clean off the <nlao>koma:hli</nlao> before using it to cook (particularly tortillas; syn. Am <nla>tlai:xtechiko:ni</nla>, Oa <nlo>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</nlo>) \ssao escobilla de fibras utilizada para limpiar el comal antes de utilizarlo para cocinar (particularmente tortillas; sin. Am <nla>tlai:xtechiko:ni</nla>, Oa <nlo>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</nlo>) \sem kin \cfa ixwi:wsuwa:montli \xrb sowa: \xrb mon \qry Determine all the possible relationships covered by this term. \ref 02236 \lxa kamaxikipi:lko \lxac i:kamaxikipi:lko \lxo kamaxikipi:lko \lxoc i:kamaxikipi:lko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \se area inside the mouth where the top and bottom jaws meet \ss área dentro de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas superior e inferior \pna O:sa:liw notlaxkal ipan nokamaxikipi:lko. \pea My tortilla got stuck in the inside of my cheeks. \psa Se atorómi tortilla en la parte interior de las mejillas. \sem body \sem human \xrb kama \xrb xikipi:l \xrl -ko \nse My original definition form Ameyaltepec had:"the little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet"or"la parte como bolsita al interior de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas."Florencia Marcelino and her husband gave a different definition, the one that I have entered for simply <nao>kamaxikipi:hli</nao>. It might be the case that the two villages have different definitions, or that definitions vary across speakers. This needs to be checked. \qry However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/. \ref 02237 \lxa tla:lxi:nia \lxac tla:lxi:nia \lxo tla:lxi:nia \lxoc tla:lxi:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to shovel (earth) \ss echar tierra (con una pala); palear \pna Pa:lah, ika titla:lxi:ni:s. \pea It is with a shovel that you shovel earth. \psa Es con una pala que paleas tierra. \xrb tla:l \xrb xi: \dis tla:lxi:nia; tlachwa \nse Apparently the verb <nao>tlachwa</nao> is used for digging with a pick, <nla>witso:ktli</nla>, or crowbar ('barreta'); <nao>tla:lxi:nia</nao> is reserved for the use of a shovel. \qry Check for intransitive and meaning! \ref 02238 \lxa -tetl \lxac koxtetl \lxo -tetl \lxoc koxtetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Nomlz \der Suf \se suffix used on short verbal stems to indicate an individual with particular characteristics indicated by the verb \ss sufijo utilizado con las raices cortas verbales para indicar a una persona con las características particulares sugeridas por el verbo \se suffix used to pronominalize numbers \ss sufijo utilizado para pronominalizar números \pna San na:wtetsi:n timitskowili:s. \pea I'm just going to buy four (of them) from you. \psa Solamente te voy a comprar cuatro (de ellos). \xrb te \nse To date, the following words have been documented with this ending: <nlao>koxtetl</nlao>, <nla>mumuhtetl</nla> or <nlo>muhtetl</nlo>, and <nla>nakatetl</nla> or <nlo>a:latetl</nlo>. Note also that this suffix is used with numerals, giving them a pronominal sense: <na>na:htetsi:n</na> 'four' (of a particular item referenced in the discourse). \ref 02239 \lxa tlakwilo:hloh \lxac tlakwilo:hloh \lxo tlákwiló:hloh \lxoc tlákwiló:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denon-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to have writing on it (e.g., a piece of paper) \ss tener escritura (p. ej., una hoja de papel) \pna Ye tlakwiloloh. \pea It already has writing on it. \psa Ya está escrito. \xrb hkwil \qry Check precise meaning. I imagine that it refers to a piece of paper with writing, but it might refer to an event that has been recorded. \vl Note that the first pairs here are the impersonal forms /tlákwiló:lo/ whereas the second set are those for this headword, /tlákwilo:hloh/. Make sure the proper files are the ones that are linked. \ref 02240 \lxa i:xkoihlia \lxac ki:xkoihlia \lxo i:xkoihlia \lxoc ki:xkoihlia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-lia \infv class-2a \se to throw back in the face of; to give a guilt trip to (in the sense of reminding sb of favors that they had received) \ss echar en la cara a (en el sentido de acordarle a algn todos los favores que se le habían hecho) \xrb hli \xrl -i:xko \nse <na>I:xkoilia</na> is used when a person confronts another with the favors and help that they had received from this person in the past. For example: Juan has done a lot for Jorge and then asks Jorge for a favor, if Jorge refuses to help and then Juan reminds him of all he had done for Jorge in the past, then one could say <nao>ki:xkoilia</nao>. Or if Juan sees Jorge wearing a shirt that Juan had given him and he reminds him of this fact, then again one can use the verb <nao>i:xkoilia</nao>. \nae The present verb, <nao>i:xkoilia</nao> manifests the verbalization of a relational noun expression. However, the origin of the intermediate /i/ is not clear. \grm Verbalization; /-lia/: Note the use of /-lia/ in /i:xkoilia/. Check about the morphological basis of the intermediate /i/. \qry CHECK IN OAPAN WHETHER THE FORM HAS /IHLIA/. IF NOT, CHANGE ENTRY. It clearly has an /h/ in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02241 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:lowatsi:n \lxoa to:liwatsi:n; tóto:liwátsi:n \lxoc to:lowatsi:n; to:liwatsi:n \lxt to:tolo:ktsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Op. rdp-s \infn N1 \seo wild fruit resembling grapes in appearance \sso fruta silvestre parecida a uvas \seo vine (by extension) on which the former fruit grows \sso bejucco (por extensión) que produce la susodicha fruta \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna to:toloktsi:n \fla to:toloktsi:n \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tol \nae Whereas the variation between /owa/ and /iwa/ in the various Oapan Nahuatl forms is not entirely unexpected, more problematical is the distinction between the Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo forms on the one hand, and the Oapan forms on the other. Likewise, the etymology of this word is unclear. Although it would seem that there is a common etymology among the dialect variations, it is not clear what this might be. More comparative evidence is needed from other dialects. \nct komekatl \vl The vowel lenght of the Oapan form needs to be checked. It is unclear why the first syllable here is long but in the cognate forms from other dialects the stem-initial syllable is apparently short. These should be rechecked. However, note that Oapan Nahuatl frequently deleted intervocalic stops between two identical vowel. Make sure to include two different pronunciations of the Oapan speakers on linked file. The clearest pronunciation of a long vowel in this word is that of Hoyo de la Rosa on MD 0013_07_000_99 at 19 secs. \ref 02242 \lxa mahka:ki:sa \lxac mahka:ki:sa \lxo mahka:ki:sa \lxoc mahka:ki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se (usual with aspectual ending <nao>-te:wa</nao>) to leave in fright \ss (a menudo con la terminación aspectual <nao>-te:wa</nao>) salir de miedo \pna O:mahka:ki:ste:w. \pea He suddenly got up and left in fright. \psa De repente se paró y salióde miedo. \xrb mawi \xrb ki:sa \qry Check translation and other uses of /mahka:ki:sa/. \ref 02243 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /wa:lki/, but it has been changed to an alternate and rare pronunciation of /wa:hki/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02244 \lxa pi:na:wistli \lxac pi:na:wistli \lxo pi:na:wistli \lxoc pi:na:wistli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \se type of non-biting insect still not identified \ss tipo de insecto que no muerde, todavía no identificado \seao (often reduplicated with short vowel: <na>pipi:na:wistli</na> (Am)) shame \ssao (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta: <na>pipi:na:wistli</na> (Am)) vergüenza \sea to be full of shame (a person) \ssa sentir pena o vergüenza (una persona) \sem animal \sem insect \xrb pi:na: \nae The possible motive for naming an insect <nao>pi:na:wistli</nao> is not clear: no obvious link with the deverbal noun <nao>pi:na:wistli</nao> (or the verb <nao>pi:na:wi</nao>) is apparent. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 02245 \lxa chi:koya:wi \lxac chi:koya:wi \lxo chi:koya:wi \lxoc chi:koya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc M-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <n>techi:koya:wi</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to develop a long, open split; to open up wide (e.g., a hole in cloth, a thatched roof, an opening in the ground, etc.) \ss abrirse en forma ancha o ensanchándose; partirse a lo largo, quedando muy abierto (p. ej., un agujero en una tela, un techo de zacate, una abertura en la tierra, etc.) \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \ref 02246 \lxa le:cheh a:to:hli \lxac le:cheh a:to:hli \lxo lé:chea:tó:hli \lxop le:cheh a:to:hli \lxoc lé:chea:tó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>leche</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se type of atole made with milk and <nla>tixtli</nla> (and sometimes beans) \ss tipo de atole hecho con leche y masa (y a veces frijoles) \sem food \xrb a:to:l \encyctmp a:to:hli \qry Check for possibility of possessed form. \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 02247 \lxa tla:lmiki \lxac tla:lmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to be frightened in ones sleep and temporarily remain immobilized in bed, unable to move or shout (see <nlo>kochsotla:wi</nlo>) \ssa estar asustado entre sueño y quedar en la cama momentariamente sin poder moverse ni gritar (vé ase <nlo>kochsotla:wi</nlo>) \pna O:nitla:lmik, o:ne:chmamuwtih nokochis. \pea I became frightened in my sleep, unable to move or shout, it scared me in my sleep. \psa Me asusté entre sueño quedando sin poder mover ni gritar, me asustó en mi sueño. \xrb tla:l \xrb miki \nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants translated <na>tla:lmiki</na> as 'to get dirty or covered with earth,' the meaning it has in Oapan. However, others denied this interpretation and proposed the one given above about being frightened in ones sleep. Unfortunately there is no documentation in the corpus of this use and meaning. \qry Get text on /tla:lmiki/. Review meaning. \ref 02248 \lxa tesomoka \lxac tesomoka \lxo tésomóka \lxoc tésomóka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref-s) \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to snort (a pig, dog, snake, wild boar, etc.) \ss bufar; resoplar (un marrano, perro, culebra, jabalí, etc.) \pna Tesomokatok un pitso pa:mpa kwala:ni. Xe tiktlakwaltia. \pea That pig is snorthing because it is mad. You haven't fed him yet. \psa Ese marrano está bufando porque está enojado. Todavía no le has dado de comer. \se to hiss (a snake) \ss sisear (una culebra) \sem sound-animal \xrb tehsomo \nse In general <na>tesomoka</na> refers to the sound made by breathing out through ones throat and nose. Consultants mentioned that the only animals to which this verb can apply are pigs and snakes. \nae The etymology of <na>tesomoka</na> or <no>tésomóka</no> is unclear. Tetelcingo, Morelos has <n>tesomo:ni</n>, glossed simply as <spn>gruñe, ronca</spn>. Often, verbs of this phonological form are related to frequentatives, with an open-syllable as reduplicant, vowel shortening of the stem-final /o:/, and a /-ka/ termination. The Balsas form does not manifest the reduplication that would occur with a frequentative (i.e., ? <n>tetesomoka</n>). Yet clearly the Balsas and Morelos forms are closely related. There is also the question of the source of Oapan pitch-accent. The Tetelcingo, Morelos, cognate shows no underlying {h}, but this is not a decisive fact. Nor would the Oapan form seem to be the result of reduplication; if it were the underlying form would have to be {te + rdp-s + somoka}, which does not seem likely. It would also require that the initial syllable have a long pitch-accented vowel <no>té:</no>. This might be the case as the length of the initial syllable might in fact be l ong (more analysis is pending). Another possibility is that there is an underlying {h}; the form would have to be ?{tehsomoka}, ?{tesohmoka}, or ?{tesomohka}. Given the lack of comparative evidence no determination is possible, although the elicitation of a cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo would clarify matters. \sj Get SJ or other forms to determine whether there is an underlying {h}. Check the length of the first syllable in the Oapan form. \vl Recheck vowel length of first syllable in Oapan form. \ref 02249 \lxa tlapi:stika:n \lxac tlapi:stika:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(loc) \der N-loc \infn Loc \sea narrow place (such as a corredor or passageway) \ssa lugar apretado o angosto (como un corredor o pasillo) \syno tlapi:tsko \xrb pi:ts \dis tlapi:htsi:n; tlapi:tsko, etc. \qry Apparently this is a diminutive of a locative formation, /tlapi:tska:n/. Determine whether this is a regular process, i.e., whether most or a lot of locative formations with /-ka:n/, derived from verbs, can take a diminutive like this. Also, recheck the form. \grm /-tsi:n/: It seems that /tlapi:htsi:n/ is a definitive derived diminutive though the source is not clear. It is probably /tlapi:tsko/. \ref 02250 \lxa mapil bie:joh \lxac i:mapil bie:joh \lxo mápil bié:joh \lxoc mápil bié:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao thumb \ssao dedo pulgar \sem body \sem human \syna mapil we:i \syno mápil wéi \xrb mah \xrb pil \vl Check citation form for Oapan. \ref 02251 \lxa kwa:kuwtetekestik \lxac kwa:kuwtetekestik \lxo kwa:kohtétekéstik \lxoc kwa:kohtétekéstik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-pref-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point straight upward \ss teniendo (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan directamente hacia arriba \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb te \xrb ketsa \encyctmp kwa:kuhtli \mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. \nae Although in Oapan Nahuatl reduplicants usually reduce on a preceding short vowel, this does not occur in <no>kwa:kuhtétekéstik</no>. This is probably because /u/ is a derived phoneme (i.e., historically derived from another sequence) and this letter does not manifest a meaningful length distinction. \ref 02252 \lxa kamatekoyakxiw \lxac i:kamatekoyakxiw \lxo kamatekoyaxiw \lxoc i:kamatekoyaxiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj-xiw \der Suf-poss \infn N2 \se big drinker, eater, or talker like (possessor) \ss uno que bebe, come o habla tanto que (el poseedor) \pna Yewa nokamatekoyakxiw, yewa no: tlai:ni. \pea He's a big drinker like me, he also gets drunk often. \psa Es tan bebedor como yo,él también se emborracha. \xrb kama \xrb koya: \xrb -xiw \qry It is not clear whether this refers only to liquids, or can also be used to refer to eating (or even"blabbing"). This should be checked. And even if referring only to drinking, check to see if it applies to all liquids. \vl Check for absence of /h/, etc. before /-xiw/ in Oapan form. Check for presence of /k/ in Ameyaltepec. Check. \ref 02253 \lxa sa:sa:ne:hli \lxaa sa:sa:ni:hli \lxac sa:sa:ne:hli \lxo sa:sa:ni:hli \lxoc sa:sa:ni:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 3 \se riddle \ss adivinanza \se charm; spell; any short saying, utterance, or prayer meant to affect a certain situation or person (see <nla>sowa:sa:ne:hli</nla>) \ss hechizo; encanto; dicho o pequeña oración para influir o afectar una situación o persona en particular (vé ase <nla>suwa:sa:ne:hli</nla>) \pna Yewa weli isa:sa:ne:l ko:lo:tl. \pea She knows the scorpion's spell (meant to counter the effects of a scorpion bite) \psa Ella sabe el hechizo para alacranes (dicho para que no se le trabe a uno el piquete de un alacrán) \se short, amusing stories \ss cuentitos; historias cortas y graciosas \sem speech \encyctmp types of speech; and link to Tlalocan text on adivinanzas \cfa suwa:sa:ne:hli \xrb sa:ne:l \nae The pronunciation <nao>sa:sa:ni:hli</nao> is common in Xalitla and Oapan though extremely rare in Ameyaltepec, where I heard it only once in various years. The standard form in Ameyaltepec is <na>sa:sa:ne:hli</na>. \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 5165. Those from 5165 should be tagged with the reference for 2253. Note that the tokens that should be linked are those originally from 5165, not here at 2253, because the later tokens have cleaner sound. \ref 02254 \lxa tsi:na:kan \lxac tsi:na:kan \lxo tsona:ka \lxoc tsona:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \infn N1 \se bat, species still not identified \ss murciélago, especie todavía no identificada \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb tsina:kan \nae In Ameyaltepec what was historically a final {n} surfaces as /h/. In compositions, however, the final /n/ appears. In Oapan the cognate form is vowel final: <no>tsona:ka</no>. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Northern Puebla both have <n>tsina:katl</n>, which indicates a lack of final /n/ or /h/, as occurs in Oapan (which also has no absolutive suffix). \qry Check final /h/. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have /tsina:can/. \ref 02255 \lxa kosta:l \lxaa kostá:l \lxac kosta:l \lxo koxta:l \lxoc koxta:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan costal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao sack \ssao costal \grm Phonology: Note the very long and drawn out vowel in the Oapan form, close to 180 ms. Also, the palatalization of /s/ is noteworthy, perhaps the result of an early borrowing from Spanish. \ref 02256 \lxa a:michin \lxac a:michin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea type of small fish that sparkles, still not identified but perhaps the <spn>platilla</spn> \ssa tipo de pescadito que brilla, todavía no identificado pero quizá el que se conoce como platilla \pna A:michin, yewa pepetlaka. \pea The fish named <na>a:michin</na>, they sparkle (glitter). \psa El pez llamado <na>a:michin</na>, brilla. \sem animal \sem marine \syna michpe:petla:ni \syno michpe:petla:n \xrb a: \xrb mich \qry Confirm that /a:michin/ is identical to /michpe:petla:ni/. \ref 02257 \lxa rrea:lixtli \lxac rrea:lixtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>real</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea type of hemp fiber that yields long strands (see <nla>to:to:lasi:toh</nla>) \ssa tipo de fibra de maguey que rinde hebras muy largas (vé ase <nla>to:to:lasi:toh</nla>) \sem material \xrb ich \qry Note that it possible that my comments that this is related to /to:to:lasi:toh/ are equivocated. They should be checked and /to:to:lasi:toh/ should be more carefully documented, checked as to meaning. \ref 02258 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:mpatíhli \lxoc tlá:mpatíhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-iwi \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seao row of crooked teeth \ssao hilera de dientes chuecos \xrb tlan \xrb patil \nae Given the semantics of this compound, that more than one tooth is crooked, it has only been documented with a reduplicated verb root, here reduced to lengthening on the previous short vowel of an incorporated noun stem. The Oapan form <no>tlá:mpatíhli</no> was given by Florencia Marcelino as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <na>tlampapatil</na>. However, it might be semantically (as well as obviously morphologically) distinct. The Oapan form is clearly nominal; it might then refer to a crooked row of teeth and not to a person who has crooked teeth. This will need to be clarified. The Ameyaltepec form, on the other hand, seems to follow the general pattern of"apocopated"adjectivals, and is related to the nearly synonymous <nla>tlampapatiltik</nla>. \qry Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases. \ref 02259 \lxa nomaxtike:tl \lxac nomaxtike:tl \lxo nomáxtiké:tl \lxoc nomáxtiké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se cantor (of a church); one who leads prayer \ss cantor (de la iglesia); uno que encabeza las oraciones religiosas \se student \ss estudiante \xrb mati \nse The most common acceptation of <na>nomaxtike:tl</na> is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way to express the concept of 'student' is simply through the reflexive: <na>Nomaxtia nokone:w</na> 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Perhaps this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary state. \nae * <na>Nomaxtiki</na> was not accepted by any consultant. \qry Check for possible possessed form. \grm Note that <na>nomaxtike:tl</na> uses the reflexive particle for verbs, and not the form used in nominalizations, <na>ne</na>. Check to determine whether ? <na>nemaxtike:tl</na> is acceptable. Also interesting is the use of /no-/ in the nominalized form, as opposed to /ne-/. This should be discussed in the grammar. The most common acceptation of <na>nomaxtike:tl</na> is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way in which the concept of 'student' is expressed is simply through the reflexive: <na>Nomaxtia nokone:w</na> 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Apparently this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary state. \ref 02260 \lxa a:poso:nki \lxac a:poso:nki \lxo a:poso:nki \lxoc a:poso:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seao water that has been boiled \ssao agua hervida \pna A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. \pea It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). \psa Es agua hervida, ya se había hervido (pero ahora no está hirviendo, puede ser que ni está caliente). \xrb a: \xrb poso: \qry Check for possible possessed ?na:poso:nka:w. If this is correct change /infn coding. \grm A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). Note how the pluperfect is used here to indicate that the water had been boiled; it is boiled, but not boiling, water. \ref 02261 \lxa kaltori:toh \lxac kaltori:toh \lxo kalto:roh \lxoc kalto:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>toro</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of small thatched roof hut, low to the ground and perhaps 3 to 4 meters wide, with low walls \ss tipo de casita con techo de palma o zacate, muy pegada al suelo y tal vez solamente 3 a 4 metros de ancho, con paredes muy bajitas \xrb kal \encyctmp kahli \qry Check reason for naming this /kaltori:toh/, perhaps relationship to /tori:toh/ firework structure. \ref 02262 \lxa ekwania \lxac kekwania \lxo ékwaniá \lxop ekwania \lxoa íkwaniá \lxoc kékwaniá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to move from one spot or place to another (generally so that the object moved is no longer in the way) \ss mover de un lugar a otro (generalmente para que el objeto movido ya no estorbe) \pna Xkekwani! Nika:n nipano:s! \pea Move it out of the way! I'm going to pass through here! \psa ¡Quítalo!¡Aquívoy a pasar. \se (refl.) to move oneself (from one spot to another, e.g., a person changing homes or simply sliding down a little at a table, or animals left to graze who go to a new location, a \ss (refl.) moverse (de un lugar a otro, p. ej., una persona que cambia de residencia o que simplemente se hace a un lado alrededor de una mesa, o también un animal dejado a apacentar que va a un nuevo lugar) \pna Xmekwani, nika:n ma nimotla:li! \pea Move over, let me sit here! \psa ¡Hazte a un lado, aquíme voy a sentar! \sem motion \xrb hkwani \xvaa ekwanilia \xvao ékwanília \xv1a tlayekwania \xv1o tláyekwánia \qry Etymology uncertain. Check. \ref 02263 \lxa ixkwa:ki:tskia \lxac nixkwa:ki:tskia \lxo i:xkwa:ki:tsia \lxoa i:xkwa:ki:tia \lxoc ni:xkwa:ki:tsia; ni:xkwa:ki:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to grab ones forehead; to put ones forhead in ones hands \ss (refl.) agarrarse la frente; descansar la frente en las manos \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb ki:tski \nae Oapan forms vary in pronunciation. The dropping of the [s] in the affricate [ts] leaves the sequence /tia/, which palatalizes, as is noticeable in Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation in the recording. \qry Check whether transitive form can be used. Also, determine two different types of coding: for reflexive verbs such as /tlalowa/ that are transitivized (perhaps +Refl/+Caus and for verbs that are generally used reflexively (perhaps +Refl/-trans). \ref 02264 \lxa kokoxoktik \lxac kokoxoktik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be loose and floppy; to be baggy (e.g., clothes) \ssa holgado y flojo (p. ej., ropa, o algo como una bolsa poco llena) \sea to be loosely packed (sth that is filled with items or material that moves from side to side) \ssa estar medio vacío y poco apretado \pna Xsan kokoxoktik kosta:les. \pea The sacks were not just loosely filled (i.e., they were tightly stuffed or packed). \psa Los costales no eran nada más medio llenos (esto es, no estaban llenados hasta apretarse). \cfa kwe:kokoxoktik \cfa kalso:nkokoxoktik \cfo kwe:tekoyak \cfo kotontekoyak \xrb koxo: \dis tata:nah; tata:natik; kokoxoktik \nse In general it seems as if Ameyaltepec uses <na>kokoxoktik</na> whereas Oapan uses <nlo>tekoyahtik</nlo> as a modifier with which nouns have been compounded. The relevant word go far beyond the few that are listed above; a search on the relevant forms (e.g., <n>kokoxoktik</n>, <n>tekoyak</n>, etc.) will reveal more lexical items. \ref 02265 \lxa tla:ltso:ltik \lxac tla:ltso:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \infn N1 \sea worked land that has short furrows \ssa tierra trabajada con surcos muy cortos \sem domesticatedivated land \xrb tla:l \xrb tso:l \encyctmp tla:hli; mi:hli \qry Check for other shapes of land: short, long, narrow, wide. Note that /tla:lwe:yaktli/ is a nominalization and /tla:ltso:ltik/ is an N-Atributive compound. Check for other forms (?/tla:lpitsa:wak/ or /tla:lpitsa:ktli/, etc.) Check also whether /tla:lwe:yaktli/ can be expressed as /tla:lwe:yak/. \ref 02266 \lxa tsonakate:ka \lxac kitsonakate:ka \lxo tsonakate:ka \lxoc kitsonakate:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to tilt to the side (p. ej., a bottle to serve its contents); to push or move sideways into a position closer to the ground \ss inclinar o acostar (hacia una posición más horizontal, p. ej., una botella para servir su contenido); empujar hacia un lado para que quede en una posición más pegado a la tierra \pna Xtsonakate:ka moara:doh! Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka kasis un kuwtsontetl! \pea Tilt your plowshare over to the side! Make it (the plow) move around it so that it doesn't hit that stump! \psa ¡Empuja la reja de tu arado a un lado!¡Desvíalo para que no le pegue a ese tocón! \pna Xtsonakate:ka para na:tli:s! \pea Tilt it over to the side (in this case a filled water jug) so that we can drink! \psa ¡Inclínalo hacia un lado (en este caso un cántaro de agua) para que podamos beber! \se (refl.) to lie down on ones side (e.g., a person going to sleep) \ss (refl.) acostarse por el lado (p. ej., una persona al dormir) \pna Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika! \pea Lie down on your side facing this way! \psa ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá! \sem motion \xrb te:ka \ref 02267 \lxa tla:kawi:ka \lxac tla:kawi:ka \lxo tla:kawi:ka \lxoc tla:kawi:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \sea to go around with men (e.g., a young maiden) \ssa andar o salir con muchos hombres (p. ej., una doncella o muchacha) \pna Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi. \pea They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men. \psa Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen).¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres. \xrb tla:ka \xrb wi:ka \qry The Oapan definition appears erroneous, or at least unclear. It should be further specified or investigated. I had also for Oapan /to not be able to get along with men (e.g., a husband)/ \ref 02268 \lxa tlapayawtli \lxac tlapayawtli \lxo tlapayahtli \lxoc tlapayahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \seao drizzle \ssao llovizna \sem weather \xrb tlapa \xrb yawi \ref 02269 \lxa sakate:ma \lxac kisakate:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \sea to thatch a house roof with grass \ssa techar una casa con zacate \cfa te:ma \xrb saka \xrb te:ma \ref 02270 \lxanotes zzz \dt 25/Jan/2005 \mod This entry for /Tepona:sko/ has been removed and placed in the topofinal database. \ref 02271 \lxa xkwahli \lxac xkwahli \lxo xkwahli \lxoc xkwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Neg-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea (~ <nla>tla:katl</nla>) Devil \ssa (~ <nla>tla:katl</nla>) diablo \seo Devil (Ameyaltepec synonym: <nla>xye:ktli</nla>) \sso diablo (sinónimo en Ameyaltepec: <nla>xye:ktli</nla>) \nse In Oapan <no>xkwahli</no> is occasionally used to name the Devil, though it is most often simply a negative of <nlo>kwahli</nlo>. There are several Ameyaltepec terms for the Devil, including <nla>xye:ktli</nla>. Apprently the collocation <na>xkwahli tla:katl</na> is also used in Ameyaltepec as a term for the Devil. \ref 02272 \lxa lije:roh \lxac lije:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan ligero \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-loan \sea suddenly; without warning \ssa de repente; inadvertidamente \pna O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lije:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh, o:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. \pea The mule whipped me around hard, it bucked without warning, it made my lower back sore. \psa El macho me zangoloteófuerte, se encabritósin aviso, me lastimóla parte baja de la espalda. \qry Check other uses and meanings of /lige:roh/. Note that at first I had in the /cfo field /ísihtími/, which should perhaps be /ísitími/. However, this word seems quite different in meaning. \ref 02273 \lxa tlatskapa:ni \lxac tlatskapa:ni \lxo tlatskapa:ni \lxoa tlatskopo:ni \lxoc tlatskapa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to make a slapping, wet sound (like wet clothes being washed and slapped against a flat stone to get the soap out, mud or dough being slapped down on a hard surface, or two pieces of leather or skin coming together hard, such as occurs when bodies slap against each other during sexual intercourse) \ss emitir un sonido como de palmada (como ropa mojada que al lavarse se azota contra una piedra plana para que salga el jabón, o de lodo o masa al golpearse contra una superficie dura, o de cuero o piel que se golpea fuertemente, como ocurre con dos cuerpos durante el acto sexual) \pna Tlatskapa:ntiw mowera:ch, ke:n kaxa:nki. \pea Your sandal goes along making a slapping sound, it is loose (as the sole goes flopping along against the ground). \psa Tu huarach va haciendo un sonido como de palmada, está floja (y la suela se va golpeando el suelo). \xrb tlats-2-; kapa: \xvcao tlatskapa:naltia \dis kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia \rt The root <na>tlats</na> is found in Classical Nahuatl in <na>tlatscotoni</na>, which RS glosses as 'estallar, romperse, hablando de un hilo.' For <na>tlatscotona</na>, the same author has <na>nite</na> pellizcar, irritar, hostigar a alguien.. <na>Nitla</na> o <na>nic</na> romper, cortar un hilo.' For both entries he lists the root <na>tlatz</na> followed by a question mark. \ref 02274 \lxa we:ilia \lxac kwe:ilia \lxo we:ilia \lxoc kiwe:ilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to enlarge; to make bigger \ss hacer grande \pna Nikuwe:ilia ni:xtewa:n kwa:k niktlatlata. \pea I make my eyes bigger (to him) when I stare at him. \psa Le hago los ojos grandes cuando le clavo la vista. \xvaao we:ililia \xrb we:i \ref 02275 \lxa xaxakwaxtik \lxac xaxakwaxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be wrinkled (clothes and cloth, paper) \ssa estar arrugado (ropa, papel) \syno texoloxtik \xrb xakwach \dis xakwach-; xakwal-. Note that apparently /xakwach-/ only occurs in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check to make sure that this only occurs in reduplicated form. \ref 02276 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlanex \lxac i:xte:nkwitlanex \lxo i:xte:nkwitlanex \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlanex \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have ones eye covered with a thin white film \ss tener carnosidad en un ojo \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \qry Determine whether there is a form /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and, if so, the difference with this form. Also determine whether /i:xte:nkwitlanex/ is only used as an address term. \ref 02277 \lxa tsi:na:la:wi \lxac tsi:na:la:wi \lxo tsi:na:la:wi \lxoc tsi:na:la:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <nao>tsi:ntea:la:wi</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape ones rear end \ss rasparse las nalgas \pna O:nitsi:nteaa:la:w ipan burroh. \pea I scraped my rear end badly (by riding) on a donkey. \psa Se me rasparon mucho las nalgas (al ir montado) sobre el burro. \xrb tsi:n \xrb a:la \dis tsi:na:la:wi; tsi:nxi:pe:wi \nae Ameyaltepec has a phonological rule that velarizes nasals in word final position or before words that are vowel-initial. In Oapan /n/ drops in certain prevocalic contexts not yet fully defined; they also weaken in word-final position, at times going to [h] and at times even disappearing (as a result leading to the insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position). However, velarization also sometimes occurs. This is the case in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez of this headword (see above). In Ameyaltepec a voiced velar stop is occasionally inserted between two /a/'s (e.g., [ <n>o:nitsi:nteaga:la:w</n> ]). \vl Note velarization: Make sure that Inocencio's sound clip is the one that is velarized /tsi:nga:la:wi/. \ref 02278 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok \lxop ixipantalo:ntekwixtok \lxoc ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pantalón</spn> \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seo having ones trousers rolled up \sso con los pantalones arremangados \syno ixikasó:ntekwixtok \syno ixikaso:ntepai:lihtok \syno ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok \syna pantalontetekwixtok \xrb tehkwia \nae The verb <nlo>'tekwíya</nlo> always assigns pitch-accent on the syllable preceding the verbal stem given that there is an {h} in the underlying stem {tehkwiya}. With <no>ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok</no>, however, the verbal stem is reduplicated given the nature of the action involved (rolling up ones pants); but given the fact that the final vowel of the incorporated noun stem is short, the verbal reduplication is reduced onto this vowel, which is lengthened and assigned pitch accent. \ref 02279 \lxa para:kah \lxac para:kah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan paraca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of tree of the family Leguminosae, called in Spanish <spn>paraca</spn> \ssa tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae \pna Para:kah | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh. Kitetsotsonan para xixi:pe:wi. Ki:sa ikakawayo, konamakan ika kosta:les ina:k kurtidó:r. \pea <na>Para:kah</na> : It is good for <spn>timbre</spn>. They pound it with a rock so that it peels. Its bark comes off, they go sell it in sacks to a leather worker. \psa <na>Para:kah</na> : Es bueno para timbre. Lo golpean con una piedra para que se pele. Sale su cáscara, la van a vender en costales a un curtidor. \sem plant \sem kohtli \nse This tree is found in the higher regions around Ameyaltepec. Thus although during fieldwork in September 2001 a small tree of this type was found by the river at A:molo:nka:n, the consultants at that time (Silvestre Pantalón, Inocencio Díaz, and Asención Marcelo) all agreed that the seed must have been washed down from the hills to the north during the rainy season. \cpl This name is common in the Nahuatl of the region, though it is a borrowing from Spanish. Ramírez (1991) gives this as of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>, of the genus/species <i>Cassia sp.</i> and, in Spanish, <spn>paraca</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give a tree named <spn>paraca</spn> of the family <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and the scientific name <i>Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list this species, but does have several other trees of the genus <i>Cassia</i>. \nct kohtli \ref 02280 \lxa po:nia \lxac nopo:nia \lxo po:nia \lxoc nopo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[ca] \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to suddenly reappear \ss (refl.) aparecer de repente \pna Ne:nkah tsi:kameh o:tikpawika, oksepa o:nopo:nikeh, oksepa o:pe:w kikwan mi:ltsi:ntli. \pea Those <na>tsi:kameh</na> there, you had poisoned them, [but] once again they've showed up, again they've started to eat the young maize plants. \psa Estos <na>tsi:kameh</na> que están por allá, ya los habías envenenado, [pero] otra vez se hicieron aparecer, otra vez empezaron a comer las plantas chiquitas de maíz. \xrb po: \xv1o tlapo:nia \qry Check for other meaning of /po:nia/ and determine precise nature of difference between /po:nia/ and /po:naltia/. \vl Make sure that the sound files linked here are of the singular, with final glottal stop. \ref 02281 \lxa tsakwililia \lxac kitsakwililia \lxo tsakwililia \lxoc kitsakwililia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V4 \der V4-d-ap[ap] \infv class-2a \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to block the way of for (e.g., an animal that is trying to escape a roundup, etc.) \ss (a menudo con reduplication de vocal larga) atajar o bloquear el camino a (p. ej., un animal) para (p. ej., un vaquero o chivero que para su jefe está tratando de bloquear la salida a un animal que quiere escapar o salir) \pna Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh! \pea Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)! \psa ¡Córtale el paso a mi burro para mí(para que no vaya o no se escape)! \xrb tsakwa \xvbao tsakwa \qry Check for /kitlatsa(tsa)kilia/, perhaps in the sense of 'to fill sth in for sb' (e.g., nextlatsatsakwilia, newa san nitlatli:lwi:tekis). \qry Indefinitive null complement; Applicative: There seem to be a few cases of applicatives of applicatives, i.e., verbal predicates with four arguments. One case is the following: /Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!/ 'Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!' The base verb is /tsakwa/ (2 arguments) which has an applicative form /tsakwilia/. Note that /tsakwilia/ however, is a divalent verb based solely on its derivational morphology. The secondary object seems to be implied in the acceptation of /tsatsakwilia/ as 'interfering with'. Thus /ne:chtsakwilia un kuhtli/ the implied second object is 'where I want to see' (as in 'that tree blocks my vision (lit., 'blocks it to me (where 'it' is 'from where I want to see'). Likewise in the sense of 'to head off/block the path of' the secondary object is implied. Thus in one sense one may question whether a verb phrase such as /Xiktsakwili noburroh!/ is in fact a ditransitive, or whether it should be considered a semantic t ransitive (with 2 arguments). Thus, perhaps an argument could be made that /tsakwilia/ is a ditransitive morphologically but semantically acts as both a ditransitive (xne:chtsatsakwili noa:maw) and a transitive (kitsakwilia noburroh). It is in this second sense only that a further transitivization can occur. One test would be to determine whether the second sense of /tsakwilia/ can overtly express the secondary object, i.e., cna one say /kitsakwilia noburroh otli/ or /kitsakwilia noburroh ka:n yaw/, etc. \grm Indefinitive null complement; Applicative: There seem to be a few cases of applicatives of applicatives, i.e., verbal predicates with four arguments. One case is the following: /Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!/ 'Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!' The base verb is /tsakwa/ (2 arguments) which has an applicative form /tsakwilia/. Note that /tsakwilia/ however, is a divalent verb based solely on its derivational morphology. The secondary object seems to be implied in the acceptation of /tsatsakwilia/ as 'interfering with'. Thus /ne:chtsakwilia un kuhtli/ the implied second object is 'where I want to see' (as in 'that tree blocks my vision (lit., 'blocks it to me (where 'it' is 'from where I want to see'). Likewise in the sense of 'to head off/block the path of' the secondary object is implied. Thus in one sense one may question whether a verb phrase such as /Xiktsakwili noburroh!/ is in fact a ditransitive, or whether it should be considered a semantic t ransitive (with 2 arguments). Thus, perhaps an argument could be made that /tsakwilia/ is a ditransitive morphologically but semantically acts as both a ditransitive (xne:chtsatsakwili noa:maw) and a transitive (kitsakwilia noburroh). It is in this second sense only that a further transitivization can occur. One test would be to determine whether the second sense of /tsakwilia/ can overtly express the secondary object, i.e., cna one say /kitsakwilia noburroh otli/ or /kitsakwilia noburroh ka:n yaw/, etc. \ref 02282 \lxa te:telowa:ni \lxac te:telowa:ni \lxo te:telowa:ni \lxoa te:telowa:ne \lxoc te:telowa:ne; te:telowa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seao fighter; bully; person who goes around beating up on people \ssao peleador; bravucón; persona que anda golpeando o peleándose con la gente \synao tlatelowa:ni \xrb tel \ref 02283 \lxa kili:n \lxaa kilí:n \lxac ikili:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \sea bristly hairs found on the back of some jabalís (and, in the past, allegedly on some bulls) \ssa creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís (y, en el pasado, supuestamente sobre algunos toros) \pna... ikilí:n kuwpitso \pea... the bristles on the back of the jabali \psa... la creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís. \xrb kili:n \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain; perhaps the word is related to <n>kilitl</n>. \mod This word was not heard by any of the workshop participants. It is probably a Spanish borrowing. \ref 02284 \lxa te:nka:yoh \lxac xte:nka:yoh \lxo te:nka:yoh \lxoc xte:nka:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(intrans) \se (<nao>x</nao> ~) to be insatiable; to be unable to get full (an animate, with food) \ss (<nao>x</nao> ~) ser insaciable; no poderse llenar nunca (un ser animado, con comida) \pna Xtite:nka:yoh, xtikmati tixwi. \pea You never get your fill (you are a bottomless pit), you don't know what it is to be satiated (with food). \psa Tienes panza de músico, no sabes quedar satisfecho (con comida). \xrb te:m \nse This form is derived from the verb <nla>te:mi</nla> 'to get or become filled' and not from the nominal <nla>te:ntli</nla>. \ref 02285 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /atopa kayo:tl/ but has been deleted as it is a repeat of entry 3564. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry Check /ixto:pakayo:tl/, whether it is an alternative form, as I may have simply misrecorded it for /axto:pakayo:tl/; cf. Gram 1984-04-30.2 Recheck vowel lengths. Several entries had a long /ka:/ although it sounds short in the Oapan elicitation. Also, my notes varied occasionally with a short /o/ and sometimes a long /o:/ in the second syllable. \vl This entry has been removed; tag all speech tokens to 03564 \ref 02286 \lxa tepayolsa:lowa \lxaa tepayelsa:lowa \lxac kitepayolsa:lowa \lxo tepayolsa:lowa \lxoc kitepai:lsa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to hogtie (a hog or steer, or even a drunk to keep him from going anywhere) \ss atar de pies y manos (en particular un marrano o becerro, o hasta un borracho para que no se vaya a ningún lado) \cfa tepayoltik \xrb te \xrb payol \xrb sa:l \nde Classical Nahuatl has <n>tapa-</n> for Balsas Nahuatl <nao>tepa-</nao>. Thus the etymological division here, of <nr>te</nr> and <nr>payol</nr> is not entirely coincident with the Classical forms although the presence of <nr>te</nr> 'stone' in the etymology of words having to do with roundness would not be surprising. \vl Check vowel length; /i/ of /pail/. \ref 02287 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /xoxo:pantsi:n/ with a xref to /xo:pantsi:n/, but it has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02288 \lxa techichikiliwi \lxac techichikiliwi \lxo téchichikilíwi \lxop techichikiliwi \lxoc téchichikilíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to become haggard and drawn; to waste away (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) \ss demacrarse; quedarse raquítico o enclenque; consumirse (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) \pna O:techichikiliw. Kwalo, xok tlakwa. \pea He has wasted away (to skin and bones). He is sick, he no longer eats. \psa Se consumió(hasta quedarse enclenque). Está enfermo, ya no come. \equiva techichikile:wi \equivo téchichikilé:wi \xrb te- \xrb chikil \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. Here p-a should be marked. \ref 02289 \lxa papatlaka \lxac papatlaka \lxo papatlaka \lxoc papatlaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to flap repeatedly (e.g., from the wind or from the movement of the subject); to make a noise of flapping and rustling \ss revoltear o aletear repetidamente (p. ej., por el viento, por el movimiento del sujeto); hacer el sonido de un revolteo \pna Melá:k papatlakatiw nokoto:n pa:mpa nimotlalotiw. \pea My shirt is really flapping around because I am running along. \psa Mi camisa se va revolteando mucho porque voy corriendo. \pna Tlapapatlaka. \pea There is a fluttering sound all over (e.g., of wings as many birds take flight at the same moment). \psa Hay un sonido de revolteo por todos lados (p. ej., de alas cuando muchos pájaros toman vuelo al mismo tiempo). \xrb patla: \xvnao patla:ni \nse This verb can be used for clothes flapping in the wind, certain birds (such as chickens, zopilotes, wexo:lo:tl, etc.), paper, sheets, a nylon sheet, etc. \nae In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: <no>ta tla:patlaka</no> 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.' \grm Reduplication: In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: <no>ta tla:patlaka</no> 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.' \vl Link last two. \ref 02290 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for Am /axka/, which had no definition, etc. It has been placed as a headword to record 6529. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02291 \lxa xoxoko:ktsi:n \lxac xoxoko:ktsi:n \lxo xóxokó:htsi:n \lxoc xóxokó:htsi:n \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of small herbaceous plant still unidentified, but apparently of the Oxalidaceae family \ss tipo de pequeña planta herbácea todavía no identificada, pero aparentemente de la familia Oxalidaceae \pna Xoxoko:ktsi:n | Xiwtsitsi:nteh, san ye:i ixiwyotsitsiwa:n kipia, seki nana:wi. Xokó:k ixiwyotsi:n \pea <na>Xoxoko:ktsi:n</na> : They are little plants with just three leaves, some have four. Its leaves taste sour. \psa <na>Xoxoko:ktsi:n</na> : Son plantitas con solamente tres hojitas, algunas tienen cuatro. Sus hojitas son agrios. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb xoko \cpl Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo was not familiar with this plant. However, we did collect a plant that he later called by this name; cf. #288. Check. \nct xiwtli \ref 02292 \lxa ichpo:chkwa:naka \lxac ichpo:chkwa:naka \lxo ichpo:chkwa:naka \lxoc ichpo:chkwa:naka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-(N-N) \der N-ap \infn N1 \se young hen that is not yet laying eggs \ss gallina joven que todavía no pone \sem animal \sem domes \xrb chpo:ch \xrb kwa: \xrb naka \encyctmp kwa:naka; perhaps on barnyard animals, hens, etc. \qry Check for possibility of possessed form. \ref 02293 \lxa ma:s \lxac ma:s nikneki \lxo ma:s \lxoc ma:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan más \psm Adj \der Adj-compar \se more \ss más \pna Newa ma:s niwe:i. \pea I am bigger. \psa Yo soy más grande. \se (~ [predicate] ma:ka [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than \ss (~ [predicado] ma:ka [pronombre independiente]) ser más [predicado] que \pna Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa. \pea You are older than I am. \psa Eres más grande que yo. \pna Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec. \pea Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec. \psa Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec. \se (<nao>xma:s</nao>) not much; not that \ss (<nao>xma:s</nao>) no mucho; no tan \pna Xma:s nikochisneki. \pea I'm not very tired. \psa No tengo mucho sueño. \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man ye tlachia, xok ma:s kwalo. \pea He used to be ill. Now he's recuperating, he's not that sick anymore. \psa Estaba enfermo. Ahora ya se está recuperando, ya no está tan enfermo. \cfa ma:san \nae The loan <nao>ma:s</nao> is most often used in pronominal function to indicate"more"of a given item, understood in the discourse: <na>Xne:xte:kili ma:s</na> 'Pour me some more.' It is also often used in a comparative function: <na>Newa ma:s niweli</na> 'I am better able (to do it)' or <na>Newa ma:s niweli ma:ka tewa</na> 'I am better able (to do it) than you.' Note, finally, that in Ameyaltepec <na>ma:s</na> is often found as <na>ma:san</na> and interrogative pronouns (e.g., <na>ka:non, ke:non, tli:non, katlewa, akinon</na>); these phrases function like the <i>-ever</i> words in English, and may be subordinators, indefinite pronouns, or headless relative clauses in Nahuatl syntax. Thus note: <na>Xtla:li ma:san ka:non</na> 'Put it down wherever (in any place you desire).' Or, <na>Ma:san ke:non tikneki, kon nikchi:was</na> 'I 'However you want it, that is how I will do it,' in which <na>ma:san ke:non</na> introduces a subordinate clause. In the phrase <na>Ma:san akinon kichi:was</na>, 'Anyone will do it,' th e phrase <na>ma:san akinon</na> functions as a headless relative clause, here the subject completement of the verb phrase <na>kichi:was</na>. And in the phrase <na>Xne:chaka ma:san katlewa!</na> the function of <na>ma:s san katlewa</na> is that of a headless relative clause which is a object complement. Note, however, that although Ameyaltepec has <na>ma:san</na>, Oapan has <nlo>ma:si san</nlo>. This suggests that <na>ma:san</na> is not derived from the Spanish loan <na>ma:s</na> plus Nahuatl <nla>sa:n</nla>, but from Nahuatl <nla>ma:ski</nla> (Oapan <nlo>ma:si</nlo>). \nse Check other uses of /ma:s/. \ref 02294 \lxa te:toma:w \lxac *te:toma:w \lxo te:toma:w \lxoc te:toma:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-part \se to be fattening; to cause weight gain \ss ser engordante; causar que la gente se engorde \pna Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah, te:toma:w. \pea It is said that tortoise eggs are fattening. \psa Se dice que los huevos de tortuga engordan. \xrb toma: \nse Here, as in many cases, the simple verbal form may be used to the same semantic effect, i.e., <na>Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:wa</na>. \grm Adjectivals; verbs Note that consultants gave the phrase /Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:w/ as equivalent to /Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:wa/. This indicates a problem of analysis between participals that act as modifiers and a verbal form. Perhaps one way to consider the difference is between /is + adjectival/ vs. /verb predication/. In this framework the perfective form /te:toma:w/ would be 'It is said that tortoise eggs are fattening' whereas the fully verbal form does not have the copula: 'It is said that tortoise eggs fatten people.' Note that in the workshop Roberto and Chen both accepted /te:toma:w/ as an adjectival, but Emiliana did not recognize it. Instead she used /te:toma:wa/. The use of the perfective seems to be limited (or getting lost). \ref 02295 \lxa kwa:tlastopo:naltia \lxac kikwa:tlastopo:naltia \lxo kwa:tlastopo:naltia \lxoc kikwa:tlastopo:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[Mod-V2] \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to crack over the head (i.e., with a stick or similar object, making a loud, sharp sound) \ss darle un golpe fuerte sobre la cabeza a (p. ej., con un palo u otro objeto parecido, causando un fuerte chasquido) \xrb kwa: \xrb tlats-2-; topo: \qry Check if an intranstive form exists. \ref 02296 \lxa kokoxka:ti \lxac kokoxka:ti \lxo kokoxka:ti \lxoc kokoxka:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become ill \ss enfermarse \pna O:kokoxka:t pa:mpa xo:tma:lwih. \pea It got ill because you didn't take good care of it. \psa Se puso enfermo porque no lo cuidaste bien. \equivao kokoxka:tia \xrb koya \xvcao kokoxka:tilia \dis kwalo \qry Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Check why 'it' in the example; can it refer to an animal? Perhaps, in fact, both /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ refer to animals. Check. \ref 02297 \lxa kasti:yoh \lxac kasti:yoh \lxo kasti:yoh \lxoc kasti:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan castillo \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao tower of fireworks made of reeds upon which the fireworks (such as spinning wheels of color) slowly move up and around the structure till reaching the top \ssao castillo de cohetes \ref 02298 \lxa sentla:lia \lxac kisentla:lia \lxo sentla:lia \lxoc kisentla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to gather or collect in one place (things that are scattered and disperse, usually referring to things of one kind) \ss juntar y poner en un solo lugar (cosas esparcidas y dispersas, generalmente en referencia a cosas de un solo tipo) \pna Niá:s nomi:hlan, niksentla:li:s ayotli. \pea I'm going to my milpa, I'm going to collect squash. \psa Voy a mi milpa, voy a juntar calabaza. \pna Xikse:sentla:li moyew! \pea Put your beans together in one place (in an open space such as the ground or a mat, in a sack, etc.)! \psa ¡Junta tu frijol en un solo lugar (en un espacio abierto como sobre el suelo o un petate, o en un costal, etc.)! \se to collect (a liquid in a depression) \ss juntarse (un líquido en una depresión) \pna Nosentla:lia a:tl nika:n. \pea Water collects here (e.g., in a puddle). \psa Aquíse junta el agua (en una depresión donde se puede estancar). \se (recipr.) to meet; to get together (a group of people) \ss (recipr.) reunirse; juntarse (un grupo de gente) \pna Mo:stla nosentla:li:lo:s. \pea There will be a meeting tomorrow. \psa Mañana habrájunta. \xrb sem \xrb tla:l \xvaao sentla:lilia \nae The long vowel reduplicated form is used for actions such as gathering squash into piles during harvest, creating mounds of squash throughout the milpa. The short vowel reduplicated form may be used for actions such as gathering together ceramics that have been left off at peoples' houses to be painted. The merchant goes from house to house collecting the finished product and placing them in his truck. \grm Reduplication: Note the difference in meaning and use of the following, with different reduplicative patterns: The long vowel reduplicated form is used for actions such as gathering squash into piles during harvest, creating mounds of squash throughout the milpa. The short vowel reduplicated form may be used for actions such as gathering together ceramics that have been left off at peoples' houses to be painted. The merchant goes from house to house collecting the finished product and placing them in his truck. \dis se:ntla:lia; sepantla:lia \ref 02299 \lxa te:mi:ltia \lxac kite:mi:ltia \lxo te:mi:ltia \lxoc kite:mi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to fill up; to top off \ss llenar; terminar de llenar \pna Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man 'te:mi:lti:s. \pea Last year I didn't fill it up (in this case a field being planted with maize seed), now (i.e., this year) I'll fill it up (i.e., plant the entire field). \psa El año pasado no le llenépor completo (en este caso un terreno con maíz), ahora (este año) lo voy a llenar por completo. \pna Xte:ma, xte:mi:lti kwahli! \pea Fill it up, fill it all the way to the top! \psa ¡Llénalo, llénalo bien! \fla te:ma; te:mi:tia \xrb te:m \xvbao te:mi \dis te:mi:ltia; te:mi:tia; te:ma. \nae The deletion of subject and object in the phrase <na>a:man 'te:mi:lti:s</na> (for <na>a:man nikte:mi:lti:s</na>) is marked with an appostrophe. This same illustrative phrase <na>Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man 'te:mi:lti:s</na> also clearly shows the use of <na>te:mi:ltia</na> to indicate the filling up of a space (in this case a field for planting); the first year it was not"filled up"and the second year it was. The verb <nla>te:ma</nla> is not correct here, although the precise lines of distinction between <nao>te:ma</nao>, <nao>te:mi:tia</nao>, and <nao>te:mi:ltia</nao> are not entirely clear. \qry Check vowel length of /te:mi:ltia/, long /i:/? \grm Null complement; pluperfect; the phrase /Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man te:mi:lti:s/ 'Last year I didn't fill it up (in this case a field being planted with maize seed), now (i.e., this year) I'll fill it up (i.e., plant the entire field)' illustrates several interesting aspects of Nahuatl morphosyntax. First, note the use of the pluperfect. This is because the effects of the action (here"not completely planting an area") are no longer present, given that the field has this year, now, been completely filled). Note also the complete deletion of /nik/ from /te:mi:ltia/. This type of suppression seems to be partially conditioned by the phonology and partially by tense/aspect system. It needs to be further explored. \ref 02300 \lxa kwepaltik \lxac kwepaltik \lxo kopaltik \lxoc kopaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be warped (a record, a ceramic bowl along the edges) \ss estar combado; estar alabeado (un disco, un plato hondo de cerámica) \se to be twisted; to be bent (a long stick or rod) \ss estar torcido (un palo o vara) \xrb kwepal \qry Elicit other items to which this can refer. \grm Oapan phonology: Note kw>ko here in Oapan. \ref 02301 \lxa yo:ltsi:n \lxac i:yo:ltsi:n \lxo yo:ltsi:n \lxoc i:yo:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \se heart \ss corazón \pna Te:tekwi:ni toyo:ltsi:n. \pea Our heart beats strongly and continually (e.g., after hard exercise). \psa Nuestro corazón late fuerte y continuamente (p. ej., después de hacer ejercicio). \se beloved (said of ones romantic partner) \ss amado (dicho de la pareja amorosa) \pna Me:roh yewa noyo:ltsi:n. \pea It's him who is my beloved. \psa Esél quien es mi amado. \se seed (in diminutive, of almost any fruit that does not have a single pit) \ss semilla (en diminutivo, de casi cualquier fruta que no tiene hueso) \se heartwood (often in nondiminutive form) \ss madera dura del centro del tronco (a menudo en forma no diminutiva) \sem plant-part \cfao yo:hli \xrb yo:l \nse The word for 'heart' is either <nao>yo:hlo</nao> or <nao>yo:ltsi:n</nao>. The former is used in the figurative sense, as in <na>koxtok i:ka i:yo:hlo</na> 'he is peacefully sleeping' (lit. 'with his heart'). The latter is used in the sense of the body organ (of a person or animal). In regard to plants, either the nondiminutive or diminutive form may be used, though the former is perhaps more common. \nse <nla>Yo:hlo</nla> is the virtual synonym of <na>yo:ltsi:n</na> though the latter, as a diminutive, perhaps has a slightly more affective content. \qry Check for occurrence of nonpossessed form, e.g., /yo:ltsi:ntli/. Check for difference between /noyo:hlo/ and /noyo:ltsi:n \ref 02302 \lxa tlikonexpo:poxowa \lxac kitlikonexpo:poxowa \lxo tlikonexpo:poxowa \lxoc kitlikonexpo:poxowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to push into the ashes of a hearth by wiggling (the item [O] back and forth, e.g., a chickens foot to be able to peel it) \ss meter y agitar en las cenizas calientes del hogar (el objeto [O]) de un lado a otro, p. ej., las patas de gallinas para poder pelarlas) \pna Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis. \pea Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked. \psa ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar! \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrb pox \xrl -ko \pqry Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. \vl Check vl of verb stem reduplicant /po:poxowa/. In other instances of this lexically reduplicated stem it seems to be long, here that is not clear. Check all words with /po:poxowa/ to get a comparison with different noun incorporations. \ref 02303 \lxa nemi \lxac nemi \lxo nemi \lxoc nemi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se (with an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to be present at; to be at \ss (con un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar; estar presente a o en \pna Nika:n nemilo. \pea People live here (e.g., a house that is occupied, or a place that is inhabited). \psa Aquívive gente (p. ej., una casa que está ocupada o un lugar que está habitada). \pna A:i:xko nemi. \pea It floats on the surface of the water. \psa Flota sobre la superficie del agua. \pna Xakah nemi, xakah a:k. \pea No one is around (here), no one is present. \psa Nadie está (aquí), nadie se encuentra. \pna U:mpa ne:nemis. \pea He will be around there occasionally (i.e., not always or continuously, but at times). \psa Va a andar por allíocasionalmente (esto es, no va a estar allícontinuamente, pero solamente de vez en cuando). \seao (with long vowel reduplication and an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to spend a short time at (the place indicated) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga y un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar presente (en el lugar indicado) por un breve periodo) \pno Nika:n ma tine:nentoka:n! \peo Let's stay here for a short time! \pso ¡Vamos a quedarnos aquípor un rato! \se to be alive \ss estar vivo; vivir \pna Ok nemi motah? \pea Is your father still alive? \psa ¿Todavía vive tu papá? \se (~ <n>i:pan</n> + [noun]) to be engaged in (what [noun] signifies); to be doing a job in relation to (the indicated [noun]); to be concerned with (what [noun] signifies) \ss (~ <n>i:pan</n> + [sustantivo]) andar en (p. ej., un trabajo relacionado con [sustantivo]); hacer un trabajo relacionado con (el sustantivo expresado) \pna A:mantsi:n nemi ipan iswate:kilistli. \pea Now he is occupied in stripping the corn leaves from the stalks. \psa Ahorita anda en el zacateo. \pna Xi:pan tinemin, pero niktete:mo:s. \pea We aren't concerned with that right now (in this case two people are doing sth and one brings up sth such as a debt, which was not the topic of the conversation), but I'll look for it (i.e., money to repay the debt). \psa Ahorita no andamos en esto (en este caso dos personas trabajan y uno sale con algo, una deuda por ejemplo, que no venía directamente al caso), pero lo voy a buscar (p. ej., dinero con que pagar la deuda). \se (with intraverse directional) to be born \ss (con direccional intraversa) nacer \pna Ya:lwa o:nemiko. \pea He was born yesterday. \psa Nació ayer. \pna Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, i:ksan o:tinemiko:ya. \pea A <nla>tla:lme:stli</nla>,' if it passes under you (i.e., between your legs) you were been born a long time ago (i.e., you will soon die). \psa Un <nla>tla:lme:stli</nla> ', si pasa abajo de tí(esto es, entre tus piernas), ya hace mucho te naciste (esto es, pronto te vas a morir). \pna Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi -=xo:tinemiko-. \pea It's as if you weren't born. \psa Es como si no hubieras nacido. \cfa nenemi \cfo nénemí \xrb nemi \xvcao nemi:tia \xvaao nemilia \cfa nenemi \nse In Oapan <no>nemi</no> is used where in Ameyaltepec the verb <na>ka</na> ('to be (at a location)') is used. \nae Oapan Nahuatl shows a double reduplication (reduced) of this verb with the meaning 'to live/reside.' Thus one finds <no>né:nemí</no> with the meaning of <no>san wá:waká</no>, i.e., 'to live spaced out/far apart.' The use of the intraverse directional to indicate 'to be born' usually has the suffixes when possible. However, some Oapan consultants did accept <no>o:wa:lnen</no> 'he was born' as an alternative to the more common <no>o:nemiko</no>.Long vowel reduplication in a phrase such as <na>pa ne:nemis</na> indicates that the subject will be visiting, going here and there, to people's houses. Given the semantic difference, <nla>nenemi</nla> / <nlo>nénemí</nlo> is listed as a separate entry. \grm Reduplication: Note that the long vowel reduplication can have the meaning of a shorter or mitigated action: Cf. Nika:n ma tine:nentoka:n 'let's stay here for a short time!' \ref 02304 \lxa kose:wi \lxac kose:wi \lxo kose:wi \lxoc kose:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn yellow (e.g., certain plants from drying, blight, or too much water; or other things as part of a natural process, e.g., lemons, grapefruits, squash, etc.) \ss amarillarse; amarrillentarse (ciertas plantas al secarse o ahogarse; u otras cosas naturalmente, p. ej., limones, toronjas, calabaza, etc.) \pna Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl. \pea Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it. \psa Tu milpa ya se pone amarilla, ya le empezó a hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua). \pna Yo:tlaki:s, yo:pe:w kose:wi kuwxiwtli. \pea The rainy season has ended, the bushes have started to turn yellow. \psa Ya se acabóla temporada de lluvia, los arbustos ya empezaron a amarillarse. \se (with <n>tla-</n>) for things to turn yellow all over \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) amarillarse todo, por todos lados \pna Sa: tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli, o:kwihlowa itik. O:tlakose:w ipan tla:hli. \pea The ground is scattered all over with chile, it (the chile plant) got worms in it (causing the chile to fall off). The ground has turned yellow (from the chile that has fallen and turned yellow). \psa El suelo está regado de chile, adentro se agusanó(la planta del chile, haciendo que se cayera el fruto). El suelo está todo amarillo (por el chile que se cayó y amarrillentó). \xrb kos \qry Check absence of transitive form *kose:wia and cognate intransitive *kosiwi \grm The etymology and classification of those verbs which manifest a physical characteristic such as color, surface, etc. and which contain /e:wi/ instead of or in addition to /iwi/ should be examined. It does seem that many of the /-e:wi/ verbs do related to color or other physical characteristics. This should be checked, perhaps by eliciting, if possible, verbs that end in /-e:wi/. \ref 02305 \lxa tlayawa \lxaa tlayewa \lxac tlayawa \lxo tláyawá \lxop tlayawa \lxoa tláiwá \lxoc tláyawá, tláiwá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to howl or bark (a dog, coyote, etc.) \ss aullar o ladrar (un perro, coyote, etc.) \pna Te:ixtakakwa:ni, xtlayawa. \pea It bites without warning, it doesn't bark. \psa Muerde sin aviso, no ladra. \pna Tlayawatokeh chichimeh, o:kinsa:lo:ton mi:hlan. \pea Dogs are barking, they went to tie them up in the corn fields (to scare away animals that might eat the corn). \psa Los perros están ladrando, fueron a amarrarlos en las milpas (para espantar a los animales que podrían comer la milpa). \xrb hyawa \nse This verb refers to barking or howling but not at anyone (or anything) in particular. To express the concept of 'to bark at' the reduplicated (with long vowel) form of <nlao>kwa</nlao> is used in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan: <nao>ne:chkwa:kwa motskwin</nao> 'your dog barks at me.' <na>Tlayawa</na> apparently includes the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> : a transitive form has not been found in the corpus. According to Pánfilo Lorenzo, <na>tlakwa:kwa</na> means 'to bark several times with a short interrupted sound' whereas <na>tlayewa</na> refers to a steady howling or extended sound, like that of a coyote or dog. Although more information needs to be gathered, it appears that <na>tlayewa</na> is more common than <na>tlayawa</na> in Ameyaltepec. \nae The Classical cognate appears to be <n>uaualoua</n>, which Molina gives only with nonspecific object markers: <n>uaualoa. nitla</n> 'ladrar el perro' and <n>uaualoa. nite</n> 'ladrar el perro a alguno.' Carochi (see Lockhart p. 280) gives <n>ne:chhuàhualtza</n> 'me ladra'; <n>tlahuahualtza</n> 'ladra.' There is perhaps an error here since in the former, with a specific object, the coda of the first syllable is a glottal stop (marked in Jesuit orthography with the grave accent in word-internal position) while the second form has an open syllable. It is not clear which is correct. In the Balsas region the cognate term includes Ameyaltepec <na>tlayawa</na> and Oapan <no>tláyawá</no>. The source of the pitch-accent in the Oapan form is not immediately apparent, it most like derives from an underlying {h} although if the annotation is erroneous and the initial syllable is lengthened (i.e., <no>tlá:yawá</no>) then the source might be a reduplicant. For now the root analysis posits <nr> hyawa</nr>, but this will undoubtedly change with future data and analysis. Other dialect variants from the region should be determined to better understand the etymology of this word. \sj Check SJ for location of /h/ if there is one. If /tlahyawa/ then make sure a separate entry. If /tlayahwa/ then perhaps combine 08088 with /awa/ 'to scold'. \pqry Check vowels. \vl There are 4 additional tokens at 4019. \rt The analysis of <na>tlayewa</na> as containing the root <nr>yewa</nr> will perhaps result a temporary solution to the question of etymology pending further comparative data. Classical Nahuatl has <n>uaualtza</n> or <n>uaualowa</n>, probably related to the Ameyaltepec form. \ref 02306 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /kweya:ya/ but was in error for /kweya:wa/. It has thus been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02307 \lxa iki:saya:n to:nahli \lxac iki:saya:n to:nahli \lxo i:ki:saya:n to:nahli \lxoc i:ki:saya:n to:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn Stem 3 \seao the east \ssao el oriente \sem space-earth \xrb ki:sa \xrb to:na \xrl -ya:n \nae The citation form includes <n>i:-</n> a prefix cross-referencing the possessor, in this case <nao>to:nahli</nao>. The length of the middle /i/ of <no>i:ki:saya:n</no> seems rather short, but this acoustic information would not seem to negate the fact that this is an underlyingly long vowel. \qry Check for any other use of /ikisa:yan/, similarly for /ikalakia:n/. \mod Make sure to check all possessives /i/ for length when this is finally determined. \grm Make note for orthography that /iya/ is used whether the /i/ is stressed, otherwise /ia/, as in /ikalakia:n/ which is [ikalákia:n]. \ref 02308 \lxa tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik \lxaa tsope:lik xokotl de un kokostik \lxac tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik \lxo tsope:lik xokotl yón kókostík \lxoc tsope:lik xokotl yón kókostík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \se type of plum that includes several subvarieties \ss tipo de ciruelo que incluye algunos variantes \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tsope:l \xrb xoko \cpl Consultants did not entirely agree on the number of the subvarieties. All gave the <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xa</nla> as one subvariety. Some others mentioned the <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik</nla> while others mentioned <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh</nla>. Several consultants mentioned all three varieties. All these plums bear fruit in late summer. \nct kohtli \ref 02309 \lxa pipi:liwi \lxac pipi:liwi \lxo pípi:líwi \lxop pipi:liwi \lxoc pípi:líwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s(sem) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to hang down in clumps (particularly strands of sth wet that sticks together such as hair, hemp fiber, and wet clothes, such as those hung out to dry that are rained upon) \ss estar colgado y pegado (particularmente algo mojado que se pega junto como cabello, fibra de maguey, y ropa mojada, como la que está colgada y se moja por la lluvia) \pna O:pipi:liw mokoto:n. O:tikpa:tsoh, xok wel patla:wi. \pea Your shirt is hanging down in a clump.You let it get wet, it can't be spread out flat anymore. \psa Tu camisa está colgada todo juntada. Lo dejaste mojar, ya no se puede ponerse plana. \pna Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \pea There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump. \psa Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio. \cfa tsompipi:liwi \cfo tsó:mpi:liwi \xrb pi:l \dis pipi:ltia; ko:pi:liwi; pipi:liwi \qry Determine whether unreduplicated form occurs, and if there is a transitive. \nse <na>Pipi:liwi</na> (and <nla>pipi:ltia</nla>) refer to such things as the way clothes hang down in strands after getting wet. These verbs may also refer to how plants look when withering, or to hair that is washed and left hanging down in strands. In regard to hair, see <nla>koko:pi:liwi</nla>. \rt Discuss the root /pi:l/ in /pipi:liwi/, /koko:pi:liwi/ and /pipi:ltia/ and cf. to /pil/ in /pilkatok/. Make sure vowel length is correct as recorded in each. \ref 02310 \lxa ma:rkah de jue:goh \lxaa ma:rkah de fwe:goh \lxac ma:rkah de jue:goh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan marca de fuego \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea brand used on small animals \ssa hierro o marca de hierro candente utilizado con animales pequeños \cfa tepostli \ref 02311 \lxa yestlami \lxac yestlami \lxo yestlami \lxoc yestlami \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to lose blood until dying from loss of blood \ss perder la sangre hasta morir de la pérdida de sangre \pna O:yestlan, o:kitsopi:nikeh. \pea He died of blood loss, he got stabbed. \psa Se murióde pérdida de sangre, lo acuchillaron. \xrb es \xrb tlami \dis yestlami; yeska:wa \qry Check for causative? or applicative? /kiyestlamia/ or /kiyestlamilia/. \ref 02312 \lxa xi:nilia \lxac kixi:nilia \lxo xi:nilia \lxoc kixi:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to throw or toss (sth, e.g., the ground or some flat surface) for or in relation to (i.e., tossing corn cobs [SO] out from a sack [PO], cutting the branches [SO] off of a tree [PO], etc.) \ss aventarle al suelo (algo) de o para (algo, p. ej., aventar mazorcas [OS] a un costal [OP], sacándolas o metiéndolas, o tirándole ramas [OS] a unárbol [OP]) \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n. \pea Go cut the branches of the top of this tree. Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful to the growth of maize) Cut its top branches down! \psa ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus ramas más altas! \pna Ma nxi:xi:nilitiw yo:li:k! \pea Let me go along slowly sprinkling it (in this case the insecticide called <spn>polidor</spn>) on it (maize plants to kill worms that had infected them)! \psa ¡Déjame ir rociándoselo despacio (en este caso polidor, una insecticida, a la milpa)! \xrb xi: \xvbao xi:nia \qry Check the phrase /Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuhtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n/ for on one file card I had written /xkwa:xini:li/ in which the first element would be /kwa:-/ 'head' and the equivalent would be /kikwa:xini:lia/. If there first element is /wa:l-/ then the form is /kwa:lxi:nilia/ in which /kwa:l-/ = {k + wa:l}. Check. \ref 02313 \lxa ke:nkah \lxac san ke:nkah \lxo ke:nkah \lxoc san ke:nkah \dt 12/Apr/2005 \der Adv-man \se (<nao>san</nao> ~) as always \ss (<nao>san</nao> ~) como siempre \pna San ke:nkah kwahli. \pea It is good as always. \psa Estábien, como siempre, \pna Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik. \pea Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever. \psa Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes. \pna San ke:nkah ichpokawah. \pea She's an unmarried girl, just as she was. \psa Es una doncella, tanto como era. \pna San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwakayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka. \pea It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed. \psa Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava. \xrb ke:n \cfo ke:n \nse To date I have only heard <nao>ke:nkah</nao> uttered when preceded by <nao>san</nao>. In Oapan apparently before statives <no>san ke:n</no> is used instead of <no>san ke:nkah</no>. Thus one finds <no>san ke:nkah we:i</no> but <no>san ke:n pilkatok</no> or <no>san ke:n te:ntok</no>. However, this is uncertain and needs further study. \nae Although one might write <nao>ke:n kah</nao> as two words, for the moment I have decided to write them as one, consistent with other cases such as <nao>na:nkah</nao>, <nao>nika:nkah</nao>, etc. \mod Although perhaps the entry should be /ken kah/ I have decided in all cases of words ending in /kah/ to write them as one. Add the /san ke:n/ to /ke:n/. \ref 02314 \lxa tlatswi:teki \lxac kitlatswi:teki \lxo tlatswi:teki \lxoc kitlatswi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to whip; to give a thrashing to; to hit hard (especially with a rope, whip, switch, etc.) \ss azotar; dar una paliza a (particularmente con un laso, látigo, vara, etc.) \xrb tlats \xrb wi:teki \dis tlatskowa; wi:teki; tlatswi:teki; telowa \nse According to one consultant, <na>tlatswi:teki</na> is the same as <nla>wi:teki</nla>. However, the possibility that the former indicates a harder blow should be considered likely at this point. \ref 02315 \lxa to:kilia \lxac kito:kilia \lxo to:kilia \lxoc kito:kilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \tran +Spec \infv class-2a \se to plant for \ss sembrar para \pna Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas. \pea Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt. \psa ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies. \xrb to:ka \xvbao to:ka \qry Check to see if one can state, e.g., /nikto:kili:s yetl nomi:hlan/. \ref 02316 \lxa kwihlo:tl \lxac kwihlo:tl \lxo kwihlo:tl \lxoc kwihlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se wattle: the rods made of <nlao>tlapextli</nlao> that are laid down horizontally in the frame of the roof of a thatched house and to which the thatching (palm or grass) is attached. The <na>kwihlo:tl</na> are placed on the inside of the house, attached to the <nlao>a:kapilo:hli</nlao>, before the thatching process begins. Once the thatching process begins, these same types of rods are laid on the outside part of the roof, on top of the thatching to hold it in place. \ss cañas o varas hechas de <nlao>tlapextli</nlao> que se colocan horizontalmente dentro del armazón del techo de una casa de palma o zacate, y al que se ata el material del techo. Los <na>kwihlo:tl</na> se colocan adentro de la casa, atados a los <nlao>a:kapilo:hli</nlao> antes de empezar a poner el techo. Después, durante el proceso de atar el zacate o palma, se van colocadando más varas de <na>kwihlo:tl</na> afuera de la casa y encima del zacate o palma, para mantenerlo en su lugar. \xrb kwi \encyctmp kahli \nse The nominalization <na>kwihlo:tl</na> seems to be derived from the verb <nlao>kwi</nlao>, probably given that it is to the <na>kwihlo:tl</na> that the zacate and palma is tied. \qry Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has /kwilo:tl/ meaning 'stick' or 'palo.'. \mod Cf. notes in Fld 1984-04-29.1 Illustrate. \ref 02317 \lxa yeyekayoh \lxac yeyekayoh \lxo yéye:káyoh \lxoc yéye:káyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>tí:ye:káyoh</no> \pa yes-rdp \se to be affected by the <spn>aires</spn> \ss ser afectado por los aires \fl yeyekatl \xrb e:ka \fl yeyekatl \ref 02318 \lxa ma:xakwaliwi \lxac ma:xakwaliwi \lxo ma:xakwaliwi \lxoc ma:xakwaliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones arm to get weak and rubbery from weakness and exhaustion \ss quedarse el brazo débil y agotado, como"hule", quizápor un sobrecargo de trabajo \pna Yo:nima:xaxakwaliw, yo:nitekichi:w. \pea My arm has gotten weak and exhausted, I did some work. \psa Mi brazo se quedó agotado, hice trabajo. \se for ones arm to get scraped (e.g., from a hard fall) \ss rasparse la mano (p.ej., de una fuerte caida) \xrb ma: \xrb xakwal \dis ma:kuhtia \nde In Oapan at least, and perhaps in Ameyaltepec, this word can also be used to descrobe the effect on ones arm after repeatedly hitting a object. \mod In general check for all the different words that refer to some sort of body exhaustion: /kuhtia/, /xakwaliwi/, /kwetlaxiwi/, etc. Perhaps include this in a section on the cultural encyclopedia referring to bodily"functions." \rt Check for possibility of further dividing morpheme /xakwalV/. \ref 02319 \lxa tlakwalchi:hke:tl \lxac tlakwalchi:hke:tl \lxo tlakwalchi:hke:tl \lxoc tlakwalchi:hke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao cook; person who prepares food (as a job) \ssao cocinera(o); persona que prepara la comida (como oficio) \xrb kwa \xrb chi:wa \qry Check whether this is the same as /molende:rah/. Make sure that the possessd form is possible; I have coded /infn as N1/2 based on my feeling of the possibility of a possessed form, not on any such form that is documented. \ref 02320 \lxa chi:lwa:ktli \lxac chi:lwa:ktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \sea chile <spn>huajillo</spn>, a type of dried red chile \ssa chile huajillo, un tipo de chile seco y rojo \sem plant \sem domesticated \equiva chi:hli de wa:ktli \cfao chi:lwa:hki \xrb chi:l \xrb wa: \nct chi:hli \qry Recheck the entries for /lxa: chi:lwa:hki, chi:lwa:ktli, and chi:hli de wa:ktli. Make sure that the definitions I gave were correct. Check for possessed form. \ref 02321 \lxa ma:tsaya:nia \lxac kima:tsaya:nia \lxo ma:tsaya:nia \lxoc kima:tsaya:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to split or pull apart at a point of bifurcation (e.g., where a branch joins the trunk of a tree) \ss jalar y partir en el punto de una bifurcación (p. ej., una rama donde se junta con el tronco de unárbol) \pna Xma:tsaya:ni se: tlako:tl! \pea Rip off a switch (pulling on the thin branch of a tree or bush so that it splits or rips off)! \psa Sácale una varita (jalándole una ramita de un arbolito o arbusto para que se divida)! \xrb ma: \xrb tsaya: \mod Cf. illustration with original filecard. \qry Check other possible meanings. Check also if intransitive form exists. \ref 02322 \lxa tso:lowa \lxac kitso:lowa \lxo tso:lowa \lxoc kitso:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff te- \infv class-2b \se to make shorter; to make smaller (removing sections or parts of) \ss acortar; achicar (generalmente quitando partes o secciones de) \pna Xtso:lo moka:ltson, ke:n weyak! \pea Take up (the legs of) your cotton pants (<spn>calzones</spn>), they are really long! \psa ¡Haz más cortos a (las piernas de) tus calzones, son muy largos. \pna Xtso:lo morria:tah! Ma:ka a:sta ihkón weyak xka:wili ika tiktila:na! \pea Make your rope shorter! Don't let it be so long for pulling it (in this case a donkey) along! \psa ¡Acorta tu laso!¡No lo dejes tan largo para irlo jalando (en este caso a un burro)! \pna Xtso:lo un ma:choh, milá:k weyak sa:liwtok! \pea Shorten (the tether on) that mule, (the rope with which) it is tied up is really long! \psa ¡Acórtale (el laso con que está atado) ese macho, de veras está muy largo! \se to reduce; to cut back (e.g., a salary or other sort of compensation) \ss reducir; bajar (p. ej., un sueldo u otro tipo de remuneración) \pna O:htso:loh notlaxtla:wi:l! \pea You cut back my salary! \psa ¡Redujiste mi sueldo! \cfa pi:tsowa \xrb tso:l \xvaao tso:lowilia \qry Check vl in /ka:lson/ in above example. \ref 02323 \lxa toto:nka:kochi \lxac toto:nka:kochi \lxo toto:nka:kochi \lxoc toto:nka:kochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep nice and warm \ss dormir bien calientito \xrb to:n \xrb kochi \ref 02324 \lxa kwitlakuwtli \lxac kwitlakuwtli \lxt kwitlakohtle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea tree identified as <l>Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius</l> Domin of the Hernandiaceae family \ssa árbol identificado como <l>Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius</l> Domin de la familia Hernandiaceae \pna Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para si:yah. Para tlapechbanki:tos no: bwe:noh; de ka:mpa peya:stik para mori:yoh. \pea It (the <na>kwitlakuwli</na>) is good for boards, for saddles. It is also good for the base of beds; and if it is straight, it's good for beams. \psa (El <na>kwitlakuwtli</na>) es bueno para tablas, para sillas (de animales). Y también es bueno para las bases de cama; y si es derecho, es bueno para morillos. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo papatla:ntsi:n \xrb kwitla \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 02325 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /mehkasiwi/ but the correct form is /mihka:siwi/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02326 \lxa tlaxtla:wihli \lxac tlaxtla:wihli \lxo tlaxtla:wi:hli \lxoc tlaxtla:wi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se salary; pay; recompense (for labor) \ss sueldo; pago (por trabajo) \pna Xo:ne:chma:keh notlaxtla:wil. \pea They didn't give me my pay. \psa No me dieron mi sueldo. \xrb xtla: \vl Check vl here against other /-wihli/ endings. Note that in general the second formant just increases across the articulation of the vowel. \ref 02327 \lxa ma:xi:lo:w \lxac i:ma:xi:lo:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea large biceps \ssa bíceps grandes;"conejos" \pna Niktla:kaita ima:xi:lo:w. \pea I'm amazed at his large biceps. \psa Me asombran sus bicéps grandes. \sem body \sem human \equivo ma:a:po:te \cfo ma:ponchá:doyó \xrb ma: \xrb xi:lo: \nse In this metaphor, a persons biceps, when large, are likened to a <nla>xi:lo:tl</nla>. Occasionally this will be pronounced without a final /w/. \qry Recheck if /ima:xi:lo/ is also correct. If both are, determine which, in either, is more common. Make sure link to /ma:a:po:te/ (Oa) is corrected as necessary. \ref 02328 \lxa -ko:ya \lxac o:tekipano:ko:ya \lxo -ko:ya \lxoc o:tekitiko:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao inverse directional suffix used in the"pluperfect"; it indicates that the subject of the verbal predicate has come and gone \ssao sufijo direccional de acción inversa utilizado en el"pluscuamperfecto"; indica que el sujeto del predicado verbal había venido y ya salido \pna O:wi:tsa, o:tlakwa:ko:ya. \pea He came and went, he came to eat (and has now left). \psa Vino y ya se fue, vino para comer (y ya se fue). \nae This suffix, which has a plural <na>-ko:yan</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>-ko:yah</no> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <nlao>-ki</nlao> and <nlao>-ko</nlao>. The form <na>-ko:ya</na> has a definite long vowel and is probably composed of the direccional (<nao>-ko</nao>) compounded with the past perfective marker <n>-ya</n>. The perfective ending <n>-ya</n> may have originally been part of the present-day pluperfect <n>-ka</n>. In addition there are a few cases in which <n>-ya</n> is still the perfective as in <nao>o:to:kaya</nao> instead of the expected * <n>o:to:kaka</n> for 'he planted (and has since taken in the harvest).' This contrasts with <nao>to:kaya</nao> 'he used to plant' (the imperfect) and <nao>o:to:kak</nao> 'he planted (and the plants are still unharvested in the field).' Note that the <n>-ya</n> of <nao>o:to:kaya</nao> has a parallel meaning to the <n>-ya</n> of <nao>-ko:ya</nao> in that the effects of the action (in the first case 'planting' and in the second c ase 'coming') are no longer i n effect (i.e., the plants have been harvested and the person has left after having come). \ref 02329 \lxa tlapetla:nahli \lxac tlapetla:nahli \lxo tlapetla:nahli \lxoc tlapetla:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se lightening (heat or bolt) \ss relámpago; rayo \sem weather \synao tlapetla:nalistli \xrb petla: \qry Determine all the different types of thunder, lightening, etc. Weather phenom. in sky. It might not be that these two types of lightening are synonyms. Check and adjust as needed. \vl In one case the final /a/ vowel of Florencia seems long, but it should be short by derivational morphology. \ref 02330 \lxa tlikwi:ltilia \lxac kitlikwi:ltilia \lxo tlikwi:ltilia \lxoc kitlikwi:ltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to light (a fire) for; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint) \ss prender (un fuego) para; prender una vela para (p. ej., un santo). \se to turn on (e.g., a light, an electric appliance) for \ss encender (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico) para \xrb tli \xrb kwi \xv2a tlatlikwi:ltilia \xv2o tlatlikwi:tilia \xvbao tlikwi:ltia \qry The phrase /Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl/ is highly problematic. I'm not sure what /wentia/ means, i.e., either 'to give in offering' or 'to make an offering to.' This should be checked. Also, my original filecard had /nochi nosemi:tas/ rather than /nochi nosemi:yas/. I assumed this was a typo, but it may have been correct and should be checked. Also, the precise meaning and use of /tlatlikwi:ltilia/ is not clear. Apparently it means 'to light (a candle in offering) for'; but this too should be checked. Recheck to make sure that the Oapan form is with an /l/ before the causative. \qry Check Oapan and Am forms for all these verbs. Also check all links. I originally had /tlikwi:ltia/ and /tlikwi:ltilia/ for both dialects, but entry 2330 was checked and Oa has /tlikwi:tilia/. Whatever the answer is, /-tia/ or /-ltia/ for the causative check, and discuss if there is a difference in one form. \ref 02331 \lxa i:xmumuwi \lxac i:xmumuwi \lxo í:xmomówi \lxop i:xmomowi \lxoc í:xmomówi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be afraid of heights \sso tener miedo a la altura \equiva i:xtlamumuwi \xrb i:x \xrb mawi \qry Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ is semantically equivalent to Oa /í:xmumúwi/. Get full range of contexts, uses, situations, etc. \grm See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/. \rt Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/. \ref 02332 \lxa kwa:komitl \lxac kwa:komitl \lxo kwa:komitl \lxoc kwa:komitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se antlers; horns (only unpossessed, i.e., not part of a live animal) \ss cuernos; cornamento de un animal (solamente no poseido, esto es, no parte de un animal vivo) \sem body \sem animal \cfa kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb omi \nse <nao>Kwa:komitl</nao> refers only to animal horns when they are not possessed, e.g., deer antlers that are lying around the house. The presence of the /k/ is interesting. In Oapan the word for 'bone' is <no>komitetl</no>, apparently for both possessed and unpossessed forms (i.e., <no>nokomiteyo</no>). The form <na>kwa:komitl</na> in Ameyaltepec suggest that the presence of /k/ might not be wholly idiosyncratic to Oapan. It might even be a reduced form of the stem <nr>kuh</nr>, i.e., that <nao>kwa:komitl</nao> is reduced from ? <nao>kwa:kuhomitl</nao>. Note that when possessed by the animal (i.e., 'its horns') the form <na>kwa:kuh(tli)</na> is used. \qry Check other language cognates for presence of /k/. Also determine the difference, or recheck the difference, between /kwa:komitl/ and /kwa:kuhtli/. \ref 02333 \lxa a:tl tsope:lik \lxac a:tl tsope:lik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \infn N1 \sea sweet water \ssa agua dulce \pna Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tl tsope:lik. Noposo:nia ixiwio. \pea It (in this case <nba>damia:nah</nba>) is good for coffee, for sweet water. Its leaves are boiled in water. \psa Es (en este caso <nba>damia:nah</nba>) es bueno para café, para agua dulce. Se hierven sus hojas en agua. \xrb a: \xrb tsope:l \grm Noun incorporation; compounding \ref 02334 \lxa pino:hli \lxac pino:hli \lxo pino:hli \lxoc pino:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se <na>pinole</na>, or corn flour ground with other ingredients \ss pinole, o maíz molido con otros granos molidos \se any finely ground grain \ss cualquier grano finamente molido \se (intrinsic possess) sawdust or powder (of a log or piece of wood [Poss] that is eaten by bugs, woodworm, termites, etc.) \ss (posesión intrínseca) el polvo que se forma (sobre o en un pedazos de madera o tronco [Pos] que se empieza a carcomer por la polilla, gusanos, etc.) \pna Kipia ipino:hlo. Yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo. \pea It has powder (e.g., a piece of wood, a beam, etc.). It's started to get powdery in spots, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs). \psa Ya está carcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga). Yya empezó a llenarse de polvillo, ya empezó a carcomerse. \sem food \xrb pino:l \qry Determine the precise ingredients of /pino:hli/. \ref 02335 \lxa chia:wilia \lxac kichia:wilia \lxo chia:wilia \lxoc kichia:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to put grease on (e.g., a certain spot [SO] of a material object [PO]) \ss echarle grasa a (p. ej., una cierta parte [SO] de un objeto material [PO]) \xrb chiya: \xvba chia:wa \xvbo chia:wa \nae The Oapan vowel in the first syllable of the stem is much further back, and lower, than the Ameyaltepec vowel. Perhaps it should be written as /i/ anyway. But for now phonetic considerations have led to writing this as indicated. \qry Determine if correct: Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in meaning. It should be carefull checked. \grm Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in meaning. It should be carefull checked. \vl Vowel quality of first vowel in Oapan. \ref 02336 \lxa kwa:polokayoh \lxac kwa:polokayoh \lxo kwa:popolokayoh \lxoc kwa:popolokayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \tran -Trans \se to have dandruff \ss tener caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb poloka \ref 02337 \lxa tlakpana:ntli \lxac tlakpana:ntli \lxo tlahpana:ntli \lxoc tlahpana:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Ajd-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se stepmother \ss madrastra \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb na:n \encyctmp kin: have kin terminology, marriage customs, etc. \ref 02338 \lxa temotso:lowa \lxac notemotso:lowa \lxo temotso:lowa \lxoc notemotso:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; Compl \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to huddle over; to curl up in a ball (as if in pain, for example mice that have been poisoned) \ss (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse (como de dolor, p. ej., ratoncitos que han sido envenenados) \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \qry Check p-a since /'motso:lówa/ does have p-a in Oapan. \ref 02339 \lxa tlai:xmatki \lxac tlai:xmatki \lxo tlai:xmatki \lxoc tlai:xmatki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se person who knows how to read; literate person \ss persona que sabe leer; alfabetizado \se (with short vowel reduplication) person knowledgeable about many things \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) persona que sabe de muchas cosas \pna Tlatlai:xmatki katka JoséGarcía. \pea JoséGarcía was knowledgeable about many things (knowing how to read and write). \psa JoséGarcía sabía de muchas cosas (sabiendo leer y escribir). \synao a:mai:xmatke:tl \xrb i:x \xrb mati \qry Determine the difference between /tlai:xmatki/ and /tlatlai:xmatki/. My notes suggest that the latter indicates someone who is knowledgeable about many things. This might be related to /tlahmati/. Check. \sj Check /tlai:xmatki/ and /tlatlai:xmatki/. \ref 02340 \lxa xi:kotli \lxac xi:kotli \lxo xí:kotlí \lxoc xí:kotlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se type of large, black stinging insect, still not identified but perhaps a type of bee \ss tipo de insecto grande y negro, y que pica, todavía no identificado pero quizá un tipo de abeja \src DT#8: 248 \pna To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:kotli, san se: tlachialistli. \pea The <nba>to:ma:ya:tl</nba> and the <na>xi:kotli</na> have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black). \psa El <nba>to:ma:ya:tl</nba> y el <na>xi:kotli</na> tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros). \pna Xi:kotli, nemi ipan kuwtli. Kikoyo:nia, itik cha:nti. \pea The <na>xi:kotli</na> lives in trees. It makes holes in them, it lives in them. \psa El <na>xi:kotli</na> habita losárboles. Les agujerea, vive en ellos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb xi:koh \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'jicote, animalito que agujera la madera.' \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 02341 \lxa tlatsotsona \lxac tlatsotsona \lxo tla:tsona \lxoc tla:tsona \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-3a \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \se to play the guitar (or other instruments that are strummed or played with a bow) \ss tocar la guitara (u otros instrumentos que se rasguean o se tocan con un arco) \se to play music on an instrument (generic term including all types of instruments, from drums to horns) \ss tocar música con un instrumento (término genérico que incluye todos tipos de instrumentos, de tambores a trompetas) \se to play music (through an electronic device such as a radio, record player, etc.) \ss tocar música (un aparato electrónico como un radio, tocadiscos, etc.) \xrb tsona \xbtlao tsotsona \encyctmp music \nse In its generic sense, <na>tlatsotsona</na> includes the playing of instruments that may be indicated by other, more specific verbs. Thus <nlao>wi:teki</nlao> is used for drums and other instruments that are beaten; and <nlao>pi:tsa</nlao> is used for wind instruments. \qry Check other words for other instruments. \ref 02342 \lxa kwa:tekwia \lxac kikwa:tekwia \lxo kwa:tekwía \lxop kwá:tekwia \lxof ['kwa: te 'kwi a] \lxoc kikwá:tekwía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se to wrap the head of up (particularly with cloth) \ss envolver la cabeza de (particularmente con tela) \pna O:mitskwa:tekwixkeh. Saihkón xyeto! \pea They wrapped your head up (e.g. with a blanket or cloth). Just stay that way! \psa Te envolvieron la cabeza (p. ej. con una cobija o tela).¡Quédate así! \pna Xkwa:tekwiaka:n. \pea Wrap his head up! \psa ¡Envuélvele la cabeza! \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \qry Recheck preterite form. Recheck vowel length of /saihkón/ and similar words; if the /o/ is found to be long, then it should be changed through a search and replace. \ref 02343 \lxa xi:hla:n \lxac ixi:hla:n \lxo xi:hla:n \lxoa xi:hla:h \lxop xi:hla:n \lxoc i:xi:hla:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \se flank; side (the lower part of a human torso that covers ones lower ribs; the corresponding part of animals) \ss costado; flanco (la parte del cuerpo al lado de las costillas inferiores; la parte correspondiente de los animales) \sem body \xrb xi:lla:n \nse Most people state that this word refers to ones flank, the area on either side of the navel. However, a few others have given this word to mean the part of ones body directly in front, i.e., the abdomen. \nae The length of the final vowel still needs to be made definite through further analysis and comparison of all the contexts (compounds) in which this word occurs. A preliminary analysis of Oapan <no>xi:hlan</no> shows that the initial /i:/ is definitely long; the length of the /a/ appears short, but measurements are made difficult by the preceding liquid and following aspiration (in Oapan). More study should resolve this issue. FK notes in regard to this word:"There is disagreement across sources on vowel-length patterning for this item. It is attested twice in B[ancroft], both times with the vowel of the second syllable marked long, once with the first vowel specifically marked short. C[arochi] follows suit once in marking the vowel of the second syllable long, but in four other attestations leaves both vowels of the stem unmarked. T[etelcingo, Morelos] consistently has the reflex of a long vowel in the first syllable and a short vowel in the second, <n>xi:llantli</n>. If the second el eme nt is the postposition <n>-tlan</n> 'beneath,' the /a/ should be short.' \qry Determine vowel length. Note that RS has the absolutive form /xillantli/. In my notes I have the phrase /xunkah un xi:hla:n patli tikoni:skian?/ 'Is there any 'trago' we were going to drink?' I don't now understand the meaning or translation and these should be checked. \rt The roots of this is unclear; FK reports great variation across dialects in vowel length. \ref 02344 \lxa tlako:wia \lxac kitlako:wia \lxo tlako:wia \lxof [tla ko: 'wi ya] \lxoc kitlako:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to hit with a rod, switch, or flexible stick \ss pegar con una vara o palo flexible \sem contact \xrb tlako: \nae The length of /o:/ in Oapan is definitely long. The Ameyaltepec cognate needs to be rechecked after recording, but it might also be long. \vl I originally had this comment"Although in Ameyaltepec <na>tlakowia</na> meaning 'to hit with a rod' and <nla>tlakowia</nla> meaning 'to divide in half between' are homophonous, this is because of two general phonological rules in Ameyaltepec. The first form, 'to hit with a rod,' manifests neutralization of the long /o:/ before /w/; hence underlying {tlako: + wia} surfaces as <na>tlakowia</na>. The second form, 'to divide in have between,' manifests loss of {h} in non-phrase final position; hence underying {tlahko + wia} surfaces as <na>tlakowia</na>."However, this is unclear and it should be checked, i.e., whether the /o/ of this entry is indeed short. And whether \ref 02345 \lxa kuwtsotsoyoktli \lxac kuwtsotsoyoktli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-? \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 1(k) \sea sap of firewood that seeps out when it is burning \ssa savia de leña que fluye y sale cuando se está quemando \sem plant ant-part \xrb kow \xrb tso \nse In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood as it is burning the verb <nlo>a:yo:ki:sa</nlo> is used, with the firewood as subject, e.g., <no>a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli</no>. \nae The etymology of <na>kuhtsotsotl</na> is not clear, but the final sequence may be related to <n>tsotl</n>, which enters into various words having to do with the sap or resin of trees (e.g., Molina has <n>quauhocotzotl</n> as 'resina deárbol'). Whether the Ameyaltepec <na>-tsotsoktli</na> is a deverbal noun or not is also not clear, although the form seems similar to that of words like <na>poposoktli</na>. \nde In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood being burnt the verb <nlo>a:yo:ki:sa</nlo> is used (e.g., <no>a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli</no>). \ref 02346 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ka:ka:walxihtli \lxoc ka:ka:walxihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(w) \seo type of herbaceous plant with a large yellow flower that blooms in the summer; member of the Asteraceae family plants \sso tipo de planta herbácea con una flor grande y amarilla, miembro de la familia Asteraceae \sem plant \sem fl \equiva kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \xrb ka:wa \xrb xiw \ref 02347 \lxa te:- \lxac te:pale:wia \lxo te:- \lxoc te:pale:wiya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Prefix \der Pr-pre-obj \se prefix indicating an nonspecified human object, i.e., 'someone' \ss prefijo que indica un objeto humano no especificado, a veces traducible como 'alguien' \pna Mo:stla nite:pale:wi:s, a:man san nimose:wi:s. \pea Tomorrow I'll help (sb known from context), today I'm just going to take it easy. \psa Mañana voy a ayudar (a algn conocido por el context), hoy nada más voy a descansar. \ref 02348 \lxa toponwia \lxac kitoponwia \lxo tópowía \lxop topowia \lxof ['to po 'wi a] \lxoc kitópowía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to cause swelling to develop at the side of the neck or throat of \ss hacer salir un hinchazón al lado de la garganta o cuello de \pna O:kitoponwih kwa:tes. \pea Twins caused swelling to developed at the side of his throat. \psa Gemelos le hicieron salir un hinchazón por el lado de la garganta. \sem disease \fla topontli \xrb tohpon \grm Oapan phonology: Note n>0 in Oapan before the verbalizing ending. Apparently the /n/ of the noun /tópontlí/ is lost in Oapan before /wiya/. The question is whether the p-a is the result of a reinterpretation of /n/ as {h}. This might well be the case, as appears to occur with /í:xmotlí/. Check. \ref 02349 \lxa witskuwtli \lxac witskuwtli \lxo witskohtli \lxoc witskohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se thorny tree, i.e., tree or bush with thorns \ss árbol espinoso, esto es, con muchas púas o espinas \se alternate name, less commonly used, for the <nla>witspatlaxtli</nla>, a member of the Leguminosea family \ss nombre alternativo, menos común, del <nla>witspatlaxtli</nla>, miembro de la familia Leguminosea \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \synao witspatla:xtli \xrb wits \xrb kow \nfe Just used for firewood. \nct kohtli \qry Check to make sure that this is indeed the same as /witspatla:xtli/. Also note that according to my research there are two types of /witspatla:xtli/. It needs to be determined whether /witskuhtli/ refers to both. \ref 02350 \lxa yekah \lxaa yakah \lxac yekah \lxo yekah \lxoa ya'ah \lxoa yakah \lxoc yekah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \seao someone \ssao alguien \pna Xok yekah kimati. \pea Nobody knows anymore. \psa Ya no sabe nadie. \pna Xnikneki yekah kimatis i:n tlato:hli. \pea I don't want anyone to know this word. \psa No quiero que nadie sepa esta palabra. \syno yá:h \xrb ak \nse For the negative form of this pronoun, see <nla>xakah</nla> (Am) or <nlo>xikah</nlo> (Oa). Oapan has a shortened form, <no>yah</no>, as in <no>yah wa:hla:s</no> 'someone is coming.' \vl There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5729. They might be better recordings, but use your judgement. \ref 02351 \lxa to:roh \lxac to:roh \lxo to:roh \lxoc to:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan toro \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se bull \ss toro \ref 02352 \lxa tlikonexpachowa \lxac kitlikonexpachowa \lxo tlikonexpachowa \lxoc kitlikonexpachowa \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to cover with the hot ashes of a hearth or fire (e.g., sweet potatoes in cooking them) \ss cubrir o tapar con las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón (p. ej., camotes al cocinarlos) \syna tlikonexakia \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrb pach \xrl -ko \dis tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia; tlikonexpo:poxowa \ref 02353 \lxa chi:ltlama:tsowahli \lxac chi:ltlama:tsowahli \lxo chi:ltlama:tsowahli \lxoc chi:ltlama:tsowahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se taco made of a tortilla folded over while hot, with chile sauce spread in the middle \ss taco hecho de una tortilla caliente doblada con salsa de chile en medio \syna chi:ltoto:roh \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb ma:ts \qry Although a possessed form has not been documented, I have included it as part of the code in the /infn field. Nevertheless, this should be checked. \rt Rootnote for /ma:tsiwi/: this is undoubtedly related to the root for hand, /ma:/ or /mah/. Either this should be added as a note to both roots ma:tsV and ma: or ma:tsV should be considered a secondary root. \ref 02354 \lxa elpo:tsa \lxaa ilpo:tsa \lxac nilpo:tsa \lxo ípó:tsa \lxop ipo:tsa \lxoc nípó:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl/only) \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl; +Caus \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes \se (refl.) to burp; to belch \ss (refl.) eructar \pna O:nimelpo:ts, we:i o:nikoni:k. \pea I burped, I drank a lot. \psa Eructé, bebímucho. \sem functions \xrb l \xrb po:tsa \xvca ilpo:tsaltia \xvco ípo:tsáltia \nae Although both <na>elpo:tsa</na> and <na>ilpo:tsa</na> are utilized in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the latter is much less common. The pitch accent of the Oapan form <no>ípó:tsa</no> probably derives from underlying {h} (which might be present in San Juan Tetelcingo). Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, Zacapoaxtla, and Northern Puebla all have <n>ihpo:tsa</n>. \qry Check to see whether /ilpo:tsa/ or /elpo:tsa/ is more common. Check also length of final /a/. Check to see if specific object indicates place: ne:chilpo:tsa? The reason for the pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear. This should be rechecked. The possibility that I obtained a"reduplicated"form should be checked. \sj Check for /h/ \rt Note the variation between /il/ and /el/. Note the general correspondence between words that begin in /el-/ and those in /il-/ (e.g., <na>elpo:tsa</na> and <na>ilpo:tsa</na>, <na>elka:wa</na> and <na>ilka:wa</na>, <na>elna:mik</na> and <na>ilna:miki</na>, etc. Yet considering the lose of /i/ after the nonspecific object marker (e.g., in <na>tlalna:miktia</na>) the /i/ of /il/ has been considered epenthetic. \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at entry 3992 (which has been deleted as a duplicate). There are also 4 additional tokens of this word from 7138, which should also be tagged s 2354. \ref 02355 \lxa pixkilistli \lxac pixkilistli \lxo pixkilistli \lxoc pixkilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se maize harvest \ss cosecha del maíz \pna Nemi ipan pixkilistli. \pea He is involved in the harvest. \psa Estátrabajando en la cosecha. \se action of husking maize \ss acción de quitar la chala al maíz cosechado \xrb pixka \ono Enter under activities associated with planting. \qry Determine whether this refers only to action in regards to maize, or also with beans, etc. \ref 02356 \lxa maka \lxac kimaka \lxo maka \lxoc kimaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> : perf. <nao>o:kima:k</nao>, <nao>o:kimakak</nao> ; <nao>o:kima:keh</nao> and, less often, <nao>o:kimakakeh</nao>. \se to give (sth) to \ss dar (algo) a \pna O:kima:keh tomi:n, we:i kiwi:kilia:yan. \pea They gave money to him, they owed him a lot. \psa Le dieron dinero, le debían mucho. \pna Xakah kimakas. \pea He won't give it to anyone (or, without contextual clarification, 'no one will give it to him'). \psa No se lo va a dar a nadie (o, sin clarificación contextual, 'nadie se lo va a dar'). \pna Mitsma:makaskeh. \pea They will give it to you (i.e. several people [S] in several places, over time). \psa Te los van a estar dando (esto es, varias personas [S] en varios lugares, a través del tiempo). \se (with a directional prefix and <n>te:-</n>) to send (e.g., money, a letter, etc.) with someone (toward or away from a deictic point of reference) \ss (con un prefijo direccional y <n>te:-</n>) mandar (algo como dinero, una carta, etc.) con algn (hacia un punto de referencia deíctica o alejándose de tal punto) \pna O:kwa:lte:mak. \pea He sent it back here with someone (i.e., gave it to someone there so that they could bring it back). \psa Se lo dió a alguien para traer acá. \seo (<no>te:maka</no>, with no second specific object) to fight \sso (<no>te:maka</no>, sin otro objeto específico) pelear \pno On toba:leh milak te:makani. \peo That friend of ours really gets into a lot of fights. \pso Ese amigo es bien peleonero.. \se (with a directional prefix and <n>te:-</n>) to give word of \ss (con un prefijo direccional y <n>te:-</n>) dar noticias de \pna O:kite:makaton nonesawal. \pea They went to give word of my fasting. \psa Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno. \se (with deletion of specific second object) to give"it"(taboo: sex, ones body) to \ss (con supresión del objeto secondario) darle (sexo, el cuerpo) a \pna Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chmakas. \pea She covets my money, she will give it (her body) to me. \psa Desea mi dinero, me lo va a dar (su cuerpo). \cfao makate:wa \xrb maka \xv2ao tlamaka \nse In Ameyaltepec (and perhaps Oapan, check) the root-initial /m/ often deletes after affricate-final object prefixes: <na>ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-,</na> and <na>(a)me:ch</na> : <na>ne:chakas tomi:ntsi:n</na> 'he will give me some money.' The verb <na>maka</na> is often used, when uttered by a man to a woman, in a sexual sense. Thus a man in walking by a woman may say <na>xtine:chmakas?</na> 'Will you give it (sex) to me?' (similar to the use of 'it' in English in 'Can we do"it"?') The use of a directional prefix with <na>te:maka</na> often means 'to send [O] with sb toward/away from.' This is particularly true in the tenses and aspects that use a directional prefix. Thus <na>o:nikonte:mak</na> can only mean 'I sent it along there with someone.' However, <na>nikonte:makas</na> may either mean 'I will send it along there with someone' or 'I will go there to give it to someone.' \nae The verb <nao>maka</nao> is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix <n>te:-</n>. Thus one may say <nao>kite:ma:maka nakatl</nao> 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix: <nao>nite:ma:makas</nao> or <nao>nite:makas</nao>. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, <no>on toba:leh te:makas</no>, --- <no>tli:non kite:makas?</no>, <no>kite:makas tomi:n</no>. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that <nao>tlamaka</nao> has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form <nao>te:tlamaka</nao> has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that <nao>te:maka</nao> (or <nao>te :ma:maka</nao> can be used in lieu of <nao>te:tlamaka</nao> or <nao>te:tlama:maka</nao> given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning. \qry Determine extent of loss of /m/ after objects. One of the few bitransitive basic verbs. Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1. I have added the definition of /tlamaka/ based on my own memory of Nahuatl. This should be checked. \grm Note word order: /Xakah kimakas/ 'he won't give it to anyone.' As far as I can tell, the order ?kimakas xakah, with the object following is not correct. This might have to do with the nature of the preclitic /x-/. This clitic modifies the entire phrase and thus must be at the left. Possible is, however, /xkimakas yekah/. \grm Transitivity alternations: The verb <nao>maka</nao> is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix <n>te:-</n>. Thus one may say <nao>kite:ma:maka nakatl</nao> 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix: <nao>nite:ma:makas</nao> or <nao>nite:makas</nao>. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, <no>on toba:leh te:makas</no>, --- <no>tli:non kite:makas?</no>, <no>kite:makas tomi:n</no>. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that <nao>tlamaka</nao> has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form <nao>te:tlamaka</nao> has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that <nao>te:maka</nao> (or <nao>te:ma:maka</nao> can be used in lieu of <nao>te:tlamaka</nao> or <nao>te:tlama:maka</nao> given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning. \ref 02357 \lxa tetsoko \lxac tetsoko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \se to be short (in stature) \ss ser bajo (en estatura) \equivo té:tso:yótik \equivo té:tsó:yo \cfao tetsapa \xrb te- \xrb tsoko \dis tetsoko; tetsapa \nae The Balsas River forms have a cognate in Classical <n>tsoco</n>, which RS glosses as 'pequeño, muy pequeño.' He does not indicate his source, but it is in the Spanish-Mexicano side of Molina. Ameyaltepec <na>tetsoko</na> would seem to be the same word, with the <n>te-</n> intensifier element as a prefix. In Oapan the stem seems to be reduplicated, with the reduplication reduced on the intensifying element <n>te-</n>. In addition, it would appear that the intervocal /k/ is deleted and a final <n>yo</n> added (or perhaps <no>tsoko</no> reduces to <no>tso:yo</no>). At any rate the terms from each village seem closely related. \nse For Classical Nahuatl RS reports <na>tetsocoton</na> as a diminutive adjective meaning 'pequeño, muy pequeño.' This suggest that the <n>te-</n> is the"intensifier"common in Ameyaltepec. Consultants gave <na>tetsoko</na> as the equivalent of <na>tetsapa</na>. \qry Check whether simply /tsoko/ exists. This should be given a separate entry in Oapan. \vl The four tokens here should be tagged as 6538. The Oapan entry/word that was elicited here at 2357 has been deleted as a duplicate of 6538. \sj Check for reduplication and presence of /h/. Check as many other dialects are possible. \ref 02358 \lxa se:to:nalowa \lxac se:to:nalowa \lxo se:to:nalowa \lxoc se:to:nalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-owa \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \seo to spend the whole day (doing sth) \sso pasar todo el día (haciendo algo) \equiva to:nalowa \syna to:nalwia \xrb se: \xrb to:na \qry Check for transitive form \ref 02359 \lxa kwa:i:xiwinti \lxac kwa:i:xiwinti \lxo kwa:i:xiwinti \lxoa kwa:i:xiwinti \lxoc kwa:i:xiwinti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>kwa:tei:xiwinti</nao> \infv class-4a \se for ones head to spin; to feel dizzy (from being ill; from alcohol, etc.) \ss girarle a uno la cabeza; sentir mareos o vértigo (por una enfermedad, por el alcohol, etc.). \pna Yo:pe:w nikwa:i:xiwinti. \pea My head has started to spin. \psa He empezado a sentir mareado. \pna Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis. \pea Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning. \psa Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. \vl The length of the initial /a:/ and /i:/ are difficult to determine accoustically. The length of the segments /kwa:i:-/ is slightly over 200 ms., perhaps somewhere around 230. This strongly suggests the possibility of one, probably two, long vowels. \ref 02360 \lxa kwalka:n \lxac kwalka:n \lxo kwalka:n \lxoc kwalka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se the following day in the morning \ss el día siguiente en la mañana \pna Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:n. \pea You will help me tomorrow in the morning. \psa Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. \pna Mo:stla kwalka:n tia:skeh. \pea We will go tomorrow in the morning. \psa Vamos a ir mañana en la mañana. \se (<na>ye:wa</na> ~) this morning \ss (<na>ye:wa</na> ~) hoy en la mañana \cfa kwalka:ntipan \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n \nse Although my memory suggests that <na>kwalka:n</na> refers to a period very early in the morning, my notes mentioned that the time period is about 3:00 am to noon. Note that often <na>kwalka:n</na> refers to the morning of the following day. \ref 02361 \lxa a:mo:hli \lxac a:mo:hli \lxo á:mó:hli \lxoc á:mó:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se <l>Ziziphus amole</l> (Sessé & Moc.), tree of the family Rhamnacea whose fruit is crushed and, once dried, used as shampoo or soap \ss <l>Ziziphus amole</l> (Sessé & Moc.), arbol de la familia Rhamnacea cuya fruta es triturada, y una vez seca usada como champúo jabón \se shampoo (by extension from the basic meaning) \ss champú(por extensión de su significación básica) \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ahmo:l \nae If the long initial vowel in Ameyaltepec is confirmed, it would apparently reflect lenition of {h}, which would then have two reflexes: pitch accent in Oapan and length in Ameyaltepec. However, all long initial vowels in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl have to be carefully confirmed. \mod Note that the cultural encylopedia will have an ethnobotanical section under which the description and application of /a:mo:hli/ will be indicated. Note that originally for Ameyaltepec I had a long vowel here; given comparative documentation from the region I have temporarily changed this to a short vowel. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>amole</spn>, of the family Romnaceae and the genus/species <i>Stegnosperma halimifolium</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish name as <spn>amol</spn>. Guizar and Sáchez (1991) have two trees that might correspond. One (p. 158) is the the family Sapindaceae and genus/species <i>Sapindus saponaria</i> ; they state that the Spanish name is <spn>coyul</spn>. The other is a species (p. 159) with <i>amole</i> in its name, the <i>Ziziphus amole</i> of the family Rhamnaceae, which they state is called <spn>capulincito</spn> in Spanish. \pqry Check first vowel of Am form. In C. Flores' pronunciation it appears long. \nct kohtli \vl Initial /a/ of Am uncertain in length. \ref 02362 \lxa se:wia \lxac kise:wia \lxo se:wia \lxof [se: 'wi ya] \lxoc kise:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \infv class-2a \se to put out (a fire, embers) \ss apagar (un fuego, brazas) \pna Xsese:wi un tekohli! \pea Put out those embers! \psa ¡Apaga esas brazas! \se to turn off (e.g., an electrical aparatus, a motor, a stove or burner, a light, etc.) \ss apagar; cerrar (p. ej., un aparato eléctrico, un motor, una estufa o parilla, una luz, etc.) \se (refl.) to rest \ss (refl.) descansar \pna Nimose:wi:s nika:n mocha:n. \pea I'm going to rest here in your house. \psa Voy a descansar aquí en tu casa. \pna Xmose:wi:ki! \pea Come in (and rest, i.e., sit down for a while)! \psa ¡Pásale (esto es, ven a descansar un rato)! \se (refl.) to calm down (a person who is agitated) \ss (refl.) calmarse (una persona agitada) \pna Xmose:wi! Sie:mpreh kite:powili:s, yo:kinek. \pea Calm down! In the end he will tell the story (i.e., what happened), he's agreed to it. \psa ¡Cálmate! De por si lo va a contar (esto es, hacer público), ya estuvo de acuerdo. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to put out (e.g., a fire, such as that of a house burning, a wood stove, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) apagar (p. ej., un fuego, como la de una casa en llamas, un hogar, etc.) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to cool (e.g., a hot liquid by pouring it from one container to another) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enfriar (p. ej., un líquido caliente al vertirlo de un recipiente a otro) \xrb se: \xvaao se:wilia \qry Check to determine whether /nose:wia/ can be used with a subject that is a disease or pain, e.g. /nose:wi:s kokolistli/, etc. Check final /h/ in /sie:mpreh/ in one of the example sentences above. \rt Note that there is an obvious connection between /sektli/, /setl/, etc. on the one hand, and /se:wa/, /se:wi/, and /se:wia/ on the other. Perhaps a long vowel should be given as a root. Or two roots should be given (e.g., {se} and {se:}). The problem here is that of establishing a common root in /se:wi/ and /se:wa/. For now, the root determination of /se:wi(a)/ follows that for /-wi/ verbs in general. \grm Plural; reduplication: note that in the phrase /xsese:wi un tekohli/ 'Put out those embers' the reduplicated form is used, according to one consultant, because there are various coals. According to Inocencio Díaz, the nonreduplicated form is used only in reference to lights (apparently only in reference to things that are put out all at once). For things that involve a repeated action of"putting out"apparently the reduplicated form is most often used, although a non-reduplicated form may also be used, e.g., <na>xse:wi</na> or <na>xsese:wi</na>. However, for lights and other electrical appliances only the non-reduplicated form is used. \ref 02363 \lxa xola:wa \lxac noxola:wa \lxo xila:wa \lxoc noxila:wa \dt 28/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to slip (as on a slippery surface or slope, ones feet flying out from under) \ss (refl.) resbalarse (p. ej., sobre una superficie o piso resbaloso, una cuesta con la tierra floja, con los pies yendo rápidamente por adelante o atrás) \pna O:nimoxola:w, tlapa:stika:n. \pea My feet slipped out from under me, the whole area is wet. \psa Se me fueron los pies desde abajo, toda laárea estaba mojada. \pna Tlaxola:wa, ma:ka timoxola:was. \pea The area is slippery (e.g., an incline covered with loose earth, or that is wet, or that is smooth and hard, etc.), don't let your feet slip out from under you. \psa Es una área resbalosa (p. ej., una cuesta mojada, o cubierta con tierra suelta, o con una superficie lisa y dura), no te vayas a resbalar. \sem move \xrb xola: \dis xola:wa; peya:wi \nse <na>Xola:wa</na> has only been documented in reflexive form. Thus Molina gives <n>xolaua. nino.</n> 'resvalar.' RS adds a metaphoric use of <n>tlaxolaua</n> from Olmos <n>tla-</n> en s.f. respetar una cosa; <n>tla-xolaua in ichantzinco in Dios</n> (Olm.), 'la casa de Dios es venerada.' In its primary sense the verbal action refers to that of slipping on a wet surface, such as a slippery floor, and having ones feet slide out from under. The reflexive form (as opposed to an intransitive ? <n>xola:wi</n> most likely reflects that fact that this is a"one-person event"in which agent and patient reference the same individual. \nae Oapan shows a vowel change from /o/ to /i/. The use of <na>tlaxola:wa</na> is a locative sense (e.g., a place that is slippery) is not entirely clear and should be further researched. \qry One filecard has /sola:wa/. This is probably in error, but check. Check for possible transitive form with specific object. In one entry I had /sola:wa/. I have changed this: check. Also, determine the grammatical nature of /tlaxola:wa/, perhaps it is 'place that 'makes people slip''. \grm Re: anticausative and nondirected alternation (also voice). Note that this verb apparently exists only in the transitive, but is used exclusively, or almost exclusively (this should be checked) in the reflexive. Certainly it would be a good idea to determine the nondirected alternation verbs that have only a transitive form often used reflexively to indicate a"one-person"event. Cf. /ala:wi/ and note that used intransitively it refers to things falling down (as in an avalanche type motion). \grm Oapan phonology: Note change of o-to-i in /xila:wa/; other dialects have /xola:wa/. \rt Note that both <nla>xola:wa</nla> and <nla>a:la:wa</nla> have meanings related to sliding and slipping. It would seem possible that <na>xola:wa</na> contains the root <na>xo</na>, related to 'foot' or 'leg.' \ref 02364 \lxa temantli \lxac temantli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \sea rows of stones that have been lined up in-between the maize plants of a milpa \ssa hileras de piedras que han sido puestas en fila en medio de las matas de maíz de una milpa \pna Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli. \pea There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (the plow in this case) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been placed in the corn field. \psa Va habiendo un sonido hueco, (la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz. \sem domesticatedivate \fla temana \xrb te \xrb man \dis temantli; tewipa:ntli \nse These rows of stones are placed along the mounds separating the furrows, in-between the maize plants. Often, after a field has been abandoned for several years, the <na>temantli</na> (rows of stones), are left behind on the surface, a visible reminder that the land had once been planted. \qry My notes here are unclear. Under /lxo I have originally written"see <nlo>temantli</nlo> "; but this is not an entry for Oapan Nahuatl. Perhaps I had meant to write /temana/. \ref 02365 \lxa yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \lxac kiyekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \lxo yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \lxoc kiyekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-N]-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \tran -Intrans \seao to give a bloody nose to \ssao sacarle sangre a la nariz de \syno yekachi:lmo:ltia \xrb yeka \xrb chi:l \xrb mo:l \xrb kwa \dis yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia \qry Make sure that both /yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia/ and /yekachi:lmo:ltia/ are correct and identical in meaning. \ref 02366 \lxa sakawa:wtli \lxac *sakawa:wtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-N \infn Stem 1(w) \sea type of grass not yet identified \ssa tipo de zacate o pasto todavía no identificado \pna Sakawa:wtli | Wekapan, xkanah nokwi. \pea <na>Sakawa:wtli</na> : It is tall, it's not used anywhere. \psa <na>Sakawa:wtli</na> : Es alto, no se usa en ningún lado. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \xrb wa:w \nse Although this name was in my notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores (Aug. 2001) stated that he was not familiar with this type of grass. None of the three consultants during the first botanical fieldwork session (Sept. 2001) were familiar with this grass. If no confirmation is forthcoming the entry should be removed. \nct sakatl \qry Check whether this is actually a type of /sakatl/. I had it recorded in only one place. If it is confirmed, then add it to the /ncx field under /sakatl/. \ref 02367 \lxa tsakwtok \lxac tsakwtok \lxo tsahtok \lxoc tsahtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao closed (a drawer, chest, etc.) \ssao cerrado (un cajón, baúl, etc.) \seao jailed; locked up; incarcerated \ssao encarcelado \xrb tsakwa \xtla tlatsakwtok \xtlo tlatsahtok \ref 02368 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /tlatlamanilia/. It has been deleted, at least temporarily, pending further research as to whether it needs a separate entry from /tlamanilia/. Check both /kitlatlamanilia/ and /tlatlamanilia/, etc. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 02369 \lxa kwepa \lxac kikwepa \lxo kopa \lxoc kikopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \tran -Intrans \se to turn over (sth lying flat, such as a tortilla on a <nlao>koma:hli</nlao>, a pillow on a bed, clothes inside-out, etc.) \ss voltear (algo echado horizontalmente, como una tortilla sobre un comal, una almohada sobre una cama, ropa de adentro para afuera, etc.) \pna Xkwepa, tla:mo tlatlas! \pea Turn it over (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle), if you don't it'll burn! \psa ¡Volté elo (p. ej., una tortilla sobre un comal), si no, se va a quemar! \pna Xmokwepa, xkita! \pea Turn around, look at it! \psa ¡Volté ate, velo! \se to return (e.g., sth borrowed) \ss regresar (p. ej., algo pedido prestado) \se to change; to shift; to modify (a position, an opinion, sth said that one no longer maintains, etc.); to overturn (a decision) \ss cambiar; modificar (una posición, algo dicho que ya no mantiene, etc.); voltear (una decisión) \seao (refl. + [noun]) to turn into [noun] \ssao (refl. + [sustantivo]) convertirse en [sustantivo]; volverse [sustantivo] \pna Nopo:poxowa, nokwepa chichi. \pea He rolls back and forth on the ground, she turns into a dog. \psa Se menea sobre la tierra, se vuelve perro. \se (with <na>tlato:hli</na> or another indication of a communicative speech event) to translate; to interpret \ss (con <na>tlato:hli</na> u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) traducir \pna Yewa kikwepas motlato:l, weli. \pea He will translate your words, he can do it. \psa él va a traducir tus palabras,él puede. \pna Kikwepas tli:n nikito:s. \pea He'll translate what I say. \psa Va a traducir lo que digo. \seao (refl. with intraverse directional prefix) to turn back; to start out and then turn back to where one departed \ssao (refl. con prefijo direccional intraverso) volverse (a medio camino); partir y regresar hacia donde se había salido \pno Ikwa:k o:mitsitakeh, o:wa:hnokopkeh. \peo When they saw you, they turned back (to the place from which they had departed) \pso Cuando te vieron, regresaron (hacia donde habían partido). \pna Ipan o:me to:nahli o:niwa:lmokwep. \pea I headed back after two days (there). \psa Regresédespués de dos días. \seao (refl. with extraverse directional suffix) to go and come back \ssao (refl. con prefijo direccional intraverso) irse (a un lugar) y regresar \pna San o:nokwepato, xo:wekaw. \pea He just went and came back, he didn't spend a long time there. \psa Sólamente se fue y regresó, no tardó allá. \se (with <na>tlato:hli</na> or another indication of a communicative speech event) to miscommunicate; to change the meaning of \ss (con <na>tlato:hli</na> u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) cambiar en significado de \se (refl.) to turn around (e.g., a person, to look in a new direction) \ss (refl.) voltearse (p. ej., una persona, para mirar en una dirección nueva) \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to rotate or turn around; to toss and turn (e.g., while sleeping) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar vueltas; girar; agitarse, de un lado a otro (p. ej., en la cama al estar durmiendo) \pna Nokukwepa un letre:roh. \pea That sign rotates. \psa Ese letrero gira. \pna Timokukwepa ika yewahli. Xkwahli tikochi. \pea You toss and turn from one side to the other during the night. You don't sleep well. \psa Das vueltas de un lado a otro durante la noche. No duermes bien. \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to go back and forth (e.g., walking in one direction then turning around and going back, moving to one side and then back to another, etc.) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir de un lado a otro (p. ej., caminando primero en una dirección para después voltearse hacia la otra, deslizándose a un lado y después al otro, etc.) \pna San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa. \pea You just go back and forth (come and leave), you are always forgetting something. \psa Nada más vas y vienes, siempre se te olvida algo. \pna Nokwe:kwepa, kaxa:nki moburroh. \pea It slides from one side to the other (in this case a load tied on both sides of a donkey that wobbles, starting to fall over to one side, and then to the other), the load on your donkey is loose (i.e., the saddle to which it is tied). \psa Se desliza de un lado a otro (en este caso una carga sobre un burro and va de un lado a otro), la carga está floja (esto es, está floja la silla a que está amarrada). \pna Tli:no:n o:kelka:w. Segi:doh nokwe:kwepa. \pea What has he forgotten? He is always going back and forth. \psa ¿Quése le habrá olvidado? seguido va y viene. \pna San onokwe:kwepa. \pea He just goes there making trips back and forth (in this case from his house to the well, back and forth, one trip after another). \psa Nomás va y viene, haciendo viajes hacia allá (p. ej., de su casa a un pozo, yendo y viniendo, un viaje tras otro). \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to have second thoughts; to oscillate back and forth (in ones opinion or decision; though often this is given as <na>noyo:lkwe:kwepa</na>) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) dudarse (en hacer algo); debatir con si mismo (en cuanto a tomar alguna acción; a menudo se da este como <na>noyo:lkwe:kwepa</na>) \pna Pe:wa nokwe:kwepa. Kamantika xoh kineki. \pea She's begun to have second thoughts (in this case about marrying her boyfried). Occasionally she no longer wants it (the marriage). \psa Ha empezado a tener dudas (en este caso de que si quiere casarse con su novio). De vez en cuando ya no quiere. \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to rotate; to revolve (e.g., a sign on a post) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) revolver; girar (p. ej., un anuncio sobre un poste) \sem motion \xrb kwepa \xvaa kwepilia \xvao kopilia \dis kweya:wa, etc. \nse The difference between forms such as <na>o:wa:lnokwep</na> and <na>o:nokwepato</na> is difficult to precisely specify. It seems that the first is used more, particularly in Oapan, to indicate a situation in which the subject heads off in a certain direction and turns back before arriving at his or her destination. The second form seems to indicate that the subject arrived and then came back rapidly. However, the two forms may overlap in signification as indicated by the Ameyaltepec phrase <na>Ipan o:me to:nahli o:niwa:lmokwep</na>. Perhpas the difference rests on the intentionality or purpose of the subject, with the prefixed form indicating a turning back from a trip that had no specific goal whereas the suffixed form indicates going and coming back after achieving an intended purpose. Inocencio Díaz (Am) accepted the form <na>o:nokwep</na> as indicating a turning back whereas Roberto Mauricio (Oa) stated that <no>o:nokop</no> is used only to indicate a turning over in a single place. \qry Check the wide ranges of meanings. Check whether /kwepa/ is used for turning clothes inside out, or whether one uses /i:xkwepa/. Check the meaning of nokweptok and whether it is only a progressive or can also mean something like a tortilla that is turned over, e.g., on a griddle. \grm Oapan phonology: note kw>ko here, as in many places. \ref 02370 \lxa kamanon \lxac kamanon \lxo kamano:n \lxoc kamano:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se when? at what time? \ss ¿cuándo? \pna Kamanon tia:skeh? \pea When will we go? \psa ¿Cuándo vamos a ir? \se when (with embedded questions) \ss cuando (con preguntas enterradas) \pna Xeniktla:lilia kamanon niá:s. \pea I still haven't made a final decision as to when I will go. \psa Todavía no he puesto la fecha para cuándo voy a ir. \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb kaman \qry Check difference between /kamaniá:n/ and /kama:ntika/ and recheck vowel length. This will be applicable to /kamanon/. \vl Vowel length of initial /a/ is problematic. It appears to be short, however. Nevertheless, this needs to be carefully studied as in one pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the acoustic duration seemed rather high for a short vowel. Check in other forms such as /kamantika/, /kamaniá:n/, etc. Definitely much study needs to be done on the length of final /on/ sequences. \grm Oapan phonology: The final /o/ of Oapan Nahuatl /kamano:n/ seems definitely long. Whether this reflects a phonological rule for lengthening is not clear. \ref 02371 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /kuwtlatlatsi:n/ and it has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02372 \lxa te:tsotsopits \lxac te:tsotsopits \lxo te:tsó:tsopíts \lxoc te:tsó:tsopíts \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \pa yes \se to be prickly \ss causar picor; picar \pna Te:tsotsopits xi:lo:motsontli. \pea Corn tassles are prickly (e.g., when they enter ones eyes). \psa Los pelos de elote causan picor (p. ej., al entrar en los ojos). \xrb tsopi: \qry Check out all perfective base adjectivals. \grm Adjectivals: Note /te:tsotsopits/, which is a perfective participle of /tsotsopitsa/. The grammatical formation is the same as that of /te:miktih/, etc. In general elicit all deverbal adjectivals by departing from transitive verbal bases. \ref 02373 \lxa ekwanilia \lxac kekwanilia \lxo ékwanília \lxop ekwanilia \lxoc kékwanília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to move (sth) for or on (sb) \ss mover (algo) para, de o a (algn) \pna O:nitsi:ntechakwa:n, o:ne:chekwanilikeh nosi:yah. \pea I banged my rear hard (on the ground), they pulled my chair out from under me. \psa Me golpeédura las nalgas (sobre el suelo), me quitaron la silla. \xrb hkwani \xvba ekwania \xvbo ékwaniá \grm tla-; indefinite null complement. Note that following phrase: /Xne:xtlayekwanili! O:kse: la:doh xkinsa:lo noyo:lka:wan!/ 'Move them for me! Tie up my animals in another place.' In the first sentence or phrase the nonspecific object marker /tla-/ is used. Here it is not a case of \ref 02374 \lxa ma:ki:xtia \lxac kima:ki:xtia \lxo ma:ki:xtia \lxoc kima:ki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to save (from danger, an attack, etc.) \ss salvar (de un peligro, un ataque, etc.) \se to free from an obligation (e.g., by performing community <spn>cargo</spn> service for, for taking on the obligations of, etc.) \ss librar de una obligación a (p. ej., al cumplir con el cargo de, o asumir la obligación de algn) \pna Kima:ki:xtitok, ipa:mpa tekiti. \pea He is assuming an obligation for him (in this case a village <spn>cargo</spn>), he is working (performing service) in his stead. \psa Estácumpliendo con una obligación deél (en este caso un cargo del pueblo), está trabajando (haciendo servicio) en su lugar. \xrb ma: \xrb ki:sa \xvbao ma:ki:sa \nse This verb is often used to refer to holding a <na>cargo</na> for someone else, either as a favor (for a relative or household member) or for pay. \qry Note that I originally had a note that the verb /ma:ki:xtia/ was used ONLY to refer to holding a cargo in someone's stead. However, it would seem that the meaning of 'to save' is also valid. I have added this on the basis of my own understanding of Nahuatl, but it should be checked with a native speaker. \ref 02375 \lxa plo:wetia \lxaa pro:betia \lxac plo:wetia \lxo pró:wetiá \lxop pro:wetia \lxoa poró:wetiá \lxoc pró:wetiá, porówe:tiá \dt 04/May/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pobre</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes \seao to become poor, broke, or destitute \ssao empobrecerse; quedarse sin dinero \syna pro:beti \syno pró:wetí \xvaa plo:wetilia \vl There are 4 additonal tokens from 5432. These should be tagged with 2375. As well, the four tokens from 5432 should provide the two that are linked here, since the quality of the recordings are better toward the end. Note that the 2nd male token from 5432 should be linked, as an example of /porówetiá/. \ref 02376 \lxa kukwepoka \lxac kukwepoka \lxo kokopoka \lxoc kokopoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to bubble up (particularly water from a spring) \ss burbujear (particularmente agua de un manantial) \xrb kwepo: \xvnao kwepo:ni \ref 02377 \lxa nekwilkochi \lxac nekwilkochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S(iwi)-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \sea to sleep crookedly \ssa dormir chueco \pna O:ninekwilkoch, ne:chkukwa nokechpan. \pea I slept crookedly, my upper back hurts. \psa Dormíchueco, me duele la parte superior de la espalda. \syno kechnekwilkochi \xrb nekwil \xrb kochi \grm Determine how to record the morphology (com category) of these types of compounds. Perhaps /-iwi/ verbs that form adjectives in /-tik/ incorporate in this manner. I do not remember any cases of /-iwi/ verbs that incorporate with the /-ka:/ participial form. Nor, for example, does /kochi/ incorporate with a participial form. In general all X-V forms should be analyzed and then a determination on compounding should be made. Certainly the most common are N-V and V-ka:-V; but S-V (where S= not noun/not participal) should be investigated. \ref 02378 \lxa monexe:wi \lxac monexe:wi \lxo mónexé:wi \lxop monexe:wi \lxoc mónexé:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <no>temónexé:wi</no> (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to get dusty; to get covered with dust (particularly from white, dusty earth) \ss empolvorearse; cubrirse de polvo (particularmente de tierra blanca y polvorosa) \se to fade (e.g., clothes) \ss desteñirse (p. ej., ropa) \pna O:monexe:w motlake:n. \pea Your clothes have faded. \psa Tu ropa se ha desteñido. \cfa nexe:wi \equiva monexiwi \equivo mónexíwi \xrb mohnex \dis monexe:wi; nexe:wi; tla:ltekwi:lo; kwitlanextla:lia; \nse Cf. note for this root under <na>ma:temonex</na>. \qry Check whether /monexiwi/ is correct and has an identical meaning. Check and compare to /nexe:wi/. Apparently these two words, /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also, it appears that /temonexe:wi/ and /temonexiwi/ are also equivalent to /monexe:wi/, but check. It is interesting that there are 3 forms: /nexe:wi/, /monexe:wi/ and /temonexe:wi/ that seem synonymous. Check carefully. \rt Obviously /nex/ is a root as in /tlikonextli/, etc. The form /temonexe:wi/ is also found with the same apparent sense. However, to my knowledge /nexe:wi/ is not correct. Also note that a code for words ending in /e:wi/ should be developed. Check for the transitive form of this verb and whether if follows /tli:liwi/, /tli:le:wi/ and /tli:lowa/, or /chichi:liwi/, /chichi:le:wi/ and /chichilowa/. See also /nexe:wi/. \ref 02379 \lxa cholowa \lxac cholowa \lxo cholowa \lxoc cholowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-2b \se to flee; to run away \ss fugarse; huir \pna O:choloh, o:nomamuwtih. \pea He ran away, he got frightened. \psa Huyó, se espantó. \se (often with <n>-wa:n</n>) to elope (with) \ss (a menudo con <n>-wa:n</n>) fugarse (con) \pna I:wa:n cholo:s ino:bioh; itekiw kwala:niskia itah. \pea She will elope with her boyfriend; her father would have gotten mad at any rate. \psa Se va a fugar con su novio; de todos modos se hubiera enojado su papá. \se (<n>-pan</n> ~) to run over; to trample \ss (<n>-pan</n> ~) atropellar; pisotear \pna Xmekwani! Ma:ka mopan cholo:s! \pea Get out of the way! Don't let it trample you (e.g., an animal)! \psa ¡Quítate!¡Quéno te vaya a atropellar (p. ej., un animal)! \se (<n>-pan</n> ~) to disobey; to counter and challenge (an authority such as parents) \ss (<n>-pan</n> ~) desobedecer; desafiar; afrontar o arrollar (una autoridad como los padres) \pna Nopan o:choloh nokone:w. Xok ne:xtla:kamati, kimati san yewa tla:katl! \pea My son has challenged me. He doesn't obey me anymore, he think's that he's the only man (e.g., in this household). \psa Mi hijo ya me afrontó. Ya no me obedece, el cree que el es elúnico hombre (p. ej., en esta casa). \sea (with long vowel reduplication) to walk or move fast \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) caminar a prisa \pna Ma:ka timoka:was! Xcho:cholo! \pea Don't lag behind! Get a move on! \psa ¡No te quedes rezagado!¡Apúrate! \pna Ticho:cholo:s para ma:ka mistlakaltiki:san. \pea You will walk fast (in this case between a team of mules while plowing a field) so that they don't knock you down as they go. \psa Vas a caminar a prisa (en este caso atrás de una yunta de mulas) para que de paso no te avienten. \pna Deke tito:kas ika ma:chos, melá:k ticho:cholo:s. \pea If you plow with a team of mules, you'll be moving quickly (behind them). \psa Si siembras con una yunta de machos, vas a estar corriendo (atrás de ellos). \sem motion \xrb cholo \xvcao cholo:ltia \qry Get all motion verbs that reduplicate with a long vowel to show fast motion. \grm Note that the reduplication with a long vowel for certain verbs of movement indicates to move quickly, cf. /xne:nenemi/ and /xtla:tlaksa/, In Oapan I believe is /xto:toka/, check. I have not run into this use of long vowel reduplication elsewhere. Cf. my notes in Gram 1986-08-14.1. Cf. /cholwia/ and determine whether applicative in /cholowilia/ exists. \ref 02380 \lxa ikxinekwil \lxac ikxinekwil \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \sea see <nla>ikxinekwilin</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>ikxinekwilin</nla> \sem heavens \syno ixinekwilih \xrb kxi \xrb nekwil \encyctmp ci:tlalin \ref 02381 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was /xi:tekwetlaxio/ 'scrotom.' It has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Only male: isolate but do not link in final dictionary version. \ref 02382 \lxa tlatska:kwi:tia \lxac kitlatska:kwi:tia \lxo tlatska:kwi:tia \lxoc kitlatska:kwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to infect (sb such as a work partner) with ones laziness \ss contagiar (algn como un compañero de trabajo) con flojera \pna Mlá:k tine:chtlatska:kwi:tia, ke:n titlatski! \pea You really infect me with your laziness, you are really lazy. \psa De veras me contagias con tu flojera, eres muy flojo. \se to cause one to not want to work or carry out a task or chore (particularly tasks [S] that cause either physical or mental exhaustion) \ss darle flojera a (particularmente tareas o acciones [S] que causan agotamiento físico o mental) \pna Ne:chtlatska:kwi:tia, ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltia. \pea It makes me not want to do it, it exasperates me. \psa Me da flojera hacer, me exaspera. \xrb tlats \xrb kwi \nse <nlao>Tlatsiwilia</nlao> and <na>tlatska:kwitia</na> are in some ways similar, with the task being the grammatical object of the former and the grammatical subject of the latter. \grm Compound forms of verbs; participles: Note that in /tlatska:kwi:tia/ the first element is a shortened participial form of /tlatsiwi/. This shortening seems to occur only, or mostly, with /-iwi/ intransitives. \ref 02383 \lxa polo:ltia \lxo polo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se see <nlao>tlapolo:ltia</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tlapolo:ltia</nlao> \xrb pol \xv2ao tlapolo:ltia \nae <nao>Polo:ltia</nao> is a causative of the transitive <nlao>polowa</nlao> but has not been documented yet in the Balsas region without the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. However, Classical Nahuatl (Molina) gives many acceptations of <n>pololtia</n>, all as trivalent verbs: <n>pololtia. nicno</n> 'desechar, o olvidor el enojo, o pena que tenía' and <n>pololtia. nicte</n> 'hazer desechar a otro el enojo, o el vicio que tiene.' \qry Perhaps this entry should be removed. \ref 02384 \lxa xoko:hka:poyé:k \lxac xoko:hka:poyé:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infv -Intrans; -Trans \sea to taste bitter and salty \ssa ser amargo y salado \xrb xoko \xrb poye \nse In the one documented case of <na>xoko:hka:poyé:k</na>, it was used to refer to the taste of Alka-Seltzer. \ref 02385 \lxa yo:ltepi:stik \lxac yo:ltepi:stik \lxo yo:ltepi:stik \lxoc yo:ltepi:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be tough of character; to be hard-hearted; to be tenancious; to be able to endure adversity (e.g., a person who does not cry or break down when scolded or beaten, or who shows little tendency to back down when their compasion is appealed to) \ss tener un caracter duro; estar firme en el parecer; ser tenaz; no perder el control; tener un caracter que no se rinde y no se da por vencido (p. ej., algn que no llora y no pierde el tenertrol al ser regañado o golpeado, o que no cambia de parecer frente a súplicas que buscan compasión) \sem character \xrb yo:l \xrb tepi:ts \rt Mention the possibility of this root containing /te/ of /tetl. \ref 02386 \lxa ma:imati \lxaa ma:yemati \lxac noma:imati \lxo má:yemáti \lxop ma:yemati \lxoc nomá:yemáti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to have hands that are accustomed (e.g., to a given sequence of motions or tasks, to a certain tactile situation, etc.) \ss (refl.) acostumbrarsele las manos a (algn, p. ej., a una dada secuencia de movimientos o tareas, a una cierta sentir de las cosas, etc.) \pna Yo:nimoma:imat, o:nikelka:w o:kekwanikeh. \pea My hands have gotten accustomed (in this case to the presence of an object in a given place), I forgot that they moved it. \psa Mis manos se acostumbraron (en este caso a la presencia de un objeto en un lugar dado), se me olvidóque lo movieron. \xrb ma: \xrb hmati \nae It is not clear which of the two pronunciations (with /ye/ or /i/) is more common; my impression at this point is that the former is more common. In the example sentence above the original transcription has <na>ma:imati</na> and this has been retained here for now. It also seems for the Oapan form that the \qry Check meaning again. Perhaps 'to be agile with ones hands' \sj Check form for presence of /h/: mahihmati, ma:ihmati??? etc. \vl Check vl as carefully as possible. The sound on both of FMs pronunciation is very tinny and this word should be re-recorded. \mod Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/ \grm Cf. notes under Gram 1985-07-22.1. Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/ \ref 02387 \lxa tekimiktia \lxac kitekimiktia \lxo tekimihtia \lxoc kitekimihtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to exhaust from overwork; to overwork \ss agotar con trabajo a; hacer trabajar demasiado causando agotamiento a; sobrecargar de trabajo a \pna Kitekimiktia isuwa:w, kikokoxka:tilia. \pea He overworks his wife, he makes her sickly. \psa Hace trabajar demasiado a su esposa, la hace enfermar. \xrb teki \xrb miki \qry Check for intransitive form of this verb. Perhaps get a less offensive illustrative phrase. \ref 02388 \lxa tlama:kwe:cho:hli \lxac tlama:kwe:cho:hli \lxo tlama:kwe:cho:hli \lxoc tlama:kwe:cho:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo sth ground up in ones hands (such as dried hot red peppers) \sso algo molido o triturado en las manos (como chile rojo) \xrb ma: \xrb kwe:ch \qry Check to determine that the ending is /-chihli/ and not /cho:hli/. Recheck length. \ref 02389 \lxa xa:yakamomotsowa \lxac kixa:yakamomotsowa \lxo xa:ya:te:motsowa \lxoc kixa:ya:te:motsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am): <na>xayakatemomotsowa</na> \rdp Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te); Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am): <na>xayakatemomotsowa</na> \infv class-2b \se to grab and scratch the cheek or face of (e.g., in a fight) \ss jalar o rasgar la mejilla de (p. ej., en una pelea) o a la cara de \pna Xikxa:yakamomotso! \pea Grab him by the cheek! \psa ¡Agárrale por la mejilla! \xrb xa:yaka \xrb mots \nse According to Florencia Marcelino the form <n>xakayamomotsowa</n> is not correct because <n>momotsowa</n> refers to the action of pulling out completely (e.g., in weeding). However, in this case with <no>te:motsowa</no> one only grabs at. \nae This entry, along with several others containing the verbal stem <nao>momotsowa</nao> manifest several interesting aspects of Oapan phonology. In the present case, intervocalic /k/ is lost, leaving what appears to be a long vowel, at least acousticallly. It has so been transcribed. Consultants in Ameyaltepec indicated that the intensifier <n>te-</n> is possible in this construction as a infix to the left of the verbal stem. However, in Oapan it seems to have been lexicalized as functions here as a"dummy"morpheme, manifesting the reduplicant as a lengthened vowel in the syllable <n>te:-</n>. \qry Particularly important here will be to determine whether there is an underlying {h} in /momotsowa/. \sj Check for /h/; it should be absent. \vl Second female pronunciation is better than first. \ref 02390 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /tlatekokopi:nilia/ with the sense of 'to give a hand job to.' I have eliminated it and need to check its correctness. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \qry Perhaps thsi word should be eliminated. Check with Christino. I do not have the meaning; if this is eliminated, also eliminate the xref to it in entry #5425. \ref 02391 \lxa tlatla:sa \lxac tlatla:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea to abort (an animal) \ssa abortar (un animal) \pna O:tlatla:s moburrah, o:kone:wets. \pea Your donkey aborted, it lost its offspring. \psa Tu burra abortó, perdiósu cría. \sea to lay eggs (birds and fowl) \ssa poner huevos (pájaros y aves) \encyctmp birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) \xrb tla:sa \xbtla tla:sa \ono birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) \qry Determine whether /tlatla:sa/ can be used for snakes, turtles, and other animals that lay eggs. \ref 02392 \lxa pawia \lxac kipawia \lxo páwiá \lxop pawia \lxof ['pa wi 'a] \lxoc kipáwiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to sprinkle poison on (e.g., an anthill to kill the ants); to sprinkle pesticide on (plants) \ss echar o rociar veneno a (p. ej., un hormiguero para matar a las hormigas); echar o rociar pesticida a (plantas) \pna Kipawi:s un tsi:kameh. \pea He's going to sprinkle poison on those ants. \psa Va a rociarle veneno a esas hormigas. \se to poison; to give poison to (e.g., animals such as dogs) \ss envenenar (p. ej., a animales como perros) \se to fertilize; to place fertilizer on or around (plants; particularly with <na>tsina:kankwitlatl</na> or <na>tsontekwitlatl</na>) \ss fertilizar; echar fertilizante a (plantas; particularmente con <na>tsina:kankwitlatl</na> o <na>tsontekwitlatl</na>) \pna Kipawi:s ichi:l. \pea He will place fertilizer on his chile. \psa Le va a echar fertilizante a su chile. \xrb pah \encyctmp agriculture (perhaps have a special section on fertilizers, etc.) \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>pawia</na> is used most commonly to refer to the action of sprinkling some sort of poison on an anthill of <na>tsi:kameh</na> in order to kill them, or on other animals to kill them or make them go away. One may also use <na>pawia</na> to refer to the action of poisoning a dog, with <nla>patli</nla>. Note that <na>pawia</na> refers to the action of killing something with"yerba"and not to the action of curing with medicine. However, it is also used to indicate the action of fertilizing a plant, apparently by sprinkling fertilizer at its roots (much as one does with pesticide). Finally, note that Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan <nlo>pátlí</nlo> as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec <nla>tsina:kankwitlatl</nla>. \qry On one file card I mention that when ants are poisoned, they are poisoned with /patli/, which consists of panela and tlayoltixtli. Check this. \grm Oapan orthography: A distinction should be made between the orthography used in the lexicon and the practical orthography. One convention might be for p-a lexical items that are two-place predicates (or transitive verbs). When these are consonant initial then it seems that a preceding apostrophe might be appropriate as the p-a will always fall on the preceding morpheme (usually an object marker). \ref 02393 \lxa kabaye:teh \lxac kabaye:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan caballete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea tie beam: in a zacate or palm-roofed house, the small"beam,"usually made of rods from the inside of the cactus called <nla>tlapextli</nla>, that are bundled together in a roll and placed so that they run along at the very top of the house, above the part called <nla>kaltsonko</nla> \ssa caballete, en una casa de palma o zacate la"viga", a menudo hecho de una racima de varas de lo interior de un tipo de cactus llamado <na>tlapextli</na>, que corre por donde los dos lados del techo se juntan, arriba de la parte conocida como <nla>kaltsonko</nla> \sem contruct-part \cfo tsopilote:rah \encyctmp kahli \nse Occasionally the <na>kabaye:teh</na> is made of a bundle of <na>tlapextli wa:n sakatl</na> 'cactus rods and straw.' \qry Note that FM and IJ gave /tsopilote:rah/ as equivalent to Am /kabaye:teh/. However, in the entry for Am /tsopilote:rah/ there is also Oa /tsopilote:rah/. Thus it may well be that the two terms are equivalent and that the Oapan equivalent of /kabaye:teh/ is distinct. Check. Check for possessed form. \mod Cf. illustration under /kahli/ and Fld 1984-04-29.1 \ref 02394 \lxa chachakwa:toh \lxac chachakwa:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-hisp \infv Gender; pl. <na>chachakwa:tos</na> \sea to have a rough or pockmarked face (a person) \ssa ser cacariso(a) \pna Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl \pea He has a pockmarked face, pimples (i.e., a bad case of acne) roughened up his skin. \psa Es cacariso, las espinillas que se le salieron (por la cara) le dejaran la piel muyáspera. \cfo ta:takaltik \xrb chakwa: \nse Apparently <na>chachakwa:toh</na> is derived from Nahuatl <nlao>chachakwaka</nlao>. There is Spanish influence in the vowel lengthening and <na>-toh</na> ending, as well as in the plural formation and gender specificity. The meaning is probably related to <n>chachakwa</n>, which RS glosses as 'ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto.' Molina does not list this intransitive but has <n>chachaquatza. nitla</n> 'chapatear en el lodo.' \qry Check to make sure this can only refer to humans. Also elicit the word /chachakwa/ and cf. to RS definition:"ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto."Determine whether any other iterative forms are nominalized. \rt Perhaps /kwa/ of /chakwa/ is related to the root /kwa/ 'eat:' Cf: entry under /chakayolowa/. \ref 02395 \lxa tomioh \lxac tomioh \lxo tómiyóh \lxoc tómiyóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to be hairy; to be fuzzy (an animate) \ss (por lo común reduplicado tener vocal corta) ser pelludo (un ser animado) \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to be fuzzy (objects such as felt) \ss (por lo común reduplicado tener vocal corta) ser pelludo (objetos como el terciopelo) \xrb tohmi \qry Check that felt can be described as /totomioh/. \ref 02396 \lxa ki:xtia \lxac kiki:xtia \lxo ki:xtia \lxoc kiki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take out or remove (from inside a container, as a rabbit from a hat, or a person from a house) \ss sacar (de un recipiente, como un conejo de un sombrero, o de un lugar encerrado, como una persona de una casa) \pna O:kwa:lki:xtih itomi:n, yewa kitlaxtla:was. \pea He took out his money, he will be the one to pay. \psa Sacósu dinero, va a serél quien paga. \se to obtain a good result from; to successfully complete (a task) \ss obtener un buen resultado de; cumplir conéxito (una tarea) \pna Xo:kiki:xtih kwahli, a:man oksepa kichi:was. \pea He didn't get a good result (of sth he was attempting to do or make, i.e., it didn't turn out well for him), now he's going to have to do it again. \psa No le salióbien la primera vez (algo que estaba intentando hacer), ahora le toca volverlo a hacer. \se (refl.) to engender a child with ones looks (said of the mother or father; lit. 'to copy oneself') \ss (refl.) engendrar un hijo con la apariencia de uno (dicho de la madre o del padre, lit. 'copiar a si mismo') \pna O:noki:xtih, pa:mpa san no: yewa itlachialis. \pea (It is said that) he (or she) <na>o:noki:xtih</na> because he (the child) has the same appearance (as the parent). \psa (Se dice que)él (o ella) <na>o:noki:xtih</na> porque (el niño) tiene la misma apariencia (que el padre o madre). \se (with short vowel reduplication, and often with <n>tla-</n>) to repeatedly take out and show (particularly merchandise sold itinerantly) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta, y a menudo con <n>tla-</n>) sacar y mostrar repetidas veces (particularmente mercancía vendida por ambulantes) \pna Nitlakiki:xtia, xnitlamoya:wa. \pea I go around selling itinerantly (i.e., taking merchandise out and repeatedly showing it to people), I do not spread my wares out (on the ground or a table). \psa Ando vendiendo (esto es, como itinerante, repetidamente sacando la mercancía para mostrarla), no pongo (la mercancía) plano (sobre una mesa o el suelo). \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to glean (particularly <spn>mazorcas</spn> that have fallen in a field after harvest; also pieces of wood, for firewood, that have been left in a field cleared for planting) \ss (refl.) espigar; recoger lo dejado en el campo (particularmente mazorcas que se ha quedado atrás en la milpa después de la cosecha, o leña que se recoge tirada en un campo apenas limpiado para sembrar) \pna Nimokiki:xti:s, nitlayo:wia. \pea I will glean the field, I am poor. \psa Voy a espigar, soy pobre. \sem motion \sem agriculture \xrb ki:sa \xvbao ki:sa \xvaao ki:xtilia \encyctmp agriculture; merchandizing \ref 02397 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo we:weh \lxoc we:weh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \seo to be large (in size) \sso ser grande (de tamaño) \syna bie:joh \xrb we:weh \nse The extent of the use of <no>we:weh</no> to indicate largeness needs to be fully explored. It is often used in noun-adjectival compounds to indicate the largeness of the noun, e.g., <nlo>michwe:weh</nlo> 'large fish.' However, it does seem that occasionally Oapanecos will use <no>we:weh</no> in the sense ascribed to it in Ameyaltepec, although in general the former tend to use <nlo>ma:noh</nlo> in such circumstances. The true range of use of <no>we:weh</no> in Oapan still needs to be investigated. \ref 02398 \lxa i:sah \lxac ma:ka i:sah \lxo i:sah \lxoc ma: i:sah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se (<na>ma:ka ~</na>) not right away (i.e., Don't do it right away!) \ss (<na>ma:ka ~</na>) no luego luego (esto es, no lo hagas luego luego) \pna Ma:ka i:sah! Tutoh! \pea Don't do it (in this case touch it) right away! It's hot (speaking to child)! \psa ¡No lo hagas (en este caso tocarlo) luego luego!¡Estácaliente (hablando a un niño)! \pna Ma:ka i:sah! \pea Just a moment (not right away)! \psa ¡Un momento (no luego luego)! \xrb i:san \qry Check the etymology of this word. Also note problem of usage, I only have negative occurrences as in the above examples, but this should be rechecked, i.e., is a non-negative acceptable. Obtain other examples. Finally, although I have recorded this with final /n/ I am not so certain whether this is a correct transcription. In another case I have recorded /isah/: /ma:ka isah/ contrasts with /ma:ka isa/ 'Don't let him wake up' (i.e. a person who is in the process of waking up) although the form /ma:ka isas/ meaning 'Don't let him wake up' (if the person is not yet stirring) is more common an dused, perhaps to avoid confusion with /ma:ka isah/. \vl Florencia Marcelino first gives /ma:í:sá/ characterized by high pitch on the final vowel, and a phrase-final glottal stop. The meaning of this phrase is not entirely clear. It might be a (reduced) reduplicated form of /ísá/ with the negative optative preceding it. The final 3 utterances are all of this entry: /ma: i:sah/, however the first of the 3 is more of an interrogatory and should not be linked. One of the last two, perhaps the penultimate is the most indicated. The /i:/ seems long, although this too needs to be thoroughly checked. When reviewing this dictionary the CD/sound should be reviewed. \ref 02399 \lxa wicha:chin \lxac wicha:chin \lxo wicha:chih \lxoc wicha:chih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn Stem 4 \seao tree in Spanish called <spn>huizache</spn>, member of the Malvaceae family \ssao huizache, tipo deárbol de la familia Malvaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb wicha: \nae The etymology of <na>wicha:chin</na> is uncertain, though it may contain the root for 'thorn' (<nr>wits</nr>). \cpl Schoenhals states, under huizache:"1. (<i>Acacia farnesianna</i>) 'acacia,' 'sweet acacia,' 'sponge tree.' A common tree in warm, arid areas. The acacia whose fragrant, yellow, puff-ball blooms give the only note of color to the dry central plateau in January and February. Also called binorama, espinillo, subín, mimosa, vinorama. 2. (<i>Caesalpinia coriaria, C. cacalaco</i>) 'bird-of-paradise.' See cascalote."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <i>Acacia farnesiana</i> and, in Spanish, as <spn>huisache</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:100) have the same identification of the <spn>huizache</spn>, of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Acacia farnesiana</i>. \nct kohtli \ref 02400 \lxa je:nteh \lxac je:nteh \lxo je:nteh \lxoc je:nteh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan gente \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se generous or good person (one that is willing to share what they have with others) \ss persona generosa o buena (uno que está dispuesto a ayudar a otros, a prestarles lo que tiene) \pna Yewa je:nteh, mitspale:wi:s. \pea He's a good person, he'll help you. \psa Es una buena persona,él te va a ayudar. \se people \ss gente; personas \vl For Florencia Marcelino use 2nd token. \nae Plural in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan is <nao>je:ntes</nao>, never ? <n>je:ntewa:n</n>. \ref 02401 \lxa tsi:ntebo:lah \lxac tsi:ntebo:lah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bola</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \sea to have a fat ass \ssa tener las nalgas grandes o gruesas \pna Titsi:ntebo:lah, xtonakis. \pea You have a fat ass, you're not going to fit in (to a space). \psa Tienes las nalgas grandes, no vas a caber. \syno tsi:ntewe:i \xrb tsi:n \nse <na>Tsi:ntebo:lah</na> is apparently the opposite of both <nla>tsi:npitentsi:n</nla> and <nla>tsi:nkanawa:k</nla>. It has only been documented in reference to women. \ref 02402 \lxa pai \lxac pai \lxo páí \lxop pai \lxoc páí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \pa yes-lex \se to drink a herbal remedy \ss beber un brebaje medicinal \pna Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas! \pea He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him! \psa ¡Estátomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar! \xrb pah \xrb i: \xvca pai:tia \xvco 'paí:tia \nse <na>Pai</na> is used in reference to taking certain types of local herbal medicines,"de monte,"such as <na>chikimolin</na> or <na>sese:ktsi:n</na>, which affect ones senses and are used to combat the effects of witchcraft. \qry Determine precisely those medicines that are considered to be taken and referred to by the verb /pai:/. This is definitely a short /a/ and derived from /pahtli/, as evidenced in the pronunciation in S. Juan Tetelcingo: /-pahi:/ and /pahi:tia/. \vl Use first token from Florencia (FM). \ref 02403 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am toponym /Ia:pan Po:yoh/, now in a separate database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02404 \lxa tlaxi:kopi:nahli \lxac tlaxi:kopi:nahli \lxo tlaxi:kopi:nahli \lxoc tlaxi:kopi:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se shedded skin (e.g., of a snake) \ss piel mudada (p. ej., de una serpiente) \se flaky sections of skin (e.g., like those on a newborn baby) \ss secciones de piel hojaldrada (p. ej., como la de un niño recién nacido) \pna Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nahlo. \pea Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin covering of skin (with which he was born). \psa A tu niño (en este caso recién nacido) ya se le empezó a desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezó a pelarse. El tiene como una capa de su piel. \synao tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \nae Almost identical in meaning to the headword <nao>tlaxi:kopi:nahli</nao> is an abstract form <nlao>tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl</nlao>, which has an inalienable-type possessed construction: <nao>i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo</nao>. Note that this is also analyzable as the present headword plus the intrinsic possessed suffix <n>-yo</n>. \qry Original sentence re: /kipia i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo/ did not have /-yo/ ending (ie. was /i:tlaxi:kopi:nal/. However. C. Flores said this was incorrect. \ref 02405 \lxa tla:lnekwtli \lxac tla:lnekwtli \lxo tla:lnehtli \lxoc tla:lnehtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se honey made by the insects called <nlo>tla:lnehtih</nlo> or <nla>tla:lnekwteh</nla> \ss miel hecha por los insectos llamados <nlo>tla:lnehtih</nlo> o <nla>tla:lnekwteh</nla> \sem food-wild \cfa tla:lnekwteh \xrb tla:l \xrb nekw \ref 02406 \lxa si:marrón \lxaa si:marrón kuwtli \lxac si:marrón \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cimarrón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea tree of the Bursera family, with red flowers that bloom in the dry season; also called <nla>si:marrón xo:chitl</nla> \ssa tipo deárbol con flores rojas; también llamado <nla>si:marrón xo:chitl</nla> \cpl Ramírez (1991) has an entry for <na>tetekolo:tsi:n simarron</na> although this is said to have white flowers. She states that it is of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i> and in Spanish is called <i>granjel</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have as <spn>granjel</spn> a tree of the <i>Rubiaceae</i> family named <i>Randia echinocarpa</i>. While these might be the <na>tetekolo:tsi:n simarron</na>, this may well not be equivalent to this entry, <na>si:marrón</na>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>simarrón</spn>. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kohxio:tlámó:hli \nct komekatl \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check to determine whether this is the same as /si:marrón xo:chitl/ or whether the second refers only to the flower. Check vowel length of final /o/ since in many filecards I have recorded a long vowel. Also make sure that it is accented and that the proper form is not /si:márron/. \ref 02407 \lxa tlano:kia \lxac tlano:kia \lxo tlano:kia \lxoc tlano:kia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-2a \se to have diarrhea \ss tener diarrea \sem disease \xrb no:ki \dis tlano:kia; a:pi:tsa \nse <na>Tlano:kia</na> derives from the verb <na>no:kia</na> with the nonspecific prefix <n>tla-</n> (here an indefinite null complement) and that has been lexicalized to mean 'diarrhea.' <na>No:kia</na> is found in other compounds, such as <nla>tsono:kia</nla>, but has not to date been documented as an independent verb. However, Classical does have the verb listed, as in Molina's two entries <n>noquia. nic</n> 'tener enfermedad de camaras' and <n>noquia. nitla</n> 'verter o derramar alguna cosa líquida.' Note that to signify 'to have diarrhea' Classical seems to use the specific object <n>k-</n> where Ameyaltepec and Oapan have the nonspecific object. \qry Check to see if the verb /no:kia/ is found in the simple form. If it is, add it to an /xbtl field for this entry. \grm Indefinite null complement; /tla-/: Note the verb /tlano:kia/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl meaning 'to have diarrhea.' Molina has <n>noquia. nic</n> 'tener enfermedad de camaras.' Although a contextual use of the latter is not given, the implication of the entry is that /nicnoquia/ means 'I have diarrhea.' If this is the case, then Classical has the 3rd-person specific object marker as an indefinite null complement here, whereas Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has the nonspecific /tla-/. In general /ki-/ is not used for this purpose in Ameytepec, though cases do arise (e.g., /kipia/ 'he has money'; and /kite:tlane:wtia/ 'she lends it (i.e., sex) to people'). \ref 02408 \lxa Wepan \lxaa Wa:pan \lxac Wepan \lxo Wa:pan \lxoa Wa:pah \lxoc Wa:pan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \se Oapan \ss Oapan \sem toponym \xrb owa \xrb a: \xrl -pan \vl Use final token of FM. \ref 02409 \lxa ko:tsmatiltik \lxac *ko:tsmatiltik \lxo ko:tsmatiltik \lxoa kó:tsmatíltik \lxoc ko:tsmatiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) \ss tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) \se to be constantly tripping over ones own leg \ss estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna \apa ko:tsmatil \xrb ko:ts \xrb matil \qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. Check for possible verbal forms. \vl Use first token from FM \ref 02410 \lxa poxa:wi \lxac poxa:wi \lxo poxa:wi \lxoc poxa:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to become loose (a rope or cord tightly twined and twisted whose strands have started to come apart) \ss aflojarse (una soga o cuerda cuyos hilos estaban apretados pero que se han empezado a aflojar) \pna Tetsi:ltik katka, pero a:man yo:poxa:w, ye isoliwtiw. \pea It was tightly wound (the strands of a rope), but now it's become loose, it's getting old and worn out. \psa Estaba apretada (una soga), pero ahora ya se aflojó, ya se desgastando. \xrb poxa: \dis xiti:ni; poxa:wi \qry Check other potention subjects of /poxa:wi/, such as braids? Orig. I had 'to crumble (e.g., a rock or stone of brittle consistency, such as <nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla>, a hardened, green clay)' but C. Flores denied that this was correct. \mod Note that many words of the -wi/wa alternation preceded by a long /a:/ have the following forms: toma:wi, toma:wa, (te)tomaktik, toma:wak. Check all such words and make sure all entries are in the dictionary where applicable. If a form is missing, note this. \grm Note that many words of the -wi/wa alternation preceded by a long /a:/ have the following forms: toma:wi, toma:wa, (te)tomaktik, toma:wak. Check all such words and make sure all entries are in the dictionary where applicable. If a form is missing, note this. \ref 02411 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo se: \lxoc se: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Interj \seo interjection used by women from Oapan to express surprise at what another has said, somewhat like English 'humph' \sso interjección utilizada por mujeres de Oapan para expresar sorpresa por lo que otra persona ha dicho, algo como el español 'caray' \sem Gender: female \nae Contrary to what I had previously thought, this interjection is characterized by a long /e:/ (the total is over 150 ms in some utterances). \vl This is a female word and therefore all 4 4 tokens are by FM; use the 4th, and last, as a token for this entry.Later, compare the acoustics of this interjection to the numeral /se:/. \ref 02412 \lxa peroh \lxac peroh \lxo pero \lxoa 'ero \lxoc pero \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Coord \der Coord \se but \ss pero \vl Note that the last token of FM appears to be the best; avoid all that sound like questions. Vowel length is uncertain here. \ref 02413 \lxa na:miki \lxac kina:miki \lxo na:miki \lxoa na:mi'i \lxoc kina:miki \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to meet \ss encontrar \pna Me:roh yewa te:na:miki ika mú:sikah. \pea He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta). \psa Esél mero quien espera a los músicos (p. ej., recibiéndolos con mescal o bebida, por ejemplo, cuando llegan al pueblo durante una fiesta). \se to be right for; to be appropriate for; to be just compensation for \ss ser justo para; ser apropiado para; ser correcto para (dada las circumstancias); ser lo merecido para \pna Kwahli ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa:s i:n. \pea It suits me well to eat this. \psa Me queda bien comer este. \pna Xkina:miki. \pea It's not right (i.e., it's not the appropriate response or action in the circumstances, perhaps it was an overreaction). \psa No le es apropiado (p. ej., no es la reacción apropiada en las circumstancias). \pna Ihkón kina:miki. \pea That's what he deserves. \psa Esto es lo que merece. \pna Xkina:miki tli:n tikchi:wtok. \pea What you are doing is not appropriate. \psa No le viene lo que estás haciendo. \pna Seki niman kite:maka tli:n kipia, ya despwé:s xok kitlakwaltian, wa:niba:les niman kihlian,"ihkón mitsna:miki. Tle:ka niman o:tmak tli:n tikpia? \pea Some (in this case men) give away (to their children in inheritance) what they have right away. Later they (the children) don't feed him (the father) and his friends then say to him,"That's what you deserve. Why did you give him what you had right away? (i.e., you should have waited until you were on your deathbed). \psa Algunos (en este caso hombres) luego luego dan (a sus hijos en herencia) lo que tienen. Después ya no le dan de comer. Y sus amigos luego le dicen,"Asílo mereces.¿Por quéle, diste lo que tenías luego?"(esto es, hubieras esperado hasta que estuvieras a punto de morir). \se to be the right size for \ss ser la talla correcta para \pna Ne:chna:miki nowera:ch, kwahli ne:chasi. \pea My sandal fits me, it's just the right size. \psa Me queda mi huarach, me queda bien. \pna Xkita deke kina:mikiite:ntsahka. \pea See if its top is the right size for it. \psa Ve si le queda su tapón. \se (recipr.) to meet; to meet up (persons) \ss (recipr.) encontrarse; reunir (personas) \pna Ne: timona:mikin. \pea We'll meet up there. \psa Allínos encontramos. \se (recipr.) to border (e.g., one piece of property on the other) \ss (recipr.) compartir un lindero; encontrarse (dos terrenos, etc.) \pna Ne: nona:mikin un toba:les ikainkorrá:l. \pea There is where our friends' fences meet. \psa Allí es donde se encuentran las cercas de nuestros amigos. \pna Ka:sta nona:mikin? \pea Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)? \psa ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)? \se (<n>-wa:n</n> plus refl.) to border on; to meet up with \ss (<n>-wa:n</n> con refl.) lindar con; encontrarse con \pna Tetetlan iwa:n nona:miki A:poye:ka:n. \pea Tetetlan borders on Apoyecan. \psa Tetetlan linda con Apoyecan. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to help out (in a task that requires that one is constantly helping another complete minitasks) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ayudar (en una tarea que require que uno siempre está ayudando a otra persona acabar con repetidas tareas pequeñas) \pna Kinana:miki ii:joh. \pea His son helps him out (in this case in a task in which the son meets up with his father repeatedly, such as stripping corn leaves from the stalk, starting from the opposite end of each furrow and heading toward his father). \psa Su hijo le ayuda (en este caso a cumplir una tarea, yendo a encontrar a su padre una vez tras otra, por ejemplo en el zacateo, empezando al lado contrario del surco). \xrb na:miki \xvca na:miktia \xvco na:mihtia \cfa nana:mik \nae There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in <no>tlanamá:s</no> for <no>tlanamakas</no>, or <no>tlapá:s</no> for <no>tlapa:kas</no>. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with <no>kiní:</no> for <no>kineki</no> and <no>kina:mí:</no> for <no>kina:miki</no>. \qry /Me:roh yewa te:na:miki i:ka músikah./ 'He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta).' Recheck the translation. Here /i:ka músikah/ refers to the object, the people received. In this sense it is much like an antipassive with /tla-/. However, another reading would have it being"he greets (people) with music"and here"music"would be the music and musicians who go out as part of the greeting party. The translation needs to be checked. \qry Check the example with short vowel reduplication (should it be long?). Also check whether a separate meaning sense is appropriate for long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of /ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa i:n/ and if this would be correct without the reduplication with long vowel (or what the difference would be without any reduplication). \grm Oapan abbreviation/acopation: There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in <no>tlanamá:s</no> for <no>tlanamakas</no>, or <no>tlapá:s</no> for <no>tlapa:kas</no>. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with <no>kiní:</no> for <no>kineki</no> and <no>kina:mí:</no> for <no>kina:miki</no>. \rt Cf. entry under /na:maka/ in regards to root analysis and etymology. \ref 02414 \lxa tenexkokoyá:k \lxac tenexkokoyá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-S-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \sea to have too much lime \ssa estar pasado de cal \pna Tenexkokoyá:k nonextamal. \pea My <nla>nextamahli</nla> has too much lime in it. \psa Mi nixtamal tiene demasiado cal (está pasado de cal). \syno tenextésokwíya:k \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb koko \xrb hya: \rt The root /koko/ might be related to the root /koko:/ in words such as /koko:ya/ and /kokó:k/. \ref 02415 \lxa nepane:wi \lxac nepane:wi \lxo nepane:wi \lxoc nepane:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \se to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another) \ss estar sobrepuesto; cruzar (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro) \pna Yewa nepane:wis. \pea That one will lay across (in this case in reference to the part of a <na>calzón</na>, or its counterpart in a wrap-around skirt, that crosses over in front of the body) \psa Ese va a estar sobrepuesto (en este caso la parte de un calzón, o de una falda que se cierne sobre la cintura, que cruza enfrente y se coloca sobrepuesto a la otra parte) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro \equivao nepaniwi \cfao nepaniwi \xrb nepan \nse See notes under <na>nepaniwi</na>. \vl One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here. \ref 02416 \lxa kamapolowa \lxac nokamapolowa \lxo kamapolowa \lxoc nokamapolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to stumble over ones words, mispronouncing them \ss (refl.) enredarsele la lengua a uno \pna Nokamapolowa, xkipanki:xtia. \pea He stumbles over his words, he doesn't pronounce them right. \psa Se le enreda la lengua, no pronuncia las palabras bien. \xrb kama \xrb pol \encyctmp tlatowa: document types of speech \mod Perhaps discuss here different ways of speaking: /popoloka/, /nokamapolowa/, /nenepochiwi/, /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc. \qry Check to see if only reflexive form is used; also check to see if intransitive is used. \ref 02417 \lxa ke:itlah \lxaa ke:tlah \lxac ke:itlah \lxo ké:tlá \lxoc ké:tlá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Subord \pa yes \seao as if; just like; like for example \ssao como si; como por ejemplo \pna Wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \pea It (in this case a plant) falls over to the ground. It lays flat out on the ground, it's like it folds and shrivels up. \psa Se cae (en este caso una planta) al suelo. Queda tirado sobre el suelo, es como que se encoge y se marchita. \pna San ke:itlah newa nikoni:skia. \pea It's as if I would have drank it. \psa Es como si yo lo hubiera bebido. \pna Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi. \pea It's as if you weren't born. \psa Es como si no nacieras. \pna Ke:itlah... \pea Like for instance... \psa Como, por ejemplo... \nae The etymology of this form, and the reason for the pitch-accent in the Oapan cognate <no>ké:tlá</no> is not clear. It is possible that the derivation is from <n>ke:n</n> + <n>itlah</n>, although more likely perhaps would be an analysis that included <n>tla:</n>, 'if' in many dialects. This second possibility would yield an etymological analysis of <n>ke:(n)</n> + <n>tla:</n>, which would account for the long /e:/ and the absence of final /h/, although problematical would be the alternate Ameyaltepec pronunciation <na>ke itla</na> (which should nevertheless be rechecked). The Oapan form has a definite long initial vowel /e:/. and pitch accent on both syllables. Neighboring dialects should be checked for cognate forms. The Ameyaltepec situation will become clarified upon recording and analysis. \qry This form and the proper orthography should be thoroughly checked. It seems that often the pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /ke: itla/ (or perhaps /ke: itlah/, check for final /h/). However, in Oapan the form /ké:tlá/ seems to be correct. Check. Also the etymology of this is not clear. The same may be said for /kea:man/, where the /e/ seems short. \qry Check for final /h/ and possibility of long final /a:/. I originally had this analyzed as /ke:/ plus /itlah/ and thus wrote it with a final /h/. However in listening to a few recordings I think that there might be a final glottal stop. \qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ral recordings I seem to hear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. \sj Check if /h/ is in SJ form. \vl The problem of final vowels is getting difficult to resolve. They definitely do not seem unusually short. Indeed, final vowels followed by a glottal stop still seem long. \ref 02418 \lxa tlamachilistli \lxac tlamachilistli \lxo tlamachilistli \lxoc tlamachilistli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se knowledge; wisdom; understanding; common sense \ss conocimiento; entendimiento; sabiduría; sentido común; juicio \pna Xkipia itlamachilis. \pea He has no common sense. \psa No tiene sentido común. \se opinion; point of view; thought \ss opinión; punto de vista; pensamiento \pna San se: itlamachilis. \pea He can only think of one thing (i.e., has a one-track mind, has only one thought). \psa Solamente puede pensar en una cosa (esto es, solamente tiene un pensamiento). \pna San se: totlamachilis. \pea We have the same ideas (are of one mind). \psa Tenemos las mismas ideas (somos de un solo parecer). \xrb mati \nae The length of the vowels are definite as recorded, which differ from Carochi who has the /i:/ of /chi:/ marked long (Lockhart p. 208; Carochi fj. 54) in <n>tlamachi:liztli</n> 'sabiduría' as well as <n>tlamachi:lizyo:tl</n> and <n>tlamachi:lizço:tl</n>. \ref 02419 \lxa na:wtetsi:n \lxac na:wtetsi:n \lxo ná:htetsí:n \lxoa ná:htetsí:h \lxoc ná:htetsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Pr-num \se (just) four (objects, referring back to sth that is already a topic of discourse) \ss (solamente) cuatro (objetos, refiriéndose a algo que es tópico del discurso) \pna Xne:chnamakili nokoya:res, san na:wtetsi:n. \pea Sell my necklaces for me, but just four of them. \psa Vende mis collares para mí, pero solamente cuatro de ellos. \xrb na:wi \xrb te \nse The precise semantics (and morphophonology) of <n>-tetsi:n</n> still needs to be determined, i.e., the difference between <na>na:wi</na> and <na>na:htetsi:n</na>. The first element of the ending may be related to the old numerical classifier <n>tetl</n>, found in Classical Nahuatl. It also appears that whereas numerals may be used in a modifying function, the numerals with <n>-tetsi:n</n> may not. \nae The presence of pitch accent on the Nahuatl form for all numerals endings in <n>tetsi:n</n> is hard to explain. The easiest explanation would be if the underlying form were {na:wi + teh + tsi:n}. Note that all other numerals that in Oapan end in <no>tetsi:n</no> manifest a pitch-accent pattern suggestive of undering {h}. \qry Determine the possibility of /na:htetl/ and its meaning as opposed to /na:htetsi:n/. Finally, determine the use of /tetl/ with numerals, apparently only used to refer to inanimate objects: sentetsi:n, o:ntetsi:n, etc. \ref 02420 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been moved to the toponym database: /Kuhxoxokioh/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02421 \lxa tlama:chichi:wtli \lxac tlama:chichi:wtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 1(w) \sea handmade \ssa hecho a mano \pna Tlama:chichi:wtli, xtlakowahli. \pea It is handmade (i.e., locally), it isn't store bought. \psa Es hecho a mano (localmente), no es comprado (esto es, fabricado). \cfo má:chichí:wa \xrb ma: \xrb chi:wa \nae Although the nominal derivation <na>tlama:chichi:wtli</na> has been documented in Ameyaltepec, the verbal base, ? <na>ma:chichi:wa</na> is not. The opposite is true for Oapan, which has a documented verbal form, <nlo>má:chichí:wa</nlo>, but no apparent nominalization. \ref 02422 \lxa te:tsa:wia \lxac kite:tsa:wia \lxo te:tsa:wia \lxof [te: tsa: 'wi a] \lxoc kite:tsa:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to have a foreboding or premonition about \ss tener un mal agüero o premonición sobre \pna Koyo:cho:ka motskwi:n pa:mpa miste:tsa:wia. Timikis. \pea Your dog is howling like a coyote because he has an evil foreboding about you. You will die. \psa Tu perro aulla como coyote porque tiene un mal agüero acerca de tí. Te vas a morir. \pna Ma:ski xmiki, kicho:kilia itah. Kitete:tsa:wia. \pea Even though he hasn't died, his father cries for him. He has an evil omen about him. \psa Aunque no se ha muerto, su papállora porél. Tiene un mal agüero sobreél \pna Nimistete:tsa:wia. O:ne:chasik a:tinteh, o:na:tiyowak. \pea I have a premonition about you. Lice got on me, I've gotten full of lice. \psa Tengo un mal agüero sobre tí. Me cubríde piojos, me empiojé. \pna O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik. \pea He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died. \psa Tiene una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió. \xrb te:tsa: \nse In general <na>te:tsa:wia</na> refers to the act of having a bad omen about the death of someone close, particularly a family member such as a parent, wife, child, sibling, cousin, or aunt or uncle. \qry Originally I had the following notes:"The subject of this verb may be either the person who has or perceives the bad omen, or to the sign itself, which announces a foreboding occurrence."However, this should be checked. \ref 02423 \lxa ikximelaktik \lxac ikximelaktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea to have a stiff leg that can't be bent \ssa tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar \syna ikxito:pi:ltik \syno ixipeya:stik \xrb kxi \xrb mela: \qry Apparently identical in meaning to /ikxito:pi:ltik/. This should be checked. \mod Add an ono entry for all types of foot positions, etc. /ikxikwepaltik/, /ikxito:pi:ltik/, /ikximelaktik/, etc. \ref 02424 \lxa tlatkitia \lxac kitlatkitia \lxo tlatkitia \lxoc kitlatkitia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to request of (that sth be brought back) \ss encargar (algo que se va a traer) a \pna Ma nimistlatkiti a:sukar! \pea Let me ask you to get (buy and bring back) some sugar for me! \psa ¡Deja que te encargue azúcar (para que me lo traigas)! \pna Nikte:tlatkitia nochi:l, xok nikpia. \pea I've asked someone to acquire chile for me, I don't have any more. \psa Le pedía alguien que me consiguiera chile, ya no tengo. \se (refl.) to make oneself responsible; to assume responsibility \ss (refl.) hacerse responsable; asumirse la responsabilidad \pna Notlatkitia yewa para ma kwa:hki tli:n kona:watian. \pea He takes the responsibility of bringing back what he has been told to. \psa Asume la responsabilidad de traer lo que se le ordenó. \seo (refl.) to take as ones own (the property of another; Ameyaltepec synonym: <nla>wa:xka:tia</nla>) \sso (refl.) adueñarse de (tomando la propiedad o pertenencias de otro; sinónimo Ameyaltepec <nla>wa:xka:tia</nla>) \xrb tki \xbtla itkitia \nae The derivational process for <na>tlatkitia</na> is not entirely clear. It is apparently a ditransitive verb, with two objects, as clearly indicated in <na>nikte:tlalkitia nochi:l</na> (where the primary object is <n>te:</n> and the second object is <na>nochi:l</na>, with both overtly marked). <na>Nimistlatki:tia a:sucar</na> also has two objects, a primary one in the second person and a second object (<na>a:sukar</na>) not overtly marked on the verb. However, since <na>itki</na> is transitive and the causative <na>itkitia</na> (found in Classical) would be ditransitive, one might expect <na>tlatkitia</na> to be simply transitive, with the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> reducing the valency of <na>itkitia</na> by one argument. This does not seem to be the case. The other possibility is that <na>tlatkitia</na> is a denominal verb derived from <na>tlatkitl</na> 'property' or 'material good' (itself a deverbal nominal derived from <na>itki</na>). But here too, considering the usual valency of denominal tr ansitive verbs using <na>-tia</na> one would expect a simple transitive. Thus the problem of derivation remains unsolved. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec it is unusual for reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs to manifest an object marker on the verbal stem. Thus one finds <na>nokowilia nakatl</na> 'he buys meat for himself' rather than <na>kinokowilia nakatl</na>, which is a form found in other dialects (such as that of Oapan). Thus the reflexive use <na>notlatkitia</na> might well be a complement taking verb, with the complement clause being the responsibility assumed. Note that in Classical Nahuatl, it appears clear that there are two derivational processes yielding <n>tlatkitia</n>. As a transitive verb it is apparently denominal. Thus Molina has <n>tlatquitia. nite</n> 'enagenar algo, o embiar alguna cosa a otro.' The use of <na>-tia</na> in this construction is identical to its use in words such as <nla>kaltia</nla>, i.e., 'to provide [Noun] to.' However, there is also a reflexive and tran sitive form: <n>tlatquitia. nicno</n> 'usurpar, o aplicar para si alguna cosa.' \qry In /timitsontlatki:ti:s/ determine whether the object is to be brought back, or whether the subject (agent) moves to given the request"there,"etc. Also, determine true valency. Note that RS has tlatquitia. ninotla or nicno as"apropriarse de una cosa, usurparla."Nicnotlatquitia in teaxca 'me apropio los bienes de otro.' Also, Nite or nic- 'vender, enajenar una cosa de alguien' as nic-tlatquitia in teaxca in nopiltzin 'doy los bienes ajenos a mi hijo.' In this sense the derivation seems to be a denominal verb: tlatkitl + tia in the sense of 'provide Noun for' (as in /kaltia/, /cha:ntia/, etc.). Check to see if this denominal meaning occurs in Balsas Nahuatl. If so, perhaps create two entries, one for the V2-tla form and the other for the V2-d-tia. Check what the meaning of /nimitsontlatkiti:s/ is. Is the charge sent to sb at a distance, or does the person charged (primary object) travel outwards, or does the subject move. Check with Michel re transitivity here. \ref 02425 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry, /ko:ntrasole:rah/, was eliminated as a replicate. \dt 26/Apr/2002 \ref 02426 \lxa kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow \lxac i:kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea hat \ssa sombrero \xrb kwa: \xrb se:w \nse This word is never used in conversation but simply as a"test,"by some people (who probably heard it elsewhere), to see how"mexicano"one really is. There are other"test words"for hat, however. Note how the possessed marker <n>-w</n> is present, even though nouns with final <n>-o:tl</n> generally do not overtly mark possession with a suffix. \nae Vowel length in <na>kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow</na> is uncertain. \ref 02427 \lxa papayotsi:n \lxac papayotsi:n \lxo pápáyotsí:n \lxop papayotsi:n \lxoa pápayótsí:n \lxoc pápáyotsí:h; pápayótsí:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>tí:páyotsí:h</no> \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo someone who is crazy; someone who has lost his senses \sso loco; persona que ha perdido los estribos \syna kwa:papayoh \xrb pahpa \qry Check for /papayotl/; however, in general this seems to be paired with /papayotik/. Check vowel length. \sj Check: either /pahpahyotsi:n/ or /pahpayohtsi:n/. If the former change to /pahpah/, or better, /pah/ as root, with redupicant yielding /pahpah/. \nae Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in <nlo>tétéyotík</nlo>. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí:n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully rechecked. \qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. \grmx Pitch accent; stress reassignment. Note that /pápáyotsí:n/ has 3 high pitches on a 4 syllable (5 mora) word. Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in <nlo>tétéyotík</nlo>. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí: n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully rechecked. \ref 02428 \lxa tekpa:ntla:lia \lxac kitekpa:ntla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea (recipr.) to line oneself up (e.g., persons who are going to start work in a field when they line up at the end of each furrow they are to work, racers at the beginning of a race) \ssa (recipr.) colocarse en línea (p. ej., trabajadores antes de empezar a entrar a una milpa, cuando todavía están frente al surco donde van a empezar a trabajar, corredores al principio de una carrera) \syno tekpa:na \xrb tekpa:n \dis tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia; wi:pa:na \qry Determine the difference between /tekpa:na/ and /tekpa:ntla:lia/; the only filecard I have of the latter discusses the reflexive use in which individuals line themselves up at the start of working in furrows in the /iswatekilistli/. There is no mention in the original card of lining up at the start of a race, although this would seem to fit the characteristics of the documented definition. However, uses should be determined and and difference with /tekpa:na/ clearly stated. Also determine nature of /cat field for this entry. Should it be N-V2; if so, determine whether /tekpa:ntli/ exists as a noun. \ref 02429 \lxa kwa:sa:lowa \lxac kikwa:sa:lowa \lxo kwa:sa:lowa \lxoc kikwa:sa:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to tie a cloth around the forehead of \ss ceñirle una tela a la frente de \pna O:timokwa:sa:loh, mitskukwa motsontekon. \pea You tied a cloth around your forehead, you have a headache. \psa Amarraste una tira de tela por la frente, te duele la cabeza. \pna Xkwa:sa:lo momulah para tiksi:yati:skeh, mahki. \pea Tie a cloth around the forehead of your mule (and pull it down over her eyes) so that we can saddle it, it is skittish. \psa Amárrale una tela por la frente de tu mula (y jálala para que le tape los ojos) para poderle poner la silla, es asustadiza. \seo to tie (e.g., palm) end to head \sso atar (p. ej., la palma) cabo a cabo \xrb kwa: \xrb sa:l \qry Check for intransitive form. In second phrase check vowel length in /tiksi:yati:skeh/ and in /mahki/. \ref 02430 \lxa i:xpi:na:wi \lxac i:xpi:na:wi \lxo í:xpipi:ná:wi \lxoc í:xpipi:ná:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to look embarrassed or to have an embarrassed look on ones face (e.g., because of sth one has done); to be embarrassed or timid to show ones face (and reluctant to speak, be seen, or be spoken too, etc.) \ss tener una cara de avergonzada (p. ej., por algo hecho); tener pena en dejarse ver (y tener vergüenza de hablar o conversar) \pna I:xpi:na:wi, mono:biah katka. \pea She is ashamed to show her face, she was your girlfriend. \psa Le da pena mostrarse la cara, fue tu novia. \xrb i:x \xrb pi:na: \nse Apparently this verb usually occurs in reduplicated form, <na>i:xpipi:na:wi</na>. \qry Check if reduplicated form is more common and whether, indeed, both occur. Cf. to /pipina:wi/, which apparently does not occur in non-reduplicated form. \ref 02431 \lxa kuwxiwtlan \lxac kuwxiwtlan \lxo kohxihyoh \lxoc kohxihyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com N-N \der N-loc-1 \se place with many bushes or shrubs \ss lugar con muchos matas y arbustos \xrb kow \xrb xiw \xrl -tlan \ref 02432 \lxa sanki \lxacpend sanki o:mik \lxo sankina:mah \lxoc sankina:mah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adv-tm \se just recently; just a short time ago \ss apenas; recientemente; hace poco \pna Sanki o:mik. \pea He just died (a short time ago). \psa Se murióhace poco. \pna Sanki o:yah. \pea He just left. \psa Apenas se fue. \xrb san \cfa kemech \nse All consultants gave <na>sanki o:mik</na> as the equivalent of <na>san kimich o:mik</na> ; thus it may that the former is an abbreviated form of <na>san kimich</na>. <na>Sanki</na> has been entered as one word since the sequence /ki/ does not seem to occur independently. Moreover, <na>sanki</na> appears to be fairly uncommon. I only remember hearing it once, on 16 Mar. 1984, after several years of fieldwork. Cristino Flores stated that it is not a word used in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02433 \lxa aí:k \lxac aí:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Adv-tm \sea never; never again (emphatic) \ssa nunca; (nunca) jamás (enfático) \pna Aí:k wa:hlaw. \pea He never comes anymore. \psa Nunca viene. \pna Aí:k nikita. \pea I never see him at all. \psa No lo veo nunca. \xrb ah \xrb i:k \dis <na>xkaman</na> \ref 02434 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:moa:stílin \lxoc tó:moa:stílin \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-in \infn Stem 4 \pa yes-lex \seo type of cactus as yet unidentified \sso tipo de cactus hasta ahora todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb to:moh \xrb a:stil \cpl Silvestre Pantaleón (of Oapan) mentioned this type of cactus, for which no cognate has been registered from Ameyaltepec or San Juan Tetelcingo. \nct to:motli \ref 02435 \lxa ontestok \lxac ontestok \lxo ontestok \lxoc ontestok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se (<na>san kwahli</na> ~) to be in a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole) \ss (<na>san kwahli</na> ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero) \pna San kwahli ontestok, xkaxa:ntok. \pea It is a good fit, it isn't loose. \psa Justamente cabe, no está flojo. \pna Xikxixi:ma se: klabi:jah, san kwahli ma ontesto -=ma tili:nto, ma tili:ntia, etc.-! \pea Cut a rivet that is a good, tight fit! \psa ¡Corta un remache que va a caber bien apretado! \cfo onaktok \xrb on- \xrb tes \nae The etymology of <na>ontestok</na> is uncertain. <n>On-</n> is clearly a deictic prefix, referring to the fact that the fitting is 'in there.' However, given the fact that in Ameyaltepec /ts/ before /t/ becomes /s/, the underlying root may be either <n>tes</n> or <n>tets</n>. To date no comparative evidence has been found that might resolve this question. <na>Ontestok</na> (which takes any of the inflections found with <n>-tok</n>) refers to an object, the grammatical subject, that fits tightly into a space. Apparently ? <na>wa:ltestok</na> does not exist. \qry In one of my notes I have /san kwahli ontestoya/, which I have noted as the same as /san kwahli ontestiah/ 'it went to fit right in'. Determine whether the /-tiah/ ending is the past of /-tiw/ and, if so, whether /-tiw/ may also be used, as in /ontestiw/. Check if /ontestitiw/ is correct. \ref 02436 \lxa mekato:ktli \lxac mekato:ktli \lxo mekato:htli \lxoc mekato:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \se beam temporarily placed horizontally on the outside of the roof of a thatched hut that enables workers to stand on it and attach the thatching to parts they could not otherwise reach \ss viga que se coloca horizontalmente sobre la parte exterior del techo de una casa de palma o zacate; los trabajadores se paran sobre ello para poder alcanzar las partes altas del techo donde tienen que colocar palma o zacate \sem tool \xrb me:ka \xrb to:ka \encyctmp kahli \nse The etymology of <na>mekato:ktli</na> is uncertain, although it seems that <na>meka</na> 'twine' is a part of this word. \qry Check vowel length of the final /o/. Also check occurrences of /-to:ktli/. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 02437 \lxa isihka:n \lxac isihka:n \lxo íská:pan \lxop iska:pan \lxoc íská:pan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \pa yes-lex \se right away, rapidly \ss luego luego; pronto \xrb hsi \syna karre:rah \syno kare:rah \nae The Oapan form is often found in the diminutive: <no>íska:pántsi:n</no>. The etymology of this word seems related to <na>isiwi</na> or <no>ísiwí</no>. \qry Check first vowel; is this a possessed form with /ka:n/ \ref 02438 \lxa xi:ni \lxac xi:ni \lxo xi:ni \lxoc xi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to fall and scatter on the ground (or other flat surface, objects such as seeds, precipitation, etc.); to fall out (e.g., small objects from their natural locations) \ss regarse, caerse esparcido por el suelo (u otra superficie plana, cosas como semillas, lluvia u otros tipos de precipitación); caerse (objetos pequeños de sus posiciones naturales) \pna Yo:pe:w xixi:ni notlayo:l, yo:tetsomo:n noxikipi:l. \pea My corn has started to spill out onto the ground, my sack has gotten a big rip in it. \psa Mi maíz empezó a regarse por el suelo, se rompiófeo mi costal. \pna Xok mlá:k kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok. \pea It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down. \psa Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más está cayendo una brizna fina. \pna Yo:pe:w xi:xi:ni tlapayawtli. \pea It's started to drizzle on and off (in reference to a very light, intermittent drizzle). \psa Ya empezó a lloviznar por ratos (se refiere a una llovizna muy ligera e intermitente). \pna O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni itlanwa:n. \pea He has finished losing his teeth, he's already old, his teeth have winded up all falling out. \psa Se acaba de perderse los dientes, ya es viejo, terminaron de caer sus dientes. \pna O:tlaxixi:n ika tlayo:hli. \pea Maize spilled out all over. \psa Se regómaíz por todos lados. \se to fall over onto the ground (e.g., plants with blight); to get completely exhausted (people and animals from illness or overwork, etc.) \ss tirarse por el suelo (p. ej., plantas con peste); agotarse (personas o animales de enfermedades o sobretrabajo, etc.) \pna O:xi:nkeh, o:noma:kokokeh, xoktekitiskeh. \pea They gave out, their legs started to hurt them, they won't work anymore (e.g., animals pulling a plow). \psa Se agotaron, quedaron adoloridos de las piernas, ya no van a trabajar (p. ej., animales jalando un arado). \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. \pea My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got affected by a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). \psa Ya se empezó a pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzó a disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). \se (~ <na>kwilimeh</na>) for worms [S]) to cover or infest the surface (e.g., of meat, plants, etc.) \ss (~ <na>kwilimeh</na>) cubrirse o infestarse la superficie de gusanos (p. ej., algo como carne, plantas, etc.) \pna Ma:ski xi:niskeh kwilimeh, nomi:l ye tlapati:hloh. \pea Even though worms might get on my maize plants, they've already been treated (so that they don't become infested). \psa Aunque les cayera gusanos, mis plantas de maíz ya están tratadas (para que no se coman). \xrb xi: \xvaao xi:nilia \dis xiti:ni; xi:ni \nse The verbs <nao>xi:ni</nao> and <nlao>xiti:ni</nlao> are similar though have slightly distinct meanings. <nao>Xi:ni</nao> is used mostly to refer to 'falling and scattering' on the ground or other flat surfaces, particularly in reference to many small, indistinguishable objects, generally mass nouns (e.g., seeds, coins, grass fodder, etc.). Thus things that fall out of bags, precipitation that falls on the ground, teeth that fall out of ones mouth, etc., are events that are all described by the verb <nao>xi:ni</nao>. As a transitive verb, <nlao>xi:nia</nlao> refers mostly to scattering, such as the action involved in tossing maize and copal during divination ceremonies. On the other hand, <nao>xiti:ni</nao> seems more to be reserved for actions such as those that occur when a wall crumbles, or the rocks on the surface of a cliff start to come loose and fall down. \nae The verb <na>xi:ni</na> is found with the incorporated noun <nla>kwilin</nla> (worm) to indicate a material object (the subject of the compounded verb) whose surface becomes covered with worms (e.g., <na>kwilxi:nis un nakatl</na> 'that meat will get covered with maggots'). Apparently this use of <na>xi:ni</na> is related to its signifying 'to scatter'; cf. <nla>xi:nia</nla>. \grm Antipassive: /O:tlaxixi:n ika tlayo:hli/ 'Maize spilled out all over.' The difference between this and /o:xixi:n notlayo:l/ is difficult to determine. Apparently the antipassive form highlights the situation, and the intransitive highlights the subject. Other than that it is difficult to determine the difference. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: Note /Yo:pe:w xi:xi:ni tlapayawtli/ 'It's started to drizzle on and off (refers to a very light drizzle)' My notes for this phrase indicate simply that the reference is to a light drizzle. However, apparently this derives from the fact that the rain is on and off, scattered over time. This should be checked, but would agree with the meaning of long vowel reduplication in such forms as /tli:tlikwi/, which has been documented elsewhere (see /tlikwi/). \ref 02439 \lxa tlatetekestiw \lxac tlatetekestiw \lxo tlá:tekétsotíw \lxop tlá:teketsotiw \lxoc tlá:tekétsotíw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2-asp \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv Irregular, see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \pa yes-rdp \se to fall over backward, head over heels (with ones feet flying up in the air) \ss caerse hacia atrás con los pies volando para arriba \pna O:tlatetekestiah; o:wets chika:wak. \pea He fell backward head over heel; he fell down hard. \psa Se cayófuertemente hacia atrás con los pies volando hacia arriba; cayófuerte. \xrb te \xrb ketsa \xbtlao teketsa \nae The morphology of the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are slightly different. The Ameyaltepec term derives from an aspectual marking on the transitive verb <na>teketsa</na> with short vowel reduplication and an indefinite null complement, <n>tla-</n>. The Oapan form apparently derives from an alternate transitive verb <no>teketsowa</no> that has not been documented elsewhere. The lengthening and pitch accent on the initial syllable, the prefix <n>tla-</n>, derived from reduced reduplication. The final high-low-high pitch sequence derives from an underlying {h} in the short (perfective) stem of the <n>-owa</n> -final verb. \qry Check for /teketsowa/. \ref 02440 \lxa tlakakalastiw \lxac tlakakalastiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2-asp \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \sea (fig.) to die (lit. 'to go along making a rattling sound') \ssa (fig.) morir (lit. 'ir haciendo un sonido de traqueteo') \pna De ka:mpa xo:nitlakakalastiah, oksepa niwi:ts. \pea In the event that I didn't die, I'll be back. \psa Si no me morí, voy a venir de regreso. \xrb kala: \xbtlao kakalatsa \ref 02441 \lxa chi:chiwa:tsi:n \lxac chi:chiwa:tsi:n \lxo chi:chiwa:tsi:n \lxoc chi:chiwa:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se type of tree of the family Burseraceae that when cut excretes a milk-like sap \ss tipo deárbol de la familia Burseraceae que al cortarse sale savia parecida a la leche \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb chi:chi \nae Although the derivational process of this word is not completely clear, it obviously is related to the root found in <nlao>chi:chi</nlao>. \qry Derivational process unclear although obviously contains root /chi:chi/. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>árbol lechero</na>. \nct kohtli \pqry C. Flores def. has long final /a:/. \vl Check length of /a:/ and first /i:/. \ref 02442 \lxa tla:ltekwyoh \lxac tla:ltekwyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \sea to be dusty \ssa ser polvoroso; estar cubierto de polvo \pna Mlá:k tla:ltekwyoh, ye kipia ye:i to:nahli xnotsetselowa. \pea It's really dusty (e.g., a blanket), it's been three days since it's been shaken out. \psa Estámuy polvoroso (p. ej., una cobija), ya tiene tres días que no se sacude. \syno tla:ltemolohyoh \xrb tla:l \xrb tekw \qry Check pronunciation and orthography. My original filecard had /tla:ltekwioh/, which would have /kw/ as onset. Also note that C. Flores here and elsehwere seems to pronounce /tla:ltekwiyoh/. \ref 02443 \lxa tlampaya:ni \lxac tlampaya:ni \lxo tlampaya:ni \lxoc tlampaya:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for ones teeth to crumble and fall apart (from decay) \ss desbaratarsele los dientes a (al pudrirse) \pna Tlampapaya:ni, xok wel tlakwa:s. \pea His teeth has started to crumble and rot, he won't be able to eat well anymore. \psa Se le desbaratan y pudren los dientes, ya no va a poder comer bien. \cfa tlampapaya:ni \xrb tlam \xrb paya: \nae Note that whereas <na>tlampaya:ni</na> is entered without a reduplicated verbal stem, <nla>tlampapaya:na</nla> is found with a reduplicated stem. The reason is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. In <na>tlampaya:ni</na> the incorporated noun is essentially the thematic patient of an unaccusative verb and, moreover, is possessed by the grammatical subject. Thus verbal reduplication represents the plurality of the incorporated noun (i.e., when more than one tooth has crumbled, e.g., <na>nitlampapaya:ni</na> 'several of my teeth have crumbled,' or 'I have several crumbled teeth.' In the incorporated form <na>tlampapaya:na</na> the noun is essentially the instrument of a transitive construction, in this case that with which an object (the grammatical object and semantic patient) is crushed. Since the action of crushing is inevitably a repeated action, the verbal stem is always found reduplicated; hence the entry under <na>tlampapaya:ni</na>. \grm Note that whereas <na>tlampaya:ni</na> is entered without a reduplicated verbal stem, <nla>tlampapaya:na</nla> is found with a reduplicated stem. The reason is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. In <na>tlampaya:ni</na> the incorporated noun is essentially the thematic patient of an unaccusative verb and, moreover, is possessed by the grammatical subject. Thus verbal reduplication represents the plurality of the incorporated noun (i.e., when more than one tooth has crumbled, e.g., <na>nitlampapaya:ni</na> 'several of my teeth have crumbled,' or 'I have several crumbled teeth.' In the incorporated form <na>tlampapaya:na</na> the noun is essentially the instrument of a transitive construction, in this case that with which an object (the grammatical object and semantic patient) is crushed. Since the action of crushing is inevitably a repeated action, the verbal stem is always found reduplicated; hence the entry under <na>tlampapaya:ni</na>. This case would represent an interesting example o f the problems of lexicography with nominal incorporation. \ref 02444 \lxa sa:ntokupahli \lxac sa:ntokupahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>santo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \sea resin from a copal tree (known in Oapan as <nlo>kopalpo:tsahli</nlo> \ssa resina delárbol conocido como el <nlo>kopalpo:tsahli</nlo> \sem plant \sem part \xrb kopal \ref 02445 \lxa chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl \lxac chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of flower \ssa tipo de flor \pna Chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl, ki:sa kwa:k yo:kiaw; deke yo:ixwak ipan ma:kwi:hli to:nahli yo:po:n. \pea The flower known as <na>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</na> appears after it has rained; if it has already come up, by the fifth day it has bloomed. \psa La flor llamadaas <na>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</na> aparece después de la lluvia, síya brotóla semilla, florece dentro de cinco días. \sem plant \sem fl(pend) \equivo a:skalxo:chitl \xrb chi:l \xrb xo:chi \nse Although Florencia Marcelino thought that Oapan <no>a:skalxo:chitl</no> was the same as Ameyaltepec <na>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</na>, she was not sure. Fieldwork will be necessary to sustain or negate this identification. \nfc xo:chitl \nct xiwtli \qry Florencia Marcelino thought, but was not certain, that the /a:skalxo:chitl/ is the same as the /chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl/. However, th \ref 02446 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry had been for /kalwa:xin/ but this is duplicated at record 06356. Number all pronunciations here in sequence for 06356. \vl This entry had been for /kalwa:xin/ but this is duplicated at record 06356. Number all pronunciations here in sequence for 06356. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02447 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /Sakakomolko/, now on the Am toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02448 \lxa ma:to:ne:wa \lxac kima:to:ne:wa \lxo ma:to:ne:wa \lxoc kima:to:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \com +Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the arm or hand of \ss hacer el brazo o mano arder a (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile) \pna Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. \pea It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. \psa Le quema las manos. No puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo está flojo. \xrb ma: \xrb to:n \mod Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root. \ref 02449 \lxa te:lpo:chchika:wi \lxac te:lpo:chchika:wi \lxo te:lpo:xchika:wi \lxoc te:lpo:xchika:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to pass (a male) beyond the customary age for marrying \ss rebasar (un hombre) la edad apropiada para casarse \pna Yo:tite:lpo:chchika:w, xe timona:miktia. \pea You've become a mature young man (some 20 to 25 years of age), you still haven't gotten married. \psa Ya eres un hombre maduro (de como 20 a 25 años de edad), todavía no te has casado. \sem age \cfao te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n \xrb te:lpo:ch \xrb chika: \encyctmp te:lpo:xtli \cfa te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n \nse After passing the age at which a man has undergone the change of state indicated by <na>te:lpo:chchika:wi</na> he enters the state at which he is referred to as <nla>te:po:chwe:we:ntsi:n</nla>, i.e., some 25 or 30 years of age, with little chance of marrying. \ref 02450 \lxa aka \lxac xne:chaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \sea see <nlao>maka</nlao> \ssa vé ase <nlao>maka</nlao> \xrb maka \nae <na>Aka</na> is an Ameyaltepec alternative form of the ditransitive verb <na>maka</na>. It is used when immediately to the left of the verb stem there is an object prefix that ends in a non-nasal consonant: <n>ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-,</n> and <n>(a)me:ch</n>, e.g., <na>Ne:chakas i:burroh</na> 'He will give me his donkey.' The shortened <na>aka</na> is not used in Oapan. \ref 02451 \lxa tli:lowa \lxac kitli:lowa \lxo tli:lowa \lxoc kitli:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to till the earth of (a field being prepared with a plow for planting) \ss labrar el suelo de (un terreno con un arado en preparación para la temporada) \pna Yo:tlan kitli:lowa itla:l. San tli:liwtok. \pea He has finished turning over the earth of his field, it just looks totally black (from the fresh upturned earth). \psa Ya terminóde arar su terreno, está quedando todo negro (por la tierra recién volteada). \xrb tli:l \encyctmp mihli \nse Another transitive verb (<nlao>tli:hlo:tia</nlao>) derived from the nominal root <nla>tli:hli</nla> does not communicate this sense of 'to till,' which is limited to <na>tli:lowa</na>, the transitive alternate to <nla>tli:liwi</nla>. \qry Note on one file card states that /tli:lowa/ is definitely correct, not /tli:hlowa/. It seems that the former is the transitive alternate to /tli:liwi/ whereas the latter is the inchoative, of the causative /tli:hlo:tia/. Check all meanings. \ref 02452 \lxa to:ka:yo:tl \lxac to:ka:yo:tl \lxo to:ka:yo:tl \lxoc to:ka:yo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \se name \ss nombre \pna San se to:ka:yo:tl. \pea There is just one name (e.g., for a given object, or for two people with an identical name). \psa Solamente hay un nombre (p. ej., para un objeto en particular, o para dos personas con el mismo nombre). \cfao to:ka \xrb to:ka: \qry Check for possibility of possessed form /ito:ka:yo/ (with glottal stop, not /h/). \mod Make sure link is to only word of this spelling. \ref 02453 \lxa ye:rbah de o:lpeh \lxaa ye:rbah de go:lpeh \lxac ye:rbah de o:lpeh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan golpe \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of herbaceous plant of the Laminaceae family, still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea de la familia Lamiaceae, todavía no identificada \pna Ye:rbah de o:lpeh | Deke o:tiuwets, ika ipotokyo mistoto:ni:skeh. \src Costa Venancio \pea <na>Ye:rbah de o:lpeh</na> : If you fell hard, its steam will be applied to you (where you have the bruise or <spn>golpe</spn>). \psa <na>Ye:rbah de o:lpeh</na> : Si caiste fuerte, su vapor se te aplica para calentarte (en el lugar del golpe). \nse Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant although he does not know it, nor would be able to recognize it. He thought is was a type of <na>xiwtli</na>. Apparently this is because this plant is more commonly referred to as <na>ye:rbah de bese:rroh</na> in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivao ye:rbah de bese:rroh \nct xiwtli \ref 02454 \lxa samach \lxac samach kón \lxo semach \lxoc sa: semach \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv \se so indeed \ss asíde veras \pna Samach tewa! \pea So indeed it was you! \psa ¡Asíque fuiste tú! \seo (<no>sa:</no> ~ [verb]) every moment \sso (<no>sa:</no> ~ [verbo]) a cada rato \pno Sa: semach tlakwa. \peo He eats very often. \pso Come muy seguido. \xrb san mach \nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec <na>samach</na> and Oapan <no>semach</no> appears to be <n>san</n> plus <n>mach</n> although the relation of this derivation to the meaning of phrases like Oapan <no>sa: semach</no> is not entirely clear. More examples of use and meaning will need to be obtained. \nde RS lists under <n>mach</n>, <n>çan mach</n> 'nada más', <n>tla</n> ximo-cahuacan,çan mach an-tlatoa (Car.), 'acabad, no hacéis más que hablar.' \qry Check whether this is always used with /sa:/ in both villages. \ref 02455 \lxa te:pa:ktih \lxac te:pa:ktih \lxo te:pa:htih \lxoc te:pa:htih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be pleasing; to make people happy \ss ser agradable; ser algo que da placer o gusto \xrb pa:ki \vl Check devoicing of vowel. \ref 02456 \lxa koko:hli \lxac i:koko:l \lxo kókohlí \lxoc nó:kó:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes \sea (as vocative: <na>koko:l</na>) 'grandfather'; term of address used with ones grandfather and great-grandfather, as well as the same relatives in relationship to ones spouse, or the father and grandfather of ones godparents \ssa (como vocativo: <na>koko:l</na>) 'abuelo'; término para dirigirse al abuelo o bisabuelo de uno o de su coyuge, y al padre o abuelo del padrino o madina de uno) \sea (arc.: <na>koko:l</na>) address term that Ameyaltepequeños formerly used to an elder man of the village \ssa (arc.: <na>koko:l</na>) término que anteriormente Ameyaltepequeños usaban para dirigirse a ciudadanos de mayor edad \se grandfather \ss abuelo \xrb ko:l \encyctmp kin and fictive kin \nse Note that although Ameyaltepequeños used to use <na>koko:l</na> as a term of greeting for elder men of the village (as <nt>tió</nt> in San Juan and <no>ma:noh</no> in Oapan), it is now no longer used, having been replaced by <na>we:weh</na>. In Oapan, however, one may also use the 1st-person possessed form <no>nó:kó:l</no> as a greeting, e.g., <no>ka:n tiaw nó:kó:l</no> (note the reduction of the reduplicant on the light syllable of the prefix). Finally, an important point to consider will be the degree to which the term <na>koko:hli</na> or <no>kókó:hli</no> is extended in different villages, both among real and fictive kin/ \sj Elicit San Juan form. \ref 02457 \lxa tlanxi:pe:wi \lxac tlanxi:pe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to grin (lit. 'for ones teeth to become uncovered') \ssa sonreirse bonachonamente (lit., 'pelarsele los dientes a') \pna Xkaman tlanxi:pe:wi. \pea He never breaks into a smile. \psa Nunca se sonrí e. \syno i:xwe:wetska \xrb tlan \xrb xi:p \dis xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi \ref 02458 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry, for /Ina:k Tsopi:lo:tl/, is now in the toponymic database. \dt 30/Jan/2002 \ref 02459 \lxa ke:chkitsi:n \lxac ke:chkitsi:n \lxo ke:chkitsi:n \lxoc ke:chkitsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-int \se how much? \ss ¿cuánto? \pna Ke:chkitsi:n? Xne:chihli! \pea How much? (e.g., should I serve you of a particular food). Tell me! \psa ¿Cuánto (p. ej., al estar ofreciendo o sirviendo a algn)?¡Díme! \se (~ <na>ka</na> / <no>ya</no> [quality such as weight, thickness, etc.]) how [quality] is it? \ss (~ <na>ka</na> / <no>ya</no> [calidad como peso, grosor, etc.])¿quétan [calidad] es? \pna Nikneki nikmatis ke:chkitsi:n ika yetí:k. \pea I want to know how heavy it is. \psa Quiero saber quétan pesado es. \pna Ke:chkitsi:n ika weyak? \pea How long is it? \psa ¿Quétan largo es? \cfa ke:ski \cfao ke:ch \xrb ke:ch \qry Continue to inquire how one can ask questions in comparatives: how long? how hot is it? (?ke:chkitsi:n ika to:na?). Also, how big? how short? how fast? etc. (?ke:chkitsi:n ika tlaksa)? \grm Problems of etymology: It would be interesting to be able to explain the presence of /-ki/ here, as opposed to *ke:chtsi:n. \vl Use second, last token of Inocencio. \ref 02460 \lxa tewa:ki \lxac tewa:ki \lxo tewa:ki \lxoc tewa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(k) \se to lose weight; to become thin (an animate being) \ss adelgazar; quedar flaco o enflaquecer (un ser animado) \xrb tewa: \dis tewa:ki; kana:wi \nse <na>Te:wa:hki</na> seems to refer exclusively to a physical state of animate beings, never to inanimate objects. It is not entirely clear that the stem <na>te:wa:k</na> derives from <nr>wa:k</nr> although at least provisionally this is the analysis that has been adopted. \rt Discuss relationship of /tewa:ki/ to /wa:ki/ and the possibility that the"root"/tewa:/ is related through an intensifier to /wa:/ 'dry.' \vl Note that Inocencio mispronounces his first utterance before the complete, correct final round. He mistakenly says /tewa:hki/ for /tewa:ki/. Don't use /tewa:hki/ but tag with number 597. \ref 02461 \lxa tsi:nkekex \lxac tsi:nkekex \lxo tsi:nkekex \lxoc tsi:nkekex \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se person who likes to have a lot of fund (e.g., big dancer; person who likes to dance a lot) \ss persona a quien le gusta mucho divertirse (p. ej., bailar) \se person with a lot of lovers \ss persona con muchos amantes \xrb tsi:n \xrb kex \nae The final /x/ in Oapan <no>tsi:nkekexkia</no> is the expected form. Most occurrences of the stem meaning 'itch' is with a final /x/. The only exceptions noted so far are the present form from Ameyaltepec, <na>tsi:nkekech</na> and <na>kekechka:po:ni</na>, which has a participial form. The presence of /ch/ in both these lexemes needs to be checked, but if confirmed would demonstrate the occasional reinterpretation of final and underlying /x/ to underlying {ch}. \qry Check for any other meaning. I seem to remember that it may be used to indicate someone who is"alegre,"i.e., someone who likes to have a good time in a sexual way. Cf. \qry Elicit Oa plural and make sure to define. \rt Their are various words that end include the sequence <n>kekex</n>, <n>kekech</n>, or <n>kekel</n>. All seem to be related in some way. The two words which show a syllable-final /ch/ both deal with energetic and celebratory activities: <nla>kekechka:po:ni</nla> 'to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun' and <na>tsi:nkekech</na> 'big dancer; person who likes to dance a lot.' There is also <na>kekextli</na>, usually in the diminutive, meaning 'live wire; party-goer; one who is a barrel of fun; full of energy.' Here it is possible to assume that the /x/ results from underlying {ch} before /tl/. Note also that all but one of the words that have syllable-final /x/ have to do with itchiness and are related to <nla>kekexkia</nla>. Nevertheless, note that <nla>kekexioh</nla>, with <n>kex</n> and not <n>kech</n> means 'party-goer; one who is a barrel of fun; full of energy' which is the meaning associated elsewhere with <n>kech</n> and not <n>kex</n>, relating to itchiness. The fact that <na>kekexioh </na> means 'party-goer' (cf. <na>tsi:nkekech</na>) and not 'itchiness' suggests that there is a close connection between <nr>kex</nr> and <nr>kech(2)</nr>. \ref 02462 \lxa se:pa:ntla:lia \lxac nose:pa:ntla:lia \lxo se:pa:ntla:lia \lxoc kise:pa:ntla:lia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sit down together; to gather together in a meeting \ss (refl.) sentarse juntos; juntarse en una reunión \pna Nose:pa:ntla:li:lo:s. \pea There will be a meeting (i.e., people will come together). \psa Va a haber una junta (esto es, la gente se va a reunir) \se to place together (what was scattered); to mix or put together (e.g., things such as the ingredients for bread) \ss juntar (lo que estaba regado); mezclar o juntar (p. ej., cosas que se juntan para hacer algo, como los ingredientes para pan) \xrb se: \xrb tla:l \xrb pa:n \nse Although I had documented the definition of 'to place together...' from Ameyaltepec, from the comments of Cristino Flores it appears that for this meaning <nla>sentla:lia</nla> is used and <na>se:pantla:lia</na> is reserved for human objects. \dis sentla:lia; se:pantla:lia \qry Determine whether there is a word -pantla:lia, as in kipantla:lia. Determine whether /se:pantla:lia/ can be used with inanimate objects such as occurs with /sentla:lia/. \vl Use 2nd token from Florencia, note first, because of the more accurrate vowel pronunciation of the second. \ref 02463 \lxa cha:nwia \lxac kicha:nwia \lxo cha:wia \lxof [cha: 'wi a] \lxoc kicha:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to pay a call on (particularly at a home, in order to make a request or present some information, to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular). \ss visitar a; hacer una visita a (particularmente a una casa, para pedir algo o comunicar o informar sobre algo en particular). \pna O:kicha:nwi:ton. \pea They went to pay him a visit (in this case to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular). \psa Fueron a visitarlo (para pedirle algo o un favor, para informar sobre algo en particular). \xrb cha:n \nae In this as in many other cases, Oapan Nahuatl shows a loss of /n/. It appears here (and other instances will need to be checked) that there might be some compensatory lengthening for the lost nasal segment. Only precise accoustical measurements of vowel length after loss of /n/ will determine this to any degree of certainty. \grm Oapan phonology: note the loss of /n/ n>0. \ref 02464 \lxa tlako:hke:tl \lxac tlako:hke:tl \lxo tlako:hke:tl \lxoc tlako:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se buyer \ss comprador \xrb ko:wa \ref 02465 \lxa to:ko:nwia \lxac kito:ko:nwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to plant (a field) with a digging stick (and not with a plow) \ssa sembrar (un terreno) con un coa (y no con yunta) \pna Kito:ko:nwia, xi:ka bwe:yeh to:ka, san ika to:ko:ni. \pea He plants it (a field) with a digging stick, he doesn't plant with a team of oxen, just with a stick. \psa Lo siembra (un terreno) con una coa, no con bueyes, solamente con una coa. \xrb to:ka \encyctmp mi:hli \nse According to Pánfilo Lorenzo, <na>to:ko:nwia</na> also refers to the action of going over a field tilled with a plow and using a digging stick (<nla>to:ko:ni</nla>) to plant a seed in places where the seeds sowed the first time (with a plow) did not sprout. By this time the land has hardened and one cannot replant simply by using ones foot. Note that in Oapan the verb <na>to:ko:nwia</na> does not exist. Instead, one would say simply <no>kito:ka sa ya to:kontli</no> (i.e., <no>kito:ka san i:ka to:kontli</no>). \grm Oapan phonology; orthography. In Oapan the verb <na>to:ko:nwia</na> does not exist. Instead, one would say simply <no>kito:ka sa ya to:kontli</no> (i.e., <no>kito:ka san i:ka to:kontli</no>). Note that in /kito:ka sa ya to:kontli/ the actual pronunciation is /kito:ka sayan to:kontli/. I think that the best analysis here is that the underlying sequence is /san i:ka/ but that as in many cases n>0 / __ #. There is another rule, 0>n / __ # C(+dental?). The nature of the consonant that motivates /n/ insertion is not clear and should be determined from actual texts. \ref 02466 \lxa tla:lmotsi:ni \lxo tla:lmotsi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se see <nlao>tla:lmo:motsi:ni</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tla:lmo:motsi:ni</nlao> \xrb tla:l \xrb motsi: \ref 02467 \lxa ka:wilia \lxac kika:wilia \lxo ka:wilia \lxoc kika:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (~ [ <nao>ma</nao> + VP]) to allow (sb) to [VP]; to permit that (sb [O] does [VP]) \ss (~ [ <nao>ma</nao> + VP]) permitir; dejar que (algn haga algo) \pna Xne:chka:wili ma nikwi:ka! \pea Let me take it away! \psa ¡Déjame llevarlo! \se (with directional affix) to leave or drop (sth [SO]) off for \ss (con afijo direccional) dejar (algo [OS]) para \pna Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow. \pea Here I have come to leave off for you 'Our Mother Maize.' \psa Aquíte he venido a dejar 'Nuestra Madre Maíz'. \cfao ka:wilite:wa \xrb ka:wa \xv2a tlaka:wilia; tlakaka:wilia; te:ka:wilia \xv2o tlaka:wilia; tlá:ka:wília; te:ka:wilia \xvbao ka:wa \qry I have the following sentence on a filecard that might be in error: /xne:chte:ka:wilia diyós para ma nitlayo:wi:s/ 'God does not permit (allow) me to suffer' (i.e., God does not abandon me so that I suffer)."I have not entered this in the example sentences because with the trivalent /-ka:wilia/ I would expect the object to be inanimate (i.e., the thing that is permitted, or not permitted, as in /xnote:ka:wilia/ 'it is not allowed'). Thus I would have expected /xne:chka:wilia diyó:s para ma nitlayo:wi:s/. This should be checked and the proper entry/phrase put into the lexicon. Also check /to:naka:yow/ and make sure it is not /to:naka:yo/. \ref 02468 \lxa cho \lxac cho tlakwatok \lxo cho \lxoa chi \lxoc cho nika:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se very \ss muy \pno Cho nika:ntsi:n. \peo It is very close. \pso Estámuy cerca. \se (~ [verb; often progressive] just (i.e., to be just doing [verb] and nothing else); simply (doing [verb] and nothing else) \ss (~ [verb; often progressive] simplemente (esto es, estar simplemente [verbo]); nomás; pasarsela [verbo] \pna Nochipa cho tlake:nxixi:ntok \pea Clothes are just dropping off of it all the time (in this case the <nbao>kohxio:tl</nbao>, a tree with peeling bark, as mentioned in a riddle). \psa Nomás se le está tirando ropa todo el tiempo (en este caso el <nbao>kohxio:tl</nbao>, unárbol con cáscara que se pela, como se menciona en una adivinanza). \pna Cho titlakwatok wa:n ne: a:kin iwa:n titekiti, yewameh ye tekipano:tokeh. \pea You are just totally involved in eating and there your work partners, they are already working. \psa Nada más te la pasas comiendo, y allá tus compañeros de trabajo, ellos ya están trabajando. \pna Cho ye:watoya, wa:n o:wets. \pea He was just sitting there (minding his business), and he fell over. \psa Estaba no más sentado, y se cayó. \pna San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t. \pea He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child), he has sibling rivalry. \psa Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño), tiene chípil. \se (~ [adjectival]) almost; nearly [adjectival] \ss (~ [adjectival]) casi; aproximadamente; un poquito [adjectival] \pna San cho kostiktsi:n. \pea It's just a little yellowish (i.e., sth like palm that is white but has a yellow tint, not really yellow). \psa Es solamente algo amarillo (p. ej., algo como la palma que es blanca pero que tiene un matiz amarillo, pero no es amarillo de a deveras) \xrb cho \nse <na>Cho</na> is often pronounced with the back vowel [u]. \qry Both the derivation and the precise meaning are uncertain. Above I have it indicating to be doing nothing but X (action signified by the verb). Phrase is from a riddle. Perhaps it signifies to be doing something like (but not actually) X. Check definition of /cho/ i.e. whether it is 'something like', 'really', etc. I.e. is it an intensifier or better understood as referring to something which is like X but not \grm Diminutive: /tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ in the phrase from Oapan: /cho nika:ntsi:n/. 'It is really quite close.' \ref 02469 \lxa tlake:npani \lxac i:tlake:npani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-PM \der PM \infn N1 \se blouse that goes over another, worn by married women (syn. /sa:koh/) \ss blusa que va encima de otra (sinón. /sa:koh/) \pna Yewa isa:koh, itlake:npani. \pea It is her <spn>saco,</spn>, it is an overgarment. \psa Es su"saco,"es la ropa (blusa) que pone sobre otra. \se clothing that goes over other clothing (e.g., a man's shirt that goes over another) \ss ropa que se pone sobre otra ropa (p. ej., una camisa que se pone sobre una playera) \cfao kwe:pani \xrb ke:m \xrb pani \encyctmp clothes \nae Original notes for this word show /n/, not /m/, before the bilabial /p/. Although this needs to be checked, in general it does appear that Balsas Nahuatl does not always show assimilation of nasals to the point of articulation of a following stop. For a discussion of word division, see <nlao>kwe:pani</nlao>. \qry For word division, get plural. \ref 02470 \lxa a:katl \lxac a:katl \lxo a:katl \lxoc a:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se reed; cane \ss carrizo \se (<na>tsatsi</na> ~) for there to be a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (<spn>música de viento</spn>) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession \ss (<na>tsatsi</na> ~) haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado que lleva pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia \pna Tli:no:n o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl? \pea What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread, and chocolate? \psa ¿Quése dijo?¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate? \pna Pero nikneki tsatsis a:katl! \pea But I want there to be a grand wedding (i.e., the type of wedding called <nla>xo:chitlai:hli</nla>, with musicians, bread, and chocolate)! \psa ¡Pero quiero una boda grande (esto es, el tipo boda llamada <nla>xo:chitlai:hli</nla>, con músicos, pan y chocolate)! \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb a:ka \encyctmp bodas \nse <na>Tsatsi a:katl</na> refers to the fanciest wedding, in which musicians are contracted, and bread and chocolate consumed. These weddings are also referred to by the impersonal verb <nla>xo:chitlai:lo</nla> or the nominalization <nla>xo:chitlai:hli</nla>. Whereas there were still a few of these weddings in Ameyaltepec in the early 1980s they have gradually come to an end, being replaced by the borrowed customs of the dominant Spanish society. \cpl Under <spn>carrizo</spn>, Schoenhals (1988) writes:"1. (<i>Arundo donax</i>) '[type of] bamboo,' giant reed.' 2. (<i>Phragmites communis</i>) 'reed grass,' 'cane'; a cane used for house roofing in Chiapas. 3. (<i>Bambusa vulgaris</i>) 'bamboo.' See <spn>bambú.</spn> Under <spn>bambú</spn>, Schoenhals simply notes the scientific name again, <i>Bambusa vulgaris</i>, while mentioning that these are of the hollow stem varieties, also called <spn>carrizo</spn>. \ref 02471 \lxa tili:nki \lxac tili:nki \lxo tili:nki \lxoc tili:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se tight or tightened (e.g., clothes on a person's body, a saddle on an animal, a bag or sack stuffed full, etc.) \ss apretado; ajustado (p. ej., ropa sobre el cuerpo, una silla sobre un animal, un costal muy lleno, etc.) \pna Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! \pea Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! \psa ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., un cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura está muy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)! \seo in a tight curve \sso en una curva apretada \pno Tili:nki notsonto:ka. \peo It (a bird) dives down at a sharp angle. \pso Se tira hacia abajo (una ave en vuelo) en unángulo cerrado. \xrb tili: \nae The construction <na>Ma nimokaxa:ni</na> manifests a pattern of transitivity alternation with reflexives that is not uncommon, where a reflexive creates a sort of applicative meaning. An identical process can be observed with <nlao>koto:na</nlao> and a phrase such as <na>o:nokoto:n moburroh</na> 'your donkey snapped loose (breaking its teather).' \grm Note that when talking to FM and IJ they would repeatedly use /tili:ntok/ and not /tili:nki/ even though they said both were the same. However, when IJ uttered /tili:nki xtsa:lo/ it appeared that this might be some difference. I.e., that /tili:ntok/ is a resultative or stative while /tili:nki/ could be a modifier. Note also that the following words were used /tili:nka:sa:lowa/ and /tlakotili:nia/. \grm Applicative; valency: The construction <na>Ma nimokaxa:ni</na> manifests a pattern of transitivity alternation with reflexives that is not uncommon, where a reflexive creates a sort of applicative meaning. An identical process can be observed with <nlao>koto:na</nlao> and a phrase such as <na>o:nokoto:n moburroh</na> 'your donkey snapped loose (breaking its teather).' \ref 02472 \lxa iya:nilia \lxac kiya:nilia \lxo i:ya:nilia \lxoc ki:ya:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to hide for or from \ss esconderle a o de \pna O:ne:chiya:nilih itomi:n. \pea He hid his money from me (e.g., ones child, or partner perhaps, so that I would not find it). \psa Me escondiósu dinero (p. ej., el niño o socio de algn, para que no lo encuentre). \xrb i:ya:na \xvbao i:ya:na \qry Check for maintenance of /i/ after /tla-/ in Oapan. Also check other various forms. \ref 02473 \lxa cha:ntla:kah \lxac nocha:ntla:kah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \se male fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) \ss paisano (un hombre del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) \pna Nocha:ntla:kah, no: nika:n icha:n. \pea He is my fellow citizen, his home is also here. \psa El es mi paisano, también es de aquí. \syno cha:ni:hihni:htli \cfa cha:nsowah \xrb cha:n \xrb tla:ka \cfa cha:nsowah \nse Possessed forms such as <na>nocha:ntla:kaw</na> are not used given the sense of possessed <na>tla:katl</na> as 'lover' (e.g., <na>notla:kaw</na> 'my man/boyfriend'). For the same reason the plural possessed form is with the borrowed Spanish morpheme <i>-s</i> : <na>nocha:ntla:kas</na> and not ? <na>nocha:ntla:kawa:n</na>. In Oapan, apparently because of the connotations of <n>tla:kah</n>, the form <na>cha:ntla:kah</na> is not used. Rather one finds <nlo>cha:nihni:w</nlo>. \qry Apparently /-cha:nsowah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/? FM stated that /i:cha:ntla:kah/ sounds bad, apparently referring to the fact that it is often used to indicate a lover. \ref 02474 \lxa tamahli \lxac tamahli \lxo tamahli \lxoc tamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se generic name for tamal \ss nombre genérico para el tamal \se dolls of boiled <nla>tixtli</nla> used in the ceremony called <nla>te:tlakaka:wilistli</nla> \ss muñecas de masa hervida utilizadas en la ceremonia llamada <nla>te:tlakaka:wilistli</nla> \sem food-maize \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli; check FM's tapes. \nse To date, the following types of tamal have been documented: (see individual entries for a discussion of each): <nla>a:yotamahli</nla> or <nlo>á:yutamáhli</nlo>, <nlao>chi:ltamahli</nlao>, <nla>tamahli de kuwnextli</nla> or <nlo>tlikonextamahli</nlo>, <nla>tamahli de telolotsi:n</nla> or <nlo>tamaltelolotsi:n</nlo>, <nla>tetamahli</nla> or <nla>tatamahli</nla>, <nla>xokotamahli</nla>, <nlao>ye:lo:tamahli</nlao>, <nlo>iskitamahli</nlo>, <nla>tamahli de papatlaxtsitsi:nteh</nla> and <nlao>yetamahli</nlao>. See also <nla>yo:ltamalteh</nla>. \ref 02475 \lxa araba:toh \lxac araba:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan garabato \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea curved (used to refer to machetes) \ssa encorvado (aplicado a machetes) \pna Mache:teh araba:toh. \pea It is a curved machete. \psa Es un machete encurvado. \cfa mache:teh \ref 02476 \lxa nelowilia \lxac kinelowilia \lxo nelowilia \lxoc kinelowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to stir for; to mix for \ss batir para; revolver para \pna Xne:cha:lnelowili na:to:l! \pea Reach over here and stir my atole for me! \psa ¡Báteme mi atole (al estirarte hacia acá)! \xrb nel \xvbao nelowa \nse Like the base verb <nlao>nelowa</nlao>, the applicative form preceded by the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> has a vulgar sense, referring to sexual intercourse. The subject of such constructions is male and the primary object female, e.g., <na>kitlanelowilia</na> 'he screws her.' \ref 02477 \lxa tlayo:lmaka \lxac kitlayo:lmaka \lxo tlayo:lmaka \lxoc kitlayo:lmaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \se to give maize to eat to (an animal, generally mammals) \ss darle maíz para comer a (un animal, generalmente mamíferos) \pna Kitlayo:lmaka imulah, kitekipano:lti:s a:man xo:pantlah. \pea He feeds his mule maize, he will work him (in the fields) this summer. \psa Le da de comer maíz a su mula, la va a trabajar (en el campo) este verano. \xrb o:ya \xrb maka \ref 02478 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /a:yekaxtsi:n/ as an alternate pronunciation of /a:yakaxtsi:n/. However, it is not used and has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02479 \lxa kwitlapanka:xiwi \lxac *kwitlapanka:xiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones back to give in (curving under a weight) \ssa rendirsele la espalda a (algn, pandeándose bajo un peso) \cfo ka:xowa \xrb kwitla \xrb ka:x \xrl -pan \nse In Oapan an equivalent semantic sense is communicated by the verb <no>ka:xowa</no> with the intensifying prefix <n>te-</n>, e.g.,. <no>noteka:xowa</no>. \qry Check for transitive form, which undoubtedly exists, and obtain example sentences. \ref 02480 \lxa chokola:teh \lxaa chikola:teh \lxac chokola:teh \lxo chokola:teh \lxoc chokola:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>chikola:tl</n> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem food \se chocolate (candy) \ss chocolate (dulce de) \xrb chikol \nae The lexemes in this entry are back-borrowings from Spanish. They refer only to chocolate in the hard form, not liquid, for which <nlao>chikola:tl</nlao> is used. \ref 02481 \lxa tlatsatsakwalo:ni \lxac tlatsatsakwalo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \se ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as <spn>elotes</spn> and tamales are cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the <na>tlatsatsakwalo:ni</na> often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle \ss plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se está cocinando con vapor cosas como elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los <na>tlatsatsako:ni</na> a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio \sem tool-cook \equiva tlatsatsako:ni \equivo tlá:tsekó:ni \xrb tsakwa \nse The original notes gave Ameyaltepec <na>tlatsatsakwalo:ni</na> and <na>tlatsatsako:ni</na> as synonymous while stating that the former is much more common. However, in Oapan the equivalent form, <nlo>tlá:tsekó:ni</nlo>, is a version of the latter. \ref 02482 \lxa tlachichi:wa \lxac tlachichi:wa \lxo tlá:chí:wa \lxop tlá:chi:wa \lxoc tlá:chí:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der Vb-2 \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se to cause a pregnancy (particularly an animal as agent, though humans can also be subjects of <na>tlachi:wa</na>); to become pregnant (a woman or female animal) \ss ser la causa de un embarazo (particularmente un animal como agente, aunque también un hombre); quedarse embarazada (una mujer o hembra de animal) \xrb chi:wa \xbtlao chi:wa \nae The Ameyaltepec form is simply the transitive verb <na>chi:wa</na> with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. In Oapan, on the other hand, the same meaning is conveyed through a reduplicated verb stem, reduced onto the previous light syllable of <n>tla-</n>. \ref 02483 \lxa o:ilia \lxac ko:ilia \lxo o:ilia \lxoc ko:ilia; kó:iliá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to shell (maize, with an <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> or <nlo>teo:lo:tl</nlo>) for \ss desgranar (maíz, con un <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> o <nlo>teo:lo:tl</nlo>) para \pna O:ne:xtlao:ilikeh nokone:wa:n. \pea My children shelled (maize) for me. \psa Mis hijos desgranaron para mí. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to shell (maize, by hand) for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desgranar (maíz) para \xrb o:ya \xvbao o:ya \nae In both the base form <nao>o:ya</nao> and the applicative form <nao>o:ilia</nao>, reduplication is used to indicate shelling by hand, and nonreduplicated form is used to indicate shelling by a tool made of corncobs tightly bound together. However, it is not yet clear how the reduplication manifests itself. For the base verb, for example, Ameyaltepec <na>tlatlao:ya</na> is realized in Oapan as <na>tlaó:ya</na> (in other words, the reduplication in Ameyaltepec is of the nonspecific prefix, in Oapan of the vowel-initial verbal stem). Unfortunately for the applicative the nature of reduplication in Ameyaltepec has not yet been determined. For Oapan it remains, as with the base verb, reduplication of the vowel-initial stem. \vl Make sure the sequence /ko:ilia/ /kó:iliá/ is uttered, first these two words by the female, then by the male. Note that on the sound tape the first set of four is the first pronunciation, the second set of four is the second (reduplicated with pitch-accent) pronunciation. Probably the sound files of two words will have to be joined together for each speaker before linking to the lexicon. \ref 02484 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be Am /tepa:ntok/ and Oa /tehpa:ntok/ It is a duplicate of 5857 and has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02485 \lxa ichpo:xtli \lxac ichpo:xtli \lxo ichpo:xtli \lxoc ichpo:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old \ss jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad \pna Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s. \pea She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon. \psa Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas. \sem age \syna ichpokawah \syno ichpakawah \xrb chpo:ch \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \ref 02486 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl \lxo i:xté:mpá:ya:tl \lxoc i:xté:mpá:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se see <nla>i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n</nla> \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \nae The Oapan form of this lexeme manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun <no>i:xte:n</no>, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive <n>-tsi:n</n> is added there is rightward shift: <nlo>i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n</nlo>. \grmx Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form of this lexeme (/i:xté:mpá:yatl/) manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun <no>i:xte:n</no>, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive <n>-tsi:n</n> is added there is rightward shift: <nlo>i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n</nlo>. The reason why certain heavy syllables accept reduction of the reduplicant is not clear. Perhaps in these cases it is the maintenance of the nasal that marks"extra length."Or perhaps these are lexically specific terms. More work needs to be done. \ref 02487 \lxa pilowa \lxac kipilowa \lxo pilowa \lxoc kipilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to hang; to hang up \ss colgar \pna Xpilo ne:! \pea Hang it up there! \psa ¡Cuélgalo allí! \pna Xpilo, ma:ka san chapa:ntos \pea Hang it up, don't let it just be hanging down on the ground (e.g., sth long that stretches out over the ground)! \psa ¡Cuélgalo, no lo vayas a dejar tirado sobre el suelo (p. ej., algo largo que queda estirado por el suelo)! \se to throw a birthday party for \ss festejar el cumpleaños de \pna Xwa:hla i:n to:nahli, newa ne:chpilo:skeh! \pea Come on this day, they are gonig to throw a birthday party for me! \psa ¡Venga este día, me van a festejar mi cumpleaños! \se (refl.) to pull down hard (e.g., on a strap that needs tightening, or on sth that needs to be pulled out, snapped, etc.) \ss (refl.) jalar fuertemente (p. ej., sobre un tirante o soga que se necesita apretar, o para desprender o reventar algo, etc.) \pna Xmopilo, kaxa:nki! \pea Pull down hard, it's loose! \psa ¡Jala fuerte, está flojo! \se (refl.) to hang back; to be reluctant (to do sth, go somewhere, etc.) \ss (refl.) colgarse; ser poco inclinado o indispuesto (a hacer algo, a ir a algún lado, etc.) \pna Ti:roh timopilowa. Kas titlatsiwi, xtia:sneki. \pea You really hang back. Is it that you're feeling lazy, that you don't want to go? \psa Te estás colgando.¿Seráque te sientes flojo, que no quieres ir? \se (refl.) to hang straight down, perpendicular to the ground \ss (refl.) colgarse, perpendicularmente al suelo \pna I:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh, nopilowa ipan kohtli. \pea [The vine called] <nba>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</nba> hangs straight down from trees. \psa Desde losárboles [la enredadera llamada] <nba>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</nba> se cuelga hacia la tierra. \se (refl. + <nlao>a:tl</nlao>) to rain heavily \ss (refl. + <nlao>a:tl</nlao>) llover fuertemente \pna O:pe:w nopilowa a:tl. \pea It's begun to rain heavily. \psa Empezó a llover fuertemente. \sem motion \xrb pil \xvaao pilowilia \xv1ao tlapilowa \qry Check meaning of /nopilowa a:tl/ meaning 'to rain heavily' and determine whether the 'heavily' is indeed accurrate. \grm Nondefinite object deletion: With <n>tla-</n>, the verb <na>pilowa</na> refers to various actions (e.g., making <na>totopos</na> and hanging hooks on stakes placed in shallow water. In regard to <na>totopos</na> (a sweet, thin toasted tortilla made for Santa Cruz), the verb refers to how they are made. The <na>masa</na> is ground very thin on a metate and then pushed off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted. The verb <na>pilowa</na> is apparently used because the <na>masa</na> is pushed till it is made to hang off the edge of the <spn>metate</spn>. Note the use of /tla-/ here with several noncontextualized meanings. \ref 02488 \lxa totomi \lxac totomi \lxo tótomí \lxop totomi \lxoc tótomí \psm V1 \der V1-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se see <nla>tomi</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tomi</nla> \xrb tom \qry Determine best entry for this word and all related forms: with reduplication or without. \ref 02489 \lxa koxtlatsiwi \lxac koxtlatsiwi \lxo koxtlatsiwi \lxoc koxtlatsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to feel lazy because of sleepiness (often because of having just woken up) \ss sentir flojera por el sueño (particularmente por haberse apenas despertado) \pna Koxtlatsiwi. Kemech o:isak. Ok tlatsiwtok, xkwahli o:koxtlan. \pea He is feeling lazy from the effects of sleep. He just woke up. He's still feeling lazy, he didn't get enough sleep. \psa Siente flojera por el sueño. Apenas se despertó. Todavía siente flojera, no terminóde dormir bien. \pna Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok. \pea I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking). \psa No te contesté en lo afirmativo porque siento flojera por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices). \xrb kochi \xrb tlats \qry With /tlatsiwi/ unclear whether this should be considered a basic verb, obtain in elicitation transitive form. \mod For purposes of analysis, parsing, certain verb forms should be given additional stems for participial forms. One such verb is /kochi/, which enters into compounds with /koch-/. \ref 02490 \lxa mihka:tsontekomatl \lxac mihka:tsontekomatl \lxo mihka:tsontekomatl \lxoc mihka:tsontekomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se skull (of humans) \ss calavera (de seres humanos) \xrb miki \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics The surface realization of the underlying {kk} of the participial verb form needs acoustic analysis. I would have expected an aspiration [ihka:], but this does not seem to be the case. Rather, the acoustics seem more that of a double stop. Check and add notes here. \vl Use second token of female. \ref 02491 \lxa pi:tsowa \lxac kipi:tsowa \lxo pi:tsowa \lxoc kipi:tsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to narrow or partly close (an opening, such as that of a bag, sack, etc.); to congest or block the way through; to make smaller (a passageway, tunnel, or opening where things pass through) \ss hacer más angosto (una apertura, como la de un saco o costal, etc.); congestionar o estorbar; hacer más cerrado (un paso, tunel o apertura por donde pasan cosas) \pna Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli. \pea They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path had passed through a wide opening in a stone fence). Everything (e.g., the opening) had become narrower, it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through). \psa No lo vieron luego (en este caso la apertura por donde pasaba una senda de un lado al otro de una cerca de piedra). Todo (esto es, la apertura) había quedado más estrecho, se había derrumbado (la cerca), el camino quedóhecho más angosto. \pna Tlapi:tsowan un burros. \pea Those donkeys block the way (in this case leaving only a narrow space for other to pass through on a road). \psa Estorban esos burros (en este caso dejando solamente un espacio angosto donde la gente que camina por una senda puede pasar). \se to take in (clothes such as pants at the waist, or shirts around the body) \ss meter para reducir la talla de (p. ej., un pantalón por la cintura, una camisa, etc.) \pna Kipi:tso:s ikoton pa:mpa ke:n koya:wak. Ma pi:tsiwi. \pea He will take in his shirt because it's too loose. It needs to be taken in. \psa Va a meterle a su camisa, es muy holgada. Debe ser más apretada. \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to narrow (the space between rows, such as furrows in a plowed field) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer más angosto (el espacio entre filas como los surcos de un campo de sembrar) \pna O:kimpipi:tsoh surkos. Kokoya:hkeh katkan, a:man ka, a:man o:kimpipi:tsoh. \pea He narrowed the furrows. They were wide and far apart (e.g., from plowing during a previous year), now they aren't, he narrowed them (by plowing closer together this year). \psa Hizo los surcos más angostos. Estaban muy abiertos (de haber sido arado así en años anteriores), ahora no lo son, los hizo más angostos (o cerrados). \sem distort-shape \xrb pi:ts \dis tso:lowa; pi:tsowa \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: The length of the /i:/ in this verb stem is unusually long and this word could well serve as a paradigmatic example of vowel lenght, particularly if compared to another verb with a /pits/ sequence and a short /i/ vowel. \grm Reduplication; pluralization: Pluralization of objects of transitive verbs often involves reduplication of the verbal stem. The phrase /O:kimpipi:tsoh surkos. Kokoya:hkeh katkan, a:man ka, a:man o:kimpipi:tsoh/ 'He narrowed the furrows. They were wide and far apart (e.g., from plowing during a previous year), now they aren't, he narrowed them (by plowing closer together this year)' illustrates this. The reduplication apparently reflects the fact that this is a repeated action, that it is only by plowing back and forth that the furrows are narrowed, one after another. \ref 02492 \lxa tlayeka:nke:tl \lxac tlayeka:nke:tl \lxo tlayeka:nke:tl \lxoc tlayeka:nke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person, usually a small child, who walks as a guide or target in front of a team of oxen that are just being trained to follow the furrows when pulling a plow \ss persona, generalmente un niño pequeño, quien camina como guía directamente adelante de una yunta que apenas se está adiestrando para seguir los surcos al jalar el arado \seo type of village official, responsible for barrio tasks, in Oapan \sso tipo de servidor, que hay en cada barrio de Oapan \xrb yek \xrb a:na \encyctmp government \nse Only in Oapan is this term used to refer to a village official. \nae The form ? <n>tlayeka:nki</n> has not been documented. \qry Determine full range of meanings \vl Use second token of female speaker. \ref 02493 \lxa xo:chitemimihli \lxac xo:chitemimihli \lxo xo:chimimiltsi:n \lxoc xo:chimimiltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s; Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Am) \infn Stem 3 \se flower bud (of a plant) \ss capullo (de una planta o flor) \pna Ye kipia ixo:chitemimihlo. \pea It already has its flower bud. \psa Ya tiene su capullo. \sem plant \sem part \xrb xochi: \xrb mil \dis xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo; mimihlo; etc. \nse The unpossessed form of the headword, at least in Oapan, is often found in the diminutive. In this village another term, <nlo>mimihlo</nlo> is also often used, though the precise difference between the two terms, if there is one, is not yet clear. \ref 02494 \lxa i:xko:kopi \lxac i:xko:kopi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \sea to flicker or flutter (a light) \ssa centellear o fulgurar (una luz) \pna San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis. \pea It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't very bright. \psa Nada más está centelleando, ya no tiene mucho brillantez. \xrb i:x \xrb hkopi \nse In Oapan one finds <no>tlítlikwí</no> for 'to flicker or flutter (a light).' \qry Note that form entered is long reduplication. Check to see if non- reduplicated form exists: /i:xkopi/, or if short vowel reduplication occurs. \grm Re: Phonology: if an underlying /h/ exists in /hkopi/, then where does it go in /i:xkopi/. Re: reduplication of /ihCV/ words check possibilities of /ihCV(:)CV/, loss of /h/ etc. Check cognates in Oapan and San Juan. The problem here is of hC-initial verbal stems when there is an incorporated noun (cf. kalpixki and hpia). Evidence from Oapan and SJ is needed. However, from various sources it appears that initial verb-stem {h} deletes with CVC noun incorporation. \ref 02495 \lxa sentlamantli \lxac sentlamantli \lxo sentlamantli \lxoc sentlamantli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \se melancholy; sadness \ss melancolía; tristeza \pna Sentlamantli ika nemi, xonkah ika iyo:hlo. \pea He is melancholic and sad, he isn't content. \psa Estámelancólico y triste, no está contento. \pna Tle:ka sentlamantli? \pea Why is there sadness? (i.e., Why is he sad?) \psa ¿Por quéhay tristeza? (esto es,¿Por qué está triste?) \sem emotions \xrb sen \xrb man \nse <na>Sentlamantli</na> refers to a sadness that takes over a person who for one reason or another, perhaps from being scolded, appears sad and unhappy, thinking about something. Perhaps this"distanceness"is the basis for the etymology and meaning. Note that Molina glosses this word 'una cosa, un negocio, o una parte, o un par.' There is no indication here, or in other sources, of a basis for the present meaning in the Balsas area. Nevertheless, simple <nlao>tlamantli</nlao> is similar to the classical sense. \qry The etymology or basis for this meaning is unclear. \vl Check vowel length of initial /e/; it appears somewhat long in the Oapan examples, but if etymologically from /sen/, then it would be short. \grm Subordinator: /Sentlamantli i:ka nemi, xunkah i:ka i:yo:hlo/ 'He is melancholic and sad, he isn't content.' The syntax of the subordinate adverbial clauses is interesting in that it is very much like in Classical. The first clause is /sentlamantli ika nemi/ This seems very much like Classical in which /ic/ is used preverbally to indicate that the verbal predicate has an associated subordinate clause. This example should be used and compared to Classical syntax. The following clause shows a postverbal use of the subordinator: /xunkah ika iyo:hlo/ 'he isn't content (lit., 'with his heart'). \ref 02496 \lxa kompa:ltatli \lxac kompa:ltatli \lxo kompá:ltatlí \lxoc kompá:ltatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan compadre \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se godfather \ss padrino \xrb tah \nse Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, the stem of this term, <nao>kompa:ltah</nao> is not used as a vocative, for which <na>pa:pali:noh</na> is employed in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan the address term seems to be <no>ta:tah</no>. \qry Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:ltatli/. \ref 02497 \lxa ka:no:non \lxac ka:no:non \lxo ka:no:non \lxoa ka:no:noh \lxoc ka:no:noh, ka:no:non \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr \der Pr-indef \se where is it? (refering to the place at which an event might take place, etc.) \ss ¿dónde está ? (en referencia al lugar donde ubicación de un objeto material) \xrb ka:n \nse The difference between <nlao>ka:non</nlao>, <nao>ka:nono:n</nao>, and <nlao>katlih</nlao> needs more study. Apparently <nao>katlih</nao> is used to indicate the location of a movable material object, it is followed by a noun referencing such an object in a copular construction: <nao>katlih</nao> COPULA NOUN (e.g., <nao>Katli motlapech?</nao> 'Where is your bed?' On the other hand, <nao>ka:non</nao> is an interrogatory pronoun used before verbal predicates or before nouns that may be mobile or that indicate places where an event is the principal focus: <nao>Ka:non titlakwa:s?</nao> 'Where are you going to eat?' or <nao>Ka:non mocha:n?</nao> 'Where is your house?' Note that <nao>ka:non</nao> may also be used as a complementizer for complement taking verbs (e.g., <na>Xnihmati ka:non kitla:lia?</na> 'I don't know where he puts it?') <nao>Ka:nono:n</nao> (the length of the final vowel is uncertain) is written as one word though undoubtedly derived from <nao>ka:non</nao> and <nao>on</nao>. It refers back to the loc ation of something that has already been mentioned in the discourse. I have only heard it used in the present tense, so it may be considered a zero copular construction: <nao>ka:non</nao> COPULA <nao>on</nao> ? 'Where is it (lit. 'that')? Finally, <nao>ka:n</nao> is used in relative clause constructions. Note that a similar paradigm of relative clause marker, relative clause marker + <nao>on</nao>, and relative clause marker + <nao>on</nao> and <nao>on</nao> is found elsewhere (e.g, <nao>tli:n</nao>, <nao>tli:non</nao>, and <nao>tli:nono:n</nao>). \qry As with /akinono:n/ check length of final vowel. Also determine precise meaning (as opposed to /ka:non/) and whether these forms ending in /-ono:n/ should be given a separate entry. Also decide whether /o:n/ (or /on/) should be listed in the root field. Recheck length with program and measurement. \vl Check vowel length carefully. It is hard to determine. \ref 02498 \lxa -tlampa \lxac i:tlampa \lxo -tlampa \lxoc i:tlampa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se underneath \ss debajo de \pna Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin. \pea You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). \psa Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). \pna Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. \pea The <na>ma:se:kapochik</na>, it makes its home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered <na>tokatl</na>. \psa Los <na>ma:se:kapochik</na> viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran <na>tokatl</na>. \se at the base of (e.g., a tree) \ss en la base de (p. ej., unárbol) \xrl -tlan; -pa \dis tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa \grm Phonology: the recording of this by FM is preserved in the phonetics file as a particularly clear example of long initial /i:/. \grm Folklore: Note according to the example sentence that follows, the daddy-longlegs is not considered a spider: /Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia i:tlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl./. \ref 02499 \lxa Tsi:nkwalkaxtsi:n \lxac *Tsi:nkwalkaxtsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea constellation of about a dozen stars in the form of a small triangle, still not identified \ssa constelación de como una dozena de estrellas en forma de un pequeño triángulo, todavía no identificada \sem -es \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwalkax \encyctmp si:tlalin \qry Add definition of /tsi:nkwalkaxtli/, ?haunch? \ref 02500 \lxa tlayo:lpepenk:etl \lxac tlayo:lpepenke:tl \lxo tlayó:lpepénke:tl \lxoc tlayó:lpepénke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who gathers up corn kernels scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena maíz regado por la tierra \xrb o:ya \xrb pena \qry Check for possessed form, if it is possible. Temporarily I have coded this noun as N1/2. \ref 02501 \lxa mori:yoh \lxac mori:yoh \lxo mori:yoh \lxoc mori:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan morillo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se main roof beam of a house with a <spn>teja</spn> roof \ss morillo en una con techo de teja \encyctmp kahli \ref 02502 \lxa a:yo:tia \lxac ka:yo:tia \lxo a:yo:tia \lxoc ka:yo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to add water to (e.g., broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more) \ss agregarle agua a (p. ej., caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más) \se (refl.) to blister (in reference to blister with watery liquid inside) \ss (refl.) ampollarse (en referencia a ampollas con un líquido aguado adentro) \pna Ne:xhkukwa nowera:ch, yo:na:yo:tih nokxi. \pea My sandals hurt me, my feet have become blistered. \psa Me aprietan los huaraches, ya me salieron ampollitas. \se (refl.) to get infected (i.e., with pus) \ss (refl.) infectarse (esto es, con pus) \xrb a: \xvaao a:yo:tilia \qry Determine difference between /a:yo:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:tia/, if one exists. Also check for the various words that indicate 'to become watery,' 'to make watery,' etc. (perhaps do a search for root /a:/). Check for intransitive /a:yowa/, or other equal intransitives. A problem is to determine the difference between /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/. The former is glossed in many places as 'to add water to (broth, beans, other substances that have some water but need more)' as it is above. However, I also have the applicative with the same meaning. The difference between /xka:yo:ti moyew/ and /xka:yo:tili moyew/ should be checked, as indeed should the question as to whether both are correct. Cr. Flores denied the correctness of /Toto:nka:pachiwtok noma:se:katitlan, yo:pe:w na:yo:tia./ 'My armpit is hot and cramped, it's started to get wet from sweat.' I had defined this as '(refl.) to get wet from sweat' and have since removed it. Check. \mod Add disambiguation notes as necessary. \grm /-tia/: note the difference between /a:tia/ 'to become watery' and /a:yo:tia/, which is a transitive verb meaning 'to water down' or 'to add water to.' \ref 02503 \lxa kekexka:po:ni \lxac kekexka:po:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to get a sudden and strong itch \ss salirsele comezón de repente a una parte del cuerpo \sea to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun (i.e., to stop being a wallflower at a party, to start getting loose and able to enjoy things) \ssa alivianarse; empezar a divertirse \fla tsi:nkekex \xrb kex \xrb po:ni \nse <na>Kekechka:po:ni</na> was said jokingly. It is obviously related to the root <na>kekexkia</na> and to what occasionally appears as <na>kekexiwi</na>. Nevertheless, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and not regular. It is mirrored, however, in the affricate at the end of Ameyaltepec <na>tsi:nkekech</na>. These are the only two cases in which /ch/ appears for /x/ in <nao>kekexkia</nao>. \qry However, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and should be checked, perhaps the correct entry should be /kekexka:po:ni/. Check also for transitive or causative forms. \ref 02504 \lxa semi:tah \lxac semi:tah \lxo semi:tah \lxoc semi:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cemita \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea certain type of bread made in Oapan \ssa cierto tipo de pan hecho en Oapan \seo bread (of any type) \sso pan (de cualquier tipo) \sem food \cfa pa:n \nse Ameyaltepequeños use the word <na>semi:tah</na> specifically in reference to the type of bread made in Oapan. However, in Oapan it is the generalized term for bread (though some speakers use the borrowing <no>pa:n</no>) regardless of type. \qry Determine recipe. \ref 02505 \lxa a:xo:lo:tl \lxac a:xo:lo:tl \lxo a:xo:lo:tl \lxoc a:xo:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se tadpole, type of water animal that turns into the frog called <nbo>mariantsi:n</nbo> in Oapan \ss reinacuajo, tipo de animal acuático que se vuelve rana llamado <nbo>mariantsi:n</nbo> en Oapan \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb xo:lo: \nse Translation is still uncertain although various individuals have said that the <na>a:xo:lo:tl</na> becomes (<na>nokwepa</na>) a <spn>rana</spn> (frog). Roberto Mauricio (Oa) classified the <nao>a:xo:lo:tl</nao> as a type of <nao>michin</nao>. \ref 02506 \lxa surka:rowa \lxac kisurka:rowa \lxo surka:rowa \lxoc kisurka:rowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>surcar</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to plow after having <spn>barbechado</spn> the land \ss surcar después de haber barbechado la tierra \encyctmp Differentiate and discuss under land: plow techniques: /surka:rowa/, /barbe:chowa/, /te:teki/, /sakamowa/, /o:melia/, /ye:ilia/, etc. \qry Determine the differences between /surka:rowa/, /barbe:chowa/, /te:teki/, /sakamowa/, /o:meilia/, /ye:ilia/, etc. \ref 02507 \lxa yema:nilia \lxac kiyema:nilia \lxo yema:nilia \lxoc kiyema:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to soften (cloth, dough, clay, etc.) \ss ablandar (tela, masa, barro, etc.) \pna Kwahli kiyema:nilia itson. \pea It softens her hair up nicely. \psa Le suavice bien su cabello. \se to loosen up (e.g., earth or anything tightly packed together) \ss aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras cosas apretadas y duras) \pna Ma timitsyema:nili motla:l! \pea Let me loosen up the ground on your land for you (by plowing it for the first time in the season)! \psa ¡Déjame aflojar la tierra de tu terreno para tí(al ararlo la primera vez en la temporada)! \xrb yema:n \xvbao yema:nia \fl yema:nia \nae The applicative form <nao>yema:nilia</nao> is derived from \mod Make sure /fl field is connected to yema:nia as a transitive V2. \ref 02508 \lxa i:xtakao:sti \lxac i:xtakao:sti \lxo i:xtakao:sti \lxoc i:xtakao:sti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to become pregnant out of wedlock \ss quedar embarazada fuera del matrimonio \cfo i:xtakakoné:watí \xrb i:xtaka \xrb o:s \qry Again, check for possibility of two word compound. \nae More work will need to be done, but at least acoustically, the initial vowel in Oapan <no>i:xtakao:sti</no> appears long. Comparatively (cf. FK's entry under <n>ichtaka</n>) this is found with a short vowel and affricate for Balsas area fricative /x/. Pipil also has <n>ichtaka</n>. On the basis of this evidence and considering the difficulty in determining the lenght of word-initial vowels, perhaps the orthographic representation as a long vowel here should be reconsidered. Definitely all occurrences of <nao>ixtaka</nao> or <nao>i:xtaka</nao> should be considered before a final orthographic decision is reached. \qry Consider all vowels for /ixtaka/, etc. \vl This 4 token sequence is repeated twice, the first time had too much background noice. \ref 02509 \lxa xo:pan \lxac xo:pan otli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \sea preclitic added to few nouns as a modifier (e.g., <nao>xo:panpo:cho:tl</nao> or <na>xo:panotli</na>) that can be translated as 'summer' or 'rainy season' (from June to September, when things are green) \ssa preclítico agregado a unos pocos sustantivos como modificador (e.g., <nao>xo:panpo:cho:tl</nao> or <na>xo:panotli</na>) y que se puede traducir como 'de verano' o 'de la temporada de lluvias' \sea in the summer \ssa en el verano \pna Tla:lwa:xkohtli, ihkón kihlian ma:ski xkohtli. Xo:pantla:ki, ipan ago:stoh. Nokwa \pea <na>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</na>, that's what it is called even though it is not a <nla>kuwtli</nla> ('tree'). It bears fruit in Augusto. It is edible. \psa <na>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</na>, asíle dicen aunque no es un <nla>kuwtli</nla> ('árbol'). Sale su fruta en agosto. Es comestible. \cfao xo:pantlah \xrb xo: \xrl -pan \nae Apparently <na>xo:pan</na> is rarely used except as an attributive noun in a very few cases of noun compounding. However, there is at least one documented case of its independent use, the phrase <na>tla:ki xo:pan</na> 'it comes to fruit in the summer.' Here it would appear that it is simply an apocopated form of <na>xo:pantlah</na>. \ref 02510 \lxa pió:n \lxac pió:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan peón \psm N \der N-loan \se manual worker \ss peón \synao tla:ke:wahli \ref 02511 \lxa xelowa \lxac kixelowa \lxo xelowa \lxoc kixelowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to divide (e.g., ones land before dying); to distribute (e.g., items that are sold) \ss dividir (p. ej., un terreno antes de morir); distribuir (p. ej., objetos materiales al venderlos) \pna Nikxelo:s notlayo:l. \pea I'm going to divide up my maize (all at one time, given portions out to various people). \psa Voy a repartir mi maíz (todo al mismo tiempo, dándoles parte a varias personas). \pna Yo:li:k kixe:xelotiw itlayo:l. \pea He slowly goes along giving out his maize (e.g., selling it bit by bit, or lending it out to friends, etc.). \psa Despacio va distribuyendo su maíz (p. ej., vendiéndolo poco a poco, o dándolo en préstamo a amigos, etc.) \pna A:man pe:was kixexelo:s so:ya:tl fiská:l. \pea Now the <spn>fiscal</spn> will start to distribute the palm (i.e., on Palm Sunday, in reference to an Ameyaltepec custom). \psa Ahora el fiscal va a empezar a distribuir la palma (esto es, en Domingo de Ramos, en referencia a una costumbre de Ameyaltepec). \se (recipr.) to part ways; to take different paths \ss (recipr.) partir camino; ir cada quien por su cuenta \pna Pa timoxelo:skeh. \pea There we will part ways (in this case you will take one fork in the road and I another). \psa Allácada quien va a tomar su camino (en este caso tu vas a tomar una senda y yo otra). \xrb xelo \xvaao xelowilia \xv1ao tlaxelowa \dis tlakoxelowa; xelowa; tlakowia, xelowilia, tlakoxelowilia \nse In Oapan the form with long vowel reduplication, <no>xe:xelowa</no> can be used to refer to actions such as \qry Determine difference between /xexelowa/ and /xe:xelowa/. Also see about /xexe:lowa/. Note that one file card for the meaning 'to part ones hair' has a long /e/: /kixe:lowa itson/. This should be checked; for the moment I have included this meaning under /xeliwi/ (with a short /e/), but this is uncertain, as are all the various meanings of /xeliwi/ and /xe:liwi/ including their cognate transitives and the reduplicated forms. Make sure that this is the correct form. \vl Do not use very first token of Female. After the beep the utterances are fine. \ref 02512 \lxa ikxipil nepantlah \lxac i:kxipil nepantlah \lxo ixipil nepantlah \lxoc i:xipil nepantlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn i-loss; N1 \seao middle toe \ssao dedo medio del pie \sem body \sem human \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrl nepantlah \qry Check plural: note that I think C. Flores stated /nokxipilwa:n de nepantlah/!! Add to grm \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 04543. Of the 04543 tokens one female and one male should be used as a link to the lexicon, they are probably better sounding than the 2512 tokens. \ref 02513 \lxa oo:xin \lxac oo:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea fruit of the <nla>oo:xkuwtli</nla> \ssa fruta del <nla>oo:xkuwtli</nla> \sea by extension, the tree that bears this fruit \ssa por extensión, elárbol que da este fruto \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \apa oo:xkohtli \xrb o:x \cpl This tree is not found near Ameyaltepec; consultants mentioned that it grows near Coacoyula. \nct kohtli \mod Apparently it is common for fruit trees to mark the tree as opposed to the fruit with /kuhtli/. Thus /wa:xin/ and /wa:xkuhtli/, etc., etc. This does not seem to occur with other trees, e.g., /kuhxio:tl/. Check. However, /kuhtli/ might refer to the wood itself also, e.g., of trees whose wood is commonly used. Check all this. \ref 02514 \lxa tla:ltia \lxaa tla:tlia \lxac tla:ltia \lxo tla:ltia \lxoc tla:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to make candles \ss hacer velas \pna A:man xnika:xilia: pa:mpa nitla:lti:s. \pea Today I do not have time because I will make candles. \psa Hoy no tengo tiempo porque voy a hacer velas. \pna Nika:n nikpa:tlatok nose:rah para nitla:lti:s. \pea I'm melting down my wax here in order to make candles. \psa Aquí estoy derritiendo mi cera para hacer velas. \xrb a: \xbtlao a:ltia \ref 02515 \lxa tlatopo:ni \lxac tlatopo:ni \lxo tlatopo:ni \lxoc tlatopo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se for there to be fireworks (particularly in the setting off of a <spn>castillo</spn>, or the firing off of two rockets when sb dies, etc.); for a rocket or a few rockets to be set off (e.g., at the end of <spn>rosario</spn> or when sb dies) \ss haber fuegos artificiales (p. ej., al quemarse un castillo o a veces otros tipos de cohetes); haber un cohete (p. ej., después del rosario o cuando algn se murió) \pna Tlatopo:nis, ma titlamawiso:tin. \pea There will be fireworks (e.g., a castillo), let's go have a good time. \psa Va a haber fuegos artificiales (p. ej., un castillo), vamos a ir a divertirnos. \xrb topo: \xbtlao topo:ni \ref 02516 \lxa mixtlatlamake:tl \lxac mixtlatlamake:tl \lxo mí:xtlámaké:tl \lxoa míxtlatlámaké:tl \lxop mí:xtlamake:tl \lxoc mí:xtlámaké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se fisherman \ss pescador \xrb mich \xrb ma \nae The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the <no>mí:x</no> syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem <na>tlama</na>. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of <no>tlama</no>, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find <n>-tlamahke:tl</n> ; in Oapan one has <no>-tlámaké:tl</no>. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as <no>míxtlatlámake:tl</no> or as <no>mí:xtlámaké:tl</no> \qry Cf. /mixtlatlama/ for questions. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; reduplication. The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the <no>mí:x</no> syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem <na>tlama</na>. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of <no>tlama</no>, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find <n>-tlamahke:tl</n> ; in Oapan one has <no>-tlámaké:tl</no>. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as <no>míxtlatlámake:tl</no> or as <no>mí:xtlámaké:tl</no> \ref 02517 \lxa ye:i ikosti:yah \lxac ye:i ikosti:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea see <nla>komekatl de ye:i i:kosti:yah</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>komekatl de ye:i i:kosti:yah</nla> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 02518 \lxa ko:kobande:rah \lxac i:ko:kobande:rah \lxo kó:kobandé:rah \lxoc i:kó:kobandé:rah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bandera</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes-lex \sea uvula \ssa úvula \sem body \sem human \se Adam's apple \ss nuez de la garganta \sem body \sem human \syna buchih \syna ko:kobuchih \syna ko:koh \syno kechtolopochyo \syno a:ko:kotolopochyo \xrb ko:koh \dis ko:koh; ko:kobande:rah, etc. \mod In general the way that body part entries should be organized is that they should remit to a part of the Nahuatl Cultural Encyclopedia. This will avoid having a long list of synonyms, cognates, etc. in each entry. \qry Although I recorded /i:ko:kobande:rah/ for Oapan and both speakers uttered it. This appears to be an error (I forgot to erase the entry from /lxo and it appeared o the promt screen). There is a good chance that FM and IJ just read this, and that it is not a word actually from Oapan. Recheck. \ref 02519 \lxa pe:waltia \lxac kipe:waltia \lxo pe:waltia \lxoc kipe:waltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to begin; to commence; to start (e.g., an activity, etc.) \ss empezar; emprender; comenzar (p. ej., una actividad, etc.) \pna Kimahka:ita un tekitl. Xwel kipe:waltia. \pea He is daunted by (the size of, the difficulty of, etc.) that job. He can't start it. \psa Se amilana ante ese trabajo (p. ej., lo difícil que es, lo grande, etc.). No lo puede empezar. \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka. Melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki. \pea In just a short time we'll start it (in this case plowing), but first let the water filter down (into the earth after a heavy rain). It's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. \psa En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezar (en este caso a arar), pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia). De veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. \pna O:te:n iswakuwtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl. \pea The tree used for storing corn leaves (<nlao>iswatl</nlao>) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore. \psa Elárbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (<nlao>iswatl</nlao>) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, asíaunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua. \syna e:waltia \xrb pe:wa \xvbao pe:wa \nde Whereas Ameyaltepec has both <na>pe:waltia</na> and <na>e:waltia</na> with identical meanings, Oapan (according to Florencia Marcelino) has only <no>pe:waltia</no>. \dis pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia \ref 02520 \lxa chacha \lxac chacha \lxo cháchá \lxop chacha \lxoc cháchá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to spit \ss escupir \sem functions \xrb chihcha \grm Oapan phonology: Note /i/-to-/a/ in this case. \ref 02521 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was previously /kimichih tlakwa:w/. However, an identical entry was 1208. Therefore this entry has been deleted. Words uttered here should be assigned numbers of 1208... \vl After tagging all pronunciation tokens, assign them numbers of 1208, as this is a repeated entry. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 02522 \lxa te:ito:tike:tl \lxac te:ito:tike:tl \lxo té:itó:tiké:tl \lxoc té:itó:tiké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se dancemaster (i.e., teacher or organizer of religious dances); musician (particularly a violinist or flautist) who plays for religious dances \ss maestro de danza; músico (particularmente un violinista o flautista) que toca para danzas religiosas \xrb hto:ti \nae The pitch accent pattern of Oapan <no>te:ító:tiké:tl</no>, which has three high-pitched syllables on one five-syllable word, reflects the effects of two underlying {h}'s as codas: {te: + ihto:tih + ke:tl}. \qry Check to determine whether ?/te:ito:tiki/ is acceptable Check with program the pitch contour of Oapan form. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent: Note the following: /te:ító:tiké:tl/. The two pitch accent patters are derived from the syllables /ih/ and /tih/. The pitch accent pattern of Oapan <no>te:ító:tiké:tl</no>, which has three high-pitched syllables on one five-syllable word, reflects the effects of two underlying {h}'s as codas: {te: + ihto:tih + ke:tl}. This would be a good example for an online account of pitch accent. \ref 02523 \lxa ichkayoh \lxac ichkayoh \lxo ichkayoh \lxoc ichkayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be full of cotton (e.g., clay that has been mixed and prepared with the cottony fibers of the <nba>po:cho:tl</nba> tree) \ss estar lleno de algodón (p. ej., barro que ha sido preparado y mezclado con fibras de pochote) \xrb chka \qry Determine what else is /ichkayoh/. \pqry Note that with C. Flores he corrects my pronunciation, from /ichka:yoh/ to /ichkayoh/. This should be used in the page on vowel length. \ref 02524 \lxa tla:katele:le \lxac tla:katele:le \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea foolish man; man who always forgets \ssa hombre sonso; hombre que siempre olvida \pna Titla:katele:le. San tewa tixole:nkoh, xtlah tekitl tiweli. \pea You are a fool. You are a real idiot, you can't do anything (i.e., any task or job, e.g., because you always forget). \psa Eres un sonso. Tu eres un tonto, no puedes hacer nada (esto es, ningún trabajo o tarea). \apa tla:katele:le:tik \cfa tele:letik \xrb tla:ka \xrb tele:le: \nae The etymology of <na>tla:katele:leh</na> is still not entirely clear although the root <na>tla:ka</na> is apparent. The final sequence might be the possessor marker <na>-eh</na> although the presence of a final long /e:/ in <nla>tele:le:tik</nla> suggests the possibility that <na>tla:katele:leh</na> is an acopated noun, manifesting a relation to <n>-tik</n> adjectivals that has been noted elsewhere. \qry Check for final /h/ or glottal stop. Make sure link to /tla:katele:le:tik/ is correct as vowel length might change. \pqry Recheck for final sound. In the recording studio I heard C. Flores utter this with a final glottal stop. Recheck. \ref 02525 \lxa kwa:tekakaya:wa \lxac kikwa:tekakaya:wa \lxo kwa:té:kayá:wa \lxop kwa:té:kaya:wa \lxoc kikwa:té:kayá:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \infv class-3a(w) \se to fool; to play a joke on; to pull the leg of \ss vacilar a; hacerle una broma a; tomarle el pelo a \pna O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa! Xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah. \pea He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he's fooled his father. \psa Dijo que hizo un trabajo.¡No es así! No lo hizo, engañó a su padre. \xrb kwa: \xrb kaya: \dis kakaya:wa \qry Check for possible use without internal intensifier /te/, i.e., /kwa:kakaya:wa/. Also, disambiguate between /kwa:tekakaya:wa/ and /kakaya:wa/. \grm /O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa, xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah/ 'He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he fooled his father' Note that O follows V, as is usually the case. \vl Use second token from male speaker. \ref 02526 \lxa a:miki \lxac a:miki \lxo a:miki \lxoc a:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be thirsty (prototypically for water, but also used to indicate a desire to drink sth alcoholic) \ss tener sed (protipicamente por agua, pero también se utiliza para indicar un deseo para beber algo alcohólico) \pna Na:miki, xne:chaka a:chitsi:n ma:w. \pea I am thirsty, give me a little bit of your water. \psa Tengo sed, dáme un poquito de tu agua. \cfao a:mi:miki \xrb a: \xrb miki \xvca a:miktia \xvco a:mihtia \qry Check imperfective form with this verb and all /i/-final verbs. \mod Determine the best way to xref words with rdp verb-stem. \grm Note how reduplication here occurs on the verb stem; this should be discussed in regards to both reduplication and noun incorporation. That is, it would seem to be rare for the incorporated element to reduplicate (this is also the case with \ref 02527 \lxa kwentli \lxac kwentli \lxo kwentli \lxoc kwentli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se furrow \ss surco (no el montículo de tierra pero el espacio hundido entre las lomitas donde se siembra el maíz) \xrb kwem \encyctmp tla:hli \nse There remains a question as to whether <na>kwentli</na> (in Classical <na>cuemitl</na>) refers to the furrow or the long mound between the furrows (or, in Spanish, whether it refers to the <na>surco</na> or the <na>haza</na>). Although in Classical Nahuatl <n>cuemitl</n> could refer to the worked field in its entirety, Molina gives 'heredad, tierra labrada, o camellón,' the latter apparently the mound between the furrows. It might retain this final meaning, in which case the translation of 'furrow' and <na>'surco</na> would be in error; or the meaning may have changed. \rt Perhaps the stem /kwem/ is related to a series of apparent stems with /kwe/ indicating a folding over or doubling aspect: /kwepa/, /kwelpachiwi/, /kwetli/, /kwepo:ni/, etc. The /m/ might be related to a plural marking here. I have recorded this as meaning furrow/surco, i.e. the space that is plowed between the rows of plants, such as corn, in a field. However, the possibility that this refers to the plowed up section, i.e. rows of mounds where the plants are should be considered. \ref 02528 \lxa tsompa:ntli \lxac tsompa:ntli \lxo tsompa:ntli \lxoc tsompa:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se type of tree with very light wood, still not definitively identified, perhaps the <spn>colorín</spn> \ss tipo deárbol con madera muy ligera, todavía no identificado, quizá el colorín \pna Tsompa:ntli | Kaxa:nki, a:kawtik, bwe:noh para ipan ta:pano:s, no: para ba:lsah. Bwe:noh para xaxa:yakatl, para sa:ntotsitsi:nteh. Na:ni:ka xtlah. \pea <na>Tsompa:ntli</na> : It is soft, it is light, it is good to use for crossing (floating) over water, also for a raft. It is good for masks, for small (carved) saints. There is none in this area. \psa <na>Tsompa:ntli</na> : Es (su madera) blanda, es ligera, es buena para cruzar agua (flotando) y para las balsas. Es buena para máscaras, para santitos (tallados). No hay de esta madera en estaárea. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tson \xrb pa:n \nse The <nao>tsompa:ntli</nao> is a tree whose wood is most coveted for masks, given that it is light, soft, does not split over time, and does not get eaten by termites. It is better than the <nba>xi:lo:xo:chitl</nba>, which often splits over time. <na>Tsompa:ntli</na> is found east and northeast of Ozomatlán. \nct kohtli \ref 02529 \lxa iksi \lxac iksi \lxo isi \lxoc isi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to get or become cooked (food) \ss cocinarse (una comida) \se to get ripe (a fruit or vegetable) \ss madurarse (una fruta o verdura) \pna San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi. \pea They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside). \psa Todas maduran al mismo tiempo (p. ej., varios tipos de frutas que maduran a la vez, en la misma temporada, por todo el campo). \se to get fired (ceramics) \ss cocerse (barro o cerámica) \se (<nao>kwahli</nao> ~) to get soft-boiled (an egg) \ss (<nao>kwahli</nao> ~) quedar algo cocido (un huevo cocido en agua hirviendo que todavía puedes sopear) \pna Ma kwahli iksi, poliwitsi:n! \pea Let it get soft boiled, it still has a little time to go! \psa ¡Quése cuezca algo, todavía falta poquito! \cfa teiksi \cfo teisi \xrb ksi \xvca ikxitia \xvco ixitia \nse Given the quite specialized meaning of <nla>teiksi</nla>, this has been accorded a separate entry. \nae The aspectual marker <n>-tok</n> with <na>iksi</na> tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is usually expressed by the perfective, e.g., <na>yo:iksik</na>, literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' \nde Classical Nahuatl has <n>icuci</n> for Ameyaltepec <na>iksi</na> and Oapan <no>isi</no>. \grm Impersonal: /San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi/ 'They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside)' Note the use of /tla-/ here. \grm Stative/resultative; perfect: Note that the aspectual marker <na>-tok</na> when combined with <na>iksi</na> tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is expressed by the perfect, <na>yo:iksik</na>, literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' Cf. the discussion on the perfect and the stative/resultative in Nedjalkov. The same can be said of the unergative /miki/ 'to die.' This verb passes the test of unergative verbs by forming a morphological causative (miktia). It also has /-tok/ as a progressive: /miktok/ 'he is dying.' And, finally, the perfect is used as a stative: /yo:mik notah/ 'my father has died' or, 'my father is dead.' This type of division (-tok as progessive and perfect as stative/resulative) seems to affect only certain verbs. However, other unergative verbs (perhaps those more classically or typologically unergative) have a true perfect meaning with the perfect: /yo:cho:kak/ 'he has cried'. (?he is c ried). \ref 02530 \lxa mela:wtok \lxac mela:wtok \lxo mela:htok \lxoc mela:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be lying down (an animate, though usually in reference to a person, not animal) \ss estar acostado (un ser animado, por lo común una persona aunque ocasionalmente un animal) \pna Nika:n mela:wtok. \pea He (or it) is lying down here. \psa él está acostado aquí. \seo to be open and spread out (e.g., bed that has been opened up) \sso estar abierto y extendido (p. ej., una cama que has sido abierta) \cfao mela:wa \xrb mela: \cfa mela:wa \nse The difference between <na>mela:wtok</na> and <na>nomela:wtok</na> is not entirely clear, and there might well be a difference in Ameyaltepec and Oapan as to how the two terms are used. My impression is that in Ameyaltepec <na>mela:wtok</na> is commonly used in reference to animates and inanimates, and that the reflexive <na>nomela:wtok</na> might well carry a more progressive sense. In Oapan it seems more common to use the reflexive, <no>nomela:htok</no>. The nonreflexive form <no>mela:htok</no> is rarely used, but Florencia Marcelino did give the example of a bed that has been opened up. Note that for animals, the verb <nlao>te:ka</nlao> used reflexively is the term for 'to lie down.' Since there is no intransitive of this verb, the stative is expressed as <na>note:katok</na> in what is essentially an antipassive formation. Finally, at least in Oapan, for something such as a piece of meat on a griddle the form <nlo>so:wtok</nlo> is most often used. \qry Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). Cf. discussion in query under /nomela:wtok/ and check the difference in meaning between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. \grm Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). \ref 02531 \lxa me:sto:na \lxac me:sto:na \lxo me:sto:na \lxoc me:sto:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0(cop) \inc N-V0 \der V0-b \infv Copular \se for there to be moonlight \ss haber luz de la luna \pna O:nikchi:w kwa:k me:sto:na katka. \pea I did it when there was moonlight \psa Lo hice cuando habáluz de luna. \pna A:man chikwe:i ye me:sto:na yes. \pea A week from now there will already be moonlight. \psa En una semana ya habráluz de luna. \sem weather \xrb me:ts \xrb to:na \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: e.g., <no>ya:lwa me:sto:na katka</no> or <no>mo:stla me:sto:na yes</no>. \grm Copula; verb inflection: In Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: <no>ya:lwa me:sto:na katka</no> or <no>mo:stla me:sto:nayes</no>. \ref 02532 \lxa te:nsa:lowa \lxac kite:nsa:lowa \lxo te:ntsa:lowa \lxop te:nsa:lowa \lxoc kite:ntsa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to tie shut the top opening of (e.g., a sack or bag) \ss amarrar cerrado la boca o apertura de (p. ej., un costal o bolsa) \pna Xte:nsa:lo un kostá:l, ye tiaweh. \pea Tie up the top of that sack, we're on our way! \psa ¡Amárrale al costal, ya nos vamos! \se to place or tie a protective cloth around the mouth of \ss colocar o amarrar una tela protectora por la boca de \pna Xte:nsa:lo mokone:w, te:ntso:tso:ti! \pea Tie a protective cloth around your child's mouth, he has sores there! \psa ¡Amárrale una tela protectiva por la boca de tu niño, allítiene granitos. \se (with short vowel reduplication; <na>te:nsasa:lowa</na>) to sew the edge of \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta; <na>te:nsasa:lowa</na>) coser la orilla de \xrb te:n \xrb sa:l \nae Oapan Nahuatl appears to have a rule of /s/>/ts/ / n ___ V. If this is predictable and it leads to a high number of noncanonical forms, then perhaps the /ts/ need not be written, even though it is a phoneme of the language and would usually be written (much as /x/ is written for /ch/ based on the rule /ch/>/x/ ___ t, tl, ts. \qry Check whether this is an affricate or fricative after the nasal, adjust spelling and commentary as needed. \grm Incorporation; reduplication; lexical inheritance: note that in many cases with incorporated nouns, it is the verb base that is reduplicated. Indeed, the degree of lexicalization can in part be deteremined by the nature of reduplication. It is rare for the incorporated noun to reduplicate. \grm Oapan phonology; orthography: Oapan Nahuatl appears to have a rule of /s/>/ts/ / n ___ V. If this is predictable and it leads to a high number of noncanonical forms, then perhaps the /ts/ need not be written, even though it is a phoneme of the language and would usually be written (much as /x/ is written for /ch/ based on the rule /ch/>/x/ ___ t, tl, ts. It may be a good rule that a shift of affricate to fricative is written down, but not the other way around (i.e., if /ch/ surfaces as /x/, then this is written; but if /x/ surfaces as /ch/ it is not). Check and think about this. \ref 02533 \lxa amanka:kwi:tia \lxac kamanka:kwi:tia \lxo ámanka:kwí:tia \lxop amanka:kwi:tia \lxoc kámanka:kwí:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V3 \infv class-2a \der V2-d-ca \pa yes-lex \se to bother; to annoy; to upset; to make mad \ss molestar; enfadar; hacer enojar \pna O:ne:chamanka:kwi:tih, san tli:mach o:ne:chihlih. \pea He annoyed me, he just said whatever he felt like to me. \psa Me hizo enfadar, me dijo cualquier cosa que se le ocurriera. \xrb ahmana \xrb kwi \xvba amanka:kwi \xvbo ámanká:kwi \qry Check valency pattern of /kwi:tia/. \grm Causative differs from the simple transitive /amanka:kwi/ not in regards to valency (both are monotransitive) but rather in regards to the relationship of subject to object. In the non-causative apparently only reflexive is employed and relationship is that of co-reference. It involves a change in emotional state. In the causative it appears that the reflexive is probably rarely if ever used, and subject-object relation is that of agent to patient. Finally note that the relationship of /amanka:/ to /kwi/ is one of modification, the valency of /kwi/ and /amanka:kwi/ is not changed syntactically although it is changed in that it can no longer take a patient. With /kwi:tia/ the difference is noted. A grammatical section should be devoted to these verbs (e.g., /yo:lkwi:tia/, which can be reflexive or transitive: /ne:chyo:lkwi:tia/ and /nimoyo:lkwi:tia/). The question here is whether causativization actually increases valency or simply changes the relationship of subject to object. And many comments should be devoted to the effect on valency of V-ka:-V compounds. Cf. comments under /amanka:kwi/. Cf. also /iyo:kwi/. \vl Use second token of female speaker, not first. \ref 02534 \lxa kamanenepoch \lxac kamanenepoch \lxo kamanenepoch \lxoc kamanenepoch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a lisp; to have bad pronunciation \ss ser algn que sisea; ser algn que no pronuncia bien \apa kamanenepoxtik \syna nenepoch \syna nenepoxtik \syno tláto:lnenépoch \syno nenepoch \syno nenepoxtik \xrb kama \xrb nene \xrb poch \nae The etymology of <nao>kamanenepoch</nao> is uncertain, except for the initial element <nao>kama</nao>. However, the <na>nene</na> element might well be related to <nlao>nenepi:hli</nlao> whereas the final element, <nao>poch</nao> may well be related to the same root as in <nlao>pochi:nki</nlao>, which perhaps can best be translated as 'fuzzy.' \ref 02535 \lxa a:petla:nwia \lxac ka:petla:nwia \lxo a:petla:nwia \lxoa a:petla:wia \lxof [a: pe tla: 'wi a] \lxoc na:petla:nwiya, na:petla:wiya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to flood or innundate (a field) \ssa inundar con agua (un terreno) \pna O:ka:petla:nwih itla:l, kibarbe:cho:s. \pea He innundated his field, he will plow it it for planting. \psa El inundósu campo, lo va a barbechar. \seao (refl.-anticaus.) to become flooded (a place); to get flooded and washed away (land by a river) \ssao (refl.-anticaus.) inundarse (un lugar); innundarse y arrastrarse (un terreno, por un río crecido) \pna O:na:petla:nwih ka:n o:nito:kak pa:mpa o:kalak we:i a:tl, o:we:iak. \pea The place where I planted got washed away, the swollen river entered into it (the field), it (the river) got big. \psa El lugar donde sembrése arrastrópor el río crecido que le entró, se subió(el río). \pna O:na:petla:nwih nokalitsi:n. O:kalahka a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea The inside of my house got innundated and washed away. Flood waters entered into it (but have now subsided). \psa Se inundó y se arrastró el interior de mi casa. Entraron las aguas torrenciales de la lluvia (pero ya bajaron). \xrb a: \xrb petla: \nse Most documented uses of this verb are in the reflexive (anticausative) form, referring to land washed away by a river, flood waters, or similar processes. In fact, in Oapan only the reflexive is found. However, in Ameyaltepec it may apparently may be used as a simple transitive, at least by some speakers, to refer to the intentional flooding of a field. But this use might be idiosyncratic. \nae Note that in Oapan speakers vary in whether the nasal deletes before /w/. In the speech samples Florencia Marcelino retains /n/ whereas in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez it is deleted. \grm Oapan phonology: Note optional loss of /n/ in this word. \vl Make sure that the clearest examples of the difference between female (first) and male speech is present: female retains /n/, male loses it. \ref 02536 \lxa chi:lmante:ka \lxac chi:lmante:ka \lxo chi:lmante:ka \lxoc chi:lmante:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>manteca</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se type of chile sauce made by boiling chile in lard (and occasionally adding egg) \ss tipo de salsa de chile cocida con manteca (y a veces con huevo echado) \sem food \xrb chi:l \encyctmp mo:hli \nse This sauce is made by heating the pork fat (<spn>manteca</spn>) with onions and then adding the chile (previously ground in a molcajete). If there is corriander available, it too is added and then, finally, a very few scrambled eggs. \qry Check final sound of AM for glottal stop or /h/. Check to see if this is classified/categorized as a type of /mo:hli/. Check whether it can be possessed. \mod Add a section on food. Note that FM apparently taped an account of this. \ref 02537 \lxa tlapoliwi \lxac tlapoliwi \lxo tlá:políwi \lxop tlá:poliwi \lxoc tlá:políwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se (usually with the associated motion marker <nlao>-tiw</nlao> ; in Oapan with short vowel-/h/ reduplication) for everything to get hazy, as when a hard rain is coming over a plain \ss (generalmente con el marcador de movimiento asociado <nlao>-tiw</nlao> ; en Oapan con reduplicación de vocal corta y /h/) verse todo borroso como, por ejemplo, cuando viene una lluvia fuerte por el llano \pna Wa:ltlapoliwtiw, wa:lkiawtiw. \pea Everything is starting to get hazy, the rain is coming. \psa Todo viene haciéndose borroso, viene la lluvia. \xrb pol \xbtlao poliwi \nae The Ameyaltepec form and the Oapan form differ in that the latter is reduplicated, with the reduplicant reduced to vowel lengthening and high pitch on the short vowel of the impersonal prefix. \ref 02538 \lxa a:tlapachiwi \lxac a:tlapachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to be or become innundated or flooded \ss inundarse; anegarse; quedarse inundado \pna O:a:tlapachiw nomi:l pa:mpa chika:wak o:kiaw. Ipan o:pano:k a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea My field got flooded with water because it rained very hard. Rushing flood waters passed right over it. \psa Se inundómi milpa porque lloviófuerte. pasódirectamente sobre ella un torrente de agua de lluvia. \pna A:tlapachiwtok nomi:l. \pea My corn field is innundated. \psa Mi milpa está inundada. \syno a:pachiwi \syno a:petla:nwiya \xrb a: \xrb pach \qry Check existence or absence of /a:tlapachowa:/. According to Luis Lucena /a:tlapachiwi/ is the same as /a:pachiwi/ althoug this equivalence should be checked. Check the difference and set up an onomasiological entry for a:pachiwi, a:tlapachiwi, and a:petlanwia. Apparently a:pachiwi refers to an item that is in sth like a bucket of water, some small material object covered with or surrounded by water. However, a:tlapachiwi seems to refer to the flooding of a place. Finally, a:petlanwia seems to refer to location that is washed out from having been flooded. \grm /tla-/ Note the difference between /a:tlapachiwi/ 'for an area to get innundated' and /a:pachiwi/ 'for sth (an object) to get covered with water.' \ref 02539 \lxa tlapetla:ni \lxac tlapetla:ni \lxo tlapetla:ni \lxoc tlapetla:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se for there to be lightening (but not bolts) \ss haber relámpago (but no visible bolts) \sem weather \xrb petla: \xbtla petla:ni \dis tlapetla:ni; tlapepetlaka \qry Determine all different types of lightening. \ref 02540 \lxa koto:nki \lxac koto:nki \lxo koto:nki \lxoc koto:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be snapped (a strap, a rope, or any type of object that through wear can spontaneously snap) \ss estar reventado (un tirante, laso o soga, o cualquier tipo de objeto que por desgastado puede reventarse) \cfao koto:ntok \xrb koto: \grm /-ki/ vs. /-tok/: Discussion of difference is here with C. Flores. Study!! It seems /-ki/ is used for physical conditions, /-tok/ for a resultative. \ref 02541 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been removed as a duplicate. \dt 13/Jul/2002 \ref 02542 \lxa temachi:wa \lxac kitemachi:wa \lxo temachi:wa \lxoc kitemachi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to measure (particularly the length or size of sth, or the boundaries of a land area; also occasionally used for the action of weighing) \ss medir (particularmente lo largo o el tamaño de algo, o los límites de un terreno; a veces se usa para la acción de pesar) \pna Tiktemachi:was de kwelpaxtik. \pea You'll measure it when it's folded in half (e.g., a waistband of a trouser). \psa Lo vas a medir cuando estédoblado (p. ej., la cintura de unos pantalones). \cfa pesa:rowa \xrb tema \xrb chi:wa \nse <nao>Temachi:wa</nao> is most often used to indicate the measure of the size of an object (such as its length or perimeter) or the distance between two points. For weighing, the Spanish loan <nao>pesa:rowa</nao> is more common, although <nao>temachi:wa</nao> is occasionally used with this sense. \nae The etymology of <nao>temachi:wa</nao> is uncertain. The first vowel is /e/ in the Balsas River region and in Tetelcingo, Morelos; in other dialects, including Classical, North Puebla, and Pipil, it is /a/. Since an undivided stem would be <na>temachi:wa</na>, which is long for a Nahuatl stem, it is likely that there are two elements here. The best guess at present is <nr>tama</nr> or <nr>tema</nr>, and <nr>chi:wa</nr>. However, more comparative evidence is needed. \qry Make sure /temachi:wa/ can be used to indicate the weighing of sth. \ref 02543 \lxa tlayeltia \lxac kitlayeltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to turn the stomach of; to disgust; to make sick to the stomach \ss revolver el estómago a; darle asco a \pna Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki. \pea You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit. \psa Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar. \pna Ne:chtlayeltia, niktlayelita, xnihkwa:sneki. \pea It turns my stomach, I find it disgusting, I don't want to eat it. \psa Me da asco, lo hallo asqueroso, no me lo quiero comer. \se (refl.) to feel nausea; to feel sick to ones stomach \ss (refl.) sentir asco \sem emotions \syna e:lmoya:wa \syno e:lmoya:wa \cfa tlayelita \xrb tlahyel \dis tlayeltia; e:lmoya:wa \sj Get SJ form. \pqry Check vowel length of Am form. \ref 02544 \lxa tsope:lia \lxac tsope:lia \lxo tsope:lia \lxoc tsope:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become sweet \ss endulzarse; quedarse dulce \xrb tsope:l \ref 02545 \lxa ara:joh \lxacpend ara:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan carajo \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \sea shit; damn it \ssa carajo; chin; maldita sea \pna Ara:joh ikwitl. \pea Fucking shit! \psa ¡Carajo! \pna Ara:joh ikwitl! Mejó:r newa nikontekis. \pea Shit man! It would be better for me to (just) go and pick it myself (e.g., a fruit). \psa ¡Chin! Mejor voy yo mismo a cortarla (p. ej., una fruta). \pna Ara:joh ikwitl, xmlá:k. \pea Shit! it isn't true. \psa ¡Chin!¡no es verdad! \pna Ara:joh itik ina:ntsi:n! xmlá:k! \pea Screw his mother! It's not true! \psa ¡Chinga a su madre!¡No es verdad! \sea (~ <na>miktlan</na> + [adjectival]) god-damned [adjectival] \ssa (~ <na>miktlan</na> + [adjectival]) piche [adjectival] \pna Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. \pea That guy's a God-damned lazy bum. He never goes anywhere. \psa Ese tipo es un piche holgazán. Nunca va a ningún lado. \nse Note that <na>ara:joh, i:kwitl</na> is used mostly as an interjection if one does not like the sound of something that someone has said. \mod Add in entry under /kwitlatl/. \grm Syntax; negation; /kanah/: Note syntax in /Xkaman kanah yaw/ 'He never goes anywhere'. The negation is at the leftmost point of the \grm Note syntax: Xkaman kanah yaw 'he never goes anywhere'. \ref 02546 \lxa ó:rganoh \lxac ó:rganoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan órgano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea generic name for two large cactus plants: <na>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</na> and <na>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</na> \ssa nombre genérico para dos cactus grandes: <na>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</na> and <na>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</na> \sea <na>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</na> a type of large cactus with edible fruit, also called <na>ó:rganoh we:i</na> \ssa <na>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</na> tipo de cactus grande con fruta comestible, también llamado <na>ó:rganoh we:i</na> \pna O:rganoh | Nokwa itla:kihlo, to:motli, ino:chio, iteono:chio bwe:noh para china:ntli, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pan, para tenexko:ntli. \pea <na>O:rganoh</na> : Its fruit is edible. It is a <nla>to:motli</nla>, its inner rods are good for woven fences, they are good for (firewood used in) baking bread, in lime ovens. \psa <na>O:rganoh</na> : Su fruta se come. Es un <nla>to:motli</nla>, sus varas interiores son buenas para hacer las cercas de chinamitl, son buenas para cocer pan, para hornos de cal. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfa to:motli \nse Another word for the generic type is <na>to:motli</na>. There are the following types of <na>ó:rganoh</na> : <nla>ó:rganoh</nla>, <nla>to:moiswatl</nla>, <nla>to:motsotsohli</nla>, <nla>to:moichkatl</nla>, <nla>to:motlaxkahli</nla>, and <nla>ó:rganoh de tlapextli</nla>. According to Eusebio Díaz all of the preceding bear the fruit called <nla>to:motli</nla> except the <na>ó:rganoh de tlapextli</na>, in regards to which he was not sure. Finally, in one entry I have distinguished <na>organi:toh</na> from <na>ó:rganoh we:i</na>. This might well be different, in which case both should be listed under the group glossed <na>ó:rganoh</na> or <na>to:motli</na>. Thus it is unclear if there are three lexemes with <na>ó:rganoh</na> (<na>organi:toh,ó:rganoh,</na> and <na>ó:rganoh we:i</na>) or only two. \qry Check to make sure that /ó:rganoh/ is a synonym of /to:motli/. \cpl Underórgano, Schoenhals (1988) has"1. (<na>Pachycereus marginatus</na> formerly <na>Marginatocereus marginatus</na>) 'organ cactus' Cultivated as fences almost everywhere in drier climates. 2. (<na>Cereus thurberi</na>) 'organ-pipe cactus' See pitahaya dulce."And under pitahaya dulce, she has written"(<na>Cereus</na> spp., e.g., <na>C. thurberi</na>) 'organ-pipe cactus' Cactus from the northwest with a very sweet fruit. Also called marismeña,órgano." \nct to:motli \ref 02547 \lxa damia:nah \lxac damia:nah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan damiana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small bush not yet identified \ssa tipo de arbusto todavía no identificada \pna Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tsope:lik, noposo:nia ixiwio. \src Luis Lucena (personal communication) \pea It (the <na>damia:nah</na>) is good for coffee, for sweet water, its leaves are boiled in water. \psa (<na>Damia:nah</na>) es bueno para café, para agua dulce, se hierven sus hojas en agua. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \nse <na>Damia:nah</na> is used as a remedy for stomach ailments, i.e., when your stomach hurts (<na>mitskukwa mitik</na>). \cpl Schoenhals (1988:43-44)"1. *Turnera diffusa)"turnera"Fragrant leaves; yellow flowers; fruit is a capsule. Used as a tonic and an aaphrodisiac. 2. (Haplopappus venetus)"[family] aster"An alpine shrub of exposed rocky places. Also called falsa damiana. 3. (Chrysactinia mexicana)"[family] aster"A bush with many branches and yellow flowers. Also called falsa damiana, hierba de San Nicolás." \nct tlako:tsi:n \ref 02548 \lxa nakasmomotsowa \lxac kinakasmomotsowa \lxo nakaste:motsowa \lxoc kinakaste:motsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>nakastemomotsowa</na>); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infv class-2b \se to grab and pull at the ears of (a person or animal) \ss agarrarle y jalarse las orejas a (una persona o animal) \pna Ma:ka xne:chnakastemomotso! \pea Don't grab my ears (in this instance, in talking to a baby who is grabbing at one's ears). \psa ¡No me jales las orejas (en este caso al hablar a un niño que le está agarrando las orejas). \cfao nakastila:na \xrb nakas \xrb mots \qry Determine whether the reduplication is only used when the action affects both ears (i.e., whether it indicates the plurality of the object), or whether it refers to the repetition of the action. Also determine the precise meaning of the intensifier /te-/ in this circumstance. Cf. /nakastila:na/. \vl Use first pronunciation of male. \ref 02549 \lxa -techkopa \lxac i:techkopa \lxo -techkopa \lxoc i:techkopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se in regards to; about \ss en cuanto a; acerca de \pna Motechkopa namana, tikwi:kilia:ya wa:n xtikneki tiktlaxtla:wili:s. \pea Your attitude bothers him, you owed him (money) and you don't want to pay him back. \psa Se molesta contigo, le debías (dinero) y no se lo quieres pagar. \xrl -tech \xrl -kopa \dis -ka; -na:k; -techkopa; -tech \qry In the phrase /Motechkopa namana, tikwi:kilia:ya wan xtikneki tiktlaxtla:wili:s/ 'Your attitude bothers him, you owed him (money) and you don't want to pay it back to him.' I inquired whether /moka/ could be used instead of /motechkopa/ and was told that it could not. Recheck this and determine the precise difference between locative/relational constructions such as /-ka/, /-tech/, /-pal/, /-techkopa/, /-na:k/, etc. My notes are unclear, but I seem to have from C. Flores: /motechkopa kwala:ni/, check! \ref 02550 \lxa xi:ma \lxac kixi:ma \lxo xi:ma \lxoc kixi:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to plane; to carve (e.g., wood or similar material); to cut a surface layer off of (e.g., in cutting off the kernels of maize from a cob) \ss cepillar; trabajar (p. ej., madera o materiales parecidos); quitar la superficie o una capa de (p. ej., al cortar y quitar el maíz tierno de un elote para hacer atole) \pna Xikxixi:ma ye:lo:tl para tike:kchi:was ye:lo:a:to:hli! \pea Cut the kernels of corn off the green ear to make <spn>atole de elote</spn> ! \psa ¡Quítales los granos de maíz del elote para hacer atole de elote! \se to cut the hair of; to shave \ss cortarle el pelo a; afeitar \pna Ne:chxi:mas notah. \pea My father will give me a haircut. \psa Mi papáme va a cortar el pelo. \se (refl.-mid.) to get a haircut; to get ones hair cut \ss (refl.-mid.) cortarse el pelo; hacer que algn le corte el pelo \pna Xmoxi:ma! \pea Get your hair cut! \psa ¡Córtate el pelo! \xrb xi:ma \nse When referring to actions performed on wood, <na>xi:ma</na> refers to the action of planing a surface to make it smooth, to working wood, as one does with carving masks, making axe handles or yokes, or even to removing the bark, although apparently <nla>xi:pe:wa</nla> is more commonly used in the latter case. \nae The reflexive use of <na>xi:ma</na> in reference to a haircut does not mean that one cuts ones own hair, but that one gets ones hair cut. This is like a"get"passive in English in which the subject has some responsibility or volitionality in the action but is not the agent. At the same time, he is not a patient in the prototypical sense. \qry For removing the bark of a tree or piece of wood, check to determine whether /xi:pe:wa/ or /xi:ma/ is more commonly used. \ref 02551 \lxa kwa:iwiyo \lxac i:kwa:iwiyo \lxo kwá:yowíyo \lxoc i:kwá:yowíyo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se feather headdress used by dancers (e.g., of <na>danza de corona</na>, <na>kone:joh</na>, and others) \ss corona de plumas utilizada por danzantes (p. ej., de <na>danza de corona</na>, <na>kone:joh</na> y otras) \xrb kwa: \xrb hwi \qry Check to see what types of headdresses fall under this term. \ilustmp Make illustration of various cases. \grm Possession: /kwa:iwiyo/ 'feather headdress used by dancers.' Note the use of the inalienably possessed marker /-yo/ here, even though it is not part of the body. Clearly, by being worn and becoming part of ones dress, the /-yo/ marker is used. The use of /-w/ with feather refers only to features that are possessed in the hand, used for drawing, etc. \ref 02552 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /sakatl de sié:nigah/, deleted as a duplicate. \dt 20/Jan/2005 \ref 02553 \lxa chachalaka \lxac chachalaka \lxo chachalaka \lxoc chachalaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make or have a hollow ringing sound; to clatter (e.g., flat stones clattering together as one plows over stony land, or gravel as a car passes over it); to jingle (e.g., money in a bag) \ss sonar hueco; chacolotear (p. ej., piedras algo planas en un terreno cuando pasa sobre ellas el arado, grava al pasar un coche); tintinear (p. ej., monedas en una bolsa) \pna Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. \pea There is a hollow ringing sound that goes along when you work the team of oxen (or mules). There are a lot of flat, slatey stones, or it (might occur) where it is rocky, (with) stones thick on the ground. \psa Va chacoloteando cuando trabajas la yunta (de bueyes o mulas). Hay mucha piedra plana, o bien es un lugar pedregosa, hay muchas piedras (sobre la tierra). \pna Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli. \pea There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (in this case a plow) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been made in the corn field. \psa Va saliendo un sonido hueco, (en este caso la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz. \sem sound \xrb chala: \xvnao chala:ni \nse Some Ameyaltepequeño consultants denied that <na>chachalaka</na> is a correct form, except as the Spanish name of a bird locally referred to as <nba>chalto:n</nba>. They stated that the correct form is <nla>chachalka</nla>. Nevertheless, Pánfilo Lorenzo insisted that <na>chachalaka</na> is correct and is in most cases equivalent to <na>chachalka</na> (he did not indicate when they might be different). Note that the Spanish borrowing of the bird name is <na>chachala:kah</na>. \qry Find additional uses of this term. Make sure that this is a class 3. \grm In the two phrases (Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl) (Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli) /tlachala:ntiw/ is not correct for /tlachachalakatiw/ although often, without /tla-/, /chachalaka/ and /chala:ni/ are virtually equivalent. Apparently /chala:ni/ does not easyly accept the prefix /tla-/. \ref 02554 \lxa kuwxio:tl \lxac kuwxio:tl \lxo kohxiotl \lxoc kohxiotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for a type of tree, the <na>cuajiote</na>, of which there are apparently 6 types \ss nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el cuajiote, del cual hay aparentemente 6 tipos \pna Yema:nki, bwe:noh para kwexomatl, para tikikxiti:s pa:n. \pea It (the <na>kuwxio:tl</na>) is soft, it is good to make trays, for baking bread. \psa Es (el <na>kuwxio:tl</na>) blando, es bueno para hacer bateas, para cocer pan. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb xi \encyctmp kuhxio:tl \qry Check for others and recheck to make sure that the /kuhxio:tl/ is not only the generic name but a specific type as well. The vowel length has to be carefully checked. I perceived the final vowel as short during the recording. I have not changed this pending a check with the program and precise measurements. Cf. also to /kuhxio:tl/ in other contexts. Also, check the presence of /h/ as indicated in the orthography. The utterance of this word is in the phonetics directory. \cpl This refers to a group of trees as well as a specific type within this group. Three types of <na>cuajiote</na> identified so far are <na>kuhxio:tl</na> ; <na>kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl</na>, also known as <na>kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik</na> ; and <na>kuhxio:tl de un istá:k</na> or <na>/istá:k kuhxio:tl</na>. It may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. The <na>kuhxio:tl</na> is commonly used to make <na>kwexomameh</na>, although according to Emigdio Rosendo <na>kopalchi:noh</na> may also be used. Ramírez (1991) has no tree listed as <na>kuhxio:tl</na>. Schoenhals (1988) under cuajiote colorado states:"(<i>Bursera</i> spp., e.g., <i>B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata</i>) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal. Then, under copal:""(<i>Bursera</i> spp., e.g., <i>B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata</i>) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious activties. Branches are used for fence post s since plantngs will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have several trees whose Spanish name is or includes <spn>cuajiote</spn> ; all are in the family <i>Burseraceae</i> : 1) <i>Bursera aptera</i> known as the <spn>cuajiote amarillo</spn> or <spn>cuachitlal</spn> ; 2) <i>Bursera bicolor</i> known as <spn>tecomate, cuajiote, tecomaca,</spn> or <spn>marqueto</spn> ; 3) <i>Bursera fagaroides</i> known as <spn>cuajiote blanco</spn> ; and 4) <i>Bursera lancifolia</i> known as <spn>cuajiote</spn> ; and 5) <i>Bursera longipes</i> known as <spn>cuajiote rojo</spn>. \nct kohtli \nfe There are apparently 5 types of <na>kuhxio:tl</na>. The first is called <n>ka:kawana:n</n>. Its wood is used for <na>kwexomatl</na>. In Ameyaltepec Cristino Flores called this <na>kuhxio:tl para kwexomatl</na>. The second is called <na>kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik</na>. In Oapan this is also called <no>tsi:kapakohtli</no>. The third type is called <na>kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl</na>. Finally there are, according to Asención Marcelo of San Juan, two types of <nj>kuhxio:tl ista:k</nj>. One has smooth bark; the other also has white wood but has sap that forms hard balls of resin: <na>kipia i:a:xi:xmi:skiyo</na>. See notes under specimen #97; it might be that these are the same tree at different stages. \rt As to the etymology of <na>kuhxio:tl</na> and the root <na>xi</na>, there are many words which have the element /xi:/ or /xi/ and that refer to peeling actions: /xi:pe:wa/, /xi:ma/, /xiti:ni/, etc. Check for and mention possible connections. \ref 02555 \lxa tlakwatsi:n \lxac tlakwatsi:n \lxo tlakwatsi:n \lxoc tlakwatsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se tlacuache, or Mexican opposum (<l>Didelphis marsupialis</l>) \ss tlacuache (<l>Didelphis marsupialis</l>) \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb kwa \nse The species identification is take from Leopold (1959:325). \nae The reborrowing from Spanish <spn>tlacuache</spn> has a long /a:/ and short final vowel: <na>tlakwa:chin</na>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \cpl This animal is not considered edible. \ref 02556 \lxa tsonkowatl \lxac tsonkowatl \lxo tsonkowatl \lxoc tsonkowatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se parasitic worms (in the intestines) \ss lombrices (intestinales) \sem animal \sem xiwtli \xrb tson \xrb kowa \qry Check for possessed form. For all final /-watl/ words, check for vowel length. \ref 02557 \lxa i:xna:miki \lxac ki:xna:miki \lxo i:xna:miki \lxoc ki:xna:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to challenge (face to face); to stand up to; to directly answer or contradict; to confront (e.g., in answering a charge, or in order to identify someone as quilty) \ss desafiar (cara a cara); contradecir directamente; enfrentarse a; encarar o pararse frente a (para contestar una acusación o para identificar a una persona como culpable) \pna Ki:xna:miki itah, xok kitlaka:mati. \pea He stands up to (i.e., talks back to, or challenges the authority of) his father, he no longer obeys him. \psa Se enfrenta a su padre (esto es, le contesta o contradice, desafía su autoridad), ya no lo obedece. \pna O:ki:xna:mik, pa:mpa mlá:k ino:biah \pea He stood up to her charges (in this case in regards to his behavior) because she really was his girlfriend. \psa La enfrentócontestando sus acusaciones (en este caso en cuanto a su comportamiento) porque de veras era su novia. \se to serve as the other half of; to pair up with or complement (to complete a task or provide the complete pair required in a certain situation) \ss hacer pareja con; complementar (para completar una tarea o ser la otra mitad requerida en algunas situaciones) \pna A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh. \pea Now I've found the animal that will pair up with my ox (to complete the team). \psa Ya encontré el animal que le harápareja a mi buey (para completar la junta). \xrb i:x \xrb na:miki \xvaa i:xna:miktia \xvao i:xna:mihtia \ref 02558 \lxa polokatl \lxac polokatl \lxo popolokatl \lxoc popolokatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \infn Stem 2 \se chaff (particularly of maize) \ss ahechaduras; tamo (particularmente de maíz) \pna... ipolokayo tlayo:hli \pea... the chaff of maize \psa... ahechaduras de maíz \xrb poloka \nae <na>Polokatl</na> and <no>popolokatl</no> are apparently related to the same root <nr>pol</nr> as in <nla>poliwi</nla> ; note that RJC also lists <n>polokatl</n> under the root <n>pol</n>. Nevertheless, the precise derivational process is not immediately transparent. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec form is not reduplicated, the Oapan equivalent is. Both are listed here under one entry. \qry Etymology is uncertain, perhaps from /pol-/ of /poliwi/, etc. Note that it should be determined that this word does not exist in the abstract, i.e., *polokayo:tl, but that only a /-yo/ possessed form exists. Check. Also check for other uses, etc. \rt The root <na>poloka</na> is apparently related to <na>pol</na> as in <na>poliwi</na>, though the precise derivational process is not clear. \ref 02559 \lxa xi:kahli \lxac xi:kahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se <spn>jícara</spn>, type of round, circular gourd, often cut in half to use for scooping out water (e.g., in washing clothes) \ss jícara, tipo de calabaza redonda y circular, a menudo cortada en mitades, que se utiliza para sacar agua de una tinaja, pozito, etc. \se any of many types of plastic bowls used as a <na>jícara</na> \ss cualquier recipiente de plástico utilizado como jícara \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem tool-house \syna wekahli \syno wákahlí \xrb xi:kal \fl wekahli \qry Determine whether this should be considered a plant. \ref 02560 \lxa a:pilowa \lxac a:pilowa \lxo a:pilowa \lxoc a:pilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to be tipped toward the horizon and in a waning crescent (the moon) \ss estar inclinada hacia el horizonte y de cuarto menguante (la luna) \pna A:pilowa me:stli; tsonakatsi:n unkah. Kito:sneki kiawis. \pea The tip of the crescent moon is dipping down toward the horizon, it's on its side. This means that it's going to rain. \psa La punta de la luna de cuarto menguante está inclinada hacia el horizonte; está de lado. Eso quiere decir que va a llover. \sem weather \xrb a: \xrb pil \mod Cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1 and add to entry. \grm Incorporation; The verb /a:pilowa/ is an interesting case of incorporation. It appears that the incorporated noun is in essence a thematic patient. \ref 02561 \lxa nakastli \lxac nakastli \lxo nakastli \lxoc nakastli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se ears \ss orejas; oidos \pna... tonakas \pea... the (lit. 'our') ears \psa... las (lit. 'nuestras') orejas \se handles (e.g., of a jug, mug, cup, etc.) \ss asas (p. ej., de un cántaro, taza, etc.) \pna...inakas tso:tsokohli \pea... the handles of a three-handled water jug \psa... las asas de un cántaro con tres asas \sem body \xrb nakas \grm Possession: Intrinsice: /-yo/: Note that in general body parts when possessed, even when referring to a part of a material object, do not accept the use of /-yo/ (i.e., even when a part/whole). Thus even the handles ('ears') of a water jug are referred to as /i:nakas/ and not */i:nakasyo/. \ref 02562 \lxa koto:nilia \lxac kikoto:nilia \lxo koto:nilia \lxoc kikoto:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled) for or in regards to \ss reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar) a o para \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to pull apart or pull off into pieces (a fruit or vegetable) and toss into; to shred and toss into \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) desmenuzar o despedazar y echar a \pna Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s! \pea Break off pieces of onion into your beans so you'll like the taste of them! \psa ¡Despedázale cebolla a tus frijoles para que gustes de su sabor! \xrb koto: \xvbao koto:na \nse In a phrase such as <na>Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s</na> the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: <na>Xne:chko:koto:nili xonakatl</na> 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper). \qry Check to see if /koto:nilia/ can accept the intensifier /te/. Another important question is the meaning of /welilia/. I had first translated this as 'to like the taste of,' which I have kept in the translation. However, RS translates as 'hacer comidas buenas, sabrosas,' This would be the expected transitive of the paradigm /welik/, /weliya/ and /welilia/. \grm Note that in a phrase such as <na>Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s</na> the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: <na>Xne:chkotooto:nili xonakatl</na> 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper). \ref 02563 \lxa tsi:ntla:ltesokitl \lxacpend tsi:ntla:ltesokitl \dt 03/May/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se clumps of moist, muddy earth stuck to the roots of uprooted plants \ss terrones de tierra huméda y lodosa que queda pegado a las raíces de plantas desarraigadas \pna Seki kipia itsi:ntla:ltesokiw. \pea Some (in this case plants) have clumps of muddy earth stuck to their roots. \psa Algunas (en este caso plantas) tienen terrones de tierras lodosa pegados a sus raíces. \syno tsi:ntla:hlo \xrb tsi:n \xrb tla:l \xrb te \xrb soki \nae It is interesting that whereas in Ameyaltepec <na>tsi:ntla:ltesokitl</na> \ref 02564 \lxa de \lxac de nocha:n \lxo deh \lxoc deh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan de \psm Subord \der Subord \se from \ss de \pna De ka:no:n tiwa:le:wa? \pea Where are you from? \psa ¿De dónde vienes? \se (<na>de o:me</na>) two forms \ss (<na>de o:me</na>) dos formas \pna De o:me kipia. \pea It has two forms \psa Tiene dos formas. \ref 02565 \lxa chichi:k to:motli \lxac chichi:k to:motli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(h) \sea type of prickly pear cactus, <na>to:motli</na> or <na>ó:rganoh</na> \ssa tipo de tuna o cactus, <na>to:motli</na> o <na>ó:rganoh</na> \sem plant \sem cactus \equivo tó:mokóhtli xokó:k \xrb chichi: \xrb to:moh \nse This cactus was not identified during the fieldwork trip of October 2001 by any of the consultants. \nct to:motli \ref 02566 \lxa te:mpatil \lxac te:mpatil \lxo te:mpatil \lxoc te:mpatil \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have a twisted or crooked mouth or lips (that goes off to one side) \ss tener la boca (o labios) torcida o chueca (que sale hacia un lado) \apao te:mpatiltik \xrb te:n \xrb patil \ref 02567 \lxa okseki \lxac okseki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr \der Pr-indef \infv pl. <na>o:ksekimeh</na> \se still another; more still; a little more \ss otro todavía; otro más \pna Okseki xne:xte:kili! \pea Serve me still a little more (e.g., food, drink, etc.)! \psa ¡Sírveme un poquito más todavía (p. ej., comida, bebida, etc.)! \pna Nihkowas okseki. \pea I'll buy some others still. \psa Voy a comprar otros más todavía. \cfao seki \xrb ok \xrb seki \nse Whether or not <na>okseki</na> can function in a modifier capacity in prenominal position is not clear; more texts are needed to clarify this situation. Note that at present I have two entries for <na>seki</na>, one as a pronominal and the other as a term modifier. \qry Check vl for future and elicit. \ref 02568 \lxa petlaso:lkuwatl \lxac petlaso:lkuwatl \lxo petlá:solkówatl \lxoc petlá:solkówatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se centipede \ss ciempiés \pna Petlaso:lkowatl, xkowatl, ke:n kowatsi:ntli. \pea The centipede, it is not a snake, (though) it's like a small snake. \psa El ciempiés, no es una culebra (aunque) es como una pequeña serpiente. \pna Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san agachitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia. \pea If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit from each, even if they aren't all full. \psa Si te pica un ciempiés, te vas a aliviar solamente si tomas cién platos de atole, aunque sea nada más un poquito de cada uno, aunque no estén todos llenos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb petla \xrb sol \xrb kowa \nae The etymology of <na>petlaso:lkuwatl</na> and <no>petlá:solkówatl</no> is uncertain although the presence of <na>petla</na> and <na>kowatl</na> seems clear. The origins or meaning of the <na>sol</na> element is, however, unclear. The Ameyaltepec pronunciation of Cristino Flores seems to have a definite long /o:/, which is not clearly present in the Oapan forms (though it cannot be ruled out, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino). Note also that Oapan Nahuatl <no>petlá:solkúwatl</no> manifests pitch accent that would seem to be related to a reduplicant, perhaps the adjectival termination <nlo>-sósohlí</nlo>. But this would leave the long vowel in the Ameyaltepec pronunciation unexplained. It could be that Oapan speakers reinterpret the /-sol/ syllable as related to the /-sol/ of <no>té:sohlí</no>. \qry Tetelcingo has a short vowel here. Also, check etymology and whether /petlaso:hli/ also exists. \grm Reduplication: Note the following: /Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san aga:chitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia./ 'If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit from each, even if they aren't all full.' \grmx The etymology of <na>petlaso:lkuwatl</na> and <no>petlá:solkówatl</no> is uncertain although the presence of <na>petla</na> and <na>kowatl</na> seems clear. The origins or meaning of the <na>sol</na> element is, however, unclear. The Ameyaltepec pronunciation of Cristino Flores seems to have a definite long /o:/, which is not clearly present in the Oapan forms (though it cannot be ruled out, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino). Note also that Oapan Nahuatl <no>petlá:solkúwatl</no> manifests pitch accent that would seem to be related to a reduplicant, perhaps the adjectival termination <nlo>-sósohlí</nlo>. But this would leave the long vowel in the Ameyaltepec pronunciation unexplained. It could be that Oapan speakers reinterpret the /-sol/ syllable as related to the /-sol/ of <no>té:sohlí</no>. \ref 02569 \lxa a:te:nki \lxac a:te:nki \lxo a:te:nki \lxoc a:te:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be almost ripe; to be just somewhat juicy (a fruit between being green and being ripe) \ss estar casi madura o a la sazón; estar algo jugoso (una fruta que está entre verde y madura) \pna Ye pe:wa chika:wi, a:te:nki. \pea It is beginning to get ripe, it is getting a little juicy \psa Está a punto de madurarse; está poniéndose algo jugoso. \pna A:mantsi:n kemech a:te:nki, xe iksi. \pea It is just now getting somewhat juicy, it isn't ripe yet. \psa Ahorita está poniéndose algo jugoso, todavía no está a sazoón. \xrb a: \xrb te:n \nae The plural form of adjectivals such as <nao>a:te:nki</nao> is manifested through reduplication. Given that the Oapan adjectival is vowel initial, the reflex of reduplication is pitch accent: <no>á:té:nki</no> \qry Obtain Oapan plural form <no>á:té:nki</no> and add to /lxoc field. \grm Adjectives; nouns; deverbal: note the difference in words such as /a:poso:nki/ and /a:te:nki/. In the first the part of speech is a noun, which is followed by an attributive adjective. The meaning is"boiled water."In the second it is the subject that is filled"with water"(the incorporated noun). The IN is not the subject that is predicated upon, but is a peripheral argument to the verb phrase. Thus in /a:te:nki/ it is S that is filled (participal) WITH WATER. Thus in my coding there should be a difference between /com N-Adj that is an adjective ps and that which is a noun. \ref 02570 \lxa buchih \lxac i:buchih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan buche \infn N2 \se Adam's apple \ss nuez de la garganta \syna ko:kobuchih \syna ko:kobande:rah \syno kechtolopochyo \syno a:ko:kotolopochyo \sem body \qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/. \ref 02571 \lxa ye wi:kpla kayo:tl \lxaa ye wi:ptla kayo:tl \lxac ye wi:kpla kayo:tl \lxo i wi:ptla kayo:tl \lxoc i wi:ptla kayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se something from two days ago \ss algo de desde hace dos días \pna O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kpla kayo:tl. \pea Your <na>nextamahli</na> has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long). It's already two days old. \psa Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse quedado en agua estancada. Ya es de antier. \xrb wi:ptla \xrb kayo: \nse Given the semantics of <nlao>-kayo:tl</nlao> 'from the time of,' or something similar, with <nao>wi:ptla</nao> it only occurs with a preceding <nao>ye</nao> or <nao>i</nao>, 'already' (i.e., since something can not be ?'from the day after tomorrow') \nde At least in Oapan this form is only used with the preceding <no>i</no> 'already.' \ref 02572 \lxa sema:na \lxac kisema:na \lxo sema:na \lxoc kisema:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to buy, and store (particularly in order to resell) \ss comprar y guardar o almacenar (particularmente para volver a vender); revender; rescatar \pna Tlase:mana, kipia. \pea He buys and sells (i.e., is a shopowner), he has it (money) \psa Compra y revende (esto es, es un tendero), tiene. \xrb sem \xrb a:na \ref 02573 \lxa ikxikukwetlaxiwi \lxac ikxikukwetlaxiwi \lxo ixí:kwetlaxíwi \lxop ixí:kwetlaxiwi \lxoc ixikwetlaxiwi, ixí:kwetlaxíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s): <no>ixí:kwetlaxíwi</no> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se for ones leg to get exhausted and weak or rubbery \ss cansarsele o enflaquecersele a uno la pierna, o quedarsele débil \xrb kxi \xrb kwetlax \nse This verb is used to refer to the manner in which ones legs give out from walking very far, from running a lot, i.e. when ones legs become weak and are about to give out. \nae Both the unreduplicated <na>ikxikwetlaxiwi</na> or <no>ixikwetlaxiwi</no> and reduplicated <na>ikxikukwetlaxiwi</na> or <no>ixí:kwetlaxíwi</no> forms are correct. The former refers to this effect on one leg, the latter to the same effect on both legs. The Oapan reduplicated form shows phonological reduction of the reduplicant onto the short final vowel of the incorporated noun stem <no>ixi</no>. The verb is usually found with reduplication given that it is usually the result of an action that affects both legs at the same time. \qry Check for transitive form. Check for unreduplicated form; also with /ma:/?? \grm Note that two words referring to feet/legs getting tired, etc. are entered in the headword category in two different ways. Thus /ikxikutia/ does not have redpulication because it can easily happen to just one leg, as in the example. However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/ is the result of actions that almost inevitably affect both legs. \ref 02574 \lxa chiko \lxac chiko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se uneven in growth (height or length, e.g., hair, grasses, plants, etc.); crooked \ss de crecimiento disparejo (en lo alto o lo largo, p. ej., pelo, zacate, plantas, etc.); chueco \pna San chiko we:weyak nowapa:wa itson. \pea His hair grows unevenly (some parts growing faster than others, leaving the hair of unequal lengths). \psa Su cabello crece disparejo (algunas partes crecen más rápido que otras, dejando el cabello disparejo). \pna Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli, seki wekapan wa:n seki pi:pitik ika tikye:kpowa. \pea Those maize plants are uneven (in height), some are tall and some are short because you replanted where some seeds planted the first time did not come up. \psa Esas plantas de maíz están disparejas, algunas son altas y otras cortitas con esto de que volviste a sembrar donde las semillas sembradas al principio no brotaron. \syno chikotia \cfao chikotik \xrb chiko \nae <na>Chiko</na> is a modifier that signifies 'crooked,' 'uneven,' or 'off to one side.' Apparently Ameyaltepec <na>chiko</na> is used before a verbal predicate, which it modifies. Thus one finds <na>Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli</na>, in which <na>chi:chiko</na> 'crookedly' modifies how the maize plants grow. The phrase <na>san chiko we:weyak</na> is more complex, <na>chiko</na> modifies the adjectival <na>we:weyak</na> with a meaning like 'to be crookedly long.' However, on another original filecard I had documented <na>chi:chiko we:weyak i:tson</na>. The full range of contexts in which <na>chiko</na> is used needs to be determined. \qry Check length of first vowel in /wewe:yak/ in the phrase: /San chiko weweyak nowepa:wa itson/ as it seems that in similar uses of the same word the reduplicated vowel is long. Check. In another file card (with vowel length not marked), I have /chichiko weweyak itson/. Also, I had /weweyak/ but I think that the first vowel of the root is long (i.e., /we:yak/). Also, with /chikoki:sa/ determine whether one or two words, if two, then one would find /chi:ko niki:sa/. \qry Elicit all other forms wth /chiko/: cf. Karttunen, /chikokaki/, etc. Cf. /tsonaka/ and whether this should be analyzed as cliticized. \ref 02575 \lxa pri:moh \lxac pri:moh \lxo pri:moh \lxoa pri:mon \lxoc pri:moh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan primo(a) \psm N \der N-loan \se (poss.) cousin \ss (pos.) primo(a) \se (voc.) cousin \ss (voc.) primo(a) \pna Ka:n tiaw pri:moh? \pea Where are you going cousin? \psa ¿Dónde vas primo? \cfao ne:neh \sem kin \qry As for all kin terms, determine the range of referents, and whether this is extended to fictive kin as well as genealogical kin. Check final segment /n/ or /h/. \ref 02576 \lxa tetilaktik \lxac tetilaktik \lxo tetelahtik \lxoa tetelaktik \lxoc tetelahtik, tetelaktik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se to be very thick (e.g., cloth, blankets, boards, the soles of sandals, etc.) \ss ser muy grueso (p. ej., tela, cobijas, tablas, las suelas de huaraches, etc.) \xrb tila: \nse Apparently this derivation of <nlao>tila:wi</nlao> is used only to refer to the physical thickness of objects, and not to the overgrown nature of a field or patch of earth. Note that there are a group of vines called <na>nakastetititilak</na>, <no>nakasté:tilák</no>, and, in San Juan Tetelcingo, <nt>nakastetihtilak</nt> ; the name derives from the thickness of their leaves. \qry Check use of /tetilaktik/ to indicate overgrown. Note also and check the phonology of the Oapan form; I heard /k/, particularly in IJ's pronunciation, after /la-/. Finally, check /tetelahtik/ vs. /tetilahtik/ in Oapan, i.e., /e/ vs. /i/. Get pronunciations of several people. \grm Adjectivals: one key point that needs to be examined is the relationship between forms such as /toma:wak/ and /tetomaktik/, /pitsa:wak/ and /tepitsaktik/, etc. All /-a:wi/ verbs should be checked for these derivations, particularly if both do indeed occur. Then a check should be made as to whether the form without /te-/ exists (e.g., /tilaktik/). My impression is that while it may be"grammatically correct"and accepted by some speakers, it is rarely found in discourse. Then, after a list of all the pairs is made, an effort should be made to determine the difference in meaning. For /tetilaktik/ my feeling is that it cannot refer to fields that are overgrown with weeds (as /tila:wak/ can), but only to the physical thickness of material objects. \vl Check: apparently the male pronunciation is closer to final /k/ closing the 3rd and penultimate syllable. \ref 02577 \lxa kone:miki \lxac kone:miki \lxo kone:miki \lxoc kone:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to have a child of ones die (usually refers to a death within a few weeks or months of birth) \ss morirsele a un su niño (generalmente se refiere a una muerte dentro de unas pocas semanas o meses de haber nacido) \cfao kone:nemi \xrb kone: \xrb miki \nse Apparently this word refers to a parent (man or woman) who have a child that dies at a very young age, not living past the first few weeks or months. \qry Check. I have no filecard on this word, but seem to remember it's correctness. It is a word in Oapan; recheck Ameyaltepec. \ref 02578 \lxa itipo:xatik \lxac itipo:xatik \lxo ítipó:xatík \lxoc ítipó:xatík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan bolsa (?) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \pa yes-lex \seo to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal) \sso ser panzón; tener una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal) \seo to have a large bulbous middle (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs) \sso tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma) \syna itipoti:xa \xrb hti \nae Oapan <no>ítipó:xatík</no> is semantically equivalent to Ameyaltepec <na>itipoti:xah</na>, mirroring the general alternation between Ameyaltepec <na>poti:xah</na> and Oapan <no>pó:xatí</no>. \qry The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check. \ref 02579 \lxa koyo:tl \lxac koyo:tl \lxo koyo:tl \lxoc koyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se coyote (<i>Canis latrans</i>) \ss coyote (<i>Canis latrans</i>) \se (fig,) light-skinned and well-dressed person; non-Indian who is well off (e.g., a <na>licenciado</na>, doctor, politician, but not simply a rich person). \ss (fig.) persona güera y bien vestida (p. ej., un licenciado, doctor, politico, pero no simplemente una persona rica) \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb koyo:-2- \nse Figuratively, <na>koyo:tl</na> does not simply refer to a rich person, but to someone with some social and political clout, who can do things and get things done. However, no matter was his status and skills, a dark-skinned rich person is never a <na>koyo:tl</na>. It has, therefore, ethnic and class connotations. \cpl Identification of species taken from Leopold (1959). \nct yo:lki \ref 02580 \lxa tlai:tia \lxac kitlai:tia \lxo tlai:tia \lxoc kitlai:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give (an alcoholic beverage) to drink to \ss darle de beber (una bebida alcohólica) a \pna Timistlai:ti:s, nikneki mowa:n nitlai:s! \pea I will give you something alcoholic to drink, I want to drink with you. \psa Te voy a dar una bebida alcohólica para beber, quiero tomar contigo. \xrb i \xvbao tlai \xbtlao oni:tia \ref 02581 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:nka \lxoc i:a:nka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \seo sth adjoining, adjacent or contiguous to, or joined with (sth else [Poss], e.g., to a plot of land, etc.) \sso algo junto o aundado a (otra cosa [Pos], p. ej., en referencia a una parcela de tierra, etc.) \cfa a:nahlo \cfao a:ntok \xrb a:na \cfa a:ntok \nse <no>A:nka</no>, an obligatorily possessed deverbal noun, was given by Florencia Marcelino as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <na>a:nahlo</na>, also obligatorily possessed. However, a precise definition of the former was not given and it remains to be determined how equivalent the two terms are. \qry Determine difference between /ia:nahlo/ and /iwa:n a:ntok/. \ref 02582 \lxa yeyeka \lxac yeyeka \lxo yéyé:ka \lxop yeye:ka \lxoc yéyé:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se for there to be wind \ss haber viento \pna O:yeyekawi:lo:k nomi:l, o:pe:w yeyeka chika:wak. \pea My corn field got blown over by the wind, the winds started to blow hard. \psa Se arrastrómi milpa por el viento, el viento empezó a soplar fuerte. \sem weather \syna yeyekatia \xrb e:ka \nae For a discussion of etymology and vowel length, see entry under <nla>yeyekatl</nla> (Am) \vl There is another token at 3908. \ref 02583 \lxa kalpan \lxac kalpan \lxo kalpan \lxoa kalpah \lxoc kalpah, kalpan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1 \se large village \ss aldea grande \xrb kal \nse Often <nao>kalpan</nao> seems to refer to a home or mother village, as viewed from an offshoot or outlying section. Thus Xalitecos sometimes refer to Ameyaltepec as <na>kalpan</na>, and those of Analco call Oapan <no>kalpan</no>. More generally <na>kalpan</na> refers to any large village. \vl Use the first token from the female speaker for the /kalpah/ utterance (with final /h/); then use second utterance of male for /n/-final version. \ref 02584 \lxa tepe:iyo:tl \lxac tepe:iyo:tl \lxo tepé:yoyó:tl \lxoa tepé:iyó:tl \lxoc tepé:yoyó:tl \lxt ihyo:tl tlako:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se type of tree of the Leguminosea family, still not identified \ss tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosea, hasta ahora no identificado \pna Tepe:iyo:tl | San para tlikuwtli. \pea <na>Tepe:iyo:tl</na> : It is just for firewood. \psa <na>Tepe:iyo:tl</na> : Es solamente para leña. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tepe: \xrb hyo: \nae Pitch accent in Oapan <no>tepé:yoyó:tl</no> stems from the underlying {h} of {ihyo:tl}. \nct kohtli \qry Note that one consultant stated that this was a /kuhtli/. Check. \vl Use second token of male speaker, it appears to have less background noise. \ref 02585 \lxa tenexko:ntli \lxac tenexko:ntli \lxo tenexko:ntli \lxoc tenexko:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se lime kiln: a large vertical hole that is dug next to a short cliff, with an upper (large) and lower (small) compartments of equal diameter. In the larger, upper section rocks are placed to the top; the lower hole is stoked with firewood for several days from. A slit is cut between the two compartments in order to allow heat to rise from the lower to the upper sections, cooking the rocks and converting them to lime. \ss horno para hacer cal: un pozo grande y vertical excavado cerca de la orilla de un risco con un compartamento superior grande y otro inferior más pequeño, los dos del mismo diámetro. El compartamento superior se llena de piedras hasta el top; el inferior se llena con leña que se que por varios días. Un rendija entre los dos compartamentos se hace para permitir que el calor suba, cocinando las piedras y convertiéndolas en cal. \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb ko:m \ilustmp Illustrate \nse In Oapan, the vertical lime kilns that are excavated in rock have three named parts: <no>i:ko:nyo</no>, the large cylindrical hole, some two or more meters deep, into which rocks are placed; <no>i:estri:boh</no>, the shelf like division of rock, with two large perpendicular slots through which the heat rises, cut of rock left between the large upper cylinder where the rocks are placed and the lower part of the cylinder where wood is stoked; and <no>i:xi:k</no>, the bottom part of the cylinder, some 50 cm high, into which firewood is placed to cook the rocks. Note that, as expected, the body-part metaphor part of the kiln, <no>i:xi:k</no> does not take the intrinsic possessive suffix <n>-yo</n>, while the possessed stem <n>ko:n-</n>, from <nlo>ko:ntli</nlo> does take the suffix. \grm Possession; <n>-yo</n> : In Oapan, the vertical lime kilns that are excavated in rock have three named parts: <no>i:ko:nyo</no>, the large cylindrical hole, some two or more meters deep, into which rocks are placed; <no>i:estri:boh</no>, the shelf like division of rock, with two large perpendicular slots through which the heat rises, cut of rock left between the large upper cylinder where the rocks are placed and the lower part of the cylinder where wood is stoked; and <no>i:xi:k</no>, the bottom part of the cylinder, some 50 cm high, into which firewood is placed to cook the rocks. Note that, as expected, the body-part metaphor part of the kiln, <no>i:xi:k</no> does not take the intrinsic possessive suffix <n>-yo</n>, while the possessed stem <n>ko:n-</n>, from <nlo>ko:ntli</nlo> does take the suffix. \ref 02586 \lxa wekapania \lxac wekapania \lxo wákapánia \lxop wakapania \lxoc wakapánia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to grow tall (a person, a tree, etc.) \ss crecer alto (una persona, unárbol, etc.) \pna Xok tiwe:iyas, xok tiwekapanias ika titlatlantsi:n. \pea You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions. \psa No vas a crecer, no vas a ser alto porque eres muy preguntón. \se to get higher or taller (e.g., a building being built) \ss subir en altura (p. ej., un edificio en construcción) \se to flare up high (a fire) \ss subir (un fuego que empieza a flamear) \pna On tlitl o:wepaniak, o:koma:w un so:ya:tl. \pea That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire). \psa El fuego ha llameado, se propagóhacia la palma (incendiándola). \xrb wehka \xrl -pan \grm Use of /i:ka/ and /pa:mpa/: The difference or similarities between the two need to be determined. Note in the following the use of /i:ka/ to indicate a cause: /Xok tiwe:iyas, xok tiwekapanias i:ka titlatlantsi:n/ 'You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions.' \ref 02587 \lxa a:chitsi:n \lxac a:chitsi:n \lxo á:chitsí:n \lxoc á:chitsí:n \lxop a:chitsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \se a little \ss poquito \pna Xne:chmaka a:chitsi:n! \pea Give me a little (e.g., of food or drink)! \psa ¡Dame un poquito (p. ej., de comida o bebida)! \pna Xne:chmaka ok a:chitsi:n! \pea Give me a little bit more! \psa ¡Dáme un poquito más! \pna San a:chitsi:n. \pea Just a little (i.e., just give me a little). \psa ¡Un poquito nada más (esto es, dáme solamente un poquito más). \pna A:chitsi:n ma:w! \pea (Give me) a little bit of your water! \psa ¡(Dáme) un poquito de tu agua! \se for a short time \ss por poco tiempo \pna A:chitsi:n nikochi. \pea He sleeps justs a little. \psa Duerme solamente un poquito. \sea (<nla>sa:</nla> ~) a short time (from now; syn. Am/Oa <nao>sa: te:tepitsi:n</nao>) \ssa (<nla>sa:</nla> ~) dentro de poco (tiempo desde ahora; sin. Am/Oa <nao>sa: te:tepitsi:n</nao>) \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n wi:ts. \pea He will come a short time from now. \psa Dentro de poco viene. \xrb a:chih \nse Note the difference in meaning, in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, between <na>san a:chitsi:n</na> 'just a little bit' (e.g., of food) and <na>sa: a:chitsi:n</na> 'in just a little while (from now).' The equivalent of the latter in Oapan is <no>san te:tepitsi:n</no>. \nae The presence of {h} is indicated by pitch accent in Oapan (though without comparative evidence it would be unclear where the {h} was located). The length of the first vowel is still problematic, as the length of word-initial vowels are sometimes difficult to determine. However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am), of the literacy workgroup, were quite certain that the first vowel of this word is long, and it has so been recorded here and in all illustrative sentences. The same observation applied to <nla>a:chi</nla> (Am). \qry Check this adjectival use given that I have added this entry based on some other similar phrases in the corpus. \qry Check vowel length. I have changed all entries and illustrative phrases with /a:chitsi:n/ (Am) to a standard of /achitsi:n/. The Oapan entry appears to have a short initial vowel, however, this is the vowel that needs to be fully and definitively determined. \ref 02588 \lxa po:so:hli \lxac po:so:hli \lxo po:so:hli \lxoc po:so:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se pozole \ss pozole \sem food-maize \xrb po:so:l \encyctmp po:so:hli \nse There are two types of <na>po:so:hli</na> documented in my notes: <nla>ye:lo:po:so:hli</nla> and <nla>po:so:hli de nextamahli</nla>. \qry Check vowel length. Although this word would seem to be related to the verb /poso:ni/, the difference in vowel length is problematical, for this derivation would suggest at least a short initial vowel, if not two short vowels. The only other source of vowel length is Ramírez and Dakin (1978), which is not trustworthy on vowel length. Check derivation and adjust cat field accordingly. \ref 02589 \lxa iksan \lxac iksan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se a long time ago \ss hace mucho tiempo, antiguamente \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. \pna Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, iksan tinemiko:ya. \pea A <na>tla:lme:stli</na>, if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon). \psa Un <na>tla:lme:stli</na>, si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto). \cfa iksan kayo:tl \xrb iksan \qry Oapan has the nominal form <nlo>i:san kayo:tl</nlo> though not the adverbial <no>i:san</no>, at least not in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \qry Recheck length of initial vowel, although in a later entry I have recorded as a note:"the first vowel is definitely long and should be recorded or changed to such in all entries." \ref 02590 \lxa istlakatki \lxac istlakatki \lxo istlakatki \lxoc istlakatki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se liar \ss mentiroso \xrb stlaka \qry Check etymology. Check length of first vowel. \ref 02591 \lxa tlamanilia \lxac kitlamanilia \lxo tlamanilia \lxoc kitlamanilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to patch (sth such as clothes or similar material objects) \ss remendar (algo, como una prenda de vestir u otros materiales similares) para (algn) \pna Tiktlamanili:s nokoto:n. \pea You are going to patch up my shirt. \psa Me vas a remendar mi camisa. \se to leave an offering for (e.g., a deceased relative for All Saint's Day) \ss dejar una ofrenda para (p. ej., un pariente fallecido para Todos Santos) \sem clothing \xrb man \xvaa tlamanililia \xvbao mana \nae One case say, as in the transitive entry for <nao>tlamanilia</nao>, <na>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</na>. In this construction the base verb <na>manilia</na> has a ditransitive meaning of, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to"lay"a tortilla on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top of the hole) of my shirt.' In <na>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</na>, <n>tla-</n> is the secondary object (what is laid down, i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary object (here the wornout shirt). However, it also appears that <na>tlamanilia</na> itself may be a ditransitive verb, as in <na>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</na> 'she will fix my pants for me,' where <na>ne:ch</na> is the primary object and <na>nopá:ntalon</na> is the secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object, <n>tla-</n> is used, with the resultant form <na>ne:chtlatlamanili:s</na> 's/he will mend (sth) for me.' The fact that this occurs sug gests that <na>tlamanilia</na> as a ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive <na>manilia</na>. Thus in <na>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</na> it would appear that <na>manilia</na> is ditransitive and the <n>tla-</n> reduces the valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun incorporation, <n>tla-</n> is a"saturating"and occupies the slot of an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (<na>tlamanilia</na> is monovalent). However, in the case of <na>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</na> 'she will fix my pants for me,' the <n>tla-</n> does not reduce the valency of <na>manilia</na>, and the"compound"remains bivalent (the primary object is <na>ne:ch</na> and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is <na>nopá:ntalon</na>). Thus this represents"modifying"incorporation, or Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is interesting that in e ffect that <n>tla-</n> does not appear to"modify"anything.The valency of <na>tlamanilia</na> is problematic. In many cases (cf. homophonous entry) it seems obviously to be a bivalent (and simple transitive) verb. However, in the illustrative sentences here it appears trivalent. Thus <na>tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n</na> seems to have two objects. The primary object (1st- person singular) is overtly expressed; when specific, the secondary object is not overtly marked on the verb (as in the example just given). However, it may be overtly expressed as a nonspecific object (e.g., <na>tlatlamanilia</na>), in which case the secondary object may only be expressed as an oblique. This is the case with, for <na>timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s i:ka notlake:n</na>. \nde Note in Oapan that <no>kitlamanilia</no> refers to an offering to the saints or deceased whereas <no>kitlá:manília</no> refers to putting patches on clothes. The object may be either the clothes themselves or the owner. \qry After discussing with C. Flores I have removed: /Ne:chtlatlamanili:skeh ika nokoto:n./ 'They will patch up clothes for me, my shirt.' and /Timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s ika notlake:n./ 'I'm going to hire you to patch my clothes up for me.' \mod NOTE that according to C. Flores one usually says sth like /xtlamanili nokoto:n/, but it is also possible to use the double applicative /xne:xtlamanili nokoto:n/. \ref 02592 \lxa kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \lxac kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \lxo kaxa:nka:siwa:tl \lxoc kaxa:nka:siwa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se sickly woman; woman who easily becomes ill or weakened from work \ss mujer enfermiza, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo) \pna Kaxa:nka:suwa:tl, san kukwalo:tok. \pea She is a weak, sickly woman, she is always just getting ill. \psa Es una mujer débil, enfermiza, siempre anda enfermándose. \syna poxa:hka:suwa:tl \cfa tepi:tska:suwa:tl \cfo tepi:tka:siwa:tl \xrb kaxa: \xrb sowa: \dis poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl \nse This word, <na>kaxa:nka:sowa:ti</na> to a woman who is unable to work, who gets sick easily from work. \qry Perhaps in phrase /san kukwalo:tok/ /sa:/ and not /san/ is correct and should be used. \ref 02593 \lxa ta:natli \lxac ta:natli \lxo tá:natlí \lxoc tá:natlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se large bag of woven palm \ss espuerta o bolsa grande hecha de palma tejida \se (rare: by extension) any large bag \ss (raro: por extensión) cualquier bolsa grande \cfa tata:nah \cfo tátá:nah \sem tool \xrb ta:nah \nse The <na>ta:natli</na> was much more commonly used in the past. It has two handles and flaps, all of palm, that close over each other. Ameyaltepequeños used to buy these from sellers from Tlamacazapa. The <na>ta:natli</na> has been replaced by the modern, plastic <na>morrali:nas</na>, commonly used in Mexico for shopping in markets. \ilustmp Buy and illustrate. \ref 02594 \lxa pa:ntalontetekwixtok \lxac pa:ntalontetekwixtok \lxo pantaló:ntekwíxtok \lxop pantalo:ntekwixtok \lxoc pantaló:ntekwíxtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be with ones trousers rolled up \ss estar con los pantalones enrollados y subidos \pna Niktetemo:lti:s nopantalón, xohkó:n nipantalontetekwixtos. \pea I'm going to roll down my trousers, I won't have them rolled up like that anymore. \psa Voy a desenrollar mis pantalones, ya no los voy a tener arremangados así. \syno ixikasó:ntekwíxtok \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nse This stative has only been documented in reduplicated form, as given in the headword. \qry Note that with /ma:tetekwia/ I have this documented as a reflexive (and possibly transitive). Since my only documented example of /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/ is the stative, check the form /pa:ntalontetekwia/ and if it is intransitive or transitive/reflexive. If the former, change Stat-x to Stat. \qry Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct. \pqry Here check vowel length carefully, both dialects. I seem to have heard the first /a:/ as longest in the pronunciation of C. Flores. \grm Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct. \ref 02595 \lxa yeyekameh \lxac yeyekameh \lxo yéye:kámeh \lxoa yéye:kámih \lxoc yéye:kámeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes \se see <nla>yeyekatl</nla> (Am) \ss vé ase <nla>yeyekatl</nla> (Am) \ref 02596 \lxa inekwi \lxac kinekwi \lxo ínekwí \lxop inekwi \lxoc kínekwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \se to smell (either a good or bad fragrance) \ss oler (algo que puede oler bien o mal) \pna O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n \pea I smelled how this was a fragrant place. \psa Olíquétan fragrante era este lugar. \pna O:nikinekw fie:roh. Xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n! \pea I smelled something bad. It wasn't good, it was a real bad-smelling place! \psa Olíalgo mal. No era bueno¡quélugar de mal olor! \pna Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k. \pea He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant. \psa Frunce la naríz. olió algo desagradable. \cfa nekwisti \cfo ínekwísti \xrb hnekwi \xvaa inekwilia \nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix is frequently surpressed in surface forms with an overt preceding subject prefix. By orthographic convention, this is presently written as, e.g., <no>n'inekwi</no> (or, in full form, <no>nikínekwí</no>. Note that the 2nd-person plural is <no>n'ínekwíh</no> (or, in full form, <no>>ninkínekwíh</no>). \grm Re: anticausative. Note that for certain verbs that seem to form a basic transitive there is an intransitive form. This is the case with /inekiw/, which has an intransitive in /nekwisti/. Thus the reflexive is only used for a passive construction. Note that /inekwi/ can refer to either smelling a good or a bad smell. However, /nekwisti/ refers to bad smells. \qry I have removed the anticausatve? definition: (refl.-anticaus.) to give of a smell; to smell. This was from the phrase 'Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih.' Note that the intransitive is /nekwisti/. \ref 02597 \lxa tekon \lxac i:tekon ba:kah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \se udder filled with milk (of a cow, goat, donkey, but not a dog, cat, etc.; i.e., said of animals with udders that get large when birth is near) \ss ubre lleno de leche (de una vaca, chiva, burra, pero no una perra o gata; esto es, se dice de animales que tienen ubres que se hacen grande cuando ya está por parir) \pna Ye kipia itekon, ye mi:xiwis. \pea She has a full udder, she's about to give birth. \psa Ya tiene un ubre lleno, está por parir. \sem body \equivao chi:chiwaltekon \cfao tekomatl \xrb tekoma \nae To date <nao>tekomatl</nao> has been documented only in this obligatorily possessed form, or compounded with nominal stems (e.g., <nlao>a:tekomatl</nlao>). \qry Check to see if /tekomatl/ exists as tecomate. I have removed this definition: 'breasts filled with milk (of a woman who is about to give birth or nursing)' Recheck. \ref 02598 \lxa ma:ka:wilia \lxac kima:ka:wilia \lxo ma:ka:wilia \lxoc kima:ka:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to let loose for (e.g., in letting out a rope for sb) \ss soltar para o a (p. ej., en ir soltando un laso para algn) \se to raise the volume of (a radio, record player, etc.); to turn up (the level of an electrical appliance); to speed up or accelerate (a car being drive, an animal being ridden, etc.) \ss subirle el volumen a (un radio, tocadiscos, etc.); hacer trabajar más fuerte a (un aparato eléctrico); accelarar (un coche manejado, un animal montado, etc. \pna Xma:ka:wili, xkakisti! \pea Turn it up (in this case the volume on a radio), it's not audible! \psa ¡Súbele el volumen (en este caso a un radio), no se oye! \se to exhale in the face of (e.g, smoke) \ss exhalar en la cara de; soltar (humo, etc.) en la cara de \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \xvbao ma:ka:wa \qry Check meaning of 'to exhale in the face of,' as this was entered from memory. I have also eliminated this def. as C. Flores did not agree to its validtiy: 'to free (a prisioner) for; to let out in the custody of' \ref 02599 \lxa ma:poche:roh \lxac ma:poche:roh \lxo ma:poche:roh \lxoc ma:poche:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>ma:poxtli</n> \psm N \der N-ap \infn Gender; N1 \se person who is left-handed \ss persona surda, que escribe con la mano izquierda \xrb ma: \xrb opoch \nse The fact that a Spanish loan ending (<spn>-ero/a</spn>) occurs here might have affected the length of the previous vowel, /o/, which seems short in the Ameyaltepec form <na>ma:poche:roh</na>. As to the initial /o/ of the putative stem <nr>opoch</nr>, the fact that it deletes following <nao>ma:</nao> suggests that it was underlying short, although this is a very thin evidence in regard to vowel length one way or the other. FK compares various dialects and in most the /o:/ is long. \ref 02600 \lxa te:mposteki \lxac kite:mposteki \lxo te:mposteki \lxoc kite:mposteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to break off the point of (e.g., a pencil, a pick, or other similar objects with a long point) \ss romperle el punto a (p. ej., un lápiz, un pico, u otros objetos con un largo punto) \xrb te:n \xrb posteki \dis te:mposteki; te:ntlapa:ni \ref 02601 \lxa okwihlowa \lxaa kwilinyowa \lxac okwihlowa \lxo kwikwihlowa \lxoc kwikwihlowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \seo to get full of worms \sso agusanarse \syna okwihlowa \cfo kwikwilxi:ni \xrb okwil \nse Inocencio Díaz gave the form <na>kwilinyowa</na>, but this has not yet been documented with other speakers. \nae Oapan <no>kwikwihlowa</no>, which occurs in various compounds, shows reduplication without a final {h} in the coda of the reduplicant (at least as suggested by the absence of pitch accent, a reflex of coda {h}. The reason for this is not clear. \qry Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Check for the possibility of reduction /ni:kwihlowa/??. \sj Check for /h/ in kwikwihlowa/ or /kwihkwihlowa/, etc. \ref 02602 \lxa i:xtakatsi:n \lxac i:xtakatsi:n \lxo i:xtakatsi:n \lxoc i:xtakatsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \se see <nlao>i:xtaka</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>i:xtaka</nlao> \xrb i:xtaka \ref 02603 \lxa tsotsomoka \lxac tsotsomoka \lxo tsotsomoka \lxoc tsotsomoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to emit a sound like that of cloth or paper ripping \ss emitir un sonido como lo de tela o papel que se rasga \pna Tsotsomokatias mokoto:n de ka:mpa timopilo:s. \pea Your shirt will start tearing apart (lit. 'go along making a ripping sound') if you pull hard. \psa Tu camisa se va a ir rompiendo (lit. 'ir haciendo un sonido al rasgarse') si te jalas fuerte. \sem sound \xrb tsomo: \xvnao tsomo:ni \nae <na>Tsotsomoka</na> often occurs with the aspectual marker <n>-tiw</n>. \ref 02604 \lxa tatia \lxac kinotatia \lxo 'tatiá \lxop tatia \lxoc kinótatiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl) to claim or treat (sb) as one's father (e.g., an illegitimate child who has not previously recognized his genitor and who now begins to refer to this genitor as a father) \ss (refl) reclamar o tratar a (algn) como padre (p. ej., un hijo ilegítimo que anteriormente no había reconocido, o no había sido reconocido por, su padre biológico y ahora empieza a referirse aél como padre) \pna San kemech o:notatih. \pea He just recently claimed his genitor (as father) \psa Apenas reconoció a su padre biológico (como su padre). \cfao na:ntia \cfa ikni:wtia \cfa suwa:wtia \cfo ihni:htia \cfo siwa:wtia \xrb tah \nae As expected the Oapan form has both objects marked; Ameyaltepec has only the reflexive, which coreferences the subject, the child who takes an adult as a father. It is still not clear how Ameyaltepec Nahuatl would express the object, i.e., the person who is taken for a father. \nde Classical <n>tatia. nicno</n> is glossed in Molina as 'tomar o otro por padre' (note that RS has, probably an error, <n>tatia. nino</n>, i.e., missing the specific 3rd-person object prefix). \qry Check for /na:ntia/. Check for meaning of /tatia/; does it mean to take sb for ones father, or does it make to reclaim/recognize one as one's father. This is important. Perhaps both are correct. Check how Am expresses object. \grm Note that Am does not express the secondary object with the reflexive only when it is 3rd person and not at the beginning. Thus one has /nimotatia/ but /kinotatia/. Also /nimitsnotatia/, etc. \ref 02605 \lxa tepachakahloh \lxac tepachakahloh \lxo tepachakahloh \lxoc tepachakahloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be covered with flat stones and rocks, about the size of a fist or smaller, of the type called <nla>tepachakahli</nla> (a field, or soil; with the result that the stones inhibit the passing of a plow when the land is being worked) \ss estar lleno de piedras anchas y delgadas, como el tamaño de un puño o más pequeno, de las que se llaman <nla>tepachakahli</nla> (un terreno, con el resultado que tales piedras estorban el arado al trabajar la tierra de estos terrenos) \pna Tepachakahloh motla:l. \pea Your land is full of the small flat stones called <nla>tepachakahli</nla>. \psa Tu terreno está lleno de las piedras pequeñas y planas llamadas <nla>tepachakahli</nla>. \sem soil \syna techachahloh \syno té:chahlóh \fla tepachakahli \xrb te \xrb pachaka \ref 02606 \lxa ma:ko:tsi:liwi \lxac ma:ko:tsi:liwi \lxo ma:ko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ma:ko:tsi:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a cramp in ones arm or hand \ss tener o sentir un calambre en el brazo o la mano \xrb ma: \xrb ko:tsil \qry Check for possible transitive form ?ma:ko:tsilowa. \pqry Recheck/confirm vowel length. \ref 02607 \lxa nomuwti:hli \lxac nomuwti:hli \lxo nemohti:hli \lxoc nemohti:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 3 \seo fear \sso miedo \syno mahka:listli \syna mahka:listli \xrb mawi \nae As would be expected from Classical grammars and forms, Oapan Nahuatl manifests the use of <n>ne-</n> in nominalizations. (Note that the length of the final vowel should be further examined for final determination. \grm Nominalization/deverbalization: Note the use of /ne-/ in /nemuhti:hli/, from Oapan, but /no/ in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02608 \lxa poyaktik \lxac poyaktik \lxo poyahtik \lxoc poyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se dark grey \ss griso oscuro \pna Ke:n ko:lo:tsi:ntli, xma:s we:i, pe:nas tli:ltiktsi:n, poyaktsi:n. \pea It (the <na>tliko:lo:tl</na>) is like a small scorpion, it's not too big, it's just a little blackish, darkish. \psa Es (el <na>tliko:lo:tl</na>) es como un alacrancito, no es muy grande, es algo negrito, algo oscuro. \sem color \xrb poya: \nse This term is often used in the diminutive, which in Ameyaltepec is <na>poyaktsi:n</na> and Oapan <no>poyahtsi:n</no>. In one set of notes I mentioned that this term refers to a darkish, dull color. It may have a reddish or brown tone; it is not black but sort of dark brownish. \qry Although this has the form of other adjectivals such as /tetomaktik/, my only documentation of this word is in the diminutive, with /-tsi:n/ substituting for /-tik/. Check the possibility of /poyaktli/ as well as the possibility (or necessity) of /te-/, e.g., /tepoyaktik/. \ref 02609 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kámoxé:poh \lxoc kámoxé:poh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cebo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of sweet potato still unidentified \sso tipo de camote todavía no identificado \equiva kamotli de un istá:k \xrb kamoh \encyctmp kamotli \nse When asked if <na>kamotli de un istá:k</na> was a word in Oapan, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave its equivalent as <no>kámoxé:poh</no>. Fieldwork will determine if the two terms are equivalent. \nct kamotli \qry My notes do not clearly indicate whether this is cultivated or not; check for this and other swet potatoes. \ref 02610 \lxa kekeleh \lxac kekeleh \lxo kekeleh \lxoa kekelih \lxoc kekeleh, kekelih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se person who is ticklish \ss algn que tiene cosquillas \cfa kekeltik \cfa kekel \xrb kel \qry Check for any possible difference between /kekeleh/ and /kekeltik/. Note that Inocencio Jiménez pronounced this /kekelih/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez often differ in the pronunciation of final /i/ and /e/. Thus Florencia gives most agentives ending in /-ni/ as [ne], e.g., /tlakwa:ne/. And Inocencio will often use /i/ where Florencia has /e/, as in the present case. \vl Use first male token for /kekelih/, female (either) for /kekeleh/. \ref 02611 \lxa iso:tla \lxac niso:tla \lxo ísó:tla \lxop iso:tla \lxoc nísó:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl/dif) \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/+trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to vomit \ss (refl.) vomitar \pna O:niso:tlak. \pea He threw up. \psa Vomitó. \se (trans) to cough or spit up (sth specific, a liquid such as blood) \ss (trans) expectorar, esputar (algo en particular, como sangre) \pna Kiso:tla yestli. \pea He spits (coughs up) up blood. \psa Expectora sangre. \se (trans) to spill the beans (i.e., say or reveal sth that had been a secret) \ss (trans) revelar (algo dicho en privado) \sem functions \xrb hso:tla \xvca iso:tlaltia \xvco íso:tláltia \qry Check to determine whether only reflexive is used; cf. causative form with different agent/patient. Note, usually used in reflexive but occasionally with object. Cf. other verbs that may take a reflexive and an object with changes in sense: /ito:tia/, etc. Also, check whether one can say /ka:xi:xa yestli/, /kixi:xa tomin/, etc. I.e., not only a locative but patient. Determine a type of coding for these verbs. \grm Reflexive verbs; transitivity; causatives: Note that there is a difference in these two transitive forms: /kiso:tla/ in which the object is that which is vomitted up, and /kiso:tlaltia/ in which the object is the person who is made to vomit. Note that the reflexive verbs that indicate bodily functions occasionally take an object, but when they do, this object is not a causative object (underlying or thematic patient) but rather a material that is affected, or a person (as in /ne:cha:xi:xa nokone:w/). The causative changes this to adding a new agent and making the previous agent a patient. \ref 02612 \lxa a:yema:nia \lxac a:yema:nia \lxo a:yema:nia \lxoc a:yema:nia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to get soft from being in water or having water added (e.g., earth that is soaked in or mixed with water) \ss ablandarse por estar en el agua o por agregarsele agua (p. ej., tierra a que se le ha agregado agua para que se ponga más suave) \xrb a: \xrb yema:ni \dis a:yema:nia; a:pochi:ni \nse For example, when one is using earth to fill in the spaces in a stone wall, it may be mixed with water in order to soften it. One then can say <nao>yo:a:yema:niak</nao> when the moistened earth is ready to be used. \ref 02613 \lxa kokolisioh \lxac kokolisioh \lxo kokolisioh \lxoc kokolisioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be chronically or continually ill \ss estar siempre enfermo; ser enfermizo \pna Sa: tikukwalo:tinemi. Tikokolisioh. \pea You just go around feeeling sick. You are chronically ill. \psa Nomás andas enfermo. Eres enfermizo. \sem disease \cfao kokolistli \xrb koko \ref 02614 \lxa tolopochiwi \lxac tolopochiwi \lxo tolopochiwi \lxoc tolopochiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to swell up into a hard ball (e.g., on ones skins) \ss salir un hinchazón dura (p. ej., en la piel) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to become bumpy or rough (the surface of things such as roads, ceramics that are not polished, amate paper not well made, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ser o llegar a seráspero y no plano (la superficie de cosas como caminos, cerámica no pulida, papel amate toscamente hecho, etc.) \pna O:to:tolopochiw ka:n mihkasiwi, o:ta:tapale:w. \pea It has gotten bumpy (the skin) where he has <nla>mihkasiwi</nla> (a type of skin rash), it has gotten reddish bumps. \psa Se pusoáspera (la piel) donde se le salió <nla>mihkasiwi</nla> (un tipo de sarpullido), salieron ronchas rojas. \sem texture \xrb tolopoch \dis tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik \nse Most documentation of this word, and its derivatives, is with long stem-initial reduplication, perhaps reflective of the fact that the bumps are widely spaced and that several always occur together (never one alone). The difference between the various words that refer to bumpy or uneven surfaces is not entirely clear. However, <na>tolopochiwi</na> seems to refer to gentle, smooth bumps, not those that emerge suddenly and sharply from a given surface (see <nlao>tla:lto:tolopochka:n</nlao>). \nde <na>To:tolopochiwi</na>, or any potential cognate, seems absent from other dialects. However, note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has <n>to:tolontik</n> 'gordito' (note here also the reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel). It is also quite possible that the wild, grape-like fruit known as <nba>to:tolo:ktsi:n</nba> is from a similar root as <nao>to:tolopochiwi</nao>. \qry If a form such as /totolopochiwi/ or simply /tolopochiwi/ is found, then change main entry to /tolopochiwi/ and xref at /to:tolopochiwi/, etc. \vl There are 4 additional tokens at 5079. These tokens at 5079 should be tagged as 2614. Also, the two tokens selected as the linked words should be chosen from among the 4 word tokens recorded at 5079. \ref 02615 \lxa tetekumasol \lxac tetekumasol \lxo tekómasólin \lxoa tekómasólih \lxoc tekómasólih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-s (Am) \der N-ap (Am); N-b-in (Oa) \pa yes \se type of honey-making and stinging insect that live in nests hanging from trees; in appearance they have a small midsection and in size are slightly larger than <nla>tla:lnekwteh</nla> \ss tipo de insecto que hace miel y pica y que hace su nido colgado deárboles; en apariencia tienen una cintura delgada y en cuanto a tamaño son un poquito más grande que <nla>tla:lnekwteh</nla> \pna Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. \pea The insects called <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). \psa Los insectos llamados <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). \pna Tetekomasol, boli:tah ikal. Pi:pitikeh un yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh pero tlawe:lekeh, deke tikwiyo:ni:s xiska:n mitskaka:waskeh. \pea The <na>tetekomasol</na>, it's nest is round. These insects are very small but fierce, it you shake them (i.e., their nest), they won't leave you alone for a long time. \psa El <na>tetekomasol</na>, tiene su nido como bolita. Estos insectos son muy pequeños pero bravos, si los agitas (esto es, su nido) no te dejan (de perseguir) pronto. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tekoma \xrb -sol \encyctmp nekwtli \nae The etymology of this animal's name is uncertain, although probably it is somewhat descriptive (if so, a description of the animal might help clarify the etymology; it probably has something to do with <n>tekomatl</n>, perhaps because of the shape of its nest). The pitch accent in Oapan might be related to the ending <n>-sol</n>, perhaps related to <no>-sósohlí</no>. Interestingly, however, the final /a/ of <no>tekoma-</no> is not lengthened. In Oapan the plural is <no>tekómasolímeh</no> while in Ameyaltepec it is <na>tetekumasolmeh</na>. These are considered a type of <nbao>chi:lpa:n</nbao>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \sj Check location of /h/ if any in SJ \ref 02616 \lxa kwalakme:ya \lxac kwalakme:ya \lxo kwalahme:ya \lxoc kwalahme:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to drool; for ones mouth to water \ss babear \xrb kwala: \xrb me:ya \dis kwalahki:sa; kwalakmeme:ya \nae The progressive forms manifest surface /x/ for underlying {y}: <na>kwalakmeme:xtok</na>. \vl Use the second tokens of each persons utterance as these have clearer /h/ before the nasal. \ref 02617 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /xoxio:ti/ which was an alt. pronunciation of /xixio:ti/. But since /xixio:ti/ has beenchanged to /xoxio:ti/ this present entry has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Assign utterences from Oapan the number 6503, which will thus have two sets of tokens. \ref 02618 \lxa tso:tso:tilia \lxac kitso:tso:tilia \lxo tso:tso:tilia \lxoc kitso:tso:tilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to cause sores or infected pimples on the skin of \ss hacer salir llagas o granitos infectados sobre la piel de \pna Mistso:tso:tili:skeh sa:yo:lin. \pea Mosquitos will make infected pimples break out on your skin (i.e., the bites may become infected). \psa Los mosquitos te van a hacer salir como llagitas en la piel (esto es, las mordidas se pueden infectar con el tiempo). \xrb tso:tso: \xvbao tso:tso:ti \ref 02619 \lxa tio:tlakih \lxac tio:tlakih \lxo tio:tlakih \lxoa tio:tlakeh \lxop tio:tlakih \lxoc tio:tlakeh, tio:tlakih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \infv pl. <na>tio:tlakikeh</na> \se Good afternoon (from noon to vespers)! \ss ¡Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración)! \xrb tio: \xrl -tlak \encyctmp greetings \nse In Ameyaltepec, the afternoon greeting <na>tiotlakih</na> is the only one with a reverential form: <nla>tiotlaki:ltih</nla>. In Oapan it is much more common to hear <nlo>tlakeh</nlo> or <nlo>tlakih</nlo>. \nae The vowel length distinctions are not altogether clear in the Oapan material analyzed to date as there is not much difference in the quantity of the first two vowels. These should be checked. \qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Get a set of greetings from all villages in the Balsas region. Record and place online. \grm Oapan phonology: here as in other cases, Inocencio Jiménez has final /i/ where Florencia has /e/. Note problems of vowel length \ref 02620 \lxa tepe:wtok \lxac tepe:wtok \lxo tepe:htok \lxoc tepe:htok, tepe:ktok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be scattered on the ground \ss estar esparcido por el suelo \pna Tetepe:wtok moyew. \pea Your beans are scattered all over the ground \psa Tus frijoles están regados por todo el suelo. \xrb tepe: \xtla tlatetepe:wtok \nae Oapan usually has [h] in this position, although speakers will vary and occasionally have various sorts of velar or glottal closure. An example of the former is the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez given for this entry, in which [k] appears as a coda to the middle syllable. \vl Use the first male token as an example of /tepe:ktok/. \ref 02621 \lxa a:i:xko \lxac a:i:xko \lxo a:i:xko \lxoc a:i:xko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com N-N-ko \der N-loc-1-k(o) \se on or near the water's surface \ss sobre o cerca a la superficie del agua \pna A:i:xko nemi un michin. \pea That fish is close to the surface of the water. \psa Aquel pez anda cerca de la superficie del agua. \pna A:i:xko ninemi. \pea I float on the surface of the water. \psa Floto sobre la superficie del agua. \xrb a: \xrl -i:xko \grm Clitics; stress: Oapan: note that when /yaw/ is added to verbs of location it is fully cliticized: /a:i:xkóyaw/. \ref 02622 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here the word /kuhchi:mahli/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02623 \lxa ila:makuwtli \lxac ila:makuwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea generic name for a group of trees that includes two types, differentiated by the color of their fruit \ssa nombre genérico para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos tipos, diferenciados por el color de su fruta \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem edible \equiva ila:mah \xrb ila:mah \xrb kow \qry Check status of initial /i/ as to whether epenthetic. ila:mah. Although Florencia Marcelino gave /tsapokohtli/ as the Oapan equivalent, this might be in error given that Silvestre Pantaleón, during the Oct. 2001 field session, did not identify the /ila:mah/ that we saw. Also, check vowel length as in my botany notes I have a long initial /i/. \nct kohtli \ref 02624 \lxa ko:skaxa:hli \lxac ko:skaxa:hli \lxo ko:skaxa:hli \lxoc ko:skaxa:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se seed beads, small glass beads for embroidering \ss chaquira \xrb ko:s \xrb xa:l \nae The initial /o:/ of the Oapan data is not overly long (4 examples vary between 93 and 98 ms) but still this length is well within the range of long vowels. \ref 02625 \lxa o:mexkayo:tl \lxac o:mexkayo:tl \lxo o:mexkayo:tl \lxoc o:mexkayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao see <nlao>-xkayo:tl</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-xkayo:tl</nlao> \xrb o:me \xrb xiw \xrb kayo: \qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short. \ref 02626 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tepayelowa/. Now eliminated; cf. /tepayolowa/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02627 \lxa koya:wa \lxac kikoya:wa \lxo koya:wa \lxoc kikoya:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to widen or stretch out (affecting a round or roundish opening, e.g., the opening of a sack) \ss ensanchar una apertura o agujero (que es redondo o algo redondo, p. ej., la boca de un costal) \pna Xkoya:wa a:chitsi:n para kalakis! \pea Open it up a little (e.g., the opening of a sack) so that they (in this case <spn>mazorcas</spn>) fit in! \psa ¡ábrele un poquito (p. ej., la boca de un costal) para que entren (las mazorcas)! \pna Ma:ka tiktekoya:was, ke:n titotoma:wak! \pea Don't stretch it out (in this case clothes being tried on) you're quite fat! \psa ¡No lo estires (en este caso ropa que se prueba), eres algo gordo! \xrb koya: \xvaao koya:wilia \ref 02628 \lxa xomilin \lxac xomilin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea jumil, type of edible insect \ssa jumil, tipo de insecto comestible \sem animal \sem insect \sem edible \xrb xomil \cpl Schoenhals (1988) under jumil states:"(Fam. Pentatomidae) 'stink bug.' See chinche de jardín. 2. An insect of the central plateau that was toasted and eaten by the indigenous people." \qry On one file card I note that all vowels are definitely short. \ref 02629 \lxa koko:xotik \lxac koko:xotik \lxo ko:xotik \lxoc ko:xotik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cojo \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se lame or with a limp \ss cojo \syna ikxikoko:xoh \syno ixiko:xo \nae The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl is due to the fact that the loan <nlo>ko:xo</nlo> (from Spanish <spn>cojo</spn>) does not end in final /h/. \vl Ignore the first pronunciations of /kokoxohtik/. Do not tag. In later documentation is this proves to be the Oapan form for 2264, /kokoxoktik/ in Ameyaltepec (which FM said had no Oapan cognate), then these two tokens might be sought and then tagged. But for now, don't tag them. \ref 02630 \lxa sakatsontetl \lxac sakatsontetl \lxo sakatsontetl \lxoc sakatsontetl \lxt sakatsontetl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of grass, member of the Poaceae family, still not identified \ss tipo de zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificado \pna Sakatsontetl | Bwe:noh para kahli. \pea <na>Sakatsontetl</na> : It is good for houses (i.e., roofs). \psa <na>Sakatsontetl</na> : Es bueno para casas (esto es, los techos). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \xrb tson \xrb te \cpl According to Juan de la Rosa, <na>sakatsontetl</na> is called <spn>pelillo</spn> in Spanish. Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the <i>Gramineae</i> family, named in Spanish <spn>zacate de zonteta</spn>. \nct sakatl \ref 02631 \lxa tla:wi:lpantia \lxac tla:wi:lpantia \lxo tla:wi:lpantia \lxoc tla:wi:lpantia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become illuminated (an area or internal space) \ss llegar a illuminarse (unaárea o espacio interno) \pna Ma nitlatlikwi:lti, ma tla:wi:lpantia! \pea Let me turn on the lights (or, e.g., light a candle) so that the place will be illuminated! \psa Déjame prender las luces (o, p. ej., encender una vela) para que quede iluminado. \xrb tla:wi:l \qry Check to determine whether /tla:wi:lpantli/ is a word, FM uttered it. If so, add. However, the form /tla:wi:.pan/ is already in the lexicon. \vl Use the first token of the female speaker and last token of the male. Do not tag /tla:wi:lpantli/, the first erroneous female utterance. \ref 02632 \lxa lamatsi:n \lxac lamatsi:n \lxo lámatsí:n \lxoc lámatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \infn N0/1 \se address term for wife \ss término para dirigirse a la esposa \se old woman (in the sense of age) \ss vieja (en cuanto a edad) \pna Ye lamatsi:n, xok wel nenemi. \pea She's already an old woman, she can't walk well anymore. \psa Ya es una vieja, ya no puede caminar bien. \cfao lamah \xrb lamah \nse The Ameyaltepec form, at least, may be palatalized to <na>lamachi:n</na>, apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.' \nae Apparently this diminutive form is rarely, if ever, possessed. On the other hand, the non-diminutive <nlao>lamah</nlao> may be possessed in the figurative sense of 'my old lady.' \grm Palatalization; intensification: The Ameyaltepec form /lamatsi:n/, at least, may be palatalized to <na>lamachi:n</na>, apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.' \ref 02633 \lxa -te:nko \lxac i:te:nko \lxo -te:nko \lxoc i:te:nko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se the edge of (a material object such as a plate, a piece of cloth, etc.) \ss la borde de (un objeto material como un plato, una tela, etc.) \se the border of (an area such as a planted field, a river, etc.) \ss la orilla de (unárea como un terreno, un río, etc.) \pna O:nimowitih ne:, ite:nko nomi:l. \pea I took the path there, at the edge of my <spn>milpa</spn>. \psa Tomé el camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa. \cfa kalte:nko \cfao tlate:nko \xrb te:n \xrl -ko \ref 02634 \lxa ko:lo:tlan \lxac ko:lo:tlan \lxo ko:lo:tlah \lxop ko:lo:tlan \lxoc ko:lo:tlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N(loc) \se place with many scorpions \ss lugar con muchos alacranes \xrb ko:lo: \xrl -tlan \ref 02635 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /i:xte:mpecha:koh/ but has been removed since C. Flores denied it was an acceptable term. The def. I had was: 'completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed inside the socket' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 02636 \lxa toka \lxac kitoka \lxo toka \lxoc kitoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to follow (in a physical sense, as in walking behind sb) \ss seguir (en sentido físico, p. ej., al caminar atrás de algn) \pna Nite:tokas. \pea I will tag along behind the others. \psa Voy a seguir a los demás. \pna Tiaweh! Timistokas, xyekastiw. \pea Let's go! I'll follow you, go along in the lead! \psa ¡Vámonos! Yo te sigo,¡vete como puntero! \pna Notokatiweh. \pea They go along following one another in line. \psa Van seguiéndose, uno tras otro en línea. \pna On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w. \pea That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind. \psa Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedó atrás. \pna Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh. \pea He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group). \psa Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte). \se to follow (in birth order or other temporal sequences) \ss seguir (en orden de nacimiento u otras secuencias temporales) \pna Newa naxtopa, yewa sa: tlatoka. \pea I'm firstborn, he just follows (though he's not necessarily the last). \psa Soy yo el primogénito,él nada más sigue (aunque no es necesariamente elúltimo). \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to chase after; to attack (e.g., an animal such as a bull that charges against animals or people) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) atacar; correr hacia (p. ej., un animal como un toro que carga contra animales o personas) \pna Tlatotoka moto:roh. \pea Your bull is fierce (i.e., it runs after people trying to gore them). \psa Tu toro es bravo (esto es, carga contra la gente, tratando de cornearlos). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to kick out (from a house, from a position of responsibility or job, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) correr; sacar (de una casa, de una responsibilidad o trabajo, etc.) \pna O:ne:cha:ltotokak. \pea He kicked me out so that I would come back here (e.g., he sent me home from a place I was visiting). \psa Me corrióhaciendo que me viniera acá (p. ej., me mandó a casa de un lugar donde estaba visitando). \pna O:kitotokak ikone:w, o:kipachiwi:tih. Xok kineki iwa:n cha:ntis. \pea He kicked his child out (of his house), he told him to go away. He doesn't want to live with him anymore. \psa Corrió a su hijo (de la casa), le dijo que se fuera. Ya no quiere vivir en la misma casa conél. \pna Xtotoka, ma:ka sampa ma ye! \pea Chase him out, don't let him just stay there! \psa ¡Córrelo, que no se quede allá nada más! \pna Motech nimopepecho:s tí:oh. Nocha:n ne:xtotokan. \pea I will come to live with you, uncle. They are chasing me out of my house. \psa Me voy a venir contigo, tio. Me corren de la casa. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to fire (from a job) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) despedir (de un trabajo) \pna O:kitotokakeh nokone:w, xok kipia ka:n tekiti. \pea They fired my child, he no longer has a place to work. \psa Despidieron a mi hijo, ya no tiene donde trabajar. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to pursue; to chase or run after (i.e., to follow from one place to another, such as an animal being chased down) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) perseguir (esto es, seguir de un lugar a otro); correr atrás de (p. ej., un animal que uno está tratando de agarrar) \pna Xto:toka! \pea Chase after it! \psa ¡Corre trás de ella (persiguiéndolo)! \pna Yo:pe:w kito:toka ibese:rrah, kasisneki. Ma tikpale:wi:tin! \pea He's started to chase his calf, he wants to catch it. Let's go help him! \psa Empezó a perseguir su becerra, la quiere agarrar.¡Vamos a ir a ayudarlo! \pna San no:wián tine:xto:toka! \pea You pursue (follow or chase after) me everywhere! \psa ¡Me persigues por todos lados! \pna Xto:toka para tikasis! \pea Chase after it to catch it! \psa ¡Persíguelo para agarrarlo! \pna I:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax. \pea You will run along chasing after your cow. \psa Vas a ir corriendo trás tu ganado. \sea (with long vowel reduplication and <na>on-</na>) to start (sb) on their way (e.g., by taking hin part of the way, e.g, through ones yard, and then having him continue alone) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga y <na>on-</na> encaminar al llevar hasta un punto en medio (p. ej., llevar a algn por el pueblo para dejarlo continuar solo a su pueblo) \pna Sampú:n o:nikonto:tokak. \pea I just accompanied him there to set him on his way. \psa Sólo lo acompañé hasta allí para encaminarlo. \sem motion \xv1ao tlatoka \xrb toka \nse This verb is often used in the reduplicated form, with various senses. Both reduplicated forms, <nao>to:toka</nao> and <na>totoka</na> (Am) / <no>tótoká</no> (Oa) can both be used (in both villages) to mean 'to kick out' (e.g., as in a child who is kicked out of home). The form with long vowel reduplication may be used to indicate 'to chase away' (as in a pig that is chased out of ones yard). It may also be used to refer to the action of chasing after a burro (or similar animal) in trying to catch it. In the former sense it is the same as <nlao>pe:wia</nlao>. For chasing after the long vowel reduplicant form is used only when the animal runs away and stops, then runs away and stops again, etc. If one runs continually after an animal the form <na>totoka</na> (Am) / <no>tótoká</no> is used. This form may also be used when for example, one chases a pig away and then sics a dog on it, that runs after the pig as it flees. Or, if one runs after a pig or donkey that is continuously r unning aw ay, the short vowel reduplicant form is used. Finally, if one person departs and another leaves later, trying to catch up, the same short vowel reduplicant form is used. Finally, in a story told by Joaquín Herrera (Oa), the form <no>kito:to:toka</no> is used. This double reduplicative form is not acceptable in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan such forms exist. In this case the apparent meaning is that the action of <no>to:toka</no>, i.e., chasing after an animal, is repeated many times in different places. This is the only case I have noted of a long vowel reduplicant being used as the second reduplicant of a verbal form. \qry Check difference between /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /iwa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/. Also check for the difference between /o:ne:chtotokakeh/ and /o:ne:chto:tokakeh/, etc. Check /sa:/ (should it be /san/?) in /newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: tlatoka/. Check orthography of /no:wiá:n/ \qry At one time FM gave a good example of the use of different reduplication forms with /toka/: /kito:toka/ and /kí:toká/. Also, the difference between forms such as /noto:tokatiw/ and /nó:tokátiw/, etc. \grm Argument structure; reflexivity; transitivity; causativity: /I:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax./ 'You are running around chasing after your cow.' Note here how a reflexive construction of a transitive and an oblique object is used instead of a direct transitive form. Unfortunately, the difference between /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /i:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/ is not entirely clear. The first seems more"transitive"in the sense that the cattle there is directly represented as the object/goal of the verbal predicate. The reflexive construction would perhaps indicate that the cattle is not the immediate object/goal of the verbal action; but again this needs to be clarified. Note that in a construction such as /nihkwala:nia/ and /i:wa:n nimokwala:nia/ the first obviously has an agentive/patientive structure and can be felicitiously translated as 'I make him angry.' The second construction, however, indicates little in terms of agentivity. It can be translated as 'I get angry with him.' The f o cus here is on a relation of anger that exists between two parties, with little direct indication of causation. With /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /iwa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/ the distinction is less clear. The first seems to clearly indicate that the subject is pursuing the cattle, and that the goal is apparently the seizure of the animal. However, the second is not so clearly an agentive construction. My original filecards have the translation:"You are going to run along chasing after your cow."Only a discussion with speakers can clearly articulate the difference. \grm Reduplication with long and short vowels: There are two forms that at times seem similar: /totoka/ and /to:toka/. I have some notes on the subject from my original filecards. There I mention that reduplication with a long vowel refers to the action of chasing someone around, either to catch him (or it) or to chase him (or it) away. The focus, therefore, is on the action or process of pursuit. And, it would appear, the long vowel reduplication indicates that the action of following takes place at separated intervals. In contrast, /totoka/ indicates the simple action of kicking someone out of a place for once and for all (as in firing from a job). This seems to be the general difference, although more precise information should be obtained from native speakers. \grm /tla-/ Note the following phrase /Newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: tlatoka./ 'I'm firstborn, he just follows (though not necessarily the last).' In this one finds the use of /tla-/ even though context makes clear that the object of /toka/ must be a human. I would imagine (though this should be checked) that /te:-/ would also be correct here, i.e., /Newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: te:toka./ would also be correct. \ref 02637 \lxa sawa \lxac nosawa \lxo sawa \lxoc nosawa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-refl \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to fast \ss (refl.) ayunar; ponerse o estar en ayunas \pna Nochipa nosawtokeh. \pea They are always fasting. \psa Siempre están ayunando. \xrb sawa \xvaao nesawilia \ref 02638 \lxa malakatl \lxac malakatl \lxo malakatl \lxoc malakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se spindle-whorl \ss malacate \sem tool-house \xrb malaka \ilustmp Illustrate \rt Undoubtedly related to the verb /mali:na/ in some way. Check etymology and other words with /mal/ that seem to indicate twisting. \ref 02639 \lxa chichi:ya \lxac chichi:ya \lxo chichi:ya \lxoc chichi:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infn -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become bitter; to acquire a bitter taste \ss amargarse; adquirir un sabor amargo \pna Tle:ka xtikoni:tiwetsi? Chichi:xtok. \pea Why don't you just drink it down? It's getting bitter (e.g., a beer left standing). \psa ¿Por quéno lo tomas de una vez? se está poniendo amargo (p. ej., una cerveza que se sirvió y no se tomóluego). \pna O:chichi:yak inakaw, o:topo:n ichichi:kaw. \pea Its meat has become bitter, its gall bladder burst open. \psa Su carne agarró un amargo sabor. se le reventósu vesícula biliar. \xrb chichi: \qry Determine transitive form. Recheck vowel length in /kichichiya/; is final /i/ long? \vl Recheck vowel length in /chichi:ya/. It appears long in Oapan Nahuatl, but a comparison must be made to other /-ia/ final verbs. \ref 02640 \lxa texokotl \lxac texokotl \lxo texokotl \lxoc texokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of plum tree, in Spanish called <spn>tejocote</spn> \ss tipo de ciruelo, llamado tejocote \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb te \xrb xoko \encyctmp xokotl \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>tejocote</spn>, a member of the family <i>Rosaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Crataegus mexicana</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>jocote</spn>.Under tejocote, Schoenhals (1988) mentions the following:"(<i>Crataegus mexicana, C. pubescens</i>) 'Mexican hawthorn.' A tall, thorny shrub or tree related to hawthorn. Orange fruit; jelly resembles that of quince. Tree has thorns at the branch nodes. It is common at higher electations in drier climates, especially in clearings in the pine/oak forests. Also called manzanillo, texocotl." \nct kohtli \ref 02641 \lxa patli \lxac patli \lxo pátlí \lxoc pátlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se venom; poison (particularly that used to kill <na>tsi:kameh</na>) \ss veneno (particularmente la que se emplea para matar a los <na>tsi:kameh</na>) \se natural remedy \ss remedio natural \seao natural fertilizer of bat dung (see <nla>tsina:kankwitlatl</nla> (Am)) \ssao fertlizante natural del estiercol de murciélago (vé ase <nla>tsina:kankwitlatl</nla> (Am)) \xrb pah \nse When I asked Gabriel de la Cruz how it is that the same word is used for both 'medicine' and poison' he responded <na>wistli saka wistli ki:sas</na> 'a thorn is removed by another thorn.' \ref 02642 \lxa ko:rteh \lxac ko:rteh \lxo ko:rteh \lxoc ko:rteh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan corte \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se a piece of cloth (usually about 2 to 3 meters in length) \ss corte (de tela, generalmente 2 a 3 metros de largo) \pna Nikwa:hkis se: ko:rteh de tlake:ntli. \pea I will bring back a piece of cloth. \psa Voy a traer una corte de tela. \se (<na>la</na> ~) bathroom; john \ss (<na>la</na>) baño \pna Niaw la ko:rteh. \pea I'm going to the john. \psa Voy al baño. \ref 02643 \lxa wetskani \lxac wetskani \lxo wetskani \lxoa wetskane \lxoc wetskane, westkani \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se person who smiles a lot; person who is cheerful and good-natured \ss persona que es risueña, que se rí e fácilmente y de buen humor \xrb wetska \vl Make sure to use female token for /wetskane/ and male for /westkani/. \ref 02644 \lxa í:n \lxac nihkwisí:n \lxo i:n \lxoa i:h \lxoc i:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr \der Pr-dem \se this one \ss éste \pna Tikonka:ka:was i:n. \pea You're going to go leave this in various places. \psa Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares. \pno Tihkwa:si:h \peo You are going to eat this! \pso ¡Vas a comer este! \xrb i:n \qry Check all uses and pronuncations of the demonstrative /i:n/ (or ?/in/) in regards to vowel length and stress. \nae As a demonstrative pronoun, <na>i:n</na> in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from <nla>i:n</nla>, a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan the demonstrative pronoun is extrametical, in that is doesn't take stress it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. Perhaps in a later orthography this will be written <no>tihkwa:sí:n</no>, with the observation in orthographic rules that this term (along with the copula <no>yes</no>) is not stressed. In Oapan, if the demonstrative is fronted to the beginning of the phrase it appears with the shortform independent pronoun <no>yo</no> as in <no>yo i:n tihkwa:s</no>. \grm Demonstratives; word order; fronting: As a demonstrative pronoun, <na>í:n</na> in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from <nla>in</nla>, a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. If it is fronted to the beginning of the phrase is appears with the shortened independent pronoun <no>yó</no> as in <no>yóí:n tihkwa:s</no>. \ref 02645 \lxa kextlan \lxac i:kextlan \lxo kextlan \lxoa kextlah \lxoc i:kextlah, i:kextlan \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \se throat; front of the neck \ss garganta; parte anterior del cuello \pna Ne:chkukwa nokechtlan. \pea My throat hurts me. \psa Me duele la garganta. \se neck (of a material object such as a vase, jug, etc.) \ss cuello (de un objeto material como un jarro, etc.) \sem body \xrb kech \xrb -tlan \nse This term apparently refers to either the inside or outside of the throat, although it seems to specifically target the front of the neck. \vl Use first female token for /i:kextlah/. \ref 02646 \lxa kamaniá:n \lxac kamaniá:n \lxo kamaya:n \lxoc kamaya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se at times; once in a while \ss a veces; de vez en cuando \pna Kamaniá:n niknemilia nomocha:nti:s nomi:hlan pa:mpa ke:n weka. \pea At times I think of going to set up my house near my milpa because it's so far away. \psa A veces pienso ir a quedarme por mi milpa por lo lejos que es. \synao kamantika \syno kamaya:ntika \xrb kaman \xrl -ya:n \qry According to all I have been able to gather /kamaniân/ is equivalent to /kamantika/. However, this should be checked. \pqry Note the velarization of the final /n/, much more pronounced on the male speaker. \grm Note /kamaniá:n/, which seems to be derived from /kaman/ and /-ya:n/. If so, discuss this in the section on uses of /-ya:n/. Cf. also /nowiá:n/, etc. \vl There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5441. These should also be tagged as 2646. Note that the sound tokens that are to be linked to the headword should be taken from the later recordings from 5441 as these are of better quality. \ref 02647 \lxa tlawi:kpa:ntli \lxaa tlawi:pa:ntli \lxac tlawi:kpa:ntli \lxo tlawi:pa:ntli \lxoc tlawi:pa:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \se something interwoven (sth stiff, long and narrow, like the rods of a bed or of a <spn>chinamíl</spn> fence, constructed of rods placed horizontally and interwoven, alternately in front and in back, through posts sunken into the ground) \ss algo entrelazado (como las varas de una cama o de un tipo de <na>chinamíl</na> fabricado de varas colocadas horizontalmente y entrelazadas (alternando, primero en frente de y después atrás) entre estacas empotradas en la tierra \seo something lined up (particularly the cactus rods of a bed of <nla>tlapextli</nla>, but also bricks stacked in a line, etc.) \sso algo alineado (particularmente las varas de cactus entrelazadas y atadas para una cama, o tabiques puestos asípara guardarse) \synao tlawi:pa:nahli \cfao china:ntli \xrb wi:pa: \encyctmp kahli \nde Florencia Marcelino also gave <nlo>teo:lo:tl</nlo> as an example of a material object covered by the term <no>tlawi:pa:ntli</no>. \qry My original entry for Am had /tlawi:kpantli/. I have simply assumed that this is in error, or an alternate pronounciation of /tlawi:pa:na/. Note that there is perhaps an alternation between /wi:pa:na/ and /wi:kpa:na/ that should be checked. \pqry Check length of /i/. I hear it long (paused), but the acoustic measurements are not conclusive. Note that C. Flores give /tlawi:kpa:ntli/ as the noun but the verb is always /wi:pa:na/. Check with other speakers whether the noun is always /tlawi:kpa:ntli/ or whether some people say /tlawi:pa:ntli/ as I had originally noted. \vl There are an addition four tokens from 6921, which was a duplicate. Note that the two linked sound files at 2647 should be the ones originally from 6921 as the sound is better. \rt Discuss all the terms that have /wi:k-/ or /wi:-/ and that refer to some form of interweaving. \ref 02648 \lxa tlato:lkwepa \lxac kitlato:lkwepa \lxo tláto:lkópa \lxop tlato:lkopa \lxoc kitláto:lkópa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to change the mind of (reflected in a different verbal manifestation of a position) \sso cambiarle de idea a (reflejado en una manifestación verbal de una posición u opinión distinta) \se (refl.) to change ones mind (as manifested in the verbal expression of this change); to retract (from an expression opinion) \ss (refl.) cambiarse de idea u opinión (como manifestado verbalmente); retractarse (de una opinión expresada) \se (refl.) to have ones language undergo change (either by adopting a different language, by taking in many loans, or by general historical shift) \ss (refl.) cambiarsele la lengua a uno (o al adoptar otra lengua, incorporar préstamos o por el proceso natural de cambio diacrónico) \pna O:notlato:lkwepkeh, a:man xihki ke:n tlatowa:yan. \pea Their language has changed, now it's not how it used to be. \psa Se les ha cambiado su lengua, ahora no es como hablaban. \xrb hto \xrb kwepa \xvaa tlato:lkwepilia \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: note the following: /kitláto:lkópa/ as reflective of the underlying form {ki + tlahto:lkopa}. It is important to note that there is no leftward shift of the p-a, as might be expected. Rather, it is maintained on the initial syllable of the verb stem. This might be evidence that a major"optimality"condition is maintenance of p-a on the syllable with coda {h}, and that another optimality condition is the identity of input (verb stem) and output. \ref 02649 \lxa munye:kos \lxac munye:kos \lxo munye:kos \lxoc munye:kos \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan muñecos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se parts of a <na>castillo</na>, or firework display, referring to the batteries of fireworks set up at the four corners and that shoot fireworks across the <na>castillo</na>, from one side to the other \ss parte de un castillo de cohetes; se refiere a las baterías de cohetes que se colocan sobre el suelo en las esquinas donde se atan los lasos que aseguran el castillo y que tiran cohetes de una esquina a otra, atravesando donde está el castillo parado \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 02650 \lxa toma:wak \lxac toma:wak \lxo toma:wak \lxoc toma:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se fat; filled out (in the sense of fat, e.g., a person or animal) \ss gordo; lleno (en el sentido de gordo, una persona o animal) \se thick (sth round and long, such as a stick or trunk) \ss gordo (algo redondo y largo, como un palo o tronco) \xrb toma: \qry Check for other potential subjects and meanings of /toma:wak/. Also check for difference between /totoma:wak/, /tomawa:keh/ (if it exists) and /totoma:hkeh/. My notecard shows /toma:hkeh/ and /totoma:hkeh/ as the plurals and not ?/toma:wakeh/, which might not even be grammatically correct. Apparently the plural of /toma:wak/ is /totoma:hkeh/ and not ?/toma:wakeh/. Check for this and for all other similar formations and their plurals (e.g., /pitsa:wak/ and /pipitsa:hkeh/ or /pitsa:wakeh/, etc.). \ref 02651 \lxa mekatl \lxac mekatl \lxo mekatl \lxoc mekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se (unpossessed) twine; cord \ss (no poseído) mecate; cordón \se (intrinsic possession) tether; drawstring or cord (e.g., of certain types of clothes, such as <spn>calzones</spn>, used to hold them up); cord attached to or woven around a gourd or other object;; strap (in general any cord attached to sth, which is referenced as the possessor of the <nao>mekatl</nao>) \ss (posesión intrínseca) soga o cuerda utilizada para amarrar un animal (p. ej., a unárbol o poste); mecate o cordón (de varios tipos de ropa); mecate tejido alrededor de un calabazo o tecomate \pna O:koto:n imekayo noburroh. \pea My donkey's tether snapped. \psa Se reventó el mecate de mi burro. \pna Yewa imekayo:tsi:n mokalso:n. \pea It is the waistcord of your cotton peasant pants. \psa Es el cordoncito de tus calzones. \se (alienable possession) male lover (of a woman [Poss]) \ss (posesión enajenable) amante (masculino, de una mujer [Pos]) \pna Yewa imekaw. \pea He is her lover. \psa El es su amante (de una mujer). \pna O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw. \pea He (a husband, in this case) said to me why should he make me look good (by buying me a new dress)?"Just so your lover can admire you?" \psa ¿El (un esposo, en este caso) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (al comprarme un nuevo vestido)?"¡Solamente para que te admire tu amante!" \seo (<no>i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa</no>) part of an apron, the cloth"strap"that goes around and ties in the back \sso (<no>i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa</no>) parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va por atrás y allá se ata \xrb me:ka \nse When referring to a tether, the drawstring on clothes, or a cord used to carry something such as a gourd, the possessed form with <n>-yo</n> is always used, with the object to which the cord"belongs"being the possessor. When <na>mekatl</na> is used to refer to a woman's male lover, the possessed form with <n>-w</n> is always used. \qry Check use of /tla:mo/ in !O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw/. \ilustmp aprons \grm I have also recorded an entry /mekawtli/ meaning 'lover' (male lover of a woman). Obviously this is a nominalization of the possessed form, but it should be rechecked. Nevertheless, although it perhaps might not be common, it was documented. \ref 02652 \lxa ma:tlatlaxkalowa \lxac noma:tlatlaxkalowa \lxo ma:tlaxkalowa \lxoc noma:tlaxkalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-refl[ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to clap ones hands; to applaud \ss (refl.) aplaudir \pna Pa:ki, noma:tlatlaxkalowa. \pea He is happy, he is clapping his hands. \psa Estáfeliz, está aplaudiendo. \xrb ma: \xrb xka \nae Although <nlao>tlaxkalowa</nlao> 'to make tortillas' is a denominal intransitive verb, <na>ma:tlaxkalowa</na> is reflexive. <na>Ma:tlatlaxkalowa</na>, however, is a transitive verb with an incorporated noun (<nao>ma:</nao>) as an instrumental. Thus we are dealing with two different derivational processes involving a similar over form, <nao>tlaxkalowa</nao> one intransitive and the other transitive. It might be that the change in valency of the verbal stem is related to reduplication with a short vowel, which changes <nla>tlaxkalowa</nla>, meaning 'to make tortillas,' to a metaphorical extension, in this case involving an action that mimics that of making tortillas. However, given that the Oapan form is not reduplicated, this analysis would seem to be deficient. \qry Check whether nonreduplicated form is correct in Am. Also check for nonreflexive use and for causative. \mod Check for other similar verbs ending in /-owa/ that are related to nominal roots and perhaps determine a separate code for these. \grm Noun incorporation; valency; transitivity: Note the affect of semantic shift on valency/object markers. The verb /tlaxkalowa/ is derived from /tlaxkal-/, the stem for 'tortilla' and the verbalizing /-owa/. The derivation, however, is intransitive, and means 'to produce tortillas.' Yet when this verb is used metaphorically to indicate clapping or appluading, the verb becomes reflexive. Thus, in a sense, NI increases the valency of the verb. The reason seems to be semantic: the form /ma:tlaxkalowa/ signifies an action that directly affects the subject, much like, running, etc. and other bodily events. \ref 02653 \lxa tla:lko:ntli \lxac tla:lko:ntli \lxo tla:lko:ntli \lxoc tla:lko:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se grave \ss sepultura \pna San mischia tla:lko:ntli. \pea A grave is just waiting for you. \psa Una sepultura sólo te está esperando. \se large hole in the ground \ss hoyo en la tierra \xrb tla:l \xrb ko:m \qry Make sure that this form can be possessed. I have removed this def: 'cavity excavated in the ground (made by animals such as pigs and dogs in order to give birth)' \ref 02654 \lxa chikola:i \lxac chikola:i \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \sea to drink a chocolate beverage \ssa beber agua de chocholate \pna Chikola:i:lo:s, nona:mikti:lo:s. \pea There will be drinking of chocolate, there will be a wedding \psa Se beberáchocolate, va a haber una boda. \xrb chikol \xrb a: \xrb i: \rt Note that the division of /chikola:tl/ into /chikol/ and /a:/ is perhaps problematical. \ref 02655 \lxa tetlapa:na \lxac tetlapa:na \lxo tetlapa:na \lxoc tetlapa:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to break up or split rocks \ss romper o quebrantar piedras \xrb te \xrb tlapa: \ref 02656 \lxa tlapalowa \lxac kitlapalowa \lxo tlápalówa \lxop tlapalowa \lxoc kitlápalówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to greet (formally, with a shake of the hand or other overt greeting) \ss saludar (formalmente, con un apretón de la mano u otro saludo articulado) \pna O:te:tlapalotasik. \pea He greeted people upon his arrival. \psa Saludó a la gente a su llegada. \xrb tlahpal \xvaa tlapalowilia \xvao tlápalowília \dis tla:tlawtia; tlapalowa \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that /kitlápalówa/, like /kitláto:lkópa/ has the accent on the first syllable of the verb. It does not shift to the left. The situation in these two words is the same, and together they seem to confirm the importance of I/O concordance. If p-a was the result of a boundary establishing device (h>#, or sth similar). \ref 02657 \lxa sokitia \lxac sokitia \lxo sokitia \lxoc sokitia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \sea to turn into or become mud \ssa hacerse lodo \seo to become thick (like mud, e.g., beans being cooked, mole, etc.) \sso espesarse (como lodo, p. ej., frijoles as cocinarse, mole, etc.) \xrb soki \nse In Oapan, the concept of 'to turn into or become mud' is expressed by phrases such as <no>sokititlan yes</no> or <no>sokititlan noka:was</no>. \qry Check to see exactly what this means, i.e., does it refer to fields that become muddy, etc. Note that /sokiyowa/ and /sokiyoh/ were both only documented in reduplicated forms, check this with /sokitia/ also. \ref 02658 \lxa mo:monteh \lxac mo:monteh \lxo mo:montih \lxoc mo:montih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seao irregular plural; see <nlao>montli</nlao> \ssao plural irregular; vé aes <nlao>montli</nlao> \ref 02659 \lxa wi:teki \lxac kwi:teki \lxo wi:teki \lxoc kwi:teki \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <nao>tewi:teki</nao> \infv class-3a(k) \se thrash; to whip; to beat (e.g., with a stick, rope, etc.) \ss darle una paliza a (p. ej., con una vara, laso, etc.) \pna Tiktla:tlawtia, tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki? Xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia. \pea You pity him (in this case an insolent child), why don't you give him a thrashing? He doesn't obey you, he gives you lip. \psa Le tienes lástima (en este caso a un niño insolente),¿por quéno le des una paliza? No te obedece, te es insolente. \se to beat (e.g., a bass drum or similarly resounding instrument) \ss golpear (p. ej., un tambor u otro instrumento parecido) \pna Tlauwi:tekilo:tok, nosentla:li:lo:s. \pea They are beating the drum (the bass drum used by musicians), there will be a town meeting. \psa Se está tocando el tambor (él que se emplea por los músicos), va a haber una junta del pueblo. \se to knock or tear down; to topple (e.g., a house, a fence, or similar types of constructions) \ss derrocar; derrumbar (p. ej., una casa, cerca, u otras construcciones parecidas) \pna O:kwi:tehkeh un kahli. O:isoliw. \pea They knocked down that house. It had become dilapidated. \psa Derrumbaron esa casa. Yo estaba muy deteriorado. \se to strike or hit against (e.g., wind against a stationary object, the sun against a surface, etc.) \ss pegar contra (p. ej., viento contra una pared, el sol contra un objeto parado, etc.) \src DT #8: 360 \pna Te:cha:lwi:tektok tlasese:hlo:tl. \pea The cold aire (draft) is hitting us. \psa El aire frío nos está pegando. \pna Te:cha:lwi:tektok toto:nki. \pea Hot air is striking against us. \psa Nos está viniendo a pegar aire caliente. \pna Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl, kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakukwi, momolo:ni. \pea That cotton is not tight (in balls) anymore, that wind is hitting it and it's started to rise up, to open and fluff up. \psa Ese algodón ya no está apretado (en bolitas), el viento le está pegando y ya empezó a alzarse, a abrirse y ponerse suave y sedoso. \se (refl. + <na>-ka</na>) to suddenly move and hit hard against (sb, e.g., a startled donkey) \ss (refl. + <na>-ka</na>) moverse de repente y golpearse contra (algn, p. ej., un burro asustado) \xrb wi:teki \xv1ao tlawi:teki \dis wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; wi:soki \nse <nao>Wi:teki</nao> indicates the action of beating with something long and flexible, such as a rope, lasso, stick, rod, belt, etc.). If a hard and inflexible stick (<spn>garrote</spn>) is used, then, in Ameyaltepec, the Nahuatl verb <nla>kowia</nla> is employed (in Oapan, apparently, the partial loan <nlo>garro:tewiya</nlo> would be used). \ref 02660 \lxa pola:n \lxac pola:n \lxo pola:n \lxoc pola:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan plátano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao generic name for banana \ssao nombre genérico del plátano \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \qry Check to determine whether this can be posessed. \mod Note the following types of /plá:ntanoh/: /plá:ntanoh chi:chi:l/, /a:pola:n/, /mansa:noh/, and /patrio:tah/. Many of these are probably borrowed from Spanish. This should be checked. \ref 02661 \lxa bara de san josé:h \lxac bara de san josé:h \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan vara de san José \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea domesticated flowering herbaceous plant, still not identified \ssa planta herbácea doméstica que florea, todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \nct xiwtli \qry Check /rr/, perhaps, should be /r/. Check length of final /e/. \ref 02662 \lxa -wa:n \lxac i:wa:n tiá:s \lxo -wa:n \lxoc i:wa:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-b \infn N2(rel) \se with \ss con \src CF Nakas 1:33 \pna O:nikne:xtih a:kin wa:n nicha:ntis. \pea I found the one with whom I will live. \psa He encontrado con quien voy a vivir. \xrb wa:n \nae The precise pattern of use for <nao>-wa:n</nao> is difficult to establish. Apparently quite often it is reduced (like <na>i:ka</na> to <na>ka</na>) though it might be that this does not occur when it has the meaning of 'with (a particular person, expressed as possessor).' In elicitation Florencia Marcelino did not accept the reduced form <no>wa:n</no>. Whereas this may be a distinct characteristic of Oapan Nahuatl (as compared to Ameyaltepec), it may also reflect the fact that the relational noun status of <nao>wa:n</nao> is such that speakers are reluctant to consider the abbreviated form, used as a conjunction, as correct. \ref 02663 \lxa kamoyo \lxac i:kamoyo \lxo kámoyó \lxoa í:kamóyo \lxoc í:kamóyo; i:kámoyó, \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes \se bulb or tuber of (e.g., a <nbo>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nbo>) \ss bulbo o tuber de (e.g., el <nbo>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nbo>) \pna Kipia ikamoyo. \pea It has its bulb. \psa Tiene su bulbo. \sem plant \sem part \xrb kama \nse The phrase <na>kipia i:kamayo</na> is said of a perennial, a flower or plant that sprouts up again and again in the same spot year after year. I have also heard the form <na>kipia i:kamotsi:n</na>, but the form given in this entry appears more usual, if not more correct. \nae As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., <no>i:kámoyó</no> and <no>í:kamóyo</no>. The former shows no stress shift from the absolutive pattern of <no>kámotlí</no> whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from the"input"of the nominal absolutive form. It appears that the former, with the pitch accent not shifted left, is more common. \qry Recheck to determine whether indeed the form /ikamayo/ is correct, or whether it should be /ikamoyo/. My original note had /ikamayo/, but this is probably in error. \grm Oapan phonology: As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., <no>i:kámoyó</no> and <no>í:kamóyo</no>. The former shows no stress shift from the absolutive pattern of <no>kámotlí</no> whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from the"input"of the nominal absolutive form. This should be discussed in the framework of optimality theory, etc. However, cf. the discussion on the tape. Although FM and IJ accept and utter both patterns of p-a, they seem much more inclined to accept /i:kámoyó/. \vl There are two sequences of this possessed noun. The first is /i:kámoyó/, this is the more usual or regular form. The second is /í:kamóyo/, which is less common. Both should be linked to the lexicon. Paste together the female speech tokens and then paste together the male speech tokens so that each sound file has two utterances by the speakers. \ref 02664 \lxa tlayeka:nilia \lxac kitlayeka:nilia \lxo tlayeka:nilia \lxoc kitlayeka:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to guide a team of oxen (that are being trained to follow the furrows of a field) for (sb) by walking in front of it \ss guiar una yunta de bueyes (que está siendo adiestrada para seguir los surcos de un terreno sembrado) para (algn) al caminar enfrente de ella \pna Niktlayeka:nili:s notah. \pea I will guide a team of oxen for my father (who is plowing) so that they follow the furrows. \psa Voy a guiar una yunta de bueyes para mi papá(que está trabajando el arado) para que sigan los surcos. \pno Ne:xtlayeka:nilia ya: nowa:kax. \peo He guides my team of oxen for me. \pso Guía la yunta para mí. \xrb yeka \xrb a:na \xbtlao yeka:nilia \nse As is often the case with verbs that have a culturally specific and non-context dependent meaning of <n>tla-</n>, the same verb can be used without <n>tla-</n> and, instead, a direct reference: <na>ne:chyeka:nilia nowa:kax</na>. \ref 02665 \lxa -tsi:n \lxac chichitsi:n \lxo -tsi:n \lxoc chichitsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Suf-adjval \se diminutive and affective suffix added to noun stems (p. ej., <nao>chichitsi:n</nao> 'little dog') \ss sufijo diminutivo y afectivo que se le agrega a raíces sustantivales (p. ej., <nao>chichitsi:n</nao> 'perrito') \se (rare) reverential suffix added to noun stems (e.g., <nao>mihka:tsi:ntli</nao> 'deceased person') \ss (raro) sufijo reverencial que se le agrega a raíces sustantivales (p. ej., <nao>mihka:tsi:ntli</nao> 'persona fallecida') \se diminutive suffix added modifiers (predicate or term modifiers) that lesses the degree of the modification (p. ej., <nao>we:itsi:n</nao>) \ss sufijo diminutivo que se le agrega a modificadores (de predicados o de sustantivos) que atenua el grado de la modificación (p. ej., <nao>we:itsi:n</nao>) \se diminutive suffix added to verbal predicates to mitigate the verbal signification (e.g., <nao>poliwitsi:n</nao>) \ss sufijo diminutivo que se le agrega a predicados verbales para atenuar el significado del verbo (p. ej., <nao>poliwitsi:n</nao>) \nse A more complete description of this suffix is found in the grammar. However, it may be noted that the most common use of <nao>-tsi:n</nao> is with nominal stems, where it has both a diminutive and affective meaning. There are few cases in which it has a reverential meaning, and in these instances (e.g., <nao>mihka:tsi:ntli</nao>) the form is lexicalized and does not alternate with a non-reverential form. Likewise, there are few verbs that accept this ending, although it has been documented. \ref 02666 \lxa kiawa:tl \lxac kiawa:tl \lxo kiaha:tl \lxoc kiaha:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se rainwater \ss agua de la lluvia \xrb ki \xrb yawi \xrb a: \nse <nao>Kiaha:tl</nao> is usually used to refer to rainwater that has been collected (or become collected) and may be used for various purposes, such as drinking. \nae The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of <nao>kiawi</nao> is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable <nao>a:tl</nao>). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound. \qry Check phonology of middle /h/. Perhaps root of /kiawtli/, /kiawi/, etc. should be /kia/ and not /kiawi/. Check and decide. Check sound file with phonetitian to determine representation. \grm Phonology; orthography: The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of <nao>kiawi</nao> is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable <nao>a:tl</nao>). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound. \ref 02667 \lxa tsi:ntotopoka \lxac tsi:ntotopoka \lxo tsi:ntotopoka \lxoc tsi:ntotopoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to backfire repeatedly (a motor vehicle) \ss producir repetidas detonaciones por el escape; petardear mucho (un vehículo) \sem sound \xrb tsi:n \xrb topo: \xvna tsi:ntopo:ni \ref 02668 \lxa tli:hlo:tia \lxac kitli:hlo:tia \lxo tli:hlo:tia \lxoc kitli:hlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-2a \tran -Adj \se to blacken (e.g., with soot) \ss ennegrecer (p. ej., con tizne o hollín) \xrb tli:l \dis tli:lowa; tli:hlo:tia \qry Check whether /tli:hloh/ is correct, if so, add and then change /tran entry in this entry and that for /tli:hlowa/. \ref 02669 \lxa ichpo:chlamatsi:n \lxac ichpo:chlamatsi:n \lxo ichpo:chlámatsí:n \lxoc ichpo:chlámatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se young woman who is past traditional marrying age; spinster \ss mujer joven que ya rebasóla edad tradicional para casarse; solterona \pna Ichpo:chlamatsi:n, xok nona:mikti:s. \pea She's a spinster, she won't ever get married. \psa Es solterona, ya no se va a casar. \sem age \cfao ichpo:xchika:wi \xrb chpo:ch \xrb lamah \encyctmp age; ichpo:xtli \nse An <na>ichpo:chlamatsi:n</na> is a woman of some 22, 23, or more years who is past the traditional age of marrying and who, at least in the past, would probably never marry. \nae The pitch accent of Oapan <no>ichpo:chlámatsí:n</no> is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root <no>lamah</no>, which with the diminutive suffix <n>-tsi:n</n> is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries. \qry In one entry I state that an /ichpo:chlamatsi:n/ should be over 25 years old), past marrying age. Check. Check for possessive form. \grmx Oapan phonology: pitch accent; : The pitch accent of Oapan <no>ichpo:chlámatsí:n</no> is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root <no>lamah</no>, which with the diminutive suffix <n>-tsi:n</n> is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries. This is another case of I/O correspondence seemingly holding sway over"regular"pitch accent over a whole compound or polysynthetic form. It may also reflect other limitations, such as reassignment on a grid that is limited to one slot to the left or right. Finally, it might suggest that syllable counting takes place from the right of the word, and that the favored pattern is one of alternating stress. But the final suggestion is that demarcative stress and pitch accent coincide on the same (penult) syllable and that there is a subsequent adjustment to the left and right. Or, one could posit that pitch accent is penultimate and that clash is avoided by shif tin g stress rightward: {ichpo:chlámátsi:n} shifts to /ichpo:chlámatsí:n/. All these possibilities should be explored. \vl Use first male token. \ref 02670 \lxa tlako \lxac tlako \lxo tlákotsí:n \lxoc tlákotsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \pa yes-lex \se (often preceding a [noun]) half (of [noun]) \ss (a menudo ante de un [sustantivo]) mitad (del sustantivo) \pna Xne:chnamakilti tlako motlayo:l! \pea Sell me half your maize! \psa ¡Véndeme la mitad de tu maíz! \syno tlákotípan \xrb tlahko \nse <na>Tlako</na> is usually used in a modifying function, e.g., <na>yo:taskikeh tlako otli</na> 'we've arrived at the half-way point' or 'we've covered half the distance.' Even at times when it seems like a nominal, the construction may perhaps be better considered elliptical. Thus <na>Xne:chmaka san tlako</na> can be interpreted as <na>Xne:chmaka san tlako motlaxkal</na>, or something equivalent; see entry for <na>tlako</na> as a noun. Yet the difference between <n>tlako</n> and <n>tlakotsi:n</n> still needs to be researched. In Oapan <no>tlákotsí:n</no> is used both as a noun and adjective to an extent much greater than in Ameyaltepec. Indeed, some consultants (such as Emiliana Domínguez) stated that they do not use the form <no>tlákó</no> (instead using <no>tlákotsí:n</no> although others (such as Roberto Mauricio) \qry Determine how to say: /sell me half your maize/ 'Xne:chna:makilti tlako motlayo:l' is how I would say it. Check; although I have provisionally entered it. Also, get very clear examples of how /tlako/ is used in context. Get very clear examples of the difference between /tlako/ and /tlakotsi:n/, from both dialects. \grm /-tipan/: /tlako/ vs. /tlakotipan/: This is a good discussion by C. Flores of the difference between the two. Check and document. \ref 02671 \lxa panki:xtia \lxac kipanki:xtia \lxo panki:xtia \lxoc kipanki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to audibly and clearly pronounce (a word) \ss pronunciar claramente (una palabra) \pna San popoloxtik. Xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa. \pea He mumbles. He doesn't pronounce his words clearly, you won't understand what he says. \psa Habla entre dientes. No pronuncia bien las palabras, no puedes entender lo que dice. \pna Kipanki:xtia kwahli, xsan nenepoxtik. \pea He has good pronunciation, he does not just mumble (or have a lisp, stutter, etc.). \psa Tiene buena pronunciación, no es que habla entre dientes (o sisea, tartamudea, etc.) \pno De yon tlapanki:xtia, waka:xnema:ke:tl, pero yon xtlapanki:xtia... wa:xnema:ke:tl. \peo With someone who pronounced well, it is <no>waka:xnema:ke:tl</no>, but someone who doesn't pronounce clearly... <no>wa:xnema:ke:tl</no>. \pso De alguien que pronuncia bien, es <no>waka:xnema:ke:tl</no>, pero de alguien que no pronuncia bien,... <no>wa:xnema:ke:tl</no>. \xrb pan \xrb ki:sa \qry Determine whether the correct entry should be /panki:xtia/, as here recorded, or /ipanki:xtia/. Perhaps check for initial vowel with an applicative. Check, indeed, if there is an applicative. Check also for an intransitive; I have temporarily indicated in the /tran field that there is none. Check. \ref 02672 \lxa pia \lxac kipia \lxo pia \lxoc kipia; kí:piá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \se to have (material possessions, a disease or illness, a physical or mental state, etc.) \ss tener (posesiones materiales, una enfermedad, un estado mental o físico, etc.) \pna Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. \pea I have (i.e., own) maize but it is distributed (with portions in several people's houses). \psa Tengo maíz (esto es, soy dueño) pero está esparcido (con porciones en las casas de varias personas). \pna Nikpia o:me pe:sos, xtlah wel nihkowa. \pea I have two pesos, I can't buy anything. \psa Tengo dos pesos, no puedo comprar nada. \pna Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. \pea Saliva is coming out of his mouth, he probably has <nla>kamaye:rbah</nla> (a type of mouth infection or fungus). \psa Se le está saliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene <nla>kamaye:rbah</nla> (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). \pna Tli:no:n kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl. \pea What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth. \psa ¿Quétiene? Estábabeando de a deveras, debe tenerúlceras en la boca. \pna Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:no:n o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak. \pea He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like. \psa El está enfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que aél no le pareció. \pna De o:me kipia. \pea It has two forms. \psa Tiene dos formas. \se (<n>ki-</n> ~ with no expressed complement) to be rich \ss (<n>ki-</n> ~ con complemento no expresado) ser rico \pna Mlá:k kipia. \pea He is really rich (lit., 'He really has it'). \psa Es muy rico (lit., 'De veras lo tiene') \se (<n>ki-</n> ~ + [time period]) to be the age of [time period] (an animate); to have been [time period] (e.g., since an event had occurred) \ss (<n>ki-</n> ~ + [periodo de tiempo]) ser de edad de [periodo de tiempo] (an animate); haber pasado [time period] (p. ej., desde que algo pasó) \pna Kipia o:me xihpan. \pea He is two years old. \psa Tiene dos años. \pna Ke:ch a:nyos kipia? \pea How old is he? \psa ¿Cuántos años tiene? \pna Kipia ye:i xihpan xnikita. \pea It's been three years since I saw him. \psa Ya tiene tres años que no lo veo. \se (refl.) to save oneself (as a girl maintaining her virginity) \ss (refl.) guardarse (como virgen, p. ej., una joven adolescente) \pna Nopixtok un ichpokawah. Xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha está cuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to keep an eye on; to watch over; to spy on \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) vigilar; espiar \pna Ne:chpipia. \pea He keeps an eye on me (he spies on me). \psa Me vigila (me espian). \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to set an ambush for; to wait in hiding for (e.g., a hunter for his prey) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer una emboscada a (p. ej., un cazador a su presa) \pno O:kimí:npixkéh to:to:meh. \peo They waited to ambush the birds (i.e., hunters with their firearms). \pso Les tendieron una emboscada a los pájaros (p. ej., cazadores con sus armas de fuego). \cfa tlapia \cfo tlápiá \cola kipia para \colo kipiya para \xrb piya \xvaa pialia \xvao pii:lia \qry Determine meaning of /kipixtok/ as 'he is keeping it' or/and 'he is watching over it.' In Cristino Flores story, check meaning of /nochipa nopi:xtokeh, nochipa nosawtokeh/. \qry Note that in /kipixtok/ the vowel is definitely short. However, in words like /ma:pi:xtli/ it is definitely (according to my observations to date) long. Note also that the short final /a/ in /kipiaya/ is definite according to my data. In other notes I have recorded that the /i/ in /pia/ is definitely short in all forms: /kipixtok/, /o:kipix/, /tlapixke:tl/. However, I also note that in /chia/ the /i:/ is long in corresponding forms: /kichi:xtok/ and /o:kichi:x/. \vl There are additional tokens of this word at 05120. Actually, there are two sets of 4 tokens: /kipiya/ and /kí:piyá/. The tokens to be linked should be selected from these later tokens (i.e., those originally recorded at 5120 and retagged 2672). The pattern should be F-M of /kipiya/ and then F-M of /kí:piyá/. \ref 02673 \lxa te:ka:wilia \lxac kite:ka:wilia \lxo te:ka:wilia \lxoc kite:ka:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc te:-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to let (sb [O]) to treated (in a certain way by others) \ss permitir a (algn [O] que sea tratado por otro de una cierta manera) \pna Xkite:ka:wilia itah para tekitis. \pea His father does not let him work (as a <nla>tekitla:katl</nla>, or household head with work and financial obligations to the village) \psa Su papáno lo deja trabajar (en este caso como <nla>tekitla:katl</nla>, o cabeza de familia con obligaciones de trabajo y dinero al pueblo) \se (refl., often in the negative) to be allowed; to be permitted \ss (refl., a menudo en el negativo) permitirse \pna Xnote:ka:wilia, xakah wel ya:s. \pea It is not permitted, no one can go. \psa No se permite, nadie puede ir. \xrb ka:wa \xbtlao ka:wilia \dis ka:wilia; te:ka:wilia \qry Make sure the phrase /Xkite:ka:wilia i:tah para tekitis/ is correct. Perhaps it should be /Xkika:wilia i:tah para tekitis/ or sth similar. Make sure the difference between phrases such as /ne:chka:wilia/ and /ne:xte:ka:wilia/ are clear. \ref 02674 \lxa mawistik \lxacpend mawistik \lxo mawistik \lxoc mawistik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be serious, reserved and even-tempered; dignified (sb who not only doesn't laugh or joke, but who doesn't get mad at people) \ss ser serio y reservado, calmado; decoroso (que no se rí e ni bromea, pero tampoco se enoja con la gente) \pna Nochipa mawistik, xkaman ma:s wetska. \pea He is always serious, he doesn't ever smile. \psa Siempre está serio, no se rí e nunca. \xrb mawis \nse According to Roberto Mauricio this word is used more in reference to women, particularly young women, who do not laugh a lot (at or with people), who do not drink or party, who will pass by people without talking and are generally not talkative. \nae To date the intransitive verb form that the adjectival <nao>mawistik</nao> is derived from has not been documented. Note that Molina has <n>mauizti. ni</n> 'ser estimado' and <n>mauiztic</n> 'cosa maravilosa y de estima.' \qry Determine the difference between /xkaman wetska/ and /xkaman ma:s wetska/, determine whether it is the same as I have indicated above. \ref 02675 \lxa tesiwi:lo \lxac tesiwi:lo \lxo tésiwí:lo \lxop tesiwi:lo \lxoc tésiwí:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \pa yes-lex \se to get hailed upon (e.g., a field that is thereby greatly harmed) \ss tener granizo caer sobre si (p. ej., una milpa que asíresulta muy dañada) \pna Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayo:tsi:n \pea The maize plants in my field are bare of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves. \psa Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no está bien y además les cayógranizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus hojas. \xrb te \xrb hsi \sj Check for /h/: /tehsiwi/?? \vl Use first token of female speech. \ref 02676 \lxanotes zzz \mod was Am /A:poye:hka:n/, changed to toponym database. \dt 27/Jan/2002 \ref 02677 \lxa tlakwalka:n \lxac tlakwalka:n \lxo tlakwalka:n \lxoc tlakwalka:n, tlá:kwalká:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se place that is good (e.g, a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.) \ss lugar que es bueno (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.) \se peaceful place; place where people get along \ss lugar pacífica; lugar donde la gente no se enoja uno contro otro \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n \grm Oapan phonology: In the elicitation tape for this word the velarization of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation is clear. It is not clear, however, how often final /n/'s are velarized in Oapan Nahuatl nor under what (if any particular) circumstances. \vl Make sure to distinguish between the pronunciations. First the female pronounces /tlá:kwalká:n/, then I interrupt and the solicited form is correctly uttered twice by each speaker: /tlakwalka:n/. Then there is another set of four utterance that return to the first form, /tlá:kwalká:n/. Make sure that the regular form /tlakwalka:n/ is tagged as tokens a and b of each speaker (female and male). Then make sure that /tlá:kwalká:n/ is tagged with letters"c"and"d"for each speaker. Finally, these can be linked to the second word in the /lxoc field. \ref 02678 \lxa ikxinelotiki:sa \lxac kikxinelotiki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2-asp \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to get ones feet or legs tangled up in (those of another person while trying to step over him) \ss enredarse los pies o pierna con (las de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella) \pna Mopan o:pano:tiki:s, o:mitsikxinelotiki:s. \pea He passed over you (e.g., while you were lying stretched out on the ground), his feet got tangled up yours as he stepped over you. \psa Pasósobre ti (esto es, mientras que estabas acostado en el suelo), sus pies se enredaron con los tuyos al pisar sobre tí. \pna O:timitsikxinelotiki:s, pero xmlá:k mopan o:nicholotiki:s. \pea I got my feet tangled up in yours (e.g., I was walking in the dark and did not see you lying there), but I didn't really step on you (i.e., I jumped to the side to avoid this). \psa Se enredaron mis pies con los tuyos (p. ej., estaba caminando en la obscuridad y no te vi acostado), pero no te piséde veras (esto es, brinqué a un lado). \cfa ikxia:ntiki:sa \cfo ixia:ntiki:sa \xrb kxi \xrb nel \qry Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. If it doesn't, remark on this in the /nae field. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though, because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist. \ref 02679 \lxa a:yawtitlan \lxac a:yawtitlan \lxo a:yahtlah \lxoc a:yahtlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Rel-titlan \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N1 \se area that is foggy or misty \ss área con mucha neblina o brizna \se something fuzzy or out of focus (i.e.,"foggy") \ss algo se se ve borroso o fuera de foco \pna San a:yawtitlan titlachia. \pea You just see everything fuzzy (i.e., because of your bad eyesight). \psa Ves todo no más borroso (p. ej., a causa de tu mal vista). \pna Ne:si san a:yawtitlan. \pea Everything looks out of focus. \psa Todo parece fuera de foco. \pna Ke:n a:yawtitlan tlachia, san tlaa:yawtitlan. \pea Things look fuzzy, it's fuzzy all over. \psa Se ve borroso, es todo borroso. \xrb a:yawi \xrl -titlan \xtla tlaa:yawtitlan \qry Check other possible meanings. Also recheck this meaning and the correctness of the phrases given above. \ref 02680 \lxa kuwiya:katl \lxac kuwiya:katl \lxo kóyé:katl \lxoa kóyá:katl \lxoc kóyé:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N? \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se type of tree of the Leguminoseae family, as yet unidentified \ss tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminoseae, todavía no identificado \pna Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas. \src Luis Lucena \pea If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear. \psa Si como has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de las orejas. \pna Deke titoto:nia, mitskukwa motsontekon tikxipe:was ikakawayo kowia:ka:tl, ki:sa we:weyak wa:n pitsa:wak. Timotla:lili:s ipan mi:xkwa:tew, se:wis titoto:nia. \src Emiliano Ramírez \pea If you have fever, your head hurts you, you shave off the bark of the <na>kowia:katl</na> in long, narrow shavings. You place them on your forehead, your fever will subside. \psa Si tienes calentura, te duele la cabeza, cepillas la cáscara del <na>kuwia:katl</na> para que salga virutas largas y angostas. Las pones sobre la frente, se baja tu calentura. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb ko \xrb hya \nse From the name it would seem that the etymology includes the root <na>hya</na>, for foul-smelling objects. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as"árbol hediondo"giving an orthography of <na>cuyaca:tl</na>. Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. I have been unable to find any other reference to this. However, Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:93) have a plant that they described as"papayo cimarrón, palo hediondo, hediondillo"that is identified as family <na>Hernandiaceae</na> and genus-species <na>Gyrocarpus americanus</na> Jacq. However, they also have another"palo hediondo"identified as of the family <na>Rutaceae</na> and the genus-species <na>Zanthoxylum fagara</na> (L.) Sarg. \nct kohtli \qry Recheck spelling of this and /kowiya:wtli/ as to whether it is /kowi/ or /ku/, etc. Also question whether root is actually /kwaw/ which has changed. A good indication might be cognates in other dialects. Recheck vowel length. In one notecard I have recorded that the second /a:/ seems definitely long, i.e. /kowiya:ka:tl/. In this tree and /kowiya:wtli/ check for presence of glide. \ref 02681 \lxa tlekuwaya:n \lxac tlekuwaya:n \lxo kékowá:ya:n \lxoc kékowá:ya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb[imp] \infn N(loc) \pa yes-lex \se upward slope (e.g., of a hill) \ss subida; inclinación hacia arriba (en una cuesta) \sem topography \xrb tlehko: \qry For some reason the Oapan word is included here, although it probably should not be. Check this and probably remove the Oapan reference. It should, I think, be taken as a token of word 1660, a transitive, here in the imperfective. \qry Other words used include <nlo>tla:ltech</nlo> or <nla>tlakaltech</nla>, and <nlo>pilkatok</nlo>. \ref 02682 \lxa te:tsa:wa:tiowa \lxac te:tsa:wa:tiowa \lxo te:tsa:wa:tiowa \lxoc te:tsa:wa:tiowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to get covered with white lice (particularly on ones shirt and clothes) \ss cubrirse o llenarse con piojos blancos (particularmente sobre la camisa u otra ropa) \flao te:tsa:wa:tintli \xrb te:tsa:w \xrb a:t \nse When these lice invade ones clothes it is held to be a sign of poverty. They are particularly prone to appear on ones shirt. At the same time, getting covered with these white lice is considered a <nla>te:tsa:wtli</nla> or bad omen; see <nla>te:tsa:wtli</nla>. \nae The /a:/ of the third syllable appears shorter than expected if the final element is <nlao>a:tintli</nlao>. Nevertheless a full study of all related words with this etymology will be needed to help determine at least the acoustic range of duration for these words. \qry Check for verbal form (intransitive and transitive), which probably also exist. \ref 02683 \lxa kone:joh \lxac kone:joh \lxo kone:joh \lxoc kone:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan conejo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se rabbit, probably the brush rabbit (<i>Sylvilagus bachmani</i>) \ss conejo, probablemente el (<i>Sylvilagus bachmani</i>) \sem animal \sem xiwtli \cfa to:chin; to:xtli \cpl Information on the species from Leopold (1959). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 02684 \lxa kone:nemi \lxac kone:nemi \lxo kone:nemi \lxoc kone:nemi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to be able to procreate children that live beyond early childhood \ss poder engendrar niños que sobrevivan más allá de una tierna edad \pna Tewameh xwel tikone:nemin. Pero a:man tlanemi:tia nosuwa:w. \pea We have not been able (i.e., couldn't in the past) to have children who would live beyond early childhood. But now my wife has been able to have a child that has survived. \psa No hemos podido (en el pasado) tener hijos que sobrevivan más allá de la niñez. Pero ahora mi esposa ha tenido un hijo que se mantiene con vida. \syna tlanemi:tia \cfao kone:miki \xrb kone: \xrb nemi \ref 02685 \lxa tso:tsokohli \lxac tso:tsokohli \lxo tso:tsokohli \lxoc tso:tsokohli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 3 \se water jug (used for carrying water from one place to another, either from a well to ones home, or on a trip; the ones used regionally have are made in Tuliman although in Oapan some residents use <no>tso:tsokoltih</no> made in this village) \ss cántaro (utilizado para llevar agua de un lugar a otro, o del pozo a la casa o en un viaje; los que se utilizan regionalmente se hacen en Tuliman, aunque en Oapan a veces se utilizan <no>tso:tsokoltih</no> hecho en este pueblo) \xrb tsokol \nse Tulimani water jugs have rounded bottoms, two handles through which a rope is passed, and a traditional design recognized by all. There are two general sizes. The large ones are for drawing water from a well and transporting it home; the smaller ones are for taking on a trip through the countryside (e.g., to chop wood). These jugs are famous and used throughout the region. In Oapan, however, large water jugs are made for drawing water; they have pointed bottoms and three handles through which rope is passed. Speakers state that the pointed and tapering bottom is designed to fit into the small of ones back, making them easier to carry with the tumpline (they are seldom if ever used with a beast of burden). \ilustmp Illustrate with drawing and photo. \vl Use first male token. \ref 02686 \lxa pano:ltih \lxac pano:ltih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \se Good mourning (from midmorning to noon) \ss Buenos días (desde mediados de la mañana hasta mediodía) \syno a:ti \xrb pano: \nse The plural form is <na>pano:ltikeh</na>. \encyctmp greetings: e.g., tlapoya:wilih \ref 02687 \lxa chi:chiwahli \lxac chi:chiwahli \lxo chi:chiwahli \lxoc chi:chiwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 3 \se teat; breast (typically of a woman, but it can also be said of a man). \ss seno o pecho (típicamente de mujer pero también podría ser de hombre) \se (<nla>maka</nla> ~) to breast feed \ss (<nla>maka</nla> ~) dar pecho a \pna Nikmakas chi:chiwahli noi:joh. \pea I'm going to breast feed my young child. \psa Voy a darle pecho a mi hijito. \se udder (of a cow or other animal) \ss ubre (de una vaca u otro animal) \xrb chi:chi \nae The derivational process for this noun is unclear, although obviously the word contains the root <na>chi:chi</na>. The ending <na>wahli</na> is of unclear history and etymology. Moreover, the precise length of the /a/ is also uncertain. To best ascertain its quanity, all words with this nominal stem should be examined. \qry For this and all derivates for /chichiwal/, check vowel length. I originally had it recorded as /chi:chiwahli/ in Ameyaltepec, but evidence from Oapan suggests perhaps /chi:chiwa:hli/. \ref 02688 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mi:nilia \lxoc kimi:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to prop up with a stick or pole (e.g., a house or wall that is falling down, or a fruit-laden branch of a tree, etc.) \sso apuntallar con un palo u horcón (p. ej., una casa o pared que está a punto de caerse, o una rama de unárbol cargada de fruta) \syna mi:naltilia \xrb mi:na \nae See the discussion under <nla>mi:naltilia</nla> in regard to the question of valency in regard to Oapan <no>mi:nilia</no> and its Ameyaltepec cognate <na>mi:naltilia</na>. \qry For the second phrase in regard to the weed, check the precise meaning of /mi:naltilia/. Check also for simple causative /mi:naltia/. \mod See drawing on original filecard. \nse Note that although <na>mi:na</na> is a transitive verb, here the double derivation of causative plus applicative is used. Apparently the applicative is formed on a transitive <na>mi:naltia</na>, which is not in my corpus. Moreover, if it were, it would seemingly be ditransitive, and thus the applicative would have an additional argument. However, it appears that the verb <na>mi:naltilia</na> is ditransitive, thus the causativization and addition of an applicative marker on a basic transitive does not seem to add the number of arguments that one would expect. \ref 02689 \lxa te- \lxac tekoto:ni \lxo te- \lxoc tekoto:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \der Pre-adverbial \se prefix to certain verbs that indicates an intensity or suddenness to the action \ss prefijo adverbial para algunos verbos que indica más intensidad o lo repetino de la acción \seo affix to some adjectivals that indicates an unusual or unexpected state or characteristic \sso afijo a algunos adjectivales que indica un estado o característica por usual o esperado \xrb te- \nse The intensifier <n>te-</n> may be used with only some of the various acceptations of a given verb. Thus, for example, with <nlao>koto:ni</nlao> and <nlao>koto:na</nlao> it is used when referring to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land or ending of litigation. Verbs that accept the use of <n>te-</n> have been coded with"optional <n>te-</n> "in the /aff field. Cases in which <n>te-</n> has become fully lexicalized are listed separated (e.g., Oapan <nlo>té:welíwi</nlo>). \mod Establish hypertext link with cgi query for aff contains /te-/ or /-te-/. \ref 02690 \lxa te:patike:tl \lxac te:patike:tl \lxo té:patíké:tl \lxoc té:patíké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se doctor \ss doctor \se healer (<spn>curandero</spn>) \ss curandero \xrb pah \nse * <na>Te:patiki</na> is not acceptable. A <na>te:patike:tl</na> usually refers to a Western doctor although it is also used for some <spn>curanderos</spn>, particularly those who massage people to cure them (<na>te:papachowa</na>). It is not applied to those who pray or who use herbal remedies. \grm Agentives: Note that in many cases an agentive is formed with /-ke:tl/ and does not have an alternative form in /-ki/. This is the case with the present entry (/te:patike:tl/) and also with forms such as /te:maxtike:tl/. However, it is not clear if in all cases a /-ki/ form for those agentives documented with /-ke:tl/ is unacceptable. A study must be made on a case-by-case basis. In addition, it seems that many of the /-ki/ 'agentives' are in fact more adjectival. The full range of such forms needs to be investigated. \grmx Oapan phonology; double pitch accent: Note that /té:patíké:tl/ is another example of a two pitch-accent word. It perhaps provides a good example of the influences or factors that lead to stress (pitch) reassignment. If we assume that the basic factor affecting pitch is the presence of {h} coda, then underlying {te:pahtihke:tl} would yield [te:pátíké:tl], with the final pitch accent based on a lexical/phrasal boundary. The result of shift is what is to be expected: /té:patíké:tl/. Note, however, that this is different than cases such as /o:kí:pólokéh/. The difference perhaps rests on the fact that /ke:tl/ is bimoraic and thus can accept an adjacent pitch easier than the monomoraic /-keh/. Nevertheless, the pitch patterns should be investigated and, in particular, /té:patíké:tl/ should be checked with an expert. \pqry Have SG check the p-a pattern on this word. \ref 02691 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /toto:roh/ has been eliminated as a duplicate entry. \dt 16/Jun/2002 \ref 02692 \lxa tlasese:hlo:tl \lxac tlasese:hlo:tl \lxo tlasese:hlo:tl \lxoc tlasese:hlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se cold air; draft of cool air \ss aire fresco y algo frío \pna Te:cha:lwi:tektok tlasese:hlo:tl. \src DT #8: 360 \pea The cold air (draft) is hitting us. \psa El aire frío nos está pegando. \pna Mejó:r ma nikalaki kalitik, nepa u:nkah tlasese:hlo:tl kia:wak. \pea It is better that I go inside my house, there outside it is cool. \psa Mejor que entre en mi casa, allá afuera hay un brisa algo frío. \pna Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl! \pea Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off! \psa ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que estémás fresco! \pna Xmose:wi nika:n, u:nkah tlasese:hlo:tl, kemech yo:nitla:ichwih. \pea Come rest here, it is cool, I just sprinked water (on the ground to cool it off)! \psa ¡Ven a descansar aquí, hay frescura, apenas le rocié agua (a la tierra para refrescarla)! \xrb se \rt Check the way in which this root should be given: /se/ or /se:/. \ref 02693 \lxanotes zzz \dt 25/Jan/2005 \mod This used to be the entry for /Iskatsi:n Itik/, since transferred to the toponym lexicon. \ref 02694 \lxa a:tostik \lxac a:tostik \lxo a:tostik \lxoc a:tostik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be gushy; to be watery (a mixture of sth to which water is typically added but which should be thick) \ss estar aguado (una mezcla de algo a que típicamente se le agrega agua pero que debe ser espeso) \pna Mela:k a:tostik notix, xwel nikmana. \pea My masa is really watery, I can't make tortillas with it (lit., 'I can't lay it down'). \psa Mi masa está muy aguada, no puedo echar tortillas con ella (lit., 'no la puede poner plana'). \pna A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. \pea It is watery, it has too much water (e.g. mud or clay for ceramics, masa, etc.). \psa Está aguado, se pasóde agua (barro para cerámica, masa, etc.). \sem consist \flao a:totsiwi \xrb a: \xrb tots \nde No cognate words have been found in other dialects. Although the root element <nr>a:</nr> 'water' is clear in this compound, the other part ? <n>tos</n> or <n>tots</n> is not. \qry Roots and composition uncertain. Cf. entry under /a:totsiwi/ and /a:tki/. \mod Disambiguate /a:tostik/, /a:tki/, /a:yoh/, and any others that might later come to mind. \mod A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. Add this use of /panowa/. \ref 02695 \lxa a:chi:wia \lxac na:chi:wia \lxo a:chi:wia \lxof [a: chi: 'wi a] \lxoc na:chi:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-refl \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to add water to a mixture or dough-like substance that one is using (particularly to <nla>nextamahli</nla> while grinding it on a metate, but also in kneading dough to make bread, or in kneading clay for ceramics) \ss (refl.) agregar agua a una masa que uno está usando para suavizarla (particularmente al nextamal para molerlo sobre un metate, pero también hacerle lo mismo a masa para hacer pan o a lodo para hacer cerámica) \pna On suwa:tl na:chi:witok. \pea That woman is using water in grinding <na>nextamahli</na> on a metate (i.e., she is using her <nla>a:chi:wihli</nla>). \psa Esa mujer está usando agua para moler nixtamal sobre un metate (esto es, está usando su <nla>a:chi:wihli</nla>). \pna Na:chi:wia. \pea She takes water from bowl in order to use it in grinding (<na>nextamahli</na> when making tortillas, or in kneading clay for ceramics, etc.). \psa Ella toma agua de una taza para emplearla en moler (el nixtamal al hacer tortillas, en en amasar barro para cerámica, etc.). \xrb a: \xrb chi:wa \nse Prototypically this verb refers to the use of water in grinding <spn>nixtamal</spn>, but is extended metaphorically to refer to other uses of water in softening mixtures. The etymology of this verb is unclear but is probably are related to <nla>chi:wa</nla> 'to do or make.' \qry Apparently only used in reflexive. This should be checked. In general note that there are a series of alternations in which the <na>-ia</na> form alternates with a -CV form: <na>-te:ma</na> and <na>-te:mia</na> ; <na>-chi:wa</na> and <na>-chi:wia</na>, <na>-ka:wa</na> and <na>-ka:wia</na>, etc. All of these have an incorporated noun: <na>-tla:lte:mia</na> and, in Classical I believe, <na>-tla:lka:wia</na>. \ref 02696 \lxa a:wixtlan \lxac a:wixtlan \lxo á:wixtlán \lxoa á:wixtláh \lxop á:wixtlán \lxoc á:wixtlán \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \pa yes-lex \se place with a lot of dew, or water from rain, that covers plants on the ground \ss lugar con mucho rocío, o agua que viene de la lluvia, que cubre las plantas \pna Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih. San puroh a:wixtli. \pea There was a lot of dew on the ground. It got me soaked. It was pure dew. \psa Había mucho rocío sobre la tierra. Me hizo empapar. Fue puro rocío. \sem weather \xrb ahwich \xrl -tlan \nae The pitch accent in the Oapan form is a reflex of an underlying {h} that closes the first syllable. The Classical stem shows this (cf. FK). However, it is unclear whether vowel lengthening has also occurred, either through lenition of {h} or through reanalysis of the etymology as containing the root for 'water' (<nr>a:</nr>). Nevertheless, a careful analysis of the length of word-initial /a/ in many lexemes, including those that manifest pitch accent, will be useful for a final determination. \qry Check short /a/ in /paltia/ and final /h/ in /puroh/. \vl Lenght of initial /á/ is unclear. Historically it is short, but it appears to be long here. Check. \ref 02697 \lxa xtlah \lxac xtlah \lxo xtlah \lxoa xitlah \lxoa xtlan \lxoc xtlah, xtlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \com Neg-Pr \der Pr-indef \se nothing; not... anything \ss nada \pna Xtlah weli. \pea He can't do anything. \psa No puede hacer nada. \cfao itlah \xrb itlah \vl Make sure to use first token of female for /xtlah/, and then male for /xtlan/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that the tendency to insert /n/ for /h/ in phrase-final position is heard here, where IJ always has a final nasal and FM has it in one of her tokens. \ref 02698 \lxa te:nkwalkaxtli \lxac i:te:nkwalkax \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \se jawbone \ss mandíbula \sem body \equivo te:nkomitetl \equivo te:nkokaxtli \xrb te:n \xrb kwal \xrb kax \nse Two of the elements in <na>te:nkwalkaxtli</na> are transparent: <na>te:n</na> 'lip or edge' and <na>kax</na> 'bowl.' The middle element, <na>kwal</na> is unclear. Perhaps a comparison of a cognate word from other dialects will clarify the issue since there might have been a minor phonological change in the Ameyaltepec word. \ref 02699 \lxa tekwi:naltia \lxac kitekwi:naltia \lxo tekwi:naltia \lxoc kitekwi:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \infv class-2a \se to make flare up or blaze (a fire) \ss hacer llamear o brotar (un fuego) \pna Yo:niktekwi:naltih, yo:niktlatokilih un koma:hli. \pea I made it flare up, I stoked wood under that griddle. \psa Lo hice llamear, le avivé el fuego (echándole leña) abajo de ese comal. \pna Xkakawi! Xtekwi:nalti! \pea Fan it (a fire)! Make it flare up! \psa ¡Abanícalo (un fuego)!¡Hazlo llamear! \xrb tekwi: \xvnao tekwi:ni \ref 02700 \lxa topontli \lxac topontli \lxo tópontlí \lxoc tópontlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \pa yes-lex \se swelling (usually at the side of the throat or neck, or in the place where ones thigh meets the hip. or under ones arms) \ss hinchazón (al lado de la garganta o cuello, o en el ingle, o por las axilas) \pna Kipia topontli. \pea He has a swelling at the side of his throat \psa Tiene un hinchazón al lado de la garganta. \xrb tohpon \nse Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that twins can cause a <na>topontli</na> to develop on a person that they hate or envy, particularly when the victim is eating something that they (the twins or one of them) desire. \nae The etymology of <na>topontli</na> is still not entirely clear; although it would seem to be related to the root <nr>topo:</nr> and the verb <nla>topo:ni</nla> I seem to remember having checked in the dialect of San Juan Tetelcingo and heard an /h/ closing the first syllable. However, my notes do not indicate this and it should be checked in the future. \sj Check for /h/. \vl Use second female token. \ref 02701 \lxa i:xtakakwa \lxac ki:xtakakwa \lxo i:xtakakwa \lxoc ki:xtakakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to bite without warning (e.g., a dog that doesn't bark but simply attacks without warning) \ss morder sin previo aviso (p. ej., un perro que no ladra pero que simplemente ataca sin avisar) \xrb i:xtaka \xrb kwa \nae Here as in some other cases of words with <nao>ixtaka</nao> as part of the compound, the initial /i/ seems to show long duration, about 100 ms. However, given that in possessed forms the /i/ drops out (e.g., <nao>noxtakakone:w</nao>) it would seem that the /i/ would be epenthetical and thus short. It has so been recorded in all entries with the stem <nao>ixtaka</nao> pending further analysis. \ref 02702 \lxa tlatskwepo:nteko \lxac tlatskwepo:nteko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \sea to hit the ground hard, making a loud sound \ssa caerse sobre el suelo haciendo un gran estrépito \xrb tlats-2-; kwepo: \nde Florencia Marcelino denied that this was a proper word given that what falls (e.g., a person) <no>xpa:stik</no> 'is not wet.' The proper word according to her is <no>komó:ntekó</no>. \qry Check for transitive alternation ending in /-nia/; cf. /kwepo:nia/. \ref 02703 \lxa ilpo:tsaltia \lxaa elpo:tsaltia \lxac kilpo:tsaltia \lxo ípo:tsáltia \lxop ipo:tsaltia \lxoc kípo:tsáltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V3 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to make burp \ss hacer eructar a \pna O:ne:chilpo:tsaltih serbe:sah. \pea The beer made me burp. \psa La cerveza me hizo eructar. \fla elpo:tsa \xrb l \xrb po:tsa \fla ilpo:tsa \xvba elpo:tsa \xvbo ípó:tsa \qry Check to see if /elpo:tsaltia:/ also exists. \vl Use second token of female speaker and first token of male speaker. \ref 02704 \lxa chichikiltik \lxac chichikiltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \sea to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) \ssa estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) \sea to be puny; to be tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out) \ssa ser chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca) \pna Chichikiltik un xokotl, xe totoma:wi, xe a:te:mi. \pea That plum is puny, it hasn't started to fill out, it hasn't started to ripen. \psa Esa ciruela es chiquita, todavía no se ha llenado, todavía no se madura. \syna techichikiltik \syno téchichikíltik \xrb chikil \nse Although <na>chichikilti</na> is acceptable and the <n>te-</n> element appears to be an intensifier, the form with <n>te-</n> is far more common than without, thus it has been accorded a separate entry. Other than this one entry, all other forms heard in conversation and documented are with the <n>te-</n> element. \qry Check if the form /chichikiltik/, without /te-/ can only be used in reference to fruit. Perhaps this entry should be eliminated and joined to /techichikiltik/. At the same time, all entries with /chichikil.../ should be studied for alternate forms and meanings. \mod Add to this entry, data for /techichikil(tik)/. \ref 02705 \lxa tepa:xin \lxac tepa:xin \lxo tepa:xin \lxoc tepa:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se type of lizard, <l>Phrynosoma</l> sp., commonly called 'chameleon' \ss tipo de reptile, <l>Phrynosoma</l> sp., comunmente conocido como 'camaleón' \pna Deke se: ichpokawah kineki ma kwaltsi:n ni:xakokwi itlaxkal ipan komahli, tlaxkalowa ika tepa:xin. Kima:mana wa:n kima:ka:wa. Ihkón kwaltsi:n ni:xakokwis itlaxkal, kipias kanaktsi:n i:xa:mayo itlaxkal. \pea If a young girl wants her tortillas to puff up nicely on the griddle, she acts as if making tortillas with a chameleon in her hands. She moves it from one hand to another and then lets it go. In this way her tortillas will puff up nicely, they will have a nice thin skin on one side. \psa Si una muchacha quiere que se alzen bien sus tortillas sobre el comal, echa tortillas con un camaleón. Lo va cambiando de una mano a otra y después lo suelta. Asísus tortillas se van a alzar bien, van a tener una delgada capa por un lado. \sem animal \sem lizzard \xrb tepa:x \ref 02706 \lxa telkechilia \lxac kitelkechilia \lxo telkechilia \lxoa tekechilia \lxoc kitelkechilia; kitekechilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to prop up (with a stick, pole, etc.) \ss apuntalar (algo cayéndose, con un palo, poste, horcón, etc.) \pna Kitelkechilia para ma:ka sa: tsonaka ya:s. \pea He props it up (in this case a post leaning over with another stick) so that it doesn't just lean over. \psa Lo apuntala (en este caso un horcón que está cayéndose con un palo) para que no vaya de lado. \xrb tel \xrb kechi \dis kuwkechilia; telkechilia \nse In Oapan <no>telkechilia</no> is also found as <no>tekechilia</no>. It differs from <nlo>kohmi:ni</nlo> in that with the propping described by the former the stick or piece of wood used to prop up the structure is placed vertically, whereas with <nlo>kohmi:ni</nlo> it is an an angle. \vl There are 6 total tokens of the alternate pronunciation /kitekechilia/ at 6235. These should all be tagged as 2706 and then two should be linked to the 2nd pronunciation: /kitekechilia/. Thus the final concatenated sound sequence here at 2706 should have 2 pronunciations and 4 tokens. \ref 02707 \lxa tlakwa:te:ki:l \lxac i:tlakwa:te:ki:l \lxo tlakwa:te:ki:l \lxoc i:tlakwa:te:ki:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N2 \se godchild \ss ahijado \pna Yewa notlakwa:te:ki:l. \pea He is my godchild. \psa El es mi ahijado. \xrb kwa: \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \qry Check length of final /i/ as the record I have for this word does not indicate vowel length. \ref 02708 \lxa yekoka:tl \lxac yekoka:tl \lxo yékoké:tl \lxoc yékoké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ka:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se visitor; guest (from another village, i.e., <nao>xcha:neh</nao>) \ss visita; huéspeded (de otro pueblo, esto es, <nao>xcha:neh</nao>) \pna Nika:n niyekoka:tl. \pea I am a visitor here (e.g., in this village). \psa Aquí estoy de visita (p. ej., en este pueblo). \pna Nochipa nikintlakwaltia noyekoka:wa:n. \pea I always feed my guests. \psa Siempre doy de comer a mis huéspedes. \cfo te:í:také:tl \xrb ehko \qry Check phrase /Nochipa nikintlakwaltia noyekoka:wa:n/ which I created for this entry. \ref 02709 \lxa ko:sama:lo:tl \lxac ko:sama:lo:tl \lxo kó:samá:lo:tl \lxoc kó:samá:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se rainbow \ss arco iris \pna Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika. \pea If two rainbows appear the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the sky). \psa Si aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá (apuntando) y uno acá (apuntando al otro lado del cielo). \sem weather \xrb ko:s \xrb ahma:lo \nae The etymology of <na>ko:sama:lo:tl</na> or <no>kó:samá:lo:tl</no> is unclear. One possible element is <n>ko:s</n>, perhaps related to <nlao>ko:skatl</nlao> 'necklace,' which would make sense given the context. The remaining sequence is not, however, transparent. Another perplexing issue is the pitch accent noted in the Oapan version. All documented cognates of this word in other dialects do not manifest any underlying {h} or glottal stop, which is the only factor that motivates pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. Moreover, given that a sequence of long vowel and {h} as coda is not found in Nahuatl, the only possible syllable that is a candidate for coda {h} is {sah}. For the preceding reasons the etymology has been given as {ko:s + ahma:lo:}. Perhaps comparative data from nearby villages where there is a surface manifestation of {h} would clarify matters. \nse The etymology uncertain. Probably related to /ko:s/ 'necklace' but the remainder of the etymology is uncertain. \sj Check for /h/: p-a of Oapan form of unclear origin. \ref 02710 \lxa a:te:kia \lxac ka:te:kia \lxo a:te:kia \lxoc ka:te:kia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to water or pour water on (e.g., a plant or seedlings, or even a person) \ss regar (p. ej., una planta o planta de semillero, o hasta a una persona) \pna Tle:ka xtika:te:kia? Yo:pili:n. \pea Why don't you water it? It's already withered up. \psa ¿Por quéno le echas agua? Ya se marchitó. \pna Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah. \pea I'm here watering in my garden. \psa Estoy regando aquí en mi huerta. \flao te:kilia \xrb a: \xrb te:k \xvaao a:te:kilia \nae The valency of this verb is discussed in the grammar, along with that of <nla>tla:lka:wia</nla> and <nla>tla:lte:mia</nla>. Apparently <na>a:tekia</na> is an applicative form of <na>te:ka</na>, with an incorporated noun <nr>a:</nr>. Launey (1992:188) notes that applicatives ending in <n>-(l)huia</n> are most common with verbs that end in <n>-ca</n> or <n>-hua</n>. However, in Balsas Nahuatl note that there is as yet no documented form ? <n>a:te:ka</n>, which would be an intransitive. Rather one has the"applicative" <na>a:tekia</na>, which is ditransitive <n>te:kia</n> (not documented in stand-alone form) with valency reduced to one argument after the incorporation of a nominal root: <na>a:te:kia</na> 'to pour water on' and then made into an applicative <nao>a:te:kilia</nao>, which would have a different derivation from <nao>te:kilia</nao> : the former is an applicative of the <n>-ia</n> -applicative <na>a:te:kia</na> while the latter is an applicative of the transitive <nlao>te:ka</nlao>. \qry Etymology/roots uncertain. Cf. root analysis of this word as compared to /se:wia/. \mod Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah."I'm here watering in my garden."Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary. \grm Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah."I'm here watering in my garden."Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary. \ref 02711 \lxa michpe:petla:ni \lxac michpe:petla:ni \lxo michpe:petla:n \lxoa michpe:petla:h \lxoc michpe:petla:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 (Am); N-dvb-perf (Oa) \seao type of fish, like the fish called <spn>platilla</spn> in Spanish, still not definitively identified \ssao tipo de pez, parecido al que se llama <spn>platilla</spn>, todavía no identificado definitivamente \syna a:michin \sem animal \sem marine \xrb mich \xrb petla: \nae The Oapan form <no>michpe:petla:n</no> manifests the apocopation that is common in animal names, although here it is also equivalent to the short stem of a verb (<no>petla:ni</no>). \qry Make sure Am has /a:michin/ and /michpe:petla:ni/ as synonyms. \ref 02712 \lxa malaí:k \lxac malaí:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se (often followed by a verbal phrase headed by <nao>ma</nao> or <nao>x</nao>) may it be that never; who cares if never (in reference to an event or action) \ss (a menudo seguido por una frase verbal encabezado por <na>ma</na> o <na>x</na>)¡ojaláque nunca!¡aunque nunca! (en referencia a un evento o acción) \pna Malaí:k wits! \pea May he never come! \psa ¡Ojaláque nunca venga! \pna Malaí:k ma weli! Itekiw xya:s eskwe:lah. \pea May he never learn! He's surely not going to go to school. \psa ¡Quénunca aprenda! De por si nunca va a ir a la escuela. \pna Malaí:k xne:chaka! Yo:tine:chawak! \pea May you never it it to me! You already scolded me (that is, you already angrily told me that you wouldn't give it to me)! \psa ¡Quénunca me lo des!¡Ya me regañaste (esto es, ya me dijiste que no me lo ibas a dar)! \pna Malaí:k xne:chpale:wi:ti! \pea Don't ever both to go and help me at all (said in anger, for example, if a person has promised to help me and then not showed up, I might utter the previous)! \psa ¡Entonces, que nunca me vayas a ayudar (dicho con enojo, por ejemplo si algn ha prometido ayudarme y después no apareció, quizápodría yo decir lo anterior)! \equivo mala:ya \xrb ma \xrb ah \xrb i:k \nse <na>'Malaí:k</na> is often translated into Spanish by 'aunque no...,' i.e., if someone asks for something and is not given it, the person who had first requested the item may say, <na>Malaí:k xne:chaka</na> 'Don't ever give it to me then (see what I care)' (or something similar).' It seems clear that the first element of <na>aí:k</na> is the negative particle without the coda glottal stop. FK notes under <n>ai:c</n> that 'the first element of this is from the negative particle <n>ah-</n> and is often written <n>ay</n>. If <n>i:k</n> is related to <n>i:ka</n>, then it is not difficult to assume that /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, leading to the <no>aya</no> sequence noted in the headword. Finally, although the first element is undoubtedly the optative, the meaning or origin of the /l/ is not clear. \nae <na>Malaí:k</na> and <no>mala:ya</no> probably derive from the optative particle <na>ma</na> and the adverbial <na>aí:k</na> (Note that Molina lists <n>ayc</n> 'nunca, o en ningún tiempo.' The question of vowel length in the latter form is discussed under the Oapan headword entry. \qry Recheck first vowel since in one entry filecard I have recorded /ma:laí:k/. \vl Tag the Oapan tokens here as additional tokens for 5651. \rt a:(2) is to be xrefd with /ah/ 'negative'. \ref 02713 \lxa tlamaka \lxac kitlamaka \lxo tlamaka \lxoc kitlamaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \se to give fodder to (an animal) \ss alimentar (un animal) \pna ¡Kontlamakas iburroh, xikchia! \pea He's going to go feed his donkey, wait for him! \psa Va a ir a darle de comer a su burro,¡espéralo! \pna Tlatlamakatinemi. \pea He goes around feeding (animals). \psa Anda dando de comer (a los animales). \seo (with a directional affix) to drop food off for \sso (con afijo direccional) ir a dejar o llevar comida a \xrb maka \xbtlao maka \nse When used with a domesticated animal such as a young calf, <na>tlamaka</na> refers to the action of feeding it while it is tied up or, at least, not grazing. If one takes such an animal out to graze (even while watching closely over it), the word used is <nla>tlakukwaltia</nla>. With a human subject the verb <n>tlamaka</n> (as in <no>nontlamakas nowe:wentsi:n</no> (Oa)) is used when one takes a meal or food to someone (such as a family member working in the field, or a compadre to be prepared for a fiesta). The food or provisions are dropped off. When one feeds someone in the house or takes food to be eaten jointly, <no>tlakwaltia</no> is used. \mod Check meaning in Am and Oa \grm Object /tla-/. Note that the form /tlatlamaka/ 'to be feeding (animals)' shows the use of two nonspecific nonhuman object markers. Cf. to <n>te:tlamaka</n> \ref 02714 \lxa tsi:nkomoltik \lxac tsi:nkomoltik \lxo tsi:nkomoltik \lxoc tsi:nkomoltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a big butt (in reference to a butt so big that it sticks out and is slightly flat and concave at the top as a result) \ss ser nalgona (en referencias a nalgas tan grandes que salen mucho y son algo planos y concavos en sus partes superiores) \apao tsi:nkomol \xrb tsi:n \xrb komol \nse The only documentation of this word, as well its apocopated form <nlao>tsi:nkomol</nlao>, is in reference to heavy-set older women. \ref 02715 \lxa yestili:ni \lxac yestili:ni \lxo yestili:ni \lxoc yestili:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to get its fill of blood (an animal that bites and sucks blood) \ss llenarse de sangre (un animal que la chupa) \pna Yo:yestili:n un xaxa:yakatl, o:kikwah noburroh. \pea That horse fly has gotten its fill of blood, it bit my donkey. \psa Ese tábano se lleno de sangre, mordió a mi burro. \xrb es \xrb tili: \ref 02716 \lxa i:xwetska \lxac i:xwe:wetska \lxo i:xwetska \lxoc i:xwe:wetska \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \se (usually with long vowel reduplication) to start to smile or have traces of a smile on ones face (e.g., of sb embarrassed to laugh or openly smile) \ss (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) vislumbrarsele o dibujarsele una sonrisa en la cara a (p. ej., de algn a quien le da pena reir o reirse abiertamente) \pna Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska. \pea She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile. \psa Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), está nada más sonriendo entre dientes. \xrb i:x \xrb wetska \nse This verb refers to a slight smile on the face of someone embarrassed to laugh or smile openly. \nae The vowel duration of the first reduplicated syllable is unclear. I originally had it transcribed as long, but acoustic measurements on the Oapan data do not necessarily confirm this and I have since changed this to a light syllable with a short vowel. The fact that the reduplicant of <n>we-</n> -initial stems in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is simply /u/, suggests that the reduplicant might well be a long vowel, even though the acoustic evidence so far does not confirm this. More checking is needed. \qry Recheck vowel length and check that the lexicalized form with long vowel reduplication is the only form used. Thus a check should be made for forms such as /i:xwetska/ and /i:xuwetska/; or /i:xwe:wetska/ vs. /i:xwewetska/. Check. Also check for /i:xwetska/. Note that this should probably be incorporated in the entry for /i:xwetska/. \ref 02717 \lxa tsakwilia \lxac kitsakwilia \lxo tsakwilia \lxoc kitsakwilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to get in the way of (the intended motion toward a destination of an animate being or, at times, an inanimate); to block or impede the path of \ss estorbar (el movimiento de algún ser animado o, a veces, de un objeto); cerrar o impedir el paso a \pna O:ne:xtsakwilih a:te:ntli, melá:k we:i. \pea The river blocked my way, it is really big. \psa El río me cerró el paso \se to block the view of \ss estorbarle la vista a \pna Ne:chtsakwilia, ma nteki! \pea It blocks my field of vision (in this case a branch of a tree), let me cut it off! \psa Me estorba la vista (en este caso la rama de unárbol),¡déja que lo corte! \pna Tlane:si. De nika:n kwahli ne:stok, xtlah ne:chtsakwilia. \pea There is a clear view. It is easily visible from here, nothing obstructs my view. \psa Hay una buena vista. De aquíaparece bien, nada me estorba la vista. \se to stop before a destination is reached (e.g., in putting a bucket to catch a flow of water from a leaking bucket, in stopping a person along a path, etc.) \ss detener (algo) antes de que llegue a su destino (p. ej., al colocar una cubeta abajo de un agujero en una pipa, peról, etc.) \pna San o:tsetseliw un yestli, xo:kitsakwilikeh. \pea The blood just sprinkled out onto the ground (in this case with the killing of an animal). They didn't catch it (i.e., cut off its path) with anything (e.g., a bowl or bucket). \psa La sangre nada más se rociópor el suelo (en este caso al matar un animal). No le pusieron nada para detenerlo. \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to block the way of (e.g., a boy courting a girl as she tries to pass by, an animal that is trying to escape a roundup, etc.) \ss (a menudo con reduplication de vocal larga) atajar o bloquear el camino a (p. ej., un joven que le bloquea el paso a una muchacha que quiere cortejar, un vaquero o chivero que está tratando de bloquear la salida a un animal que quiere escapar o salir, etc.) \pna Xiktsakwili noburroh! \pea Head off my donkey (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)! \psa ¡Córtale el paso a mi burro (para que no vaya o no se escape)! \pna Melá:k ne:chtsa:tsakwilia i:n te:lpokawah. \pea That young man really tries to block my way (stop me as I am going somewhere in order to court me). \psa Ese joven de veras me sale al paso (tratando de detenerme o bloquearme el camino para cortejarme). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to fill in for (e.g., colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) rellenar para (p. ej., los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores) \pna Ne:xtsatsakwilia noa:mawa:n. \pea He fills in my amates for me with colored paint. \psa Me rellena mis amates con colores. \pna A:kinon tiktsatsakwilia ia:maw? \pea For whom are you filling in the amate? \psa ¿Para quién estás rellenando el amate? \xrb tsakwa \xvaao tsakwililia \xv2a tlatsatsakwilia \xv2o tlá:tsakwília \xvbao tsakwa \ref 02718 \lxa tlakukwi:lia \lxac kitlakukwi:lia \lxo tlá:kwí:lia \lxop tlá:kwilia \lxoc kitlá:kwí:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-tla \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to pick out or off from (i.e., separating bad, rotten food or grain from the rest) \ss arrancar o quitar de (p. ej., separando fruta pudrida o los granos picados de lo demás) \pna Yo:nitlakukwi:lih notlayo:lxina:ch. \pea I picked out the bug-eaten kernels from my maize seed. \psa Quitélos granos picados del maíz que voy a utilizar para semilla. \pna O:nimotlakukwi:lih ka:n o:ne:chasik sasa:lik xiwtli. \pea I'm going to pull off the pricky balls of the <nba>sasa:lik xiwtli</nba> (from where they have stuck to my clothes). \psa Voy a arrancarme las bolitas del <nla>sasa:lik xiwtli</nla> (de donde que están pegadas a mi ropa). \xrb kwi \xbtlao kwi:lia \vl Use first token of female speaker. \ref 02719 \lxa tla:katilistli \lxac tla:katilistli \lxo tla:katilistli \lxoc i:tla:katilis \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se sth from birth; sth congenital \ss algo de nacimiento; algo congénito \pna Seki ma:ski we:i, te:mpatiliwi, pero xi:tla:katilis. \pea Some, even though they are old, get a twisted mouth, but it is not congenital. \psa A algunos, aunque sean grandes, se les tuercen los labios, pero no es de nacimiento. \xrb tla:ka \nse In Oapan <no>i:tla:katilis</no> is used to refer to something (e.g., a skill, an ability with witchcraft, etc.) that was acquired from birth, not learned. \qry Unclear whether /i:tla:katilis/ can also refer to genetic defects, etc. \ref 02720 \lxa kwaltla:lia \lxac kikwaltla:lia \lxo kwehtla:lia \lxoa kwaltla:lia \lxoc kikwehtla:lia \dt 25/May/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to fix (an instrument or machine that is out of kilter, or sth poorly made such as cloth poorly sewn, ceramics poorly made, a crooked furrow); to make better \ss arreglar (un instrumento o maquina que anda mal); componer (algo mal hecho, como ropa mal cosida, cerámica mal hecha, un zurco no derecho, etc.) \pna Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik. \pea Fix my yoke (in this case by working the wood so that it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its bumpy and uneven. \psa Arregla mi yujo (en este caso haciendo que va derechito y bien cepillado). No lo puedo arreglar yo, está disparejo y no muy plano. \pna Xkwaltla:li ke:n titlakwilo:s! \pea Fix up your writing! \psa Mejora como escribes! \pna San o:tihkwa:kwaltla:lih. \pea You just fixed it up (patched it up) here and there. \psa No más lo arreglaste en partes (no completamente, pero solamente en varios lugares donde hacia falta). \se (refl.) to settle (e.g., a judicial dispute, an argument, etc.); to come to an agreement (e.g., in regard to bridewealth, a sum to be paid, etc.) \ss (refl.) llegar a un acuerdo (p. ej., en un litigio, en un argumento, acerca de lo que se iba a dar a la familia de una novia, etc.) \pna Xenokwaltla:lia. \pea It has not been arranged yet (i.e., an agreement has not yet been reached) \psa Todavía no se ha arreglado. \se (recipr.) to settle or come to a settlement (two or more people who are disputing sth) \ss (recipr.) arreglarse; llegar a un acuerdo (dos o más personas que están litigando o en desacuerdo) \pna Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian. \pea We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement). \psa Estamos discutiendo uno alegando después de otro, no nos podemos arreglar. \syna e:ktla:lia \xrb kwal \xrb tla:l \dis kwaltla:lia; kwaltilia \nae The motiviation for the vowel shift in the Oapan form <no>kwehtla:lia</no> is not clear, but the etymology of this form and that from Ameyaltepec is undoubtedly the same. \vl Use second male token. \ref 02721 \lxa tlapilowilia \lxac kitlapilowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to hang hooks on stakes placed in a shallow river bottom for (in order to fish) \ssa colgar para (algn o algo) anzuelas de estacas metidas en las partes poco profundas de un río \pna O:ntlapilowili:to michin ika answe:loh. \pea I went to hang hooks for (to catch) fish. \psa Fue a colgar anzuelos para (pescar) peces. \se to hanging nets or ropes in the trees for (in order to hunt certain birds or catch certain animals) \ss colgar redes o lazos en losárboles para (algn, o para ciertos pájaros que se cazan o animales que se quieren atrapar) \pna Xtlapilowili nokone:w ika noma:tl! \pea Hang my net (e.g., for catching <spn>huilotas</spn>) for my child! \psa ¡Cuélga mi red (p. ej., para cazar huilotas) para mi niño! \pna Ma niktlapilowili, abe:r tla: kalaki nika:n! \pea Let me hang a noose down from a tree for it (e.g., a mule, donkey, or other animal that one is trying to catch), let's see if it comes through here (and gets caught)! \psa ¡Deja que le cuelgue un laso de unárbol (p. ej., para una mula, burro u otro animal que se quiere atrapar), vamos a ver si pasa por aquí! \sea (~ <na>ika totopoxtli</na>) to make <nla>totopoxtli</nla> for \ssa (~ <na>ika totopoxtli</na>) hacer totopos para \xrb pil \xvbao tlapilowa \nae Note that the primary object of <na>tlapilowilia</na> may either be the human beneficiary of the action (in one example, a child) or the fish or game that is the object of the trap. In the case of hanging a noose from a tree in an effort to catch an animal, the idea is to use this strategy for animals that are difficult to trap normally. The noose is hung in a narrow place and the animal is then chased through there in the hope that its neck catches in the noose as it runs through. \mod Illustrate an example sentence, perhaps /Ma niktlapilowili, abe:r tla: kalaki nika:n!/ \ref 02722 \lxa yekaxokwi:chiwi \lxac yekaxokwi:chiwi \lxo yekaxokwi:chiwi \lxoc yekaxokwi:chiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to wrinkle up ones nose or make a face (e.g., when smelling sth bad, or in thinking about sb's bad injury) \ss fruncir la nariz (p. ej., al oler algo mal o en pensar en la herida de algn) \pna Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k. \pea He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant. \psa Frunce la naríz. olió algo desagradable. \se to snarl (e.g., an angry dog) \ss gruñir (p. ej., un perro enojado) \cfao te:nxokwi:chiwi \xrb yeka \xrb xokwich \ref 02723 \lxa kelo:nia \lxac kikelo:nia \lxo kelo:nia \lxoc kikelo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to cause a bad sprain or bruise to \ss torcerle parte del cuerpo a; causarle un dolor de golpe a \flao kelo:ni \xrb kelo: \nse Although this transitive verb was in my original notes, Florencia Marcelino stated that it was not correct, even though she and her husband Inocencio Jiménez pronounced it during the recording session. Apparently the signification of the intranstive <nlao>kelo:ni</nlao> is something to the effect of 'to get sprained' and, as Florencia stated, given that this cannot be purposefully caused the transitive is not correct. The validity of the transitive in Ameyaltepec should, therefore, be carefully checked. \qry Check the correctness of this very carefully. Make sure ample illustrative sentences are available. \mod Florencia Marcelino stated that since these severe strains are never purposefully caused, the transitive is not correct. Perhaps remove this entry. Even though I recorded this, later FM stated that it should not be an entry. \ref 02724 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for Oapan /tla:lto:nka:miki/, but another entry for this exists and the two have been combined. Information here is tagged to 4403. \vl Note that this entry has been eliminated. Tag words here for word 4403, higher letters (e.g., f, g, etc.) \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02725 \lxa xi:kopi:na \lxac kixi:kopi:na \lxo xi:kopi:na \lxoc kixi:kopi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <nao>texi:kopi:na</nao> \infv class-3a \se to slip off or down (e.g, pants or skirts that are too large); to loosen or undo (by slipping one part or section loose) \ss desprender; zafar (deslizando una cosa de otra) \pna Xikxi:kopi:na moka:ltson! \pea Slip your pants off! \psa ¡Bájate los calzones! \se to pull out (e.g., money from a pocket or wallet, a knife from its sheath, etc.) \ss sacar (p. ej., dinero de una bolsa o billetera, un cuchillo de su vaina, etc.) \pna Ti:roh xikxi:kopi:na motomi:n deke tikpia! \pea Show your money (peeling off the bills from a wad of money) if you have any! \psa ¡Saca tu dinero (desprendiéndo los billetes de la billetera) si tienes! \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \dis Distinguish between /xi:kopi:ni/, /kaxa:ni/, /peto:ni/, /totomi/, etc. \nse FK reports Tetelcingo <n>xi:copi:ni</n> as meaning"se zafa, se chispa,"which she translates as 'to make jokes' (sic) and <n>xi:copi:na</n> as 'se zafa, se chispa,' translated as 'to joke; to tease someone.' This is an unfortunate translation of 'zafarse' 'to slip (off)' and 'chisparse,' which is colloquial Spanish for 'to come loose' (see <i>The Oxford Spanish Dictionary</i>). The true meaning of <na>xi:kopi:ni</na> (and its transitive form) has to do with 'to come loose.' It is used for materials and objects that slip down or off a given area, such as pants slipping down one rear, braids slipping loose from their weave and knots slipping apart, or zacate, rods and other similar material objects that slip out of a bundle, etc. This verb is another example of a quite common case in which the only other documented case of a word found in Ameyaltepec and the Balsas region is from Tetelcingo, Morelos. \nde This word is used for, e.g., slipping <no>iswatl</no>, <no>so:ya:tl</no>, <no>tekono:xtli</no>, etc., out of a bundle, \qry Apparently the meaning here refers to something slipping out (e.g., a knot?) \qry Find out what other nouns can function as the subject of /xi:kopi:ni/. \rt It seems clear that /xi:kopi:/ involves /kopi:/ and /xi:/. Hence it has been so entered. It might well be that the /xi:/ here refers to a"covering"that slips. \ref 02726 \lxa i:xmonwe:weyak \lxac i:xmonwe:weyak \lxo í:xmowe:wéyak \lxop i:xmowe:weyak \lxoa í:xmowe:wíyak \lxoc í:xmowe:wéyak,í:xmowe:wíyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes \se to have long (straight) eyelashes \ss tener pestañas largas (y derechas) \xrb i:x \xrb -mon; weya \qry In original notes I had long first /e/ as: /i:xmonwe:weyak/. Check. \vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. \grm Note that in the paradigmatic set of k/ya/lia in many cases the /k/ form is lost in the verbalizations. Thus /yema:nki/ but /yema:nia/, or /ista:k/ and /ista:ya/. However, with /weyak/ there is no such loss: /weyakia/. This suggests that the /k/ here had been reinterpreted as part of an adjectival bases. \ref 02727 \lxa tso:tso:tl \lxac tso:tso:tl \lxo tso:tso:tl \lxoc tso:tso:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se skin sores or ulcers; infected pimples (or any skin eruption with a liquid inside, including those that result from scrapes); scab \ss llaga;úlcera de la piel; grano o granito infectado (cualquier erupción de la piel con un líquido adentro, incluyendo llagas causadas por abrasiones); costra (de una herida) \pna O:tine:xtotopo:naltih notso:tso:w. \src DT#8: 024 \pea You popped my pimple. \psa Hiciste reventar mi granito. \xrb tso: \nse <na>Tso:tso:tl</na> refers to a skin condition that presents a"sore,"perhaps from something having rubbed against the skin. \qry Check valency of /totopo:naltia/ in sentence above and correct here if necessary. Check whether /itso:tso:yo/ is ever correct. Pánfilo Lorenzo said it was, but used only for animals. I have never heard it, though. \ref 02728 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapeya:wahli \lxoc tlapeya:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo type of tree still not identified nor collected \sso tipo deárbol todavía no identificado ni colectado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equiva tlamia:wahli \xrb peya: \nct kohtli \qry Etymology uncertain, check. \nse This name was given by Florencia Marcelino; apparently it is in error since all other individuals I have consulted with give the name as <nlo>tlaye:wahli</nlo>. If <no>tlapeya:wahli</no> is a word, its meaning should be rechecked. \cpl The wood of this tree is good for the handle of an axe (<na>a:chkuhtli</na>), the beam of a plow (<na>timó:n</na>), and the main beams of houses (<na>mori:yoh</na>). \grm Oapan phonology: Note the shift of /m/ from Am to /p/ of Oapan. Check other dialects for equivalent and then discuss which way the shift has moved. I would imagine that Oapan is an innovation m>p. \ref 02729 \lxa tlampatla \lxac notlampatla \lxo tlampatla \lxoc notlampatla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to lose ones baby teeth for permanent ones \ss (refl.) cambiar los dientes de niño por los de adulto \pna O:pe:w notlampatla. \pea He (a baby) has started to get his permanent teeth. \psa Se le empezaron a salir (a un niño) los dientes permanentes. \xrb tlan \xrb patla \nse This word has occasionally been documented as <na>tlanpatla</na>. \ref 02730 \lxa i:xmantok \lxac i:xmantok \lxo i:xmantok \lxoc i:xmantok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be laying flat and spread out on a surface \ss estar extendida y tendida sobre el suelo \pna San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:n iowi. \pea The water is extended along the ground (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land). \psa El agua está tendida sobre el suelo cubriendo todo, se llenósu canal (y por eso inundóla area a su alrededor). \se to be smooth-surfaced; to be level \ss estar plano o nivelado \pna Tlatetewitska:n -=tla:ltetewitska:n-, xi:xmantok \pea It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth. \psa Estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no está plano. \xrb i:x \xrb man \xtlao tlai:xmantok \nse According to Florencia Marcelino <no>mantok</no> is used for water spread out over a surface whereas <no>i:xmantok</no> is used for other objects that are similarly spread out. \qry Here it will be important to determine the \ref 02731 \lxa techichikilka:miktia \lxac kitechichikilka:miktia \lxo téchichikilka:míhtia \lxop techichikilka:mihtia \lxoc kitéchichikilka:míhtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to let (e.g., an animal) waste away and die \ss dejar (p. ej., un animal) consumirse y morir \xrb chikil \xrb miki \xvba techichikilka:miki \xvbo téchichikilka:míki \nse <na>Techichikilka:miktia</na> (and <nla>techichikilmiktia</nla>) are causative formations with the semantics of"let."The action referred to is one of lack of attention (in this case to the feeding of an animal) that results in the final state indicated by the stem verb: death through attrition and wasting away. \nae According to Cristino Flores only <na>techichilmiktia</na> is correct, and not * <na>techichilka:miktia</na>. \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. \grm Causative: <na>Techichikilka:miktia</na> (and <nla>techichikilmiktia</nla>) are causative formations with the semantics of"let."The action referred to is one of lack of attention (in this case to the feeding of an animal) that results in the final state indicated by the stem verb: death through attrition and wasting away. \vl Use second male token. \ref 02732 \lxa melo:nyo:hli \lxac melo:nyo:hli \lxo melo:yo:hli \lxoc melo:yo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>melón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se melon seeds \ss semilla de melón \sem plant \sem part \cfao yo:hli \xrb yo:l \nae The vowel lenght of <no>melo:yo:hli</no> is not entirely clear. It appears that the liquid /l/ is quite long, perhaps longer than the preceding and following vowels. Nevertheless, the initial perception that both /o:/s of <no>melo:yo:hli</no> were long has been maintained here in the orthography. \cfa yo:hli \ref 02733 \lxa tla:lto:tolopochka:n \lxac tla:lto:tolopochka:n \lxo tla:lto:tolopochka:n \lxoc tla:lto:tolopochka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \aff Lex. rpd-l \infn N1(N2-N) \se land that is bumpy \ss tierra con topecitos; lugar no plano \pna Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah, tla:lto:tolopochka:n. \pea The bus goes along bouncing along up and down, the earth is full of bumps. \psa El camión va traquiteando, la tierra está llena de baches y topecitos. \xrb tla:l \xrb tolopoch \xrl -ka:n \nse <na>Tla:lto:tolopochka:n</na> refers to a place such as a road or path with smooth, low-lying bumps that are more like slight rises in the land's surface than clearly demarked bumps. It contrasts with <nla>tlatetewistika:n</nla>, which refers to areas that have sharper and more defined, pointed bumps. \dis tlatetewistika:n \qry Check vowel length of the first /o/ given that in the filecard entry for /tlato:tolopochka:n/, which is clearly identical in meaning and construction, the /o:/ is long. \vl Use first speech token by female speaker, either one of male. \grm Reduplication; locatives: Note that there are many locatives formed with the prefix /tla-/ and the locative /ka:n/. In some cases there is a reduplication (short vowel) of the stem, in others there is not. Thus cf. /tlapitsa:hka:n/ and /tlato:tolopochka:n/. The reason for the difference in reduplicative pattern seems to be the nature of the surface described. If the physical feature is repeated, reduplication occurs. If it is not repeated (or not necessarily repeated), then there is no reduplication. This observation should, however, be confirmed. \ref 02734 \lxa istachichi:k \lxac istachichi:k \lxo istachichi:k \lxoc istachichi:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to be overly salty \ss estar demasiado salado; estar pasado de sal \pna Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes. \pea Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! otherwise, it will get really salty. \psa échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla).¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedarámuy salado. \xrb sta \xrb chichi: \qry Check to see if meaning is simply 'salty' or 'overly salty'. Also, in my original filecard the final vowel is simply long, not stressed. This should be checked. Determine other ways of expressing over abundance. Cf. for example, /a:josmolo:nki/; query for the way of saying that it has too much sugar or is overly sweet. \ref 02735 \lxa a:tpatli \lxac a:tpatli \lxo á:tpatlí \lxoc á:tpatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se type of herbaceous plant not yet identified \ss tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \xrb a:t \xrb pah \nse According to some people this may be used as a remedio for <na>a:tintli</na>, lice. Although Inocencio Díaz did not recognize this plant, I had previously recorded its name during my early fieldwork. Thus most likely it is a plant known in Ameyaltepec. \rt Not use of root /a:t/ instead of full form /a:tem/, indeed, it might well be that the original form of /a:temitl/ was /a:tin/ with the root /a:t/. \ref 02736 \lxa xokotamahli \lxac xokotamahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea wild plum tamal made of sweet plums (<na>xokotl de un tsope:lik</na> that is mixed with <nla>tixtli</nla> and cooked in a corn husk) \ssa tamal de ciruela silvestre, (cocido del (<na>xokotl de un tsope:lik</na> que se mezcla con la masa y se cuence en hojas secas de mazorca) \sem food \xrb xoko \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli \qry See entry under /tamahli/. \ref 02737 \lxa ikxikoko:xo \lxac ikxikoko:xo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cojo</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \sea to be lame; to have bad legs (particularly as the result of having them slightly twisted or crooked) \ssa ser cojo; tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos) \syna koko:xotik \syno ko:xotik \xrb kxi \nae Although <no>ixiko:xo</no> is apparently accepted in Oapan, it is not common. Much more usual is simply <nlo>ko:xo</nlo>, a full borrowing from Spanish. \qry Note reduplication and check if only /ikxikoko:xoh/ is used or whether one can also have /ikxiko:xoh/. Also check possible gender. Remove this entry for Oapan; more common is /ko:xotik \pqry Check. Note that in the recording session I heard a final glottal stop in Cristino Flores' (Am) pronunciation. However, check the form /koko:xo/ if it exists. \vl Although this entry, /ixiko:xo/ was elicited and the tokens should be tagged, later I came to understand that the form was produced more as a result of elicitation. It has been removed. The word should still be tagged and form part of the archive, but it should not be linked. \ref 02738 \lxa kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh \lxac kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh \lxo kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih \lxoc kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se apostoles \ss apóstoles \pna Tlakwa:skeh kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh. \pea The apostles will eat (during the passion play of Holy Week). \psa Van a comer los apóstoles (durante la representación de la pasión de Semana Santa). \xrb koya \nse The term <na>kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh</na> refers to those who play the role of the apostles during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan. According to Cristino Flores, they eat 12 dishes, in the atrium of the church on Thursday evening, the Last Supper. Note that this term, <na>kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh</na>, was documented in Ameyaltepec as being used to refer to the apostles. Although the word was elicited in Oapan, the precise meaning should be rechecked. \qry Determine the 12 dishes that the apostles eat. \vl Use first token from male. \ref 02739 \lxa sa:lowa \lxac kisa:lowa \lxo sa:lowa \lxoc kisa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> ; cf. <nlao>tesa:lowa</nlao> \infv class-2b \se to tie (e.g., a rope or knot) \ss atar (p. ej., una soga o nudo) \pna Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah! \pea Tie the rungs on that ladder well! \psa ¡átale bien los travesaños a esa escalera! \se to tie up (e.g., an animal to a post or tree) \ss amarrar (p. ej., un animal a un poste oárbol) \se to sew (with large stitches, more like tying together with loops made with a needle and twine) \ss coser (con puntadas grandes, más parecido a atar o amarrar con aguja y cuerda) \pna Yewa kwa:xte:roh, wel kisa:lowa kwa:xtli. \pea He is a maker of <nla>kwa:xtli</nla> s, he can weave them together. \psa El hace cuaxtles, los puede fabricar (cosiéndolos). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to sew (particularly cloth with a needle and thread) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) coser (particularmente tela con aguja e hilo) \pna Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa! \pea Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew! \psa ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser! \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik! \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching! \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, se necesita hacerlo con puntadas finas. \pna Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa? \pea That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up? \psa ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose? \pna Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik! \pea Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch! \psa ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta! \se (with intensifier <n>te-</n>) to sew with a buttonhole stitch (i.e., sewing and knotting each stitch instead of simply passing the thread through the cloth) \ss (con el intensificador <n>te-</n>) coser con la puntada utilizada para ojales (esto es, cosiendo y amarrando cada puntada en lugar de simplemente pasar el hilo a través de la tela) \se (refl.) to take hold (a plant) \ss (refl.) echar raices (una planta) \xrb sa:l \xvaao sa:lowilia \qry Note and query the difference between /sa:lowa/ and /tesa:lowa/, and perhaps check the difference between /sa:liwi/ and /tesa:liwi/. Perhaps separate entries should be given for the /te-/ forms, particularly when there is an important semantic difference. Find out why one says /sa:lowa/ with /kwa:xtli/. Also, recheck correctness of the meaning 'to tie up' (as in an animal to a post, etc.' I seem to remember this meaning but do not have it in my notecards. Check also the meaning of /kisa:lowa kwa:xtli/ \grm Reduplication: long vowel: /Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah!/ 'Tie the rungs on that ladder well!' Note the use of long-vowel reduplication in this instance, given that the rungs are evenly spaced and the action is repeated in an evenly spaced (temporally and spatially) manner. \ref 02740 \lxa tlankwa \lxac kitlankwa kwilin \lxo tlankwa \lxoc kitlankwa kwilin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to trap inside an opening by closing (e.g, a tree [S] when an axe is struck deep into it and it closes in upon the blade, making it get stuck) \ss atrapar dentro de una abertura que se cierra (p. ej., unárbol [S] cuando una hacha se le entra fuerte y la parte cortada delárbol se cierra apretadamente sobre la hoja) \pna Yo:kitlankwah noa:chah i:n kuwtli. Yo:sa:liw. \pea This tree has tightened up around my axe (where I struck it). It's gotten stuck. \psa Eseárbol quedó apretado alrededor de mi hacha (donde le metífuerte). Se atoró. \se (~ <na>kwilin</na> / <no>kwilih</no>) to create a cavity in the tooth of; to get a tooth cavity (particularly the molars; lit., 'a worm [S] eats the tooth of') \ss (~ <na>kwilin</na> / <no>kwilih</no>) picar el diente de; tener caries en el diente (particularmente en las muelas; lit., 'un gusano le come el diente a'') \pna Yo:ne:xtlankwah kwilin, xok nikpia notlankoch. \pea I got a cavity, I no longer have my molar. \psa Se me hizo caries en un diente, ya no tengo mi muela. \xrb tlan \xrb kwa \nse The first definition seems to derive from the fact that the opening of the tree is like a mouth that closes in (i.e., 'eats') the axe with which it had been struck. This usage is not found in Oapan. Nor was it accepted by Cristino Flores, who instead said the proper term is simply <na>o:kikwah kuwtli noa:chah</na>. Nevertheless, for now this meaning has been left. Note that the most common use of <no>tlankwa</no> is as a collocation with <nlo>kwilin</nlo>, 'worms,' as the subject. \nde In Oapan this verb is only used in the complex form <no>tlankwa kwilih</no>. \qry Check for other meanings of this word, and other uses. Check whether /kwilin/ is a necessary subject of /tlankwa/ with the sense of 'to cause cavities.' \ref 02741 \lxa tla:kapuwa \lxac notla:kapuwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3b(ow) \se (refl.) to act like a big shot; to be ostentatious (e.g., in regards to money) (used only with male grammatical subjects) \ss (refl.) fanfarronear; comportarse en una manera ostentosa, como hombre de poder y dinero (empleado solamente con hombres como sujetos gramticales) \pna Notka:kapuwa saka kipia tomi:n. Xka:wa, xmilá:h. \pea He acts like a big shot only because he has money. Contrary to what you'd think, it isn't true. \psa Se comporta en una manera ostentosa simplemente porque tiene dinero. No es lo que piensas, no es verdad. \se (refl.) to act like a man (a woman [S]) \ss (refl.) portarse como hombre; actuar como hombre (una mujer [S]) \pna Notla:kapuwa. Xkineki tla:katl, suwa:neki. \pea She acts like a man (in this case said of a lesbian). She doesn't want a man, she wants a woman (as a sexual partner). \psa Se porta como hombre (en este caso dicho de una lesbiana). No quiere un hombre, quiere una mujer (como pareja sexual). \syno tla:katilia \xrb tla:ka \xrb po:wa \ref 02742 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /papayo:tl/ but C. Flores corrected this and said the only term used is /papayoh/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02743 \lxa tlamastiw \lxac tlamastiw \lxo tlamastiw \lxoc tlamastiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \com V2-asp \der V2-asp \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \se (~ <na>-na:k</na> or <na>-tech</na>) to go or head toward; to be directed to (a given location or person) \ss (~ <na>-na:k</na> o <na>tech</na>) ir hacia; ir dirigido (a cierta lugar o persona) \pna I:n a:matl wa:ltlamastiw ina:k preside:nteh. \pea This letter comes directed to the president. \psa Esta carta viene dirigida al presidente. \pna Motech wa:ltlamastiw un toba:leh, kitowa itlah tiktlane:wti:s. \pea That friend of ours is coming straight to you, it's said that you might lend him something (e.g., an ox, donkey, money, etc.) \psa Ese amigo nuestro viene directo a tí, dicen que quizále vas a prestar algo (p. ej., un buey, burro, dinero, etc.). \xrb mati \ref 02744 \lxa iyo:te:ma \lxac kiyo:te:ma \lxo íyo:té:ma \lxop iyo:te:ma \lxoc kíyo:té:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \se to fill with air \ss llenar con aire \se (refl.) to suck in air and fill one's belly; to expand one's belly with air \ss (refl.) jalar aire para adentro, expandiendo la barriga \xrb hyo: \xrb te:m \qry Recheck and confirm use as a transitive, since my only filecard showed simply a reflexive. \ref 02745 \lxanotes yzzz \lxaa ---- \lxac ---- \lxo kwákwa:kohtsi:n \lxoa kwákwa:kóhtsi:n de tótó:roh \lxoc kwákwa:kóhtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-rdp \seo <l>Proboscidea fragans</l>, a bush, member of the Pedaliaceae family, whose fruit is called <nla>toto:roh</nla> and which has a purplish flower that blooms in September \sso <l>Proboscidea fragans</l>, un arbusto, miembro de la familia Pedaliaceae, cuya fruta se llama <nla>toto:roh</nla> y que tiene una flor moradita que se pone en septiembre \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva cha:nko:kopi \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \nse The etymology of this plant name is not clear, but for now it has been given as <nr>kwa:</nr>, the root for 'head' used in compounds, and <nr>kow</nr> 'tree.' \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 02746 \lxa miktia \lxac kimiktia \lxo mihtia \lxoc kimihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to kill \ss matar \pna O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka itlah kito:s. \pea They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. \psa Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. \se (often with <n>tla-</n>) to have (a child) die on one \ss (a menudo con <n>tla-</n>) morirsele (un niño) a \pna Kinemi:tia ikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. \pea She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her. \psa Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere. \xrb miki \xv1a tlamiktia \xv1o tlamihtia \xvbao miki \xvaa miktilia \xvao mihtilia \grm Causative: Note that the causative in /tlamiktia/ does not mean so much 'cause to die' or 'kill' but to be allow or have some responsibility in the death of a child. In this sense it is like /tlanemi:tia/, and both have an applicative sense in the sense that the subject is affected by the action of death or living. \ref 02747 \lxa na:watilia \lxac nona:watilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to make a sound with ones voice; to make oneself be heard (with speech or other sounds) \ssa (refl.) hacer un sonido con la voz; hablar; hacerse oir (con palabras u otros sonidos) \pna Xmona:watili! \pea Say something! \psa ¡Di algo! \pna Xmona:watili! Ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlaiwatok! \pea Make a sound (in this case so that your location becomes apparent)! Don't let me step on you, it's dark! \psa ¡Haz ruido (en este caso para que tu ubicación se hace evidente)!¡No dejes que te pise, está oscuro! \pna Ma:ka xmona:watili! \pea Don't make a sound! \psa ¡No hagas un sonido! \pna O:ne:chtsatsilikeh pero xo:nimona:watilih. \pea They shouted to me, but I didn't make a sound in response. \psa Me gritaron, pero no dije nada en respuesta. \pna O:pano:k, pero xo:nona:watilih. Xo:tlana:nkilih. \pea He passed by, but he didn't say a thing. He didn't answer (the calls out to him). \psa Pasó, pero no dijo nada. No contestó(lo que se le gritaba). \xrb na:wa \xvbao na:wati \nse <na>Na:wati</na> means, essentially, 'to make a sound,' usually with the voice, but also with something that may be used to signal. Thus one may say that one passed by a rattlesnake but <na>xo:na:wat</na> 'it didn't make a sound' (in reference to its rattle). Thus in the phrase <na>xmona:watili! ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlayewatok</na> the reference is understood to a sound made with the voice (but not necessarily speech), although it could possibly refer to other sounds made in order to warn of ones presence. My first inclination is that when applied to humans <na>na:wati</na> and <na>na:watilia</na> refer to the act of"uttering a sound"with ones mouth. For a child this may mean crying; for an adult it may mean speaking. With animals <na>na:wati</na> can refer to any sound, including those made by simple physical movement. Two consultants, Pánfilo Lorenzo and Juan Celedonio, said that <na>nona:watilia</na> is equivalent to <na>nokakistilia</na>. \nde In Oapan the simple intransitive <nlo>na:wati</nlo> is used here. \ref 02748 \lxa te:kwa:nkuwatl \lxac te:kwa:nkuwatl \lxo te:kwa:nkowatl \lxoc te:kwa:nkowatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se rattlesnake \ss serpiente de cascabel \pna Te:kwa:nkuwatl, kipia ikwech. \pea It is a <nao>te:kwa:nkuwatl</nao>, it has a rattle. \psa Es un <nao>te:kwa:nkuwatl</nao>, tiene su cascabel. \sem animal \sem sn \xrb kwa \xrb kowa \encyctmp kowatl \nct kowatl \grm Compounds; incorporation: note that when an agentive ending in /-ni/ is incorporated or compounded with another noun, apparently the final /i/ is lost. Thus from the agentive /te:kwa:ni/ and the noun /kowatl/, one obtains /te:kwa:nkowatl/. \ref 02749 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tsi:kato:to:tl/ but has been removed as a duplicated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02750 \lxa ikxitlake:nwia \lxacpend kikxitlake:nwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to wrap cloth around a foot or leg \ss vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela \pna O:nimokxitlake:nwih, o:nikxitlatlak. \pea I wrapped a cloth around my foot (or leg), I burnt my leg. \psa Me vendé el pie (o la pierna) con una tela, me quemépor la pierna. \syno íxitekwíya \xrb kxi \xrb tlake:m \ref 02751 \lxa o:hka:n \lxac o:hka:n \lxo o:hka:n \lxoc o:hka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se in two places \ss en dos lugares. \pna O:hka:n onkah. \pea There are some in two places. \psa En dos lugares hay. \pna O:hka:n niá:s. \pea I will go to two places. \psa Voy a ir a dos lugares. \xrb o:k \xrl -ka:n \rt The root <na>o:k</na> is suppletive of <na>o:me</na>. \vl Disregard first mistaken female utterance before final four correct token. \ref 02752 \lxa kwepo:ni \lxac kwepo:ni \lxo kopo:ni \lxoc kopo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to bubble up; to churn up (e.g., water that then folds back upon itself like a fountain) \ss burbujear; arremolinarse; revolverse (p. ej., agua que brota y cae sobre si mismo) \pna Kwepo:ntok a:tl. Pakah se: tetl we:i, kikwepo:naltitok. \pea The water is churning up. There is a large rock there, it is churning up the water. \psa El agua está arremolinándose. Hay una gran piedra allíque revuelve y agita el agua. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to have the skin burst open and curl back (e.g., certain grains when cooked, such as <na>pozole</na> and overcooked beans) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener la piel o cáscara abierta y brotada hacia atrás (p. ej., ciertos granos al cocerse, como pozole y frijoles bien hervidos) \pna O:kukwepo:n, kwahli o:poso:n. \pea It's skin split open and peeled back in a lot of places, it really boiled. \psa Se abriósu cáscara en varios lugares, hirvióbien. \xrb kwepo: \xvca kwepo:naltia \xvka kukwepoka \xvko kokopoka \xvko kokopoka \nse Many words with the sound sequence <na>kwe(:)</na> (in Oapan <no>ko(:)</no>) seem to indicate an action of turning back or folding upon oneself. Note also that <na>po:ni</na> itself is a separate verb indicating blooming or expanding. The meaning of <na>kwepo:ni</na> seems to be that of flowing up and out, to turn up and then over on oneself. The reduplicated term <na>kukwepo:ni</na> refers to things like pricly pears, a piece of green corn, and other materials that open up by bursting apart, with the open and split part folding back on itself. Note that the reduplicated form with a short vowel is used for both bubbling water and objects with skin that burst open. \nae In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <na>kwepo:ni</na> forms a transitive both with the causative <n>-ltia</n> and nondirected alternation: <na>kwepo:naltia</na> and <na>kwepo:nia</na>. The difference in signification between the two should be noted as perhaps paradigmatical of similar cases. \grm Oapan phonology: Am /kwepo:ni/ and Oapan /kopo:ni/ give another example of kw>ko shift in Oapan. \ref 02753 \lxa yo:hli \lxac yo:hli \lxo yo:hli \lxoc yo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se (alienably possessed) seed \ss (posesión enajenable) semilla \se (alienably possessed) heartwood \ss (posesión enajenable) madera del centro de un palo o tronco \pna Frasí:l, bwe:noh para tlikohtli, chi:chi:ltik iyo:l. \pea The <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, it is good for firewood, it's heartwood is red. \psa El palo de Brasil, es bueno para leña, su corazón es rojo. \se (intrinsic possession) heart \ss (posesión intrínseca) corazón \pna Kikukwa me:roh ipan iyo:hlo. \pea It hurts him right at his heart. \psa Le duele mero en su corazón. \se (intrinsic possession) beloved (said of ones romantic partner) \ss (posesión intrínseca) amado (dicho de la pareja amorosa) \pna Yewa noyo:hlo. \pea She is my beloved (the one that I love). \psa Ella es mi amada (la que quiero). \pna Noyo:hlo katka. O:ne:chkwi:likeh. \pea She was my beloved. She got stolen away from me (by another boy). \psa Ella era mi amada. Me la bajaron (esto es, se fue con otro joven). \se (intrinsic possession) feelings \ss (posesión intrínseca) sentimiento \pna Ne:chkukwa noyo:hlo. \pea Me feelings are hurt. \psa Me duelen los sentimientos. \se (<na>ika</na> or <na>ya</na> <nao>-yo:hli</nao>) gladly; happily; readily; voluntarily; peacefully \ss (<na>ika</na> o <na>ya</na> <nao>-yo:hli</nao>) de buena gana; con gusto; en paz \pna Xika iyo:hlo te:pale:wia. \pea He doesn't gladly help people. \psa No ayuda de buena gana. \pna Xnikochi ika noyo:hlo. \pea I don't sleep well (in peace). \psa No duermo bien (en paz y sosiego). \se (<na>unkah ika</na> or <no>onkah ya</no> <nao>-yo:hlo</nao>) to be at peace with oneself; to be calm \ss (<na>unkah ika</na> o <no>onkah ya</no> <nao>-yo:hlo</nao>) estar tranquilo; estar en paz con si mismo \pna Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh. \pea He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself. \psa Es de mal genio. Siempre está enojado, nunca está en paz. \sem body \cfao yo:ltsi:n \xrb yo:l \nse In regard to <na>yo:hli</na>, when not possessed (or possessed with the zero morpheme, for underlying <n>-w</n>, the noun is used to indicate 'seed' (of fruits, but apparently not maize) or 'heartwood.' In many acceptations the form <nla>yo:hlo</nla> (i.e., <na>yo:hli</na> possessed with <n>-yo</n>) is the virtual synonym of <na>yo:ltsi:n</na> though the latter, as a diminutive, perhaps has a slightly more affective content. However, in constructions with <na>ika</na>, <na>yo:hlo</na> is not interchangeable with <na>yo:ltsi:n</na>. Thus one has <na>ika noyo:hli nikchi:wa</na> but not (at least not usually) ? <na>ika noyo:ltsi:n nikchi:wa</na>. \qry Check for occurrence of nonpossessed form, e.g., /yo:ltsi:ntli/. \ref 02754 \lxa mihka:xokotl \lxac mihka:xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of plum as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de ciruela todavía no identificada \sea by extension, the tree on which it grows \ssa por extensión, elárbol en que crece \sem plant \sem edible \apa mihka:xokokohtli \xrb miki \xrb xoko \cpl This is a type of <na>masa:xokotl</na>. The <na>mihka:xokotl</na> tree has red fruit from the time it is young, i.e., the young fruit is not green. This tree comes into fruit at the same time as the <na>ma:saxokotl</na> : <na>tla:ki kware:smah</na>, 'it comes to fruit between March and April.' \nct kohtli; xokotl; masa:xokotl \ref 02755 \lxa kweskomatl \lxac kweskomatl \lxo kweskomatl \lxoc kweskomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao grain storage bin (generic name) \ssao troje (nombre genérico) \seao (<na>ikal <na> (Am) / <no>i:kal</no> (Oa) ~) the roof (made of palm, grass, or carton) on top of a granary \ssao (<na>ikal <na> (Am) / <no>i:kal</no> (Oa) ~) el techo (de palma, zacate, o carton) de una troje \sem agriculture \cfa tekikweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \encyctmp kweskomatl \nse The types of <na>kweskomatl</na> are the following: <nla>kweskomatl de xa:ntli</nla>, <nla>kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli</nla>, <nla>kweskomatl de bajare:keh</nla>, <nla>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</nla>, <nla>kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli</nla> \qry Obtain plural ?kweskonteh? or ?kwestomameh? Note that I also have an entry for /tekikweskomatl/, but I'm not sure of the difference between this and a"simple"/kweskomatl/ \mod Illustrate each type. \rt Also be aware of the possibility that <na>kweskomatl</na> is divisible, cf. <na>tekomatl</na> in which the <na>koma</na> refers to a round, recipient-type space. \ref 02756 \lxa ke:chika \lxac ke:chika titlakwa \lxo kechiá: \lxoa kechiá: \lxoa kichiá: \lxoa 'chiá: \lxoa kochiá: \lxoa ke:chika \lxocpend ke:chika \dt 16/May/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se while \ss mientras \pna Mistla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:chika mitstlaxtekilian. \pea He will be distracting you while they rob you. \psa El te va a estar distrayendo mientras que ellos te roben. \pna Ke:chika titlakwa no: niá:s nocha:n. \pea While you eat I'll also go to my house. \psa Mientras que comas, también voy a ir a mi casa. \seao first \ssao primero \pno ¡Kichiá: ma nitlakwa! \peo Let me first eat! \pso ¡Primero, déjame comer! \cfao ke:ch \xrb ke:ch \xrl -ka \nse The form <no>ke:chika</no> meaning 'meanwhile' is rare in Oapan. \qry Determine if there is a difference between /ke:chika/ 'meanwhile' and /ke:ch ika/ 'how much'. Check whether in Am one says /ke:chika ma nitlakwa/ or /xto:pa ma nitlakwa/. \ref 02757 \lxa tlayo:lyewahli \lxac tlayo:lyewahli \lxo tlayo:lyewahli \lxoc tlayo:lyewahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se type of white maize with large kernels and good for pozole, planted in Ameyaltepec, similar to <nla>tlayo:lkimichin</nla>, although the kernels of the latter are smaller \ss tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes y bueno para pozole, que se siembra en Ameyaltepec, parecido al <nla>tlayo:lkimichin</nla> aunque los granos de esteúltimo son más pequeños \sem food-maize \sem plant \sem cultivated \xrb o:ya \xrb yewal \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse <na>Tlayo:lyewahli</na> is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <nla>ista:k tlayo:hli</nla>. It is so called because the kernels are large and round. In Oapan this type of maize is used for <nlao>po:so:hli</nlao>. \nct tlayo:hli \qry The etymology of the /yewahli/ portion of /tlayo:lyewahli/ needs to be determined. It might be related to Ameyaltepec /yewahli/ 'night' or to the same root as in /yewaltik/ 'circular.' Check. The former might be unlikely considering that informants mentioned that this was a type of white maize. \ref 02758 \lxa koxtetl \lxac koxtetl \lxo koxtetl \lxoc koxtetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se sleepy head \ss dormilón \pna Koxtetl, ke:n kochini. \pea He is a sleepy-head,¡Oh how he always sleeps! \psa Es un dormilón.¡Ay cómo se la pasa durmiendo! \cfao koxtetl \xrb kochi \xrb te \dis <na>koxtetl, kochini, kochpal</na> \ref 02759 \lxa pitsaktik \lxac pitsaktik \lxo pitsahtik \lxoc pitsahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se narrow \ss delgado \pna Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. \pea The insects called <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). \psa Los insectos llamados <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). \pna Pitsaktsi:n motlako:w. \pea Your switch is very narrow. \psa Tu vara es muy delgada. \pna Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik. \pea She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested. \psa Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos. \pna Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. \pea The <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, it is similar to the <na>chapolin</na>, it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms. \psa El <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, es parecido al <na>chapolin</na>, también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. \sem shape \xrb pitsa: \nae <no>Pitsahtik</no> was accepted by Florencia Marcelino, along with <no>tepitsahtik</no>, suggesting that the <n>te-</n> prefix is not always required in this shortened adjectival form. Ameyaltepec data confirms the correctness of both <na>pitsaktik</na> and <na>tepitsaktik</na>. However, it appears that other similar derivations do not accept forms lacking the intensifier: <na>tetomaktik</na>, but ? <na>tomaktik</na>. Note that the diminutive of <na>pitsaktik</na> is <na>pitsaktsi:n</na>. \qry Check to see if /tepitsaktik/ has the same meaning as use as /pitsaktik/. All my examples of /pitsaktik/ moreover, have either reduplication or /-tsi:n/; check to make sure /pitsaktik/ alone is OK. Perhaps only the /te-/ form is acceptable if not further modified. If both /tepitsaktik/ and /pitsaktik/ are OK, check for the difference. Recheck and recheck /weweyak/, or /we:weyak/. \grm Diminutive; adjectivals: Note that there exists /pitsaktsi:n/ which seems to be the diminutive of /pitsaktik/. However, it also seems that there is no diminutive, at least not that I am able to remember, of /pitsa:wak/, i.e., ?/pitsa:waktsi:n/. This should be noted in comments on the diminutive, since it is unclear what adjectivals accept a diminutive. Certainly most /-tik/ adjectives do: /tli:ltik/ and /tli:ltiktsi:n/. Check for the following: /ki/: /yema:nki/ and ?/yema:nka:tsi:n/ or perhaps ?/yema:nkitsi:n/. /koto:ntok/ and ?/koto:ntoktsi:n/, for /ki/ as in /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:nka:tsi:n/, etc. It will be necessary to go through all adjectives and adjectivals to determine which ones accept the diminutive. It seems, however, that the /-a:wak/ adjectives do not: /kana:wak/ and ?/kana:waktsi:n/, but /kanaktsi:n/ is acceptable. \ref 02760 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásóhlotík \lxoc tlásóhlotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes-lex \seo to be covered with garbage (e.g., a patio, inside of a house, kitchen, street, etc.) \sso estar cubierto de desechos y basura (p. ej., un patio, el interior de una casa, una cocina, una calle, etc.) \syna tlasolitik \xrb hsol \nae The Oapan form <no>tlásóhlotík</no> is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., <no>tlakwátasí</no>). The precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear. \grmx Oapan phonology: The pitch countours of this adjectival should be used in the article on Oapan Nahuatl phonology if there are 3 high pitches. My impression from the recording session is that there are, and that the first syllable pitch is from the verbal stem and the second and third from the perfective {h} after /lo/. I have since checked on a program Pratt and there are indeed 3 high-pitched syllables: The Oapan form <no>tlásóhlotík</no> is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., <no>tlakwátasí</no>). The precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear. \ref 02761 \lxa nika:nkah \lxac nika:nkah \lxo nika:nkah \lxoc nika:nkah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to be here \ss estar aquí \pna 1- Nika:n kah Luis? 2- Ke:mah, nika:n kah! \pea Is Luis here? Yes, he's here! \psa ¿Está aquíLuis?¡Si, está aquí! \xrb ni- \xrb kah \xrl -ka:n \mod Perhaps develop a coding system and analysis for combinations of locatives with /kah/. \ref 02762 \lxa i:xmonme:melak \lxac i:xmonme:melak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have long straight eyelashes \ss tener las pestañas largas y derechas \pna I:xmome:melak, san pepeya:siwtok, notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots. \pea He is someone with long straight eyelashes, they go straight out in a line, his eyelashes point downwards, he isn't one with eyelashes that curve upwards. \psa Tiene las pestañas largas y derechas, van derecho, sus pestañas se clavan hacia abajo, no es alguien con pestañas que se encurvan hacia arriba. \apa i:xmonme:melaktik \syno i:xmowe:weyak \xrb i:x \xrb -mon; mela: \nse In all but very careful speech the sequence /nm/ reduces to /m/. \mod Make sure there are entries under /peya:siwi/, /tsontoka/, and /i:xmonkokoltots/. \grm In /i:xmonmemelak/, as in many words that refers to characteristics of eyes the reduplication is essentially basic. \ref 02763 \lxa mi:xihke:tl \lxac mi:xihke:tl \lxo ni:xihke:tl \lxoc ni:xihke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se female (human or animal) who has just given birth (for a woman refers to the time about 1 week after giving birth) \ss hembra (humana o animal) que recientemente parió(para una mujer indica un tiempo como 1 semana después de haber dado a luz) \pna Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. \pea If a woman who has just given birth has stomach cramps, they give her <spn>cuatecomate</spn> (its fruit) to drink. \psa Si una mujer recién parida tiene calambres en el estómago, le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta). \xrb mi:x \qry Check on the acceptability of this form for humans and to whether it refers to the precise state of being in labor. Check spelling /mi:xihke:tl/, since I originally had /mi:xiwke:tl/ on my notecards \vl Use second female token and first male token. \ref 02764 \lxa kakalakatsi:n \lxaa kuwtli de kakalakatsi:n \lxac kakalakatsi:n \lxo kakalakatsi:n \lxoc kakalakatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of tree called, simply, <na>kakalakatsi:n</na> because of the nature of its fruit \ss tipo deárbol llamada, simplemente, <na>kakalakatsi:n</na> por el tipo de fruta que tiene \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb kala: \nse Although Florencia Marcelino gave <no>kakalakatsi:n</no> as equivalent to the tree called by this name in Ameyaltepec, this should be checked. During an the October 2001 fieldwork session with Silvestre Pantaleón a sample of this tree was collected at a housesite in Ameyaltepec and Silvestre was not able to identify it. \nct kohtli \ref 02765 \lxa sekmiki \lxaa sekwmiki \lxac sekwmiki \lxo sehmiki \lxoc sehmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to suffer intensely from the cold \ss sufrir mucho por el frío \pna Yo:nisekmik, san nikukwetlakatoya. \pea I got very cold, I was just shivering. \psa Me había entrado mucho el frío, estaba nada más temblando. \xrb sek \xrb miki \dis sehkalaki; sekwi \qry Definitely determine the difference between this and /sehkalaki/ and /sekwi/. \vl Use second female token and either male token. \ref 02766 \lxa sentetl \lxac sentetsi:n \lxo sentetl \lxoc sentetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-num \se (<nao>san</nao> ~; often in the diminutive) just one \ss (<nao>san</nao> ~; a menudo en el diminutivo) sólo uno \pna San sentetsi:n ikone:w. \pea He only has one child (lit. 'his child is just one'). \psa Tiene nada más un hijo (lit. 'su niño es sólo uno'). \cfa se:sentetl \xrb sem \xrb te \cfa se: \nse <na>Sentetl</na> seems to be used only as a predicate. Thus the phrase <na>San sentetsi:n i:kone:w</na> has <na>i:kone:w</na> as subject and <na>san sentetsi:n</na> as predicate. Literally, then, the translation would be 'His child is only one' much like <na>o:me nokal</na> is 'My house(s) is(are) two.' The analysis of <na>sentetl</na> as only a predicate explains why it does not occur in noun phrases ? <na>kipia sentetsi:n i:kone:w</na>, where one finds instead the form <na>se:</na> : <na>kipia (san) se: i:kone:w</na>. <na>Sentetl</na> is usually found in the diminutive, often preceded by <nla>san</nla>, as in <na>san sentetsi:n</na> 'just one.' It, along with <nla>se:</nla>, has a pronominal function; thus both <na>o:noka:w san sentetsi:n</na> and <na>o:noka:w san se:</na>, 'just one was left over,' are both correct. However, <na>sentetl</na> and <na>sentetsi:n</na> can also be used predicatively: <na>san sentetl mokone:w</na> lit., 'your child is one' (i.e., 'you have one child'). How ever, unlike other numerals, <na>sentetl</na> may not be used attributively. \nae <nao>Sentetl</nao> often is used in the diminutive. In these cases it manifests pitch accent <no>séntetsí:n</no>. The reason for the pitch accent in the dimunitive is not clear. However, it is found in other similar cases, e.g., <nlo>ó:ntetsí:n</nlo>. The two most common origins of pitch accent are an underlying {h} and reduplication (reduced onto a single syllable). In the cases of <no>séntetsí:n</no> and <nlo>ó:ntetsí:n</nlo> it is not clear what the basis for pitch accent is since there seems to be no obvious reduplicant at any level of analysis nor does there seem to be an underlying {h}. Perhaps the <n>te</n> syllable is closed with {h} as a coda. This appears to be supported by comparative data. Thus Ahuelicán has <n>séntehtsí:n</n> and Totolcitlan <n>sentehtsi:n</n>. \qry Further investigate the use of /sentetl/ and /ontetl/ both syntactically and also check whether only the diminutive is used. The difference between /sentetsi:n/ and /se:/ is unclear, i.e., apparently one can say both /nikpia san se:/ and /nikpia san sentetsi:n/. Determine the difference, if any. At this point a statement such as /nikneki se: tlaxkahli/ seems correct, whereas ?/nikneki sentetsi:n tlaxkahli/ appears erroneous. \vl There are 4 additional tokens form 145. These should be given ref. #s 02766, but they will not be linked there. Rather, the better sounding later files from here, 2766, should be used for the link to the lexicon. \ref 02767 \lxa temonextlako:tl \lxac temonextlako:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea type of tree still unidentified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \xrb tlako: \nct kohtli \ref 02768 \lxa mapilkukuwtia \lxac mapilkukuwtia \lxo mápilkókohtiá \lxop mapilkokohtia \lxoc mápilkókohtiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to get stiff and sore fingers (from excessive work and effort) \ss quedarsele los dedos de la mano adoloridos y tiesos (de un cargo pesado de actividad o trabajo) \pna Yo:nimapilkukuwtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwihoh. \pea My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot. \psa Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribímucho. \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb kow \qry Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most common. Note that /kukuhtia/ is used in Oapan for where /kuhtia/ is used in Ameyaltepec. Also check whether reduced reduplication is acceptable. For some reason it seems not to be. \grmx Oapan phonology: Stress assignment: Note that in /mápilkókohtiá/ the first syllable takes pitch from the underlying {mah} and then the first syllable of /kokohtia/ is stressed from the underlying CVh- reduplication. Apparently reduced reduplication is not acceptable here, although this should be checked. \ref 02769 \lxa sasa:wa \lxac sasa:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se person covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness \ss persona cubierta de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc. \pna Nitesasa:wa. \pea I've covered with a rash. \psa Estoy muy roñoso. \sem disease \cfo ixité:sá:wa; ma:té:sá:wa; kexté:sá:wa \xrb sa:wa \fl sa:watl \nse Apparently <na>sasa:wa</na> indicates a more"time-stable"condition than <na>sasa:wati</na>, indicative of its more nominal characteristics. Although more research needs to be done, it seems at this stage of analysis that <n>sasa:wa</n>, <n>sasa:watik</n>, and <n>sasa:wati</n> are progressively less time-stable, with the first term nominal in function, the second adjectival, and the final term verbal. Yet this needs to be further researched. \qry Check precisely what /sa:watl/ refers to with a person. My only documentation of /sasa:wa/ is reduplicated. Check to certify that this is the case and that the unreduplicated form does not exist. Also check whether there is a final /h/ in this form. I have not recorded it, and if simply an apocopation of a vowel-final stem noun, the /h/ would not be expected. Check for possible inflection on /sasa:wa/, copula? \qry Check time stability re: Apparently <na>sasa:wa</na> indicates a more"time-stable"condition than <na>sasa:wati</na>, indicative of its more nominal characteristics. Although more research needs to be done, it seems at this stage of analysis that <n>sasa:wa</n>, <n>sasa:watik</n>, and <n>sasa:wati</n> are progressively less time-stable, with the first term nominal in function and the final term verbal. \qry Apocopated nouns; predication: One question to answer about apocopated nouns (and indeed nouns in general) is their syntactic role. Certainly some lexicalized apocopated nouns can be arguments /xkaman nihkwa tsoma/, for example. However, with apocopated nouns that are shortened forms of adjectives or other nouns, it appears that they can only be used as predicates. They cannot be attributive and they cannot be arguments. Thus cf. /ma:sasa:l/ and /ma:sasa:ltik/. Both can be predicates: /tima:sasa:l/ and /tima:sasa:ltik/, though the former would seem best classified as a predicate noun and the latter as a predicate adjective. The question is whether such forms as /ma:sasa:l/ can function as arguments and in an attributive function: xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:ltik, which seems OK, but ?xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:l. For all such pairs (e.g., /sasa:wa/ and /sasa:watik/ compare syntactic possibilities). \grm Apocopated nouns; predication: One question to answer about apocopated nouns (and indeed nouns in general) is their syntactic role. Certainly some lexicalized apocopated nouns can be arguments /xkaman nihkwa tsoma/, for example. However, with apocopated nouns that are shortened forms of adjectives or other nouns, it appears that they can only be used as predicates. They cannot be attributive and they cannot be arguments. Thus cf. /ma:sasa:l/ and /ma:sasa:ltik/. Both can be predicates: /tima:sasa:l/ and /tima:sasa:ltik/, though the former would seem best classified as a predicate noun and the latter as a predicate adjective. The question is whether such forms as /ma:sasa:l/ can function as arguments and in an attributive function: xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:ltik, which seems OK, but ?xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:l. For all such pairs (e.g., /sasa:wa/ and /sasa:watik/ compare syntactic possibilities). \ref 02770 \lxa kwa:tlapo:wtok \lxac kwa:tlapo:wtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be with an open top (a chest or box, a sack) \ss estar con la tapa o parte de arriba abierta (un baúl o caja, un costal o bolsa) \pna Kwa:tlapo:wtok un ka:jah. \pea That clothes chest has its top open (the cover off or raised). \psa Este baúl para ropa tiene su tapa abierta (quitada o alzada). \pna Xwel tiksa:lo:skeh, ti:roh te:ntok, we:i kwa:tlapo:wtok. \pea We won't be able to tie it closed (a sack). It is really full, its top is wide open. \psa No lo vamos a poder atar y cerrar (un costal). Estállenísimo, está muy abierto por arriba. \cfa te:ntlapo:htok \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapo: \qry Note that FM accepted the verbal form /kwa:tlapowi/ but not the stative. This needs to be rechecked. \mod Check how etymology of /tlapowi/ should be analyzed. \ref 02771 \lxa tlatsatsakwa \lxac tlatsatsakwa \lxo tlá:tsakwá \lxop tlá:tsakwa \lxoc tlá:tsakwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-rdp \se to fill in the colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing \ss rellenar los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores \pna Tlatsatsakwtok nokone:w, ne:chpale:wia. \pea My child is filling in the colors on amates, he is helping me. \psa Mi hijo está rellenando los amates, me está ayudando. \xrb tsakwa \xbtlao tsakwa \ref 02772 \lxa ile:wilia \lxac kile:wilia \lxo ile:wilia \lxoc kile:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to covet or want to possess (sth) of (sb) \ss codiciar (algo) a (algn) \pna San kite:ile:wilia, xkaman kikowa. \pea He just covets it (e.g., fruit, other delicious foods) when it belongs to someone else, he never buys it (for himself). \psa Nada más se lo codicia (p. ej., fruta o algo sabroso para comer) a otra gente, nunca se lo compra (para si mismo). \xrb l \xrb e:w \xvba ile:wia \xvbo ile:wiya \qry Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/. \grm Phonology: note that in Oapan the sequence /lia/ in the speech of FM often goes to /ya/ thus this word is pronounced like /kilewiya/. \ref 02773 \lxa kwala:ntli \lxac kwala:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \sea anger; ire \ssa enojo; rabia \pna Ma:ka ipan mokwala:n! \pea Let it not be with your anger (e.g., that you will do sth)! \psa ¡Quéno sea con tu enojo (p. ej., que vayas a hacer algo)! \xrb kwala: \qry Get further examples of use in context. Make sure this is not acceptable in Oapan. \ref 02774 \lxa pipi:na:wi \lxac pipi:na:wi \lxo pípi:ná:wi \lxop pipi:na:wi \lxoc pípi:ná:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:pi:ná:wi</no> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se see <nla>pi:na:wi</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>pi:na:wi</nla> \nae Although the reduplicated form is more common, this verb has been listed under the unreduplicated <nlao>pi:na:wi</nlao> \ref 02775 \lxa petsiwi \lxac petsiwi \lxo petsiwi \lxoc petsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become smooth; to become polished (e.g., a stone in a river, a wooden surface with use, etc.) \ss alisarse; pulirse (p. ej., una piedra en el río, la superficie de algo de madera con el uso, etc.) \se to acquire a smooth coat of fur (e.g., a well-fed animal; syn. <nlao>pestia</nlao>) \ss quedarse con el pelo liso (p. ej., un animal bien alimentado; sin. <nlao>pestia</nlao>) \sem distort-surface \equiva petse:wi \xrb pets \qry Check for any possible difference between /petsiwi/ and /petse:wi/. Check for all possible subjects of this intransitive verb. \ref 02776 \lxa tlatsi:ntlan \lxaa tlatsi:ntlah \lxac tlatsi:ntlah \lxo tlatsi:ntlan \lxoa tlatsi:ntlan \lxoc tlatsi:ntlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-3 \infn N1(loc) \se down below (e.g., on an inclined surface, it refers to the lower portion, or the bottom floors of a building, etc.) \ss hacia abajo (p. ej., sobre una superficie inclinada, se refiere a laárea hacia abajo, o los primeros pisos de un edificio, etc.) \pna Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah. \pea The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward. \psa Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo. \pna Tlatsi:ntlah xtla:li, ma:ka tlakpak! \pea Put it down below (or down low), not up high! \psa ¡Ponlo hacia abajo, no arriba! \se (<na>-asi</na> or <na>-pia para</na> ~) to have an attack or case of diarrhea \ss (<na>-asi</na> o <na>-pia para</na> ~) tener un ataque de diarrea \pna O:ne:chasik para tlatsi:ntlah, xkwahli yes tli:n o:nkwah. \pea I've gotten an attack of diarrhea, what I ate must have been no good. \psa Me dio un ataque de diarrea, a lo mejor lo que comíno estaba bien. \pna Nikpia para tlatsi:ntlah. \pea I have diarrhea. \psa Tengo diarrea. \se (<na>-asi</na> ~) to pull the wool over the eyes of; to fool; to pull the leg of \ss (<na>-asi</na> ~) tomarle el pelo a; agarrar a traición a \pna O:ne:chasikeh tlatsi:ntlah. Ne:chkakaya:wan, o:ne:chihlikeh ne:chna:watia jwe:s wa:n xmlá:k. \pea They pulled my leg. They trick me. They told me that the village mayor was ordering me (to do something) and it wasn't true. \psa Me tomaron el pelo. Me vacilan. Me dijeron que el juez del pueblo me ordenó(hacer algo) y no era verdad. \xrb tsi:n \xrl -tlan \encyctmp locatives \nse Note that <nao>tlatsi:ntlah</nao> always (or almost always) has a final /h/ and never an /n/. Compare this to the relational noun <nla>-tsi:ntlan</nla> in which the final /n/ is always present, at least in Ameyaltepec. <na>Tlatsi:ntlah</na> is used to indicate the general direction toward which something is inclined, goes, or is located. It does not indicate 'underneath' (cf. <nlao>tlampa</nlao>) but rather 'below.' Thus if two people are working on the side of a hill and one inquires about a third, a response might be <nao>nemi tlatsi:ntlah</nao> 'he is down below,' i.e., lower down on the hill. \ref 02777 \lxa tekakawayo \lxac i:tekakawayo \lxo te:kawayo \lxoc i:te:kawayo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infn N2 \se hard shell (of certain animals such as the tortoise, armadillo or <nla>tla:lpitsotsi:n</nla>, snail or <nla>wi:laka</nla>, crocodile or <nla>a:ketspalin</nla>, and crab or <nla>tekwisiri</nla>) \ss concha dura (de ciertos animales como la tortuga, el armadillo o <nla>tla:lpitsotsi:n</nla>, caracol o <nla>wi:laka</nla>, cocodrilo o <nla>a:ketspalin</nla> y cangrejo o <nla>tekwisiri</nla>) \se scaly skin (of many fish) \ss piel escamosa (de muchos peces) \cfao kakawatl \xrb kawa \dis kakawayo; tekakawayo \ref 02778 \lxa tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi \lxac tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi \lxo tla:wa:nka:ki:stimi \lxoc tla:wa:nka:ki:stimi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1-asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to go around drunk \ss salir o andar borracho \pna Tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi, xkimati tlachia. \pea He always goes around drunk, he doesn't know how to be sober. \psa Anda siempre borracho, no sabe estar sobrio. \xrb tla:wa: \xrb ki:sa \ref 02779 \lxa xaxawaka \lxac xaxawaka \lxo xaxawaka \lxoc xaxawaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make a crunching or cracking sound (sth brittle such as <na>chicharrón</na>, green cantaloupe, or old tortillas) \ss hacer un sonido como de crujido (algo duro y quebradizo como chicharrón, melón verde, o tortillas viejas) \pna Xaxawaka un xokotl ke:n tihkwa. \pea That plum makes a cracking sound from the way you are eating it. \psa Esa ciruela hace sonidos como de crujidos por la manera en que te la estás comiendo. \xrb xawa: \xvnao xawa:nia \nae As an intransitive, this verbal stem has been documented only in the frequentative; the intransitive ? <nao>xawa:ni</nao> does not occur in the corpus, nor was in accepted by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, Oapan consultants. Nevertheless, the transitive form <nlao>xawa:nia</nlao> has been documented in both dialects. \qry See query under /xaxawatsa/. \ref 02780 \lxa tepostli \lxac tepostli \lxo tepostli \lxoc tepostli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se metal (in general) \ss metal (en general) \pna De tepostli moko:n. \pea Your pot is made of metal. \psa Tu olla es de metal. \se rifle; metal tool (such as a machete, a knife, crowbar, etc.) \ss rifle; herramienta de metal (como un machete, cuchillo, barreta, etc.) \pna Bwe:noh nikpia notepostsi:n, tlateki. \pea I have a good metal tool (in this case a machete), it is sharp. \psa Tengo una buena pieza de metal (en este caso un machete), es cortante. \se brand (of an animal such as a steer; there are two types: <nla>ma:rkah de fwe:goh</nla> ; <na>we:i tepostli</na>) \ss hierro; marca de hierro candente (de un animal como becerro; hay dos tipos: <nla>ma:rkah de fwe:goh</nla> ; <na>we:i tepostli</na>) \pna Xkipia itepos, xe kiteposwian. \pea It doesn't have its brand, they haven't branded it yet. \psa No tiene hierro, todavía no lo marcan con hierro candente. \se (<na>we:i</na> ~) one of the ways in which an animal can be branded (used on adult or large animals, perhaps sth like 'full metal brand'; cf. <nla>ma:rkah de jue:goh</nla>, which is used with small or young animals); brand made of metal and used on adult animals (often pueblos have a <na>we:i tepostli</na> while individuals have only what is called as <spn>marca de fuego</spn>, used with smaller animals who are later branded with the <na>we:i tepostli</na>) \ss (<na>we:i</na> ~) uno de las maneras en que se marca un animal con hierro candente (utilizado con animales grandes; cf. <nla>ma:rkah de jue:goh</nla>, que se utiliza con los animales pequeños); hierro o marca hecha a fuego aplicada a animales adultas (a menudo los pueblos tienen su <na>we:i tepostli</na> while individuals solamente tienen lo que se llama una <spn>marca de fuego</spn>, utilizada con animales más pequeños quienes solamente después se marcan con el <na>we:i tepostli</na>) \se (intrinsic possession) a chip or flake of metal (that comes from another larger piece of metal) \ss (posesión intrínseca) esquirla de metal (que sale de otra pieza de metal más grande) \pna O:ki:s iteposio. \pea A chip of metal flew off it (e.g., a chip of a crowbar that flies off when one strikes a rock). \psa Le salió una astilla de metal (p. ej., de una barreta al impactar contra una piedra dura). \cfa we:i tepostli \xrb tepos \ref 02781 \lxa kuwi:skitl \lxac kuwi:skitl \lxo kowi:skitl \lxoc kowi:skitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit \ss <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible \pna Kuwi:skitl | Bwe:noh para tihkwa:s itla:kihlo. Bwe:noh tikxi:mas deke o:kwihloh moburroh noso moba:kah, mobwe:yeh. Ika tikpapa:kili:s, tikxi:mas kwe:xtik ki:sa, ke:n pinohli. Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n já:bon, tika:poso:nalti:s ipan moma. Dya ika tikpapa:kili:s, xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl ka:n kikukwa. Dya deke o:ki:s, xkonkwi de wa:hki -kowi:skitl-, tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne: ka:n kipia kwilin. \pea <nao>Kowi:skitl</nao> : It is good for its fruit, which you can eat. It is [also] good for shaving when your donkey or your cattle or oxen have gotten worms. You clean it[s wound] with it, you shave it; finely like <na>pinole</na>. Then you moisten it in the palm of your hand, it froths up like soap, you use water to make it froth up in your hand. And then you clean it[s wound] with it, you pour water onto it so that it gets clean, so that the watery blood gets washed away from where it hurts. And when it's gone, you grab some dry [ <nao>kowi:skitl</nao> ] and you shove it into [the wound on] its back, there where it has worms. \psa <nao>Kuwi:skitl</nao> : Es bueno para que comas su fruta. Es bueno [también] porque lo puedes cepillar si se agusanótu burro, o tu vaca o buey. Le limpias [la herida] con ello, lo cepillas para que salga muy fino, sale como pinole. Lo mojas con agua en la palma de la mano, se hace espuma como jabón, lo haces espumar con agua en la mano. Entonces le limpias [la herida], le viertes agua para que se limpie, para que salga la sangre aguada donde le duele. Y cuando ya salió, agarras [ <nao>kuwi:skitl</nao> ] seco, y se lo metes [en la herida] por el lomo allá donde tiene gusanos. \pna Bwe:noh deke toma:wak wa:n weyak para tira:ntes, no: para mori:yos. \pea If it is thick and long [the <nao>kowi:skitl</nao> ] is good for <na>tira:ntes</na>, and also for <nao>mori:yos</nao>. \psa Si es grueso y largo, [el <nao>kuwi:skitl</nao> ] es bueno para tirantes, también para morillos. \cfo kowi:skiámó:hli \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kowi:skikuwtli \equivo kowi:sikohtli \xrb ko \xrb i:ski \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as a <spn>limoncillo</spn> and of the family <i>Ramnaceae</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>limoncillo</spn>.Schoenhals (1988) mentions under limoncillo:"1. Wild lemon or any of a number of plants sharing some characteristic with the lemon--especially odor. 2. (<i>Zanthoxylum</i> spp., e.g., <i>Z. fagara</i>) 'wild lime', lime prickly ash' See colima."And then, under colima:"(<i>Zanthoxylum</i> spp., e.g., <i>Z. fagara</i>) 'wild lime,' 'lime prickly ash' Thorny branches; intense odor; yellow wood; yellowish-green flowers. The bitter taste deters wildlife from eating the leaves. Also called alacrán, limoncillo, rabo de lagarto."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:127) list a member of the genus <i>Zanthoxylum</i>, of the species <i>fagara</i>. It is known in Spanish as <spn>palo hediondo</spn> and is of the family <i>Rutaceae</i>. Several consultants identified this as the <spn>jorongoro</spn> (sic). \nct kohtli \qry Etymology should be checked but perhaps related to /i:skitl/. It would appear that many tree names that begin with /ku(w)/ are related to the root /kuh/ or /kwaw/. Cf. /i:skitl/, /mi:skitl/. \ref 02782 \lxa weli:tia \lxaa weli:ltia \lxac kweli:tia \lxo weli:ltia \lxoa weli:tia \lxoc kiweli:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se (~ [noun]) to teach [an activity associated with noun] to \ss (~ [sustantivo]) enseñar [una actividad asociada con el sustantivo, como el hablar una lengua] a \pna Ne:chweli:ti:s mejika:noh. \pea He will teach me to speak Nahuatl. \psa Me va a enseñar a hablar náhuatl. \xrb wel \xvbao weli \dis weli:tia; mamaxtia \ref 02783 \lxa mirasó:l \lxac mirasó:l \lxo miraso:l \lxoc miraso:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan mirasol \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se sunflower \ss mirasol; girasol \pna Mirasó:l | San para tio:pan konka:wan. \pea <na>Mirasó:l</na> : It is only (used) for being left in the church (as an offering). \psa <na>Mirasó:l</na> : Solamente es para que la dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda). \qry Check vl for /tio:pan/. Vowel length is also uncertain for /a/ in Oapan pronunciation. Check. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has under mirasol:"1. (<i>Helianthus annus</i>) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 2. (<i>Tithonia</i> spp., e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i>) 'yellow tithonia,' bush sunflower.' See girasol. 3. (<i>Cosmos sulphureus</i>) 'yellow cosmos.' See girasol amarillo. 4. (<i>Cosmos bipinnatus</i>) 'purple cosmos.' See girasol morado." \nfc xo:chitl \ref 02784 \lxa kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxac kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxo kwa:tla:hloh \lxoc kwa:tla:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se to have a dirty head, covered with earth and dirt \ss tener la cabeza sucia y llena de tierra \pna Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh. \pea You all are not cleanly bathed. You all have dirty heads. \psa No están ustedes bien bañados. tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras. \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:l \ref 02785 \lxa kaka:nia \lxac kikaka:nia \lxo áká:nia \lxop aka:nia \lxoc káká:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \se to sift, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain \ss cribar o cerner, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos \pna Nikaka:ni:s noyew, ke:n kipia tlasohli. \pea I'm going to sift my beans, they have a lot of chaff. \psa Voy a cribar mis frijoles, tienen bastante hollejo. \se (fig.) to give a bad reputation to; to speak poorly of (a person) \ss (fig.) darle una mala reputación a; hablar mal de (una persona) \pna Tine:chkaka:nitinemi pa:mpa tine:chtete:ne:wtinemi. \pea You go around giving me a bad reputation because you go around talking about me behind my back. \psa Andas hablando mal de mi porque dices cosas a mis espaldas. \xrb kahka: -?- \xvaa kaka:nia \xvao áka:nília \encyctmp grain preparation \nse In one sense, this verb refers to the action of sifting sand, corn, beans, etc. with a mesh net (sieve, or <spn>arnero</spn>, <spn>criba</spn> or <spn>cedazo</spn>). It can also refer to the action of cleaning material such as grains by tossing them up and blowing the chaff away with ones breath. This is often done with beans. \nae The etymology of <na>kaka:nia</na> or <no>áká:nia</no> is unclear, but perhaps it is related to <na>yeyekatl</na>. No cognates have yet been documented in other dialects. The lack of cognates and the fact that Oapan pitch accent can result either from reduplication or from underlying {h} in the root makes it impossible to determine whether the underlying form is {(k)ahka:nia} as a single stem or {(k)ah + ka:nia} as a reduplicated stem. Moreover, until comparative evidence is in, it is not certain that the initial /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, although this is likely. \nde In Oapan the verbal form is definitely with an initial /a/. This should be rechecked in Ameyaltepec. The action in Oapan refers to pouring a grain such as maize or beans from one basket to another, letting the wind take away the chaff. When using wire mesh the term /kí:techíki/, <no>tlayó:ltechiki</no> is used. \qry Determine etymology. No similar forms have been found in Karttunen or Molina. I have included the first syllable as part of the root, and not as a lexicalized reduplication, but this might well be in error. Also, recheck the precise meaning of the metaphorical usage (i.e., 'to speak bad of', 'to give a bad reputation to', etc. and try to determine the semantic basis for this metaphoric meaning. In the future recheck Oapan /káká:nia/ to make sure that the pitch accent is not the result of reduplication. \sj Check SJ for location of /h/. \ref 02786 \lxa tekahli \lxac tekahli \lxo tekahli \lxoa te:kahli \lxoc te:kahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se circle of stones (one or two high) that serves as a retaining wall around cultivated trees to keep water near the trunk and roots \ss círculo de piedras (de una altura de una o dos piedras) que funciona para retener el agua cerca del tronco y las raices de unárbol cultivado \pna Kipia itekal nolimonkuwtsi:n. \pea My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it. \psa Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor. \se seed garden (such as a <nla>tlapacho:hli</nla>) that has been encircled by a row of stones to prevent the soil from being washed away \ss huertita (como un <nla>tlapacho:hli</nla>) que se rodea por una fila de piedras para que no se deslave la tierra \pna O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:to:ko:s un tla:hli. \pea I've spread chile seeds in my protected seed garden (protected in that has a row of stones around its perimeter) (it has a perimeter of stones) so that the earth does not get washed away. \psa He sembrado semillas de chile en mi huertita que está protegida (con una fila de piedras por su perímetro), (tiene las piedras) para que no se deslave la tierra. \xrb te \xrb kal \dis tekahli; tewipa:ntli \nae The Oapan headword for this entry has a definite long vowel, that is unexplained given the etymology and meaning of this word. It may be that Oapan <no>te:kahli</no> is a distinct word, or variation on a stem, than Ameyaltepec <na>tekahli</na>. Or it may be that the vowel length of the latter has been mistakenly recorded as short. Note that if Oapan <no>te:kahli</no> were related to the reduplicated form of <nlo>kahli</nlo> then one would expect pitch accent, which is not manifested. However, it appears more likely that the length is idiosyncratic. Checking with other consultants this word always has a short vowel. Thus the recorded example needs to be rechecked. \qry Check use of /a:to:kowa/ in example. Check def. of /tekahli/ as not only the wall but also the enclosed land. Can /tekahli/ be possessed with /-yo/? Also, the illustrative sentence /O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:to:ko:s un tla:hli/ is not clear since it appears that the seed garden is being filled with chile seeds so that the earth doesn't wash away? Recheck. \mod Illustrate. \vl Note: unexplained long vowel in Oapan word, perhaps different etymology or meaning? Check vl. \ref 02787 \lxa ti:satl \lxac ti:satl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of chalky, powdery white stone called <spn>tiza</spn> in provincial Mexican Spanish \ssa tiza, typo de piedra blanca y polverosa \pna Ti:satl nokwi para kwa:k se: kitlakalisneki ikone:tsi:n. Nokwe:chowa ipan metatl ika to:toltekakawatl. Koni. Xok kitlakalis ikone:tsi:n. \pea <na>Ti:satl</na> is used when (a woman) is in danger of aborting her child. It is ground up on a metate with eggshell. She drinks it. She will no longer suffer an abortion. \psa <na>Ti:satl</na> se emplea cuando (una mujer) está en peligro de abortar a su niño. Se muele sobre un metate con cáscara de huevo. Se lo bebe. Ya no va a sufrir un aborto. \sem stone \sem medicine \syna titi:satl \xrb ti:sa \qry Vowel length definite as recorded. Check and cf. to /a:ti:satl/. Make sure that possession is OK. \nse My notes show that this type of stone is referred to both as <na>ti:satl</na> and <na>titi:satl</na>. Some individuals use the former, others the latter; it is not clear whether these two words refer to the same object (differing only in regard to the personal preference of speakers) or whether there is actually some difference between the two words. Note, however, that one consultant mentioned that <na>titi:satl</na> is used when children grind up <na>ti:satl</na> very finely in order to play with it. This would be in accord with the use of reduplication to indicate"play words"and metaphoric extensions. \ref 02788 \lxa tenextokia \lxac tenextokia \lxo tenextokia \lxoc tenextokia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to make lime in a lime kiln \ss hacer cal en un horno \pna Xok tenextoki:lo. \pea Lime is not made in a furnace anymore (i.e., it is all bought commercially). \psa La cal ya no se hace en los hornos (esto es, todo se compra comercialmente). \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb toki \encyctmp tenexko:ntli; perhpas use this an example of why an encyclopedic approach is necessary. Lime kilm, types of stones used, etc. \qry Check perfective form. \ref 02789 \lxa tu:tuh \lxac tu:tuh \lxo to:toh \lxoa to:ton \lxoc to:toh \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \se hot (in regards to the temperature of a physical object) \ss caliente (en cuanto a la temperatura de un objeto material) \sem baby \xrb to:n lu:loh \nae For the phonology of long /u:/, see entry under Am <nla>lu:loh</nla> or Oa <nlo>lo:loh</nlo> \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Note that it is common in Oapan Nahuatl for h>n in word/phrase-final position. This is the case here with IJ's pronunciation. It seems clear that the underlying phone is {h}, which in his speech surfaces as [ng]. \ref 02790 \lxa te:amanki \lxac te:amanki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infv pl. <na>te:amankeh</na> \se to be bothersome (particularly a person or animate being) \ss ser latoso; ser molestoso (particularmente una persona o ser animado) \pna Te:amanki. Segi:doh kitlatlani tli:n kipolowa, san nochi kitlatlani, nochi kipolowa. \pea He is bothersome. He's always asking for what he's missing, he asks for everything, he needs everything. \psa Es latoso. Seguido pide lo que le hace falta, se pide todo, todo le hace falta. \syno té:yamán \xrb ahmana \dis te:aman \vl NOTE: please label all male and female utterances here with #3707; use letters c, d, etc. to avoid having a repeat when 3707 is actually segmented and tagged. \ref 02791 \lxa kakapaxiwi \lxac tekakapaxiwi \lxo te:kapaxiwi \lxoc te:kapaxiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> (Am); Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infv class-3a(w) \se to acquire a rough surface; to get rough and scaly or flaky skin \ss adquirir o tener una superficieáspera; llegar a tener la pieláspera y escamosa \pna Yo:nikakapaxiw pa:mpa o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. \pea My skin got rough and scaly because it was overexposed to the sun. \psa Se me pusoáspera y escamosa la piel por haberme sobrexpuesto al sol. \pna Yo:nikakapaxiw, nikpia tso:tso:meh. \pea My skin got rough, I have pimples. \psa Mi piel se pusoáspera, tengo granitos. \pna Xo:tika:pachoh motso:tsokol. Yo:pe:w popo:ni, yo:pe:w tekakapaxiwi. \pea You didn't soak your water jug in water, it's surface has started to pop and open up, it's surface has started to get rough and flaky. \psa No metiste tu cántaro en agua. Ya se le empezó a levantar la superficie, ya se pusoáspero al descarapelarse. \sem distort-surface \equivo te:kapaxe:wi \qry Check difference in Am between /kakapaxiwi/ and /tekakapaxiwi/; check how this variation/difference if it does exist \nae The initial syllable of Oapan <no>te:kapaxiwi</no> apparently reflects the use of <n>te-</n> as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds <na>kakapaxiwi</na> or <na>tekakapaxiwi</na>, i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast <na>kakapaxiwi</na> and <na>tekakapaxiwi</na> probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of <n>te-</n> means that no such opposition is present. \grm Oapan phonology; dummy morpheme; <n>te-</n> : The initial syllable of Oapan <no>te:kapaxiwi</no> apparently reflects the use of <n>te-</n> as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds <na>kakapaxiwi</na> or <na>tekakapaxiwi</na>, i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast <na>kakapaxiwi</na> and <na>tekakapaxiwi</na> probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of <n>te-</n> means that no such opposition is present. \xrb kapax \ref 02792 \lxa ne:nepantsi:n \lxac ne:nepantsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea type of plant known for its flower, still not identified (apparently this is another variety of the zinia, also known as <nba>ka:ka:waltsi:n</nba>) \ssa tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada (aparentemente es otra variedad de la zinia, también conocida como <nba>ka:ka:waltsi:n</nba>) \sem plant \sem fl \equivo sásanmigé:ltsi:n \xrb nepan \nse This is also known as <na>ka:ka:waltsi:n de ne:nepantsi:n</na>, it just recently started to appear, probably as the result of some seeds that got loose in the area. \nct xiwtli; xo:chitl; ka:ka:waltsi:n \ref 02793 \lxa tsotsonilia \lxac kitsotsonilia \lxo tsotsonilia \lxoc kitsotsonilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to play for (a musical instrument, particularly string instruments such as a guitar or violin, or a musical apparatus such as a radio or record player) \ss tocar para (un instrumento musical, particularmente los con cuerdas como guitarra o violín, o un aparato musical como un radio o tocadiscos) \pna Xne:chtsotsonili"Xo:chipitsa:wak!" \pea Play"Xo:chipitsa:wak"for me! \psa ¡Toca"Xo:chipitsa:wak"para mí! \xrb tsona \xvbao tsotsona \nse In Oapan <no>tsotsonilia</no> is used to refer to the action of young children who might be banging on things such as a tin can, bowl, etc. For the meaning 'to play a musical instrument for' only <nlo>tla:tsonilia</nlo> is used. \nae Interestingly whereas with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> reduplication reduction takes place in Oapan Nahuatl and one finds <nlo>tla:tsona</nlo>, with a specific object this does not occur (or, at least, is very rare). Thus whereas one finds <no>tla:tsona</no>, <no>tla:tsonilia</no>, <no>tla:tsonilistli</no>, among other forms, one finds <no>kitsotsona</no>, <no>ne:xtsotsonilia</no> with specific objects. This is a good illustrative example of the interrelationship between reduplication and specificity. \grm Reduplication; reduction; specificity; transitivity: Interestingly whereas with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> reduplication reduction takes place in Oapan Nahuatl and one finds <nlo>tla:tsona</nlo>, with a specific object this does not occur (or, at least, is very rare). Thus whereas one finds <no>tla:tsona</no>, <no>tla:tsonilia</no>, <no>tla:tsonilistli</no>, among other forms, one finds <no>kitsotsona</no>, <no>ne:xtsotsonilia</no> with specific objects. This is a good illustrative example of the interrelationship between reduplication and specificity. \vl Note that female speaker first mistakenly says /kitetso:tsonilia/. This is a mistaken utterance. Please tag this as 07598 female1, give it letter c, since later parsing with give elicitation recordings a and b. \ref 02794 \lxa to:naka:yo:tl \lxac to:naka:yo:tl \lxo to:naka:yo:tl \lxoa tonaka:yo:tl \lxoa to:naka:yo:w \lxoc to:naka:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se basic sustenance: maize, tortillas, and even beans (for a few people), i.e., that which is the fruit of the earth and the staple diet of people in Ameyaltepec \ss subsistencia básica: maíz, tortillas y (para algunas pocas personas) hasta frijoles, esto es, lo que es la fruta de la tierra y la base de subsistencia para la gente de Ameyaltepec \pna To:naka:yo:tl pa:mpa yewa tihkwan. \pea It is (called) <na>to:naka:yo:tl</na> because it is what we eat. \psa Es (llamado) <na>to:naka:yo:tl</na> porque es lo que comemos. \xrb to:na \nse Although many consultants restricted the meaning of <na>to:naka:yo:tl</na> to maize and its products (such as tortillas), Luis Lucena mentioned that <na>to:naka:yo:tl</na> can include beans and squash among its referents. \nae An effort to elicit a possessed form yielded <na>noto:naka:yo:w</na> but it is quite possible that this form is simply the result of the pressure to produce a possessed variant under the stimulation of elicitation. Documentation in natural discourse yielded only the unpossessed <na>to:naka:yo:tl</na>. The length of the vowels in this word have been a source of discussion; Carochi marks <n>to:naka:yo:tl</n> (Lockhart p. 452) and the accepted interpretation is that this lexeme is a nominalized form of the verb <n>to:na</n>. Nevertheless, it appears that the initial vowel of Inocencio Jiménez's speech is quite short, and this might reflect a reanalysis, or folk etymology, of this word. However, it would be best to compare his pronunciaton of this nominalization with his for the verb <no>to:na</no>. In Oapan most people seem to pronounce this as <no>to:naka:yo:tl</no>, however, Carlota Pantaleón definately had both the form with final <no>-yo:tl</no> and <no>-yo:w</no> (with the length of t he final /o:/ in the latter uncertain, as is the length of the initial <no>to:</no>. \qry Determine whether or not the possessed form exists; cf. to /Tona:n to:naka:yo:w/? and ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology of /to:naka:yo:tl/. \grm Vowel length variation; Nahuatl phonology: An effort to elicit a possessed form yielded <na>noto:naka:yo:w</na> but it is quite possible that this form is simply the result of the pressure to produce a possessed variant under the stimulation of elicitation. Documentation in natural discourse yielded only the unpossessed <na>to:naka:yo:tl</na>. The length of the vowels in this word have been a source of discussion; Carochi marks <n>to:naka:yo:tl</n> (Lockhart p. 452) and the accepted interpretation is that this lexeme is a nominalized form of the verb <n>to:na</n>. Nevertheless, it appears that the initial vowel of Inocencio Jiménez's speech is quite short, and this might reflect a reanalysis, or folk etymology, of this word. However, it would be best to compare his pronunciaton of this nominalization with his for the verb <no>to:na</no>. \vl Use second female token, and second male token. \ref 02795 \lxa ma:tlakwa \lxac ma:tlakwa \lxo ma:tlakwa \lxoc ma:tlakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der tla-V2 \infv class-1 \se literally 'eating hand,' said of a woman who is given a certain amount of food (such as <na>masa</na> to make into tortillas) that is usually enough to feed those eating but with this woman preparing the food they remain unsatisfied, lacking food \ss literalmente 'mano que come,' dicho de una mujer a quien se le da cierta cantidad de comida (como, por ejemplo, masa para hacer tortillas) que por lo general alcanza a dar de comer a la gente, pero cuando esta mujer prepara la comida ellos se quedan con hambre \cfa ma:teyo:ti \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \grm Lexicalization; Null complement: Note that with /ma:tlakwa/ the presence/infixation of /tla-/ should be taken as further evidence that /tlakwa/ is a derived (detransitivized) verb. \vl NOTE: make sure to not tag the form /ma tlakwa/. The first two female utterances and first male utterance is /ma tlakwa/ (with a short initial /a/). This is an error, do not tag. Then, the final 4 utterances are correct: /ma:tlakwa/. These should be tagged. \ref 02796 \lxa ihlia \lxac kihlia \lxo ihlia \lxoc kihlia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \irregv In Oapan the 3sgO is often deleted when preceded by an overt subject: <no>n'ihlia</no>. \se to tell; to mention to; to advise or give notice to (sb, about sth having occurred) \ss decir; mencionar; notificar, avisar o advertir a (algn, acerca de algo acaecido) \pna Oksepa xkihli! \pea Tell it to him again! \psa Díselo otra vez! \pna Yo:ne:chihlikeh. \pea They have already notified me. \psa Ya me avisaron. \pna Xekihlia, pero yo:kinemilih para kihli:s, kiyo:le:was. \pea He hasn't mentioned anything to her yet (in this case his plans for marriage), but he has already thought about telling her, he's going to court her. \psa Todavía no le ha dicho nada (en este caso, sobre sus planes de matrimonio), pero ya ha pensado decirle algo, la va a cortejar. \pna San timitsihlia. \pea I'm just telling you (i.e., you will take it from here, or decide). \psa Solamente te lo digo (esto es, tu determinas lo que va a pasar, tu decides). \se (recipr.) to debate; to discuss \ss (recipr.) hablar sobre un tema; consultarse \pna Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh. \pea We discuss when we will go. \psa Discutimos cuándo vamos a ir. \se (<na>itlah</na> + recipr.) to get into a verbal argument or fight \ss (<na>itlah</na> + recipr.) debatir; discutir; pelearse en una discusión \pna Xkaman itlah nohlian. \pea They never get into a fight (i.e., shouting match, saying things to each other). \psa Nunca discuten (esto es, nunca se pelean con palabras, nunca se dicen cosas). \pna Ke:no:n nohlian? \pea How do they discuss things among themselves? \psa ¿Cómo hablan entre si? \se (with <n>te:-</n>) to reveal (a secret); to tell about or to tell people \ss (con <n>te:-</n>) revelar (un secreto); decir (algo) a la gente \pna Saniman kite:ihlia. \pea He tells people about it (e.g., sth that happened, sth he was told, etc.) right away. \psa Luego luego se lo dice a la gente (p. ej., algo que sucedió, algo que se le había dicho, etc.). \se (with directional prefix and <n>te:-</n>) to send word about (with sb not specified) \ss (con un prefijo direccional y <n>te:-</n>) mandar avisar o decir sobre (con algn no especificado) \pna O:kwa:lte:ihlih yo:mik motah. \pea He sent word back with someone that your father had died. \psa Mandó aviso aquícon alguien que tu papáse había muerto. \sem communicate \xrb hli \nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix <n>k-</n> is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus <no>nihli:s</no> 'I will tell him (it).' Orthographically this is represented as <no>n'ihli:s</no>. See discussion under <nlo>ilka:wa</nlo>. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as <no>ni:hli:seh</no> with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix as well as the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object. \mod Perhaps add /kihlia/ as a separate entry as a modal marking reported speech. \grm Note the embedded question and following syntax: /Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh/ 'We discuss when we will go' Add to sitautions in which embedded question is used. \grm Oapan phonology: Oapan has the forms <no>ni:hlia</no> for <no>nikihlia</no>. This would apparently contrast with the reflexive <no>nihlia</no> although I was not able to obtain this latter form in elicitation; cf. <nlo>ilka:wa</nlo> and <nlo>ítowá</nlo>. The /i:/ is lengthened from the double vowel that results from the intervocalic loss of /k/. The same occurs with <no>ní:towá</no>. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as <no>ni:hli:seh</no> with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix. \ref 02797 \lxa patla:naltia \lxac kipatla:naltia \lxo patla:naltia \lxoc kipatla:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to blow or carry away (e.g., the wind [S] of an object) \ss hacer volar (p. ej., el viento [S] a un objeto) \pna O:kipatla:naltih yeyekatl, o:postek. \pea The wind carried it away, it broke. \psa Por el viento lo hizo volar, se rompió. \cfo chipatla:naltia \xrb patla: \xvbao patla:ni \nse In Oapan most often instead of <no>patla:naltia</no> one often hears <no>kí:wí:ka yéyé:katl</no> if something, particularly something light, is simply carried away by the wind (e.g., feathers, etc.). If a heavier object is blown away <nlo>chipatla:naltia</nlo> is used. \ref 02798 \lxa xa:metlatl \lxac xa:metlatl \lxo xa:metlatl \lxoc xa:metlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn, that has three legs \ss tipo específico de metate que tiene tres patas \sem tool-cook \xrb xa: \xrb metla \encyctmp metlatl (or, cooking utensils in general) \nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the term <na>xa:metlatl</na> is rarely used, and although most people have heard it there is some disagreement as to its meaning and even pronunciation (one or two individuals pronounced this <na>xa:lmetlatl</na>, although others claimed that this was in error). Many Ameyaltepequeños contrast the <na>xa:metlatl</na> with the <nla>temetlatl</nla>, both of which are considered types of metates. \ref 02799 \lxa kwa:tebo:lah \lxac kwa:tebo:lah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bola</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn N1; pl. <na>kwa:tebola:meh</na> \sea type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus <l>Myiarchus</l>, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <nla>si:bara:tl</nla> \ssa tipo de pájaro de los llamado"Flycatcher, probablemente del género <l>Myiarchus</l>, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <nla>si:bara:tl</nla> \src Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various \sem animal \sem bird \syna kwa:teporo:n \xrb kwa: \ref 02800 \lxa to:naltlatsiwi \lxac to:naltlatsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to feel or become lazy because of the heat \ssa sentirse flojera o quedar flojo a causa del calor \xrb to:na \xrb tlats \nse In Oapan one would say, perhaps <nlo>to:nalmihka:tsi:n</nlo> for someone who suffers a lot from the heat. Or, one could say <no>tlatsiwi yan to:nahli</no> 'to feel lazy from the sun' or <no>kitlatska:kwi:tia to:nahli</no>, etc. \ref 02801 \lxa tla:ltekomatl \lxac tla:ltekomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea water jug or canteen made of earth and with two ring/handles on either side (now generally from Tulimán although formerly made in Ameyaltepec) \ssa camtimplora de barro con dos astas (generalmente de Tulimán aunque antiguamente hecha en Ameyaltepec) \sem tool-house \synao tla:la:tekomatl \xrb tla:l \xrb tekoma \mod Illustrate \qry Originally I had this as water jug but C. Flores changed the meaning to the same as /tla:la:tekomatl/. \ref 02802 \lxa kwe:kwetla \lxac kwe:kwetla \lxo kwe:kwetla \lxoc kwe:kwetla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa); Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N1 \se hanging pod (of a <spn>guaje</spn>, mezquite tree, certain beans, etc., e.g., <na>kwekwetla wa:xin</na> 'guaje pod') \ss vaina colgante (del guaje, mezquite y ciertos frijoles, etc., p. ej., <na>kwekwetla wa:xin</na> 'vaina del guaje') \pna Nihkwa:sneki kwa:k kwe:kwetla. \pea I want to eat it when the pod is still edible. \psa Lo quiero comer cuando la vaina estécomestible. \sem plant \sem part \xrb kwetla: \nse Apparently this is a reduplicated and apocopated, nominalized variant of <nla>kwetla:ni</nla>. My original file card had <na>kwe:kwetla wa:xin</na> 'vaina del guaje.' Given the form of the <na>wa:xin</na> fruit it is likely that this noun refers to the hanging nature of these pods. Note that the phrase <na>kwa:k kwe:kwetla</na> refers to a state in bean growth when they can be eaten with their pods. \qry Also to be checked is the absence of a possessive marker, since a form ?/ikwekwetla wa:xin/ might be expected. Also check vowel length and final /h/ (i.e., present or absent). Check also if this only refers to the pods when they are hanging, or also after cut down. What other fruits/trees have their /kwekwetla/, etc., etc. How is this used. \nde If small, the diminutive <no>kwe:kwetlatsi:h</no> is used. Other plants that have this are <no>tla:lwa:xih</no>, <no>yexo:tl</no>, and <no>komo:chitl,</no>. \ref 02803 \lxa -tipan \lxac tlapextipan \lxo -tipan \lxoa -tipah \lxoc tlapextipan, tlapextipah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Suf(loc) \der ti-N(rel) \seao combinational form of the relational noun <nlao>-pan</nlao> used after nominal stems to indicate 'on [noun]' \ssao forma combinatoria del sustantivo relacional <nlao>-pan</nlao> para usarse después de una raíz nominal \xrl -pan \vl Use second male token for -tipah, second female token for -tipan. \ref 02804 \lxa manilia \lxac kimanilia \lxo manilia \lxoc kimanilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to set down (sth) for \ss poner o echar (algo) para \se (~ <nlao>tlaxkahli</nlao>) to make tortillas for \ss (~ <nlao>tlaxkahli</nlao>) echar tortillas para \pna Nikhili:s ma mitsmanili motlaxkal. \pea I'll tell her to make some tortillas for you. \psa Le voy a decir que te eche unas tortillas. \xrb man \xvbao mana \xv2ao tlamanilia \cfa i:xpepextia \mod Make sure that xv2ao link is to correct entry for tlamanilia, the V2. \qry Check to determine whether /niktlamanili:s nokoto:n/ and /ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon/ are correct. Discuss this in terms of the grammatical point made below. \grm Note the problem of both <na>manilia</na> and <na>tlamanilia</na> being bivalent. Note the following discussion. Apparently in the above phrases, e.g., <na>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</na> the verb <na>manilia</na> is a ditransitive meaning, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to"lay"a tortilla on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top of the hole) of my shirt.' Here <n>tla-</n> is the secondary object (what is laid down, i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary object (here the wornout shirt).However, it also appears that <na>tlamanilia</na> itself may be a ditransitive verb, as in <na>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</na> 'she will fix my pants for me,' where <na>ne:ch</na> is the primary object and <na>nopá:ntalon</na> is the secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object, <n>tla-</n> is used, with the resultant form <na>ne:chtlatlamanili:s</na> 's/he will mend (sth) for me.' The fact tha t this occurs suggests that <na>tlamanilia</na> as a ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive <na>manilia</na>. Thus in <na>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</na> it would appear that <na>manilia</na> is ditransitive and the <n>tla-</n> reduces the valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun incorporation, <n>tla-</n> is a"saturating"and occupies the slot of an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (<na>tlamanilia</na> is monovalent). However, in the case of <na>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</na> 'she will fix my pants for me,' the <n>tla-</n> does not reduce the valency of <na>manilia</na>, and the"compound"remains bivalent (the primary object is <na>ne:ch</na> and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is <na>nopá:ntalon</na>). Thus this represents"modifying"incorporation, or Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is i nteresting that in effect th at <n>tla-</n> does not appear to"modify"anything. \ref 02805 \lxa pi:na:wi \lxac pi:na:wi \lxo pi:na:wi \lxoc pi:na:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to be ashamed or embarrassed \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener vergüenza o estar muy apenado \xrb pi:na: \xvca pi:na:wtia \xvco pi:na:htia \nde The unreduplicated form is rarely used in either dialect. \ref 02806 \lxa i:xte:ntenexe:wi \lxac i:xte:ntenexe:wi \lxo i:xte:ntenexe:wi \lxoc i:xte:ntenexe:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones eye to become clouded over or white (e.g., after having been hit with sth) \ss nublarsele los ojos hasta quedarse algo blanco (p. ej., al ser alcanzado con un garrote, piedrita, etc.) \pna O:pe:w ti:xte:ntetenexiwi. Xok tlitli:ltik mi:xtewa:n. \pea Your eyes have started to get clouded over. Your eyes are no longer black. \psa Tus ojos se han empezado a nublarse. Ya no están negros tus ojos. \se to get a cataract (and have the pupil of ones eye to become whitish grey) \ss tener un catarata \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb te \xrb nex \nse One definition that a consultant gave referred to a cataract, another speaker mentioned <spn>carnosidad</spn>. However, another word, <nla>i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi</nla> was once translated as 'to have the eye condition called <spn>carnosidad</spn>. It is not clear whether a distinction is made and, if so, which verb refers to which condition. \qry Check to see if /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ may mean cataract, carnosidad, or both. Cf. the difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. Check for non-existence of transtive form. \rt Under root /tenex/ mention connection to /te/ and /nex/, i.e., 'stone' and 'ash.' \ref 02807 \lxa chikilia \lxac kichikilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \sea see <nla>techikilia</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>techikilia</nla> \sem distort-shapeur \xrb hchiki \xvba chiki \qry Perhaps remove this entry; FM denied that this form was acceptable. Recheck in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02808 \lxa sakawistli \lxac sakawistli \lxo sakawistli \lxoc sakawistli \lxt sakawistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se type of grass still not identified \ss tipo de zacate todavía no identificado \pna Sakawistli, witsioh iteyo. \pea The plant called <na>sakawistli</na>, its spike is thorny. \psa La planta llamada <na>sakawistli</na>, su espiga tiene púas. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \xrb wits \cpl According to Silvestre Pantaleón (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) this is the same as <nla>sakakahli</nla> and is so called because it is used for thatching. According to Cristino Flores these are two different species. \nct sakatl \qry Determine the precise meaning of /iteyo/, and proper cientific name. \ref 02809 \lxa ke:tspantlapo:wi \lxac ke:tspantlapo:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to have ones fly to open up on one (of a male; Oapan synonym: <nlo>sié:rratlapówi</nlo>) \ssa abrirsele la bragueta a (un hombre; sinónimo en Oapan: <nlo>sié:rratlapówi</nlo>) \pna O:nike:tspantlapo:w, xakah o:ne:chihlih. \pea The fly of my pants opened up, no one told me about it. \psa Se me abrióla bragueta de mis pantalones, nadie me lo dijo. \sea to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up (Oapan synonym: <nlo>kwe:tlapowi</nlo>) \ssa abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve; sinónimo en Oapan: <nlo>kwe:tlapowi</nlo>) \xrb ke:ts \xrb tlapo: \xrl -pan \qry Check perfective formation of /tlapowi/, i.e. for appearance of vowel length that is neutralized in the context of present tense. Determine the causative/applicative, i.e. 'she opened the fly of my pants'; is this with /-tlapoa/ or /tlapowilia/? Perhaps it should be /ompilkatoya/ in above phrase. \pqry NOTE: It seems with C. Flores, at least in discussing this word, that the /o:/ was clearly long. CHECK. \ref 02810 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 3938. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The 4 Oapan tokens here should be tagged as 3938; but they should not be linked given that the latter recordings/tokens are probably better. \ref 02811 \lxa ma:papachka \lxac ma:papachka \lxo ma:papachka \lxoc ma:papachka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to have ones hand sweat (on one) \ss sudarsele la mano \pna Nima:papachkatok. \pea My hand is sweating. \psa Se me está sudando la mano. \syno ma:ito:nia \xrb ma: \xrb pach \fl papachka \ref 02812 \lxa a:skatl tli:ltik \lxaa a:skatl de un tli:ltik \lxac a:skatl de un tli:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea ant of the type known as <na>a:skatl</na> \ssa hormiga del tipo conocido como <na>a:skatl</na> \sem animal \sem insect \cfao a:skatl \xrb a:ska \xrb tli:l \encyctmp a:skatl \nse These ants bite, i.e., <na>te:kwa:nimeh</na>. Florencia Marcelino stated that the only <nao>a:skatl</nao> she knows is red; but she thought that the Ameyaltepec word might refer to the ants known as <no>kwitlaya:htih</no>. Nevertheless, at another point she gave <no>kwitlaya:htih</no> as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <na>a:skatl de (un) momolo:nkeh</na>. \qry FM states that the only /a:skatl/ she knows is red. These might be the same as <na>a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh</na>. Check. \ref 02813 \lxa tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa \lxac tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified \ssa tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente \equiva popoxa xokotl \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tsope:l \xrb xoko \encyctmp xokotl \cpl Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla>. It is called <na>de popo:xa</na> because its fruit, which appears in August and September, is very soft. See <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla>. Nevertheless, this is not a type of /xokotl/ that grows wild in the area around Ameyaltepec. \nct kohtli \ref 02814 \lxa ma:tlalowa \lxac kima:tlalowa \lxo ma:tlalowa \lxoc noma:tlalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \sea to run ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope; see (Oa) <nlo>ma:peya:sowa</nlo>) \ssa correr la mano sobre (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido; vé ase (Oa) <nlo>ma:peya:sowa</nlo>) \pna Xma:tlalo para ma ki:stiw tetsi:ltik! \pea Run your hand over it so that the twisted parts (in this case of a lasso that is being made) come out. \psa ¡Corre la mano sobre ello para que las partes torcidas (en este caso de una riata que se está haciendo) se vayan quitando. \pna Nikma:tlalo:s moma. \pea I will run my hand over your arm. \psa Voy a correr mi mano sobre la tuya. \seao (refl.) to run on ones hands \ssao (refl.) correr sobre las manos \cfao i:xtlalowa \xrb ma: \xrb tlalo \dis ma:toka \nse <nao>Ma:tlalowa</nao> is formed from the reflexive verb <na>tlalowa</na> and the incorporated noun stem <nao>ma:</nao>. This might be a calque from Spanish; note that in RJC <na>tlaloa</na> is listed as a root, but the incorporated forms include only <n>icxitlaloa</n> in reference to actual running. Thus <na>ma:tlalowa</na> and <na>i:xtlalowa</na> might be borrowings from Spanish phrase. In Oapan this verb is used only reflexively, to signify 'to run on ones hands,' e.g., a scorpion, a child, etc. \grm Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /ma:-/, but the same occurs with /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. This is a case in which incorporation seems to change the voice structure of the verb. \ref 02815 \lxa a:panowa \lxac a:panowa \lxo a:panowa \lxop a:panowa \lxoc á:panówa \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv class-4c(pano) \pa yes-rdp \sea to cross or fjord a river, lake or other body of water \ssa cruzar o atravesar un río, lago u otro cuerpo de agua \pna Wel a:panowa. \pea He can cross to the other side of the river (by himself). \psa Sabe cruzar el río (solo). \pna O:nia:pano:ko. \pea I came across to this side of the river (implied, to do sth). \psa Atravesé a este lado del río (implica, a hacer algo). \seo (with short vowel reduplication/+h) to swim (see (Am) <nla>a:nelowa</nla>) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta/+h) nadar (véase (Am) <nla>a:nelowa</nla>) \seo (with short vowel reduplication/+h) to bathe in a river or lake) (by splashing around) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta/+h) bañarse en un río o lago \xrb a: \xrb pano: \xvca a:pano:ltia \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>a:panowa</na> refers to crossing a river; in Oapan the equivalent term is often simply <no>panowa i:pan a:tl</no>. But Oapan also uses <no>a:panowa</no>, without reduplication, to refer to passing across a river. The reduplicated form (Oapan) indicates the action of bathing in a body of water by splashing around. In Ameyaltepec one finds simply <nla>a:ltia</nla>, which in Oapan refers to bathing by pouring water over oneself (or in a shower). \nae The reduced reduplication in the Oapan form <no>á:panówa</no> derives from the differing semantics of the identical verb in Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec the verb refers to the crossing of a body of water; in Oapan it means 'to swim.' The reduplication in Oapan (reflected in the stressed initial vowel) is probably due to the fact that swimming involves iterativity, the same repeated actions with ones arms and hands. However, note that in general Oapan words with the root <nr>a:</nr> (water) are often reduplicated (e.g., <nlo>á:tlakwí</nlo>. \qry Luis Lucena stated that both /o:nia:pano:ko:/ and /o:niwa:la:pano:k/ are correct, and indeed equivalent. However, not all informants agreed. Check my grammar notes on the subject and, if necessary, with native speakers at a later date. \ref 02816 \lxa tlayelowa \lxac notlayelowa \lxo tláyelówa \lxop tlayelowa \lxoc notláyelówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-owa \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to be mischievous or playful \ss (refl.) hacer travesuras; jugetear; ser latosos \pna Notlayelowan notskwintsitsi:wa:n. \pea My little dogs play around (are playful). \psa Mis perritos hacen travesuras. \pna Yo:pe:w notlayelowan, kalakin te:tla:lpan. \pea They've started to act mischievously (in this case young children), they get into other people's fields (e.g., to steal watermelon, <spn>elotes</spn>, squash, etc.). \psa Ya empezaron a hacer travesuras (en este caso unos jovenes), entran en terrenos ajenos (p. ej., para llevarse algo de sandía, elote o calabaza, etc.). \xrb tlahyel \nae Apparently this is a denominal verb, derived from the noun <nla>tlayehli</nla>. Nevertheless, the etymology is not clear. To date <na>tlayelowa</na> has only been documented in a reflexive use. \grm Oapan pitch accent; phonology: Note that from underlying {no + tlahyelowa} Oapan Nahuatl shows surface /notláyelówa/. Again, the pitch accent is maintained on the same syllable that has coda {h}. This may be because there is no reason for readjustment or shift, of it may be to maintain the maximum level of I/O identity. Yet this and other examples suggest that with p-a that is derived from underlying {h} and not from reduplication, the tendency is for p-a to maintain itself on the syllable that has lost coda {h} through phonological rules (h>0). This is true in all cases except {h} as plural marker, in which case the tendency seems to be one of shifting to penultimate stress (perhaps because the plural marker often coincides with a phrase boundary in V-final syntax). \ref 02817 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /pípiah/. It has been removed and /pípiah/ is now an alternate pronunciation of /pípian/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02818 \lxa tlaxtla:wia \lxac ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi \lxo tlaxtla:wia \lxof [tlax tla: 'wi a] \lxocpend @ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi \dt 25/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv Irregular \se (<nao>Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi</nao>) May God thank you! \ss (<nao>Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi</nao>)¡Qué Diós te pague! \dis tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mati \xrb xtla: \xvaao tlaxtla:wilia \nae <na>Tlaxtla:wia</na> is only used in Ameyaltepec in the set phrases documented for this entry, an optative construction. Although the applicative form <nla>tlaxtla:wilia</nla> is utilized in Ameyaltepec, this is most likely derived from <nla>tlaxtla:wa</nla>, with the final vowel fronted and raised to /i/ rather than from <na>tlaxtla:wia</na>, which is already morphologically a ditransitive applicative in which /-ia/ substitutes for /-a/ (cf. <n>ka:wia</n> and a few other such applicative verbs ending in /-ia/. Note also that the utterance here of Oapan <no>tlaxtla:wi</no>, is actually the interjection <no>tlaxtla:wi</no> although the verbal form is homophonous to the optative of the transitive, as in <nao>Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi</nao>. \qry Check length of final /i:/ in /tlaxtla:wi:kan/. Make sure there is no final /h/ in the singular. Redo entry and get Oapan speech token of /ma dió:s mistlaxtla:wi/. \vl Tag the tokens here with 4620. There will be no sound linked to this entry, I will need to record it later. \ref 02819 \lxa a:nelowa \lxac a:nelowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \sea to swim \ssa nadar \pna Newa wel na:nelowa. \pea I can swim. \psa Yo puedo nadar. \sem motion \syno á:panówa \xrb a: \xrb ne:l \qry Check to see if it can be used reflexively. I don't think so, but if so, also check if this verb can be used with a non-reflexive object. (Note: it seems I wrote this question thinking that /a:nelowa/ was a transitive and that /na:nelowa/ was 0-3sgRefl-a:nelowa, rather than n-a:nelowa from 1sgS-a:nelowa. Check). \mod Add /newa wel na:nelowa/ to entry under /wel/. \ref 02820 \lxa pi:kuwia \lxac kipi:kuwia \lxo pí:kowía \lxop pi:kowia \lxoc kipí:kowía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pico</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to use a pick on \ss utilizar un pico sobre \pna Xkaman tlapi:kowia. \pea He never uses a pick. \psa Nunca emplea un pico \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>kipí:kowíya</no> derives from the fact that the Spanish loan is /h/-final: <no>pi:koh</no>. \ref 02821 \lxa kuwsa:wananakatl \lxac kuwsa:wananakatl \lxo kosa:wanakatl \lxoc kosa:wanakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am) \infn Stem 2 \se type of fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of certain trees (not solely the <spn>cazahuate</spn>) \ss tipo de hongo que crece sobre la cáscara de ciertosárboles (pero no solamente sobre el cazahuate) \pna Tenexkuwsa:watl, san no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo, tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik. \pea The <na>Tenexkuwsa:watl</na> is just like the <nla>kuwsa:watl</nla>, it also gets large fungus on its surface, the <nla>tekuwsa:wananakatl</nla>, it is tasty. \psa El <na>Tenexkuwsa:watl</na> es lo mismo como el <nla>kuwsa:watl</nla>, también se le sale un hongo grande, el <nla>tekuwsa:wananakatl</nla>, es sabroso. \pna Kuwsa:wananakatl | Ipan kuwsa:watl ki:sa, ipan kopalkuwtli, ipanó:rganoh, ipan tenexkuwsa:watl. Ipan po:cho:tl no: ki:sa, tlachia ke:n kuwsa:wananakatl, pero xwe:lik. \pea <na>Kuwsa:wananakatl</na> : It forms on the <na>kuhsa:watl</na> tree, on the <na>kopalkuwtli</na>, on the <na>ó:rganoh</na>, on the <na>tenexkuwsa:watl</na> tree. It also forms on the <na>po:cho:tl</na>. It looks like <na>kuwsa:wananakatl</na>, but it is not edible. \psa <na>Kuwsa:wananakatl</na> : Sale sobre elárbol llamado <na>kuwsa:watl</na>, el <na>kopalkuwtli</na>, el <na>ó:rganoh</na>, el <na>tenexkuwsa:watl</na>. También sale sobre el <na>po:cho:tl</na>. Se parece al <na>kuwsa:wananakatl</na>, pero no es sabroso. \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \sem plant \sem mush \ono kuhsa:wananakatl \nse Apparently this fungus is so named because it most commonly grows on the <na>kuwsa:watl</na> tree. However, this same word is also used for fungi that grows on other trees and material; cf. <na>i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh</na> and <na>i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:kwitl burroh</na>. For least on one tree on which it grows it also has a specific name, thus one finds <nla>tenexkuwsa:wananakatl</nla> in Ameyaltepec (though I have not documented this name in Oapan). \nae The vowel length of Oapan <no>kohsa:wanakatl</no> is not completely certain. According to one analysis the final element of this compound noun is <nao>nanakatl</nao> and then one would expect lengthening of the /a/ of /wa/ to reflect the reduction of the reduplicant to an additional mora (length) on a short vowel. However, the duration increase is not immediately apparent. Thus it might be that Oapan Nahuatl has underlying {kohsa:wa + nakatl} with no reduplicant, and thus no expected"reduction"on a lengthened previous syllable. \qry In one list of plants, that for those that are edible (/tli:n we:lik/) I have included /kuhsa:wananakatl/ although I do not remember that this plant is eaten. This should be checked. \vl Vowel length of /a/ in /wa/ syllable not certain. It seems like it should be long but acoustically does not seem to have long duration. For now it has been recorded as short. \ref 02822 \lxa tlamiktia \lxac tlamiktia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \sea poisonous; fatal (e.g., a plant) \ssa venenoso; fatal; mortal (p. ej., una hierba) \syno te:miktih \xrb miki \nae Although the deverbal adjectival * <no>tlamihtih</no> is not used in Oapan, the fully verbal predicate is: <no>tlamihtia</no>. \ref 02823 \lxa kwalka:nwia \lxac kikwalka:nwia \lxo kwalka:wia \lxof [kwal ka: 'wi a] \lxoc kikwalka:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to go at or start (a task) very early in the morning \ss empezar (a hacer algo) muy temprano en la mañana \pna Kikwalka:nwia. Saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. \pea He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). \psa Le llega desde una hora temprana. Luego luego se levanta, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). \pna Kikwalka:nwia iswaw pa:mpa ye wa:ktok. \pea He starts with the <na>zacateo</na> of his cornfield (lit. 'his zacate,' i.e., stripping corn leaves from the stems just before harvest) in the early morning (when the plants are still moist from dew) because they (the corn plants) are drying up (and becoming brittle). \psa Empieza con el zacateo en su milpa (lit., 'su zacate') desde muy temprano (cuando las plantas todavía están húmedas con el rocío de la mañana) porque ya se están secando (y se ponen quebradizas). \cfa tio:tlahka:nwia \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n \grm Verbalizer: /-wia/ Note the productivity of /-wia/ here, with a temporal adverb. Cf. the many uses of /-wia/, i.e., the number of types of structures that can precede it. \grm Oapan phonology: Note /kwalka:wiya/, which is derived from kwalka:n and shows n>0, here before -wiya. \ref 02824 \lxa a:yutli \lxac a:yutli \lxo áyotlí \lxoc áyotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se generic name for squash \ss nombre genérico para calabaza \se a type of squash, called in Spanish <spn>pipiana</spn> \ss tipo de calabaza llamdo pipiana en español \fla tamala:yutli \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \encyctmp a:yotli \nse Luis Lucena gave the following types of squash: <nla>pípian</nla>, which is the same as <nla>ixtla:wate:roh</nla> ; <nla>tamala:yotli</nla> ; and <nla>a:yekaxtsi:n</nla>, which is apparently grown locally only in San Juan and perhaps the irrigated fields of Xalitla. \nae Vowel length of both Ameyaltepec <na>a:yutli</na> and Oapan <no>áyotlí</no> have been difficult to determine. Certainly the sound files for the isolated word should be used in any exploration of acoustic duration. Historically, the initial /a/ is short, but lengthening, at least acoustically, of initial vowels seems common and some vowels (such as those in <nao>ixtaka</nao>) seem to have a fairly long duration. For now, the initial /a:/ of Ameyaltepec <na>a:yotli</na> has been maintained long as I first recorded it; Oapan <no>áyutlí</no> seems to have a duration not entirely in accord with a long vowel and thus has been written short here and elsewhere, pending further analysis. \pqry Note that in C. Flores' pronunciation of this word in our discussion it seems to have a definite long /a:/. \nct a:yotli \qry Although perhaps it should be rechecked and analyzed on a speech analyzer, I have check audibly with many speakers and found the first vowel of /a:yotli/ to be definitely long. However, in Oapan this is not clear and at times I notice it as short. This should be checked with a speech analyzing tool. \mod Make sure all types of /a:yotli/ are in the lexicon and identified, and that the onomasiological entry for /a:yotli/ is given. \ref 02825 \lxa kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxac kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxo kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxoc kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxt chichi:k mexkahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>Castilla</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se type of maguey as yet unidentified \ss tipo de maguey todavía no identificado \pna Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli | Ye weka:wi kontekian. Deke tisekwi wa:n titoto:nia reme:dioh. Tikoni:s. Tiktekis wa:n tikchipi:ni:s ipan a:tl. Dya tikoni:s. \pea <na>Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli</na> : A long time ago they would cut it. If you are hot and cold it is a remedy. You drink it. You cut it and let it drip into water. Then you drink it. \psa <na>Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli</na> : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban. Si tienes frío y calor es un remedio. Lo bebes. Lo cortas y echas las gotas en agua. Entonces te lo bebes. \xrb mexkal \sem plant \sem cactus \nct mexkahli \cpl This plant is used to cure both <na>kowasiwistli</na> and <na>sekwtli</na> \qry Cf. cuaderno notes p. 115. Although I have checked the vowel length several times and have recorded the above as definite, it should still be rechecked. \pqry Check vowel length for both dialects. \ref 02826 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kola:ntoh \lxoc kola:ntoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cilantro \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo corriander, a type of edible plant \sso cilatro, un tipo de planta comestible \sem plant \sem domesticated \equivo sila:ntroh \nct xiwtli \ref 02827 \lxa chipa:wak \lxac chipa:wak \lxo chipa:wak \lxoc chipa:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be clean (clothes and other material objects that are cleaned with soap or sth similar; a person after bathing, etc.) \ss estar limpio (ropa y otros objetos materials que se limpian con jabón o algo parecido; una persona después de bañarse, etc.) \pna Nichipa:wak. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:nimochipa:w. \pea I am clean. I took a bath, I got myself clean. \psa Estoy limpio. Me bañé, me limpié. \pna Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh. \pea My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty. \psa Mi ropa está limpia, ya no está sucia. \se to be clear (water) \ss ser limpio y claro (agua) \pna Chipa:wak a:tl, xok moya:wak. \pea The water (in a river) is clear, it is no longer muddy. \psa Estálimpia el agua (de un río), yo no está revuelta (o lodosa). \se to be fair-skinned; light-skinned (a person) \ss ser güero (una persona) \pna Mlá:k tichipa:wak. \pea You are really fair-skinned. \psa De veras eres muy güero. \xrb chipa: \ref 02828 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /Tsopilo:tepe:k/, now on toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02829 \lxa i:xte:ntili:ni \lxac i:xte:ntili:ni \lxo i:xte:ntili:ni \lxoc i:xte:ntili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to get swollen eyes \ssa hincharsele los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tili: \dis i:xte:ntili:ni, i:xte:mposa:wi \nse Apparently <nao>i:xte:ntili:ni</nao> is the equivalent or near equivalent of <nlao>i:xte:mposa:wi</nlao>. Here as in other compound words, <nlao>tili:ni</nlao> is used to indicate the swelling and tightening of the skin. \ref 02830 \lxa chi:ltamahli \lxac chi:ltamahli \lxo chi:ltamahli \lxoc chi:ltamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se chile tamal, a tamal made of pork and chile and wrapped in corn leaves \ss tamal hecho de carne de puerco con chile, y envuelto en hojas de elote \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli \qry Make a list of the types of tamales. Determine the plural of /chi:ltamahli/. Also note that I mentioned that these are wrapped in corn leaves. Check whether this refers to the /to:tomoxtli/ or not. \mod Later, make a list of the types of tamales. \ref 02831 \lxa a:pi:tsa \lxac na:pi:tsa \lxo a:pi:tsa \lxoc na:pi:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to have diarrea; to have the runs \ss (refl.) tener diarrea; tener chorro \pna Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh. Ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. Xtetepi:stik ikwitl, a:tostik. \pea That steer has diarrea (this is a sign of health, that the steer has been eating well, water and zacate). Runny excrement comes out. His excrement is not hard, it is watery. \psa Aquel buey tiene diarrea (signo de salud, de que ha sido bien alimentado, con agua y zacate). Le sale excremento aguado. su excremento no es duro, es aguado. \se (refl.) to burst (a granery or storage bin) \ss (refl.) reventarse (una troje) \pna O:na:pi:ts ikweskon. O:tsomo:n pa:mpa te:ntoya, san de a:kawtlapi:hli. \pea His granary burst open. It split because it was full, it and was just made of <nba>a:kawtli</nba> with mud (i.e., it was not of the more durable and strong ones made of adobe). \psa Su troje se reventó. Se abrióporque estaba muy lleno y estaba hecha solamente de <nba>a:kawtli</nba> con lodo (esto es, no era de las que aguantan más, hechas de adobe). \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \xvcao a:pi:tsaltia \mod Note reflexive and cf. to causative /a:pi:tsaltia/, with no change in valence. Compare this to the pair of verbs /amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ and the comments under these latter verbs. Also cf. to other similar verbs of states that affect the body: /i:to:nia/, etc. Cf. my coding explanation of V-1-refl and V-2-refl. I have temporarily coded /a:pi:tsa/ as V-2-refl, which would indicate that it takes an object with a meaning of 'to have diarrea on...' (as a:xi:xa). If this proves not to be the case then the code should be changed to V-1-refl \ref 02832 \lxa tlatla:hloh \lxac tlatla:hloh \lxo tla:hloh \lxoc tla:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \aff Lex rdp-s (Am) \se dirty; covered with earth or dirt (e.g., clothes, one body, an animal, etc.) \ss sucio; cubierto de tierra o mugre (p. ej., ropa, el cuerpo, un animal, etc.) \pna Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! \pea Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc., while bathing), you are really covered with dirt! \psa ¡Tállate bien (p. ej., con una piedra rasposa, tela burda, etc. al bañarte), estás muy sucio! \pna Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh. \pea My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty. \psa Mi ropa está limpia, ya no está sucia. \xrb tla:l \nse All Ameyaltepec documentation of this denominal adjective, and the related verb <nla>tlatla:hlowa</nla> and <nla>tlatla:hlo:tia</nla> manifest reduplication of the stem. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) did accept the nonreduplicated form, which is given in the headword entry for this dialect. It might be, at least in Oapan, that the reduplicated form is used for areas that are dirty, a person would, however, be described simply as <no>tla:hloh</no>. \qry Check for /tlahlo:h./, /tla:hlowa/, and /tla:hlo:tia/. And rdp-s forms. \ref 02833 \lxa yenkwilia \lxac kiyenkwilia \lxo yenkwilia \lxoc kiyenkwilia \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-2a \tran Compl \se to replace (sth old with the same object new) \ss remplazar (algo viejo con el mismo objeto pero nuevo) \pna Kemech o:nikyenkwilih notlake:n, o:nitlayenkwilih. \pea I just recently bought new clothes, I got new things. \psa Hace poco tiempo me compréropa nueva, me hice de nuevas cosas. \pna O:nitlayenkwilih. \pea I got new things for myself (such as clothes, or also, I renovated sth for myself, e.g, my house). \psa Adquirínuevas cosas (como ropa, o bien, hice renovaciones, p. ej., a mi casa). \se (refl.) to rejuvenate oneself \ss (refl.) rejuvenecerse \pna Nimoyenkwili:s ipan <r>Año Nuevo</r>. \pea I'm going to rejuvenate myself on New Years (by bathing in the village well at midnight). \psa Me voy a rejuvenecer en Año Nuevo (al banar a medianoche allá por la manantial del pueblo). \xrb yenkwi \xvcao tlayenkwili:ltia \vl Use second female and second male tokens. \ref 02834 \lxa se:nki:stok \lxac se:nki:stok \lxo se:nki:stok \lxoc se:nki:stok \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com Mod-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be fine (in health); to not have any disabilities (such as being deaf or mute) \ss estar bien (en cuanto a salud); no tener ningún tipo de impedimento físico (como ser sordo o mudo) \src DT8:644 \pna Se:nki:stoya. \pea He used to be fine (but, in this case he has since become quite ill). \psa Antes estaba bien (pero, en este caso después se puso muy enfermo). \se (~ <na>mo:hli</na>) mole sauce that is prepared with meat (such as chicken or pork, and as opposed to mole with no meat, called <nla>to:ntomo:hli</nla>) \ss (~ <na>mo:hli</na>) salsa de mole que se prepara con carne (como pollo o carne to puerco, y en contraposición a mole sin carne, que se llama <nla>to:ntomo:hli</nla>) \xrb se:m \xrb ki:sa \qry I have not heard the verb */senki:sa/, nor did Pánfilo Lorenzo accept it as correct. Check. Also check for other uses. \pqry Recheck vowel length. It seems to be long in versions I have heard in class although previously I had recorded it short. \ref 02835 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kosahtli \lxoc kosahtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn Stem 1(s) \seo a type of tree of the Leguminosae family, as yet not identified \sso tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kwahkosahki \xrb kwaw \xrb kos \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <na>cuahcosactli</na> and Ramírez (1991) has <na>kwawkosaktli</na>. Both identify this as <na>palo sabino</na> and the latter gives the family as <na>Leguminosae</na> and the genus/species as <na>Cassia</na> spp. Schoenhals (1988:137) lists six trees of the genus <na>Cassia</na>, but none known as <na>palo sabino</na>. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. give no tree known as <na>palo sabino</na>, nor do they have any trees of the <na>Cassia</na> genus except the <spn>paraca</spn> (p. 115), which is of the family <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and whose genus species is given as <i>Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri</i>. According to my consultants, the heartwood of this tree is yellow: <na>kostiktsi:n iyo:l</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 02836 \lxa kuwketspalin \lxac kuwketspalin \lxo kohketspalin \lxoc kohketspalin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se iguana (the precise species needs to be identified) \ss iguana (falta por determinar la especie precisa) \sem animal \sem lizard \xrb kow \xrb ketspal \ref 02837 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be entry for /Icha:n Te:kwa:ni/, now in the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02838 \lxa i:xtekwepo:ntok \lxac i:xtekwepo:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der *V1-Stat \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv Durative \sea to be inside-out (particularly clothes) \ssa estar al revés (particularmente la ropa) \cfa i:xtekwepo:nki \cfo i:xtechikopo:nki \xrb i:x \xrb kwepo: \qry Check for existence of intransitive without stative. \vl Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here uttered. \grm /te-/ intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ here, which could be analyzed as fitting in with the idea that /te-/ is used to indicate that sth is out of the ordinary. \ref 02839 \lxa espá:tulah \lxac espá:tulah \lxo espá:tilah \lxoa ispá:tilah \lxoc espá:tilah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan espátula \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se flat piece metal, shaped like an elongated triangle, placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) \ss pieza de metal, plano y ancho (como un triángulo elongado), que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmado) \syno te:mpatlach \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp witso:ktli; agricultural tools \nse As a type of metal point for a digging stick, the <na>espá:tulah</na> contrasts with the <nla>witso:ktli</nla> and <nla>tewitso:ktli</nla>. \mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration on original filecard. \ref 02840 \lxa tla:lwa:xkuwtli \lxac tla:lwa:xkuwtli \lxo tla:lwa:xkohtli \lxoc tla:lwa:xkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao type of guaje bush, still not identified \ssao tipo de arbusto con fruto como guaje, todavía no identificado \pna Tla:lwa:xkuwtli, ihkón kihlian ma:ski xkuwtli. Tla:ki xo:pan, ipan ago:stoh. Nokwa \pea <na>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</na>, that's what it is called even though it is not a <nla>kuwtli</nla> ('tree'). It bears fruit in Augusto. It is edible. \psa <na>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</na>, asíle dicen aunque no es un <nla>kuwtli</nla> ('árbol'). Sale su fruta en agosto. Es comestible. \sem plant \sem kohtli \apao tla:lwa:xin \xrb tla:l \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \ref 02841 \lxa tlatsi:naltia \lxac kitlatsi:naltia \lxo tlatsi:naltia \lxoc kitlatsi:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to hatch; to incubate (a fowl or bird its chicks) \ss empollar; incubar (un ave o pájaro, hasta hacer nacer su cría) \xrb tlatsi: \xv1ao tlatlatsi:naltia \nde This verb is usually found with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> and has a separate entry for this detransitivized form. \qry Check to determine how common it is to use this verb with a specific object, as opposed to /tlatlatsi:naltia/, which at present has its own entry (04274). If this verb is only used as /tlatlatsi:naltia/, then use only the V1 headword, with only a xref here. If not, have an entry here; check whether anything but fowl eggs can be the object of this verb; if so, enter here separately. \vl Use second female token. \ref 02842 \lxa tepa:patla \lxac tepa:patla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \sea type of plant as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de planta hasta ahora no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb te \xrb patla: \nfc xo:chitl \nct xiwtli \qry Make sure this is distinct from /pa:patla/. \ref 02843 \lxa namaki:ltia \lxaa nemaki:ltia \lxac kinamaki:ltia \lxo namaki:ltia \lxoa nemaki:ltia \lxoc kinamaki:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sell to or for \ss vender a o por \pna Mistlanamakilti:s ikaitepalkatsitsi:wa:n. \pea He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls. \psa Te va a vender sus ollas de cerámica. \pna Xne:chnamakilti o:me kwarti:yoh motlayo:l. \pea Sell me two cuartillos of your maize. \psa Véndeme dos cuartillos de tu maíz. \pna Xne:chnamakilti nokoya:res, san na:htetsi:n. \pea Sell my necklaces for me, just four of them. \psa Vende mis collares por mí, solamente cuatro de ellos. \se (with <n>te:-</n> object prefix) to sell (a given good or item) \ss (con prefijo de objeto <n>te:-</n>) vender (algún tipo de mercancía, etc.) \pna Kite:namakiltia xo:chitl. \pea He sells flowers \psa Vende flores. \xrb namaka \xvbao namaka \nae <na>Namakiltia</na> is unusual in that a causative ending (<n>-ltia</n>) has an applicative or benefactive meaning, 'to sell for' or 'to sell to.' For full discussion, see <nlao>a:kiltia</nlao>. \grm Antipassive: /Mistlana:makilti:s ika i:tepalkatsitsi:wan/ 'He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls.' Again, here we note a transitive verb with /tla-/ prefixed, followed by an oblique expression of the patient, what in other contexts would be the direct object. \ref 02844 \lxa se:botik \lxac se:botik \lxo xé:potík \lxoc xé:potík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k-ti \pa yes \se to have congealed lard or fat (a soup stock or other foods prepared with lard) \ss tener la grasa o cebo cuajado (un caldo u otras comidas preparadas con grasa) \pna Se:botik moka:ldoh, so:lo deke nototo:nia kwaltia. \pea Your <spn>caldo</spn> has congealed lard in it, it will only get better if it is heated up. \psa Tu caldo tiene la grasa congelada, solamente se va a componer si se calienta. \nae The pitch accent of Oapan <no>xé:potík</no> derives from the final /h/ of the loan <no>xe:poh</no>, which has a reflex in pitch accent when phrase internal. \ref 02845 \lxa tsoyá:k \lxac tsoyá:k \lxo tsóyá:k \lxoc tsóyá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \pa yes-lex \se to have the smell of a skunk \ss oler como de una zorrilla \se to have a smell of burnt food (e.g., atole or beans) \ss tener el olor de comida quemada (p. ej., atole o frijoles) \sem smell \xrb tso \xrb hya: \ref 02846 \lxa xtlah tli:no:n \lxac xtlah tli:no:n \lxo xtlátlí:no:n \lxop xtlah tli:no:n \lxoc xtlátlí:no:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \pa yes \se see <na>itlah tli:no:n</na> \ss vé ase <na>itlah tli:no:n</na> \qry Recheck vowel pitch with speech analyzer program. OK.... correct as recorded. \ref 02847 \lxa tla:lnekwteh \lxac tla:lnekwteh \lxo tla:lnehtih \lxoc tla:lnehtih, tla:lnehtin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of small honey-making flying insect, still not identified, that lives in the ground \ss tipo de insecto volador pequeño, todavía no identificado, que produce miel y habita en la tierra \sem animal \sem insect \cfa tenekwteh; koko:smeh \xrb tla:l \xrb nekw \encyctmp nekwtli \nse These insects fly, don't bite, live in the ground, make honey, and are larger than the <nla>koko:smeh</nla>. I do not remember who identified this animal, however, in a later discussion several consultants said that in Oapan this animal is called <nlo>tla:lnese:ras</nlo>. \nae In discourse the term <na>tla:lnekwteh</na> is only documented in the plural, although speakers will recognize and utter the singular. \vl Use first male token for final /n/ example. Note: always have female then male speech. \ref 02848 \lxa tla:lme:stli \lxac tla:lme:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea type of nahual that manifests itself as a basket-shaped ball of light that rolls along the ground \ssa tipo de nahual, que se manifiesta como una bola de luz en la forma de una canasta y que rodea por el suelo \pna Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, iksan tinemiko:ya. \pea A <na>tla:lme:stli</na>, if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon). \psa Un <na>tla:lme:stli</na>, si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto). \sem supernatural \xrb tla:l \xrb me:ts \nse Several people mentioned that the <na>tla:lme:stli</na> is a nahual, i.e., an animate being into which certain people have the power to turn themselves. It is dangerous and can kill a person if it passes beneath his legs. As a protective measure, if one sees a <na>tla:lme:stli</na> one should place ones legs close together. \mod Get text related to this object. \ref 02849 \lxa kaltso:nmekayo \lxac i:kaltso:nmekayo \lxo kaso:mekayo \lxoc i:kaso:mekayo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>calzón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se cloth belt that is part of <na>calzones</na> \ss cinturón de tela, parte de los calzones \pna Yo:koto:n nokaltso:nmekayo. \pea The belt of my cotton <na>manta</na> trousers tore apart. \psa El cinturón de mis calzones se reventó. \xrb me:ka \nse Also possible are nonincorporated equivalent forms such as <na>i:mekayo nokalsó:n</na>. \qry Check for /ts/ instead of /s/ in /kalso:n/. Also important will be to determine whether a form such as ?/kalso:nmekayo/ exists, as a general term, or whether one can have ?/kalso:nmekayo:tl/. \ref 02850 \lxa wi:lo:tlamake:tl \lxac wi:lo:tlamake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea person who hunts <spn>huilotas</spn> \ssa cazador de huilotas \syno to:to:tlámaké:tl \xrb wi:lo: \xrb ma \encyctmp hunting \mod The form * <na>wi:lo:tlamaki</na> is not correct. \qry Change this to a separate entry. \ref 02851 \lxa ke:skipa \lxac ke:skipa \lxo ké:skipa \lxoc ké:skipa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se how in the world! how can you believe! \ss ¿pero cuándo? \pna Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl. \pea How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do! \psa ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer). \pna Ke:skipa deke niá:s ka:n ne:xti:tlani? Xniá:s! \pea Where do you get the idea that I am going to go where he sends me? I won't go! \psa ¡Pero cuándo voy a ir donde me manda!¡No voy a ir! \pna Ke:skipa! \pea I wouldn't bet on it! \psa ¡Pero cuándo! \xrb ke:ski \xrb -pa \nse The meaning of <na>ke:skipa</na> seems to be idiomatic. All Ameyaltepec consultants translated it as '¡Pero cuándo!' This word might also be used, for example, when someone tells me that a given person will be my son-in-law (i.e., will marry my daughter). I could answer <na>ke:skipa</na> to the effect of 'Don't bet on it' (¿Pero cuándo?), meaning that I don't expect or want it to occur. Or perhaps I am from another village and I marry a woman from your pueblo, you tell me that you think I will just play games and that that I will leave her. I can answer, <na>ke:skipa</na> or <na>ke:skipa niá:s</na>, meaning 'I'll not go (and leave her), not on your life!' \nae In Oapan it appears that <no>ké:skipa</no> is used only by the elder members of the village. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the first vowel is the only stressed vowel. This is an unusual pattern. It may be, however, that it is the result of an exclamatory intonational pattern and not the result of any lexical pitch accent. \ref 02852 \lxa wi:wih \lxac wi:wih \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \sea little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk) \ssa animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños) \pna Ma:ka tiá:s pa ikú:n, pakah wi:wih! \pea Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there! \psa ¡No te vayas allí, allá hay un animalito! \sem baby \xrb wiyo: \nae Apparently this children's word is derived from <nla>wiyo:ni</nla>, which is used to indicate the action of wiggling. \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 for more information \ref 02853 \lxa one:wi:ltia \lxac kone:wi:ltia \lxo one:wi:ltia \lxoc kone:wi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to send (sb) on their way (moving away from a deictic reference point) \ss encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia allá (en sentido extraversa en referencia o un punto deíctico) \pna Niá:s, nikone:wilti:s. Ma yatiwetsi! \pea I will go to send him on his way there. He should go right away! \psa Voy a ir a hacer que vaya hacia allá.¡Quévaya de una vez! \pna Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti! Ma yatiwetsi! \pea Friend, go there to send him on his way (in this case so that he goes to the speaker's milpa)! I'd like him head out right away! \psa ¡Amigo, vete a ver que tome su salida (en este caso para ir a la milpa del que habla)!¡Debe ir de una vez! \sem motion \xrb e:wa \xvbao one:wa \xvaao one:wi:ltilia \cfa wa:le:wiltia \nse <na>One:wi:ltia</na> is a lexicalized form of the causative <na>e:wi:ltia</na> with the directional prefix <n>on-</n> and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)."In the illustrative phrase <na>Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti</na> the speaker is asking a friend to go to the house of a third person, who had agreed to work in the speaker's field. The addressee is to make sure that this worker heads out to the field as he had promised. In the verb compound <na>xkone:wi:lti:ti</na>, therefore, there are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The directional suffix <n>-ti</n> indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's command. The prefix <n>on-</n> refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart to work in the speaker's field, as had been previously arranged. \qry Check length of /i/ in causative of /one:wiltia/. \grm Directionals: Note the use of two directionals. <na>One:wi:ltia</na> is a lexicalized form of the causative <na>e:wi:ltia</na> with the directional prefix <n>on-</n> and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)."In the verb compound <na>xkone:wi:lti:ti</na> therefore, there are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The suffix <na>-ti</na> indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's command. The prefix <n>on-</n> refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart for work in the speaker's field, as in this case had been previously arranged. Such dual deictic points seldom occur, it seems here that this is due to the lexicalization of /one:wa/. One would probably also find /xkwa:le:wi:lti:ti/ 'go and send him on his way (back) here.' \ref 02854 \lxa xa:xokotl \lxac xa:xokotl \lxo xa:xokotl \lxoc xa:xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \se type of wild plum tree, called <spn>guayabo</spn> in Spanish \ss tipo de ciruelo silvestre llamado guayabo \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb xa: \xrb xoko \encyctmp xokotl \nae FK notes that Zacapoaxtla has <n>xa:lxokotl</n>, adding that"X[alitla] has lost the internal L. The literal meaning of this is 'sand fruit.'"Although this is probably the case, the motivation for the loss of coda /l/ in some cases is not apparent. Note also that <nlao>xa:metlatl</nlao> appears to show the same loss of /l/, for no obvious reasons. Given the lack of a diachronic or synchronic reason for this change, the roots of both these words has been given as <nr>xa:</nr>. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>guayabo</spn>, of the family <i>Nyrtaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Psidium guajava</i>. Ramiírez and Dakin (1979) give <spn>palo de guayabo</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give no tree with these names, nor any of the family Nyrtaceae. However, Schoenhals (1988) under guayabo gives the following:"(<i>Psidium guajava</i>) 'guava.' Fruit makes good jam and is one of the best known tropical fruits. Also called guayaba dulce, guayaba manzana."It bears fruit in the summer (<na>xo:pantlah</na>), i.e., August and September. \nae As FK notes, Zacapoaxtla has <n>xa:lxokotl</n>, and the coda /l/ has been lost in the Balsas area (e.g., Xalitla in her data set). RS also gives <n>xalxocotl</n>, citing Hernández. The surface form <n>xa:</n> for <n>xa:l</n> is also documented in <nla>xa:metlatl</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 02855 \lxa imelo:n masa:tl \lxac imelo:n masa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>melón</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \sea <l>Labidostelma guatemalense</l> Schlechter; vine of the family Asclepiadaceae that bears a long, watermelon colored fruit \ssa <l>Labidostelma guatemalense</l> Schlechter; enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que tiene fruta larga, color de la cáscara de sandía \pna Nopi:pilowan ke:n melonsi:tos, xnokwa. \pea They (the fruit of the <na>i:meló:n masa:tl</na>) hang down like little melons, the fruit is not edible. \psa Cuelgan (los frutos del <na>i:meló:n masa:tl</na>) como meloncitos, no son comestibles. \xrb masa: \qry One entry had /imélo:n masa:tl/, check stress and vowel length. \ref 02856 \lxa tlamanahli \lxac tlamanahli \lxo tlamanahli \lxoc tlamanahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se offering (placed before the saints, at an altar, on a table for All Saints Day, etc.) \ss ofrenda (puesto en un altar para los santos, o sobre una mesa en Todos Santos) \pna Notlamanal umpa mantok. \pea My offering is there (in sight) laid out. \psa Mi ofrenda está allá (en un lugar visible) puesta. \xrb man \vl Use first female token. \ref 02857 \lxa tlatlatsi:ni \lxac tlatlatsi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea for there to be a thunderbolt (i.e., bolt lightning and thunder) \ssa caer un rayo (el relámpago y sonido fuerte que lo accompaña) \pna O:tlatlatsi:n. \pea There was a thunderbolt. \psa Cayó un rayo. \sem weather \cfao tlakomo:ni \xrb tlatsi: \xbtlao tlatsi:ni \ono rain (i.e., thunder, lightening, different types of rain storms, hail, drizzle, etc.) \dis distinguish different types of truenos, perhaps remit to discussion on weather page. \ref 02858 \lxa kechkukwalaka \lxac kechkukwalaka \lxo kechkwakwalaka \lxoc kechkwakwalaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to purr \ss ronronear \pna Kechkukwalaka pa:mpa pa:ktok. \pea It (a cat) is purring because it is happy. \psa Está(un gato) ronroneando porque está feliz. \sem sound-animal \syno koxte:kwalaka \xrb kech \xrb kwala: \xvnao kwala:ni \qry Decide whether in such cases as these, it is worthwhile to place /kukwala(ka)/ in the xr2 field. In present case check for possible existence of /kechkwala:ni/ and /kechkukwalatsa/. In its acceptation as 'to snore' /kechkukwalaka/ is apparently equivalent to /kochsolo:ni/; this too should be checked. Check the word for 'to purr' in Oapan; neither FM nor IJ knew it. \ref 02859 \lxa sio:tomi \lxaa soyo:tomi \lxac soyo:tomi \lxo sio:tomi \lxoc sio:tomi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(m) \se to become unstiched (a seam, stiches in the skin, etc.) \ss descoserse (una costura en la ropa, la piel, etc.) \pna Wel soyo:tomis, xkwahli o:tsasa:loh. \pea It can (might well) become unstiched, you didn't sew it well. \psa Puede (bien puede) descoserse, no lo cosiste bien. \xrb sio: \xrb tom \nae The vowel length of the first /o/ is still unclear, even after acoustic analysis with spectrograms and wave forms. The duration of the /o/ in the Oapan forms varies; and since no standardized procedure for measurement has yet been set, it is hard to be precise. But taking the dip in the third formant to mark onset of /o/ after /y/ (and this is clearer in the speech of Florencia Marcelino than of her husband Inocencio Jiménez) the vowel length varies from about 80 to 95 ms. This suggests the possibility of length, but it is not certain. For now it has been written as short. More evidence from the other forms with the same etymology (i.e., the transitive and stative) as well as from Ameyaltepec, should help clarify the quantity of this vowel. \qry Still after much listening I am unsure if the /o/ in the syllable /sio/ is really short. I had it recorded as long in Am filecards. This should be checked. Note that if the vowel is changed, then the xref in entry 2918 should also be changed to a short vowe. \rt In Ameyaltepec one finds <na>so:yo:tomi</na> for Classical <na>ciyotomi</na>. There is no evidence on vowel length in Classical Nahuatl. To facilitate cross-dialect comparison it might be advisable to list this root as <na>siyo:</na>, but given the absence of this root in any dialect other than Classical and Ameyaltepec, it has been decided to keep the root as <na>so:yo:</na>. \vl Use first token from each speaker. \ref 02860 \lxa te:nto:ne:wi \lxac te:nto:ne:wi \lxo te:nto:ne:wi \lxoc te:nto:ne:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) \ss sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) \syno te:nkoko:ya \xrb te:n \xrb to:n \ref 02861 \lxa tsikwi:ni \lxac tsikwi:ni \lxo tsikwi:ni \lxoc tsikwi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to jump (forward, or up in the air); to spring or leap (at times in reference to the motion of certain animals such as deer, rabbit, hare, goat, dog, cat, horse, and even occasionally a donkey, etc.) \ss brincar (hacia adelante o arriba); correr o brincar (a veces en referencia al movimiento de ciertos animales como venado, conejo, liebre, chivo, perro, gato, caballo, y hasta un burro, etc.) \pna Xtsikwi:ni, ma nikita! \pea Jump up (e.g., in the air), let me see! \psa ¡Brínca (p. ej., en el aire), déjame ver! \pna Tsi:tsikwi:ntok ika kwe:rdah. \pea He is jumping rope. \psa Estábrincando la cuerda. \pna Tsitsikwi:ntiw kone:joh. \pea The rabbit is hopping along. \psa El conejo va brincando. \pna O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. \pea I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). \psa Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente). \pno Xwa:ltsikwi:ni nika:n, ka:n na:watok! \peo Jump (up) here, where I am sitting (in this case up on a wall)! \pso ¡Brinca hacia acá, donde estoy sentado (en este caso sobre una pared)! \pno Xontsikwi:ni! \peo Jump off (toward there)! \pso ¡Brinca (abajo) hacia allá! \se (often with long vowel reduplication + [location/destination]) to run rapidly to [location/destination]) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga + [destino/ubicación]) correr rápidamente a [destino/ubicación]) \pna San xtsikw:ni icha:n moba:leh! \pea Just take a quick run over to your friend's house! \psa ¡Córrele rápido a la casa de tu amigo! \pna San xtsi:tsikwi:ntiw, san xasiti! \pea Just go running along over there quickly, just go there and come right back! \psa ¡Vete yendo rápido, solamente ve rápido sin demorar allíantes de regresar! \se (~ <nao>i:pan</nao> [material object]) to jump or spring onto [material object] \ss (~ <nao>i:pan</nao> [objeto material]) brinca sobre (para quedar sobre) [material object] \pna Tontsikwi:nis ipan tepa:ntli para tipanwetsis. \pea You will spring up onto the wall to get on top of it. \psa Vas a brincar sobre la pared para que llegues arriba. \pna O:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh. \pea He jumped right up on a small ledge (of stones). \psa Brincócon fuerza sobre un pequeño banquito de piedras. \se (<n>-pan</n> ~ [animate object]) to mount (one animal on another) \ss (<n>-pan ~</n> ~ [ser animado]) montar (sexualmente, un animal a otro) \pna Yo:pe:w tlaxitia moburroh. Xikpia kwida:doh, ma:ka ipan tsikwinis burrah, tla:mo mitsa:ltlakalis! \pea Your donkey has started to get an erection. Take care that it doesn't try to mount a female donkey, for if it does it will throw you to the ground! \psa Ya empezó a pararsele a tu burro.¡Ten cuidado que no vaya a montarle a una burrah porque si lo hace, te aventará al suelo. \seo (with short vowel reduplication and intensifier <no>te-</no>) to play hopscoth \sso (con reduplication de vocal corta y el intensificador <no>te-</no>) jugar al avioncito \pno Ma tité:tsikwi:nika:n! \peo Let's play hopscoth! \pso ¡Vamos a jugar al avioncito! \sem motion \xrb tsikwi: \xvcao tsikwi:naltia \xvkao tsitsikwika \nse One young woman from Oapan gave the name of hopscoth as <no>té:tsikwi:nahli</no>, but this term needs to be confirmed. However, several others did give <no>Ma tité:tsikwi:nika:n!</no> as the way of saying 'Let's play hopscotch!' \qry Determine what, if any, the difference between /tsikwi:ni/ and /tetsikwi:ni/ is. For example, in the phrase /o:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh/, would the meaning be the same without /te-/? In other instances is there a difference. Can the causative also take /te-/. I had the term '(vulg.) to have sexual intercourse with; to screw (a man [S] of a woman [O])' and the phrase 'Tewa i:pan o:titsikwin un ne:nkah sowa:tl?' but it has been removed as vulgar and, according to C. Flores, not used in ref. to humans. \grm Reduplication with long vowe: /San xtsi:tsikwi:ntiw, san xasiti!/ 'Just run over there quickly, just go and come right back!' \grm Directionals: Note that /xwa:ltsikwi:ni/ may be used to indicate jumping down from, as in one of the example sentences above. However, it may also be used to indicate 'jump toward here,' as when a person sitting on a wall invites another to jump up on it (toward the speaker). Finally, note that /xontsikwi:ni/ indicates jumping away from a point of reference, as when someone jumps down and away off a way. \ref 02862 \lxa ka:mpa kah \lxac ka:mpa kah \lxo ka:mpa kah \lxoc ka:mpa kah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Inter \se Hell! \ss ¡chin! \xrb ka:n \xrb pa: \xrb ka \nse This is a curse that according to some Ameyaltepec consultants is an apocopated form of <na>ka:mpakah Xudas</na> ; the closest English translation appears to be simply 'Hell!' \qry Recheck whether /ka:mpakah/ is correct. In my notes I had"see /ka:mpunkah/. But I did not have an entry or recording for this. It should be checked as a possible word. Also, recheck the meaning in both villages. \ref 02863 \lxa nepantli \lxac nepantli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se story (of a house) \ss piso (de una casa) \pna Nikpia nokal de o:me nepantli. \pea I have a house of two stories. \psa Tengo una casa de dos pisos. \se layer; sth stacked or layered over another of the same \ss capa; estrato; una cosa sobrepuesta sobre otra igual \cfao nepaniwi \cfo nepantik \xrb nepan \cfa nepaniwi \nse Apparenlty <na>nepantli</na> can refer to a layer in any type of object. \qry Check to determine what /nepantli/ can refer to (e.g., can it refer to a blanket in a stack of blankets?). \ref 02864 \lxa te:i:xte:nkokoh \lxac te:i:xte:nkokoh \lxo te:i:xte:nkokoh \lxoc te:i:xte:nkokoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be bothersome or painful to the eyes (e.g., a bright light) \ss ser lastimoso o molestoso a los ojos (p. ej., una luz fuerte) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kowa \ref 02865 \lxa te:teliksani \lxac te:teliksani \lxo te:telesani \lxoa te:telesane \lxoc te:telesane, te:telesani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \se see <nla>tlateliksani</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tlateliksani</nla> \xrb teliksa \vl Female first says /té:tetelesane/. Mark this with letter"c". Then there follows another one before the beep. This should be female"d". There follow the four good tokens. other two that follow"a"and"b"From the final 4 (F-M-F-M) use either female token but last male token for /te:telesani/. Do not use first male token which is mispronounced as /te:telasani/. \ref 02866 \lxa kamako:pi:l \lxac kamako:pi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \se person who is a slow eater \ss persona lenta para comer \pna Ke:n tikamako:pi:l! Yo:li:k titlakwe:chowa:, yo:li:k titlakwa. \pea Oh, what a slow an eater you are! You chew things slowly, you eat slowly. \psa ¡Quélento eres para comer! Despacio masticas, despacio comes. \syno kamayo:li:k \cfao ko:pi:liwi \xrb kama \xrb ko:pi:l \qry Check /yo:li:k/ and correct if necessary here and throughout. \ref 02867 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was /kochi:yah/ with a xref to /kuchi:yah/. But since this is a sound xref, this entry has been deleted and /kochi:yah/ given as /lxaa. Note that for the final version, if printed, a back index should give all the words that are in /lxaa and /lxoa (alternate pronunciation fields) so that an electronic search is not neccessary. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 02868 \lxa nexko:ntli \lxac nexko:ntli \lxo nexko:ntli \lxoc nexko:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se pot (now usually an old metal bucket) used for making <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> \ss olla (ahora generalmente una vieja cubeta de metal) que se emplea para hacer nixtamal \pna Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! \pea Bring your pot for making <na>nextamahli</na> to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat a couple of tamales! \psa ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más un par de tamales. \xrb nex \xrb ko:m \encyctmp cooking \nse The phrase <na>Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli!</na> makes sense given the way dough for tamales is prepared, as opposed to the dough used in making tortillas. For regular <spn>masa</spn> the lime water is brought to a boil in the <na>nexko:ntli</na>, which is then removed from the fire before the maize is added. For tamales, however, the maize is placed in lime water as it is boiling. \vl There is an additional female token at 5738 that should be tagged here with 2868. \ref 02869 \lxa suwa:teyo:wah \lxac suwa:teyo:wah \lxo siwa:teyowah \lxoa siwa:teiwah \lxoc siwa:teyowah, siwa:teiwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \se <nlao>na:wahli</nlao> who can turn into a woman, also called a <na>sowa:teyo:wah</na>, mostly to scare people \ss <nla>na:wahli</nla> que puede cambiarse en mujer, también llamada <na>suwa:teyo:wah</na>, generalmente para espantar a la gente \se evil woman, usually clothed in black, whom a male <na>na:wahli</na>, also called a <na>sowa:teyo:wah</na>, turns into \ss mujer mala, generalmente vestida de negro, en que se vuelve un hombre <na>na:wahli</na>, también llamado <na>suwa:teyo:wah</na> \pna Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok. \pea If you see a <na>sowa:teyowah</na>, you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are healthy. \psa Si ves una <na>suwa:teyowah</na> te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés bien de salud. \sem supernatural \xrb sowa: \xrb teo: \nse <na>Sowa:teyo:wah</na> apparently can refer to the man who has as his <spn>na:wahli</spn> an evil woman, generally dressed in black that one encounters in isolated areas at night, or to the woman herself. The <na>sowa:teyo:wah</na> is considered to be extremely frightening, affecting the person who sees her in the manner indicated in the illustrative sentence. \nae The etymology of <na>sowa:teyo:wah</na> is not completely transparent, but apparently it comprises the stems <nr>sowa:</nr> 'female' and <nr>teo:</nr> 'divinity' with the possessor suffix <n>-wah</n>. It would thus seem to literally translate into 'one who has a female divinity' with the caveat that the Nahuatl stem often used to indicate 'divinity' (i.e., <nr>teo:</nr>) was transformed by the Spanish missionaries into a word associated with pagan rites. Note the phonological shift in the Oapan word from <no>-teyowah</no> to <no>-teiwah</no>. \pqry Check best orthography and check phonetics re: long vowel. \ref 02870 \lxa kekexkilia \lxac kikekexkilia \lxo kekexilia \lxoc kikekexilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to cause to itch (sb); to make itch \ss dar o causar comezón a (algn) \fla kekexkia \flo kekexia \xrb kex \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that /kekexilia/ does not reduce the reduplication, which perhaps should be considered part of the stem. Apparently this never occurs with this lexeme. \ref 02871 \lxa yema:nia \lxac yema:nia \lxo yema:nia \lxoc yema:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x; long) \se to get soft (cloth, dough, clay, etc.) \ss ablandarse (tela, masa, barro, etc.) \pna Nochi o:tlan yeyema:nian noma:ngos. \pea All my mangos have wounded up getting soft (e.g., from being slightly overripe and getting banged around). \psa Todos mis mangos terminaron quedándose blandos (p. ej., por estar ligeramente pasados y golpeados). \se to become weak (e.g., a person) \ss debilitarse (p. ej., una persona) \pna Nikwalowa:ya iwa:n o:ne:chpatikeh, o:hmat a:sta ke:n o:niyema:niak. \pea I was sick and I got cured, I even felt that I had become all weak. \psa Me enfermaba y me sanaron, hasta sentítodo debilitado. \pna Yo:pe:w niyema:nia, xniktlakwa de ya:lwa. \pea I've started to feel weak, I haven't eaten since yesterday. \psa Ya empecé a sentirme débil, no he comido desde ayer. \xrb yema:n \dis kwetlaxiwi; yema:nia (as personal state) \ref 02872 \lxa kwa:texi:kal \lxac kwa:texi:kal \lxo kwa:texi:kal \lxoc kwa:texi:kal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \se person (or certain animals) having a loud voice or cry; person who is always talking or shouting in a loud voice \ss gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); persona que habla o grita fuerte \pna Tikwa:texi:kal, titsatsini, titlatowa chika:wak. \pea You are loud, you shout a lot, you speak with a loud voice. \psa Eres un gritón, gritas mucho, hablas fuerte. \pna Kohtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal. \pea That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she is loud. \psa Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se rí e, sueña muy fuerte. \apao kwa:texi:kaltik \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb xi:kal \rt Cf. note in regard to /te-/ with /kwa:tese:soh/. Perhaps /xi:kal/ can be further analyzed as /xi:/ and /kal/. \ref 02873 \lxa semaka \lxac nosemaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V3 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \sea (refl.) to give oneself over entirely (e.g., a woman to a man, though not necessarily in the sexual sense) \ssa (refl.) entregarse completamente (p. ej., una mujer a un hombre, aunque no necesariamente en el sentido sexual) \pna On ichpokawah nosemaka para newa. \pea That girl is completely devoted to me. \psa Esa muchacha está completamente entregada a mí. \xrb sem \xrb maka \nse Although the syntax of <nla>maka</nla> as a ditransitive verb suggests that <na>semaka</na> should also be ditransitive. Thus RS has <n>cemmaca. ninote</n> : 'someterse a alguien, entregarse, darse enteramente aél.' Although Ameyaltepec Nahuatl seldom expresses specific objects in a reflexive ditransitive construction (e.g., <na>ninokowilia</na> for what in Oapan would be <no>niknokowilia</no> 'I buy it for myself'), it appears that <na>semaka</na> is a transitive (not ditransitve) reflexive, given that in the example sentence <na>Un ichpokawah nosemaka para newa</na> the benefactive is expressed obliquely. \qry Determine whether there is any other syntax possible, or even a double object, reflexive and specific. Also determine other uses beyond that of the phrase above, re: a relationship between a girl and a boy. Note that Simeón has /ninotecemmaca/ as meaning 'someterse a alguien, entregarse, darse completamente aél.' Check to determine if /nomaka/, i.e., the reflexive of /maka/ is likewise only bivalent and takes no additional specific object. However, cf. possibility of /note:semaka/? \ref 02874 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /popoyo:tl/ but it has been shifted to the diminutive \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl Here I elicited /popoyo:tsi:n/. But this is a duplicate of record 1387. For the tokens here give them the number of 1387, letters"c"and"d". Make a note for 1387 so if there are extras there, they get"e"... \ref 02875 \lxa tekomolowa \lxac kitekomolowa \lxo tekomolowa \lxoc kitekomolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> (Am); Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-2b \se to scratch out or dig a slight well or depression in (e.g., as in a mound of earth, sand, dry cement, etc., in order to pour the water into it for example) \ss escarbar o excavar un pequeño posito en; abrir una fosita en (p. ej., en un montoncito de tierra, arena, cemento, etc., para verterle agua por ejemplo) \pna Xkomolo para tikte:kili:skeh a:tl! Tikpa:tlaskeh. \pea Dig out a slight depression in it (a mound of earth, sand, etc.) so that we can pour water into it! We're going to mix it (i.e., to make adobe, mortar, etc.). \psa ¡Hazle una pequeña depresión (en un montoncito de tierra, arena, etc.) para que le podamos verterle agua! Lo vamos a batir (p. ej. para hacer adobe, mezcla, etc.). \pna Kitekomolowa un tla:hli. \pea It scratches out a depression in the earth there (e.g., a chicken with its legs, a dog with its feet, making a small depression in which to lie down and rest). \psa Escarba un hoyito en esa tierra (p. ej., una gallina con sus piernas, un perro con sus patas, haciendo una pequeña depresión donde puede acostarse y descansar). \cfao tlakomohli \xrb komol \cfa tlakomo:hli \qry Although I think the recorded vowel length is correct, recheck. Cf. /tlakomo:hli/. Check for intransitive form and use, as well as other potential objects of /komolowa/. Check vl in tlakomohli and komolowa. At one point I had a long vowel in the noun; check and standardize. \vl There are 4 additional Oapan speech tokens originally from 5358. These should be tagged as 2875 also. Note, moreover, that the two linked tokens should be from among those originally from 5358. \ref 02876 \lxa tlankikisno:tsa \lxac kitlankikisno:tsa \lxo tlankesno:tsa \lxoa tlankisno:tsa \lxoc kitlankesno:tsa, kitlankisno:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to call the attention of by whistling with ones lips \ss llamar al chiflar, por un silbido de los labios \pna Kitlankikisno:tsa para ma notaka:n. \pea He whistles to him to advise him that they will meet. \psa Le chifla para avisarlo que se van a ver. \pna Ne:xtlankikisno:tsa, ke:n timotlankikisno:tsan. \pea He is whistling at me to attract my attention, we really whistle to each other a lot. \psa Me está llamando la atención al chiflarme, de veras nos hablamos mucho al chiflar. \xrb tlan \xrb kisi \xrb no:tsa \grm Compounding; incorporation: note the form /tlankikisno:tsa/. The first, incorporated element is the perfective or shortened stem of the verb /tlankikisi/. Note the lack of a /ka:-/ participial form. \vl Pick second female token, good example of stop release. The duration of the initial /a/ is slightly longer than I would expect for a short vowel, but not as long a reduction of the reduplicant would call for. Cf. this to 4145 before making a final determination. Male and female have different pronunciations. \ref 02877 \lxa jwe:s \lxac jwe:s \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan juez \sea town mayor and judge \ssa alcalde y juez del pueblo \sem govern \syna komisa:rioh \syna tekiwah \syno tekiwah \encyctmp officials \nse The lieutenant mayor is called the <na>segundoh</na>. \ref 02878 \lxa a:wixtli \lxac a:wixtli \lxo á:wixtlí \lxoc á:wixtlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes-lex \se dew; water left on plants in the morning after a night's rain \ss rocío; agua que se encuentra en la mañana sobre las plantas después de que lloviópor la noche \sem weather \xrb ah \xrb ich \nae The pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) <n>ahwechtli</n> or <n>ahwachtli</n> ; Carochi also gives <n>áuachtli</n>. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec <na>a:wistli</na> and Oapan <no>áwixtlí</no> should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root. \qry For Ameyaltepec, check homophony with /a:wistli/, a type of tree. Check, perhaps this should be /a:wixtli/ as I have recorded it in one file card. Check initial vowel length carefully here and with other forms. \grmx Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: For /á:wixtlí/ the pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) <n>ahwechtli</n> or <n>ahwachtli</n> ; Carochi also gives <n>áuachtli</n>. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec <na>a:wistli</na> and Oapan <no>áwixtlí</no> should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root. \vl Check vowel length in both Am and Oa. Oa shows p-a, but this may or may not indicate short vowel. Note that in other cases /ah/ initial sequences in Am go to a long vowel. Peterson and Lehiste suggest segmenting vowel and /w/ boundary at"the region in which the slope of the second formant acquired a positive value"(p. 697). This would clearly place some initial /a/s, such as Inocencio Jiménez's first token, as a long vowel and Florencia Marcelino's second utterance. The Ameyaltepec form still needs to be studies. Since historically the initial syllable was *ah (as in Classical) \sj Check for underlying /h/. \rt In Classical the cognate forms are <n>ahwechtli</n> and <n>ahwachtli</n>. In Ameyaltepec note the word for 'to sprinke,' <nla>a:icwia</nla> or <nla>a:wichwia</nla>. \ref 02879 \lxa tapakuloh \lxac tapakuloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tapaculo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small bush of the Malvaceae family, still unidentified \ssa tipo de arbusto de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificado \pna Tapakuloh | Deke xwel timoxi:xa, mitstla:lilian ia:yo itic motsi:nko ika jeri:ngah. Niman tipatis. \src Felix Venancio \pea <na>Tapakuloh</na> : If you cannot defecate, they inject its juice into your rectum. You will get better right away. \psa <na>Tapakuloh</na> : Si no puedes defecar, te inyectan su jugo en el recto. Luego luego te alivias. \equivo tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli \nct kohtsi:ntli \mod Cf. notebook for further remedies; I believe there is one recorded for if you stomach hurts. \ref 02880 \lxa tlankimichin \lxac *tlankimichin \lxo tlankomichin \lxoc tlankomichin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea person who has tiny teeth (at times with small spaces between them) \ssa persona con dientes muy pequeños (a veces con pequeños espacios entre si) \pna Titlankimichin, xpapatla:wak motlan. \pea You have tiny teeth, your teeth are not wide. \psa Tienes dientes muy pequeños, tus dientes no son anchos. \seo child having only two teeth (said of young children who are just getting their teeth and have only two) \sso niño con solamente dos dientes (dicho de niños a quienes apenas les están saliendo sus dientes y solamente tienen dos) \xrb tlan \xrb kimich \qry Re: grammatical notes: check the difference between /papatla:wak/, /papatla:hkeh/ and /patla:wakeh/. \grm Reduplication; pluralization: Note the phrase /Titlankimichin, xpapatla:wak motlan/ 'You have tiny teeth, your teeth are not wide.' In this phrase the reduplication of a verbal stem (adjectival) is used to indicate plurality of many objects that are the same: /papatla:wak motlan/. Cf. this to /papatla:hkeh/, which perhaps is used for more individuated objects. This should be checked. \grm Compounds; modification; possessor raising: Note that /tlankomichin/ is a N-N compound. The first noun is"possessed"by the subject, thematically possessor. And the second noun has an attributive function in regard to the"raised"noun. When used predicatively the phrase means 'I am a person whoe has tiny teeth,' 'I have tiny teeth,' 'my teeth are tiny,' etc. \ref 02881 \lxa tenexe:wi \lxac tenexe:wi \lxo tenexe:wi \lxoc tenexe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become clouded over (e.g., eyes, with a thin greyish film because of dust and irritation, the condition in Spanish called <spn>carnosidad</spn>) \ss nublarse (p. ej., ojos, con una capa gris, a causa de polvo e irritación, la condición que en español se llama carnosidad) \pna O:tenexe:w mi:xtew. \pea Your eye (one) got covered with a thin grey film. \psa Se te tapó un ojo con una delgada capa gris (a causa de la condición conocida como carnosidad). \xrb te \xrb nex \qry Check for other potential subject of /tenexe:wi/. Check for /tenexiwi/, which has not been documented. \ref 02882 \lxa tokia \lxac kitokia \lxo tokia \lxoc kitokia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to stoke (a fire) \ss atizar (un fuego) \se to stoke a fire under \ss atizar un fuego abajo de \pna Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi! \pea Stoke the fire underneath my pot for making <nla>nextamahli</nla> so that it rapidly comes to a boil! \psa ¡Atiza el fuego abajo de mi olla para hacer nixtamal para que hierva de una vez! \pna Oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis! \pea Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out! \psa ¡Atiza ese horno para cal para que no se apague! \xrb toki \xvaa tokilia \nse The identification of the object of <na>tokia</na> is not entirely clear. In the above examples, from Ameyaltepec, it is the object under which the fire is being stoked that is the object (in one case, the pot for making <na>nextamahli</na>). The applicative form <nla>tokilia</nla> manifests similar problems in determining the primary object of the verbal construction (see notes there). It appears that the situation might be distinct in Oapan. Here, according to some consultants, the object of <no>tokiya</no> is the fire itself; the transitive verb form <no>tlatokilia</no> is also used, and with this the object is the <no>koma:hli</no>, <no>nexko:ntli</no>, etc., and the <n>tla-</n> has a culturally determined meaning of 'fire.' \qry Determine the difference in objects between /tokiya/, /tokilia/ and /tlatokilia/, i.e., determine the potential objects for each case. That is, is it the object under which the fire is being stoked that is the object or the fire itself. Check. \ref 02883 \lxa i:xakamantetlakali \lxac ki:xakamantetlakali \lxo i:xakamantétlakáli \lxop i:xakamantetlakali \lxoc ki:xakamantétlakáli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to throw face down; to make fall face down (particularly a person) \ss tirar boca abajo al suelo; hacer caer boca abajo (particularmente a una persona) \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \xrb tlahkali \grm Etymology of /i:xakamantetlakali/ has been analyzed as /i:xaka/ 'face down' as adverb, plus verb /mani/ and verb /tlakali/, with the intensifier /te/ (cf. kwa:temo:tla). Note that there are several cases of apparently V (reduced stem) - Verb compounds. Here /i:xakaman-/ gives the resulting position after the object has been thrown to the ground. An effort should be made to determine the difference between V-ka: compounding and the verbal root. \ref 02884 \lxa i:xa:wia \lxac ki:xa:wia \lxo i:xa:wia \lxoc ki:xa:wiya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \infv class-2a \se to rinse off (without using soap, just by pouring water over the surface of sth) \ss enjuagar (sin usar jabón, simplemente al verter agua sobre la superficie de algo) \pna Xki:xa:wi un teposko:ntsi:n, ma ki:sa un tla:ltekwtli! \pea Rinse off that small pot so that the dust comes off! \psa ¡Enjuaga esa ollita para que se quite el polvo! \pna Ma ki:xa:wi. \pea Just have him rinse it off quickly! \psa ¡Quélo enjuague rápido! \xrb i:x \xrb a: \xvaao i:xa:wilia \ono pa:ka \qry The phrase /ma ki:xa:wi/ contrasts with /ma kipapa:ka/ which implies washing something with soap. However, cf. the difference between /ma ki:xa:mi ikone:w/ and /ma ki:xa:wi ikone:w/. Are both possible and correct; if so, what is the difference between one and the other. It seems that /i:xa:wia/ means to rinse by pouring water over, while /i:xa:mia/ means to wash the surface of. However, also see if there is a word /xa:wia/ as in /ne:chxa:wia/ or whether it is /ne:chi:xa:wia/. \vl The first pronunciation (female /ki:xawilia/ at 32:44) before the set of four after the bell is in error and should not be tagged. \ref 02885 \lxa xi:kalte:skatl \lxac *xi:kalte:skatl \lxacpend xi:kalte:skatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea water that is in a <na>jícara</na> being used for divination, and into which maize and copal balls are thrown \ssa agua es está dentro de una jícara que se está empleando para adivinar, y a que se le echan maíz y bolitas de copal \xrb xi:kal \xrb te:ska \encyctmp divination \mod Perhaps change title of divination head for onomasiological section. \ref 02886 \lxa ma:pipichowilia \lxac kima:pipichowilia \lxo ma:pichowilia \lxoc kima:pichowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rpd-s (Am) \infv class-2a \se to whistle loudly at \ss chiflarle fuerte a (para llamarle la atención) \pna Kima:pipichowilia para ma wa:ltlachia. \pea He whistles loudly at him so that he looks this way. \psa Le chifla fuertemente para que voltee hacia acá. \flao ma:pipichowa \xrb ma: \xrb pich \xvba ma:pipichowa \xvbo ma:pichowa \encyctmp communication \grmx Oapan reduplication: One aspect of Oapan Nahuatl is, of course, the reduced reduplicant, manifested as pitch accent or pitch accent and length. This is a quite widespread and productive process. Another aspect is the lack of reduplicants in certain words that in neighboring dialects, and in historical forms, manifest reduplication. Such is the case with /ma:pi(pi)chowa/ and /ma:pi(pi)chowilia/ (the parentheses represent reduplicants not present in Oapan). Another is /tlan(ki)kisa/ and related words (e.g., /tlan(ki)kisno:tsa/). Cf. the case of /kuhsa:wananakatl/ and Oa /kuhsa:wanakatl/. It is not clear in this latter case, however, whether Oa has a long vowel on /wa/, which would be the reflex of the reduplicant. It appears that it does not. \ref 02887 \lxa tla:lakato:chin \lxac tla:lakato:chin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea bobcat, <l>Lynx rufus</l> \ssa gato montés o gato rabón, <l>Lynx rufus</l> \pna Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni. \pea The <na>tla:lakato:chin</na>, it attacks, but they say it is not threatening to people. Only the <na>te:kwa:ni</na> can fight with it. \psa El <na>tla:lakato:chin</na>, ataca, pero dicen que es mansito con la gente. Solamente el <nla>te:kwa:ni</nla> puede verselas conél. \sem animal \sem mammal \equiva champoltsi:n \cfa kuwmisto:n \xrb tla:l \xrb aka \xrb to:ch \nse The etymology of <na>tla:lakato:chin</na> is uncertain, as is the vowel length. Originally I had recorded all vowels except the final /o:/ as short. I then checked and corrected this to the present sequence, with an initial long /a:/. In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified a lynx as the <na>tla:lakato:chin</na> (or <na>champoltsi:n</na>, an identical term). The identification as <l>Lynx rufus</l> is based on Leopold (1959). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 02888 \lxa tlatoma \lxac tlatoma \lxo tlatoma \lxoc tlatoma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \se to unhitch a team of oxen \ss desatar y soltar una yunta \xrb tom \xvaao tlatomilia \xbtlao toma \ref 02889 \lxa chi:maltik \lxac chi:maltik \lxo chi:maltik \lxoc chi:maltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to be big, round, and mostly flat (large tortillas, loaves of certain types of bread, pancakes, stains, fishing nets when properly thrown, omelettes, mushrooms, billowing dresses, records, etc.) \ss ser redondo, grande y algo plano (tortillas grandes, ciertos panes como semita, hotcakes, manchas, terrayas cuando se avientan bien, omeletes, ciertas faldas que se hinchan, discos, etc.) \pna Ne: mlá:k uwei, ihkí:n techichi:maltik. \pea Those there (in this case loaves of bread) are really big, they are wide and round like this (indicating with hands). \psa Esos son grandes de a deveras (en este casom panes), son hasta asíde grandes y redondos (indicándolo con las manos). \pna Asta techi:maltik. \pea It's just so big and round (in this case a fried egg tort) \psa Es hasta muy grande y redondo (en este caso una torta de huevo). \xrb chi:mal \nse If the round object is small, the diminutive <nao>chi:maltsi:n</nao> is used. \qry Check to see if /chi:maltik/ is commonly used, or if the main (perhaps only) form is intensified: /techi:maltik/. \nse If the round object is not big the diminutive without /-tik/ is used: /chi:maltsi:n/, e.g. a small tortilla. In vulgar speech this and related terms are at times used to refer to the male organ. This word is often used in reference to the male organ and considered vulgar when so used (cf. <nla>kuhchi:maltik</nla>). \rt Review possible etymology of /chi:mal/ based on /chi:-/ and /malV/ based on other words with /malV/ indicating roundness such as /malacatl/. \ref 02890 \lxa tsatsilia \lxac kitsatsilia \lxo 'tsatsília \lxop tsatsilia \lxoc kítsatsília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to shout to \ss gritar a \pna Xkontsatsili! \pea Give him a shout (over there)! \psa ¡échale un grito allá ! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to shout senselessly and repeatedly at \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) gritar sin sentido y repetidas veces a \pna Tlawe:leh katka, san a:uska:n te:tsa:tsatsilia, a:uska:n te:wa:n nokwala:nia. \pea He used to be bad tempered, everywhere he would shout at people, everywhere he would get angry with people. \psa Antes era mal humurado, en todos lados le gritaba a la gente, en todos lados se enojaba con la gente. \xrb tsahtsi \xvba tsatsi \xvbo tsátsí \ref 02891 \lxa tewila:nilia \lxac kitewila:nilia \lxo tewila:nilia \lxoc kitewila:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to drag along the ground for \ss jalar o arrastrar por el suelo para \se to stretch for; to pull for \ss estirar para; jalar para \pna Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n. \pea Pull on my leg for me, I dislocated it. \psa Jálame la pierna, se me distendió. \se (with extraverse directional prefix <n>on-</n>) to take down or off for \ss (con prefijo direccional extraversa <n>on-</n>) bajar o tomar para \se to pull over for \ss jalar hacia (algn) para \xrb te- \xrb wila: \xvbao tewila:na \ref 02892 \lxa tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl \lxac tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl \lxo tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl \lxoc i:tlai:xkopi:nahlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-abstr \infn Stem 2 \se portrait; representation; copy \ss retrato; representation en pintura; cuadro, copia; reproducción \pna Kwaltsi:n motlai:xkopi:nahlo. \pea Your portrait (picture) is pretty. \psa Es bonito tu retrato. \pna Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes itlai::xkopi:nahlo! \pea Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! \psa ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! \se camera \ss cámara \xrb i:x \xrb kopi: \qry Check absence of /w/ in possessive, which is, however, to be expected. Check what the possessor refers to, it is the owner of the portrait or the subject. If the determination is not in agreement with the illustrative sentence, then it should be changed. \grm Note the formation of an abstract noun from a transitive verb: /i:xkopi:nahlo:tl/ is derived from /i:xkopi:na/ 'to copy or reproduce an image'. Discuss in chapter on nominalizations. \ref 02893 \lxa xa:yakatsokwiltik \lxac xa:yakatsokwiltik \lxo xa:yá:tsokwíltik \lxoa xa:ya:tsókwiltík \lxoc xa:yá:tsokwíltik; xa:ya:tsókwiltík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \se to be filthy-faced; to have a filthy face \ss tener la cara muy sucia \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tsohkwil \nae The most common pronunciation for the Oapan headword is <no>xa:yá:tsokwíltik</no>. Here it appears that the long vowel of <no>xa:ya:-</no> (a long vowel that results from the loss of /k/ intervocalicly) pulls the pitch accent to the left. In many other cases the pitch accent stays both on the nucleus that had {h} as coda and on"home"lexical element (here <no>tsókwiltík</no>, thus maximizing input-output correspondence). Nevertheless, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did accept a leftward shift of pitch to <no>xa:ya:tsókwíltík</no>, though this seemed to be a less natural pattern. \vl Note that the first group of four is /xa:yá:tsokwíltik/, whereas the second group is /xa:ya:tsókwiltík/. Please tag all as"a""b""c"and"d"for each speaker. Then for final selection one of each pronunciation should be selected for each speaker, and a new sound file created with the spliced sound (e.g., female 1st-2nd pronunciation, male 1st-2nd pronunciation) \ref 02894 \lxa te:nxomi:tah \lxac i:te:nxomi:tah \lxo te:nxomi:tah \lxoc i:te:nxomi:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>-ita</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se diminutive, see <nla>te:nxo:mah</nla> \ss diminutivo, vé ase <nla>te:nxo:mah</nla> \nae According to my analysis the diminutive <nao>te:nxomi:tah</nao> shortens the /o/. This is definitely the case in Oapan Nahuatl. Apparently the use of a Spanish diminutive on a Nahuatl word (<nao>te:nxo:mah</nao>) redistributes length across the word, which now behaves as a loanword would, with a long vowel on the penultimate syllable. \xrb te:n \xrb xo:mah \ref 02895 \lxa yekaselia \lxac yekaselia \lxo yekaselia \lxoc yekaselia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Intrans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to have the tip sprout (a plant [S]) \ss retoñarsele el punto (a una planta [S]) \pna Yo:pe:w yekaseselian yepakihli ika o:kiaw. \pea The tips of the branches on the <nba>yekakihli</nba> tree have started to sprout with the rain. \psa Las puntas de las ramas delárbol llamado <nla>yekakihli</nla> han empezado a retoñar con la lluvia. \xrb yeka \xrb sel \encyctmp Plant growth, parts, botany, etc. \nse In Oapan this is often found in the reduced reduplicative plural: <no>yeká:seliá</no>. \qry Obtain recording of /yeká:seliá/. \ref 02896 \lxa tla:nilia \lxac kitla:nilia \lxo tla:nilia \lxoc kitla:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to extract (some good [SO]) out of; to earn from (e.g., ones efforts, above initial cost, etc.) \ss sacar (algún provecho [OS]) de \pna San se: pe:soh niktla:nilia. \pea I just earn one peso from it (e.g., a specific task or activity, such as selling, referring to profit above cost). \psa Le saco solamente un peso (p. ej., de una actividad como vender, la ganancia arriba del costo). \se to get the better of (e.g., a situation over sb) \ss ganar (p. ej., una situación a algn) \pna O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli. \pea Laughter got the better of me. \psa Me ganóla risa. \se (refl. with specific object) to earn for oneself \ss (refl. con objeto específico) ganar por si mismo \pna Tli:n kinotla:nilia, nochi kitlamia. \pea Whatever he earns for himself, he uses it all up. \psa Lo que gana para si mismo, todo lo acaba. \pna Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtia itomi:ntsi:n. \pea He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there. \psa Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí. \se to lose control over ones bowels and defecate on oneself \ss perder el control de los intestinos y defecar sobre si mismo \xrb tla:ni \xvbao tla:ni \qry Check for other uses of the applicative, e.g., someone who earns a profit from his money, perhaps /kitla:nilia itomi:n/, etc. Check correctness of /O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli/. \vl Note that male mistakenly says, before final set, /kitla:lilia/. Do not tag. \ref 02897 \lxa kuwtsontetl \lxac kuwtsontetl \lxo kohtsontetl \lxoc kohtsontetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea tree stump (Oapan synonym: <nlo>kohtetepontli</nlo>) \ssa tocón (sinónimo de Oapan: <nlo>kohtetepontli</nlo>) \se one who borrows sth and sits on it, not returning it \ss uno que pide algo prestado y se queda con ello, no regresándolo prontamente \pna Tikuwtsontetl pa:mpa xniman o:tihka:wato. \pea You are a"tree stump"because you didn't go return it right away. \psa Eres un"tocón"porque no lo fuiste a devolver luego luego. \xrb kow \xrb tson \xrb te \qry On one file card I recorded that /kohtsontetl/ can also be used to refer to a trunk of a tree that is lying on the ground. Check. \ref 02898 \lxa kale:walxo:chitl \lxac kale:walxo:chitl \lxo kale:walxo:chitl \lxoc kale:walxo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se flower of the <na>kale:wahli</na> \ss flor del <na>kale:wahli</na> \sem plant \sem fl \cfa kale:wahli \xrb kal \xrb e:wa \xrb xo:ch \encyctmp Xref this to the botanical encyclopedia. \nct mexkahli \ref 02899 \lxa tlaxo:tla \lxac tlaxo:tla \lxo tlaxo:tla \lxoc tlaxo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se for it to be scorching (a very hot day); for it to be blistering hot \ss hacer un calor infernal; ser un día abrasador \pna Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wa:n xtikpia mowe:rach. \pea Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals. \psa Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches. \sem weather \xrb xo:tla \xbtlao xo:tla \qry Make sure that /tlaxo:tla/ only refers to the weather and can be considered an impersonal with a lexicalized meaning. Check whether /te-/ intensifier can be used here. \ref 02900 \lxa miák \lxac miák \lxo miak \lxoa miek \lxoc miek; miak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se a lot; plenty (particularly of countable nouns) \ss mucho; gran cantidad de (sustantivos contables) \pna Miák ko:koneh nemi icha:n. \pea A lot of children are at his house. \psa Muchos niños andan en su casa. \pna Mimiák o:noto:to:kak. \pea A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting). \psa Se sembrómucha semilla en cada pocito (en este caso en cada pocito del campo se dejarón caer muchas semillas de maíz). \pna Xok mimiák o:tito:kakeh. \pea We didn't plant a lot (of seeds together) anymore (i.e., we planted only by groups of 3's or 4's together). \psa Ya no sembramos mucha (semilla en cada mata; p. ej., solamente pusimos 3 o 4 semillas juntos para cada mata). \se (<na>wel</na> ~); see <nla>wel</nla> \ss (<na>wel</na> ~); vé ase <nla>wel</nla> \xrb miak \nse Apparently <na>miakeh</na> is used as the plural for animates; <na>mimiák</na> has a more distributive sense. Yet the precise contexts in which <na>miakeh</na>, <na>mimiakeh</na> and <na>mimiak</na> are used needs to be determined. \grm Reduplication: /Mimiák o:noto:to:kak/ 'A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting).' Note the use of short reduplication as in /mimiák/ even though the verb has long reduplication /o:noto:to:kakeh/. The reason appears to be the fact that the first reduplication (/mimiák/) refers to bunches of seed that are together in ones hand, in a small hole in the ground, etc. However, the verbal reduplication /noto:to:ka/ is based on the fact that the planting takes place at regular intervals, stride by stride. Hence the long vowel reduplication. \vl Note: here there are two pronunciations. These will eventually be linked in one sound file, activated by one click. Indeed, all cases will be merged into one file (although in certain cases this might contain 4 words). \ref 02901 \lxa tewitso:ktli \lxac tewitso:ktli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \sea half-crescent pointed piece of metal placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) \ssa pieza de metal de forma de media luna que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmada) \sem tool \encyctmp agricultural tools \xrb te \xrb witso:k \mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration in notebook. This is the same shape but larger than the /witso:ktli/. The former is for uprooting stones, etc. /kwepe:wa tetl/ and the /witso:ktli, san para to:kalo/. \ref 02902 \lxa kekelowa \lxac kikekelowa \lxo kekelowa \lxoc kikekelowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se to tickle \ss dar cosquillas a \pna Xkekelo! Ma notlalo! \pea Tickle it (in this case a burro)! Make it run! \psa ¡Dále cosquillas!¡Quécorra! \xrb kel \nse In regard to a burro, the action refers to that of grinding the middle knuckle of the middle finger into the spine of a burro behind its saddle, on its ticklish spot, <na>i:kekel</na>, in order to make it run. \nae Given the lexical nature of reduplication here, not reduction onto a short vowel of a previous syllable is possible. Finally, note that during a workshop in Oapan, Roberto Mauricio gave the form <no>kekeliwi</no>. Others in the workshop, however, stated that they had never heard of or used this intransitive form. \nde Note that in Oapan no reduced form is possible: * <no>ki:kelowa</no>. \qry Apparently intransitive does not exist, but this should be checked since in classical the intransitive is found. \grm Reduplication Oapan: Note that in Oapan no reduced form of /kikekelowa/ is possible: * <no>ki:kelowa</no>. \ref 02903 \lxa tlatlastopo:ni \lxac tlatlastopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \sea see <nla>xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni</nla> \xrb tlats-2-; topo: \qry Check for other possible meanings of /tlastopo:ni/ or /tlatlastopo:ni/. \ref 02904 \lxa tepostla:hloh \lxac tepostla:hloh \lxo tepostla:hloh \lxoc tepostla:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \se to be covered or full of rust \ss estar cubierto deóxido \xrb tepos \xrb tla:l \qry Check for transitive and if possible change /tran field. \ref 02905 \lxa ichpa:na \lxac kichpa:na \lxo ichpa:na \lxoc kichpa:na \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \epen i>0 \se to sweep (e.g., a porch or patio); to sweep up (garbage on the ground) \ss barrer (un lugar como patio o piso, o también lo que está tirado) \pna Nikichpa:nas un tlasohli. \pea I will sweep up that garbage. \psa Voy a barrer esa basura. \pna Nitlachpa:ntok. \pea I am sweeping. \psa Estoy barriendo. \se (refl.) to move suddenly to the side (a beast of burden as it is walking) \ss (refl.) hacerse de repente a un lado (una bestia de carga al caminar) \xrb chpa: \nse In Oapan this verb can be reduplicated as follows. There are, in total, 5 forms to be distinguished: 1) <no>tlachpa:na</no> ; 2) <no>tlá:chpá:na</no> ; 3) <no>tla:tlachpa:na</no> ; 4) <no>tla:tlá:chpá:na</no> ; and 5) <no>tlátlá:chpá:na</no>. \qry Determine whether the object can be both the object swept (as in /nikichpa:nas un tlasohli/) or the place swept (nikichpa:nas nokal, or nokali). My preliminary information suggests that both are possible. \ref 02906 \lxa so:lin \lxac so:lin \lxo so:lin \lxoc so:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se type of quail, or perhaps wood-partridge, of the family Phasianidae; apparently this name includes quail with head feathers such as the Banded Quail <l>Philortyx fasciatus</l>, and other types without these feathers, perhaps the Singing Quail, <l>Dactylortyx thoracicus</l>, or a related species. \ss tipo de codorniz, o quizá"wood-partridge,"de la familia Phasianidae, aparentemente incluye codornices con plumas de la cabeza como el"Banded Quail," <l>Philortyx fasciatus</l>, y otros tipos sin este plumaje, quizá el"Singing Quail," <l>Dactylortyx thoracicus</l> o especies cercanas. \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 16, 15, pp. 232, 228 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb so:l \ref 02907 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \lxo i:xté:mpa:yá:ti \lxop i:xté:mpa:ya:ti \lxoc i:xté:mpa:yá:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \se to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply poor eyesight) \ss llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala de por si) \pna Yoi:xte:mpapa:ya:tkeh, ye o:tla:wa:nkeh. \pea They've gotten blurry vision, they've already gotten drunk. \psa Ya se les nublóla vista, ya se emborracharon. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \xvca i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia \vl First of 3 female tokens is wrong, /i:xte:mpa:ya:tik/. This should be coded as word, 05452 f1"z"to leave room for other tokens. Use first female token of correct 4-set; then use last (2nd) male token. \ref 02908 \lxa i:xmani \lxac i:xmani \lxo i:xmani \lxoc i:xmani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to become smooth on the surface; to become flat (a section of the ground; a pile of things such as grain) \ss ponerse liso por la superficie; quedar plano o parejo (una sección de tierra o del suelo, o un montón de algo como maíz) \pna Xka:la:wa: un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani. \pea Push that earth down (where it is slightly high, in a mound) so that the ground is even (smooth). \psa Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano. \se to become spread out (standing water) \ss extenderse (agua estancada) \xrb i:x \xrb man i:xakamantok \xvcao i:xmani:ltia \nse The verb <nao>i:xmani</nao> is usually found in a stative form, <nlao>i:xmantok</nlao>, which is in a separate entry. It refers to something like a small section of land that is flat, or corn piled in a granary that is flat and smooth at the top, not piled up in a heap. However, unlike statives such as <nlao>i:xakamantok</nlao>, <nla>kweptok</nla> or <nlo>koptok</nlo>, and others, <na>i:xmantok</na> is found in an intransitive form. \qry Check definition of 'to become spread out (standing water)' \mod Add phrase under /otli/ and /owitia/. \ref 02909 \lxa suwa:tlake:ntli \lxac suwa:tlake:ntli \lxo siwa:tlake:ntli \lxoc siwa:tlake:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(m) \se women's clothes \ss ropa de mujer \pna Kixo:chio:ti:s isuwa:tlake:n. \pea She will embroider her clothes. \psa Va a bordar su ropa de mujer. \xrb sowa: \xrb ke:m \encyctmp clothes \ref 02910 \lxa tenexkuwsa:wananakatl \lxac tenexkuwsa:wananakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \sea large fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of the <nla>tenexkuwsa:watl</nla> tree \ssa hongo grande que crece sobre la cáscara delárbol <nla>tenexkuwsa:watl</nla> \sem plant \sem mush \fla kohsa:wananakatl \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \qry Make sure that this term is not found in Oapan; also make sure that the possessed Intrinsic form can be used. \ref 02911 \lxa xa:yakakwepa \lxac noxa:yakakwepa \lxo xa:ya:kopa \lxoa xa:yakakopa \lxoc kixa:ya:kopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to turn ones head (either to avoid sb's look or to look toward sb) \ss (refl.) voltear la cabeza (o para evitar la mirada de algn, o para mirar directamente a algo) \xrb xa:yaka \xrb kwepa \qry Determine the meaning of transitive /kixa:yakakopa/, etc. \ref 02912 \lxa ka: chika \lxac ka: chika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \com Neg-Modal \der Modal \sea it's not true! \ssa ¡no es verdad! \pna Ka: chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:borió:n! \pea It's not true! It's only a joke! \psa ¡No es verdad!¡Es sólo una vacilada! \cfa chika \xrb ka: \xrb chika \nse <na>Chika</na> enters into several Ameyaltepec forms. \qry Since I have recorded /ka:chika/ with a long vowel and /tlakachika/ with a short vowel, these should be rechecked. \ref 02913 \lxa yoyoma \lxac kiyoyoma \lxo yóyomá \lxop yoyoma \lxoc kí:yomá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \sea (reduplicated with a long or short vowel, depending on the circumstances) to skim against in a curved motion, skimming against the surface of the object at the bottom of the curve (note: the prototypical motion of this sort is that made by a woman grinding <nla>nextamahli</nla> on a metate) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga o corta, dependiendo de las circumstancias) pegar rozando con una moción encorvada (rozando la superficie del objeto al punto más bajo de la curva; el ejemplo prototípico de esta acción es la de una mujer moliendo nixtamal sobre un metate) \pna Tlateyo:yontok ipan a:tl a:yoyontsi:n. \pea The dragonfly skims against the surface of the water. \psa La libélula pasa rozando sobre la superficie del agua. \pna Yo:li:k kiteyo:yontok imetl, xnotlasiwi:tia. \pea She is slowly pushing down again and again against her metate, she's not in any hurry. \psa Despacio empuja y empuja contra su metate, no se apura. \se (fig.) to have sexual intercourse with (a man [S] with a woman [O] based on the type of motion involved) \ss (fig.) tener relaciones sexuales con (un hombre [S] con una mujer [O] basado en el tipo de moción utilizado) \pna Kiyo:yoma isuwa:w. \pea He has sex with his wife. \psa Tiene relaciones sexuales con su esposa. \sem motion \xrb yoma \nse The action indicated by <nao>yoma</nao> has only been documented in the three types of motion noted above: a dragonfly against water, a woman grinding on a metate, and a man having intercourse with a woman. Because of the latter, this word is often used in double entendres, as in the riddle <na>Se: tosa:sa:ne:l, se: tosa:sa:ne:l, se: tona:na:tsi:n, san nochipa noyoyontok</na> 'Una adivinanza, una adivinanza: A una señora, siempre la estarán fregando (es el metate).' In Oapan <no>yoma</no>, which is only found reduplicated with either long or short vowel, only has a sexual sense, referring to the action of the male in mounting a female (in reference to human intercourse and that of donkeys, dogs, pigs, and other similar animals). \qry Determine difference and if both are possible: /yo:yoma/ and /yoyoma/. \ref 02914 \lxa i:xmi:miktia \lxac ki:xmi:miktia \lxo i:xmi:mihtia \lxoc ki:xmi:mihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cause to have or to give blurry vision; to blur the vision of (a bright light) \ss hacer que tenga la vista nublosa; nublar la vista de (una luz fuerte) \pna Ne:chi:xmi:miktia to:nahli. \pea The sun blurs my vision. \psa El sol me nubla la vista. \xrb i:x \xrb miki \xvbao i:xmi:miki \nae The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in <nlo>i:xmi:miki</nlo>. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in <no>i:xmi:miki</no> is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Juan Tetelcingo will have to be co nsulted). It is possible that Oapan <no>i:xmi:mihtia</no> represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration. \qry Carefully query and check vowel length of the reduplicant. \grmx Vowel reduplication; length: The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in <nlo>i:xmi:miki</nlo>. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in <no>i:xmi:miki</no> is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Jua n Tetelcingo will have to be consulted). It is possible that Oapan <no>i:xmi:mihtia</no> represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration. \sj Check for /h/; note absence of vowel p-a in Oapan. \vl Check vowel length in all forms. Use first token of female and either one of male. Note: this is because in the first token of Florencia the vowel has long duration. Inocencio's pronunciation is with a defnite short vowel. \ref 02915 \lxa koya:wi \lxac koya:wi \lxo koya:wi \lxoc koya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to stretch open or widen (a hole or round opening in sth, such as the mouth of a sack, a loop, the hole in the roof of a thatched-roof hut, etc.) \ss abrirse o ensancharse (un agujero o abertura redonda, como la boca de un costal, un lazo, una agujero grande en el techo de una casa de palma, etc.) \pna Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s. \pea Your lasso is twisted up, (the loop in it) can't open up in order that you be able to lasso something. \psa Tu riata está torcida, no puede abrirse para que puedas lazar algo. \se to become loose (e.g., clothes or other things that go around sth) \ss estirarse o quedar más holgado (p. ej., ropa o cosas similares que se ponen alrededor de algo) \xrb koya: \nse <nao>Koya:wi</nao> refers to the stretching out (with the intensifier <n>te-</n> / in particular this verb indicates a harmful stretching) of a sack opening, a shirt or bonnet. It may also refer to openings or tears that get larger (e.g. in a thatched roof, or a hole in cloth). Finally, it may also be used as a sexual <spn>albur</spn> (double entendre) with a human subject, referring to the widening of the anus from penetration. This sexual allusion is particularly strong in the applicative <nlao>koya:wilia</nlao> and is noted in the vulgar sexual insult used in Ameyaltepec (but not Oapan): <na>tsi:nkoya:wak</na> 'faggot.' \ref 02916 \lxa a:jos \lxac a:jos \lxo ajos \lxoc ajos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ajos \psm N \der N-loan \se garlic \ss ajos \pna A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos. \pea It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic. \psa Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo. \sem plant \sem domesticated \mod Make sure that this acceptation of /molo:nki/ is in the dictionary, as well as /panowa/. \ref 02917 \lxa solo:ni \lxac solo:ni \lxo solo:ni \lxoc solo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni[+ca] \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to make a rushing sound (e.g., water in a rapids); to make a whirring, whizzing, or whooshing sound \ss hacer un sonido como de torrente (p. ej., agua en los rápidos); hacer un sonido como soplido, zumbido, runrún, etc. \pna Wel solo:ni motro:mpoh. \pea Your top can make a whooshing sound (when it spins rapidly). \psa Tu trompo puede hacer un sonido como de zumpido (al girar rápido). \pna Wa:lsolo:ntiw un ko:chin. \pea That car is coming along making a whirring sound. \psa Viene ese coche haciendo un sonido como de runrún. \se (<na>sa: solo:ntok</na>) to be just wheezing (as one is near death) \ss (<na>sa: solo:ntok</na>) estar nomás resollando (al aproximarse a la muerte) \xrb solo: \xvcao solo:naltia \xvkao sosolka \nde In Oapan <no>solo:ni</no> is apparently only used to refer to the wheezing of a person extremely ill and on the verge of death. It refers to a rumbling noise in the throat. In reference to water in Oapan only the progressive seems to be used: <no>solo:ntok</no>. \qry Check to determine whether a transitive form /solo:nia/ exists, or whether only /solo:naltia/, which is reported in my corpus, is found. If the two do exist, then determine the difference. If only /solo:naltia/ exists, then change the /cat field coding to V1-b(ni/ltia). Also determine what other potential subjects of /solo:ni/ are. \ref 02918 \lxa sio:tomi \lxac sio:tomi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \sea see <nla>soyotomi</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>soyotomi</nla> \xrb sio \xrb tom \vl Tag these tokens with the numbers for 02859, letters"c"and"d"for each speaker. \ref 02919 \lxa te:nkaxa:nki \lxac te:nkaxa:nki \lxo te:nkaxa:nki \lxoc te:nkaxa:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a loose top, cap, or lid (a container, etc.) \ss tener la tapa, tapadera o tapón flojo (un recipiente, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb kaxa: \nse <nao>Te:nkaxa:nki</nao> may refer to a cover or cap that should fit into the top of a pot, mouth of a bottle, etc., or it may refer to a screw-on top that is loose. Its antonym is <nlao>te:ntili:ntok</nlao> (in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan) or <nla>te:ntepi:stik</nla> (used in Ameyaltepec). \qry Check to determine all things that may be the subject. \ref 02920 \lxa xa:yakakakalaki \lxac xa:yakakakalaki \lxo xa:ya:kákaláki \lxoa xa:yá:kaláki \lxop xa:ya:kakalaki \lxop xa:yá:kalaki \lxoc xa:yá:kaláki; xa:ya:kákaláki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se to have ones cheeks sunken in \ss sumirsele las mejillas (a algn) \xrb xa:yaka \xrb kalak \nae Oapan Nahuatl <no>xa:ya:kákaláki</no> manifests reduplication of the verbal stem (given that this condition affects both cheeks at the same time). There is no reduction onto the previous syllable of the incorporated noun given that the vowel is long. The pitch accent remains on the reduplicant and does not shift leftward. Nevertheless, when I asked if an alternate pronunciation, <no>xa:yá:kaláki</no>, was acceptable, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez accepted it and gave it as an alternate pronunciation. This form, with pitch accent, would seem to have reduced reduplication (the {h} coda of the reduplicant is the source of pitch accent) on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun stem. This is unusual though not without precedent in Oapan Nahuatl. Nevertheless, though correct and acceptable, it is probably not the pronunciation that would be expected in normal speech. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication, k-loss: Oapan Nahuatl <no>xa:ya:kákaláki</no> manifests reduplication of the verbal stem (given that this condition affects both cheeks at the same time). There is no reduction onto the previous syllable of the incorporated noun given that the vowel is long. The pitch accent remains on the reduplicant and does not shift leftward. Nevertheless, when I asked if an alternate pronunciation, <no>xa:yá:kaláki</no>, was acceptable, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez accepted it and gave it as an alternate pronunciation. This form, with pitch accent, would seem to have reduced reduplication (the {h} coda of the reduplicant is the source of pitch accent) on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun stem. This is unusual though not without precedent in Oapan Nahuatl. Nevertheless, though correct and acceptable, it is probably not the pronunciation that would be expected in normal speech. \ref 02921 \lxa pro:beti \lxac pro:beti \lxo pró:wetí \lxop pro:weti \lxoc pró:wetí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pobre</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \se to become poor and impoverished \ss quedarse pobre \pna Moka wetska pa:mpa ke:n yo:tipro:bet. \pea He makes fun of you because you've become really impoverished. \psa Se burla de típorque te quedaste muy empobrecido. \syna plo:wetia \syna pro:betia \syno pró:wetiá \syno poró:wetiá \nae The /e/ of Oapan Nahuatl <no>pró:wetí</no> seems to have a slightly longer duration than expected. But given the phonological rule which readjusts pitch assignment to H-L-H only with a short second vowel (a long vowel would hold pitch accent), the /e/ has been considered short. \qry Determine for sure if the /o:/ is long and the /e/ short; perhaps the situation is reversed. \ref 02922 \lxa kwe:tekomo:ni \lxac kwe:tekomo:ni \lxo kwe:tekomo:ni \lxoc kwe:tekomo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \seao to have ones dress puff and billow out (e.g., while dancing, wading into water, etc.) \ssao quedarsele extendida hacia afuera la falda (a algn, p. ej., al bailar o entrar al agua) \xrb kwe: \xrb te- \xrb komo: \nae This term has only been documented with the intensifier; it is often used with the aspectual ending <n>-tiw</n>. \qry Apparently this only occurs with the infixed intensifier. However, this should be checked. There is probably a transitive form: obtain and enter and change the relevant fields. \ref 02923 \lxa chichikone:tl \lxac chichikone:tl \lxo chichikone:tl \lxoc chichikone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao puppy \ssao cachorro \sem animal \sem domes \xrb chichi \xrb kone: \nse Unlike <na>chichi</na>, <na>chichikone:tl</na> can be possessed. \ref 02924 \lxa te:kwitlani \lxac kite:kwitlani \lxo te:witlani \lxoa te:kwitlani \lxoc kite:witlanin, kite:kwitlani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to summon by sending word for \ss mandar llamar a; mandar traer a \pna Miste:kwitlani, kwa:lti:tlani se: para tiá:s. \pea He sends word for you, he sends someone here so that you will go. \psa Te manda llamar, envía a alguien aquípara que te vayas. \pna Segi:doh kite:kwitlani para ma ya icha:n. \pea He continually sends word for him to go to his house. \psa Seguido le manda decir que vaya a su casa. \se to summon to the village courthouse (<spn>comisaría</spn>) to appear before the mayor or his second \ss mandar llamar a la comisaría para comparecer ante las autoridades \syna tlalwia \xrb kwi \xrb -tlani \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>te:kwitlani</na> refers to the sending of a messenger or notice by letter (or similar means) to someone; the grammatical object is the person who has been informed and sent for. Thus the meaning of <nao>miste:kwitlani</nao> is that someone summons you (to where he is) by sending word to you. The directionals <n>on-</n> and <n>wa:l-</n> can be used, though most often they are not. The verb itself indicates an action that takes place over a distance, that which separates the person doing the summoning and the person summoned. Thus <na>ne:chwa:lte:kwitlani</na> is the same as <na>ne:xte:kwitlani</na>, though the form with the directional is rarely heard in unelicited speech. Note that since the person doing the summoning does not change location, the directional suffixes are not appropriate at all. \nae The etymology of <na>te:kwitlani</na> is not totally transparent, but it seems to comprise the nonspecific particle <n>te:-</n>, the verb root <nlao>kwi</nlao>, and the verbal suffix <n>-tlani</n> (which is probably related to <n>ihtlani</n>). Carochi (Lockhart, p. 298 ff) states that"El verbo <n>tlani</n> el <n>tla</n>, breve (que largo, significa ganar) aunque fuera de composición, no significa nada, tiene alguna semejança con <n>ìtlani</n>, pedir: por que componiéndose con otros verbos significa mandar, dessear, pedir, y propriamente pretender, que se haga lo que el precedente verbo significa." \vl Note that there are two sets of four tokens (F-M-F-M). Tag these, but don't select it for final links to the computer since there are later tokens at 06844 that have better sound. Re: the tokens originally at 6844. These are the ones to be linked. Note that there should be 6 female tokens as follows /kite:witlani/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanin/, /kite:witlanin/, /kite:kwitlanin/, /kite:kwitlanin/. The first is singular and the rest are plural, with the last two having /kw/ for /w/ in the second syllable. Do not link the singular (first female token if all segment) which has a final glottal stop. The male speech tokens from 6844 follow the same pattern but there are only 5: /kite:witlani/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:kwitlanih/, /kite:kwitlanih/. Again, don't link the first (singular) form but link one /kite:witlanih/ and one /kite:kwitlanih/. Pick the tokens where the final /h/ is the most prominent. \ref 02925 \lxa tetsi:liwtok \lxac tetsi:liwtok \lxo tetsi:lihtok \lxoc tetsi:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be tightly wound or twisted (e.g., the threads of a rope) \ss estar muy torcido y apretado (p. ej., los hilos de una soga o laso) \pna Xto:toma, tetsi:liwtok! \pea Untwist it (e.g., a wire that is twisted and coiled), it is tightly twisted up! \psa ¡Desenróscalo (p. ej., un alambre que está enroscado), está bien retorcido! \xrb tetsi:l \qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:liwtok/ and /tetsi:ltik/ are equivalent. It seems that perhaps in some cases they are, but that /tetsi:ltik/ may be used for tightly woven cloth while /tetsi:liwtok/ cannot be so used. \ref 02926 \lxa a:man \lxac a:man \lxo a:man \lxoc a:man \dt 02/Mar/2005 \psm Adv-tm \sea today (syn. Oa <nlo>a:mani:n</nlo>) \ssa hoy (sin. Oa <nlo>a:mani:n</nlo>) \pna San a:man niá:s. \pea I will only go today \psa Solamente hoy voy a ir. \se now \ss ahora \pna A:mantsi:n, xne:xchia! \pea In just a moment, wait for me! \psa Ahorita,¡espérame! \se nowadays \ss estos días \pna Xikne:li:listli ika o:hmaxtih. A:man xne:chselia. \pea He's not thankful that I taught him. Nowadays he doesn't accept me in his house. \psa No está agradecido por eso de que le enseñé, ahora no me recibe. \se now (it has resulted that) \ss ahora (resulta que) \pna O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik. \pea He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died. \psa Tuve una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió. \seo soon \sso ahora \pno A:man wa:hla:s. \peo He will come soon. \pso Ahora viene. \seo (<no>ma</no> \seo (<no>sa: ki</no> ~) just recently \sso (<no>sa: ki</no> ~) apenas \se (~ <nlao>chikwe:i</nlao>) a week from today \ss (~ <nlao>chikwe:i</nlao>) de hoy en ocho \se (~ <nlao>kaxto:hli</nlao>) two weeks from today; in a fortnight \ss (~ <nlao>kaxto:hli</nlao>) de hoy en quince \cfa sana:man \cfa a:mani:n \cfo saniman \cfao kea:man \xrb a:man \nse In <na>san a:man</na> the /n/ is velarized before the word boundary. This is distinct in pronunciation from <nla>sana:man</nla>. \qry Check the vowel length and saltillo, etc of both /keh a:man i:n/ and /ke: a:man/ (perhaps /keh a:man/). \mod Enter /ke: a:man/ also under /ke:/ or /keh/ after checking correct form; i:e., either /ke: a:man/ or /keh a:man/, often pronounced /kya:man/. \ref 02927 \lxa welmati \lxac kwelmati \lxo welmati \lxoc kiwelmati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to like the feel of (e.g., a massage; often this is used in a sexual sense, either direct or as an innuendo) \ss tener gusto por el sentir de (p. ej., un masaje; a menudo se utiliza con una implicación sexual directa o indirecta) \pna Nikwelmati notlapi:tsal, melá:k yema:nki. \pea I like the feel of my wind instrument, it is really loose (i.e., light to the touch). \psa Me gusta el sentir de mi instrumento de viento, es muy suave (esto es, al tocar no se encuentra resistencia). \se (refl.) to feel better \ss (refl.) sentirse mejor \pna Ye nimowelmati. \pea I'm already feeling better. \psa Ya me estoy sintiendo mejor. \xrb wel \xrb mati \nse When a human is the object of <nao>welmati</nao> it acquires a sexual sense. It is not overly vulgar, but used much more by men than women, e.g., <na>Nikwelmati un sowa:tl, melá:k na:wiltia</na> 'I like the feel of that woman, she is really frisky (in making love) / Me gusta como se siente esa mujer, es muy juguetona (en hacer el amor).' \ref 02928 \lxa a:tioh \lxac a:tioh \lxo a:tioh \lxoc a:tioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \tran -Trans \se to be full of lice \ss ser piojoso \xrb a:t \ref 02929 \lxa tlapowilia \lxac kitlapowilia \lxo tlapowilia \lxoc kitlapowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to open for \ss abrir para \seo to turn the sound up on (e.g., a radio) \sso subirle el sonido a (p. ej., un radio) \xrb tlapo \xvbao tlapowa \qry Check whether one can say /xne:xtlapowili nomi:hlan/. \grm Vowel length: Note that whereas all endings in tlapo:wi have a long /o:/ the forms of the applicative, which derive from tlapowa, have a short /o/ \ref 02930 \lxa pa:kilistlami \lxac pa:kilistlami \lxo pa:ilistlami \lxoc pa:ilistlami \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to become fully content or satisfied \ss llegar a ponerse completamente contento o satisfecho \pna A:man nipa:kilistlamis pa:mpa melá:k niknekia nikchi:was wa:n a:man nikchi:wtok. \pea I will be fully content now because I truly wanted to do it (e.g., a job or activity) and now I'm doing it. \psa Ahora voy a estar completamente contento porque de veras lo quería hacer (p. ej., un trabajo, una actividad) y ahora lo estoy haciendo. \pna Yo:pa:kilistlan pa:mpa yo:weka:w xtlai. Kwa:k xpa:kilistlami momo:stla ihkón onkah. \pea He's had his heart's content because he has been on the wagon (not drinking) for a long time. When he isn't satisfied, everyday he's like that (drunk). \psa Ya quedócontento porque ya tiene mucho tiempo que no bebe. Cuando no se satisface, cada día anda así(de borracho). \xrb pa:ki \xrb tlami \xvca pa:kilistlami:ltia \qry Make sure this means 'to become fully content or satisfied' and not 'for ones happiness to end' (as might be suggested by the meaning of /tlami/. Also make sure that the verb is /pa:kilistlami/ and not /pa:kilistlamia/. Get further examples of use. \ref 02931 \lxa kana:wtok \lxac kana:wtok \lxo kana:htok \lxoc i kana:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea to be thin or threadbare (e.g., cloth of an item of clothing) \ssa estar luído o desgastado (p. ej., la tela de una prenda de vestir) \xrb kana: \nae In Oapan <na>kana:htok</na> is used only as a progressive; in this sense it is like an"unergative"verb. For this reason Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez insisted on using the adverbial marker <no>i</no> (in other dialects often <n>ye</n>) in the utterance. The <no>i</no> is often used to indicate a progressive, particularly in cases in which the durative <n>-tok</n> can be interpreted as either stative/resultative or progressive. \qry Make sure this is a stative, and cf. to /kana:wak/. It might well be that the /-tok/ statives are not found with /-a:wi/ verbs. \grm Stative; progressive: Although I have the entry /kana:wtok/ meaning 'estáluído' it might well be that this is not really a used or common form, or, if it is, that it has more of a progressive meaning 'to be becoming threadbare.' Thus note that /toma:wtok/ would seem to not be an adjectival. Check all /-a:wi/ verbs for /-tok/ forms and see if these are statives/resultative or whether other derivations are (e.g., /tomaktik/, /toma:wak/, etc.). Note that FM refused to accept simply /kana:htok/ and stated that the correct form was /i kana:htok/. This is a good indication of the fact that /i/ is part of the progressive. Note that she did not accept this as a stative (and thus the stative should be removed from the dictionary). \ref 02932 \lxa so:sórron \lxaa so:sorrón \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan sonsorrón (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \syna tlakakalatsahli \syno kohcha:charah \sea noisemaker used during Holy Week \ssa matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa \nse <na>So:sórron</na> is undoubtedly a Spanish loan, though the source is still unidentified. The termination <na>-ón</na> seems to occur in several lexemes that refer to toys or to things that swirl around (such as occurs with a noisemaker). \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 02933 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlatl \lxac i:xte:nkwitlatl \lxo i:xte:nkwitlatl \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se excretions from the eyes \ss lagañas; excreciones de los ojos \pna Deke tiktlatlatas xo:tlame:tsi:n tihpias mi:xte:nkwitl. \pea If you stare at a firefly you will have excretions coming from your eyes. \psa Si le miras intensamente a un luciérnaga, se te va salir excreciones por los ojos. \sem body-part \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \qry Check and confirm /xo:tlame:tsi:n/ vl. \ref 02934 \lxa tlachialistli \lxac tlachialistli \lxo tlachialistli \lxoc tlachialistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se appearance (phyiscal, often in the sense of a pleasing or beautiful appearance) \ss apariencia (físico, generalmente en el sentido de tener una apariencia bonita y que da placer) \pna Yewa itlachialis. \pea That is the way he looks. \psa Eso es su apariencia. \pna To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:koti, san se: tlachialistli. \src DT#8: 248 \pea The <nba>to:ma:ya:tl</nba> and the <nba>xi:kotli</nba> have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black). \psa El <nba>to:ma:ya:tl</nba> y el <nba>xi:kotli</nba> tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros). \pna On ne:nkah xo:chitl, xkowa! Melá:k kipia itlachialis. \pea That flower over there, buy it! It really looks good (i.e., have bright, strong colors). \psa Esa flor allá,¡cómpratela!, De veras tiene buena apariencia (esto es, tiene colores brillantes). \se brightness (e.g., of a light or lamp) \ss brillantez (p. ej., de una luz o lámpara) \pna San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis. \pea It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't bright (e.g., a flashlight). \psa Nada más está centelleando, ya no tiene brillantez (p. ej., una lámpara eléctrica). \xrb chiya \ref 02935 \lxa isekilia \lxac kisekilia \lxo ísekília \lxop isekilia \lxoc kísekília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to toast (sth such as seeds) on a griddle for \ss tostar (algo como semillas) sobre el comal para \pna Xne:chisekili na:yowech! \pea Toast my squash seeds on a griddle for me! \psa ¡Tuéstame mi semilla de calabaza sobre un comal! \xrb hseki \xvba iseki \xvbo ísekí \ref 02936 \lxa te:mpi:na:wi \lxac te:mpi:na:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \tran -Trans \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to be timid or embarrassed in carrying out an activity that involves the mouth or lips (such as playing an instrument) \ss (usualmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) ser tímido o tener vergüenza en llevar a cabo una actividad que involucra la boca (como tocar un instrumento) \pna On toba:leh xok tlakwa:s, te:mpipi:na:wi ika to:hla:n. \pea That friend of ours is no longer going to eat, he's embarrassed because there are so many people. \psa Ese cuate ya no va a comer, se siente tímido porque hay tanta gente. \pna Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska. \pea She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile. \psa Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), está nada más sonriendo entre dientes. \pna Xok tlapi:tsas, te:mpipi:na:wi, yo:konkak ika kitla:tla:nin. \pea He will no longer play (his wind instrument, such as a trumpet), he's embarrassed, he's heard that they (i.e., another player) are somewhat better. \psa Ya no va a tocar (su instrumento de viento, como la trompeta), tiene vergüenza, ya oyóque ellos (p. ej., otro músico) le son un poco mejor. \syno kamá:pi:ná:wi \xrb te:n \xrb pi:na: \qry Check for transitive. \grm Reduplication; directionals; adverbs /Xok tlapi:tsas, te:mpipi:na:wi, yo:konkak ika kitla:tla:ni/ 'He will no longer play (his wind instrument such as a trumpet), he's embarrassed, he's heard that (the other player) is somewhat better.' The preceding phrase exemplifies the use of the a directional with a verb of sense experience. Here the directional refers to the fact that the source of the experience comes from a place that is distant, away from, the experiencier. In such verbs an intranverse directional is also possible. In this case it indicates that the source of the experience is located at the speaker: /o:kwa:lkak/ 'he heard it over here' (i.e., heard a sound that originated where the speaker was located). Also in the preceding phrase note the use of long vowel reduplication, which apparently signifies a mitigated sort of action, perhaps that communicated in Spanish by"quiere"e.g.,"le quiere ganar."I have translated this with"somewhat"but it should be checked (cf., /cho:ch o:ka/, or /ko:kochi/). Note how this type of reduplication has an adverbial quality, indicating not repetition of an act and its spatial distribution, but also manner. \ref 02937 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pá:paloh \lxoa pá:palon \lxoc pá:paloh, pá:palon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pápalo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified \sso tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem edible \equiva pa:patla \equivo tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k \nae The term <no>pá:paloh</no> is a borrowing from Spanish, but a very common term for the plant in Nahuatl called <na>pa:patla</na>. During botanical fieldwork Silvestre Pantaleón gave <nlo>tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k</nlo> as the name of the plant called <nla>pa:patla</nla> in Ameyaltepec. Note the difference in final consonant of Florencia Marcelino's and Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation. \qry Check to determine whether /pá:paloh/ is also used in Ameyaltepec. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (<na>Porophyllum</na> spp., e.g., <na>P. coloratum</na>) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has quequexte:"(<na>Xanthosoma</na> spp. e.g., <na>X. robustom</na> 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible plant, probably the identification with <na>Porophyllum</na> is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for <na>pa:patla</na> the Spanish <spn>pápalo</spn>, with no further identification. \nct xiwtli \vl Note the difference in final consonant of female and male speaker. Use first female token and second male token. Note that following the four tokens of /pá:paloh/ are four tokens of /a:tlapantsi:n/. These should be given numbers of 843, perhaps z and y for each. \ref 02938 \lxa ko:tsko \lxac i:ko:tsko \lxo ko:tsko \lxoc i:ko:tsko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \se part of the leg immediately behind the knee \ss parte de la pierna inmediatamente atrás de la rodilla \sem body \sem human \xrb ko:ts \xrl -ko \nse The definition is a reference to the part behind one's knee; not the calf. \mod Cf. the possibility of /ko:tstli/ and whether this is different from /ko:sko/. \vl Use second token of female speaker. \ref 02939 \lxa ma:kpahli \lxac ma:kpahli \lxo ma:hpahli \lxoc ma:hpahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pal \infn Stem 3 \se (usually possessed) palm (of ones hand) \ss (generalmente poseído) palma (de la mano) \se measure from the tip of ones thumb to that of the little finger in an outstretched hand \ss medida que va desde la punta del pulgar al del dedo meñique de una mano extendida \pna Kipia se: makpahli. \pea It measures on hand span. \psa Mide una mano. \sem measure \xrb ma \xrl -ko; -pal \encyctmp measures \qry Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/ \vl Cf. the first syllable in Oapan /ma:hpahli/. It appears to be devoiced; this should be compared later to initial /ma:p-/ sequences. \ref 02940 \lxa kokolisyowa \lxac kokolisyowa \lxo kokolisyowa \lxoc kokolisyowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to become blighted (a plant) \ss infectarse (una planta, por ejemplo, a causa de una peste o plaga) \pna Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh. \pea At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it started to turn brown from water, it became blighted, its leaves became perforated. \psa Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezó a quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban. \se to become very sick \ss enfermarse \pna O:kokolisyowakeh, ti:roh noma:ka:wilia:yan tekitl. \pea They got ill, they really overdid it with work. \psa Se enfermaron, se pasaron de trabajo. \xrb koko \dis kwalo \nse <nao>Kokolisyowa</nao> seems to be most commonly used to refer to plant blights and illnesses, not human disease. \qry This verb /kokolisyowa/ is often used to refer to plant blights and illnesses; confirm this and check other uses. Note that I had this phrase, which I removed because C. Flores said it was incorrect: /O:kokolisyowakeh tlakwa:mpetsmeh./ 'The <na>tlakwa:mpets</na> trees got became blighted.' \ref 02941 \lxa te:ma \lxac kite:ma \lxo te:ma \lxoc kite:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \se to fill; to pour (liquid or materials such as grains, sand, etc.) into (e.g., a bottle, gourd, <spn>perol</spn>, sack, etc.) \ss llenar; echar (un líquido, o materiales como granos, arena, etc.) adentro de (p. ej., un envase, calabazo, perol, costal, etc.) \pna Nitlate:mas ika refre:skoh. \pea I will fill up with soda (i.e., taking ones empty bottles as deposit to the truck and exchanging them for filled bottles, paying only the cost of the liquid).f \psa Voy a llenar con refrescos (esto es, voy a llevar los envases vacíos a la distribuidora y cambiarlos por botellas llenas, pagando solamente el costo del líquido) \pna Xte:te:ma un tlayo:hli ipan kosta:les! \pea Pour that corn into the sacks (one after another)! \psa ¡échale el maíz en los costales (uno por uno)! \se to fill with cement (e.g., the platform set up for laying the roof of a house) \ss colar; llenar con cemento (p. ej., sobre el andamio hecho para la azotea de una casa) \pna Kite:mas ikal. \pea He will pour cement for the roof of his house. \psa Va a echar cemento para el techo de su casa. \se to spread (seed or similar items) over (an area); to cover (an area, e.g., with earth and straw for a seed garden) \ss extender (semillas u otras cosas parecidas) sobre (unárea); cubir (unárea, p. ej., con tierra y zacate para un semillero) \pna Nika:n yo:nikte:n chi:hli. \pea I've spread chile seed on the ground here (i.e., scattering it on the ground of a seed garden, and then covering it with a thin layer of earth and grass). \psa Echésemilla de chile aquísobre el suelo (p. ej., en un semillero, primero echando la semilla y después tapándola con una capa delgada de tierra y zacate). \pna Mo:stla titlate:maskeh ika notlapacho:l. \pea Tomorrow we will prepare my seed garden by scattering seeds on the ground and sprinkling either on top (later to be covered with <nla>sakatl</nla>). \psa Mañana vamos a preparar mi semillero echando semillas por el suelo y cubriéndolas con una ligera capa de tierra (para después echarle una capa de zacate). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to ponder; to consider \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ponderar; considerar \pna Ok tiktete:ntiw abé:r kamanon melá:k tiás. \pea You are still pondering when you will go. \psa Todavía estás ponderando cuando te vas a ir. \pna Ok niktete:mas ke:no:n yes. \pea I'll still give some thought to how it will be. \psa Todavía voy a ponderar cómo va a ser. \pna Ok niktete:mas ke:no:n nikito:s. \pea I'm still going to think about how I will say it. \psa Todavía voy a pensar como lo voy a decir. \se (plural object only) to lay or set down on the ground (when reduplicated with a long vowel, the sense is of an orderly and evenly spaced arrangement) \ss (solamente con objeto plural) tender; poner o acostar sobre el suelo (con reduplicación de vocal larga, implica un orden más o menos parejo) \pna Yo:kinte:nkeh, a:man yo:kockkeh. \pea They've laid them down on the ground, now they've gone to sleep. \psa Ya los tendieron al suelo, ahora ya durmieron. \pna Yo:timote:nkeh, ye tikochi:skeh. \pea We have laid ourselves down on the ground, we are soon going to go to sleep. \psa Nos hemos tendidos sobre el suelo, ya nos vamos a dormir. \pna Yo:note:te:nkeh, ye kochin. \pea They have laid down next to each other, they are going to sleep. \psa Se tendieron juntos, ya van a dormir. \pna Xmote:te:maka:n -=xmote:makan-! Nankochiskeh. \pea Lay yourself (pl) down! You will go to sleep. \psa ¡Tiéndense sobre el suelo! Van a dormir. \se (plural object only, with short vowel reduplication) to place in order (such as things in a pile one on top of another, or things in line one behind another, or things on the ground one next to another) \ss (solo con objeto plural, y con reduplicación de vocal corta) colocar; ordenar (p. ej., apilar o colocar una cosa sobre otra; enfilar o colocar una cosa atrás de otra; o acostar en orden, una cosa junta a otra) \pna San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh! \pea The little pieces of paper are all scattered about (in this case on a table top). Place them in a neat pile! \psa Los pedacitos de papel están todos regados.¡Pónlos bien, uno sobre otro! \pna Xtete:ma noswaw ipan iswakohtli! \pea Place my (bundles of) corn leaves down in rows on the tree used for storage (i.e., a tree whose branches are used to hold up stored bundles of <nla>sakatl</nla>)! \psa ¡Coloca bien (los manojos de) mis hojas de maíz sobre esteárbol que se está utilizando como ramada! \pna Yo:kintete:nkeh nito:tikeh. A:man xke:wi:ti! \pea They've lined the dances up (in a religious line dance). Now begin it! \psa Ya pusieron a los danzantes en fila (para un baile religioso).¡Ahora comiénzalo! \cfa sakate:ma \cfao te:mi:tia \cfao xo:chite:ma \xrb te:m \xv1ao tlate:ma \nse The sense of 'to lay oneself down on the ground' (as in <na>Yo:note:te:nkeh, ye kochin</na>) is found only in the plural. If one person or animals lays down, the word might be <na>note:ka</na> or <na>nomela:wa</na>. Or if items are laid down, one might simply use <na>tla:lia</na>. However, as noted with one of the definitions, if seeds or earth or being spread out over an area on the ground (such as in a seed garden), <na>te:ma</na> is also used. In regards to filling, one consultant mentioned that <na>te:ma</na> is used in reference to filling up an empty container (such as soda bottles that are exchanged, or <na>peroles</na> that are filled with water), whereas the causative <na>te:mi:tia</na> is used when a container or recipient is already partially filled (i.e., 'to top off,' 'to fill up (the rest),' etc.). However, with <na>te:ma</na> meaning 'to fill' or 'to pour (into)' is seems that either the item being poured or the item being filled can serve as the primary object. Thus in <na>nitlate:mas ika refre:skoh</na> the verb (and <n>tla-</n>) seems to refer to the object being filled and the material that is used to accomplish the filling is expressed obliquely (i.e., it is not a core argument). However, at this same time this is a standard antipassive construction in Nahuatl in which patients are expressed obliquely in all situations (e.g., <na>nitlate:mo:s ika nowa:kax</na>). Thus it may well be that <na>refre:skoh</na> would be the object if a specific object were to be used. In the sentence <na>Xte:te:ma un tlayo:hli ipan kosta:les!</na> 'Pour that corn into the sacks (one after another)!' however, it is the maize (i.e., that which is poured) and not the recipient (the sacks) that is the object. Finally, however, note that in <na>kite:mas ikal</na> 'He will pour the cement roof for his house' it is 'house' that is the primary object, and here it seems that the house is the 'container' not the 'filling.' \qry Check the difference between /xtete:ma/ and /xte:te:ma/. Also between /note:man/, /nomela:wan/ and /note:kan/. Also discuss potential objects of a phrase such as /Yo:kinte:nkeh, a:man yo:kockkeh/. Probably the sense of /te:ma/ 'set on the ground in order', which is reduplicated in most cases, should be given a different entry as it is most likely a different word. \grm Antipassive: /Mo:stla titlate:maskeh ika notlapacho:l/. 'Tomorrow we will prepare my seed garden by scattering seeds on the ground and sprinkling either on top (later to be covered with <na>zacate</na>).' Note here there is an antipassive construction and the oblique expression of the area that is covered by the sprinking. Note that RS gives as one definition of /te:ma/: 'llenar algo de semillas o de tierra.' Thus the object here is not that which is sprinkled, but that which is covered. However, in the Ameyaltepec phrase /Nika:n yo:nikte:n chi:hli/ it is the chile (seeds) that is the object of the verb. \ref 02942 \lxa i:to:ni:hli \lxac i:to:ni:hli \lxo i:to:ni:hli \lxoc i:to:ni:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se sweat \ss sudor \xrb i:to:ni \sem functions \qry Check length of final /i/ as for noun I have recorded it long, but in the derived verb /i:to:nilwia/ I had it originally short. Check what else, besides humans, have /i:to:ni:l/. \ref 02943 \lxa chachawatik \lxac *chachawatik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea see <nla>tlanchachawatik</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tlanchachawatik</nla> \apa chachawa \xrb chawa \qry Cf. entry under /tlanchachawatik/. No evidence of unreduplicated form has been found, check. Also recheck vowels for possible ??chacha:watik given word /cha:wati/ etc. Apparently this form is related to the"apocopated"? noun /chachawa/. \ref 02944 \lxa tetso:liwi \lxac tetso:liwi \lxo tetso:liwi \lxoc tetso:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to dry up (a fruit, or similar objects) \ss resecarse (una fruta u otros objetos parecidos) \pna Yo:pe:w tetso:liwi motomaw. Ye wa:ktok. \pea Your tomatoes (of the type called <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao>) have started to shrink up. They are drying up. \psa Tus tomates (del tipo llamado <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao>) ya empezaron a resecarse. Se están secando. \ss secarse (p. ej., un pozo, charco, etc., quedando poco o nada de agua) \pna Yo:pe:w tetso:liwi a:tl, xok ma:s chika:wak me:ya. \pea The water (in a spring) has started to dry up, it no longer flows forth abundantly. \psa El agua (en un manantial) ya empezó a secarse, ya no fluye bien como antes. \flao tso:liwi \xrb tso:l \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 06078. Note that since the sound quality is better at the later recordings, the two linked tokens (one F and one M) should be taken from the tokens originally at 6078. \ref 02945 \lxa a:te:nko \lxac a:te:nko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-ko \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se river \ss río \pna Niá:s a:te:nko. \pea I'm going to the river (lit., 'to the river's edge'). \psa Voy al río (lit. 'a la orilla del río'). \se at the edge of a river; by the river \ss por la orilla de un río; por el río \syno a:pan \xrb a: \xrb te:n \rt I have analyzed this and other words with <na>te:ntli</na> as containing the root <na>te:m</na>. \ref 02946 \lxa tlankwi:stik \lxac tlankwi:stik \lxo tlankwi:stik \lxoc tlankwi:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have buck teeth, or front teeth that prevent ones mouth from properly closing \ss tener los dientes salidos o de conejo, que inhiben que la boca se cierre completamente \se (with short vowel reduplication) open and spaced apart (a weave, hammock, mesh, or wire fencing) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abierto y con amplio espacios (un tejido, hamaca, malla o cerca de alambre) \pna Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak. \pea It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave! \psa No está bien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas). Tiene el tejido abierto.¡Busca otro que tiene su tejido más cerrado! \apa tlakwi:ts \xrb tlan \xrb kwi:ts \qry Check to make sure this doesn 't only occur in reduplication form as in first example. \ref 02947 \lxa tla:ltetewistika:n \lxac tla:ltetewistika:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1(N2-tla) \se place in which the ground in uneven and covered with bumps (from small mounds, protruding rocks, etc.) \ss lugar en donde el suelo es disparejo y cubierto de topes (de pequeños montículos, piedras sobresalientes, etc.) \pna Tla:ltetewistika:n -=tlatetewistika:n-, xi:xmantok \pea It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth. \psa Estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no está plano. \sem topography \syna tlatetewistika:n \syno tla:lte:tewitska:n \xrb tewits \xrl -ka:n \dis tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n \qry Definitely a clarification is needed of the differences between /tla:ltetewis-/ and /tlatetewis-/ for the initial sequence, and /-witska:n/ and /-wistika:n/ for the final sequence. \ref 02948 \lxa a:totsiwi \lxac a:totsiwi \lxo a:totsiwi \lxoc a:totsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become watery (a mixture to which water is normally added, but here has had too much added) \ss aguadarse (una mezcla a que normalmente se le echa agua, pero que aquíse le ha echado demasiado) \pna O:a:totsiw motix, we:i o:hte:kilih a:tl. \pea Your maize dough (from <na>nextamal</na>) has gotten watery, you added a lot of water to it. \psa Tu masa de nextamal se aguadó, le echaste muchísima agua. \xrb a: \xrb tots \nse This verb and its derivatives indicate a mixture such as <nlao>tixtli</nlao>, mud for ceramics, mortar, etc. that has too much water in it. With <nao>tixtli</nao>, this makes it sticky and hard to make into tortillas. \nae The roots and composition of this word is uncertain. Obviously <nr>a:</nr> the root for 'water' is part of the word, but <nr>tots</nr> is not documented in other words from Ameyaltepec, Oapan, nor any other dialect I have searched. \mod Disambiguate from /a:tki/; cf. entry under /a:tostik/. \ref 02949 \lxa i:xkotia:n \lxaa i:xkotiá:n \lxac i:xkotia:n \lxo i:xkotia:n \lxoc i:xkotia:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \sea to be alone (in being in a place, in owning a particular property or item, i.e., not sharing) \ssa estar solo (en estar en un lugar) ser propio de (en tener posesión de alguna propiedad u objeto, esto es, no compartiendo) \pna San de newa ni:xkotiá:n nokal. \pea The house is for me alone (e.g., even though I rent from someone, I live by myself). \psa La casa es para mísolo (por ejemplo, aunque rento de alguien, no la comparto, vivo solo). \pna Ni:xkotiá:n nowa:xka. \pea It is mine alone (i.e., not shared with anyone). \psa Es mío solo (esto es, es mi propia cosa, no la comparto con nadie). \pna Ni:xkotia:n, ni:xkotia:mpa o:ntekets nokal. \pea By myself, I built my house by myself. \psa Yo solo, yo solo construími casa. \xrb i:x \xrl -ko; -ya:n \qry Check difference between Oa /i:xkotia:n/ and /i:xkotia:mpa/. \qry Check accentual pattern and final vowel length.Cf as in RS the form /i:xkoya:n/ exists. \grm Apparently this is a locative with /-ya:n/. In Ameyaltepec (and probably the Balsas area) one finds /i:xkotiya:n/, whereas Carochi (see RS) has /ixcoyan/ and also as a synonym, /ixcotian/, which he says is less frequent than the former. It appears that in Ameyaltepec /i:xko/ has been verbalized with /-ti/ and then locativized with /-ya:n/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in one of the tokens of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation of /i:xkochia:n/ the final /n/ is velarized. \ref 02950 \lxa má:n \lxac má:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of endearment to address a close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother) \ssa término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente feminimo cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela) \sea (alienable possession) close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother) \ssa (posesión enajenable) pariente feminino cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela) \pna Nikompale:wi:s nomá:n. \pea I'm going to go help my mama. \psa Voy a ir a ayudar a mi mamá. \cfa pa:n \xrb ma:n \nse Besides its use as a vocative, <na>ma:n</na> may be possessed, e.g. <na>noma:n</na> 'my mother.' As a vocative it is equivalent to <na>ma:chih</na>. \qry Note that it is unclear whether there is a final /n/ here (which should be velarized at a word boundary) or whether there is simply a nasalized vowel. This should be checked. \pqry Check nasalization of vowel. \grm Orthography: note that the accent is used in the orthography given that when possessed the stress is maintained on the nominal stem: /nomá:n/. \ref 02951 \lxa kwi:katilia \lxac kikwi:katilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to sing (a song) to \ssa cantar (una canción) a \pna Mitskwika:tili:s tli:n weli. \pea He will sing to you what he knows (or can). \psa Te va a cantar lo que sabe (o puede). \syno kwi:katla:lia \xrb kwi:ka \xvba kwi:katia \ref 02952 \lxa yeti:ka:mati \lxac kiyeti:ka:mati \lxo yeti:ka:mati \lxoc kiyeti:ka:mati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to feel (sth such as a heavy load) to be heavy \ss sentir pesado a (algo, como un cargo o costal pesado) \pna Note:katiki:sa moburroh, o:kiyeti:ka:mat tli:n o:tma:maltih. \pea In the middle of the route, your burro has laid down on the ground to rest, whatever you loaded was too heavy for him. \psa A medio camino se echa tu burro en el suelo, sintiópesado lo que le cargaste encima. \xrb ye \xrb mati \grm Compound; incorporation Note that when adjectivals of the -k/-ya/-tia paradigm are incorporated into verbs, the participial form in /-ka:-/ is used, as in the example of /yeti:ka:mati/. The same would occur with other similar words. \vl Do not use first male token which has, I believe a slip, a lower third vowel. \ref 02953 \lxa a:njolin \lxaa a:njoli:n \lxac a:njoli:n \lxo a:jolin \lxoc a:jolin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan ajonjolí \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 4 \se sesame \ss ajonjolí \cola itakatl \colo ítakátl \sem plant \sem domesticated \nae In Ameyaltepec it is unclear which of the two pronunciations is more common, or whether there is any distributional pattern to the variation. \qry Although the stress variation is accepted, and thus both entries (with penultimate and final syllable stress are correct, a problem with vowel length has been noted in various entries. Several entries had a long initial /a:/ followed by short /o/ and /i/. My feeling is that the /a/ should indeed be short but, given the status of this word as a borrowing, the final two vowels might alternate in length depending upon which receives stress (i.e. with stress determining length). Cf. /ama:tes/ as a borrowing vs. /a:matl/ from Nahuatl. Check pronounciation, i.e. placement of accent. Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ there is mention of prepared foods that use this type of bean. All have their own separate entry except /anjolí:n ika mo:hli/. Check this and if it is a food, give it an entry and discuss how it is made. \pqry Recheck vowel length! \ref 02954 \lxa to:moiswatl \lxac to:moiswatl \lxo tó:moíswatl \lxoc tó:moíswatl \lxt xo:pantsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se type of cactus not yet identified \ss tipo de cactus todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb to:moh \xrb swa \encyctmp to:motli \cpl Ramírez (1991) mentions this as called <spn>tuna de zacate</spn> in Spanish, and of the <i>Cactaceae</i> family. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Note that in San Juan Tetelcingo <nt>xo:pantsi:n</nt> is used to refer to both the fruit and the cactus itself. \nct to:motli \ref 02955 \lxa tlai \lxac tlai \lxo tlai \lxoc tlai \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink or imbibe an alcoholic beverage (often with the implication of a final state of drunkenness) \ss beber o ingerir una bebida alcohólica (a menudo con la implicación de un estado final de borrachera) \pna Tlaiwa o:tlai:lo:k. \pea Last night there was drinking. \psa Anoche la gente tomaba. \se (particularly in impersonal constructions) to drink as part of a festivity (such as a wedding, etc.; by extension, to have or participate in a fiesta) \ss (particularmente en constructiones impersonales) beber (bebidas alcohólicas) como parte de una fiesta (como una boda, etc., \pna Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s. \pea She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon. \psa Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas. \pna Mo:stla tlai:lo:s! \pea Tomorrow there will be festivities (e.g., a wedding) at which people will drink and get drunk. \psa Mañana va a haber festividades (p. ej., una boda) donde la gente va a tomar y emborracharse. \flao oni \xrb i \xvcao tlai:tia \xbtlao oni \dis tlai; tlaoni \nae In Ameyaltepec this verb has both a short final /i/ and a long final /i:/ in the perfective and future roots. Thus one finds <na>o:tlai:k</na> and <na>tlai:s</na> as well as <na>o:tlaik</na> and <na>tlais</na> (the latter in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz and a few others). However, it does seem that the most common pronunciation is with a long vowel. Note also that with the verbs <nla>oni</nla>, <nla>po:ki</nla>, <nla>a:to:li</nla>, the final /i/ is long on the perfective and future inflections. \qry Check for applicative. \ref 02956 \lxa kwa:lia \lxac kikwa:lia \lxo kwa:lia \lxoc kikwa:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to eat (a food) belonging to \ss comerle (una comida) a \pna Nikte:kwa:litiki:sa sá:ndiah. \pea I will eat someone's watermelon (taken from their field) on the way there. \psa De paso hacia allá voy a comerme una sandía de alguien (sacándola de su milpa). \pna O:ne:chkwa:lih koyo:tl nopió. \pea A coyote ate my chicken. \psa Un coyote me comió una gallina. \pna Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s. \pea If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back. \psa Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando mueras vas a reponerle las plumas \se to affect (sb) adversely by biting (particularly a child of sb [PO]) \ss afectar (a algn) adversamente al morder (a algo de esta persona [OP], particularmente a su hijo) \pna O:ne:chkwa:lih ko:lo:tl nopo:tsi:n. \pea A scorpion bit my little girl. \psa Un alacrán me mordió a mi hijita. \xrb kwa \xv2ao tlakwa:lia \xvbao kwa \grm Applicative; /tla-/: Perhpas for semantic analysis it would be wise to indicate two types of /tla-/, one context independent and the other context dependent. The most context independent would be those that are completely fused to the verb. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl /tlama/ is such a case. Another (with a causative) would be /tlato:ltia/ 'to ask of'. In these cases there are several indications that the /tla-/ is acontextual and non-anaphoric: the meaning of the object prefix is understood (in fact quite definite) out of context; and the same prefix can be reduplicated (i.e., it has become fused to the root). Perhaps one can call this /tla-/ context free, canonical, etc. It's meaning is understood out of context. However, there is also a more contextually determined /tla-/: this can be used with a verb when context establishes the object referent. Clearly with the verb /kwa/ both /tla-/'s can be used. One is acontextual and the other canonical, with the meaning of 'to eat a meal.' However, what one can also notice is that with an applicative it is the transitive version of tla + kwa that is relevant. That is, /mistlakwa:lia/ means not 'he ate a meal (affecting you/in relation to you/about you)' but rather 'he ate sth of yours' where this"something"is recoverable from context or discourse. Thus, in a sense, /tlakwa/ is more intransitive than /tlaa:ltia/ 'to make candles' in which the /tla-/ is used, but a culturally determined specific referent is recoverable, i.e., 'candles.' Given that this is recoverable outside of context, the applicative is of a transitive form: /mistlaa:ltili:s/ 'she will make candles for you.' Or consider /tlamiktia/ 'to slaughter (an animal).' Here there is not as specific a referent ('candles') as with /tlaa:ltia/, but still the referent is somewhat specific as culturally determined (i.e., only those animals that are slaughtered for food, particularly pigs and cattle, but perhaps also goats and sheep). Understood as transitive, the applicativ e is somethat predictable, even though the object is usually left unspecified: /kitlamiktili:s/ 'he will slaughter (an animal) for you.' Thus a prediction may be offered: The greater the transitivity of the /tla-/ construction, the more likely an applicative form. At the same time, when an applicative form with /tla-/ occurs, the meaning of /tla-/ is recoverable from either cultural determinations (e.g., as in /tlamiktia/) or from context (e.g., with /tlakwa:lia/). \ref 02957 \lxa tetekwitsio \lxac i:tetekwitsio \lxo tetekwitsio \lxoc i:tetekwitsio \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N2 \se rough, thornlike bumps (as found on certain trees) \ss protuberanciasásperas y espinosas (como las que se encuentran sobre ciertosárboles) \pna Kakapaxtik un po:cho:kuwtli, kipia itetekwitsio. \pea The surface of that pochote tree is rough, it has large thornlike bumps. \psa La superficie de ese pochote esáspera, tiene abolladuras como espinas. \xrb tekwits \nae The pronunciation of /kw/ is clear, but the etymology of this word is not. From its semantics it would seem to be a type of"intensified"use of <nlao>wistli</nlao> 'thorn.' But the presence of /k/ is unexplained. For now the root has been left as <nr>tekwits</nr>. \qry Check etymology. If so, change the entry here and under /kakapaxtik/, where the above phrase is also given as an example. \ref 02958 \lxa kuwbu:rroh \lxac kuwbu:rroh \lxo kohbu:rroh \lxoa kohpo:rroh \lxoc kohpo:rroh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>burro</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se sawhorse \ss burro \sem tool \xrb kow \nae The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences. \qry Recheck meaning to see if this is equivalent to /kuhburri:toh/ or different. I think that /kuhburroh/ refers to the sawhorse or the base of beds made of /tlapextli/ whereas /kuhburri:toh/ is used for the three-pronged stick as indicated. Note that the final /h/ has been checked and is correct as recorded. \grm Oapan phonology: /kohporroh/ : The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences. \ref 02959 \lxa tlapaloh \lxac tlapaloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \sea horizontally (e,g., sth loaded onto a burro) \ssa horizontalmente (p. ej., algo cargado a un burro) \sea around the edge (e.g., of a mountain, instead of directly over it; said of a road or path) \ssa travesado; pasando por el lado (p. ej., un camino o senda que pasa por el lado de una montaña o cerro y no directamente sobre la cima) \fl tlapalo:tl \xrb tlapal \qry Check to determine if there is a double /ll/, i.e., /tlapahloh/. Check phonology with /tlapahloh/. \ref 02960 \lxa te:tlatia \lxac te:tlatia \lxo te:tlatia \lxoc te:tlatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \se generic name for a type of tree, the <nba>te:tlatia</nba>, that apparently comprises three types \ss nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el <na>te:tlatia</na>, que aparentemente consiste en tres tipos \se specific type of <na>te:tlatia</na> tree, apparently also called, in Ameyaltepec, <na>te:tlatia de sowa:tl</na> \ss tipo específico de <na>te:tlatia</na>, aparentemente el que en Ameyaltepec se llama también <na>te:tlatia de suwa:tl</na> \pna Te:tlatia | Chika:wak, bwe:noh para komaxahli. Xreme:dioh. Deke tikxixi:mas wa:n niman tikma:ma:s, tihkechpano:s wa:n o:kasik ipan mokechkuwyo, kixixi:pe:wa, nakokwi, axoto:ni. Te:muwtih ia:yo. \src Pánfilo Lorenzo \pea <na>Te:tlatia</na> : It is hard, it is good for forked posts. It's not a remedy. If you take off its bark and right away carry it away, you hoist it on your shoulders and it gets on your neck, it causes it to peel, (the skin) rises up, it blisters. Its sap is fierce. \psa <na>Te:tlatia</na> : Es duro, es bueno para horcones. No es remedio. Si le pelas la cáscara y luego te lo cargas, luego te lo pones por los hombros y te roza el cuello, lo hace pelar, se alza (la piel), se forman ampollas. Su savia es brava. \pna Te:tlatia | Ka:n ne:si pi:ntoh timotla:lilia ime:me:yahlo. Tipatis. \src Felix and Paulina Venancio \pea <na>Te:tlatia</na> : You place its sap on where the disease called <spn>pinto</spn> appears. You will be cured. \psa <na>Te:tlatia</na> : Donde aparece el pinto le pones su savia. Te vas a aliviar. \pna Te:tlatia | Te:muwtih ime:me:yahlo te:tlatia. Deke tihki:tskia un kohtli ime:me::yahlo tikekexkias wa:n timouwa:nas, pero ma:s timouwa:nas ma:s kwala:ni, ma:s ki:sa para tikekexkias. \pea <na>Te:tlatia</na> : The sap of the <na>te:tlatia</na> is fierce. If you grab that tree's sap you will get itchy and you will scratch yourself, but the more you scratch yourself the madder it gets, and the more itchy you get. \psa <na>Te:tlatia</na> : La savia del <na>te:tlatia</na> es brava. Si agarras la savia de eseárbol vas a sentir un escocer y te vas a rascar, pero mientras más te rasques más se enoja y más resulta que te sientes un escocer. \cpl The <na>te:tlatia</na> is excellent for posts (<spn>horcones</spn>); in fact, it might well be the best tree for this use. Most people recognize only two types of <na>te:tlatia</na>, the <na>te:tlatia</na> itself and the <nla>te:tlatia pitsa:wak</nla>. However, Hoyo de la Rosa was quite specific that there was another type, the /te:tlatia tlatla:katl/. This was collected (plant 230) \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tla \ncx te:tlatia; te:tlatia pitsa:wak \nct kohtli; te:tlatia \qry Determine plural formation. Add to grammar as to the plural process for N-dvb-0 constructions. Check whether /tlatlatsi:n/ is another name for one of these trees. \ref 02961 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry, for /Isti Kaba:yoh/, was removed and placed on the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 02962 \lxa nenemiya \lxac inenemia \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ya \infn N2 \sea way of walking of \ssa manera de caminar de \pna Ihkón inenemiya, pachiwtiw. \pea That's the way it walks (in this case a certain four-legged animal), it goes along bent over. \psa Así es su manera de caminar (en este caso un cierto un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado. \xrb nemi \qry Make sure that the accent is not on the final /i/. If so, then change to /nenemiya/. \ref 02963 \lxa wekahli \lxac wekahli \lxo wákahlí \lxoa wékahlí \lxoa wá:hlí \lxoc wákahlí, wá:hlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se <spn>jícara</spn>, type of round, circular gourd, often cut in half to use for scooping water \ss jícara, tipo de calabaza redonda y circular, a menudo cortada a la mitad y utilizado para sacar agua de una tinaja, pozito, etc. \se any of a type of plastic bowl used as a <spn>jícara</spn> \ss recipiente de plástico utilizado como jícara \syna xi:kahli \sem tool-house \sem body \sem human \xrb wahkal \nse These bowls are made of the <nbo>kohtekomatl</nbo> (Oa), as opposed to <nlao>xi:kahli</nlao>, which is made from the <nbao>a:tekomatl</nbao> gourd. The terms <na>wekahli</na> and <na>xi:kahli</na> are apparently synonymous in Ameyaltepec (in Oapan <na>xi:kahli</na> has not been documented), though the former is the much more common term. In Classical Nahuatl the term <n>uacalli</n> indicated, according to Molina,"angarillas para llevar carga en las espaldas."It would appear that Ameyaltepec <na>wekahli</na> and Oapan <no>wá:hlí</no> are related to this term, with a semantic shift to what was formerly covered only by the term <n>xi:kahli</n>. \nae As common in Oapan, {k} deletes by phonological rule between two equal vowels, in this case /a/. \qry I had this def. which was removed as C. Flores denied its correctness: 'part of the abdomen just below where the ribs meet and where there is a slight cavity or depression' \vl Note that there are two forms of this entry. Tag the long form"a"and"b"for female and male, then tag the short form"c"and"d"for each speaker. When the final four tokens are selected they will be joined in two files. One would be f-m for /wékahlí/ and the other f-m for /wá:hlí/. \ref 02964 \lxa cho:kilia \lxac kicho:kilia \lxo cho:kilia \lxoc kicho:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to cry for or about (e.g., particularly for sb or sth, e.g., a beloved animal, that dies) \ssao llorar a o por (p. ej., a una persona o animal querido recién muerto) \pna Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis. \pea I will cry for you when you die. \psa Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras. \seao (~ <nao>tomi:n</nao>) (fig.) to be a penny-pincher \ssao (~ <nao>tomi:n</nao>) (fig.) ser codo; llorar por su dinero \pna Kicho:kilia: itomi:n. \pea He counts his pennies (he is a cheapskate, i.e., 'he cries after (or for) his money'). \psa Es codo (llora por su dinero). \xrb cho:ka \xvbao cho:ka \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, in regard to crying about humans, <no>cho:kilia</no> is used for crying about someone's death whereas <no>-ka cho:ka</no> is used when crying about someone's absence (e.g., <no>moka nicho:ka</no>), when someone is sick, etc. \vl Ignore first erroneous pronunciation kikochi:lia; rather, tag this as 01932 letter"z"or whatever is needed. \ref 02965 \lxa xokotl \lxac xokotl \lxo xokotl \lxoc xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for a group of wild plum trees \ss nombre genérico para un grupo deárboles de ciruelo silvestre \se (fig.) braggart; big talker \ss (fig.) fanfarrón; hablador \pna San xoxokotin, xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian. \pea They are braggarts, what they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another. \psa Son fanfarrones, no es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra. \pna Tixokotl, ma:ski xtlah tikpia. \pea You are a big talker even though you don't have anything (i.e., no money, cattle, land, etc.). \psa Eres un fanfarrón aunque no tienes nada (esto es, nada de dinero, ganado, terreno, etc.). \fla kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb xoko \ono super xokotl \cpl To date, the following trees have been recorded as being of the member of trees covered by the term <na>xokotl</na>. Eusebio Díaz gave the following list: <nla>a:waxokotl</nla>, <nla>kopaxokotl</nla>, <nla>masa:xokotl</nla>, <nla>texokotl</nla>, and <nla>xa:xokotl</nla>. Luis Lucena gave the same except for the <na>texokotl</na>. However, he named two other types of <na>xokotl</na> : <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xah</nla> and <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh</nla>. Apparently these are subvarieties of the <nla>tsope:lik xokotl</nla>. Other consultants gave three different subvarieties of <na>tsope:lik xokotl</na>, all of which bear fruit in late summer (August and September): <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xah</nla>, <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik</nla>, and <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh</nla>. In addition, it seems that the <na>masa:xokotl</na> itself has two subvarities: <na>masa:xokotl</na> and <nla>mihka:xokotl</nla>. Finally, some consultants named another plum, the <nla>teko:nxokot l</nla>, which is not found in the vicinity of Ameyaltepec but does grow near San Francisco Ozomatlán. \nct kohtli \qry For all the preceding, check whether the fruit is edible, when it ripens, wood use, etc. \qry In my original file card I had written down /nixoxokotl tlatowa/. This might be in error as the construction is not known to me. It should be checked as I might have confused the /tl/ /tl/ sequence, or a speaker might have given an overful careful utterance and change /xoxokotlatowa/ to /xoxokotl tlatowa/. Check. If the originally recorded phrase is correct, i.e., if one can say /nixoxokotl tlatowa/ then this shows quite clearly that noun modification in preverbal position might well have the subject marked on it (i.e., furthest to the left). However, I think probably I erred in recording the absolutive suffix at the end of /xokotl/. \mod Check Flk 1984-05-03.1 \ref 02966 \lxa ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni \lxac ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni \lxo ixipilchi:kopo:ni \lxoc ixipilchi:kopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[PM-V1] \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infn -Trans \infv class-3a \se to split open the end of ones toe \ss reventarsele la punta de un dedo de pie \pna O:nikxipilchi:kwepo:n, o:nimokxipiltewih ika tetl. \pea I split the end of my toe open, I stubbed my toe on a rock. \psa Se me reventóla punto del dedo de pie, me di con una piedra en el dedo del pie. \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb chi:- \xrb kwepo: \qry Check causative/transitive form, perhaps also as a reflexive. Check for possiblity of /te-/. \vl Use second token for each speaker. \ref 02967 \lxa wa:kax \lxac wa:kax \lxo wa:kax \lxoa nowá:x \lxoc wa:kax; nowá:x \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan vacas \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \infnirreg pl. <na>waka:xteh</na> (Am), <no>waka:xtih</no> (Oa); <no>nowa:kax</no>, <no>nówá:x</no> \se cattle \ss ganado \sem animal \sem domes \cfao wa:kaxnakatl \nse <na>Wa:kax</na> is used as a generic plural as is English 'cattle.' The plural <na>waka:xteh</na> is used for individuated head of cattle. \nae That that with the /k/-deletion rule of Oapan Nahuatl, one finds <no>wa:x</no> although this is rarely found in isolation. More common is the abbreviated word (with /k/ deletion) in possessed forms: <no>i:wá:x</no>. Note that long vowels formed through the intervocalic deletion of /k/ seem to be particularly long. Thus in one pronunciation of <no>nowá:x</no> the nucleus of the last syllable is somewhere around 270 ms. Moreover, the peak pitch is closer to the onset than to the coda, which is contrary to the general pattern. A full study of /k/-deletion and its effect on vowel quantity and quality needs to be carried out. But one possibility is to mark the deletion with an apostrophe. Thus one would have an orthographic representation of /nowá:ax/ or /wá:ax/ in the unpossessed form. Note, finally, that the lost of intervocalic /k/ (of <no>wa:kax</no>) is more common in the compound <nlo>wa:kaxnakatl</nlo> \nct yo:lki \qry Check vowel quantity for /waka:xteh/. \pqry Ask SG to analyze the difference between a long vowel and something like /tla:atl/ and /waax/, which seem to have a double vowel. \grmx Oapan phonology; vowel length; k-deletion: That that with the /k/-deletion rule of Oapan Nahuatl, one finds <no>wa:x</no> although this is rarely found in isolation. More common is the abbreviated word (with /k/ deletion) in possessed forms: <no>i:wá:x</no>. Note that long vowels formed through the intervocalic deletion of /k/ seem to be particularly long. Thus in one pronunciation of <no>nowá:x</no> the nucleus of the last syllable is somewhere around 270 ms. Moreover, the peak pitch is closer to the onset than to the coda, which is contrary to the general pattern. A full study of /k/-deletion and its effect on vowel quantity and quality needs to be carried out. But one possibility is to mark the deletion with an apostrophe. Thus one would have an orthographic representation of /nowá:ax/ or /wá:ax/ in the unpossessed form. \vl For final links, have two tokens for each speaker, one should be /wa:kax/ and the other /nowá:x/. The middle four tokens, /wá:x/ or /wa:'ax/ should be tagged but not selected for final links. For male /nowá:x/ use last token.. For this entry, therefore, there are 6 tokens for each speaker, varying from wa:kax, wa:'ax, and nowá:x. Select the 1st and 3rd pronunciations, one token each speaker. \ref 02968 \lxa patlaktsatsi \lxac patlaktsatsi \lxo patláhtsátsi \lxop patlahtsatsi \lxoc patláhtsátsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to scream loudly in pain or fright (often suddenly and without warning) \ss gritar fuertemente de dolor o miedo (a menudo repetinamente) \pna Patlaktsatsi. Kwi:tekin. \pea He screams in pain. They are whipping him. \psa Grita de dolor. Le están dando látigos. \sem sound-human \xrb patla: \xrb tsahtsi \xvca patlaktsatsi:tia \xvco patláhtsatsí:tia \nse This verb is used, for example, to describe the shout of a young man who falls or is being beaten up. \nae <na>Patlaktsatsi</na> is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem <nao>patlak</nao> (as in <na>tepatlaktik</na>), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which <nlao>patla:wi</nlao> has a stem form <nao>patlak</nao> that enters into compounds. \qry Determine difference between /patlaktsatsi/ and /tsatsi/, as well as other types of shouting. Get any other words that might begin with /patlak-/ as a modifier. Document whether /tepatlaktik/ exists, if so enter and xref to nse field above. \qry Check meaning; also check for /patlaktsatsilia/. \grm Stem; verbs as modifiers: <na>Patlaktsatsi</na> is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem <nao>patlak</nao> (as in <na>tepatlaktik</na>), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which <nlao>patla:wi</nlao> has a stem form <nao>patlak</nao> that enters into compounds. \vl Use first female token and second make token. \ref 02969 \lxa muwtia \lxac kimuwtia \lxo mohtia \lxoc kimohtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to scare \ss espantar \pna O:ne:chmuwtih kowatl. \pea The snake frightened me. \psa Me espantóla culebra. \se (refl.) to become frightened or scared \ss (refl.) quedar espantado \xrb mawi \xvba mowi \dis ma:muhtia \nse <na>Muhtia</na> is virtually equivalent to <na>ma:muwtia</na> ; the second form is much more common. Nevertheless there seems to be a difference (that perhaps parallels that between <na>muwi</na> and <na>mumuwi</na>). My impression is that the unreduplicated form, <na>muwtia</na>, when referring to an animal refers to a nervous animal that is easily startled, whereas the form <na>ma:muwtia</na> seems to indicate more that the animals were frightened by something or something in particular. One speaker mentioned that <na>muwtia</na> is weaker than <na>ma:muwtia</na>. Thus if a child is afraid of a stranger one uses <na>nomuwtia</na>, but if one is walking alone in the hills and sees a snake: <na>noma:muwtia</na> or also, <na>kima:muwtia</na>, with more in the sense of 'to be scared' to 'to be startled' rather than 'to be frightened.' \nae Whereas in Ameyaltepec the base verbal form <nla>muwi</nla> is found, though rarely used, in Oapan the base form only exists with reduplication: <nlo>mumuwi</nlo>. \qry Re: difference between /ma:muhtia/ and /muhtia/: the distinction noted above may only be an impression and should be confirmed in usage and questioning. \ref 02970 \lxa tesi:si:kwiltik \lxac tesi:si:kwiltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \sea to be spotted or dotted \ssa ser goteado o salpicado de colores \sem color \syna si:tlaltik \syno sísi:tláltik \fla tesi:si:tlaltik \xrb si:kwil \nse The etymology of <na>tesi:si:kwiltik</na> is unclear, though the fact that consultants stated it to be synonomous with <nla>tesi:si:tlaltik</nla> suggests the possibility of a relationship to <nla>si:tlalin</nla>. \qry Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to see if /te-/ is obligatory. Given that Oapan forms have a short rdp, recheck the vowel length here and correct as necessary. Also, given that this word, tesi:si:tlaltik, is apparently synonymous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/, (check), also the vl there should be checked. \mod See illustration on original filecard. \vl Check and cf to Am /tesi:si:tlaltik/. \ref 02971 \lxa pi:tsiwi \lxac pi:tsiwi \lxo pi:tsiwi \lxoc pi:tsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become narrow (an opening) \ss cerrarse (una apertura, poniéndose más apretado o angosto) \pna Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli. \pea They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through). \psa No lo vieron luego (en este caso la vereda por donde pasaba de un lado al otro de una cerca de piedra). El lugar (esto es, la apertura) quedómás estrecho, se había derrumbado (la cerca), el camino quedó angosto. \sem distort-shape \cfao tso:liwi \xrb pi:ts \dis tso:liwi; pi:tsiwi; etc. \grm /Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli/ 'They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).' NOTE the way in which voice is manipulated in this structure. First, there is an anaphoric reference to the place in the wall (the open gate) through which the path passed: /xniman o:kitakeh/ where the /k(i)-/ refers to the opening. Then there is the use of /tla-/ to impersonalize an unaccusative verb. Here it is apparently the opening that became more narrow, but /tlapi:tsiwi/ is used, not /pi:tsiwi/. What this does is highlight the action (the event of narrowing) and background the subject (the opening in the wall that had become narrowed). It would seem that the function of /tla-/ here is not so much because there is no subject, or an unknown subject, butrather to focus more on the event (which caused the opening to become hidden or hard to see) than on the subject. The next verb refers to the wall, a new subject though one implied already in the previous discourse. Finally, there is a repetition of the original verb, though here in a transitive form with a reflexive marker: /o:nopi:tsoh otli/. This seems to give a greater patientive meaning (as opposed to /o:pi:tsiw/) while at the same time maintaining a fairly overt reminder that the road (subject) had become narrowed through the effect (agentivity loosely conceived) of the wall having fallen. In sum, the above phrase illustrates the richness of Nahuatl voice marking in a series of verb: transitive (S-O), impersonal (tla-), intransitive (unaccusative), and reflexive. \ref 02972 \lxa tlakopostehki \lxac *tlakopostehki \lxo tlákopostéhki \lxoc tlákopostéhki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-alt-ki \pa yes-lex-lex \se to be broken in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, bar, bone, handle, etc.) \ss estar roto en dos mitades (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, etc.) \xrb tlahko \xrb posteki \qry Check possible use of /te-/ as in /tlakoteposteki/. C. Flores did not accept the participial form. \vl Note that first two tokens before final beep are in error; female says /tlakó:postéki/ and then male repeats. Tag them manually as 99999 for the number and then Oa_f1_a, etc. Keep track and then go backward to 99998, 99997, etc. Then, the next 3 tokens are also in error (2 female and one male). They are /tlakópostéki/ and should be tagged with word #3485 c and d for female, c for male. Finally, the final 4 tokens are correct, with /h/: /tlakópostéhki/. They should be tagged for 2972 and selected later. \ref 02973 \lxa ka:soh \lxac ka:soh \lxo ka:son \lxoc ka:son \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan caso \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se large sheet metal tub \ss tina grande de lámina \sem tool \nse This is clearly a Spanish term, although the Spanish definition, and perhaps its regionality, has not yet been identified. \ref 02974 \lxa namaka \lxaa nemaka \lxac kinamaka \lxo nemaka \lxoa namaka \lxoc kinemaka, kinamaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \se to sell \ss vender \pna Wel nitlanamaka. \pea I can sell things. \psa Puedo vender. \pna Kina:namakaitlayo:l. \pea He sells his maize here and there. \psa Vende su maíz por aquíy por allá. \xrb namaka \xvca namaki:ltia \nae According to Inocencio Díaz (Am), the reduplicative pattern in both dialects apparently accepts both the reduplication of the verbal stem, e.g., <na>tlanenemaka</na> or <na>tlane:nemaka</na> (Am), or reduplication of the antipassive form, <na>tla:tlanemaka</na>, here apparently only a long vowel reduplicant is acceptable. According to Inocencio D \qry Check perfective plural: /o:kina:makeh/? Add to paradigm. Inflexion \rt Check all words with /na:-/ as part of the root and determine whether any further analysis can be made. Here it would seem possible to divide /na:maka/ into /na: + maka/. And note that /na:-/ does enter into many words that seem to indicate some sort of returning action (e.g., /na:nkilia/, /-na:l/, etc.). \nse Conduct further analysis on root analysis of {na: + maka}. \vl Use first female token and second male token. \ref 02975 \lxa ma:mali:nah \lxac ma:mali:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan madrina \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of address for ones godmother \ssa término para dirigirse a la madrina \sea (alienable possession) godmother (from baptism, confirmation, or <na>medida</na>) \ssa (posesión enajenable) madrina (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida) \pna Nikpale:wi:s noma:mali:nah. \pea I will help my godmother. \psa Voy a ayudar a mi madrina. \sem kin \qry Note that the vowel length is definite as it is here recorded; cf. reference term /-koma:lnan/. \ref 02976 \lxa komaxahli \lxac komaxahli \lxo komaxahli \lxoc komaxahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se thick, forked wooden pole, often placed upright in the ground, used for support, particularly in house construction \ss horcón, un grueso palo bifurcado utilizado principalmente en la construcción de casas, ramadas y otras estructuras mayores \xrb ko \xrb maxal \encyctmp kahli; construction \nse The derivational process and etymology of <na>komaxahli</na> is uncertain. The word contains the morpheme <na>max</na>, which enters into many words having to do with something forked or bifurcated. The element <na>ko</na>, which has been classed as"S"(stem), signifies 'wood' and is probably related to <na>kwaw</na>. The following trees, according to Emidio Rosendo, are good for <spn>horcones</spn> : <nla>tepe:mi:skitl</nla>, <nla>wa:xin de chikimolin</nla>, <nla>te:tlatia</nla> (the best), and <nla>i:skixo:chitl</nla>. In a thatched roof hut the <nla>komaxahli</nla> are used to support the <nla>sole:ras</nla>. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there; also Fld 1984-10-10.1 \mod Recheck, in general, all words dealing with"wood"which begin with /ko/ or /ku/ to determine best orthography. Undoubtedly there is some relation between"wood"and /ko/ or /ku/. \ilustmp Illustration \ref 02977 \lxa tlakotlapa:ni \lxac tlakotlapa:ni \lxo tlákotlapá:ni \lxop tlakotlapa:ni \lxoc tlákotlapá:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to break in half (sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic bowl or plate, etc., that either fissures or has a piece break off) \ss romperse en la mitad (algo duro como un plato de cerámica, etc., al salirle una fisura o caersele un pedazo) \xrb tlahko \xrb tlapa: \qry Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:ni/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how verbal semantics affects reduplication. \ref 02978 \lxa tetlamo:tla \lxac notetlamo:tla \lxo tetlamo:tla \lxoc notetlamo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to lay or throw oneself down on the ground (e.g., to rest, from exhaustion, to protect oneself, etc.) \ss (refl.) acostarse o tirarse en el suelo (p. ej., para descansar, de agotamiento, para protegerse, etc.) \pna Mexó:r o:nimotetlamo:tlak. \pea Instead (e.g., of going to my bed), I tossed myself down on the ground. \psa Mejor (p. ej., en lugar de buscar la cama), me tiré al suelo (p. ej., para descansar). \syno tekwí:ntlakáli \syno temo:hlatinemi \xrb mo:tla \nse The reflexive <na>tetlamo:tla</na> is an idiomatic expression used to indicate the action of laying down when one is very exhausted, something like English 'hit the sack' except that the Nahuatl form does not necessarily indicate or imply going to sleep. To date only the reflexive form has been documented (as indicated in the transitivity coding). \qry Check to determine whether this can only be used in the reflexive, and whether the /te-/ is an obligatory part of the verb, or whether one can also state simply /o:nimotlamo:tlak/. Finally, determine the meaning, i.e., whether this simply means 'to lay down and rest' or whether it indicates a more forceful action, etc. \grm Incorporation of /tla-/: Note that /tetlamo:tla/ seems to be the incorporation of /tla-/ in a modifying sense as referring to the entire body. \ref 02979 \lxa kware:smah \lxac kware:smah \lxo kware:smah \lxoc kware:smah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan Cuaresma \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao the dry season \ssao la temporada de secas \se (~ <na>del Se:nyo:r</na>) Holy Week \ss (~ <na>del Se:nyo:r</na>) Semana Santa \ref 02980 \lxa pasoltik \lxac pasoltik \lxo pásoltík \lxoc pásoltík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \se to be tangled up (e.g., thread, yarn, string, hair, branches, etc.) \ss estar enmarañado (p. ej., hilo, estambre, cuerda, pelo, ramas, etc.) \se to be scattered about without order; in a mess (e.g., branches, clothes, etc. lying tangled up on the ground) \ss estar hecho un desorden (p. ej., cosas tiradas y enredadas por el suelo) \xrb pahsol \qry Check use of /te-/, ?tepasoltik. With this and other words classified as Adj-part-wi-tik check possibility of /tla-/ prefix: ?tlapasoltik. Or perhaps ?tlapasoltihka:n. Again, check for all Adj-part-wi-tik. \ref 02981 \lxa metspatlach \lxac i:metspatlach \lxo metspatlach \lxoc i:metspatlach \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se flat outside part of the thigh (of a person or animal) \ss parte plana, hacia afuera del muslo (de una persona o de un animal) \pna O:nteposwih ipan imetspatlach. \pea I branded it on the side of its thigh. \psa Le marquécon hierro por el lado ancho del muslo. \sem body \xrb mets \xrb patlach \vl Use second female speech token. \ref 02982 \lxa a:kistiwe:wetsi \lxac a:kistiwe:wetsi \lxo akéstewe:wétsi \lxoa akístewe:wétsi \lxop akestewe:wetsi \lxop akistewe:wetsi \lxoc akístewe:wétsi \lxt akestewe:wetsi, akistewewetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-V1 \der N-0 \aff Lex. rdp-l \sem plant \sem herb \se any of two types of closely related but still unidentified weed of the Malvaceae family, considered <nla>tlasohli</nla> \ss cualquier de los dos tipos de maleza de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificada, y considerada <nla>tlasohli</nla> \pna A:kistewe:wetsi | Xiwtli, we:weyakia. Wel kikwa burroh. \pea <na>Akistewe:wetsi</na> : It is a herbaceous plant, it grows out long (along the ground). A donkey can eat it. \psa <na>Akistewe:wetsi</na> : Es una planta herbácea, crece largo (sobre la tierra). Un burro lo puede comer. \xrb akiste \xrb wetsi \nae The etymology of this plant is unclear. Apparently the verbal element <nao>wetsi</nao> is part of the lexeme, but the other elements are uncertain. Likewise the length of the /e/ of the first /we/ syllable is uncertain. In one utterance of Florencia Marcelino it appears long, but other times it seems to have quite a short duration. With Inocencio Jiménez it appears short. \pqry Vowel length is still a little uncertain and should be carefully checked. \cpl Type of <nla>xiwtli</nla> and <nla>tlasohli</nla> that grows along the ground, like watermelon. According to Ramírez and Dakin (1979), who give <n>aquistiwe:wetsi</n>, the Spanish gloss for this plant is"uña caída."No such entry is found in Schoenhals (1988). \nct xiwtli; tlasohli \qry If related to""uña caída"; check possible relation of /akistewe:wetsi/ to /istitl/ and /wetsi/. Etymology unclear. Recheck vowel lengths with proper software. \vl Use 2nd male token. Vowel length is uncertain; recheck. \ref 02983 \lxa tekwia \lxac kitekwia \lxo tékwiá \lxop tekwia \lxof ['te kwi 'a] \lxoc kitékwiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to bundle oneself up; to wrap oneself up (e.g., as protection) \ss (refl.) envolverse; cubrirse (e.g., con una cobija como protección) \pna Yo:pe:w se:wa, nimotekwias. \pea It's started to get cold, I'm going to wrap myself up (e.g., in a blanket). \psa Ya empezó a hacer frío, me voy a envolver (p. ej., en una cobija). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., the legs of trousers or sleeves of shirts, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar (p. ej., pantalones, las mangas de una camisa, etc.) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to fold over (e.g., a blanket by folding it in half once and again; synonym <nao>kwe:kwelpachowa</nao>); to wrap up; to carefully roll up (a straw mat, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) doblar (p. ej., una cobija al doblarla por la mitad una y otra vez, lo mismo que <nao>kwe:kwelpachowa</nao>); envolver; enrollar cuidadosamente (un petate, estera, etc.) \pna Iswatamahli, ika kite:tekwian tamahli. \pea It is with the green leaves of the maize plant that they wrap up tamales. \psa Es con las hojas verdes de la planta de maíz que envuelven tamales. \pna Xkwelpacho mopilisa:l, xte:tekwia! \pea Double up your blanket, fold it up! \psa ¡Dobla tu cobija, dóblale una y otra vez! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to coil (e.g. a lasso or rope) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enrollar (p. ej., un laso o riata) \pna Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh! \pea Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso! \psa ¡No vayas a dejarlo asíarrastrado sobre el suelo!¡Enrolla tu laso! \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nse The context in which one should use <na>tetekwia</na> and when one should use <na>te:tekwia</na> is not altogether clear. It appears that when something, such as a cloth, is pushed up or rolled up (as one does to ones sleeves or pant legs) then the short vowel reduplicated form is appropriate. On the other hand, when something is folded over once and again (as with a tamal being wrapped in a corn leaf, rope being coiled, or a blanket between folded over in half and then in half again), the form with long vowel reduplication is used. However, in certain cases it appears that either form may be used. My notes have both short and long vowel reduplication associated with the action of rolling up a straw mat (petate), although this should be checked. It appears that the reduplicated form with a long vowel is more common in this situation. \qry Determine stative/resultative: /tekwixtok/ or /notekwixtok/. \grm Optative; durative: Note /Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh!/ 'Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso!' \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent. Note that the coda is at the end of the first syllable of the verb stem {tehkwiya}. However, p-a does not shift to the left (the utterance is /kitékwiyá/) rather, it stays on the 2nd and 4th syllable. This is one of the best indications that I/O maximization is the major factor regarding stress placement. Note that with reduplicants there might be a tendency to shift p-a to the object prefix more than with stems that have coda {h} in the first (or other) syllable. \ref 02984 \lxa ista:k kuwxio:tl \lxaa kuwxio:tl istá:k \lxac ista:k kuwxio:tl \lxo ista:k kohxio:tl \lxoc ista:k kohxio:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se type of type, in Spanish <spn>cuajiote</spn> of the family Burseraceae; apparently there are two of these, one is the <l>Bursera aptera</l> and the other, of the same genus, has not yet been identified \ss tipo de cuajiote, de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna kuwxio:tl de un istá:k \xrb sta \xrb kow \xrb xi \encyctmp kuhxio:tl \nae The precise transcription of the name for this tree will need to be checked, but it appears that in both dialects there is a double velar stop, one ending <nao>ista:k</nao> and the other immediately afterward beginning the next word. \cpl Apparently these are <na>cuajiote</na> trees, all of which are of the Bursera family. \nct kohtli \vl Note that there are two sets of four of this word. \ref 02985 \lxa tsi:nkwe:tli \lxac tsi:nkwe:tli \lxo tsi:nkwe:tli \lxoc tsi:nkwe:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \sea diaper (synonym Oapan: <nlo>tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</nlo>, <nlo>a:ma:xtlatl</nlo>) \ssa pañal (sinónimo Oapan: <nlo>tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</nlo>, <nlo>a:ma:xtlatl</nlo>) \seo slip \sso enagua \sem clothing \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwe: \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec <na>tsi:nkwe:tli</na> refers to diapers whereas in Oapan it is used to refer to a slip worn by women. This distinction, however, needs to be rechecked. \vl Note that there are two sets of four of this \ref 02986 \lxa ixi:tsa \lxac kixi:tsa \lxo íxí:tsa \lxop ixi:tsa \lxoc kíxí:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes-lex \se to wring the last drop of water out of (e.g., an item of clothing); or make the last drop come out (e.g., a bottle such as when one takes the last sip) \ss sacar laúltima gota de; hacer salir laúltima gota de \pna Kwahli xkixi:tsa motso:tsokol! Kwahli ma ki:sa a:tl! \pea Pour the last drop of water out of your water jug (i.e., by holding it upside down and tilting it one way and another)! Make sure all the water comes out! \psa ¡Hazle salir laúltima gota de tu cántaro (p. ej., al voltearlo y menearlo de un lado a otro)!¡Quéle salga bien todo el agua! \pna Xkixi:tsa moserbe:sah! Kwahli ma tlami! \pea Bottoms up! Finish off your beer! \psa ¡échate la cerveza!¡Quése acabe todo! \pna Xtoya:wili! Xkixi:tsa! \pea Pour it out (e.g., water in a container). Get the last drop out! \psa ¡Tírale el agua (u otro líquido)!¡Sácale hasta laúltima gota! \xrb hxi: \xvba ixi:ka \xvbo íxí:ka \nae The pitch accent of Oapan <no>íxí:tsa</no> is the reflex of underlying {h}, hence the root analysis as <nr>hxi:</nr>. \qry Check other applications of this word. Also check initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long. Check inflection as class 4 since this was not in my notes, but rather I added this based on my understanding of Nahuatl inflection in general. \ref 02987 \lxa tlasoka:mati \lxac kitlasoka:mati \lxo kitlásoka:máti \lxop kitlasoka:mati \lxoc kitlásoka:máti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V2 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se to appreciate (an action or deed performed by another); to be grateful for \ss agradecer (una acción llevada a cabo por otro) \pna Niktlasoka:mati, we:i o:ne:chpale:wih. \pea I am very thankful for it, it helped me a lot. \psa Lo agradezco mucho, me ayudómucho. \xrb tlasoh \xrb mati \ref 02988 \lxa tlamposteki \lxac kitlamposteki \lxo tlamposteki \lxoc kitlamposteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran Compl \infv class-3a(k) \se to snap or break the tooth of \ss romper o quebrar el diente de \pna O:ne:xtlampopostek. \pea He broke several of my teeth. \psa Me rompióvarios dientes. \xrb tlan \xrb posteki \nae The verb <nao>posteki</nao>, along with all forms of this verb with an incorporated noun, is one of the very few Nahuatl verbs that are both intransitive and transitive. \qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier, which does occur with /posteki/. \ref 02989 \lxa tlate:na:miki \lxac tlate:na:miki \lxo tlate:na:miki \lxoc tlate:na:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-3a(k) \se to bow ones head in reverence, kissing with ones lips, or bringing them close to a revered object (usually a saint or cross) \ss inclinar la cabeza en devoción y reverencia, besando con los labios o simplemente acercándolos al objeto reverenciado (por lo común un santo o una cruz) \pna Ma tlate:na:miki! \pea Let him bow his head and pay reverence (in a church, at a house altar, etc.! \psa ¡Deja que incline la cabeza en reverencia (en la iglesia, en un altar particular, etc.)! \xrb te:n \xrb na:miki \xvcao tlate:na:miki:ltia \xtlao te:na:miki \ref 02990 \lxa chaktlatowa \lxac chaktlatowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-[tla-V2] \der V1-b \infv class-2b \sea to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through) \ssa sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto) \pna Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n. \pea It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which prevents it from emiting a solid ringing sound). \psa Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque está roto (no completamente sino con una fisura que inhibe que resuene bien). \sea to make an angry clucking or cackling sound (a chicken) \ssa cacarear como de enojada (la gallina) \pna Ne:nkah, ma:ka tihkowas! Chaktlatowa, ye tlapacho:s. \pea That one there (in this case a hen), don't buy it! It makes an angry clucking sound, it's going lay its eggs (and for this reason is thin and irritable). \psa Aquella de allá (en este caso una gallina),¡no la vayas a comprar. Estácacareando como de enojada, ya va a empollar (y por esta razón está delgada y de mal humor). \sem sound-material \syno cháltlatówa \xrb chak \xrb hto \dis chaktlatowa; chaltlatowa \nse One person described the sound signified by <na>chaktlatowa</na> as <na>nokomo:nilia</na> 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. One entry has <na>chaltlatowa</na> for a word with the same meaning. It is not clear whether <na>chaktlatowa</na> and <na>chaltlatowa</na> are two alternative pronunciations of the same word, whether one of the two has been erroneously written down, or whether they are two distinct words. \qry Determine (and correct translation if necessary) the meaning of /tlapachowa/, i.e., whether to lay, or to incubate. \pqry !! Check the /k/: it appears quite aspirated in some of the speech tokens of Cristino Flores. \mod Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by <na>chaktlatowa</na> as <na>nokomo:nilia</na> 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/. \grm Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/. \ref 02991 \lxa i:xkwepa \lxac ki:xkwepa \lxo i:xkopa \lxoc ki:xkopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to trick ones ability to recognize (e.g., by substituting one object for another that is similar in appearance, causing sb to be mistaken in their identification) \ss engañar en la habilidad de reconocer (a algn, p. ej., al remplazar una cosa por otra parecida y de esta manera confundir a algn para que se equivoque en la identificación) \pna Xnamaka un yo:lki! Ma:ka sa: ihkón xmokwi:kwi:litokan! Okse: xkowa, san xki:xkwepa. \pea Sell that animal (in this case one in dispute with another claimant)! Don't just fight back and forth like that over it! Buy another one (with the money from the sale of the first), just fool him (by substituting the second animal for the first). \psa ¡Vende ese animal (en este caso que está el foco de una disputa con otro litigante)!¡No te vayas a quedar nada más peleando por la posesión!¡Cómprate otro (p. ej., con el dinero de la venta del primero), engáñalo (al sustituir el segundo por el primero)! \se to cause to lose ones way (by playing tricks on sb's eyes or sense of perception); to disorient (sb from the direction or path being followed) \ss hacer perder el camino (a una persona o animal, al engañar su habilidad de percepción); desorientar (a algn, p. ej., del camino, de donde va, etc.) \pna Mitsi:xkwepas na:wahli, xok tikitas ka:nika tiá:s, sa: tmatis yo:tka:w otli. \pea A <na>nahual</na> will make you lose your way, you won't be able to tell where you are going anymore, you'll just all of a sudden realize that you've left the path. \psa Un nahual va a hacer que pierdas el camino, no vas a saber por donde vas, nomás de repente vas a darte cuenta que ya dejaste el camino. \se (refl.) to have ones eyes play tricks on one \ss (refl.) dejarse engañar por apariencias \pna San o:timi:xkwep. O:timi:xkakaya:w. Tlaka xewa! \pea Your eyes did a trick on you. You let yourself get fooled by appearances. Indeed, it wasn't him! \psa Tus ojos te fallaron. te dejaste engañar por las apariencias. pues, al fin no fueél! \xrb i:x \xrb kwepa \ono i:xkakaya:wa \qry Check the difference between /i:xkwepa/ and /i:xkakaya:wa/ 'to fool or be fooled by the appearance of something or someone'. Cf. RS for discussion of meanings in elicitation. \ref 02992 \lxa tortugah \lxac tortugah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tortuga \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea tortoise \ssa tortuga \equivo a:yo:tsi:n \nse Not indigenous to Ameyaltepec; this is not classified as a type of 'fish.' \ref 02993 \lxa xope:wilia \lxac kixope:wilia \lxo xope:wilia \lxoc kixope:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to push with the snout affecting (sb, usually in a damaging way) \ss empujarle (a algn una cosa) con el hocico \pna Ma:ka mitsxope:wili:s mopla:toh, ke:n tlayehli! \pea Be careful that it (in this case a pig) doesn't push your plate on you with its snout, its really mischievous! \psa ¡Ten cuidado que no te empuje el plato con su hocico (en este caso un marrano),¡es muy latoso! \xrb xo \xrb pe:wa \xvba xope:wa \ref 02994 \lxa nakatelowa \lxac kinakatelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to strip; to take off ones clothes \ssa desvestirse; quitarse la ropa \pna O:nonakateloh, ye na:lti:s. \pea He took off his clothes, he's about to go swimming. \psa Se quitóla ropa, ya va a nadar. \xrb naka \xrb tel \nae The only documentation of this verb to date is in the reflexive. \qry The only example I have of this word is in the reflexive; check for nonreflexive use. \ref 02995 \lxa kopa:k \lxac i:kopa:k \lxo kopa:k \lxoc i:kopa:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \se throat (the inside, from where ones mouth ends and below) \ss garganta (la parte interior desde donde termina la boca) \sem body \sem human \xrb kopa: \xrl -ko \dis ko:koh \nse The etymology of <nao>kopa:k</nao> is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to <nlao>ko:koh</nlao>. On one original filecard I recorded that <nla>ko:kotitlan</nla> and <nao>kopa:k</nao> were equivalent. The precise definition of this term should be established; Molina has <n>copactli</n> glossed as 'paladar.' \qry As noted in the /dis2 field, this word should be checked as the possible equivalent of <na>ko:koh</na> and other similar words: /ko:koh/, /ko:kotitlan/ and /kopa:k/. \vl Use first token of male speaker since I like the vowel length there. \ref 02996 \lxa tepotsmilo:l \lxac i:tepotsmilo:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N2 \sea spine (so called because when one bends over the spine emerges like a hill) \ssa columna vertebral (also llamado porque cuando uno se agacha sale la columna como un cerrito) \sem body \xrb tepots \xrb mil \qry Note that my original filecard had /teposmilo:l/; but this is probably an error. \ref 02997 \lxa ika \lxaa ka \lxac nipa:ktitok ika tiá:s \lxo ya: \lxoa ika \lxoa yeka \lxoc ya: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Comptzer; Subord \se that (as complementizer to introduce clausal complements) \ss que (como complementizador para introducir claúsulas complementarias) \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. \pna Kitas ika tlakechi:hloh. \pea He will notice that it has been added on to. \psa Va a ver que es algo que ha sido aumentado. \se that; because; with this that (functions as a subordinator for an adverbial clause) \ss con que; porque; con esto de que (funciona para subordinar claúsulas adverbiales) \pna Nipa:ki ika tine:chpale:wi:s. \pea I am happy that you will help me. \psa Estoy feliz con eso de que me vas a ayudar. \se with, with the use of (to mark instrumentals or adverbial clauses of manner; in an antipassive construction may be used to introduce a clause after a transitive verb with <n>tla-</n> prefix) \ss con, con el uso de (para instrumentales o claúsulas adverbiales de manera; puede utilizarse en formas antipasivas para encabezer una claúsula después de un verbo transitivo con el prefix <n>tla-</n>) \pna San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian. \pea They are living happily, they never get mad with each other. \psa Están viviendo felizmente, nunca se enojan. \pna Meláyo:ne:chkwah to:nahli, o:niah xka nosembre:roh. \pea The sun really scorched me, I left without my hat. \psa El sol me quemóbien, salísin sombrero. \pna Titlakwa:s ka yetl. \pea You will eat (and there will be) beans. \psa Vas a comer (y habrá) frijoles. \pna Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k -ika- wi:lo:meh. \pea I'm going to go hunting <spn>huilotas</spn>. \psa Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. \pna De o:me ika onkah, tla: kalakis, tla: xkalakis. \pea There are two possibilities (lit., 'there are two with which'), either he will enter (in this case into cargo service) or he won't. \psa Hay dos posibilidades (lit., 'hay dos con que'), o va a entrar (en este caso a llevar su cargo), o no. \pna Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh. \pea Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come. \psa Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden venir (en este caso ladrones). \pno Tlaxi:ni ya: o:lo:tl. \peo There are corncobs scattered all over the ground. \pso Hay olotes regados por todo el suelo \se in regards to \ss en cuanto a \pna Sahkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n! \pea Make it (in this case, a bowl being shaped) big just like this (i.e., like this in terms of bigness)! Don't make it any smaller! \psa ¡Hazlo (en este caso un plato hondo) así en cuanto a grande!¡Quéno sea más pequeño! \se (<na>yewa ika</na>) for this reason; because (synonym Oapan: <no>yo ya</no>) \ss (<na>yewa ika</na>) por esta razón; porque (sinónimo Oapan: <no>yo ya</no>) \pna Yewa ika niá:s \pea That's why (that's the reason) I'm going. \psa Es por esa razón que voy a ir. \sea (~ <nao>pa:mpa</nao>) because, given that \ssa (~ <nao>pa:mpa</nao>) dado que, a causa de que, porque \pna Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi! \pea Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there! \psa Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar! \se (~ [number] <na>be:ses</na>) the [number as ordinal] time \ss (~ [número] <na>be:ses</na>) el [número como ordinal] vez \pna Ika na:wi be:ses yaw. \pea This is the fourth time he is going. \psa Es la cuarta vez que va. \se (~ [number]) to cost (lit., 'with [number]') \ss (~ [número]) tener el precio de (lit., 'con [número]) \pna Ya:lwa katka ika -=saka- sinkwe:ntah, o:tleko:tiwets. \pea Yesterday it cost fifty, it went up in a hurry. \psa Ayer costaba cinquenta, subiórápido. \se (<na>i ika</na> (Am); or <no>i ya</no>, often following <nao>de</nao> or <nao>para</nao>) forever; permanently; for good; for a long time (in Ameyaltepec one also finds <na>ye ika</na>) \ss (<na>i ~</na> or <na>ye ~</na> ; a menudo siguiente <nao>de</nao> o <nao>para</nao>) para siempre; permanentemente; por mucho tiempo (en Ameyaltepec también se dice <na>ye ika</na>) \pna Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh. \pea They didn't give it to him forever. \psa No se lo dieron para siempre. \pna Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh. \pea They didn't give it to him forever. \psa No se lo dieron para siempre. \pna Ye ika timoka:was. \pea You'll stay (away) for a long time. \psa Te vas a queda (afuera) por mucho tiempo. \pna I ika o:tiah, o:tiweka:w. \pea You went away for a long time, you took a long time. \psa Te fuiste por mucho tiempo, te tardaste. \pna De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal. \pea You've killed it forever because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away (e.g., a plant or tree). \psa Lo mataste para siempre porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste (p. ej., una planta o arból). \seo ([independent pronoun] ~ <no>nochi</no> + [predicate noun]) to be the only [noun] \sso ([pronombre independiente ] ~ <no>nochi</no> + [sustantivo predicado]) ser elúnico [sustantivo] \pno Tiya: nochi titla:katl. \peo You are the only male. \pso Eres elúnico hombre. \seo (<nlo>ma</nlo> ~) at least \sso (<nlo>ma</nlo> ~) por lo menos, cuando menos \pno Ma ya: o:me, ye:i ya:skeh. \peo At least two, three will go. \pso Por lo menos dos, tres van a ir. \seo (<no>sa: i</no> ~) the last time \sso (<no>sa: i</no> ~) laúltima vez \pno ¿Kamano:n sa: i ya: o:tieka? \peo When was the last time that you went? \pso ¿Cuándo fue laúltima vez que te fuiste? \colao tli:no:n \colao ke:ch \xrb ka \nse In Oapan ones finds phrase such as <no>táwáya: nochi titla:katl</no> 'You are the only male.' However, the first or second person pronouns are often abbreviated in this construction: <no>ni:ya</no> or <no>ti:ya</no> as in one of the example sentences. In Oapan the element <na>pa:mpa</na>, common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used, and when it is it might well be a"borrowing"from Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are frequent uses of the phrase <no>yeka pa:mpa</no>. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form. \nae For reasons not entirely clear it appears that in Oapan the /a:/ is long in <no>ya:</no> while short in <no>ika</no> (rarely used) or <no>yeka</no> (somewhat more common). In Ameyaltepec the form <na>ika</na> always manifests a short vowel. One problem or question that needs to be resolved is when in Oapan the form <no>ya:n</no> (or <no>ya:m</no>) is used instead of <no>ya:</no>. Given the lack of predictability (cf. also <nlo>se:</nlo>, and reference to <nlo>se:n</nlo>) the transcriptions have both these forms (with and without nasal). \qry Check grammatical correctness and translation of /titlakwa:s ka yetl/, i.e. whether meaning is to 'eat beans' or 'eat (something) with beans'. Obtain a tape of Oapan /ti:ya nochi titla:katl/ to recheck whether vowel is long. When used with a full independent pronoun also check. to see if vowel is long ?táwáika or i:ka nochi titla:katl.. Check whether this is correct in Am. Check whether plural can be used; I seem to remember only the singular. \grm Pluralization; adverbs: Note that pluralization is not limited to predicates. Plural is also marked on adverbs (/de nika:meh/ in a previous example) and on forms such as /ika/: Ke:ch ikameh? 'How much are they' Determine what part of speech is /ika/ in /ke:ch ika/. It seems to be a fronting of /nihkowas ika ___/ i.e., a type of instrumental. \grm /Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh/ 'Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.' Note that way in which /ika/ introduces an adverbial particle. I would imagine (check) that the /ika/ might here be omitted. \ref 02998 \lxa a:yo:pets \lxac a:yo:pets \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \sea type of edible bug, stink bug \ssa tipo de insecto comestible, jumil grande \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:yo: \xrb pets \qry Etimology not certain; check for meaning of animal as clue, i.e., perhaps it is very smooth. \cpl Schoenhals (1988:222) identifies the Sp. <na>jumil</na> as Fam. Pantomidae, and notes:"'stink bug' See chinche de jardín."An insect of the central plateau that was toasted and eaten by the indigenous people." \ref 02999 \lxa to:motli \lxac to:motli \lxo tó:motlí \lxoc tó:motlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se generic name for cacti \ss nombre genérico para cacti \se specific type of cactus also known as <nla>to:mokuwtli</nla> (Am) or <no>tó:mokóhtli</no> (Oa) \ss tipo específico de cactus también conocido como <nla>to:mokuwtli</nla> (Am) o <no>tó:mokóhtli</no> (Oa) \se cactus fruit; prickly pear \ss tuna; fruta del cactus \pna Kipia ito:moyo. \pea It (a cactus) has it's fruit. \psa Tiene (un cactus) su fruta. \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb to:moh \encyctmp to:motli \nct to:motl \qry Check to make sure that /to:motli/ as a generic name is the same as /ó:rganoh/. \cpl Bravo (1932) offers a concise summary of the cactus of the region of Cañon del Zopilote. She gives the following account. The genus Opuntia has two species: <i>Opuntia velutina Weber</i> and <i>Opuntia atropes Rose</i> as well as another that remained unidentified given that it had not been observed while in flower. The genus Cephalocereus has the following species: <i>Cephalocereus mezcalaensis n. sp.</i> (note that this appears to be the /tlapextli/ cactus; Bravo notes that this is the most abundant species in the region, particularly near Mezcala"en donde en algunos sitios forma verdaderas selvas"(p. 382); <i>Cephalocereus leucocephalus</i> (which branches from the bottom and reaches 4 meters high). Among the <i>Pachycereus</i>, <i>Pachycereus marginatus</i> and <i>Pachycereus grandis Rose</i> are both found and cultivated for fencing. Another type of cactus is <i>Lemaireocereus pruinosus</i>. There is the <i>Lemaireocereus weberi</i> (which is the <na>ó:rganoh</na>) and the <i>Le maireocer eus beneckei</i>. Near Zumpango del Río a few examples of <i>Lemaireocereus dumortieri</i> were found; near this town there were also a few <i>Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Console</i>. The cactus <i>Corphanta bumamma</i> was found, known in Spanish as"rodilla de vieja."Then there are some smaller cactuses: <i>Neomammillaria hirsuta</i> and <i>Neomammillaria guerreronis</i> ; these last two are very small cactuses with short, hairlike spines. Finally, two others were found: <i>Cereus saxícolo</i> de la subtribu Cereanae and <i>Acanthocereus maculatus Weingart</i>. There are, I believe, a total of 17 species here identified or noted. The following types of <na>to:motli</na> have been identified to date from my data from Ameyaltepec: <nla>to:motlaxkahli</nla>, <nla>to:motlaxkahli ipan tla:hli</nla>, <nla>to:motsotsohli</nla>, <nla>to:moiswatl</nla>, <nla>to:moichkatl</nla> or <nla>ichkato:motli</nla>, <nla>tlapextli</nla> or <nla>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</nla>, <nla>ó:rganoh</nla> or <nla>ó: rganoh we:i</nla>, and <nla>organi:toh</nla>. I have one reference to a <nla>chichí:k to:motli</nla> as a type of <na>to:motli</na> ; in addition it is not clear whether <nla>itsontekon lamatsi:n</nla> is a type of <na>to:motli</na>, although it probably is. Finally, Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned another <na>to:motli</na> that I had not previously documented: <nlo>to:moa:stilih</nlo>. It would appear that this is a type not documented in my notes from Ameyaltepec. \ref 03000 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo iswá:penké:tl \lxoc iswá:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \seo person who gathers up corn leaves scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena hojas de maíz regadas por la tierra \xrb swa \xrb pena \ref 03001 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nchakal \lxoc te:nchakal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo gossip \sso chismoso \syna kamachi:pil \xrb te:n \xrb chakal \nse Whether or not this form is derived from <n>chacalli</n>, which RS, citing Hernández, glosses as 'langosta, cangrejo del lago de México, is not clear. It is used to refer to someone who is gossipy, who tells people about what someone else has done (usually something embarrassing or negative) even though not asked. \qry Check whether /te:nchakaltik/ also exists. \ref 03002 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekachi:lmo:ltia \lxoc kiyekachi:lmo:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \tran -Intrans \seo to give a bloody nose to (lit. 'to turn (sb's) nose into <no>chi:lmo:hli</no>) \sso sacarle sangre a la nariz de (lit., 'hacerle la nariz <no>chi:lmo:hli</no> a) \syno yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \syna yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \xrb yeka \xrb chi:l \xrb mo:l \dis yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia \ref 03003 \lxa to:chin \lxac to:chin \lxo to:chin \lxoc to:chin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se rabbit \ss conejo \xrb to:ch \sem animal \sem mammal \nse <na>To:chin</na> is rarely employed to signify 'rabbit' given that <nao>to:xtli</nao> is used to signify 'vagina' or, more accurately, the entire female pubic area. Indeed, many, if not most speakers do not recognize <na>to:chin</na> as meaning 'rabbit' (or avoid it because of its vulgar connotation) and instead use the Spanish loan <nlao>kone:joh</nlao>. \mod Perhaps this should be removed from the dictionary. \vl Given its potentially vulgar meaning, no sound file should be linked to this entry. Note that only the male uttered this word: 4 times. \ref 03004 \lxa kwa:tekoyo:ni \lxac kwa:tekoyo:ni \lxo kwa:tekoyo:ni \lxoc kwa:tekoyo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \seo to get a piercing wound in ones head \sso abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza \syna kwa:chi:koyo:ni \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \nde Oapan <no>kwa:tekoyo:ni</no> is used to refer to a wound, a hole on the head such as that which might open up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form <nlo>kwa:chi:koya:wi</nlo>, which Ameyaltepequeños gave as having a similar meaning, is used instead in Oapan to refer to a thatched roof opening up. Note that Ameyaltepequeños also use <nla>kwa:chi:koya:wi</nla> to refer to this process. \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added. \vl Tag the mistaken first pronunciation /kwa:tekomo:ni/ with a reserve number: 99998_Oa_f1.wav, or whatever is being used. \ref 03005 \lxa tio:tlato:hli \lxac tio:tlato:hli \lxo tió:tlató:hli \lxoc tió:tlató:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se prayer; words used in prayer \ss oración; palabras empleadas en rezar \qry Check whether this form can be possessed. \nae The length of the first /o/ of words containing the root <nr>tio:</nr> or <nr>tio</nr> is unclear. In the present case, it seems that the Oapan forms have a short, high-pitched, vowel (the pitch accent is the reflex of a coda {h} in {tlahto:hli}). Nevertheless, a clear comparison and analysis of all words that contain this root will be required in determining the length of the vowel in question. For now, the Ameyaltepec form has been left long, even though in my notes I repeatedly questioned the length (which was perhaps assigned because of undue influence from the historical form <n>teo:tl</n>. \qry Check whether possessed form can be used. \xrb tio: \xrb hto \ref 03006 \lxa koxtlakali \lxac kikoxtlakali \lxo kóxtlakáli \lxop koxtlakali \lxoc kikóxtlakáli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to anesthesize \ss anestizar \xrb kochi \xrb tlahkali \qry Check for other meanings, e.g., 'knock out' (with a punch?). Originally I had /kochtlakali/ for Am, which I have changed to /koxtlakali/ based on Oa form. This should be rechecked. \grm Note the morphology here; /koch/ in general combines in this way; it is one of the few"verbs"that do, suggesting that the combination is not V+V, but perhaps some stem prefixed to a verb. Cf. this to other reduced combinational forms, e.g., verbs that end in /-iwi/ have a combinational form without the /-iwi/ and some verbs in /-V:wi/ have a combinational form without /-V:wi/. \vl Use first female token. \ref 03007 \lxa pwe:rtah \lxac pwe:rtah \lxo pwe:rtah \lxoc pwe:rtah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan puerta \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se door (the physical door and not the doorway) \ss puerta (la puerta misma y no la entrada) \sem construct \encyctmp kahli \ref 03008 \lxa ma:kuwtia \lxac ma:kuwtia \lxo ma:kohtia \lxoc ma:kohtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles aching and stiff; in Oapan this meaning is conveyed by the reduplicated form <no>má:kokóhtiá</no> or by the synonym <nlo>má:kwaló</nlo>) \ss quedarsele el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se entumece el cuerpo; en Oapan este significado se expresa por la forma de reduplicada: <no>má:kokóhtia</no> o por el sinónimo <nlo>má:kwaló</nlo>) \seo to get a strong arm (e.g., as one gets older) \sso adquirir un brazo fuerte (p. ej., al crecer con la edad) \syno má:kwaló \xrb ma: \xrb kow \xvaa ma:kuwtilia \xvao ma:kohtilia \nse Oapan manifests a complete semantic break between the nonredupicated <no>ma:kuwtia</no> 'to get a strong arm (as one gets older)' and <no>má:kokohtia</no> 'to get a stiff and sore arm.' However, it appears that the latter sense is more often conveyed by <no>má:kwaló</no>. \nae Note that in Oapan the reduplicated form here means 'to get a stiff arm (from working).' This explains the reduced reduplication in <nlo>tsí:nkuwtiá</nlo>. \ref 03009 \lxa monextik tlako:tl \lxac monextik tlako:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea type of whitish vine still not identified \ssa tipo de bejucco algo blanco todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb mohnex \xrb tlako: \qry Given that this was not identified in fieldwork, perhaps this is mistaken. Checke. \nct komekatl \ref 03010 \lxa tlekuwa \lxac tlekuwa \lxo tlákowá \lxoa tlékowá \lxop tlakowa \lxoc tlákowá, tlékowá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(tlekuwa) \pa yes-lex \se to go up (e.g., sb climbing a hill, walking up stairs, etc.) \ss subir (p. ej., un cerro, escaleras, etc.) \pna Newa nitleko:s, tewa nika:n tlatsi:ntlah xmoka:wa! \pea I'll be the one to go up, you stay down here! \psa Yo voy a subir,¡Túquédate aquíabajo! \seao to rise (a price, water in a river, etc.) \ssao subir (el precio, agua en un río, etc.) \se (~ occasionally with <nao>-pan</nao>) to get on top of; to mount \ss (~ ocasionalmente con <nao>-pan</nao>) subir sobre; montar sobre \pna Xtleko ipan mokaba:yoh! \pea Get on your horse! \psa ¡Súbete a tu caballo! \pno ó:tlakó:k i:burri:toh. \peo He got on his donkey. \pso Montósobre su burro. \sem motion \xrb tlehko: \xvca tleko:ltia \xvco 'tlekó:ltia \xbtla ekuwa \xbtlo ékowá \nae The verb <na>tlekowa</na> (Am) or <no>tlákowá</no> (Oa) may perhaps be considered a lexicalized derivation from the transitive form <na>ekowa</na> (Am) or <no>ékowá</no>. The latter refer to the action of 'climbing up' (as a bug might do on someone's leg). In this case the <n>tla-</n> prefix would refer to simply going up on something. Note that in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec one can say both <na>O:tleko:k ipan iburri:toh</na> (Am) and <na>O:tleko:k iburri:toh</na> (Am). However, whereas in Ameyaltepec it is more common to find this phrase with <na>ipan</na> in Oapan the reverse is true: <no>ó:tlakó:k i:burri:toh</no>. Note also that whereas in Ameyaltepec one says <na>O:tleko:k ipan tepe:tl</na> in Oapan the form is <no>o:keko:k tepe:tl</no> ; cf. <nlo>ekowa</nlo>. \vl Use first female and first male token. \ref 03011 \lxa tlake:nsosoleh \lxac tlake:nsosoleh \lxo tlaké:nsoléh \lxoa tlaké:nsolíh \lxoc tlaké:soléh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \pa yes \se person having old, tattered clothes \ss persona con la ropa vieja y desgastada \pna Tlake:nsosoleh, tlake:ntatapatik. \pea He has tattered old clothes, he has clothes that are heavily patched. \psa Tiene ropa vieja y desgastada, tiene ropa muy remendada. \cfa tlake:ntatapatik; tatapatik \cfo tlake:ntetépatík; tetépatík \xrb ke:m \vl Use second male token, which is more in accord with the canonical pronunciation. \nse This word is often used with the dimuntive ending <n>tsi:n</n>, as an indication of pity, e.g., <na>tlake:nsosoletsi:n</na> (Am). \grm Oapan phonology: the tendency of final vowels to vary between [i] and [e] and for final [h] and [n] to vary is well represented here; the first male token shows the h>n shift that is so common. However, unlike underlying final /n/ which is often velarized, the /n/ that results from underlying [h] is not. \ref 03012 \lxa te:na:wiltia \lxac te:na:wiltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to not keep ones word; to play around with, or not honor, ones commitments; to say one thing and do another; to pretend not to be able to do sth that one can do \ss no cumplir con la palabra; jugar, o no honrar, los compromisos; decir una cosa y hacer otra; fingir no poder una cosa que si puede hacer \pna Te:na:wiltia, o:tpale:witiwets dya a:man xok kineki mitskwepili:s. \pea He is not worthy of his word, you helped him out in a pinch and now he doesn't want to return the favor. \psa No estima su palabra, le echaste una mano y ahora no te quiere responder (con ayuda cuando la necesitas). \cfa a:wiltia \cfo kákayá:wa \xrb te:n \xrb a:wil \nse <na>Te:na:wiltia</na> in general refers to someone who does not value his word, who says he will do something but then does not cumply. \ref 03013 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be a xref to /ma:sowa/ but has been eliminated and /ma:sowa/ is an alternate pronunciation of /ma:sowa/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03014 \lxa ma:tsonteki \lxac kima:tsonteki \lxo ma:tsonteki \lxoc kima:tsonteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the branches off (e.g., of a tree, with a machete or ax, not a knife) \ss cortarle las ramas a (p. ej., unárbol, con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo) \pna O:nikimima:tsotsontekito. \pea I went to chop the branches off them (trees). \psa Fui a cortarles las ramas (a losárboles). \se to cut the arm of off; to amputate the arm of; to slash the arm of deeply (with a machete or ax, not a knife) \ss amputarle el brazo a; cortarle el brazo profundamente a (con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo) \xrb ma: \xrb tson \xrb teki \nse The verb <na>ma:tsonteki</na> refers to the action of cutting partially or all the way through something with a machete or an axe, not a knife. In the latter case <nlao>ma:teki</nlao> would be used. \grm Note reduplication of verb root in /ma:tsotsonteki/ and not of /ma:-/. As usual, it is the verbal stem (lexicalized perhaps from N+V) that reduplicates, not the incorporated noun. The plural object /kim-/ in /o:nikimima:tsotsontekito/ refers to the plural trees; the reduplication to the many branches on each tree. The singular form /o:nima:tsotsontek/ refers to the action of cutting one branch off a tree. \ref 03015 \lxa kolochiwi \lxac kolochiwi \lxo kolochiwi \lxoc kolochiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be huddled and shrunk or bunched over (as when one is sick and uncomfortable) \ss estar con el cuerpo acurrucado y encogido (como cuando uno está enfermo e incómodo) \pna Kolochiwtok ke:n pió. Kwalo. \pea He is huddled over like a chicken. He is sick. \psa Está acurrucado como una gallina. Está enfermo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to curl up (particularly leaves of a plant, such as squash, watermelon, lemon tree, etc., because of a pest) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enroscarse (particularmente las hojas de una planta, como calabaza, sandía, limón, etc., a causa de una plaga) \xrb koloch \nse According to Florencia Marcelino this verb is used only in reference to chickens that are huddled over when sick. In Ameyaltepec that is the only context in which I have documented its use. \rt Perhaps the root /koloch/ can be analyzed further. Note the various words with /ko(:)/ that seem to indicate a shrinking, bunching or twisting action: /kolochiwi/, /koltotsowa/, /ko:tsiltik/, etc. \ref 03016 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tlatsitsilinyantsin/. Since it repeats another entry, it has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03017 \lxa i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni \lxac i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni \lxo i:xtempe:peyo:ni \lxoc i:xtempe:peyo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff -rdp-s \infv class-3a \se for ones eyelids to flutter open and close \ss parpadearle rápidamente los ojos (a algn) \pna Ti:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, tikochisneki. \pea Your eyelids are fluttering open and closed, you're sleepy. \psa Se te abren y cierran rápidamente los párpados, tienes sueño. \pna I:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, kemech o:isak. \pea He is slowly opening and clearing his eyes, he just woke up. \psa Poco a poco se le está abriendo y despegando los ojos, apenas se despertó. \cfao i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb peyo: \nse When used in reference to sleepiness, this word refers to someone who has difficulty in keeping his or her eyelids open, as they involuntarily fall shut every once in a while. It has only been documented with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem. \qry I have only heard this reduplicated with a long vowel. Check. Determine whether /peyo:ni/ is used in any other manner. Determine whether a transitive form exists. \vl Definitely use second token of female speech (great dif. in relative duration of /e/ and /m/ in her two pronunciations). \ref 03018 \lxa tlachi:chi:liwi \lxac tlachi:chi:liwi \lxo tlachi:chi:liwi \lxoc tlachi:chi:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to dawn; to redden (the sky, at dawn from the rising sun or at dusk from the setting sun) \ss alborear (el cielo, del sol saliente durante el amanecer o poniente al atardecer) \pna Ye wa:ltlachi:chi:liwtiw, ye wa:lki:stok to:nahli. \pea The sky is starting to lighten, the sun is already rising. \psa Viene alboreando, ya viene saliendo el sol. \xrb chi:l \xbtlao chi:chi:liwi \vl Use first male token. \ref 03019 \lxa chikohli \lxac chikohli \lxo chíkohlí \lxoc chíkohlí \dt 06/Mar/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \sea long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end, of a hard and extremely straight material such as otate, used to pluck off fruit that is high up in a tree \ssa chicol \sem tool-cultivate \cfa tlanchikohlo \xrb chihkol \nse Whereas in Ameyaltepec <na>chikohli</na> refers to the entire apparatus (pole with crosspiece), in Oapan <no>chíkohlí</no> refers only to the \nde In Oapan this refers to the cross-piece on a long pole: <nlo>wítlátl</nlo>. \qry Check vowel length of /o/. \ilustmp Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard. \ref 03020 \lxa tlalka:wani \lxac tlalka:wani \lxo tlá:lka:wáni \lxoa tlá:lka:wáne \lxoc tlá:lka:wáne, tlá:lka:wáne \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se person who is forgetful or absent-minded \ss persona olvidadiza \pna Titlalka:wantsi:n, titlapolowa:ni. \pea You are somewhat absent-minded, you always lose things. \psa Eres algo olvidadizo, siempre se te pierden las cosas. \xrb el \xrb ka:wa \nae A full explanation of the motivation for pitch accent and vowel lengthening in the Oapan headword is found under <nlo>tla:lká:wa</nlo>. The length of the initial /a:/ in the four recorded tokens of Oapan <no>tlá:lka:wáni</no> are 83 and 81 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 90 and 93 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Although not of particularly long duration, this would nevertheless seem to be within the range of phonologically long vowels. \vl Note to self: recheck vowel length and p-a here. \ref 03021 \lxa te:ntsoneh \lxac te:ntsoneh \lxo te:ntsoneh \lxoc te:ntsoneh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se bearded person (a man, certain animals such as goats) \ss barbón (un hombre, ciertos animales como los chivos) \cfao te:ntsontli \xrb te:n \xrb tson \grm /-eh/ and /-wah/ possessor: <na>Te:ntsonwah</na> is not acceptable. This is the case often, as only one or the other is correct. \ref 03022 \lxa i:xtekuruch ku:koh \lxac i:xtekuruch ku:koh \lxo tekoró:ch ko:kó:h \lxoa tekoró:ch ko:kó:n \lxoc tekoró:ch ko:kó:h, tekoró:ch ko:kó:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Call \der Onom \se the sound made by an owl \ss el sonido emitido por un tecolote \sem sound-animal \nse Although length is not contrastive in /u/ for Nahuatl, the penultimate /u:/ is marked long here to indicate the stress that accompanies this syllable \qry Get other animal sounds. \vl Use second male token. \ref 03023 \lxa pancholwia \lxac kipancholwia \lxo panchalwia \lxoa pancholwia \lxof [pan chal 'wi a] \lxoc kipanchalwia, kipancholwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to pass or step over (e.g, a child lying on the ground) \ss pasar o pisar sobre (p. ej., un niño acostado por el suelo) \pna O:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n, a:man xiktoma para ma we:ia! \pea You stepped over my little daughter (lying on the ground). Now undo it (i.e., step back over her in the opposite direction) so that she will grow up big! \psa Pasaste sobre mi hijita (que estaba acostada en el suelo).¡Ahora deshazlo (esto es, pasa otra vez sobre ella) para que crezca! \xrb pan \xrb chol \nse It is thought by some that if one steps over a child lying on the ground, the child will not get big. Thus people who do this are told to undo it, and its effects, by stepping back over the child the opposite direction. \nae Pronunciation in Oapan varies and speakers are often well aware of minor variations in pronunciation and can cite individuals who speak differently. Before recording Florencia Marcelino mentioned that she uses <no>panchalwiya</no> while her husband uses <no>pancholwiya</no>. This is evidenced in the speech tokens linked to the headword. \vl Note that in first repetition of 4 male and female are the same; in the second set of 4, use final (2nd in this set, 4th overall) male token. Use the second female token of the first set. \ref 03024 \lxa toto:roh \lxac toto:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan toro \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea fruit of the <nba>okichyo:yotli</nba> tree, so called because the fruit is encased in a large, thorn-like object \ssa fruta delárbol llamado <nba>okichyo:yotli</nba>, asíllamado porque la fruta se encuentra en un objeto grande, con púas como los cuernos del toro \sea (by extension) another name for the <nba>okichyo:yotli</nba> tree \ssa (por extensión) otro nombre para elárbol conocido como <nla>okichyo:yotli</nla> \pna Toto:roh | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwel nokwa. San para tlikuwtli. Ye weka:wi kitlatlapa:nayan ye:i, na:wi itla:kihlo ika notsonchichi:wayan suwa:tl. \pea <na>Toto:roh</na> : It has fruit that isn't edible. It's just good for firewood. A long time ago they would break open three or four of its fruit and with these women would do up their hair. \psa <na>Toto:roh</na> : Tiene su fruta que no es comestible. Solamente sirve para leña. Hace mucho tiempo partían como tres o cuatro de sus frutas y con ellas las mujeres arreglaban su cabello. \sea name given to the <nba>cha:nko:kopi</nba> (<l>Proboscidea fragans</l> and <l>Martynia annua</l>, both of the family Pedaliaceae) for the shape of its fruit pods \ssa nombre dado al <nba>cha:nko:kopi</nba> (<l>Proboscidea fragans</l> y <l>Martynia annua</l>, ambos de la familia Pedaliaceae) por la forma de su fruta \pna Toto:roh | Kipia itla:kihlo, kwa:k yo:chika:w tlapa:ni, dya deke yo:tlapa:n noka:wa itla:kihlo ke:n ikwa:koh to:roh. Yewa ika kihlian toto:roh. \pea <na>Toto:roh</na> : It has its fruit, when it has ripened it splits open and when it has split open its fruit winds up looking like bulls horns. That's why they call it <na>toto:roh</na>. \psa <na>Toto:roh</na> : Tiene su fruta, cuando ya se puso madura se parte, y de que ya se partióse queda su fruta como los cuernos de un toro. Por eso le dicen <na>toto:roh</na>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \qry I seem to remember that the /o:kichyo:yotli/ or similar plant is also called by this name. Check the recordings. \grm Reduplication: Note metaphoric use of reduplication in /toto:roh/, the fruit of the /okichyo:yotli/ tree (and so called because of the resemblance to a bull's head). \nct xiwtli \ref 03025 \lxa momolo:ni \lxac momolo:ni \lxo mómoló:ni \lxop momolo:ni \lxoc mómoló:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes \se to fluff up (cotton in particular, a chick when just born, a hen and its feathers when wet) \ss esponjarse (el algodón en particular, un pollito al nacer, una gallina y sus plumas cuando está mojada) \pna Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl. Kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakokwi, momolo:ni. \pea That cotton (ball, on the plant) is not compact anymore. The wind has been blowing against it, it's started to open up, it's started to fluff up. \psa Ese algodón (la bola en la vaina de la planta) ya no está apretado. El viento le pega, ya se empezó a abrir, a esponjarse. \syna momoloka \flao molo:nia \xrb molo: \xvca momolo:naltia \xvco mómoló:nia \nse There is little, if any, difference noted to date between <na>momolo:ni</na> or <no>mómoló:ni</no> and <na>momoloka</na> in the sense of 'to fluff up' (cotton). There is no recorded instance of this verb being used in a nonreduplicated form with this sense; see <nlao>molo:nia</nlao> for a fuller discussion. It appears that <na>momolo:nia</na> may also be used with this sense. \qry Check possibility of two transitive forms: /molo:nia/ and /molo:naltia/. I originally had 'to smell bad' under this entry for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but this appears in error and it has been removed; cf. /molo:nia/. \mod Also, if there is no unreduplicated form, then the major entry should be /momolo:ni/ and a note to the effect that the word is grammaticalized. Check for the reason of a homophony or polysemy of this word.Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms. \ref 03026 \lxa poxkawi \lxac poxkawi \lxo poxkawi \lxoc poxkawi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get moldy (e.g., fruit and vegetables, bread and tortillas, leftovers, even maize) \ss enmohecerse (p. ej., fruta y verduras, pan y tortillas, sobras de comida, hasta el maíz) \pna Yo:pano:k, yo:pe:w poxkawi. \pea It's past ripe (e.g., a fruit), it's begun to get moldy. \psa Ya pasóde sazón (p. ej., una fruta), ya empezó a enmohecerse. \xrb poxka \qry Check for transitive form. \vl Pick, I think, second male token. Be aware of background noise. \ref 03027 \lxa pila:na \lxac kipila:na \lxo pila:na \lxoc kipila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to babysit; to watch over; to be a nursemaid of (small children, e.g., to see that they don't wander away or get into trouble; this often involves rocking them to sleep) \ss cuidar a (un niño); ser niñera a (niños chiquitos, p. ej., para que no anden lejos ni se meten en líos; generalmente involucra meciéndolos para que duerman) \pna Xwel titlapila:na? Timistla:ke:was. \pea Can you take care of young children? Te voy a contratar. \psa ¿Puedes cuidar niños? Te voy a contratar. \xrb pil \xrb a:na \xvaao pila:nilia \qry Discuss the complete responsibilities of a /tlapila:nke:tl/. \ref 03028 \lxa ixteki:lia \lxac kixteki:lia \lxo ixtekilia \lxoc kixtekilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to steal or rob from \ss robar a \pna O:ne:chixteki:likeh noburroh. \pea They stole my donkey from me. \psa Me robaron mi burra. \pna O:ne:xtlaxteki:likeh \pea They robbed me. \psa Me robaron. \pna O:ne:chixteki:lih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih \pea He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it on him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.). \psa Me robómi cantimplora. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví(esto es, lo vi en posesión de ella, que reconocí). \se to take from (a daugher [SO]from a parent [PO]) in elopement \ss fugarse con (una hija [OS] de (un padre o madre [OP]) \pna O:ne:chixtekilih nochpo:ch \pea He ran away (eloped) with my daughter (without having asked me for her hand). \psa Se fugócon mi hija (sin habermela pedido en matrimonio). \xrb chteki \xvbao ixteki \pqry Check length of i:, although it has been recorded as long in all entries. Check etymology. In the recording session with C. Flores (Am) I heard the /i/ long. Measure. \ref 03029 \lxa telolo:tsi:n \lxac telolo:tsi:n \lxo telolo:tsi:n \lxoc telolo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \se ball of <nla>tixtli</nla> used to make a certain type of tamal (6 are used in Ameyaltepec, 8 in Oapan; see <nla>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</nla>) \ss bola de masa utilizada para hacer cierto tipo de tamales (se usan 6 en Ameyaltepec, 8 en Oapan; vé ase <nla>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</nla> \se fist; blow with the fist \ss puño; golpe con el puño \pna Temitsmá:s -=timistla:lili:s- san se: telolo:tsi:n. \pea I will give you one good blow with my fist. \psa Te voy a dar un golpe bueno con el puño. \xrb te \xrb olo: \nse The <na>telolo:tsi:n</na> is only used with the tamal called <nla>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</nla>, not with other tamals of meat, chile, etc. The etymology of <na>telolo:tsi:n</na> seems to be related to the element <n>te-</n> 'stone' and to the Classical Nahuatl verb <na>ololoa</na> that, among various aceptations, means 'formar una bola' (cf. <na>ololtic</na> 'redondo como una bola o una pelota'). The reason for the appearance of the first /l/ and the absence of an /l/ that is found in the root <na>olol</na> is unclear. But cf. also the verb <nla>telowa</nla> 'to hit or strike with ones fist' and the acceptation of <na>telolo:tsi:n</na> as 'blow with the fist.' \qry The length of the final /o:/ as long is based on an acoustic analysis of this word from the Oapan elicitation. \ref 03030 \lxa pro:beh \lxac pro:beh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pobre \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seao to be poor \ssao ser pobre \pna Niplo:weh, xtlah nikpia. \pea I am poor (a poor person), I don't have anything. \psa Soy un pobre, no tengo nada. \seao (as interjection) Poor thing! \ssao (como interjección)¡Pobrecito¡ \pna Plo:weh! O:mik ikone:w. \pea Poor thing! His child died. \psa ¡Pobrecito! se muriósu hijo. \syno pro:weh \nse The term <na>plo:weh</na> (or Oapan <no>pro:weh</no>) can be used as an interjection. Note that in Oapan only <nlo>pro:weh</nlo> is acceptable. \ref 03031 \lxa iswalo:ni \lxac *iswalo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-pass (?) \infn N1 \sea (ritual) seen and selected (a young maiden as a bride) \ssa (ritual) vista y seleccionada (una adolescente para novia) \xrb ta \nse This word has only been encountered in a <na>we:we:tlaho:hli</na>, bride-asking speech, as pronounced by don Plutarco Ramírez. According to Pascual García, who says he never would employ this word, <na>iswalo:ni</na> refers to <na>ka:n o:yo:l, ka:n o:wa:le:w ichpokawa</na> 'where she (the bride) was born, where the bride came from.' The etymology and meaning are not clear, though it might be an archaic nominalization of <nla>ita</nla> (Classical <n>itta</n>). \ref 03032 \lxa i:xpupwa \lxac ki:xpupwa \lxo i:xpopowa \lxoc ki:xpopowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa); irregular: short stem (e.g., perfective): <na>o:ki:xpopo:w</na> ; long stem (e.g., future) <na>ki:xpupwas</na> ; Note: durative <na>ki:xpopo:wtok</na> ; directional optative <na>ma ni:xkpupwati</na> \se to clean or dust the surface of (e.g., a <nla>koma:hli</nla> before using it to cook on) \ss limpiar o quitar el polvo de la superficie de (p. ej., un comal antes de usarlo) \syno í:xtsetselówa \xrb i:x \xrb po:wa \nae The vowel length of these terms is unclear. Ameyaltepec shows the loss of /o/ in the penultimate syllable, leaving a labialized /p/ ([pw]). In the shortened stem of the perfective, however, the underlying long manifests itself. In Ameyaltepec there is no question of the length of the vowel, in Oapan it is not so clear. The absence of pitch accent indicates that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. This suggests long vowel reduplication (although an open, light reduplicant is also possible). Acoustically the vowel seems to have a duration that is sometimes slightly longer than would be expected with a short vowel, but it is not unambigously long. Given these considerations, the /o/ has been written short, at least pending further analysis and comparison. \nse Oapan <no>i:xpo:powa</no> is the virtual synonym of <nlo>í:xtsetselówa</nlo>. \vl Use second male token; I believe that this is cleaner; there is a lot of background noise. \sj Check San Juan pronunciation for /h/. \ref 03033 \lxa nona:ntsi:n \lxac Ay nona:ntsi:n \lxo nona:ntsi:n \lxoc Ay nona:ntsi:n! \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \se my God! goodness me! \ss mamacita! ay! \pna Ay nona:ntsi:n! Tle:ka ihkón tikchi:wa? \pea Oh my goodness! Why did you do it that way (sth bad)? \psa ¡Ay mamacita!¿Por quélo hiciste así(algo mal)? \pna Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh! \pea Oh my goodness, you ruined it! \psa ¡Ay mamacita, lo echaste a perder! \sem Gender-female \xrb na:n \nse Given the lexicalized status of <na>nona:ntsi:n</na>, it has been accorded a separte entry. The exclamation <n>Ay nona:ntsi:n</n> is only used by female speakers. \vl Although Inocencio Jiménez uttered this in the recording session, it is an expression/interjection that is never uttered (at least in Oapan) by males. Thus link only the female token (uttered twice) to the dictionary. \ref 03034 \lxa tlikonexakia \lxac kitlikonexakia \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \sea to push or place into the hot ashes of a hearth or fire \ssa meter dentro de las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón \syno tlikonexpachowa \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrb ak \xrl -ko \dis tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia \ref 03035 \lxa ixteki \lxac kixteki \lxo ixteki \lxoc kixteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \epen i>0 \se to steal or rob (sth) \ss robar (algo) \pna O:kixtek, o:kwelitak. \pea He stole it, he liked (the looks of) it. \psa Se lo robó, le gustó. \sea to run off or elope with (a girlfriend) \ssa fugarse con (una novia) \pna San o:kixtek un ichpokawah. \pea He just ran off with that girl (i.e., without formally asking for her hand). \psa Nomás se fugócon esa muchacha (sin pedir formalmente su mano en matrimonio). tlaxteki \pna Tlaiwa o:nitlaxtekito. \pea Last night I eloped (with a girl). \psa Anoche me fugécon mi novia. \se (refl.) to sneak away \ss (refl.) escabullirse \pna San o:nimoxtek, san o:niwa:le:wte:w. \pea I just sneaked away, I just got up and headed this way. \psa Nada más me escabullí, nada más me vine hacia acá. \xrb xteki \xv1a tlaxteki \xvaao ixtekilia \qry Check etymology and length of initial /i/. \vl Use first male token for linking. There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7129; they should be tagged with #3035. \ref 03036 \lxa i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \lxac i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \lxo i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \lxoc i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get a rash around ones eyes; to get a sty \ss salirsele granos por los ojos; tener perilla \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tso:tso: \grm Nahuatl phonetics: This word, and the wave form/spetrograph of it are good example of vowel length. \ref 03037 \lxa kolochowa \lxac nokolochowa \lxo kolochowa \lxoc nokolochowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to hunch and huddle over (e.g., as chicks do when they are sick) \ss (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse y estar con el cuerpo encogido y doblado (como hacen los pollitos cuando están enfermos). \pna Nokolochowa pa:mpa yo:pe:w kwalo. \pea He is hunched over and huddled up because he has started to get sick. \psa Está acurrucado y encogido porque ya empezó a sentirse enfermo. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to make ruffles or pleats in (particularly fabric) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer pleigues o tablas en (particularmente tela) \pna Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was. \pea Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right. \psa Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien. \pna Okikokolochokeh a:maxo:chitl para kipi:pilo:skeh tio:pan. \pea They ruffled up the crepe paper (i.e., forming it into ruffled flowers) in order to hang it from various parts of the church. \psa Doblaron el papel chino (en la forma de flores) para colgarlo en varios lugares de la iglesia. \pna Xkokolocho noso:ya:w! Nikonka:was ne: ka:n nomihka:tsi:n. \pea Curl (or ruffle) up my palm (in the particular form that is left on graves)! I will go leave it off where a member of my family is buried. \psa ¡Enriza mi palma (en una forma particular que se deja sobre los sepulcros)! Voy a dejarlo allá donde está enterrado mi muerto. \xrb koloch \nse The same crepe paper flowers used in the church are placed on a young child (6 months to one year old) when he is buried. It is quite probable that this custom of ruffled paper is related to the form of the marigold (<na>sempwalxo:chitl</na>) which is also used in ceremonies involving death.. \nde In Oapan only the reflexive use of <no>kolochowa</no> has been documented; see <nlo>koloxsa:lowa</nlo>. \qry Determine the precise form of palm that is placed on graves, and when it is placed (anniversaries?). \ilustmp Ilustrate ruffled palm; perhaps get a sample. \grm Note that both /nokokoxka:w/ and /nomihka:tsi:n/ translate as a sick or dead person of ones family or household. Mention this under possession in the grammar. Also, /noko:lo:kokoxka:w/ has the same meaning as a member of ones household. \ref 03038 \lxa a:tlakwa:ni \lxac a:tlakwa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-V2 \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sea someone who drinks water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) \ssa algn que bebe agua mientras coma (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) \syno a:tala \xrb a: \xrb kwa \qry Check for other meanings of this term. \ref 03039 \lxa ki:tskilia \lxac kiki:tskilia \lxo ki:tsilia \lxoa ki:tskilia \lxoc kiki:tsilia \dt 25/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to grab or hold for (e.g., to hold onto sth for sb, freeing their hands for some other activity) \ss sostener (algo en las manos) para (p. ej., sostener o agarrar algo para algn, para que este tenga libre las manos) \pna Xne:chki:tskili noto:roh, kwahli ma n'tla:lili rria:tah ipan itsontekon! \pea Hold my bull for me, let me place this lasso right around its head! \psa ¡Agarra bien mi toro para mí, déjame ponerle bien esta riata por su cabeza! \pna Se: xne:chki:tskili! Ma n'koyo:ni! ¡Ke:n na:wiltia! \pea Hold onto it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! It really moves around (as I'm trying to drill it)! \psa ¡Agárramelo bien (en este caso una viga para taladrar)!¡Déjame taladrarlo!¡Cómo se mueve! \pna Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis! \pea Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground! \psa ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla!¡Agárraselo por que si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo! \se to take from and use, often without permission \ss tomar de para utilizar, a menudo sin permiso \pna Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan. \pea Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has been stolen and perhaps harm the robber). \psa ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal soltado)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo que es suyo, tal vez haciéndole daño al ladrón). \se (with a woman as SO) to have sexual intercourse with the wife of (see <nla>tlaki:tskilia</nla>) \ss (con una mujer como OS) tener relaciones sexuales con la esposa de (vé ase <nla>tlaki:tskilia</nla>) \pna O:kiki:tskilih isuwa:w wa:n xkwala:ni, kitowa xtlami. \pea He had sexual intercourse with his (another person's) wife and he doesn't get mad. He says that she won't get used up. \psa Tuvo relaciones sexuales con su (de otra persona) esposa y no se enjoja. Dice que no se acaba su mujer. \xrb ki:tski \xvba ki:tskia \xvbo ki:tsia \xv1a tlakiki:tskilia \xv1o tlá:ki:tsília \grm Oapan phonology: the sound file for this word provides a good illustration of vowel length. \ref 03040 \lxa tetso:lowa \lxac kitetso:lowa \lxo tetso:lowa \lxoc kitetso:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to dry (a fruit or other edible items, etc.) \ss secar (una fruta u otras cosas comestibles, etc.) \pna Xne:cha:lkwi:li tomatetso:hli de kampa o:titlatetso:loh! \pea Bring me some dried <nla>tepe:tomatl</nla> from where you have set them out to dry! \psa ¡Traéme algo de <nla>tepe:tomatl</nla> resecado de allídonde los pusiste a resecar! \flao tso:liwi \xrb te- \xrb tso:l \xv1ao tlatetso:lowa \ref 03041 \lxa boli:chih \lxac boli:chih \lxo boli:cheh \lxocpend @boli:cheh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan boliche \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of tree still unidentified \ss tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \pna <na>Boli:chih</na> | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwelik. \pea <na>Boli:chih</na> : It bears fruit, it is not tasty. \psa <na>Boli:chih</na> : Rinde su fruta, no sabe bien. \sem plant \sem kohtli \nct kohtli \vl This identification and term was added after the recording session, thus it is not taped. Leave blank. \ref 03042 \lxa paxia:lowa \lxac paxia:lowa \lxo paxia:lowa \lxoc paxia:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pasear</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to go for a walk; to walk around \ss pasear \se to visit (a pueblo or settlement) \ss pasear; visitar (un pueblo o asentamiento) \pna San o:nipaxia:lo:ko. \pea I just came to visit. \psa Solamente vine a pasear. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to get out and around; to get around; (e.g., a young person who has a lot of friends of the opposite sex) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasear por acá y por allá ; andar saliendo (p. ej., un joven que tiene muchos amigos del sexo contrario) \pna San pa:paxia:lowa, kitetemowa ino:biah. \pea He (in this case a young man) is going around here and there, he's looking for a girlfriend. \psa El (en este caso un joven) anda paseando por acá y por allá, está buscando novia. \pna On ichpokawah melá:k yo:pa:paxia:loh, miak tla:katl yo:kimamastinen. \pea That girl has really gotten around, she's gone around getting to"know"a lot of men. \psa Esa muchacha de veras anda saliendo, ha andado"conociendo"a muchos hombres. \cfao tsi:npaxia:l \xrb paxia:l \xvaa paxia:lowilia \rt Despite the fact that <nr>paxia:l</nr> is originally a loan, because of its extensiveness in the lexicon and incorporation into Nahuatl inflectional and derivational morphology, it has been considered a root for cross-referencing purposes. \ref 03043 \lxa bone:teh \lxac bone:teh \lxo bone:teh \lxocpend @bone:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan bonete \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se <l>Jacaratia mexicana</l>, tree of the Caricaceae family called <spn>bonete</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Jacaratia mexicana</l>, arból de la familia Caricaceae comúnmente llamado bonete \equivo kowáyotlí \sem plant \sem kohtli \nse Schoenhals (1988:22-23) states that this is :"A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention the family <i>Caricaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Jacaratia mexicana</i>, called <spn>bonete</spn> or <spn>cuauayote</spn> in Spanish. Note that although some Oapan consultants also call this tree <no>bone:teh</no>, it does have a Nahuatl name: Silvestre Pantaleón, during fieldwork in September and October 2001, called this tree <nlo>kowáyotlí</nlo>, which has a separate entry. \cpl According to Schoenhals (1988:22-23)"(<i>Carica</i> [formerly Pileus] <i>mexicana</i>) '[wild] papaya.' A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Ramírez (1991) identifes the <spn>bonete</spn> as of the family <i>Caricaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Joacavatia</i> spp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention a tree of the family <i>Caricaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Jacaratia mexicana</i> as called in Spanish <spn>bonete</spn> or <spn>cuauayote</spn>. In Ameyaltepec I have heard the pronunciations <na>bone:teh</na> and <na>bune:teh</na>. \ref 03044 \lxa testilia \lxac kitestilia \lxo testilia \lxoc kitestilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to cram full; to stuff full (e.g., a sack, box, crate, bag, etc.) \ssao atestar; apretar hasta que se llene (p. ej., un saco, caja, huacal, bolsa, etc.) \seo (refl.) to force oneself into a tight place; to squeeze oneself together (e.g., to get through a tight space) \sso (refl.) meterse a fuerza en un lugar apretado (p. ej., para meterse en un lugar apretado) \pno Xmotestili! Yo:li:k xte:pa:panáwitíw. \peo Squeeze yourself tight (in this case to go through a crowd)! Slowly go past people (e.g., waiting to enter somewhere)! \pso ¡Aprétate (en este caso para ir por una muchedumbre)!¡Despacio vete pasando la gente (que estáesperando meterse en algún lugar)! \xrb tes \xvbao testia \dis testilia; tepo:tskalaktilia \ref 03045 \lxa cha:ntsi:n \lxac cha:ntsi:n \lxo cha:ntsi:n \lxoc cha:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se female turkey \ss guajolote hembra o pípila \xrb cha:n \vl Select first female token, 2nd (last) male token. \ref 03046 \lxa selik \lxac selik \lxo selik \lxoc selik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se tender; green; unripe (a fruit or plant) \ss verde; todavía no madura (una fruta o planta) \pna Selik, xe chika:wi. \pea It's still green, it still hasn't gotten ripe yet (e.g., a fruit or vegetable). \psa Estáverde, todavía no está a sazón (p. ej., una fruta o verdura). \se sensitive; tender (e.g., a wound) \ss sensible (p. ej., una herida) \se young (e.g., an animal just born) \ss joven (p. ej., un animal recién nacido) \pna Yo:notekets moburri:toh, seliktsi:n, kemech o:tla:kat. \pea Your little donkey has stood up, it is an infant, it was just born. \psa Tu burrito se paró, es un infante, apenas nació. \se fresh, not yet dried (sth such as mortar or cement) \ss fresco, todavía no secado (algo como mezcla u otra cosa parecida) \pna Selik, ma:ka ipan ticholo:s! \pea It's still fresh (in this case recently poured cement), don't step on it! \psa Estátodavía fresco (en este caso cemento apenas colado),¡no le pises! \xrb sel \nse The use of <na>selik</na> to refer to recently poured cement (which has only been documented in Oapan) might be a calque from Spanish <spn>fresco</spn>. This usage is not reported from other dialects outside the Balsas region. \ref 03047 \lxa kamaa:xoto:ni \lxac kamaa:xoto:ni \lxo kamaá:xotó:ni \lxoc kamaá:xotó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a \se to get blisters in ones mouth \ss salirsele granitos o ampollitas en la boca a \pna O:nikamaaga:xoto:n. \pea I got blisters in my mouth. \psa Se me salieron granitos en la boca \xrb kama \xrb a: \xrb xoto: \xvca kamaa:xoto:naltia \nae In Oapan only the reduced"reduplicated"form is found, <no>kamaá:xotó:ni</no>, in which the reduplicant is realized as pitch accent on the long vowel of the vowel-initial verbal stem. It is possible that the Ameyaltepec form of the headword entry should also be changed to a redupicated form. Note that the example phrase does have reduplication (and the insertion of /g/ between the reduplicant and stem). Finally, note that a causative form of this verb has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. \ref 03048 \lxa i:xka:wa \lxac ki:xka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two perhaps, by mistake) \ssa pasar sobre sin verlo; olvidarse y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia imperfectamente, dejando una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera) \synao i:xte:nka:wa \xrb i:x \xrb ka:wa \ref 03049 \lxa wa:kaxnakatl \lxac wa:kaxnakatl \lxo wa:kaxnakatl \lxoa wa:xnakatl \lxoc wa:kaxnakatl; wa:xnakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>vaca</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se beef \ss carne de res \sem food \xrb naka \nae The initial /a/ of <no>wakaxnakatl</no> appears to have a much shorter duration than the corresponding vowel of the noncompounded form <no>wa:kax</no>. This is not unexpected in Spanish loan words. For the present, then, and pending further analysis, the initial vowel of the Oapan form <no>wakaxnakatl</no> has been written short. A comparative study should be made of the Ameyaltepec form once it is recorded. \vl Remember that ; in the /lxoc field indicates that each word will have a pronunciation by female and by male, i.e., a total of 4 pronunciations. \ref 03050 \lxa tsoya:ya \lxac tsoya:ya \lxo tsóyá:ya \lxop tsoya:ya \lxoc tsóyá:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to smell of burning (particularly foods such as beans or atole) \ss oler como de quemado (particularmente comida como frijoles o atole) \pna O:tsoya:yak, xo:tikneloh. \pea It smelt of something burnt, you didn't stir it. \psa Olió a quemado, no lo batiste. \se (with <n>tla-</n>) for there to be a bad smell in the air (particularly at night as a bad odor might waft in from the woods) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) haber un mal olor (particularmente en la noche al entrar un mal olor del campo) \pna Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k niyeya tekolo:tl. \pea There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts. \psa Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo. \xrb tso \xrb hya \vl Use first female token. \ref 03051 \lxa chi:malowa \lxac kichi:malowa \lxo chi:malowa \lxoc kichi:malowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to flatten out in a circle; to extend and spread out in a circle (a single object, e.g., dough when making bread or clay for making ceramics) \ss extender en un círculo plano; ampliar una cosa plana hacia afuera en forma de círculo \pna Kichi:malowan a:matl. \pea They spread the amate out in a flat circle (when originally making it, by pounding it out) \psa Extienden el amate (al fabricarlo golpeando el papel para que se haga más grande), ampliándolo en un círculo plano. \seo to spread out in a wide circle (e.g., a skirt being spread out to dry, or a turkey in regard to its tail feathers) \sso extender en un círculo grande (p. ej., una falda para secarse en el sol, o un guajolote a su cola) \xrb chi:mal \cfa chi:maltik \qry Check for possible use of /te-/ intensifier. It probably can be used as a prefix given that it has been documented with /chi:maliwi/. \ref 03052 \lxa tlapeya:ska:n \lxac tlapeya:ska:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \sea place that is slippery \ssa lugar resbaloso \syna tlapeya:wa \syno tlaxila:hka:n \fla tlapeya:wa \xrb peya: \xrl -ka:n \qry Check to make sure that /tlapeya:ska:n/ and /tlapeya:wa/ are synonyns and are the same part of speech. \ref 03053 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /Po:cho:itik/, which has since been transferred to the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03054 \lxa te:miktih \lxac te:miktih \lxo te:mihtih \lxoc te:mihtih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se fatal (e.g., a poison) \ss mortal (p. ej., un venemo) \xrb miki \vl Use second female and second male tokens. There is a second female token at 6320. \ref 03055 \lxa xi:xa \lxac noxi:xa \lxo xi:xa \lxoc noxi:xa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl/dif) \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/+trans; +Spec; +Caus \infv class-3a \sem functions \se (refl.) to defecate; to take a shit \ss (refl.) defecar; cagar \pna O:noxi:xato. \pea He went to take a shit. \psa Fue a defecar. \se (refl. + <n>-pan</n>) to defecate on \ss (refl. + <n>-pan</n>) defecar o cagar sobre \se (with a specific object) to defecate on (e.g., a small baby [S] on a person [O] holding it) \ss (con un objeto específico) defecar o cagar sobre (p. ej., un bebésobre la persona [O] que lo está sosteniendo) \pna O:ne:chxi:x nopo:tsi:n. \pea My little girl shat on me. \psa Mi niñita me cagó. \se (with specific object) to expulse from the body through ones bowels; to shit (some object, blood, or similar things that can be so expulsed from the body) \ss evacuar; obrar; expulsar del cuerpo con el excremento \pna Kixi:xa yestli noburroh, kas kwalo. \pea My donkey is shitting blood, perhaps he is sick. \psa Mi burro está defecando sangre, quizá esté enfermo. \xrb xi:xa \qry Check for causative /xi:xaltia/. \ref 03056 \lxa po:ki:tia \lxac kipo:ki:tia \lxo po:ki:tia \lxoc kipo:ki:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Spec \infv class-2a \se to give a smoke (of) to (e.g., a cigarrette, pipe, cigar) \ss dar de fumar a (p. ej., un cigarro, pipa, puro, etc.) \xrb po:k \xvba po:ki \nse <na>Po:ki:tia</na> is both transitive and ditransitive verb, with the caveat that it can only take a specific secondary object, just like <na>po:ki</na> can take only a specific primary object. Thus * <nao>ne:chtlapo:ki:tia</nao> in unacceptable, not because <nao>po:ki:tia</nao> is not ditransitive, but because the secondary object is always specific (and as such is not marked or cross-referenced on the verb). Thus one might have <nao>kipo:ki:tia</nao> 'he gives him (sth) to smoke' or <nao>kipo:ki:tia</nao> <spn>marijuana</spn> 'he gives him marijuana to smoke.' However, one does find both <nao>te:po:ki:tia</nao> 'he gives people something to smoke' and <na>kite:po:ki:tia</na> 'he gives it to people to smoke.' \qry Check secondary object or whether an oblique is used (e.g. which is correct: /ne:chpo:ki:tia siga:rroh/ or /ne:chpo:ki:tia ika siga:rroh/). Also confirm /kite:po:ki:tia/ and simply /te:po:ki:tia/. \ref 03057 \lxa ke:ski \lxac ke:ski \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-num \sea a few \ssa unos cuantos o pocos \pna Niá:s nomi:hlan pero saniman nitlamis, san ke:ski surkos o:noka:w. \pea I'm going to my milpa but I wll finish up right away, there were just a few furrows left. \psa Voy a ir a mi milpa pero luego luego voy a acabar, nada más algunos surcos quedaron. \pna San ke:ski wa:hlaweh. \pea Only a few are coming. \psa Solamente unos cuantos vienen. \equivo ke:chkitsi:n \xrb i:ski \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>ke:ski</na> is not used as an interrogative for 'how many?' or 'how much?' \nae The etymology root of <na>ke:ski</na> is unclear; FK relates this to <na>ke:n</na> and <na>i:ski</na>. There might also be a relationship to <na>ke:ch</na>, although this is problematic. \qry Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used. \ref 03058 \lxa kwetla:tsiwi \lxac kwetla:tsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \sea to ondulate (e.g., a long board being carried on sb's shoulders) \ssa ondular; pandear (p. ej., una tabla larga y ancha que se está cargando sobre los hombros) \cfo kwetla:ni \xrb kwetlats \qry Check other meanings; get example sentences. \ref 03059 \lxa okse: \lxac okse: tla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \com Adj-Adj \der Adj-b \sea different \ssa diferente; distinto \pna Okse: suwa:tl tisis. \pea Another (different) woman will grind corn. \psa Otra mujer (distinta, diferente) va a moler maíz. \se (~ [day of the week]) the following [day of the week] \ss (~ [día de la semana]) el otro [día de la semana] \pna... okse: sá:badoh \pea... the following Saturday (i.e., the Saturday after this upcoming one) \psa... el otro sábado (esto es, el que le sigue a este) \se (~ <na>bi:dah</na> or simply <na>se: bi:dah</na>) the afterlife \ss (~ <na>bi:dah</na> o simplemente <na>se: bi:dah</na>) el otro mundo \pna Okse: bi:dah -=se: bi:dah- nikchi:was. \pea I'll do it in the afterlife. \psa Lo voy a hacer en el otro mundo. \syno sápa sé: \xrb ok \xrb se: \cfa oksé \qry Check and determine whether two entries for /okse:/ should be created: adjectival and pronominal. I think that only one would be fine, as occurs with numerals. \ref 03060 \lxa pixka \lxac pixka \lxo pixka \lxoc pixka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \se to harvest (particularly maize) \ss cosechar (particularmente maíz) \pna Mo:stla kipixkas. \pea He will harvest it tomorrow (in reference to some field in particular). \psa Manaña lo va a cosechar (en referencia a un sembradío en particular). \se to husk (maize) \ss quitar la chala (al maíz) \xrb pixka \encyctmp Establish an entry in the onomasiological side of all activities associated with planting and harvesting, etc. \nse In Classical Nahuatl <na>pixka</na> functioned solely as an intransitive; in Ameyaltepec at present it is most often used intransitively but may be used with a 3rd-person specific object marker in certain cases. \qry <na>Pixka</na> apparently accepts only a specific object prefix, not <n>tla-</n>. Check; and if /kipixka/ is acceptable, determine the precise cases in which this occurs. Cf. to /ye:kpowa/, /to:ka/, /po:ki/, etc. With a form such as /kipixka/ determine whether the object is the plant, the type of harvest, or the field. Also determine what other plants can be husked. And what the word referring to doing this to beans is ?/tlapa:na/? Check also for applicatives. \grm A distinction should be made between transitive verbs that can take any object (specific or nonspecific) and those (like /po:ki/, /pixka/, /to:ka/ in reference to planting, but not burial, etc.) take only a specific object marker. \ref 03061 \lxa to:nalka:wa \lxac to:nalka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to lose ones soul (i.e., <na>to:nal</na>), particularly after a fright (such as falling off an animal or being carried away by water) \ssa perder el alma (esto es, el <na>to:nal</na>), particularmente después de un susto (p. ej., al haber caido de un animal, o al haber sido llevado por el agua de un río fuerte) \xrb to:na \xrb ka:wa \nse In Spanish this condition is known as <spn>susto</spn>, occuring as the result of any of a number of different types of fright. In such situations a curer (<nla>te:tlatete:moliwike:tl</nla>) is hired to recuperate the"soul"through supplications and offerings to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla>. In Oapan the equivalent of this Ameyaltepec verb would be <no>kipolowa i:to:nal</no>. \grm Incorporation: Note that despite one would expect /to:nalka:wa/ to be a nonsaturating incorporatioin, it reduces valency of the verb /ka:wa/. \ref 03062 \lxa i:xmani:ltia \lxac ki:xmani:ltia \lxo i:xmani:ltia \lxoc ki:xmani:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to raze or level the surface of (particularly grains or similar items that are piled up in a heap) \ss nivelar o aplanar la superficie de (particularmente de granos apilados o copeteados) \pna Kwahli xiktewitso:lti un chikiwtli! Ma:ka san xki:xmani:lti, ma witsiwi! \pea Pile it up nicely in that basket (e.g., a grain so that it is slightly heaped up)! Don't just level off the surface, but let it be heaped up a little! \psa ¡Haz que esa canasta (lleno de granos) este algo copeteada!¡No lo niveles, más bien deja que esté un poco copeteada! \xrb i:x \xrb man \xvbao i:xmani \qry Determine the difference between /i:xmana/ and /i:xmaniltia/. Perhaps the difference has sth to do with the valency and object of the construction. Check to see if"basket"can be the object of both these verbs. \ref 03063 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlasakana:ntli \lxoc tlasakana:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo type of snake, apparently the coralillo or false coralillo \sso tipo de culebra, aparentemente el coralillo o falso coralillo \sem animal \sem sn \equiva i:na:n tsi:katl \xrb saka \xrb na:n \encyctmp kowatl \nae The etymology of <no>tlasakana:ntli</no> is obscure (as is often the case with plant and animal names). Provisionally it has been related to the transitive verb <no>saka</no>. Perhaps native language consultants would have some insight into the derivation of this name; note that in Ameyaltepec this snake is called <nla>i:na:n tsi:katl</nla>. \ref 03064 \lxa kweskomatl de bajare:keh \lxac kweskomatl de bajare:keh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan bajareque \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of grain storage bin made of rods (<nla>tlako:tl</nla>) that are horizontally intertwined and the covered with mud \ssa tipo de troje hecha de varas (<nla>tlako:tl</nla>) que se entrelazan horizontalmente y se cubren con lodo \encyctmp kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \nse This type of granary is also known as <na>kweskomatl de china:ntli</na>. \ref 03065 \lxa ne:nkah \lxac ne:nkah \lxo ne:nkah \lxoc ne:nkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \se to be there \ss estar allí \pna Un ne:nkah, nihkwi:s. \pea I'll take that one over there. \psa Voy a tomar aquel que está allá. \pna Ne:nkah tla:katl, xkwahli. \pea That man over there, he is no good. \psa Aquel hombre que está allá, no es bueno. \xrb ne:n \xrb kah \nse <na>Ne:nkah</na> is used when the object is visible, and the speaker usually will point at it. Compare <na>ne: onkah</na> 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to <na>on ne:nkah</na> 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).' \grm Compare <na>ne: onkah</na> 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to <na>on ne:nkah</na> 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).' \vl Use second male token. \ref 03066 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:mai:xmatke:tl \lxoc a:mai:xmatke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-V2)-Ag \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who knows how to read; literate person \ss persona que sabe leer; alfabetizado \equivao a:mai:xmatki \syn tlai:xmatki \xrb a:ma \xrb i:x \xrb mati \nae In the dipthong in the second syllable it is hard to determine the precise boundaries; however, it does appear that Inocencio Jiménez has a more rapid rise to the target position of the /i/, with the result that it is more obviously a long vowel. In Ameyaltepec, at least, the agentive with <n>-ki</n> is more common in this case. \ref 03067 \lxa tlakpaktia \lxac tlakpaktia \lxo tlahpahtia \lxoc tlahpahtia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become higher off the ground \ss llegar a estar más arriba del suelo \pna Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpaktia! \pea Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, <nla>kalma:tli</nla>), let it be a little higher! \psa ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, <nla>kalma:tli</nla>), qué esté algo más alto! \pna Ma tlakpaktia! \pea Let it be (hanging a little) higher (e.g., sth. strung up over the ground such as a string of lights)! \psa ¡Qué esté(colgado) más arriba (p. ej., algo colgado sobre la tierra como una hilera de luces)! \xrl -kpak \nse Ameyaltepec <na>tlapantia</na> is clearly related to <na>tlakpak</na>, which refers not to height per se, but to distance or height above a plane, with space between the two points (ground and high point). \nae In Oapan <no>tlahpahtia</no> the aspiration is difficult to hear; it is limited to devoicing of the preceding vowel that last for a relatively short duration. In fact, the presence of this should be rechecked, and the sequence in <no>tlahpahtia</no> compared to other sequences of /-ap-/ in which there is no intervening underlying segment (as {h} in the present example). \qry Check to make sure that /tlakpantia/ and not /tlakpaktia/ is correct for Ameyaltepec. For Oapan cf. /tlahpahtia/ to other forms such as /tlapalowa/, etc. \ref 03068 \lxa a:tsotsono:kia \lxac a:tsotsono:kia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to throw up; to vomit \ssa vomitar \pna Asta ke:n na:tsotsono:kia. Mlá:k o:nimiso:tlak. \pea I've even thrown up several times. I really vomited. \psa Hasta me vomitévarias veces. De veras vomité. \cfo á:tsono:kíya \xrb a: \xrb tson \xrb no:ki \nae In Oapan this is a transitive verb meaning 'to pour water over ones head.' It has been given a different entry. \qry Check the difference between, the intransitive /a:tsono:kia:/and the reflexive /iso:tla/. Determine the transitive form of /a:tsono:kia/. \grm Incorporation; dialect: Note that at present (and the semantic and morphosyntactic differences will need to be confirmed) I have Ameyaltepec /a:tsono:kia/ as an intransitive and Oapan /á:tsono:kíya/ as a transitive. Thus in each dialect there is a different manner in which N is incorporated. Saturating in Ameyaltepec and nonsaturating in Oapan. However, the definitions of each form will need to be checked. \ref 03069 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a duplicate entry for /kamakochi:noh/ and has been eliminated; see 4563 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03070 \lxa seki \lxac seki \lxo seki \lxoa sítsí:n \lxop seki \lxoc sékí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr \der Pro-indef(pl) \pa yes \se a little, some (of an item or material object) \ss un poco, algo de (una cosa material) \pna Seki? \pea Do you want some more (e.g., food being served or sth being offered)? \psa ¿Algo más (p. ej., comido servido u otra cosa que está siendo ofrecida)? \se a few (people) \ss algunos (personas) \pna Seki wel ke:kchi:wa. \pea Some (people) are able to make (do) it. \psa Algunos (individuos) lo pueden hacer. \pna Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n. \pea Some people sop up their coffee with bread. \psa Algunos sopean el cafécon pan. \pna Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:piltik. \pea I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla>, they (the cobs) are no longer even, some (of them) are small. \psa Voy a remplazar parte de este <nla>o:lo:tetl</nla> (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos (de ellos) son cortitos. \cfo si: \xrb seki \nse The plural marker <n>-meh</n> is used for human subjects. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds <na>sekimeh</na> whereas in Oapan one has <no>sékiméh</no>, which can be shortened to <no>seimeh</no>. \nae The etymology of <na>seki</na> (Am) or <no>sékí</no> (Oa) is not entirely clear. It obviously contains the root <nr>se:</nr> or <nr>sek</nr> meaning 'one' or a related concept. However, note that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has a phonological rule that deletes underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts, and Oapan Nahuatl has a rule that creates pitch accent from underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts. Yet the basis for an underlying {h} here is not clear. Comparative information from neighboring dialects such as San Juan Tetelcingo or San Miguel Tecuiciapan might clarify the matter. Note also that a similar situation is found in numerals with final <n>-tetsi:n</n>, which too have unexpected pitch accent (e.g., <nlo>ó:ntetsí:n</nlo>). It might even be that pitch accent here marks one grammatical category (pronoun) as opposed to another (adjectival quantifier). Upon reexamination it appears that the final syllable stress in Oapan <no>sékí</no> is the result of an interrogative into nation. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: The etymology of <na>seki</na> (Am) or <no>sékí</no> (Oa) is not entirely clear. It obviously contains the root <nr>se:</nr> or <nr>sek</nr> meaning 'one' or a related concept. However, note that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has a phonological rule that deletes underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts, and Oapan Nahuatl has a rule that creates pitch accent from underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts. Yet the basis for an underlying {h} here is not clear. Comparative information from neighboring dialects such as San Juan Tetelcingo or San Miguel Tecuiciapan might clarify the matter. Note also that a similar situation is found in numerals with final <n>-tetsi:n</n>, which too have unexpected pitch accent (e.g., <nlo>ó:ntetsí:n</nlo>). It might even be that pitch accent here marks one grammatical category (pronoun) as opposed to another (adjectival quantifier). \sj Check for /h/. \vl There are two pronunciations of Oapan Nahuatl: /sékí/, with both syllables stressed, and /seki/, with only the first syllable stressed. The first set of four are all /sékí/. The second set includes several variations. All should be tagged. The difference is unclear. From what I understand the isolated form is /sékí/ as a pronominal element. However, when modifying a following noun the final pitch accent shift rightward. Thus /séki nákatl/. What seems to occur is that Florencia Marcelino understood the difference and even when pronouncing /sékí/ in isolation gave it the pitch accent pattern as if it were being followed by a noun. However, he husband Inocencio Jiménez seemed to continue to utter /sékí/ (perhaps slightly shifted) as would be expected if it were an isolated pronominal. This should all be checked. However, for the present when making the links, select one female token and one male token from the first sequence of four. \ref 03071 \lxa montli \lxac montli \lxo montli \lxoc montli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se (generally possessed) son-in-law \ss (generalmente poseído) yerno \pna O:me nomon. \pea I have two sons-in-law. \psa Tengo dos yernos. \pna Ne:chmon. \pea I am his son-in-law. \psa Soy su yerno. \se (often in absolutive) man who lives and works with his wife's family in lieu of paying bridewealth \ss (a menudo en el absolutivo) esposo que va a vivir y trabajar con la familia de su esposa por no haber pagado el precio de la novia \pna Yewa montli. \pea He is a son-in-law living at the home of the parents of his bride (and providing service in lieu of bridewealth). \psa Es un yerno que vive en la casa de la familia de su esposa (haciendo trabajo por no haber pagado por la novia) \sem kin \xrb mon \nse When <na>montli</na> is used in the unpossessed form, it usually refers to a son-in-law who has gone to live with his wife's family, providing service and labor in lieu of the bride price (e.g., pigs or cattle). Yet many men who live in their wife's family's house will deny that they are a <na>montli</na>, i.e., they will say <na>xnimontli</na>, indicating that they had killed a pig and gave drink to the father of their bride and are living in their father-in-law's house for other reasons. \grm In the phrases /o:me nomon/ note the use of the singular possessed noun. The plural /-mowan/ is also used but apparently it indicates a greater plural number, i.e. three or four sons-in-laws. Note also the loss of the final /n/ in the plural possessed. Note the pluralization through reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel, doubly marked as plural with the use of the suffix /-teh/. \ref 03072 \lxa na:nika \lxac na:nika \lxo na:nika \lxoa na:nyá: \lxoc na:nika; na:nyá: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \com Adv-Subord \der Adv-pl \se in this direction; over here \ss hacia acá; en esta dirección \pna Na:nika xwa:hla, ka:n tlase:waya:n! \pea Come over here, where there is shade! \psa ¡Ven acá, donde hay sombra! \pna Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika! \pea Lie down on your side facing this way! \psa ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá! \xrb na:n \xrb -ka \nae This compound is clearly derived from the adverb <na>na:n</na> and probably the same <na>ika</na> that introduces subordinate and complement phrases, particularly those involving instrumentals. The absence of velarization after the final /n/ of <na>na:n</na> suggests an analysis of one, not two, words. In Oapan \qry Check etymology. Also confirm absence of final /h/. Perhaps related to the postposition /-ka/ or to the verb. Phonology; word division: Check and correct vowel length. I have made all entries with a long /i:/ given the probably derivation from the relational /-ka/ with the possessor prefix. But this should be checked. The absnece of velarization on the /n/ (i.e., not [na:ng i:ka]) suggests analysis as one word of this and all /i:ka/ forms. \vl Note that there are two sets of pronunciations: /na:nika/ and /na:nya/. The final entry should have both. \ref 03073 \lxa kompa:letsi:n \lxac kompa:letsi:n \lxo kompá:retsí:n \lxoc kompá:retsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan compadre \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes \se ritual male co-parent \ss compadre \sem kin \qry Check length of /e/ in penultimate syllable. In Oapan it seems borderline, though perhaps considering the nature of borrowings from Sp. it should be written short. \nse <nao>Tsi:n</nao> is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and"de medida"being the major ones. \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>kompá:retsí:n</no> is the reflex of a syllable final {h} in the penultimate syllable: {kompa:reh + tsi:n}. \ref 03074 \lxa tlami \lxac tlami \lxo tlami \lxoc tlami \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \infv class-3a(m) \se to become finished (a task or chore); to end or come to an end (an event) \ss acabarse (una tarea o trabajo); terminar (un evento) \pna Mo:stla tlamis ilwitl. \pea Tomorrow the fiesta will end. \psa Mañana la fiesta termina. \se to get finished up (a material object, such as food during a fiesta) \ss acabarse (un objeto material, como la comida durante la fiesta) \pna O:tlan motlaxkal, xok wel tite:tlakwalti:s. \pea Your tortillas have gotten finished up, you won't be able to feed people anymore. \psa Se terminaron tus tortillas, ya no vas a poder darle de comer a la gente. \se to finish up (a person [S] a task or job, a discourse, etc.) \ss acabar (una persona [S] una tarea o trabajo, un discurso, etc.) \pna Ye tla:tlamilo:tok. \pea People are finishing up here and there (in this case finishing up planting, some today, some tomorrow, some yesterday, etc.) \psa Están terminando poco a poco (en este caso terminando de sembrar, con algunos terminando hoy, otros ayer y otros no sino hasta mañana). \colo me:stli \colo to:nahli \xrb tlami \xv0a tlatlatlami \xv0o tlá:tlamí \qry Check precise meaning of /tlatlatlami/: does it refer to material objects that are used up all over; does it refer to a fiesta coming to an end in general, etc. Also check whether it is underlyingly /tlahtlatlami/ or /tlatlahtlami/. Question: Reduplication; /tla-/ Note the definition of /tlatlatlami/ : for everything to get finished up (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.). The position of the /h/ from reduplication needs to be determined, as it is probable that this surface form in Ameyaltepec is either {tlahtlatlami} or {tlatlahtlami}. My guess at this point is that the latter is correct. Note that in Oapan the cognate is /tlá:tlamí/, which indicates that an underlying {h} is present somewhere. My guess at this point is that the underlying form is {tla + rdp-h + tlami}. The reduplicative morpheme, in this analysis, would be realized as vowel lengthening + stress and this would be realizedon the preceding short vowel, in this case the final /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix. The precise meaning of this term is not, however, entirely clear. One question is whether /tlatlami/ is correct (i.e., {tlahtlami}; and the other question is whether {tlatlami} is correct. The first would be reduplication indicating multiple repetitions (in no particular order) of a similar/single event. The second second would be the use of the nonspecific object prefix to indicate an impersonal passive construction. One would imagine that both forms might be possible, just as one finds both /kohkoto:ni/ and /tlakoto:ni/, i.e., rdp-h + verb and tla + verb. However, although the corpus has an example of long-vowel reduplication (cf. /ye tla:tlamilo:tok/) there is no example of short vowel reduplication. Thus, three forms should be checked for in Oapan the impersonal passive /tlatlami/ {tla + tlami}, the reduplicated form with short vowel /tlátlamí/ {tlah + tl ami}, and the impers onal passive of the reduplication:/tlá:tlamí/ {tla + tlah + tlami}. Note, finally that a previous question was brought up in another entry: /tlasese:wi/ or /o:tlasese:w/. Here we have the /tla-/ of the impersonal prefixed as a reduplicated root. There would seem to be an equivalence in meaning between /tlatlatlami/ and /tlasese:wi/. According to consultants in Oapan it is the second /tlah/ that has a coda h. Thus /tlatlahtlami/. \grm Reduplication; /tla-/ Note the definition of /tlatlatlami/ : for everything to get finished up (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.). The position of the /h/ from reduplication needs to be determined, as it is probable that this surface form in Ameyaltepec is either {tlahtlatlami} or {tlatlahtlami}. My guess at this point is that the latter is correct. Note that in Oapan the cognate is /tlá:tlamí/, which indicates that an underlying {h} is present somewhere. My guess at this point is that the underlying form is {tla + rdp-h + tlami}. The reduplicative morpheme, in this analysis, would be realized as vowel lengthening + stress and this would be realized on the preceding short vowel, in this case the final /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix. The precise meaning of this term is not, however, entirely clear. One question is whether /tlatlami/ is correct (i.e., {tlah tlami}; an d the other question is whether {tlatlami} is correct. The first would be reduplication indicating multiple repetitions (in no particular order) of a similar/single event. The second second would be the use of the nonspecific object prefix to indicate an impersonal passive construction. One would imagine that both forms might be possible, just as one finds both /kohkoto:ni/ and /tlakoto:ni/, i.e., rdp-h + verb and tla + verb. However, although the corpus has an example of long-vowel reduplication (cf. /ye tla:tlamilo:tok/) there is no example of short vowel reduplication. Thus, three forms should be checked for in Oapan the impersonal passive /tlatlami/ {tla + tlami}, the reduplicated form with short vowel /tlátlamí/ {tlah + tlami}, and the impersonal passive of the reduplication: /tlá:tlamí/ {tla + tlah + tlami}. Note, finally that a previous question was brought up in another entry: /tlasese:wi/ or /o:tlasese:w/. Here we have the /tla-/ of the impersona l prefixed as a reduplicated ro ot. There would seem to be an equivalence in meaning between /tlatlatlami/ and /tlasese:wi/. Cf. also the entry under /tla:ki/. \ref 03075 \mod This is a duplicate of another entry for /kiawi/ and has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03076 \lxa tlato:ltia \lxac kitlato:ltia \lxo 'tlató:ltia \lxop tlato:ltia \lxoc kítlató:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran +Spec \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to ask (sb) about \ss preguntar (sobre algo) a \pna Nochipa ne:xtlato:ltia a:kino:n nika:nas. \pea He always asks me who I'm going to marry. \psa Siempre me pregunta con quien me voy a casar. \pna Kite:tlato:ltia ka:no:n kitilian. \pea He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he was looking for). \psa Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que estaba buscando). \pna Xkaman te:tlato:ltia. \pea He never asks. \psa Nunca pregunta. \xrb hto \xvba tlatowa \nae <na>Tlato:ltia</na> is a complement-taking verb. In a phrase such as <na>Nochipa ne:xtlato:ltia akinon nika:nas</na> the complement noun phrase is a secondary object and, as such, not overtly marked on the verb (which manifests only the primary object <n>ne:ch-</n>). Given that a form such as * <na>ne:xtlatlato:ltia</na>, in which the first <n>tla-</n> is the nonspecific object (and not the result of reduplication, which would underlyingly be {tlah-}), is not found in the corpus, it may be surmised that <na>tlato:ltia</na> takes only specific objects (like, for example, <nla>ye:kpowa</nla>). However, in a phrase such as <na>kite:tlato:ltia ka:non kitilian</na> it is clear that <na>tlato:ltia</na> is a ditransitive, at least in some realizations. Here there is a nonspecific primary object (indicated by <n>te:-</n>) and a specific secondary object (marked by <n>ki-</n>, which cross-references the complement noun phrase, <na>ka:non kitilian</na>). Nevertheless, the fact that simply <na>te: tlato:ltia</na> i s manifested in the corpus (e.g., <na>xkaman te:tlato:ltia</na> suggests that <na>tlato:ltia</na> may be considered to only mark specific secondary objects, since there is no apparent other reason for the nonrealization of ? <na>te:tlatlato:ltia</na> with the <n>tla-</n> nonspecific object prefixed. \qry Determine whether /kite:tlato:ltia/ and /te:tlato:ltia/ are both acceptable. I.e., recheck the acceptability of the latter. \pqry Have SG listen to the p-a pattern here and with /kitláto:lkwépa/. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; orthography: Note that in /kítlató:ltia/ the pitch accent shifts onto the prefix. This probably has to do with the fact that given that the long /o:/ of the second syllable of the verb stem hold pitch-accent, the pitch shifts to the left. Perhaps if there were a short vowel in the second syllable of the the pattern would be L-H-L-H. Check other cases. But this seems to one in which leftward shift onto the prefix overrides the tendency for I/O maximal identity. \ref 03077 \lxa nekwahli \lxac nekwahli \lxo ne:nkwahli \lxoc ne:nkwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn Stem 3 \se type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) \ss tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') \pna O:kisa:lokeh ika nekwahli. \pea They tied it with a hitch. \psa Lo ataron con un cabo de vuelta. \syn nekwahlo:tl \xrb kwa \nae The etymology of <na>nekwahli</na> is uncertain, but it would not be surprising if it derived from <na>kwa</na>, which in a reflexive use has the sense of something being placed close together (cf. the sense of <na>te:pan nokwa</na>). This knot is formed when the rope attached to something is placed around a stable object, usually a stick or rod. It is also used to tie pigs feet together when they are slaughtered. In house construction these knots are used to tie the <na>tlapexteh</na> (rods from the <na>órgano</na>) together in the action referenced by the verb <na>nekwahlo:tia</na>. The length of the first vowel of the Oapan form is uncertain (as is the presence of /n/) and needs to be checked. At least in some pronunciations it seems short and has, provisionally, been so marked. \qry Determine precisely what type of knot this is, perhaps with a diagram. Obtain names for other types of knots. \vl NOTE TO SELF: check vl of all forms of /nekwahli/, /ne:nkwahli/ ? or /nenkwahli/, etc. \ref 03078 \lxa kwa:pipi:ltik \lxac kwa:pipi:ltik \lxo kwá:pipí:ltik \lxoc kwá:pipí:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have ones hair hanging down in strands \ss tener el pelo colgado como en hebras \pna Kwa:pipi:ltik. O:na:ltih, pa:stik itsontekon. \pea Her hair is hanging down in strands. She bathed, her head is wet. \psa Su cabello se le cuelga como en hebras. Se bañó, su cabeza está mojada. \xrb kwa: \xrb pi:l \qry Check is simply /pipi:ltik/ exists. Determine the difference between /kwa:pipi:ltik/ and a word such as /kwa:ko:pi:ltik/, if it exists. \ref 03079 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /kwilchi:hli/, which has been removed as vulgar. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03080 \lxa temini:xka:tsi:n \lxac temini:xka:tsi:n \lxo temaní:xká:tsi:n \lxoc temaní:xká:tsi:n \lxt temenexi:ka:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se <l>Bursera schlechtendali</l> Engl., tree of the Burseraceae family \ss <l>Bursera schlechtendali</l> Engl.,árbol de la familia Burseraceae \pna Temini:xka:tsi:n | Deke o:timoma:tsontek tikpostekis wa:n ika ia:yo:tsi:n wel timopati:s ka:n yo:timotek. \pea <na>Temini:xka:tsi:n</na> : If you cut your arm (with a machete or similar instrument) you break it (i.e., a branch) and with its sap you can cure it where you've gotten cut. \psa <na>Temini:xka:tsi:n</na> : Si te cortas el brazo (con un machete o instrumento similar) lo rompes (esto es, una ramita de esteárbol) y con su savia te puedes curar donde te cortaste. \pna Temini:xka:tsi:n | Deke yo:timotsontek, timotla:lilia ia:yo. Notsakwas ka:n yeski:sa. Timopati:s. \pea <na>Temini:xka:tsi:n</na> : If you've gotten cut you put its sap on you (at the cut). The place where blood is coming out will close up. You will get cured. \psa <na>Temini:xka:tsi:n</na> : Si te has cortado, te pones su savia. El lugar donde sale sangre se va a cerrar. Te vas a aliviar. \encyc TeminixkatsinPage.htm \xrb temini:xka: \nae The etymology of <na>temini:xka:tsi:n</na> is highly uncertain since no roots are easily recognized in this plant name. Also, the second vowel in the name of this plant in each of the three villages where fieldwork was conducted varies. With no easy way to determine which vowel might be more accurate historically, the Ameyaltepec vowel was chosen given that the vowels of this village seem less changing than those of the other two communities. Nevertheless, given the importance of its sap, the verbal root <nr>man</nr> might be part of the name. \nde In their commentary on Hernández, Javier Valdés and Hilda Flores (1985) comment on the <n>cocopaltzin</n> or <n>pequeño copalli</n> and refer to M. Urbina (1910) in the following manner:"Comenta que por la descripción tan incompleta y la falta de figura no es posible apreciar quéespecie sea, y que sólo el nombre y la localidad pueden hacer su identificación más tarde. Más adelante señala que lobródeterminar esta especie como <l>Bursera schlechtendali</l> Engl. (Burseráceas)."Nevertheless, note that Hernández describes the <n>cocopaltzin</n> as a"hierba." \sem plant \sem kohtli \nct kohtli \qry Recheck spelling since one filecard had the entry as spelled here, and another had /temenixka:tsi:n/. Recheck pitch accent in Oapan from tape. \sj Check for /h/. Recheck since Asención Marcelo´s pronunciation was not good. \ref 03081 \lxa tlikwisahlo:tl \lxac tlikwisahlo:tl \lxo tlikwisahlo:tl \lxoc tlikwisahlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-uncl \infn Stem 2 \se heat waves that emanate from the ground during the hot months, creating an effect whereby objects behind this phenomenon flicker and waver back and forth \ss olas de calor que salen de la tierra durante los meses calorosos, creando un efecto por lo cual objetos atrás de este fenómeno parecen moverse o oscilarse ligeramente \sem weather \xrb tli \xrb kwi \nae The etymology of <nao>tlikwisahlo:tl</nao> is not entirely clear. Molina has <n>tlecueçallotl</n> 'llama de fuego.' RS has the same word and definition, and he offers an etymology of <nr>tle</nr> and <nr>cueçallotl</nr>. \qry Note that in my edition of RS I have written in pen on p. 131"cueçallotl - llama, flama (i.e., rojo de este color)"but I have not cited a source. I cannot find it in RS. \ref 03082 \lxa a:to:lchi:wa \lxac a:to:lchi:wa \lxo a:to:lchi:wa \lxoc a:to:lchi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to make or prepare atole \ss hacer o preparar atole \xrb a:to:l \xrb chi:wa \vl Use second pronunciation of each speaker. \ref 03083 \lxa tla:wa:nka:kochi \lxac tla:wa:nka:kochi \lxo tla:wa:nka:kochi \lxoc tla:wa:nka:kochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep or fall asleep from being drunk \ss dormir o quedar dormido por haberse emborrachado \pna Tla:wa:nka:koxtok, o:to:nalwi:lo:k. \pea He's sleeping from having gotten drunk. \psa Estádurmiendo por haberse emborrachado. \xrb tla:wa: \xrb kochi \grm Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: There is some indication in this word that the /a:/ of the /wa:n/ syllable might be shorter that it is in the noncompound form. This might reflect the fact that longer words tend to compress certain sounds. I believe that this is documented for English: derivational forms have elements that are shorter than they are in the original forms. The original article should be checked. \ref 03084 \lxa patioh \lxac patioh \lxo patioh \lxoc patioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \se expensive; pricey \ss caro; costoso \pna Tlapatioh. \pea Everything is expensive. \psa Todo es caro. \pna Ma:s patioh kitlaxtla:wan. \pea They pay a higher price for it. \psa Pagan un precio más alto por ello. \xrb pati \nse Although no nominal base exists from which the adjectival <nao>patioh</nao> is derived, Classical does have a noun: Molina lists <n>patio:tl</n> 'paga, o el precio que se da porlo que se compra, rescate.' Ameyaltepec does have an obligatorily possessed noun <na>-patil</na>, e.g., <na>i:patil</na> 'its price,' but the possible nominal form ? <na>patihli</na> has not been documented. \grm tla- impersonal. Note the use of the /tla-/ prefix in /tlapatioh/ 'Everything is expensive.' The reference is to nonspecified objects that are all expensive, whereas a form such as /patiokeh/ would involve specified objects. Check for general use of /tla-/ with denominal adjectives in /-yoh/. \ref 03085 \lxa tla:ltechi:koyahko \lxacpend tla:ltechi:koyahko \lxo tla:ltechi:koyahko \lxoc tla:ltechi:koyahko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla:l-ko \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo land having a large hole in it (e.g., where water flows in) \sso tierra con un gran pozo (p. ej., donde entra agua) \cfa tla:lchi:koyaktik \xrb tla:l \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \xrl -ko \qry Check whether /tla:lkoyaktik/ is correct. Later, although C. Flores did pronounce this in elicitation, he denied that the word was used in Ameyaltepec. Remove. \ref 03086 \lxa tlapachowa \lxac kitlapachowa \lxo tlapachowa \lxoc kitlapachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to cover up (e.g., in a blanket) \ss tapar (p. ej., con una cobija) \pna Nimote:mastok ke:n nikochis. Ke:n se:wa wa:n xnikpia tli:n ika nimotlapacho:s. \pea I'm worried about how I will (be able to) sleep. It's really cold and I don't have anything to wrap myself up in. \psa Estoy preocupado como (voy a poder) dormir. Hace mucho frío y no tengo con que taparme. \xrb tlapach \rt It is quite likely that the root <nr>tlapach</nr> is related to that of <nr>pach</nr> although in this dictionary the two have been listed separately. \vl The first mistaken pronunciation is of /kitlampachowa/. This is word 04618 and should be tagged with the appropriate number and ending. \ref 03087 \lxa xa:yakaoomitik \lxac xa:yakaoomitik \lxo xa:ya:komitetik \lxoa xa:yakakomitetik \lxoc xa:ya:komitetik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am); Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am): <na>xa:yakateoomitik</na> \se to have ones cheeks so sunken in that ones facial bones protrude \ss tener las mejillas sumidas que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara \pna Nixa:yakaoomitik. O:nikwalo:k. \pea My cheeks are sunken in. I got sick. \psa Se me sumieron las mejillas. Me enfermé. \xrb xa:yaka \xrb omi \nae The Ameyaltepec form shows the expected reduplication given the fact that the process affects both cheeks simultaneously; the lack of such reduplication in Oapan is not expected. The meaning of the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are the same although the root elements in the two semantically equivalent forms <na>xa:yakaoomitik</na> and <no>xa:ya:komitetik</no> are distinct. Nevertheless, the variation between Oapan <no>komitetl</no> 'bone' and Ameyaltepec <na>omitl</na> parallels the basic form for 'bone' in both these dialects. \ref 03088 \lxa koya:wilia \lxac kikoya:wilia \lxo koya:wilia \lxoc kikoya:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to widen a hole in or of (e.g., a sack, the opening in a wall, etc.) \ss ensancharle una apertura en o a \se to let out (e.g., clothes) for \ss hacer (p. ej., ropa) más holgada para \pna Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa! \pea Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew! \psa ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser! \xrb koya: \xvbao koya:wa \nse When the applicative is used with some material object, the sense seems to be that part of the object is being widened, but not necessary the part that should be. Thus <na>xkoya:wa un kosta:l</na> refers to widening the mouth, holding the sack wide open so things can be placed in it. However, <na>xkoya:wili un kosta:l</na> suggests that what is being widened and opened up is not the sack itself, but a part of it that shouldn't necessarily be open, e.g., a rip or torned section. Among young Ameyaltepec men this word is at times used with a sexual reference, particularly homosexual. \ref 03089 \lxa tlachialiskwepa \lxac notlachialiskwepa \lxo tlachialiskopa \lxoc notlachialiskopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to change ones appearance (a human or animal) \ss (refl.) cambiarse la apariencia (una persona o animal) \pna O:notlachialiskwep, xok ihkón ke:n katka. \pea It's changed its appearance, it's no longer like it was. \psa Se cambióde apariencia, ya no es como estaba. \xrb chiya \xrb kwepa \nse Although the only documented use of this verb is in the reflexive, it is not entirely clear that a fully transitive use would not be acceptable. \ref 03090 \lxa tlatlantsi:n \lxac tlatlantsi:n \lxo tlátlantsí:n \lxoc tlátlantsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se person who is nosy; person who asks a lot of questions \ss preguntón; metiche \pna Xok tiwe:ias, xok tiwekapanias ika titlatlantsi:n. \pea You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions. \psa No vas a crecer, no vas a ser alto porque eres muy preguntón. \cfa tlatlani \cfo tlátlaní \xrb htlani \nse Apparently <na>tlatlantsi:n</na> is derived from a verb that in Classical Nahuatl was <na>i'tlani</na>. Molina has <na>itlani nitla.</na> pedir algo"and gives the form <na>onitlaitlan</na> is which the root-initial vowel is maintained after the vowel-final prefix <n>tla-</n>. The nominalization <na>tlatlantsi:n</na> is apparently based on the perfective or reduced stem of the verb with the nonspecific object prefix as an indefinite null complement: <na>tlatlani</na> (see <nla>tlatlani</nla> as an intransitive for further discussion). Note that <na>tlatlantsi:n</na> refers to someone overly inquisitive, who asks a lot of questions, but not someone who begs or asks for alms. \ref 03091 \lxa tlanexe:wi \lxac tlanexe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \sea to the countryside to get grey (e.g., from a rain in the distance) \ssa quedarse gris el paisaje (p. ej., de una lluvia cayendo lejos) \xrb nex \xbtla nexe:wi \ref 03092 \lxa tsompi:liwi \lxac tsompi:liwi \lxo tsompi:liwi \lxoc tsompi:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have the common cold; to have a runny nose and cold \ss tener gripa; tener catarro \pna Kitlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli. \pea His cold makes him lose his appetite. \psa La gripa le hace perder el apetito. \xrb tsompi:l \nae In Oapan there is a three-way minimal contrast between <no>tsompi:liwi</no>, <nlo>tsompiliwi</nlo>, and <nlo>tsó:mpi:liwi</nlo>. \vl There is one extra female token of this word at 6891 which should be tagged as 3092. \ref 03093 \lxa sa:lowilia \lxac kisa:lowilia \lxo sa:lowilia \lxoc kisa:lowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2b \se to tie for \ss atar para \se to tie or hitch up (e.g., a beast of burden, a dog, etc.) for \ss amarrar (p. ej., una bestia, un perro, etc.) para \se (reduplication with short vowel) to sew for \ss (reduplicación con vocal corta) coser para \pna Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos! \pea Sew it for me finely, don't just baste it! \psa ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada, no lo vayas a simplemente hilvanar! \xrb sa:l \xvbao sa:lowa \ref 03094 \lxa ta:takalowa \lxac kita:takalowa \lxo ta:takalowa \lxoc kita:takalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to leave or make uneven (the surface of sth, e.g., in trying to sand sth smooth, making certain sections concave); to leave or make bumpy (e.g., in excavating or digging, a ditch for example, so that certain sections are deeper than others and the bottom goes up and down) \ss dejar desigual o no plano (la superficie de algo, p. ej., en lijar algo, poniendo demasiado presión y dejando algunas partes con pequeñas depresiones); dejar desigual; hacer que no estéplano (p. ej., en excavar, por ejemplo una zanja, para que algunas secciones son más profundas que otras y el fondo sube y baja ligeramente) \se to cut unevenly (hair, leaving some sections very short and others long) \ss trasquilar (el cabello, dejando unas partes cortas y otras largas) \pna O:kita:takaloh, xkwahli o:kixi:n. Xpestik, to:tolopoxtik. \pea He cut it (another person's hair) unevenly, he didn't give him a good haircut. It isn't smooth, it' uneven. \psa Lo trasquiló(el cabello de algn), no le cortó el pelo bien. No está liso, está disparejo. \sem distort-surface \xrb takal \nse The common meaning of <nao>ta:takalowa</nao> seems to be to alter the surface of something (in the meanings above a hard material such as wood, the ground, or even a head of hair) leaving some sections with a deeper"indentation"than others). Molina has <n>tacaliui. ni</n> 'estar desollado o roçado de algun golpe que me di.' Here again the common sense seems to be one of leaving a surface somewhat pitted or abraded. It's use has been documented with the act of plowing land and cutting hair, leaving some areas with deeper cuts than others. \nae Apparently this verb, although usually documented with a long vowel in the reduplicant may also occur with a short vowel. However, the degree to which such short vowel reduplication is used is not clear, nor is the meaning of such a form. \qry Check for intransitive form. Check for short vowel or no reduplication. If no short form exists, perhaps just entry a xreference. \mod Perhaps in general give xreference for words that seem to exist in Classical in nonreduplicated form but for which the Guerrero data gives only a reduplicated form. Also, for words that exist in long and short reduplicated forms, but not in unreduplicated form, perhaps enter the unreduplicated form simply to cross-reference the most common of the reduplicated form, and then list the other one there. Thus, for example, if both /ta:takalowa/ and /tatakalowa/ were to exist, perhaps create an entry for /takalowa/ and under that in the /se and /ss fields state: see <nla>ta:takalowa</nla> for both <na>ta:takalowa</na> and <na>tatakalowa</na>. \ref 03095 \lxa xi:tomatl \lxac xi:tomatl \lxo xi:tomatl \lxoc xi:tomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se red tomato \ss jitomate \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb xi: \xrb toma \encyctmp tomatl \qry Check for all types of tomatoes. \ref 03096 \lxa xaxa:yakatia \lxac kixaxa:yakatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to give a square form to (e.g., in carving wood) \ssa dar forma cuadrada a (p. ej., al tallar una madera) \cfo xi:ma; xáxa:yakátia \xrb xa:yaka \nse Apparently the meaning of <na>xa:yakatia</na>, which is derived from <nla>xa:yakatl</nla> 'face,' is similar to the English and Spanish senses of 'face' meaning a flat surface. Whereas my documented form was <na>xa:yakatia</na>, Cristino Flores corrected this to <na>xaxa:yakatia</na>. \ref 03097 \lxa kwa:tepasol \lxac kwa:tepasol \lxo kwa:tépasól \lxoc kwa:tépasól \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \se to have dishevelled, uncombed, entangled, or messy hair \ss tener el cabello despeinado, desgreñado o enmarranado \pna Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh. \pea Her hair is a disheveled mess, she doesn't have hair done up (e.g., in braids). \psa Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no estaácon el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas). \pna Tikwa:tepasol. \pea Your hair's a mess. \psa Estás todo despeinado. \pna O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. \pea That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She hasn't fixed her hair (i.e. in 2 or 3 days), she's disheveled. \psa Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezó a desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), está todo se empezó a deshacer (p. ej. las trenzas), no ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), está despeinado. \se (pl. <na>kwa:tepasolmeh</na>) demons; devils \ss (pl. <na>kwa:tepasolmeh</na>) los aires; los demonios \apa kwa:tepasoltik \apo kwa:tépasóltik \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb pahsol \encyctmp devil (names of devils) \nse Apparently <na>kwa:tepasol</na> is a metaphor based on <na>i:tepasol to:to:tl</na> 'a bird's nest.' The plural <na>kwa:tepasolmeh</na> is occasionally used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to the <na>aires</na> or devils (i.e., the <na>yeyekameh</na>). \dis kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol; kwa:temasol \qry Apparently, if I remember correctly, /pasoliwi/ can take the intensifier /te-/. This should be checked. However, I have never heard /kwa:tepasol/ without /te-/. Again, the possibility of /kwa:pasol/ should be looked into. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that stress accent follows the pattern of the verb stem, i.e., /tepasoliwi/ \ref 03098 \lxa kwe:ltik \lxac kwe:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be twisted (e.g., wood that as it dries becomes crooked and twisted) \ssa estar torcido (p. ej., madera que al secarse se enchueca y se tuerce) \pna Kwe:ltik, peya:stik katka. \pea It is bent (e.g., a piece of wood, a branch), it was straight (when recently cut). \psa Estátorcido (p. ej., un pedazo de madera), estaba derecho (recién cortado). \sea to be drooping and bent downward (e.g., a brick that has drooped down while drying, a shirt sleeve that is long and baggy and hanging down) \ssa estar caído; estar encorvado (p. ej., un tabique que se encorva por no secarse bien, o hasta una holgada manga de camisa larga que se cuelga) \dis kwe:ltik; tsokwe:ltik \xrb kwe:l \qry In one entry I have a short vowel, but in another the note that I have checked and the long initial /e:/ is correct. Check the meaning of /kwe:ltik/ in regards to a shirt sleeve. Check for other uses and for illustration cf. original filecards. \ref 03099 \lxa ka:ka:xtli \lxaa ka:ka:xtsi:n \lxac ka:ka:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(x) \sea wooden packframe or small cage carried by <na>pastores</na> during Christmas processions in Ameyaltepec and by the dancers of the Danza de Indios, which is presented in Xalitla and Maxela \ssa huacalito o jaulita de varas llevado a cuestas por los"pastores"durante las procesiones navideños en Ameyaltepc, y también por los danzantes de la"Danza de Indios,"que se presenta en Xalitla y Maxela \pna Kipia ika:ka:xtsi:n. \pea She has his packframe (used in a dance or religious presentation). \psa Ella tiene su huacalito (llevado a cuestas durante una presentación religiosa). \syno kohkahli \xrb ka:x \nse The <na>ka:ka:xtli</na> are usually made of the rods from inside the cactus called <nla>tlapextli</nla>, although apparently they can be made of other types of small rods. \qry In one entry I had the first /a/ recorded short, its length should be checked. The short vowel would be in accordance with expectations of metaphoric extension for play things. \ref 03100 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikasó:ntekwíxtok \lxop ixikaso:ntekwixtok \lxoc ixikasó:ntekwíxtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seo to be with ones trousers rolled up \sso estar con los pantalones arremangados \syno ixikaso:ntepai:lihtok \syno ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok \syno ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok \syna pantalontetekwixtok \xrb tehkwia \ref 03101 \lxa mi:lcha:nti \lxac mi:lcha:nti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to live near ones cornfield (during the planting season, when the field is a great distance from the village) \ss vivir cerca de la milpa (durante la temporada de lluvias cuando el terreno sembrado es de una gran distancia del pueblo) \pna O:mi:lcha:ntiton, xa:keh. \pea They went to live near their cornfield, they're not around. \psa Fueron a vivir cerca de su milpa, ya no está n. \syno tepé:tlakówa \syno mi:lkochi \xrb mi:l \xrb cha:n \ref 03102 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:mokohtsí:ntli kási kómichin \lxoc tó:mokohtsí:ntl kwahli kási kómichin \lxt to:mohtli de sisigarri:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \pa yes-lex \seo type of small cactus, <nla>to:motli</nla> with short, fuzzy spines and that grows only a few inches above the ground \sso tipo de cactus, <nla>to:motli</nla>, muy pequeño, con púas muy cortas y algo como vellosos y que crece unos centímetros nada más \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva i:stimisto:n \xrb to:moh \xrb ahsi \xrb kimich \encyctmp to:motli \cpl Not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). From Bravo's (1932) article, it appears that this is the <i>Neomammillaria guerreronis</i>. For a full list of cacti, see entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Note that it is not clear whether indigenous speakers classify this as a <nla>to:motli</nla> ; this should be checked. \nct to:motli \qry Check vowel length with /miston/. Determine what"class"of plant this is, if any, i.e., is there an overarching overt category. \ref 03103 \lxa xokokuwtli \lxac xokokuwtli \lxo xokokohtli \lxoc xokokohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se generic name for tree of the wild plum family \ss nombre genérico paraárboles de la familia de los ciruelos \apao xokotl \xrb xoko \xrb kow \vl Use second female token. \ref 03104 \lxa kaltsonko \lxac kaltsonko \lxo kaltsonko \lxoc kaltsonko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the <na>kabe:sas</na> are joined together with a <nlao>neko:xtli</nlao>, or rivet, forming a pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four <na>kaltsonko</na> \ss parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las <na>kabe:sas</na> se juntan con un <nlao>neko:xtli</nlao>, o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados <na>kaltsonko</na>. \sem construct-part \syna kaltsontekomatl \xrb kal \xrb tson \encyctmp kahli \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. \qry For all [poss] check correctness, i.e, here, is /nokaltsonko/ correct? If so, then reclassify /cat with [poss] at end. \ref 03105 \lxa kakawatl \lxac kakawatl \lxo kakawatl \lxoc kakawatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \se rind; skin; peel (of a fruit or vegetable; en Oapan <no>i:kawayo</no>) \ss cáscara (de una fruta o verdura; en Oapan: <no>i:kawayo</no>) \pna Nikxi:pe:was ikakawayo. \pea I'm going to take its rind off (e.g., of a watermelon, squash, etc.). \psa Le voy a quitar su cáscara (de un sandía o calabaza, por ejemplo). \pno Xchipe:wa, xki:xtili i:kawayo un pola:n! \peo Peel it, take the skin off that banana! \pso ¡Pélalo, quítale la cáscara a ese plátano! \seo (intrinsically possessed in diminutive: <no>i:kawayo:tsi:n</no>) thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see <nlo>i:xa:mayo</nlo>) \sso (poseído intrínsecamente en el diminutivo: <no>i:kawayo:tsi:n</no>) capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; vé ase <nlo>i:xa:mayo</nlo>) \se (<na>i:kakawayo</na> (Am) or <no>i:kawayo</no> (Oa) <nao>to:toltetl</nao>) eggshell (in Ameyaltepec also <nla>to:toltekakawatl</nla>) \ss (<na>i:kakawayo</na> (Am) or <no>i:kawayo</no> (Oa) <nao>to:toltetl</nao>) cáscara de huevo (en Ameyaltepec también <nla>to:toltekakawatl</nla>) \seo peanut \sso cacahuate \cfa tekakawayo; kuwkakawatl \cfo te:kawayo; kohkakawatl \xrb kakawa \dis kakawayo; tekakawayo \encyctmp Do a page on /kakwatl/, etc. and all the words that refer to bark, skins, etc. \nse In Oapan the unpossessed <no>kakawatl</no> refers to the peanut (see Ameyaltepec <nla>tla:lkakawatl</nla>. The bark of a tree when scattered on the ground is called simply <nlo>kohkakawatl</nlo>. When on a tree it may be <no>i:kwitlaxio</no> if it stays on the tree (and is usually thin) and can be cut off in strips like leather, or <no>i:kawayo</no> if thicker and of the type of bark that peels off. The term <no>i:te:kawayo</no> refers to the shell of an egg, the skin of a chameleon or iguana, the scales of a fish. A pochote has <no>i:tetekwitsio</no> or <no>i:te:kapaxio</no>. \nae The lack of an overt reduplicant in Oapan forms such as <no>i:kawayo</no> and <no>i:te:kawayo</no> apparently represents different processes. In the former there is a preceding underlying long vowel (or the 3rd-person possessor <n>i:-</n>) and thus there can have been no reduction (except irregularly) of the reduplicant. However, with <no>i:te:kawayo</no> the situation is different. The lengthening of the /e/ of the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n> is the result of the reducation of the reduplicant onto a preceding short vowel. \qry Check all items that have a /kakawayo/ and cf. to all that have their /tekakawayo/. Check to see if simply /kakawatl/ is a proper entry. As to etymology, cf. other words with /kaka/ beginning particularly /kakapax.../ and /kakasol.../. \ref 03106 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /A:pan/, which has since been moved to the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03107 \lxa tei:skitl \lxac tei:skitl \lxo tei:skitl \lxoc tei:skitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se very fine stone, like a large grain of sand \ss piedrecita muy pequeña, como el tamaño de un grande grano de arena \sem stone \synao tekwe:xtli \xrb te \xrb i:ski \nse <na>Teiskitl</na>, perhaps about the size of the writing end of a ballpoint pen, is much smaller than <nla>tekwe:xtli</nla>, which is the size of a small pebble. \qry Check length of /i/ and cf. other dialects for cognates. \ref 03108 \lxa tla:ki:tia \lxac kitla:ki:tia \lxo tla:ki:tia \lxoc kitla:ki:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to make bear fruit (e.g., as a fertilizer might do) \ssao hacer rendir (p. ej., como un fertilizante podría hacer) \pno Mláh o:htla:tla:ki:tih. Ta tepe:titokeháyutíh \peo You really made it give a good yield, the squash are just piled up (e.g., in the corner of a house). \pso De verás los hiciste rendir una buena cosecha, la calabaza estátodo amontonada (p. ej., en la esquina de una casa) \se (refl.) to come to fruit \ss (refl.) llegar a tener fruta \pna Kwaltsi:n notla:ki:tia:ni. \pea It usually bears a lot of fruit. \psa Ha rendido bien (con mucha fruta). \xrb tla:ki \xvbao tla:ki \nse The difference between <nla>tla:ki</nla> and <na>notla:ki:tia</na>, at least in Ameyaltepec, is not altogether clear, although certainly the intransitive form is much more common than the reflexive of the causative. \nae During a discussion Florencia Marcelino gave the causative form as <no>tla:ki:ltia</no>. Apparently both forms are acceptable with no change in meaning. \qry Check for the transitive use /kitla:ki:tia/ as I have added this based on my memory of the use of this word. Check also entry 7650, that /tla:ki:ltia/, at least in Oapan, is eqivalent to /tla:ki:tia/. If so, then create appropriate xrefs. \vl Female's first token is /kitla:ki:ltia/. This should be tagged and given the reference number 7650. There is another occurrence of /tla:ki:ltia/ later, at 3820. \grm Note the use of the reflexive causative for 'to bear fruit'. It seems this usually has the implication of a lot of fruit. \ref 03109 \lxa me:lioh \lxac *me:lioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan medio \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea (rare) money \ssa (raro) dinero \pna Xnikpia me:lioh. \pea I don't have any money. \psa No tengo dinero. \sem measure \cfa rreá:l \nse This is probably a loan from Spanish <na>medio</na> referring to half a real, which became lexicalized as 'money,' much as occurred to <nlao>tomi:n</nlao> in a vast majority of Nahuatl dialects. \ref 03110 \lxa tla:kayo:toma \lxac notla:kayo:toma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran +Refl; -Intrans \infv class-3a(m) \sea (refl.) for ones body to fill out \ssa (refl.) llenarsele el cuerpo a \pna Notla:kayo:tomas, xok tewa:hki yes. \pea His body will fill out, he won't be skinny anymore. \psa Se va a llenar su cuerpo, ya no estarádelgado. \cfa a:toma \xrb tla:ka \xrb tom \cfa a:toma \nse When asked, most consultants stated that <na>tla:kayo:toma</na> was equivalent to <nla>toma:wi</nla>. However, the former seems to communicate the sense of having a healthy body, one that does not look sickly, whereas <na>toma:wi</na> has more of the sense of becoming fat, not necessarily in the healthy sense. \ref 03111 \lxa tlaka:lowa \lxac tlaka:lowa \lxo tlá:ka:lówa \lxop tla:ka:lowa \lxoc tlá:ka:lówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (Oa) \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to walk slightly hunched over with ones legs stiffly separated (and perhaps arms stiff and hanging slightly out from ones side) \ss caminar algo encogido, con las piernas abiertas y tiesas (y quizálos brazos tiesos y colgados un poco separados del cuerpo) \pna Tlaka:lowa pa:mpa kwalo. \pea He goes around slightly hunched over walking with his legs stiff and open and his arms stiff and near his side because he is sick. \psa Anda algo encogido con las piernes algo abiertas y tiesas y con los brazos colgados cerca del cuerpo porque está enfermo. \pna Melá:k ne:chkukwa nokxi. Nitlaka:ka:lowa. \pea My legs really hurt. I'm slowly and stiffly walking with my legs apart. \psa Me duelen mucho las piernas. Estoy caminado despacio y tieso con las piernas abiertas. \pna San titla:tlaka:lotia:s. Tiyeti:xtia:s. O:tisiaw. \pea You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open. You will go along feeling a burden on your legs. You got tired. \psa No más vas a ir caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas. Vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas. Te cansaste. \syna tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa \syno tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa \xrb ka:l \xbtla ka:lowa \nse The verb is related to the root <na>ka:l</na>, which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, such as occurs when one walks with stiff legs or perhaps with ones legs slightly open because of a rash on the inside of ones thighs. The only occurrences of this verb I have documented are with <n>tla-</n> as a prefix. In my notes for the phrase <na>San titla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s, o:tisiaw</na> the form <na>titla:tlaka:lotia:s</na> is stated to be equivalent to <na>tsi:ntla:tlakalotia:s</na>. \nae The headwords for this entry have a nonreduplicated form for Ameyaltepec and a reduced reduplicated form for Oapan. The pattern of reduplication for this verb is still uncertain. One illustrative sentence from Ameyaltepec has a nonreduplicated form (<na>Tlaka:lowa pa:mpa kwalo</na>), another has the verbal root reduplicated with a long vowel (<na>Nitlaka:ka:lowa</na>), and a third has long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix (<na>San titla:tlaka:lotia:s</na>). Whether all these forms are actually commonly used, or one is preferred, is not clear. Note that in Oapan the most common, if not only acceptable form, is <no>tlá:ka:lówa</no>, which manifests reduced reduplication on the short vowel of the prefix <n>tla-</n>. \qry Check to see if this only occurs with /tla-/, if so, simply xref /ka:lowa/ to /tlaka:lowa/. Also check if both the unreduplicated and reduplicated (with long vowel) forms are equivalent. Also note that in one case I have /tlaka:ka:lowa/ and in another /tla:tlaka:lowa/. This should be checked, both for the possibility that one documented case is in error, for the possibility that there is a difference in meaning between the two patterns, and for the possibility that they are semantically equivalent though morphologically distinct. \qry Check to determine whether /tlakakalowa/ or /tlaka:ka:lowa/, etc. is a separate word and should have an entry. \vl Note that the first female token (of 3) I erroneously thought was mistaken. All should be tagged with 3111. Selected the final token of the female for linking. \ref 03112 \lxa ma:se:ka:no:ltia \lxac kima:se:ka:no:ltia \lxo ma:se:ka:naltia \lxoc kima:se:ka:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sling over the shoulder of (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that hangs over ones shoulder) \ss colgarle por el hombro a (algn, p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa sobre el hombro) \sea to sling across the chest of \ssa colgar por el pecho de \pna Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpilkaw! \pea Place my band (in reference to those used in certain dances such as <na>moros, danza de bola,</na> etc.) across my chest! \psa ¡Colócame la listón (de las que se emplean en algunas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) para que atraviese mi pecho! \syna se:ka:no:ltia \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xvaa ma:se:ka:no:ltilia \xvba ma:se:ka:nowa \xvbo ma:se:ka:na \nse Apparently Ameyaltepec <na>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</na> is equivalent to <na>se:ka:no:ltia</na>, used in the same village. Although formally <na>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</na> (and Oapan <no>ma:se:ka:naltia</no>) is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). The Ameyaltepec form is derived from the transitive <na>ma:se:ka:nowa</na> whereas the Oapan form is derived from <no>ma:se:ka:na</no>. \qry Check to make sure that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is the equivalent of /se:ka:no:ltia/. Determine if they can be used in different contexts. \grm Although formally <na>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</na> is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). In this regard it is similar to /na:makiltia/ 'to sell to.' Launey has a brief mention of a few of these verbs. Note also how the verb is formed from /se:ka:n/ and thus we get /se:ka:nowa/ (I think this is a form; /se:ka:no:ltia/ definitely is correct). Then from /se:ka:nowa/ or /se:ka:no:ltia/ we have the addition of /ma:/. However, the most interesting aspect of these is the use of /-owa/ as a derivative suffix (c.f. /tlaxkalowa/) and then the causativization of this derivation, but with an applicative sense (i.e., the primary object is a benefactive). \vl Selection second female token. Very good example of formants. \ref 03113 \lxa ne:ntekitl \lxac ne:ntekitl \lxo ne:ntekitl \lxoc ne:ntekitl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \se just in case; just to be sure \ss por si acaso; por si las dudas \pna Ne:ntekitl xkitati! \pea Just in case, go take a look at it! \psa Por si las dudas,¡ve a verlo! \pna San ne:ntekitl o:nikitoh. \pea I said it just in case (e.g., just in case it might have an effect). \psa Lo dije por si acaso (esto es, si acaso tuviera un efecto). \xrb ne:n \xrb teki \nse Most speakers translate this as 'a ver si acaso.' Besides the prosodic reasons for analyzing this as one word, there is the existence of the related verb <nla>ne:ntekiwia</nla> (Am) and <nlo>ne:ntekiwiya</nlo> (Oa). \qry A check should be run to determine whether there are instances of /ne:n/ used in isolation. \ref 03114 \lxa kwepi:ltia \lxac nokwepi:ltia \lxo kopi:ltia \lxoc kikopi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take revenge; to get back (in the sense of vengence) \ss (refl.) vengarse \pna O:ne:chwisok, pero nimokwepi:lti:s. oksepa yes! \pea He beat up on me, but I'll get back. There'll be another time! \psa Me golpeópero me voy a vengar.¡Habrá otra vez! \xrb kwepa \nse Although the elicitation form is of a transitive (with the 3rd-person specific object), the only example sentence is of a reflexive, meaning 'to take revenge.' Apparently the transitive means 'to take revenge upon,' but this needs to be checked. \qry Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepi:ltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Check length in /wisoki/ and make sure that first /i/ is short. It is possible that the Oapan form is incorrect. \grm Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Cf. this to Michel Launey's discussion of the difference between -tia and -ltia. Here perhaps -lia and -ltia could also be discussed. Thus, in general, there are four types of contrasts that should be discussed; 1) -lia vs. -ltia (as in kwepilia and kwepiltia); 2) -tia and -ltia (as in axi:tia and axiltia); 3) -ia and -ltia (as in poso:nia and poso:naltia; or kwepo:nia and kwepo:naltia); and 4) -lia and -ia (as in -temilia and -temia). These contrasts should be listed in the grammar and discussed in a special section. \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 3218, which is a mistake. These words, at 3218, should be given the number 3114, with tokens c, d,... \ref 03115 \lxa xe:liwi \lxac xe:liwi \lxo xe:liwi \lxoc xe:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran -Trans \se to part (as the Red Sea for Moses) \ss partirse (como el Mar Rojo para Moíses) \xrb xe:l \nae Although Carochi has the transitive from unreduplicated (<n>xe:loa</n>), reduplicated with a short vowel and 'saltillo' (<n>xèxe:loa</n>), and reduplicated with a long vowel (<n>xe:xe:loa</n>), to date in the Balsas region only the reduplicated intransitive with a short vowel and underlying {h}. Nevertheless, the fact that in elicitation the unreduplicated form was accepted suggests the possibility that such a form might be normally produced in conversational discourse. \ref 03116 \lxa ba:leh \lxac ba:leh \lxo ba:leh \lxoa ba:lih \lxoc ba:lih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan vale \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se buddy; friend \ss amigo; cuate \pna Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw! \pea Run buddy, just go flying along! \psa ¡Andale amigo, ponte ligero! \sem Gender: male \vl NOTE: only link the male pronunciation, in the final form two tokens, to this entry. That is, tag two male tokens for final selection for online links. \ref 03117 \lxa ikxiwelaxtik \lxac ikxiwelaxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>ikxitewelaxtik</na> \sea to have sore legs (e.g., from an abundance of work, from getting tired); to have bad legs (by nature) \ssa tener las piernas adoloridas (p. ej., de demasiado trabajo, de cansancio); tener las piernas malas (de por si) \xrb kxi \xrb wila: \nse The use of the intensifier <n>te-</n> is common though not mandatory with this adjectival. The etymology of <na>ikxiwelaxtik</na> is related to <nla>wila:na</nla> ; the vowel shortening in forms such as <na>welaxtik</na> is a general type of change, those these types of adjectival derivations (to adjectivals ending in <n>-xtik</n> are not common. Several consultants gave a reduplicated form <na>ikxiuwelaxtik</na>, but Cristino Flores insisted that the nonreduplicated form is the correct lexeme. \rt The appearance of /x/ before /tik does not seem that uncommon, but check other occurrences. Note incorporated reduplication clearly related to plurality of the subject: legs. \grm Note derivation of /-ni/ verbs to adjectivals in /-xtik/. Here is /welaxtik/, obviously related to /wila:ni/. Cf. Launey's comment on /kwaxtli/. \ref 03118 \lxa tepasohli \lxac tepasohli \lxo tépasóhli \lxoc tépasóhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-wi \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se nest (of birds and certain other animals) \ss nido (de pájaros y ciertos otros animales) \pna Ne:nkah itepasol yo:lka:tsi:n. \pea Over there is the nest of a little animal. \psa Allá está el nido de un animalito. \xrb te- \xrb pahsol \qry Check for correctness of /pasohli/. Check for other meanings of /tepasohli/. \vl Use second male token. \ref 03119 \lxa kafé:h \lxac kafé:h \lxo kafe:h \lxoc kafe:h \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan café \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se coffee \ss café \ref 03120 \lxa kamotli \lxac kamotli \lxo kámotlí \lxoc kámotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se generic name for sweet potato \ss nombre genérico de camote \pna Kamotli, tla:ki itik tla:hli. \pea The <na>kamotli</na> grows to fruition inside the earth. \psa El camote crece a madurez dentro de la tierra. \cfa xonakatl \xrb kamoh \sem plant \sem tuber \sem edible \encyctmp kamotli \nae In Oapan, when the form is possessed there is no leftward shift of pitch accent: <no>i:kámoyóh</no>. This probably results from the fact that the coda {h} is at the end of the penultimate syllable and reassignment cannot shift two syllables. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that the high pitch stays on the first syllable of the noun and does not shift leftward. Note that this is probably the result of the fact that the underlying {h} is at the end of the noun. \cpl There are the following types of camote: <nla>kuwkamotli</nla>, <nla>tekamotli</nla>, <nla>chichi:kamotli</nla>, <nla>kamotli de pe:pe:to</nla>, <nla>kamotli de un istá:k</nla>, and <nla>kamotli de un tsope:lik</nla> (of which there are two subtypes: <nla>kamotli de un kokostik</nla> and <nla>kamotli de un kakamotsi:n</nla> (which is also apparently sometimes called <nla>kamotli de un momoradi:toh</nla>. Ramírez (1991) gives this as a member of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. \nct kamotli \qry Check for other types; also determine whether /chichi:kamotli/ is correctly spelled, or whether it should be /chichi:hkamotli/. Also check whether /kamotli/ refers in fact also to a specific type of camote, or if it is only a generic name. \ref 03121 \lxa kone:puwa \lxac nokone:puwa \lxo kone:powa \lxocpend @nokone:powa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3b(ow) \seo (refl.) to act like a child \sso (refl.) portarse como niño \pno Ta:man nó:kone:pówa. \peo Up to this day he still acts like a child. \pso Hasta ahora sigue portándose como niño. \se (refl.) to act like a person without sense; to act unreasonable \ss (refl.) portarse como una persona sin cordura, ser irracional \equivo kone:po:wi \cfao kone:tilia \xrb kone: \xrb po:wa \nse This verb is used in the reflexive to refer to someone who with whom it is difficult to converse like an adult. In Oapan the intransitive is also used: <nlo>kone:powi</nlo>. \nae The retention of <n>-w</n> in the prefective is the result of a long underlying {o:}: {po:wa}. \qry Elicit the progressive or preterite but it is like that there is a long /o:/ neutralized before /wa/. Elicit all N-V forms in which the verb is /powa/, e.g. this entry, /tla:kapowa/, etc. \ref 03122 \lxa kuwtia \lxac kuwtia \lxo kohtia \lxoc kohtia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become stiff or hard (an object or material that had been soft and bland and whose natural state is not hard) \ss endurecerse; ponerse tieso o duro (un objeto o material que había sido blando y suave y cuyo estado natural no es duro) \pna Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli. \pea The tortillas have started to get hard, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make chilaquiles). \psa Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles). \pna Yo:kukuwtiak tlaxkahli. \pea The tortillas have gotten hard. \psa Ya se endurecieron las tortillas. \se to become stiff and sore (ones body or muscles, either after heavy exercise or exertion, or after having been in one position for an extended period of time) \ss quedar adolorido y tieso; entumercerse (el cuerpo y músculos después de mucho esfuerzo o estar en una posición por un período prolongado) \pna Yo:nikuwtiak. \pea I've gotten stiff and sore. \psa Ya me quedé adolorido. \xrb kow \xvaa kuwtilia \ono tepi:tsiwi \nse <na>Kuwtia</na> is commonly used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to muscles or body parts that become sore and tense after exercise or heavy work, or from having been in a single position for a long time. It is very common for these body parts to be incorporated to the intransitive verb, e.g., <nla>tsi:nkuwtia</nla> 'for ones rear end to become stiff and sore (from sitting for an extended period, e.g., in a bus),' or <nla>ma:kuwtia</nla> 'for ones hand or arm to become stiff and sore (e.g., from chopping wood).' With no incorporated body part, the reference is to the body as a whole. \qry Recheck what items can /kuhtia/. Apparently this is used to refers to objects, such as bread, tortillas, itacates, etc. which should be somewhat soft but which acquire a non-desired state of hardness. I believe that /kuhtia/ is not used to refer to cement, mezcla, etc. i.e. mixtures that should be hard. Check. Note that /tepi:tsiwi/ on the other hand indicates a mortar, etc. which hardens while /kuhtia/ is used to refer to bread, tortillas, etc. which get tough. In the phrase /yo:kukuhtiak tlaxkahli/ determine the meaning of the reduplication. It perhaps refers to pluralization of noncountable objects. But query if the phrase /yo:kuhtiakeh/ or /yo:kukuhtiakeh/ is correct and, if so, the difference in meaning among the three types of reduplication/pluralization. \ref 03123 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tewi:lo:tl \lxoc tewi:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo little jar (of glass) \sso frasquito (de vidrio) \xrb te \xrb wi:lo: \nse <na>Tewi:lo:tl</na> was reported to be a word from San Agustín Oapan by Gabriel de la Cruz of Ameyaltepec; it was later documented from this village. \nde Molina has <n>teuilotl</n> 'cristal, o vidrio.' \qry Check this word, the vowel length, meaning, etc. C. Flores (Am) gave this as a type of small /wi:lo:tl/. This should be checked before being entered. \vl Use first female token and second male token. \ref 03124 \lxa ni:xkwi:ti:hli \lxac ni:xkwi:ti:hli \lxo ni:xkwiti:hli \lxoc ni:xkwiti:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn Stem 3 \se illustrative object or event that serves as an example and lesson particularly of a religious event (<na>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</na> include events such as Passion plays, scenes from the bible painted on church walls or reproduced in illustrated books, etc.) \ss objeto o evento ilustrativo que sirve como ejemplo y lección, particularmente en referencia a un acontecimiento religioso (<na>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</na> incluye a las representaciones de la pasión de Cristo, o escenas de la biblia pintadas en las paredes de la iglesia o reproducidas en libros ilustrados) \pna Ni:xkwi:ti:hli pa:mpa o:nochi:w ye weka:wi. \pea It is a <na>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</na> (in this case in reference to a scene painted on a church wall) because it is (about) something that occurred a long time ago. \psa Es un a <na>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</na> (en este caso en referencia a una escena pintada sobre la pared de una iglesia) porque pasó ya hace mucho tiempo. \syna ni:xkwi:tilistli \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \nae The duration of the /i/ in the syllable /kwi/ seems short in Oapan despite expected length based on the phonology of the causative <nao>kwi:tia</nao>. For this reason it should be rechecked with several speakers. \ref 03125 \lxa tla:ltesokitl \lxac tla:ltesokitl \lxo tla:ltesokitl \lxoc tla:ltesokitl \dt 03/May/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se thick clods of mud that are formed in black earth when wet \ss terrones de tierra que se forman en tierra negra cuando se moja \pna Deke tli:ltik motla:l, tla:ltesokitl, pipi:nki un tla:hli. \pea If your land is black, it (forms) thick clods of mud, the earth is resistant to the plow (because it is sticky and heavy). \psa Si tu tierra es negra, (se hace) terrones de tierra, es resistente al arado (porque al mojarse con la lluvia se queda muy pesada). \pna Ka:n tli:ltik tla:hli, ke:itlah tla:ltesokitl, wel tso:tsomo:ni. \pea Where the earth is black, like sticky mud, the earth can crack (as it dries). \psa Donde la tierra es negra, como lodo pegagoso, la tierra puede agrietarse (al secarse). \syna tla:lsokitetl \syno tla:ltsokitetl \xrb tla:l \xrb te \xrb soki \qry Cf /tla:lsokitetl/ and check to make sure both are correct. \ref 03126 \lxa tla:ltoto:nka:n \lxac tla:ltoto:nka:n \lxo tla:lto:nka:n \lxoa tla:ltoto:nka:n \lxoc tla:lto:nka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(N2-N) \se place in which the ground is scorching hot \ss lugar donde el suelo es abrasador \xrb tla:l \xrb to:n \xrl -ka:n \nse In Oapan the form <no>tla:lto:nka:n</no> is used, not * <no>tla:ltoto:nka:n</no>. However, the reduplicated modifier is used when referring to a hot place in general: <nlo>tlatoto:nka:n</nlo>. Note that in a workshop three young woman all pronounced this as <no>tla:lto:nka</no>. \ref 03127 \lxa koyo:tomatl \lxac koyo:tomatl \lxo koyo:tomatl \lxoc koyo:tomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se <l>Vitex gaumeri</l> Greenm., herbaceous plant of the family Verbenaceae \ss <l>Vitex gaumeri</l> Greenm., planta herbácea de la familia Verbenaceae \pna Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik. \pea The <na>koyo:tomatl</na> : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good. \psa El <na>koyo:tomatl</na> : Es unárbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien. \pna Koyo:tomatl | No: kipia itla:kihlo, tlitli:ltik, ke:n a:waxokotl. Xnokwa. Xtlah para un kohtli. \pea Koyo:tomatl : It also has its fruit, it is black, it is like that of the <nla>a:waxokotl</nla>. It isn't edible. This tree is not used for anything. \psa Koyo:tomatl : También tiene su fruta, es negra, es como la del <nla>a:waxokotl</nla>. No es comestible. Eseárbol no se usa para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb koyo: \xrb toma \nse There is a pending question with this plant. The example sentences indicate that this is a tree (<na>kuhtli</na>) but consultants during September-October 2001 fieldwork indicated a large bush or herbaceous plant. The species <l>Vitex gaumeri</l> is a herbaceous plant, and the identification was made directly from a sample collected. Yet it still remains to be seen whether there is a \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>tomate del coyote</na> or <na>jerengue</na>. Ramírez (1991) gives <na>tomate de coyote</na> and identifies it simply as a member of the family <na>Solanaceae</na>. Schoenhals (1988) gives under tomate de coyote:"(<na>Physalis hirsuta</na>) '[type of] tomato' Stems, leaves, and calyx all contain hairs of varying length or density."But the <na>koyo:tomatl</na> is a tree, unlike the plant described by Schoenhals. \nct xiwtli \qry Note that although one of the phrase describes this as a tree, Felix Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned that it is a plant, not tree. Since this agrees with other information I have temporarily categorized this as a plant. \ref 03128 \lxa tla:ke:wa \lxac kitla:ke:wa \lxo tla:ke:wa \lxoc kitla:ke:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to hire (a person as a worker) \ss contratar (una persona como trabajador) \pna Kitla:ke:wa para pió:n. \pea He hires him as a manual worker. \psa Lo contrata como peón. \pna Notla:ke:wa. \pea He hires himself out (as a wage or day laborer). \psa Se alquila para trabajar (como peón). \xrb tla:k \xrb e:wa \nae The etymology of <nao>tla:ke:wa</nao> is unclear but the possibility that it contains the nominal root <nr>tla:ka</nr> and the verbal root <nao>e:wa</nao> should be considered. RS analyzes this same verb as comprising <n>tlac</n>, from <n>tlactli</n>, which he glosses as 'busto, tronco, la parte superior del cuerpo del hombre.' In Ameyaltepec this same meaning is conveyed by the obligatorily possessed <na>tla:kayo</na>, clearly related to <nla>tla:katl</nla>. Thus it seems likely that both Classical <na>tlactli</na> and <na>tla:ke:wa</na> are related to the root <nr>tla:ka</nr>, as in <na>tla:katl</na>. \ref 03129 \lxa tlayema:nka:n \lxac tlayema:nka:n \lxo tlayema:nka:n \lxoa tlayema:nka:h \lxoc tlayema:nka:h, tlayema:nka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se an area of soft earth \ss unárea de tierra blanda \pna O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak. \pea I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud. \psa Me atoré en el lodo porque elárea está cubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra está muy blanda, me hundí en el lodo. \xrb yema:n \xrl -ka:n \ref 03130 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /kwitlatesosol/ but has been removed as an offensive insult. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03131 \lxa kana:wa \lxac kikana:wa \lxo kana:wa \lxoc kikana:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to make thin (e.g., a board, sth planed or sliced, cloth that is worn thin, etc.) \ss hacer más delgado (p. ej., una tabla al aplanarla, ropa al desgastarla, etc.) \se to thin out (e.g., plant growth) \ss limpiar (haciendo menos denso, p. ej., al limpiar de hierba un sembradío) \pna Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. \pea You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. \psa Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. \se (refl., fig.) to move along quickly \ss (refl., fig.) moverse de prisa \pna Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa chitsi:n, xmotlalo! \pea Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run! \psa ¡No vayas yendo asíde despacio!¡Aliviánate, corre! \pna Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw! \pea Run buddy, just go flying along! \psa ¡ándale amigo, ponte ligero! \pna Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s. \pea The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you). \psa El viento te va a ir empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento). \xrb kana: \qry Check also if /kana:wa/ can refer to thinning out of hair, e.g., /ne:chtsonkana:wa/. OK? \ref 03132 \lxa pa:nchoh \lxac pa:nchoh \lxo pa:nchoh \lxoc pa:nchoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pancho \psm N \der N-loan \aff dimin. <nao>panchi:toh</nao>, <nao>panchi:tah</nao> ; Gender : <nao>pa:nchah</nao> \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cat \ss gato \se (fig.) person who like delicious food (such as eggs, in reference to a cat's supposed predilection for such food); one fussy in what he eats \ss (fig.) persona a quien le gusta la buena comida (como huevos, en referencia a la supuesta preferencia de los gatos por tal comida); persona muy particular en comer; cuzca \pna Tipa:nchoh. \pea You like good foods. \psa Te gusta la comida buena \nse It is not clear either why <na>pa:nchoh</na>, a diminutive of Francisco, is used to refer to cats. However, in Ameyaltepec, when applied to humans, <na>pa:nchoh</na> refers to those who have what is assumed to be a characteristic of cats: their predilection for tasty foods. Given the local diet, however, this is often used to refer to someone who particularly likes to eat eggs. \ref 03133 \lxa xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni \lxac xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of wild plum fruit (actually a stage of its growth) so called because the fruit is at that time very crunchy to the bite \ss tipo de ciruela silvestre (actualmente una estaba de su crecimiento) asíllamado porque la fruta queda muy crujiente \synao kopaxokotl \xrb xoko \xrb tlats-2-; topo: \ref 03134 \lxa te:ntsotsol \lxac te:ntsotsol \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv pl. <na>te:ntsotsolmeh</na> \sea to be lacking facial hair (a man) \ssa ser lampiño (un hombre), sin pelo facial \apa te:ntsotsoltik \xrb te:n \xrb tsol \qry Cf. to /tso:liwi/ and check vowel length. \ref 03135 \lxa polaki \lxac polaki \lxo polaki \lxoc polaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to become submerged in; to sink into (a liquid, particularly water, e.g., a rock, sediment, etc.) \ss sumergirse o hundirse en (un líquido, particularmente agua, p. ej., una piedra, sedimento, etc.) \se to dive into (a person into water, such as a river or lake, going completely below the surface but usually from a position already in the water) \ss clavarse en (una persona al agua, como en un lago o río, metiéndose completamente abajo de la superficie pero generalmente desde una posición ya dentro del agua) \pna O:nipolak itik se: a:komo:hli. \pea I dove down into a deep, calm section of a river. \psa Me eché abajo del agua en una parte calmada y profunda de un río. \xrb polak \xvca polaktia \xvco polahtia \qry Determine difference between /a:polaki/ and /polaki/; also determine the difference between /o:nipolak/ and /o:nimopolaktih/. \rt The root <na>polaki</na> would seem to be related to roots such as <nr>kalaki</nr> and, perhaps ultimately, <nr>aki</nr>. \ref 03136 \lxa tlana:palo:hli \lxac tlana:palo:hli \lxo tlana:palo:hli \lxoc tlana:palo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se small load (of sth such as firewood) that is slung over the back of a beast of burden, hanging down from each side \ss pequeña carga (de algo como leña) que se coloca por el lomo de una bestia, y que se cuelga por los dos lados \cfao tlama:mahli \xrb na:pal \nse A <na>tlanapalo:hli</na> is a load that can be hung over a burro, for example, without the saddle turning over. It is less than a <nla>tlama:mahli</nla>, one side of a load or <spn>carga</spn>. \qry Make sure that a /tlanapalo:hli/ refers to a small load that is slung over the back of an animal. \ref 03137 \lxa tlachinawi \lxac tlachinawi \lxo tláchináwi \lxop tlachinawi \lxoc tláchináwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-tla \pa yes-lex \infv class-3a(w) \se for brush or mount to catch fire \ss quemarse solo el campo o pasto \pna Tlatla tepe:tl. Tlachinawi. \pea The hill is burning. The brush has caught fire. \psa El cerro se está quemando. se incendio el campo. \fl chinowa \xrb hchina \nse Apparently the intransitive <nao>chinawi</nao> has been impersonalized through the use of <n>tla-</n>, which would make it a subjectless predicate. \nae This verb is one of the few that apparently have a distinct underlying form sense when At any rate, apparently only <na>hchinawi</na> is only found with the prefix <n>tla-</n>. The intransitive <nlao>chichinawi</nlao> is used with specific objects; it is also lacking the underlying {h}, even in the reduplicant. \qry Check presence of {h} in root through comparison with neighboring dialects. It appears that underlying {tla-hchinawi} is correct. Apparently, also, this intransitive is defective in that it only occurs in the inchoative with prefix /tla-/: this should, however, be checked, i.e. for the possible occurrence of /kichinawi/. \sj Check for {h} in surface in SJ: /tlahchinawe/. \ref 03138 \lxa sempolowa \lxac kisempolowa \lxo sempolowa \lxoc kisempolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to demolish for all time; to make completely and permanently disappear (e.g., a construction or building) \ss derribar para siempre; hacer desaparecer completa y permanentemente (p. ej., una construcción o edificio) \pna Niksempolo:s nokal, nikxiti:ni:s. \pea I will demolish my house for good, I'm going to take it down. \psa Voy a destruir mi casa para siempre, la voy a desbaratar. \se to destroy or lose forever (e.g., a plant that will never sprout again, a material object that can never be recovered, etc.) \ss destruir o perder para siempre (p. ej., una planta que ya no va a retoñar, un objeto material que nunca se va a recuperar, etc.) \pna O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch. O:nikto:kak wan o:noka:wato itik tla:hli. \pea I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using). I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., 'remained in the earth'). \psa Perdípara siempre la semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando (esto es, la variante que estaba sembrando). Lo sembréy no brotó(lit., 'fue a quedar dentro de la tierra). \pna De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal. \pea You've killed it forever (e.g., a plant or tree) because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away. \psa Lo mataste para siempre (p. ej., una planta oárbol) porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste. \xrb sem \xrb pol \vl Use second female token. \ref 03139 \lxa teliksa \lxac kiteliksa \lxo telesa \lxoc kitelesa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to kick \ss patear \pna Te:teliksa mokaba:yoh. \pea Your horse kicks. \psa Tu caballo patea. \xrb teliksa \rt The root <na>teliksa</na> most probably derives historically from the same root <nr>kxi</nr> found in <nla>ikxitl</nla> 'leg' or 'foot,' with the /sa/ sequence palatalizing to /xi/ after vowel reduction. The historical basis for the first element, /tel/ is, however, not as transparent. \ref 03140 \lxa ma ya \lxap ma ya \lxac ma ya \lxo ma ya \lxop ma ya \lxoc ma ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \se see <nlao>ma</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>ma</nlao> \nae As an orthographic convention the optative <nao>ma</nao> is always written as a separate element. Thus what is phonetically ['ma ya] is considered two words and the one-syllable verbal predicate <nao>ya</nao> is best considered to be extrametrical. \xrb ma \xrb yaw \qry Get minimal pairs of /ma tlakwa/ 'let him eat'; /ma: tlakwa/ 'let him not eat' and /ma:tlakwa/, the verbal predicate with an incorporated noun /ma:/. \mod Make sure link is to correct entry of /ma/. \ref 03141 \lxa ma:malia \lxac kima:malia \lxo ma:malia \lxoc kima:malia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to carry on ones back or shoulders for \ss cargar por la espalda o hombros para \pna Xne:chma:malitiw, newa yo:nisiaw! \pea Carry it on your back for me, I've already gotten tired! \psa ¡Cárgalo sobre tus espaldas para mi, ya me cansé! \xrb ma:ma \xvbao ma:ma \qry Check to see if the benefactive can also be used with 'to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore)' i.e., can /mamalia/ mean 'to take on responsibility for'? \ref 03142 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /I:a:pan Chi:noh/. It has been removed and placed in the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03143 \lxa ka:wahli \lxac ka:wahli \lxo ka:wahli \lxoc ka:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao widow \ssao viuda \sea widower (see <nlo>oichka:wahli</nlo>) \ssa viudo (vé ase <nlo>oichka:wahli</nlo>) \xrb ka:wa \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>ka:wahli</na> is not gender specific. However, in Oapan one may also use <nlo>oichka:wahli</nlo>, which specifically refers to the male. \qry Check for /sowa:ka:wahli/ as a possible word. I seem to remember it, but it is not documented in the corpus. Also, question for /tla:kaka:wahli/. Note that the first /a:/ of the plural is definitely long and should be corrected to such in any occurrence, Also note that few nouns pluralize in this form: cf. /na:na:walteh/; they all seem to have the phonology of Ca:wa. Check for possible possessed form. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03144 \lxa a:tlawtli \lxac a:tlawtli \lxo a:tlahtli \lxoc a:tlahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se ravine; gorge \ss barranca \sem topography \xrb a:tlaw \ref 03145 \lxa kwe:kwetla:stik \lxac kwe:kwetla:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Lex. rdp-l \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be wavy or ondulated (e.g., a branch of a tree, a stick) \ssa ondulado (p. ej., una rama de unárbol, una vara) \xrb kwetla:ts \qry I had originally recorded this in my notes with a short final /a/; this should be checked as it might be long given the derivation from /kwetla:tsowa/. However, there might also be some shortening. Also check whether adjectival form can be used without long vowel reduplication, i.e., /kwetla:stik/ or /kwetlastik/. If so, change entry. \ref 03146 \lxa yewi:teki \lxac yewi:teki \lxo yewi:teki \lxoc yewi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to thresh beans (i.e., to shell them) \ss desvainar frijoles \xrb ye \xrb wi:teki \vl Use second male token. \ref 03147 \lxa ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl \lxac ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl \lxo ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl \lxop ko:tsi:ltik yeye:katl \lxoc ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \sem ritual \se one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \ss uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \sem ritual \xrb ko:tsi:l \xrb e:ka \encyctmp yeyekameh \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \ref 03148 \lxa tomatl \lxac tomatl \lxo tomatl \lxoc tomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for tomatoes \ss nombre genérico para los tomates \se (intrinsic possession) tomato or tomato-like fruit of \ss (posesión intrínseca) fruta como tomate de \pna Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik. \pea The <na>koyo:tomatl</na> : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good. \psa El <na>koyo:tomatl</na> : Es unárbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien. \xrb toma \ncx a:mi:ltomatl; tepe:tomatl; xi:tomatl; yeyekatomatl \cpl My records to date show four different types of tomatoes: <nla>a:mi:ltomatl</nla>, <nla>tepe:tomatl</nla>, <nla>xi:tomatl</nla>, and <nla>yeyekatomatl</nla>. The dried <na>tepe:tomatl</na> is called <nla>tomatetso:hli</nla>. \qry Surprisingly, I do not have this word in my filecards. Make sure it exists as the superordinate category that includes /a:mi:ltomatl/, /tepetomatl/ and /xitomatl/. \grm Possession with /-yo/: /Koyo:tomatl: kuhtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik/ 'The <na>koyo:tomatl</na> : it is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good.' \ref 03149 \lxa me:me:ntowia \lxac kime:me:ntowian \lxo me:mé:ntowía \lxop me:me:ntowia \lxoc kime:mé:ntowíah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Lex. rdp-l \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes \se (pl. subject) to pair up and carry one of two ends or sides of (e.g., a heavy object such as a log, full sack or bucket, etc.) \ss (sujeto pl.) cargar juntamente un lado de una carga (de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grueso, o un costal o cubeta lleno, etc.) \pna Nankime:me:ntowitia:skeh. \pea You will each go along carrying one end (of a heavy bag or bucket, of a log, etc.). \psa Ustedes van a ir yendo cada quien sosteniendo un lado (de un costal pesado, de una cubeta, de un tronco) \sem carrying \xrb me:nto \nse Unlike <nla>onkawia</nla>, <na>me:me:ntowia</na> refers to the carrying of objects by two persons only, whereas the former may refer to more individuals uniting to complete a task, and it may refer to acts other than carrying. The etymology of this word is unclear as no similar words have been found in any of the other sources for Nahuatl. It is irregular in that it accepts only a plural (of two) subject. \qry Ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology. \mod Recheck whether Oapan form is with plural subject. According to C. Flores this verb always has a plural subject. \ref 03150 \lxa te:ntsonxi:ma \lxac kite:ntsonxi:ma \lxo te:ntsonxi:ma \lxoa te:nsonxi:ma \lxoc note:ntsonxi:ma, note:nsonxi:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to shave the beard of \ss rasurar; cortarle la barba a \se (refl.-mid.) to get ones beard shaved; to shave ones beard \ss (refl.-media) rasurarse (en el sentido que algn lo rasura o que se rasura a si mismo) \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb xi:ma \ref 03151 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlai:xkwa \lxoc i:tlai:xkwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn N2 \seo upper front teeth (not including the molars) \sso dientes superiores (no incluyendo los molares) \xrb tlan \xrb i:x \xrb kwa \nae According to Florencia Marcelino this refers to the top row of teeth (incisors and canines) and are so called because they are thought to come down from the forehead. \qry In the entry for /i:xpan/ I had this following note:"When referring to a body part <na>i:xpan</na> seems to refer to the area of the body covered by pubic hair. Some people state that this area includes the lower belly while others state that the lower belly is referred to as <na>tlai:xkwa:w</na> and that the two, <na>tlai:xkwa:w</na> and <na>i:xpan</na>, both obligatorily possessed, are distinct."CHECK meaning and final consonant. \qry Another entry, since deleted, for Ameyaltepec had /tlaixkwa/. Check this term also. \ref 03152 \lxa Kone:jos \lxac Kone:jos \lxo Kone:jos \lxoc Kone:jos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan Conejos \psm N \der N-loan \sem dance \se religious line dance formerly performed in Oapan by young boys and one girl \ss danza religiosa de línea presentada anteriormente en oapan por hombres jóvenes y una niña \sem dance \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. \ref 03153 \lxa chi:chi:lowa \lxac kichi:chi:lowa \lxo chi:chi:lowa \lxoc kichi:chi:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to color or paint red \ss pintar (un objeto material) de rojo \pna Yo:tikchi:chi:loh mokal. \pea You painted your house red. \psa Pintaste tu casa de rojo. \xrb chi:l \grm Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03154 \lxa kamanon kayo:tl \lxac kamanon kayo:tl \lxo kamano:n kayo:tl \lxoc kamano:n kayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se to be from a time that is long ago; to be from when \ss ser de un periodo de hace mucho tiempo; ser de cuando \pna Ne:stok kamanon kayo:tl totio:pan. \pea It appears (in a document) from when our church is (i.e., when it was built). \psa Aparece (en un documento) de cuando (quéperiodo) es nuestra iglesia (esto es, cuando se contruyó). \pna Kamanon kayo:tl. \pea It is from some time ago. \psa Es de hace mucho tiempo. \xrb kaman \xrb kayo: \nse Apparently <nao>kayo:tl</nao> can be interpreted as a nominal form meaning, in essence, 'to be from [a time period].' Here it is combined in a colocation to mean 'to be from when.' Although there is no example sentence yet, it appears that <nao>kayo:tl</nao> may take any person as subject. Thus one could, I believe, say <nao>xne:si kamano:on tikayo:tl</nao> 'It's not clear from when you are (i.e., when you were born).' This usage and meaning should be checked. \qry Check /o/ of Am /kamanon/. In Oapan it is definitely long. \grm Cf. Gram 1985-01-20.1 \vl Use 2nd female token. \ref 03155 \lxa -se:lti \lxac tose:lti \lxo -se:lte \lxoa -se:lti \lxoc tose:lte, tose:lti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2 \se -self (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, etc.); alone \ss solo (p. ej., yo solo, túsolo,él solo, etc.) \pna Nose:lti nikchi:was. \pea I will do it by myself \psa Voy a hacerlo yo solo. \pna Tosese:lti o:tiakeh. \pea Each one of us went by himself (or herself). \psa Cada uno de nosotros fue solo (aparte, por su cuenta). \xrb se:l \nse <na>Se:lti</na> or <no>se:lte</no> is a relational noun that takes only the specific pronominal possessor prefixes; it does not occur with <n>te:-</n> nor <n>tla-</n>. \nae In Oapan there is no plural form distinct from the singular: <no>i:se:lte</no> (singular) and <no>to:se:lte</no> (plural). In Ameyaltepec I have documented <na>tose:ltimeh</na>, but this seems to be an idiosyncratic case and most consultants rejected this. \qry Check plural form for /-n/ marking; my original notes had /tose:lti/. Check /tosese:ltin/ and make sure this is not /tose:se:ltin/. If not, check whether /tose:se:ltin/ is correct and can be uttered. Make sure /te:se:lti/ is not correct. Also, on one filecard I had written /tose:ltimeh/. Check this too. On the basis that it might be I have added this in parentheses to one of the illustrative sentences. \grm Relational nouns: Note that /se:lte/ in Oapan (/se:lti/ in Ameyaltepec) is possessed /tose:lte/ in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec it takes the plural marker: /tose:ltin/. Check. In Ameyaltepec /tosese:lti/ means 'each one of us (by him or herself).' \vl Use second male token. \ref 03156 \lxa tlatewistika:n \lxac tlatewistika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1(N2-tla) \se see <nla>tlatetewitska:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tlatetewitska:n</nla> \ref 03157 \lxa na:ni:tah \lxac na:ni:tah \lxo na:ni:tah \lxoc na:ni:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn NO/N2 (poss. vocativo) \se (vocative) ma'am (generally used, including by Ameyaltepequeños, to address elder women from Oapan) \ss (vocativo) señora (utilizado generalmente, también por mayores de edad, para dirigirse a mujeres de edad avanzada de oapan) \se (<nao>tona:ni:tah</nao>) elder woman from Oapan \ss (<nao>tona:ni:tah</nao>) señora de Oapan \pna Se: tona:ni:tah o:ne:chmak. \pea An older woman from Oapan gave it to me. \psa Una oapaneca adulta me lo dio. \cfao ta:ti:tah; ma:noh \xrb na:n \cfa tati:tah \nse This term is used to refer to older Oapan women, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in referring to inhabitants from that village. \ref 03158 \lxa netechowa \lxac kinetechowa \lxo netechowa \lxoc kinetechowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to place near together (two or more objects); to put close to (one object to another) \ss acercar (dos o más objetos); colocar juntos o cerca (uno objeto al otro) \pna Xne:netecho! \pea Put them closer together (e.g., a series of rods, things that are interwoven, etc., one group after another)! \psa ¡Colócalos juntos (p. ej., una serie de varas que están en línea, algo entretejido, etc.)! \pna Xmonetecho:kan! \pea Place yourselves close together (e.g., people in a crowded place, two people lying down, etc.)! \psa ¡Acérquense (p. ej., varias personas en un lugar apretado, dos personas acostadas juntas, etc.)! \xrb netech \qry Check for intransitive. Perhaps this is another case of an anticausative for the intransitive. \rt There seems to be a clear relationship of the root <nr>netech</nr> to the relational noun <na>-tech</na> and to the reflexive particle <na>ne</na>. An effort should be made to determine all instances in which <na>ne</na> and <na>tech</na> are found in roots. \ref 03159 \lxa iyeltia \lxac kiyeltia \lxo iyeltia \lxoc kiyeltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cause to or make fart (either a food or sth heavy that is lifted) \ss hacer echar un pedo (o una comida o algo pesado levantado) \pna O:ne:chiyeltih un yetl, we:i o:nkwah \pea Those beans made me fart, I ate a lot. \psa Esos frijoles me hicieron echar pedos, comímucho. \pna Melá:k yetí:k, a:sta o:ne:chiyeltih. \pea It's really heavy, it even made me to fart (from its force and weight). \psa Es muy pesado, hasta me hizo echar un pedo (a causa de su peso). \xrb yel \xvbao iyeya \nse This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb <nla>iyeya</nla> (Am) and <nlo>íyeyá</nlo> (Oa), 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between <na>ito:nia</na> and <na>ito:niltia</na>, although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, <na>ito:ni:hli</na> and <na>iyehli</na>. \pqry Recheck vowel length. With C. Flores (Am) it appears short. I had a long vowel for Oapan but this should be rechecked. \mod Check entry for /yehli/, which should perhaps be /iyehli/. \grm This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb <na>iyeya</na>, 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between <na>ito:nia</na> and <na>ito:niltia</na>, although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, <na>ito:ni:hli</na> and <na>iyehli</na>. Cf. the use of /-tia/ with nouns, as in the case of /na:miktia/. \ref 03160 \lxa tlakechilia \lxac kitlakechilia \lxo tlakechilia \lxoc kitlakechilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to lengthen (by adding onto, e.g., a piece of rope or a strap by tying another piece onto the original, or an extension joined to a board of wood, etc.) \ss alargar o aumentar (p. ej., al agregar algo a un pedazo de laso o un tirante de tela al agregarle otra parte, o al pegar una tabla de madera a otra, etc.) \pna Xkasi mola:soh, xtlakechili! \pea Your rope isn't long enough, make it longer by adding on another piece! \psa Tu laso no alcanza,¡hazlo más largo al agregarle otro cachito! \cfa ma:tlakechia \xrb kechi \nse It seems that <na>tlakechilia</na> is an applicative form of <na>ketsa</na>, the meaning of which in Classical Nahuatl was 'to place in a vertical position."The applicative meaning of <na>kechilia</na> is clearest in the incorporated form <nla>ma:tlakechilia</nla> and its related form <nla>ma:tlakechia</nla>, both referring to the action of resting oneself on ones hands on a given surface. \ref 03161 \lxa pi:na:wismiki \lxac pi:na:wismiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea (often reduplicated with short vowel) to become extremely embarrassed \ssa (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) tener muchísima vergüenza \sea to die (at times literally) of embarrassment (e.g., sb who is caught stealing, who is scolded in public, etc.) \ssa morirse (a veces literalmente) de vergüenza (p. ej., algn agarrado en el acta de robar, algn a quien se le regaña en público, etc.) \pna O:pipi:na:wismihkeh pa:mpa na:na:walteh. \pea They died of shame because (it was discovered that) they were <spn>nahuales</spn>. \psa Se murieron de vergüenza porque (se descubrióque) eran nahuales. \xrb pi:na: \xrb miki \nae The derivation appears to be one involving the incorporation of the deverbal nominal <nla>pipi:na:wistli</nla> and the verb <nla>miki</nla>. \qry This seems to be derived from a nominalization of /pipi:na:wi/, /pipi:na:wistli/, incorporated into /miki/. Since /pipi:na:wistli/ is not in my lexicon. this should be checked. \ref 03162 \lxa ikxipatil \lxac ikxipatil \lxo ixipatil \lxoc ixipatil \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have a crooked leg \ss tener una pierna chueca \se (with short vowel reduplication) pigeon-toed; to have both legs twisted inward \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) que tiene las puntas de pies hacia dentro, tener las dos piernas chuecas \apa ikxipatiltik \apo ixipatiltik \xrb kxi \xrb patil \qry Check whether reduplication is of IN or verb stem, i.e., /iikxipatil/? or /ikxipapatil/??? \grm Note the various ways in which reduplication can affect meaning and be related to headword entry. Thus /ikxikuhtia/ is a headword entry with nonreduplication, since it refers to an action that often occurs affecting only one leg (stiffening). However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/, which refers to the exhaustion of the foot or leg from activity has only been heard in reduplicated form, given that the action that can lead to such a state (walking, exertion, etc.) almost always affects both legs jointly. Finally, note that in the case of /ikxipatil/ either leg can be affected, individually, however, when both are affected a new type of situation occurs, signalled by a separate lexical item in English. Thus a second sense is given. \ref 03163 \lxa i:xte:nyeyewaltik \lxac i:xte:nyeyewaltik \lxo i:xté:yewáltik \lxoc i:xté:yewáltik \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infa tik>tikeh \pa yes-rdp \seo to have large, round eyes (e.g., an owl) \sso tener los ojos grandes y redondos (p. ej., un tecolote) \apa i:xte:nyeyewal \apo i:xté:yewál \fla i:xte:nuwe:itik \flo i:xté:we:ítik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb yewal \nse This is the virtual equivalent of <na>i:xte:nuwe:itik</na>, literally: 'big-eyed.'. \rt In root comments note how the compound form for 'eye' is /i:xte:n-/, whereas the elicitation form is /i:xtetl/. \ref 03164 \lxa kone:tesosohli \lxac kone:tesosohli \lxo koné:sohlí \lxoc koné:sohlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \seao no-good kid \ssao niño maldito \pno Né:yáxya koné:sohlí, táwáxtláh tikmati! \peo Go away kid, you don't know anything! \pso ¡Véte niño chiquito, túno sabes nada! \xrb kone: \xrb hsol \nse In Ameyaltepec, apparently the apocopated <na>kone:tesosol</na> is always used as a vocative, in directly insulting or taunting a child, a type of name-calling. While apparently <na>kone:tesosohli</na> can also be used in this manner, it is more often used in a predicative function. However, in Oapan the form with the absolutive can be as a vocative, e.g., in addressing a child who goes places he or she is not supposed to go, e.g., in town meetings. Nevertheless, it seems to be more often used in a referential manner, referring to young children who are always getting into places, trying to be where adults are. \ref 03165 \lxa tlasohli \lxac tlasohli \lxo tlásohlí \lxoc tlásohlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se dried brush (particularly that in fields that are to be prepared for planting) \ss maleza seca (particularmente la que se encuentra en campos que se van a preparar para sembrar) \se trash; refuse; garbage \ss basura \xrb hsol \nse In regards to dried brush that is cleared in a field to be sowed, the following plants (and perhaps many others) are considered <na>tlasohli</na> : <nla>sakatl</nla>, <nla>mo:so:tl</nla>, <nla>a:kawtli</nla>, <nla>a:kawtomitl</nla>, <nla>xiwtematlatl</nla>, <nla>me:meya</nla>, and <nla>akistewe:wetsi</nla>. \qry I have guessed/assumed that a possessed /-tlasohlo/ is also correct. Hence I have coded the /infn field as N1/2; and Aln/Intrin. However, this should be checked, i.e., whether an intrinsically possessed form does exist and, if it does, the circumstances under which it might be used. \ref 03166 \lxa poso:nia \lxac kiposo:nia \lxo poso:nia \lxoc kiposo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to boil (water or other liquids) \ss hervir (agua u otros líquidos) \se to cook by boiling (foods such as beans, eggs in sauce, etc., cooking them in boiling water) \ss cocer al hervir (comidas tales como frijoles, huevos en salsa, etc., cocinándolas en agua hirviendo) \se to bring to a boil (a pot and its contents) \ss hacer hervir (una olla y su contenido) \pna Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi! \pea Stoke the fire underneath my pot for making <nla>nextamahli</nla> so that it rapidly comes to a boil! \psa ¡Atiza el fuego abajo de mi olla para hacer nixtamal para que de una vez hierva! \xrb poso: \nse Note that the object of <na>poso:nia</na> can be any number of items: the liquid itself that boils, the items (or food) that is boiled and cooked, and the container (such as a pot) within which something is boiled. \qry Determine whether there is an alternate transitive form, /poso:naltia/ and, if there is, how it differs from /poso:nia/. Also, change the cat coding as needed (e.g., adding [ca]). Finally, determine the semantics. What is boiled, i.e., what can be the object of /kiposo:nia/. Perhaps /poso:nia/ takes as its object the foods that are boiled, as well as the water/liquid, whereas /poso:naltia/ would only refer to the liquid, i.e., bringing it to a boil. Thus a check question might be the acceptability of /xposo:ni ma:w/ and /xposo:ni moyew/, and /xposo:nalt ma:w/ and /xposo:nalti moyew/. \ref 03167 \lxa na:hpa \lxac na:hpa \lxo na:hpa \lxoc na:hpa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se four times \ss cuatro veces \sem Num \xrb na:wi \xrl -pa \nae The duration of the bilabial stop, particularly in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, is quite long, over 150 ms. \mod Check how to categorize in cat field. \ref 03168 \lxa nesawilia \lxac kinesawilia \lxo nesawilia \lxoc kinesawilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap(ne) \infv class-2a \se to fast for (i.e., so that sth, such as a curing ceremony, will proceed well); to fast for (a medicine, so that it takes effect) \ss ayunar para (p. ej., para que algo vaya bien, como una ceremonia para curar); ayunar para (un remedio, para que surta efectos) \pna Tiknesawili:s. \pea You will fast for it (in this case before using <nba>chikimolin</nba> to cure someone, so that the remedy"obeys"and takes effect). \psa Le vas a ayunar (en este caso antes de emplear el remedio <nba>chikimolin</nba> para curar a algn, para que el remedio"obedezca"y surta efectos). \pna Niknesawili:s un suwa:tl para kinekis. \pea I'll fast for that woman so that she will want to (marry me). \psa Me voy a poner en ayunas para esa mujer, para que vaya a querer (casarse conmigo). \xrb ne \xrb sawa \xvbao sawa \nse In fasting for a particular remedy, the hope is that by fasting the remedy will"obey"(<na>te:tla:kamatis</na>). In the phrase <na>niknesawili:s un sowa:tl para kinekis</na>, the action is of fasting for as many as 2 days, from sunrise to sunset and 2 days to noon only. Then one places a candle near an image of San José, only him, so that the girl will accept a marriage proposal. \ref 03169 \lxa tlaxoxo:wia \lxac tlaxoxo:wia \lxo tlaxoxo:wia \lxof [tla xo xo: 'wi a] \lxoc tlaxoxo:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sem weather \se to become green all over the land during springtime and summer \ss reverdecer todo el campo durante la primavera y verano \pna Yo:tlaxoxo:wiak. Tlaxoxo:hka:n \pea It has gotten green all over. The area is all green from budding plants. \psa Ya se puso todo verde. Laárea está todo verde por los retoños de las plantas. \xrb xo: \xbtla xoxo:wia \xbtlo xoxo:wiya \qry Perhaps change the categorization of /xoxo:wia/ and /tlaxoxo:wia/ to that of a paradigmatic set of -k/ya/lia. \ref 03170 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /A:pantsi:n/, which has since been moved to the toponym section. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03171 \lxa pa:tskilia \lxac kipa:tskilia \lxo pa:tskilia \lxoc kipa:tskilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to squeeze for (sb) or onto (e.g., sth onto a dish of food) \ss exprimir para (algn) o sobre (p. ej., algo a un guisado) \pna Xpa:tskili limó:n un nakatl! \pea Squeeze lemon (juice) onto that meat! \psa ¡Exprímele (jugo de) limón a esa carne! \se to milk for (a cow or other mammals to get their milk) \ss ordeñar para (una vaca u otra mamalia para sacar leche) \se to squeeze or pull the trigger of (a pistol) \ss jalar el gatillo de (una pistola) \pna O:kipa:tskilih ipisto:lah. \pea He squeezed the trigger on his pistol. \psa Le jaló el gatillo a su pistola. \xrb pa:tska \xvbao pa:tska \ref 03172 \lxa ye weka:wi kayo:tl \lxac ye weka:wi kayo:tl \lxo íwika:w káyo:tl \lxof ['i wi ka:h 'ka yo:tl] \lxoc íwika:w káyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se sth from a long time ago; sth that has been around for a long time \ss algo de desde hace mucho tiempo; algo que ha estado presente o en existencia por mucho tiempo \xrb wehka: \xrb kayo: \qry Check the two forms and provide a grammatical analysis. \grm This text by Cristino Flores is a good explanation of the use of terms such as /ye weka:wi kayo:tl/. \ref 03173 \lxa mo:yo:tl \lxac mo:yo:tl \lxo mo:yo:tl \lxoc mo:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of biting mosquito (in Spanish <na>zancudo</na>) \ss zancudo, tipo de insecto que pica \sem animal \sem insect \cfao sa:yo:lin \xrb mo:yo: \nse The name of this insect might well be related to the verb <nlao>moyo:ni</nlao>, meaning 'to swarm,' although there is a difference in vowel length. \rt Phonotactics: Note and check possibility that /VCo:nV/ have a surface constraint on the length of the first vowel. Thus it might be that there is a prosodic template that fits roots into this pattern even when underlyingly the first vowel is long; and thus this first long vowel might show up elsewhere. \vl The vowel length here of the first /o/ seems short. But other words with /mo:yo:/ should be analyzed to determine whether this is indeed the case. \ref 03174 \lxa tla:lko:lo:tl \lxac tla:lko:lo:tl \lxo tla:lko:lo:tl \lxoc tla:lko:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of large, black scorpion that lives in the ground and kills cattle \ss tipo de alacrán negro y grande que vive en la tierra y mata al ganado \pna Tla:lko:lo:tl | Xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh kitowan kimiktia. \pea The <na>tla:lko:lo:tl</na> : It does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. They that it kills cattle. \psa The <na>tla:lko:lo:tl</na> : No se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. Dicen que mata al ganado. \equiva ko:lo:tl de bwe:i \xrb tla:l \xrb ko:lo: \encyctmp ko:lo:tl \nct ko:lo:tl \qry Check meaning of /kowasiwisioh/. \grm Word order: /Tla:lko:lo:tl | Xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kowasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh kitowan kimiktia./ 'The <na>tla:lko:lo:tl</na> | It does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. They that it kills cattle.' The the order OVS. \ref 03175 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kante:lah \lxoc kante:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan candela \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln \seo candle \sso vela \sem tool \vl Use first female and first male token. \ref 03176 \lxa tlate:mowa \lxac tlate:mowa \lxo tlate:mowa \lxoc tlate:mowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to search for new people to fill village offices \ss buscar gente nueva para llevar los cargos del pueblo \se (with an extraverse directional) to (go) look for (animals left out to graze or lost) \ss (con una direccional extraversa) (ir a) sabanear; (ir a) buscar (animales dejados a apacentar o perdidos) \pna O:tlate:mo:to. \pea He went to look for animals (left out to graze or lost). \psa Fue a sabanear. \pna O:nitlate:mo:ko. \pea I came to look for grazing animals. \psa Vine a sabanear. \pna A:man in to:nahli san nitlate:mo:s. \pea This day today I will just look in the countryside for animals left out. \psa Hoy este día voy a buscar en el campo para animales dejados sueltos. \xrb te:m-2- \xbtla te:mowa \nse The verb <nla>te:mowa</nla> is almost always found in reduplicated form, in the sense of 'to look for' (not an unusual occurrence given that the act of looking often involves repeated"individual"actos of looking. However, with the null complement <n>tla-</n> it is seldom reduplicated, even though the action involved, that of looking for animals on the plains, is also often repeated, as the subject goes through the countryside searching. However, the meaning of <spn>sabanear</spn> 'to look for lost or grazing animals in the countryside' does almost always, though not always, require the presence of a directional, usually extraverse since the subject is often going"out"to carry out the indicated activity. The act involves one of going out to determine the location of these animals (e.g., donkeys left out to graze) either simply in order to check up on them or to bring them back. \ref 03177 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xoxo:hka:tli:ltik \lxoc xoxo:hka:tli:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo to be dark green; to be olive green \sso ser verde oscuro; ser color aceituna \sem color \xrb xo: \xrb tli:l \vl Use second token of each speaker. \ref 03178 \lxa cha:ntlamati \lxac cha:ntlamati \lxo cha:ntlamati \lxoc cha:ntlamati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-(tla-V2) \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to feel at home (e.g., where one has moved to, or perhaps one who is living in sb else's house) \ss sentirse en casa; hallarse (p. ej., donde se ha mudado uno, o al estar hospedado en casa ajena) \xrb cha:n \xrb mati \grm /tla-/; noun incorporation: Note that the prefix /tla-/ is again used with a transitive verb taking an incorporated noun. \ref 03179 \lxa kuwyo:tia \lxac kikuwyo:tia \lxo kohyo:tia \lxoc kikohyo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to place a wooden handle on (e.g., on an axe, pick, hammer, planting stick, etc.) \ss ponerle una manga de madera a (p. ej., a una hacha, pico, martillo, coa, etc.) \xrb kow \nse Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm <na>-h/wa/tia</na> (e.g., <na>a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia</na>) since one finds <na>kuwtli, kuwyoh, kuwyowa, kuwyo:tia</na>, the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as <na>a:skayo:tia</na> means 'to allow (sth) to get covered with ants' and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive <nao>a:skayowa</nao>, the transitive verb <na>kuwyo:tia</na> is not a causativized or transitivized version of <na>kuwyowa</na>, but rather has a different meaning, relating to <na>kuwyo</na>, the 'inalienably possessed' form of <na>kuwtli</na>. The meaning is thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as <na>kaltia</na>, meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, <na>kuwyotia</na> is 'to provide with a <na>kuwyo</na>,' i.e. to provide with an intrinsically possessed piece of wood (that is the"part"of a part/whole relation): a handle. \grm Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm <na>-h/wa/tia</na> (e.g., <na>a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia</na>) since one finds <na>kuhtli, kuhioh, kuhyowa, kuhyo:tia</na>, the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as <na>a:skayo:tia</na> means 'to make covered with ants' and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive <na>a:skayowa</na>, the transitive verb <na>kuhyo:tia</na> is not a causativized or transitivized version of <na>kuhyowa</na>, but rather has a different meaning, relating to <na>kuhyo</na>, the 'inalienably possessed' form of <na>kuhtli</na>. The meaning is thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as <na>kaltia</na>, meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, <na>kuhyotia</na> is 'to provide with a <na>kuhyo</na>,' i.e. to provide with an inalienably possessed piece of wood: a handle. \ref 03180 \lxa sió:tl \lxac sió:tl \lxo sió:tl \lxoc sió:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se small piece of <nla>tixtli</nla> (i.e., ground <nla>nextamahli</nla>) that is shaped into a small, thick pancake and cooked a little on the <nla>koma:hli</nla> ; it is then taken off the griddle and kneaded or grinded on the metate into the remaining <na>tixtli</na> in order to make it stickier \ss pequeño pedazo de masa (<nla>tixtli</nla>) que se hace como una gordita chiquita y se cuece sobre el comal; después se mete sobre el metate y se muele con la masa para que se vuelva más pegajosa \xrb sio \nae There is no documentation of cognate words in other dialects; nor is there any clear etymology to <na>siyo:tl</na> or <no>sió:tl</no>. The length of the final /o:/ in Oapan Nahuatl is not entirely clear, it appears to have a duration at the lower end of that for long vowels. However, most Nahuatl words with a final segment sequence of /-iotl/ have a long /o:/. \mod Determine orthography for these types of words.... /sio:tl/ or /siyo:tl/. Illustrate. \sj Obtain form in SJ, for vowel length comparison if nothing else. \vl Check vowel length and cf. to /siyo:wiya/, which I have recorded with a long /o:/. \ref 03181 \lxa ye:yeh \lxac ye:yeh \lxo ye:ye \lxoc ye:ye \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \se beans (baby talk) \ss frijolitos (habla de niños) \sem baby \xrb ye \qry See Gram 1984-10-16.1 \grm Baby talk: Note absence of final /h/ in /ye:ye/, at least from Oapan. \ref 03182 \lxa si:bara:tl* \lxac si:bara:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea generic name of a type of small bird, <nla>to:to:tsi:ntli</nla> \ssa nombre genérico de un tipo de pájarito, <nla>to:to:tsi:ntli</nla> \sea specific name of a bird with a yellow breast (<nla>ye:lpankostiktsi:n</nla>) within the group of birds also called <na>si:bara:tl</na> \ssa nombre específico de un pájaro con pecho amarillo (<nla>ye:lpankostiktsi:n</nla>) dentro del grupo también llamado <na>si:bara:tl</na> \sem animal \sem bird \xrb si:bara: \encyctmp si:bara:tl \cpl The presence of /r/ clearly indicates that there has been a phonetic change in the pronunciation of this word, or that it is a borrowing from Spanish. There are two types of <na>si:bara:tl</na> : <na>si:bara:tl</na> and <nla>kwa:teporo:n</nla>. \ref 03183 \lxa tlakwiste:wa \lxac tlakwiste:wa \lxo tlakoste:wa \lxoc tlakoste:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2-asp \der V2-asp \infv class-3a(w) \se to clear the dirt off and stand upright cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth (see <nla>kwiste:wa</nla>) \ss limpiar o sacudir de tierra y colocar de pie plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas durante el arar de la tierra (vé ase <nla>kwiste:wa</nla>) \pna O:tlakwiste:wato nokone:w. \pea My child went to clear off and upright corn and beans in the field (following behind the plow). \psa Mi hijo fue a enderezar la milpa y los frijoles en la milpa (siguiendo atrás de la yunta). \se to pick everything up; to clear out (e.g., at the end of the day to pick up all ones merchandise that has been spread out to sell) \ss levantar (p. ej., al final del día levantar toda la mercancía que había sido extendida para vender) \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \xvaa tlakwiste:wilia \xbtla kwiste:wa \ref 03184 \lxa a:la:wi \lxac a:la:wi \lxo a:la:wi \lxoc a:la:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to crumble or fall down (things piled in a heap, land during an avalanche) \ss desmoronarse, venir hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas o apiladas, un avalanche) \pna Ma:ka mopan a:la:wis un tlikuwtli! \pea Don't let that pile of firewood come falling down on you! \psa ¡No dejes que ese montón de leña te caiga encima! \pna O:a:la:w un tekorral. \pea That stone wall (i.e., part of it) tumbled down (with the stones slipping off each other). \psa Esa cerca de piedras (esto es, parte de ella) se derrumbó. \pna Yo:pe:w a:la:wi moswaw. Xkwahli o:htili:nitiah. \pea Your bundles of (tied together) maize leaves have started to slip down (from where they had been piled up). You didn't tie them up tightly as you went along. \psa Los manojos de zacate (que guardaste) han empezado a venirse hacia abajo (de donde habían sido apilados). No ibas amarrándolos bien. \se to scrape oneself \ss rasparse \pna O:niteaga:la:w. \pea I got scraped (from falling). \psa Me raspé(al caer). \xrb a:la: \dis disam <na>xiti:ni</na> ; xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi \nse This verb refers to items piled up that slide down: earth avalanching, things coming down a slope, etc. In reference to scraping, this form may be compounded with the parts of the body affected: <na>ma:aga:la:wi</na>, <na>ikxiaga:la:wi</na>, etc. Often a voiced velar stop (or fricative) occurs after the reduplicated syllable. This has been written with a /g/. \qry Perhaps the intensifier can only be used with the sense of 'scrape.' This should be checked. \grm Note the phonetically predictable insertation of [g] between the reduplicated /aa:/. \ref 03185 \lxa akia \lxac kakia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran Compl (irregular: <nla>onaki</nla>) \infv class-2a \sea to put or place (an object) inside of some small or tight space (such as a drawer or box) \ssa meter (un objeto) dentro de una lugar estrecho (como un cajón o algún lugar ajustado) \pna Ne: xkaki! \pea Place it in there! \psa ¡Colócalo ahíadentro! \cfa onaki \cfo kalahtia \dis disam kalaktia \xrb ak \xvaa akilia \nse There is a difference between <na>akia</na> and <nla>kalaktia</nla>. The latter refers to putting something inside a fairly ample space. The first, <na>akia</na>, refers to putting an object into something such as a box, a file drawer, etc., i.e., a space where the thing put in"fits."It appears that the distinction is somewhat similar to that in English between"put inside"and"put in." <na>Akia</na> can refer to placing a knife or machete it its sheath, or something in a place where it belongs: e.g. a drawer in a piece of furniture. Note that the imperative <na>xkaki</na> is homophonous with the negative <na>xkaki</na> 'listen' although the latter is often found apocopated as <na>xaki</na>. \grm Note that */aki/ without the directional /on-/ never occurs; cf. to /one:wa/ or /wa:le:wa/ and */e:wa/. \ref 03186 \lxa matiltik \lxac matiltik \lxo matiltik \lxoc matiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se twisted \ss torcido \pna Matiltik, xwel tlapa:ni. \pea It is twisted (in this case the grain that runs inside a log or branch), it can't be split. \psa Estátorcido (en este caso el grano que corre por un tronco o rama), no se puede partir. \xrb matil \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. \grm Devoicing: Make sure grammar, in phonology section, refers to devoicing of /l/ in syllable-final position. \ref 03187 \lxa kwi:xin \lxac kwi:xin \lxo kwi:xin \lxoa kwi:xih \lxoc kwi:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \se generic name for a group of large birds (perhaps hawks) as yet not entirely identified \ss nombre genérico por un grupo de aves grandes (quizágavilanes) todavía no identificado plenamente \seao specific type of hawk; there is one type with a white breast, apparently the Short-tailed Hawk, <l>Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus</l> ; another type of <nao>kwi:xin</nao> has a partially white tail, perhaps the Common Black Hawk, <l>Buteogallus anthracinus</l>, the Great Black Hawk, <l>Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi</l>, the Solitary Eagle, <l>Harpyhaliaetus solitarius</l>, or a closely related species. \ssao tipo específico de"hawk"; hay un tipo con el pecho blanco, aparentemente el"Short-tailed Hawk," <l>Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus</l>, o una especie cercana; otro tipo de <nao>kwi:xin</nao> tiene la cola con una parte blanca, quizá el"Common Black Hawk," <l>Buteogallus anthracinus</l>, el"Great Black Hawk," <l>Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi</l>, el"Solitary Eagle," <l>Harpyhaliaetus solitarius</l>, o una especie cercana. \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 3, 8, 9 p. 199; Pl. 4, 8, 10, 11, pp. 191, 193, 194 \ss águila (? o gavilán) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kwix \encyctmp kwixin \nse To date in Ameyaltepec fives types of <na>kwi:xin</na> have been identified: <nla>kwi:xin ko:stik</nla>, <nla>kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n</nla> and <nla>tsomakwi:xin</nla>, <nla>tlitliktsi:n</nla>, and another that lives by the river and is <na>tli:lihka:tsi:n</na> or, as Cristino Flores (who did not remember its name) said, <na>poyaktsi:n</na>. There is another <na>kwi:xin</na> -like bird called <na>tlakotatatsi:n</na> (in Oapan apparently <nlo>áyokwá:ni</nlo>. In Oapan there are two types of <no>kwi:xin</no> : <no>kwi:xin kwitlanextik i:tsi:mpa ista:k</no> and <no>tsómakwi:xin</no>. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that there is another bird named <nlo>tlítliktsí:n</nlo> that eats <no>wi:lomeh</no> such as the <nlo>sakatsi:n</nlo>. \nae Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for <nao>kwixin</nao>, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell gives <n>kwixti</n> as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form <n>tojtli</n>. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec <na>kwi:xin</na> is in error and should be corrected. \qry Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for <nao>kwixin</nao>, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell gives <n>kwixti</n> as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form <n>tojtli</n>. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec <na>kwi:xin</na> is in error and should be corrected. \mod According to Roberto Mauricio the /i:/ is long. Recheck recording. \cpl A <na>kwi:xin</na> is not considered a <na>to:to:tl</na>. Note that although Nahuatl <na>á:ilah</na> is loaned from Spanish <spn>águila</spn> and one would expect this to indicate an eagle, consultants indicate that <na>á:ilah</na> is synonymous with <na>kwi:xin</na>, which they translate as <na>gavilán</na>, or 'hawk' (note that RS gives <na>milano</na>, or kite, for <na>kwi:xin</na>). Thus it remains to be determined whether the <na>á:ilah</na> and <na>kwi:xin</na> are in fact the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the eagle, as indicated by the borrowed term <na>á:ilah</na> or whether they refer to the hawk or kite (<na>milano</na>) given the usual translation of <na>kwi:xin</na>. In one entry I have recorded three types of <na>kwi:xin</na> : <nla>kwi:xin</nla>, <nla>tsomakwi:xin</nla>, and <nla>kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n</nla>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'gavilán.' \ref 03188 \lxa te:ma:muwtih \lxac te:ma:muwtih \lxo te:ma:mohtih \lxoc te:ma:mohtih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se frightening \ss espantoso \se dangerous \ss peligroso \xrb mawi \nse In my original notes I had 'peligroso' as a translation given by an Ameyaltepec consultant. However, perhaps 'frightening' is more accurate. Use in context should clarify the precise semantics of <nao>te:ma:muhtih</nao>. \qry Check translation; on my original file card I had 'peligroso'; check if this is correct and elicit the Nahuatl for 'peligroso.' Perhaps frightening is more correct (or both). Get contextual use. Note that the file card also did not have vowel length recorded (it also had /te:momuhti/, which might be a writing error). Check. \ref 03189 \lxa pitsa:hka:n \lxac i:pitsa:hka:n \lxo pitsa:hka:n \lxoc i:pitsa:hka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ka:n \se lower back or waist (of a person or animal, with a person the most usual reference is to the waist along the back) \ss cintura o espalda inferior (de una persona o animal, en cuanto a una persona, se refiere generalmente a la cintura por la parte atrás) \pna O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n. \pea They ground up the vine called <nba>nekaxa:ni:hli,</nba> they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. \psa Molieron la enredadera llamada <nba>nekaxa:ni:hli</nba>, se la van a rociar por la parte posterior de la cintura. \sem body \xrb pitsa: \xrl -ka:n \ref 03190 \lxa pitsi:nia \lxac kipitsi:nia \lxo pitsi:nia \lxoc kipitsi:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to lightly break, or cause a small fissure in (the hard surface of sth, such as an egg by tapping it softly against sth hard) \ss romper o hendir ligeramente (la superficie dura de algo, como el cascarón de un huevo al golpearlo suavemente contra algo duro) \pna Xpitsi:ni un to:to:ltetl! \pea Lightly break the shell of that egg (particularly by tapping it against sth hard)! \psa ¡Rómpele el cascarón a ese huevo (especialmente al golpearlo ligeramente contra algo duro)! \se to pinch lightly (an animate being) \ss pellizcar ligeramente (un ser animado) \pna O:nikompitsi:nih nono:biah. \pea I reached over and lightly pinched my girlfriend. \psa Le di un ligero pellizco a mi novia. \sem distort-fissure \xrb pitsi: \ref 03191 \lxa ka:xtik \lxac ka:xtik \lxo tekaxtik \lxoc tekaxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be concave (a material object such as a bowl); to be depressed (the ground where there is a concave depression); to be sagged or bent in the middle (e.g., an animal's back) \ss ser concavo (un objeto material tal como un plato hondo o tacita); estar sumido (e.g. un terreno); estar pando (p. ej., el lomo de un animal) \pna Ka:xtik un a:kaxtetl. \pea That stone trough for giving water to pigs is concave (hollowed out). \psa Esa pileta para darle de beber a los marranos está concava. \sem form-bulk \xrb kax \nae The Oapan utterances all seem to have a short /a/ in the middle syllable. The lengths were 73 and 90 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 73 and 79 msm for her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. The Ameyaltepec form should thus be rechecked, as well as all verbal forms with this root. \qry Determine the difference between /ka:xiwtok/ and /ka:xtik/, perhaps it is similar to that between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/. Note that the vowel appeared short to me in /tekaxtik/. This would be in accord with /a:kaxtetl/. However, cf. to /ka:xiwi/. \vl Vowel length here should be checked. I expected a long /a:/. Check with other words with this /kax/ element. \ref 03192 \lxa kuwa \lxac kikuwa \lxo kowa \lxoc kikowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \se to buy \ss comprar \pna Ke:ch ika o:tko:w? \pea How much did you pay for it? \psa ¿Cuánto te costó? \pna Xwel nokuwa. \pea It can't be bought. \psa No se puede comprar. \xrb ko:wa \xvaao kowilia \nae The question of the duration and length of /o/ before /wa/ needs to be thoroughly studied. It is generally held that length is neutralized in this context, and that there is not difference in realization of an underlying long {o:} and an underlying short {o} before /-wa/. However, this statement needs to be reevaluated through an analysis of length in words such as <nlao>sepowi</nlao> and other words with underlying long {o} and those that have a short vowel in this place. The difference is most directly manifested in perfective forms, in which underlying length {o:} maintains word-final /w/. Thus one finds <nao>o:kisepo:w</nao> from <nao>kisepowa</nao>, whereas one obtains <nao>o:kipoloh</nao> from <nao>kipolowa</nao>. Nevertheless, the duration of the /o/ or /u/ in Oapan <no>kikowa</no> is longer than expected. \qry Definitely needed are more examples of use, although perhaps the meaning of this word is not as problematical as that of others. \qry Check vowel lenght of /-owa/ verbs. Here the {o:} is underlyingly long. The surface length seems also quite long, but this might also reflect syllable structure, etc. \mod Perhaps change the orthography of this to /kowa/. Make a decision. \vl Check vl of final o/u in /kikowa/. Check with other /o/'s in this position. \ref 03193 \lxa tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni \lxac tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to run off at the mouth very much \ssa de repente hablar muchísimo \pna O:nitlato:lchi:kwepo:n, xwel nikteltia:ya ika te:wa:n nimonono:stoya. \pea I ran off at the mouth for a long time, I couldn't stop talking to people. \psa De repente empecé a hablar muchísimo, no podía para de placticar con la gente. \sem communicate \syna tlato:lpo:ni \syno tláto:lpó:ni \xrb hto \xrb chi:- \xrb kwepo: \qry Check for transitive form, for form without /chi:-/ (i.e., /tlato:lkwepo:ni/), and disambiguate from /tlato:lpo:ni/. \ref 03194 \lxa anjoli:n itakatl \lxac anjoli:n itakatl \lxo a:jolítakátl \lxoc a:jolítakátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>ajonjolí</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se an <na>itacate</na> or, in Spanish, toasted <spn>gordita</spn>, (type of toasted tortilla-like food) made of sesame \ss una gordita (o itacate) de ajonjolí \sem food \xrb htaka \encyctmp tlakwahli \fl itakatl \qry Check length of initial /a/ of /anjoli:n/ in Am. Check for possessed forms. Note that all initial vowel words should be compared for length. It seems that long initial /a:/ is quite obvious. \mod Add encyclopedia entry under food listing types of food \rt Probably /itakatl/ is related to the verb /itki/ and thus the nominal /tlatki/, although this should be checked. \vl Note that initial /a:/ in Oapan measures well over 100 ms. This should be used to compare to other roots/stems with short initial vowel \ref 03195 \lxa istatl \lxac istatl \lxo istatl \lxoc istatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se salt \ss sal \xrb sta \qry Check whether a -yo possessive form exists: ?istayo. If so, change entry. \ref 03196 \lxa tokatl \lxac tokatl \lxo tokatl \lxoc tokatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sem animal \sem insect \se generic name for spider \ss nombre genérica para araña \pna Ka:dah se: ima tokatl tikoni:s se: pla:toh de a:to:hli deke o:mitskwah. \pea For each leg of a spider (in this case a tarantula) you will drink a bowl of atole, if it bit you. \psa Para cada pierna de una araña (en este caso una tarantula) vas a beber un plato de atole, si te mordió. \cfa tokatl de un totomioh; ma:se:kapochik \cfo ma:sia:pochik \xrb toka \cpl This is the generic name for all spiders (e.g., tarantula, house spiders, etc.) except daddy longlegs (see <nla>ma:se:kapochik</nla>) \vl Use first tokens from each speaker. \ref 03197 \lxa kafenya:rowa \lxac kafenya:rowa \lxo kafenya:rowa \lxoc kafenya:rowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>café</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-loan \infv class-2b \se to drink coffee (usually in the morning) \ss tomar café(generalmente en la mañana) \pna Xkafenyarote:wa! \pea Have some coffee before you head out! \psa ¡Tómate un café antes de salir! \qry The length of the final /a/ is uncertain and should be rechecked. In Oapan it appears to have long duration, probably the effect of the loan status from Spanish: \ref 03198 \lxa tlakukwahli \lxac tlakukwahli \lxo tlá:kwahlí \lxoc tlá:kwahlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \se food that has been chewed in ones mouth \ss comida que ha sido masticada en la boca \pna Xtolo motlakukwal! \pea Swallow the chewed food that you have in your mouth! \psa ¡Trágate la comida masticada que esté en tu boca! \seo cud \sso comida masticada que rumian las vacas \sem food \cfao tlakwahli \cfa tlakukwaltik \cfo tlá:kwaltík \xrb kwa \ref 03199 \lxa patile:wi \lxac patile:wi \lxo patile:wi \lxoc patile:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to go or lean over to one side; to slip out of line (e.g., a wall that is leaning over, a leg or foot that twists, for instance as one missteps on a rock or edge) \ss ladear; ponerse o quedar chueco o no recto (p. ej., una pared a punto de caer, una pierna o pie que se desliza y va por un lado como cuando algn pisa una piedra suelta) \pna Mopan wetsis mokaltsi:n, yo:patile:w. \pea Your little house will fall down on you, it's leaning over crooked. \psa Se te va a caer encima tu casita, ya quedóchueco por un lado. \se (with long vowel reduplication and <n>-tiw</n> or other similar aspectual markers) to go wobbling along, walking crookedly or swaying from one side to another (e.g., sb very sick, drunk, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga y <n>-tiw</n> u otros similares marcadores de aspecto) ir tambaleándose, andar yendo de lado a lado (p. ej., algn muy enfermo, un borracho, etc.) \pna Pa:patile:wtiw -=pa:patiliwtiw- yo:tla:wa:n. \pea He goes along on wobbly feet (swaying and walking crookedly), he's gotten drunk. \psa Va tambaleándose (caminando o yendo de un lado a otro), ya se emborrachó. \equivao patiliwi \xrb patil \dis patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. \nse <na>Patile:wi</na>, and other roots with the same stem, apparently refers to situations in which something goes off to one side, such as a wall that is about to fall over, a leg that slips on a rock, a drunk trying to walk straight and upright, etc. The meaning, then, seems to indicate things that go off-line. \qry Check possibility of transitive form and, in general, transitives of verbs that show /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation in the intransitive. Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check dif. with other verbs or stems with similar meaning. \ref 03200 \lxa ile:wilistli \lxac ile:wilistli \lxo ile:wilistli \lxoc ile:wilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(w) \se sth appearing inviting or appetizing (particularly sth to drink or eat) \ss algo apetitoso, que se antoja (particularmente algo para beber o comer) \xrb l \xrb e:w \qry Query on tape for word explanation. Check for possessed form. \vl Use second female token and first male token. \ref 03201 \lxa arre:ychah \lxac arre:ychah \lxo arre:ychah \lxoc arre:ychah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan arrecho (a) \seao to be high-spirited, a live-wire (usually in reference to a woman) \ssao ser muy animada y chancista; ser alegre (generalmente en referencia a una mujer) \seao to have a lot of lovers; to be loose (sexually); to go around with or desire many lovers; to be constantly horny \ssao tener muchos amantes; ser disoluta o fácil (una mujer en particular); ser caliente (sexualmente) y siempre con ganas de hacer el amor \nse Although at times consultants have said that the male form of this adjective (<nao>arre:ychoh</nao> can be used to refer to men who are woman-chasers (i.e., <spn>mujeriegos</spn>) I have never heard it so used. To the best of my knowledge \qry For the entry I originally had both genders for Ameyaltepec although I seem to remember it was only used in reference to women. FM would not accept the male gender form. \ref 03202 \lxa tsi:nko \lxac itsi:nko \lxo tsi:nko \lxoc i:tsi:nko \dt 16/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-k(o) \infn N2 \se anus; asshole \ss ano; culo \sem body \xrb tsi:n \xrl -ko \vl Tag and label, but do not link to online dictionary \ref 03203 \lxa a:lachiwi \lxac a:lachiwi \lxo a:lachiwi \lxoc a:lachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become slimy or slippery; to acquire a soapy texture \ss hacerse baboso o viscoso \pna Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw. \pea You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (from the sweat). \psa Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (del sudor). \nse To become slippery and slimy like nopales, or old food such as beans that start to go bad. This verb can also refer to the texture of something soapy. \xrb a:lach \nae The vowel length of this word was originally noted as long, but measures of the duration of the 4 tokens from Oapan revealed lenghts of 104 and 99 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 88 and 92 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. This seems to be within the range of short word-initial vowels although further comparisons with related forms will need to be conducted. For now, however, the initial vowel of the Oapan form has been written left long as originally noted. \vl Check vowel length of first vowel \ref 03204 \lxa kaxa:nia \lxac kikaxa:nia \lxo kaxa:nia \lxoc kikaxa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to loosen (e.g., a knot, sth tightly bundled) \ss aflojar (p. ej., un nudo, algo bien apretado) \se to loosen (sth) of or on (e.g., the saddle of an animal [O]) \ss afojar (algo) a (p. ej., una silla a un animal [O]) \pna Witsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan i:n xo:chitl. Na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl. Ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia. \pea The hummingbird, it alights on this flower. Then it sticks its small little beak into the flower. That's the way it opens things up, it loosens it (the flower) up. \psa El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor. Ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor. Asíabre flores, la afloja (la flor). \pna Xkaxa:ni un burroh. \pea Loosen (the saddle on) that burro. \psa Aflójale (la silla) a ese burro. \se to weaken (ones body, i.e., the back and lower back from activities such as carrying heavy weights) \ss debilitar (el cuerpo, esto es, la espalda y la espalda inferior al llevar a cabo actividades como el de cargar un peso grande) \pna O:nkaxa:nih notla:kayo pa:mpa yetí:k un kósta:l. \pea I weakened my body because that sack was heavy. \psa Hice que se me aflojara el cuerpo porque ese costal era pesado. \se (refl.) to relax (ones body) \ss (refl.) relajarte (el cuerpo) \pna Xtepi:tso motla:kayo. Ma:ka timokaxa:ni:s! \pea Tighten up (tense) your body (e.g., just before lifting a heavy weight)! Don't relax! \psa ¡Apriétate el cuerpo (p. ej., al estar por levantar una cosa pesada)!¡No te vayas a aflojar! \se (refl.) to exhaust and weaken ones back and lower back \ss (refl.) quedar exhausto o debilitarse (por la espalda o espalda inferior) \pna O:nokaxa:nih, o:kima:mah ti:roh yetí:k. \pea He got a sore back (at the waist), he carried something really heavy. \psa Se quedó adolorido de la espalda (a la cintura), llevó a cuestas un peso grande. \pna O:nimokaxa:nih. \pea I exhausted myself (getting a sore back from working a lot). \psa Me hice cansar mucho (quedando adolorido de la espalda por trabajar mucho). \se (refl.) to loosen ones clothes \ss (refl.) aflojar la ropa \pna Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! \pea Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! \psa ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., el cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura está muy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)! \se to have intercourse with (a woman) for the first time shortly after childbirth (e.g., more or less before 15 days have passed after childbirth; a man should wait 30-40 days to have intercourse with a woman who has given birth) \ss tener relaciones sexuales con (una mujer) por primera vez poco después de un parto (e.g., más o menos antes de que hayan pasado 15 días; un hombre debe esperar 30-40 días después del parto para tener relaciones sexuales con un mujer) \pna Kikaxa:ni:s isuwa:w. \pea He will have intercourse with his wife for the first time after childbirth. \psa Va a tener relaciones sexuales con su esposa por primera vez después del parto. \xrb kaxa: \xvaa kaxa:nilia \nse According to Panfilo Lorenzo one should wait 30 to 45 days after birth to have intercourse with one's wife. But if one has intercourse much sooner (e.g. 15 days or less) then the verb <na>kaxa:nia</na> is appropriate. Note also that with an animate the verb <nao>kaxa:nia</nao> has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say <na>xkaxa:ni moburroh</na> 'loosen (it up on) your donkey"with the understanding that this refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, <na>nokaxa:nia</na> (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes. \grm Valency; transitivity; reflexive: Note the following sentence and meaning: /Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!/ 'Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!' The meaning of /ma nimokaxa:ni/ in the preceding phrase is reminiscent of /o:nokoto:n noburroh/ in another phrase. In /o:nokoto:n/ the meaning is that the subject snapped something (a tether) that was part of it (i.e., inalienably possessed) and that affected it (as a middle construction). Viewed in this way, one might suggest that the undering form of both /nokaxa:nia/ and /nokoto:na/ is {ki + no + kaxa:nia} and {ki + no + koto:na} and that in both cases the reflexive does not occupy an argument slot, as is often the case with reflexives in middle constructions (cf. /notlalowa/). Note also that a potential argument or fact in support of this interpretation is that in many cases the specific object /ki-/ is not marked with reflexive const ructions. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds /nimokowili:s se: burroh/ 'I will buy myself a donkey' instead of the Classical /niknokowili:s/, in which both the specific 3rd person and the reflexive are overtly marked on the verb. Note also that with an animate the verb <nao>kaxa:nia</nao> has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say <na>xkaxa:ni moburroh</na> 'loosen (it up on) your donkey"with the understanding that this refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, <na>nokaxa:nia</na> (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes. \ref 03205 \lxa mo:so:tl \lxac mo:so:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea type of weed eaten by donkeys, still not identified, occasionally called <na>xiwtli de mo:so:tl</na> \ssa tipo de maleza comida por los burros, todavía no identificada, a veces llamada <na>xiwtli de mo:so:tl</na> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb mo:so: \qry Check uses. \cpl FK lists <na>mo:zo:tl</na> of which she states:"plant that produces indigo dye and from which an antidysentery medicine is made"; mozote. It is listed in the Zacapoaxtla dictionary. \nct xiwtli; tlasohli \ref 03206 \lxa te:nxokwi:chiwi \lxac te:nxokwi:chiwi \lxo te:nxokwi:chiwi \lxoc te:nxokwi:chiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to make an expressive face by tightening ones lips and mouth in a snarling-like gesture (e.g., the face one makes when eating sth sour; the face one makes with gestures of disbelief, turning up ones mouth and lips; and the face a male animal makes, such as a bull, dog, or donkey, when smelling the rear of a female) \ss hacer muecas al tensar y abrir los labios como de disgusto (p. ej., al comer algo muy agrio; la cara que uno hace de incredulidad, alzando la boca y labios, abriéndolos poquito; también la cara que hace un animal macho como perro, toro o burro al oler la parte trasera de una hembra) \pna Te:nxokwi:chiwtok, xkwelita. \pea He's making a face of dislike, he doesn't like it (i.e., its taste). \psa Estáhaciendo muecas de disgusto, no le agrada (p. ej., su sabor). \pna Te:nsokwi:chiwi to:roh kwa:k kitsi:ninekwi ba:kah. \pea Bulls turn up their mouth and curl their lips out when they smell the rear of a cow. \psa Los toros alzan el hocico y encrespan los labios cuando huelen la parte trasera de una vaca. \se to be buttoned crookedly (e.g., the front of a shirt so that the edges of the two sides are bunched and curled up) \ss quedar mal abrochada (p. ej., la frente de una camisa con el resultado que los dos lados de la camisa no estén alineadas, quedándose fruncidos y arrugados) \pna Te:nxokwi:chiwi mokoto:n. \pea Your shirt is buttoned wrong. \psa Estámal abrochada tu camisa. \xrb te:n \xrb xokwi:ch \cfao yekaxokwi:chiwi \fl xokwi:chiwi \mod Illustrate. \ref 03207 \lxa wa:kaxko:hke:tl \lxac wa:kaxko:hke:tl \lxo wa:kaxko:hke:tl \lxoa wa:'axko:hke:tl \lxoc wa:kaxko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \loan (part) vaca \se person who buys cattle \ss comprador de ganado \cfo wa:xko:hke:tl \xrb ko:wa \pqry In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. \ref 03208 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /tsotsomi:ntia/ and has been removed as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03209 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /i:xpankekelowa/ but has been removed for vulgar. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03210 \lxa tlawekatlan \lxac tlawekatlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1[tla-] \infn N1(loc) \sea extended area where it is deep (particularly sections of a river) \ssa lugar oárea extendido donde está profundo (particularmente secciones de un río) \pna Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. \pea I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. \psa Salía donde el agua está poca profunda, ya no es profunda. \xrb wehka \xrl -ka:n \xbtla wekatlan \nde Oapan does not use the <n>tla-</n> for * <no>tlawékatlán</no> but would instead say: <no>nowiyá: wékatláh</no>. \qry Query all the following: Adjectivas in -tik or -ki that form tla + adjectival stem + ka:n (pa:stik and tlapa:stika:n). Query all locatives that form /tla-/ derivatives: /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/. Finally, query all possessed locatives that have a /tla-/ form, e.g., /-te:nko/ and /tlate:nko/. \grm /tla-/ with locatives; impersonals; subjectless: One of the major semantic distinctions that I have yet to resolve is the difference between"locative"constructions with and without /tla-/. There are many such constructions is which forms with and without seem to alternate. Thus one has /nepantlah/ and /tlanepantlah/, /-tsi:ntlan/ and /tlatsi:ntlah/, and many forms such as /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/. It would seem, though this has to be further determined, that in such cases or constructions /tla-/ acts as it does with other one-place predicates: it indicates a general state of affairs, or a generalized event, without any particular reference to a definite subject. Thus /tlawa:ki/ refers to drying that takes place (over an extended space) and not to any particular object that dries. Following this analysis, /wekatlan/ is used to describe a particular location. I would think (and thus should be checked) that one can say /nika:n wekatlan/ 'it is deep here' but not ?/nika:n tlawekatlan /. But this should be checked. Note also that there are other constructions that only exist with /tla-/. In such cases the /tla-/ (plus /-ka:n/) gives the predicate a spatialextension. Thus one has /wa:hki/ 'it is dry' and /tlawa:hka:n/, but not (I think) ?/wa:hka:n/. The same would be true of /pa:stik/, which exists as /tlapa:stika:n/ but not (I think) as /pa:stika:n/. It seems that perhaps those adjectivals that end in /-k/ or /-ki/ may form impersonal adjectivals only (and don't have a corresponding form with /-ka:n/ but without /tla-/. Thus /wa:hki/ and /tlawa:hka:n/, /xoxo:hki/ and /tlaxoxo:hka:n/ (but not, it seems, ?wa:hka:n or ?xoxo:hka:n). Similarly /pa:stik/ and /tlapa:stika:n/, but not ?pa:stika:n. For these cases /tla-/ plus /-ka:n/ together give a spatial dimension to the adjectival. However, there are the other cases in which one has a locative (e.g., /wekatlan/) than can occur with /tla-/ (as in /tlawekatlan/). Thus there are two general paradigms. The first are locativ e s that may or may not occur with /tla-/. These include those that are possessed (e.g., /-te:nko/ and /tlate:nko/), where /tla-/ takes the place of the possessor prefix; and it includes those thatare not possessed (e.g., /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/) in which /tla-/ acts, it seems, as an"impersonal"though this needs further investigation. Finally, and on the other hand, there are cases in which both /tla-/ and /-ka:n/ are added to adjectivals and indicate a spatial dimension to the characteristic referenced. Finally, note that in certain cases there is simply the addition of /tla-/, as in /we:i/ and /tlawe:i/. Here there is a reference to /we:ika:n/ in the dance relation for Moros (/we:ika:n Jerusalé:n/). \ref 03211 \lxa chikino:liwi \lxac chikino:liwi \lxo chikino:liwi \lxoc chikino:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become crooked; to become bent \ss enchuecarse; encorvarse; ponerse chueco \pna O:chikino:liw un tlako:tl, peya:stik katka. \pea That rod has become bent (crooked), it used to be straight. \psa Esa vara se quedóchuecó, estaba derecha (recta). \pna Yo:chikino:liw mosurkoh, xkwahli tikwi:ka. \pea Your furrow (as you plow a field) has come out crooked, you aren't guiding it (the plow along the furrows) along well (i.e., not straight). \psa El surco ya está saliendo chueco, no lo llevas bien (esto es, no llevas bien el arado, no vas derecho con la yunta). \cfao no:liwi \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \ono pachowa \nse Apprently <na>chikino:liwi</na> and <na>chikitoliwi</na> (and their derivatives) have the same meaning or are very similar. However, note that the difference between <na>chikino:liwi</na> and <na>chikitoliwi</na> on the hand and <na>no:liwi</na> on the other appears to be the objects to which the verbs may be applied. The former two appear to be used more with hard or long things: rods. beams, furrows (in a field), etc. while the second <na>no:liwi</na> with softer things (such as candles) or smaller thing (e.g., pens, etc.). \mod In /ono contrast: chikino:liwi, chikitoliwi, no:liw, pachowa, cuelpachowa, etc. Recheck contrasts between these. \rt Perhaps /chiki/ is related to /chi:/ and both to /chika:/ indicating a form of intensification. \ref 03212 \lxa owitia \lxac nowitia \lxo ówitiá \lxop owitia \lxoc nówitiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-Intrans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl. + adverb of place) to pass through (a given place [expressed adverbially], e.g., a person who passes through or along a particular path, such as along the banks of a river, through a mountain pass, etc.); to make ones way through or along (e.g., a particular path) \ss (refl. + adverbio de lugar) encaminarse por (un lugar dado [expresado adverbialmente], p. ej., una persona que pasa por una senda en particular, o por las orillas de un río, etc.); pasar por (un lugar, una senda o camino, etc.) \pna Nika:n nowitian. \pea They pass through here. \psa Pasan por aquí. \pna Ka:no:n nowiti:lo? \pea Where do people go through (i.e., what is the path that people take)? \psa ¿Dónde pasa la gente (esto es, donde está el camino preferido)? \pna O:nimowitih ne:,ite:nko nomi:l. \pea I took the path there, at the edge of my <spn>milpa</spn>. \psa Tomé el camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa. \pna Ne: xmowiti! \pea Go through there (e.g., a small break in a fence)! \psa ¡Pásate por allí(p. ej., un pequeño espacio en una cerca)! \se (refl.) to flow through (e.g., water in a channel, or along and through a depression in the ground, a ditch, etc.) \ss (refl.) fluir; correr; manar (p. ej., un líquido por una depresión en la tierra, por un canal o zanja, etc.) \xrb oh \nae It seems clear that as with <na>owimati</na>, <na>owitia</na> is derived from the nominal root {oh} 'path' or 'road.' This would explain the pitch accent in the Oapan form. \qry Since Ameyaltepec does not manifest underlying {h} this word should be checked in other nearby dialects and the root (for this entry and for others such as /nowitike:tl/) changed if needed. \ref 03213 \lxa a:wakeh \lxac a:wakeh \lxo á:wakéh \lxoa á:wakíh \lxoc á:wakéh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \pa yes \se rainmakers, i.e. those that are said to bring or cause it to rain, these are small beings who inhabit the heavens and bring rain (lit. 'possessors of water' or 'those who possess water'); <na>ahuaques</na>, Sp. \ss los que traen la lluvia o hacen que llueve, son seres pequeños que residen en el cielo (lit. 'dueños del agua' o 'los que poseen agua'); ahuaques \pna Te:na:wiltian a:wakeh ke:n xok kiawi. \pea The <na>ahuaques</na> are playing games on people with this that is doesn't rain anymore (i.e., not like it used to in previous years). \psa Los 'ahuaques' están vacilando con eso de que ya no llueve (esto es, como en años anteriores). \pna A:man pe:was kiawis, yo:wa:hlakeh a:wakeh. \pea Now it will begin to rain (referring particularly to the beginning of the rainy season), the <na>ahuaques</na> have come. \psa Ya va a empezar a llover (se refiere particularmente al inicio de la temporada de lluvias), los ahuaques ya vinieron. \xrb a: \ono a:wakeh \nse Some people say that <na>a:wakeh</na> is equivalent to <na>moxteh</na> 'clouds' as is <na>ye wa:hlaweh a:wakeh</na> 'the clouds are now coming.' However, others translate <na>a:wakeh</na> as as <na>angelitos</na> who are associated with bringing water or rain. It appears, however, that most people consider the <na>a:wakeh</na> as some sort of animate beings. When asked, Luis Lucena stated that he doesn't know if they are in the <na>sie:loh</na> or at <na>chikna:wtipan</na>. And when I asked him what they looked like he laughed and said he had never seen them. Perhaps I could find out, he said, since gringos have been to the moon. \grm Oapan phonetics; vowel length: the initial syllable of Oapan /á:wakeh/ is clearly long, and its measurement sets some parameters for judging whether certain word-initial vowels are long or short. My measurements give 135 and 137 ms as the length of the initial /a:/ in the speech of Florencia Marcelino; her husband's vowels measured some 106 and 138 ms. Thus the average of a high pitched initial /a:/ in this word is about 125 ms. \ref 03214 \lxa ompú:n \lxac ompú:n \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Adv-demon \der Adv-pl \sea right there! \ssa ¡allí! \cfa sampú:n \cfo páon \xrb on \xrl -pa \vl Give the four Oapan tokens here the number 01917 and add to the tokens for this word already isolated. \ref 03215 \lxa koyo:nki \lxac koyo:nki \lxo koyo:nki \lxoc koyo:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be perforated by a hole (hard materials and even clothes, that might have holes form cigarrette ash, etc.) \ss estar agujereado; estar taladrado \cola tlaxkahli \xrb koyo: \nse Refers to objects such as wood or other materials that have been drilled or otherwise perforated. Even an items of clothing with small holes, such as those from cigarrette ash, may be considered <nao>/kokoyo:nki</nao>. \qry Check to see if /te-/ can be used with the adjectival. \grm One major problem to determine is the difference in meaning between /-ki/ adjectivals and /-tok/ statives. It seems that permanent changes are expressed through /-ki/ participals. Thus one has, I believe, /koyo:nki/ but not /koyo:ntok/ (or at least /koyo:ntok/ sounds a little strange, whereas /kaxa:ntok/ sounds as normal as /kaxa:nki/. For the final grammar one elicitation that should be carried out will be to pull up all /-V:ni/ verbs and determine which take /-ki/, which take /-tok/ and which take both, and then do an analysis. Thus the progressive meaning of /-tok/ might not simply be related to the difference between unergative and unaccusative, but to questions of the relative permanence of the verbal action. \ref 03216 \lxa tepetlatia \lxac tepetlatia \lxo tepetlatia \lxoc tepetlatia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to get calluses (e.g., on ones hands, feet, etc.) \ss salirsele callos (p. ej., en o a las manos, las plantas de los pies, etc.) \pna Yo:tetepetlatiak noma, yo:titila:w. \pea My hands have gotte calluses on them, (the skin) has gotten thick in places. \psa Se le salieron callos a mi mano, en varias partes la piel se puso gruesa. \se to thin out (clouds) \ss quedarse ralos (nubes) \xrb te \xrb petla \qry Check the progressive, which as a class 4b should be /tepetlatixtok/. Check for incorporated forms, e.g. /ma:tepetlatia/, etc. \ref 03217 \lxa ikomekayo ikuw chichi \lxac ikomekayo ikuw chichi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea generic name for type of vine, <na>komekatl</na>, whose fruit is called <na>i:kuh chichi</na> ; there is an edible and inedible variety of this plant (the edible variant has been identified as <l>Marsdenia sp.</l> R. Br. of the family Asclepiadaceae; the inedible variant has been identified as <l>Funastrum pannosum</l> (Decne.) Schlechter of the family Asclepiadaceae \ssa nombre genérico de tipo de enredadera, <na>komekatl</na>, cuya fruta se llama <na>i:kuh chichi</na> ; hay un variante comestible y otro no comestible (el variante comestible ha sido idenficado como <l>Marsdenia sp.</l> R. Br. de la familia Asclepiadaceae; la variante no comestible ha sido identficado como <l>Funastrum pannosum</l> (Decne.) Schlechter de la familia Asclepiadaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kome:ka \xrb kow \xrb chichi \ono komekatl \nct komekatl \rt Note in general many plants/trees which begin with /ko/ probably related to /kuh-kwaw/. Check. \ref 03218 \lxa ikopi:ltia \lxac kikopi:ltia \lxo íkopí:ltia \lxop ikopi:ltia \lxocpend @kíkopí:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to close or make close (eyes); to close or make close the eyes of (a person) \ss cerrar o hacer cerrar (los ojos); cerrar o hacer cerrar los ojos a (una persona) \pna Xkikopi:lti mi:xtew! \pea Close your eyes! \psa ¡Cierra los ojos! \pna Mlá:k ne:chikopi:ltia. \pea He really closes my eyes (e.g., by putting his fingers on my eyelids and pressing downward).. \psa De veras me hace cerrar los ojos (por ejemplo, al poner sus dedos sobre mis párpados). \se to close or make close (the sphinkter muscle) \ss cerrar o hacer cerrar (el esfincter) \xrb hkopi \xvba ikopi \xvbo íkopí \nse Note that the object of <na>ikopiltia</na> may be either the eyes themselves (as in <na>Xkikopilit mi:xtew</na>) of the"possessor"of the eyes (as in <na>ne:chikopiltia</na>). \qry Both uses mentioned in the notes, i.e. where the object are the eyes themselves and when the object is the body possessor, should be checked. Also needing to be checked is the use which means 'to force one to close ones sphincter muscle." \vl There is a mistake here. FM and IJ say /kikopi:ltia/ (no pitch accent) for /kíkopíltia/ (with pitch as indicated). Thus the four token here for this entry should be given numbers 3114, token letters c and above. Please note that there are correct pronunciations of this word on the minimal pairs recording. These can be edited for your here in the lexicon. \ref 03219 \lxa tleko:ltia \lxac kitleko:ltia \lxo 'tlakó:ltia \lxoa 'tlekó:ltia \lxop tleko:ltia \lxoc kítlakó:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to take up high (e.g., a material object to the roof of a house, maize to pour in a granary, etc.) \ss subir (p. ej., un objeto material a la azotea, maiz a la troje, etc.) \se to raise up (e.g, a flag on a staff, maize to be poured into a granary, etc.) \ss subir (p. ej., una bandera sobre una asta, maíz para verterle a una troje, etc.) \se to raise the price of \ss subirle el precio a (una cosa a la venta) \xrb tlehko: \xvba tlekowa \xvbo tlákowá \qry Check for applicative. \ref 03220 \lxa chaya:wtok \lxac chaya:wtok \lxo choya:htok \lxoc choya:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be spread out (on a surface) \ss estar regado o esparcido (sobre una superficie) \pna San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh! \pea The (in this case little pieces of paper on a table top) are all scattered about. Place them in a neat pile! \psa Están todos regados (en este caso pedacitos de papel sobre una mesa).¡Ponlos bien uno sobre otro! \se to be distributed or stored in various places (e.g., such as money lent out, or maize stored in various graneries) \ss estar repartido o guardado entre varios locales (p. ej., como dinero prestado a varios individuos, o maíz guardado en varias trojes) \pna Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. \pea I have maize but it is lent out to many people. \psa Tengo maíz, pero está repartido en muchos lugares. \xrb chaya: \ref 03221 \lxa tsi:ntemolo \lxac *i:tsi:ntemolo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \sea hipbone \ssa hueso de la cadera \pna Totsi:ntemolo. \pea It is our hip bone. \psa Es nuestro hueso de la cadera. \sem body \xrb tsi:n \xrb temolo \nse Although this word was not accepted by Cristino Flores (Am) it has temporarily been left in the lexicon pending further consultation. He accepted only <nla>temolo</nla> as referring to the part of the hip where the leg bone is attached, i. e., hipbone. \nae The etymology of <na>tsi:ntemolo</na> is still not entirely clear. It might be related to the word for pestle, the stone used with a mortar for grinding, given the shape of the bone. \qry On a card for /temolo/ I had the simple note:"see /ma:temolo/ and /tsi:ntemolo/. The meaning of this is not yet clear. Check also whether there is a final /h/ or /-w/, in the possessed form, with this word. Finally, recheck vowel length, particularly of the first /o/. Also, given that Oa has /temoloh/, check for final /h/ here in this present entry. \ref 03222 \lxa kukuwintsi:n \lxac kukuwintsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood \ssa niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador \syno kókowíni \xrb kow \qry Check to determine whether a possessed form is possible. \ref 03223 \lxa kwecha:wi \lxac kwecha:wi \lxo kwecha:wi \lxoc kwecha:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become damp or moist \ss quedar húmedo o ligeramente mojado \pna San o:tlakwecha:w, xo:kiaw chika:wak. \pea The ground got moistened all over, it didn't rain hard. \psa El suelo se quedó algo húmedo por todos lados, no lloviófuerte. \pna Kwecha:wis motlake:n. \pea Your clothes will get damp (humid). \psa Tu ropa se va a poner húmeda. \xrb kwecha: \qry Probably a transitive exists; document. \ref 03224 \lxa ma \lxac ma tekiti \lxo ma \lxoc ma tekiti \dt 06/May/2005 \der Comptzer \se complementizer used to introduce object complement phrase \ss complementizador que encabeza las frases complementarias de objeto \pna Nikneki ma kiawi, yo:tlawa:k. \pea I want it to rain, there's a drought. \psa Quiero que llueva, hay una sequía. \seo (<no>tliá: xma</no> [verb]) why shouldn't I [verb] \sso (<no>tliá: xma</no> [verbo]) porque no voy a [verbo] \pno Tliá: xma na:tli:te:wa? \peo Why shouldn't I go drink some water before departing? (with the implication that I am going to drink water before leaving) \pso ¿Por quéno voy a tomar agua antes de salir? (con la implicación que sívoy a tomar agua antes de salir) \xrb ma \nse The phrase <no>tliá: xma</no> [verb] is also often realized as <no>tliá: xmejó:r ma</no> [verb]. \grm Phonetics: This file (the Oapan version that I have on the Nahuatl phonetics directory, is good for the nature of the vowels and their phonological context. The /ma-/ /te-/ and /ki-/ syllables all demonstrate what may be considered a prototypical exemplification of vowel length. All vowels are between 52 and 70 ms for Florencia Marcelino; they are slightly longer for Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, about 60 to 80 ms. (of course these should be analyzed by a real phonetician. \grm Tense agreement: Note that the optative is used for sentential complements after /neki/ nikneki ma kiawi. Xkineki ma nihte:maka tomi:n. Kinekiya ma nihpale:wi. \qry Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed. \ref 03225 \lxa i:xte:mpipi:stik \lxac i:xte:mpipi:stik \lxo i:xté:mpí:stik \lxoc i:xté:mpí:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \se to have small eyes (e.g., a bull that has gotten fat) \ss tener los ojos chiquitos (p. ej., un toro muy gordo) \syna i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \syno i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pi:ts \nae Often when Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has <na>i:xte:m-</na>, Oapan Nahuatl manifests <no>i:xte-</no>. This is found in many words (e.g., Ameyaltepec <nla>i:xte:nyeyewaltik</nla> and Oapan <nlo>i:xté:yewáltik</nlo>). In the present example this is not the case. Of course there might be a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between <no>i:xte-</no> and <no>i:xte:n</no>, and this might be the reason for the presence of /m/ in the present entry. But it also might be that the /m/ is epenthetic, inserted before the following bilabial stop. Also interesting about the present form, <no>i:xté:mpí:stik</no> is that the reduplicant of the deverbal adjectival <nao>pi:stik</nao> is reduced onto the final syllable of the noun. This almost always reflects an underlying short vowel, which would be the case with <no>i:xte-</no> but not with <no>i:xte:n-</no>. These questions will need further investigation. \rt Under both /i:x/ and /i:xte:m/, place a cross-reference to the other. \grm Reduplication Oapan: Note again the stress assigned to a syllable ending in /V+nasal/ to indicate"reduplication": /i:xté:mpí:stik/. \ref 03226 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo áa:bióntsi:n \lxop aa:biontsi:n \lxoc áa:bióntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan avión \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo type of flying insect, apparently a type of dragonfly, that skims the top of the water in a pool, river, stream, etc. \sso tipo de insecto, aparentemente una libélula, que vuela y pasa ligeramente sobre la superficie del agua de un río, lago, charco, etc. \sem animal \sem insect \equiva a:yoyontsi:n \xrb a: \xrb yoma \nae The Oapan form here is interesting. Probably as a coincidence the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms show phonetic similarity although etymologically distinct. The Ameyaltepec name for the dragonfly seems to be based on a particular characteristic of its flight, as it comes swooping in and along the surface of bodies of water. The Oapan form seems to be a reduplication of the Spanish loan <spn>avión</spn> 'airplane.' Short vowel reduplication of nouns is often used to indicate"play Noun"or"fake Noun"(e.g., <na>mémetlátl</na>), so <no>áa:bióntsi:n</no> would be"play airplane."There is also a possibility, however, that <no>áa:bióntsi:n</no> is a"folk etymological"interpretation of <na>a:yoyontsi:n</na>. Finally, the initial double vowel of <no>áa:bióntsi:n</no> is interesting. In most cases, reduplication of vowel initial stems results in lengthening and pitch accent of the initial vowel or, if that vowel is underlyingly long, simply pitch accent on the vowel (thus unreduplicated <no>a: polaki</no> reduplicates in Oapan as <no>á:poláki</no>). Accordingly, one would expect <no>a:bión</no> to redupicate as <no>á:bión</no>. There is no obvious reason why this does not occur. \ref 03227 \lxa pino:lki:sa \lxac pino:lki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea to get termite eaten (a piece of wood that begins to get powdery sections from termites) \ssa carcomerse (un pedazo de madera a que se le empieza a formar polvo por la acción de polilla) \xrb pino:l \xrb ki:sa \grm Noun incorporation: Note that this word gives an interesting case of incorporation. The IN /pino:hli/ is the final state at which the subject arrives at. \ref 03228 \lxa te:ntlapa:ni \lxac te:ntlapa:ni \lxo te:ntlapa:ni \lxoc te:ntlapa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to have an edge or end crack (e.g., a plate, or other objects to which the verb <nla>tlapa:ni</nla> can apply) \ss rompersele la orilla o punta (p. ej., a un plato, u otros objetos a que el verbo <nla>tlapa:ni</nla> es aplicable) \xrb te:n \xrb tlapa: \dis te:mposteki \vl First utterance of female is /tetlapa:ni/. Code this 99999 special code for words to be added later. \ref 03229 \lxa tlakoxelowilia \lxac kintlakoxelowilia \lxo tlákoxelowíliah \lxop tlakoxelowilia \lxoc kintlákoxelowíliah \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc Mod-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to divide in half among or for (two individuals or groups) \ss dividir en la mitad entre o para (dos individuos o grupos) \pna Xte:xtlakoxelowili! \pea Divide it in half between us (or, for us)! \psa ¡Divídelo en la mitad para nosotros! \pna O:timotlakoxelowilikeh. \pea We divided it in half among ourselves. \psa Lo dividimos en la mitad entre nosotros. \xrb tlahko \xrb xel \xvba tlakoxelowa \xvbo tlákoxelówa \dis xelowilia; tlakoxelowilia; notlakowia; notlakoxelowilia \nse Given the semantics of this verb, it always takes a plural object. \qry Determine, as with other cases of /tlako/ is this refers always to a half. Also determine whether if there are three of us one would say /xte:chtlakoxelowili/ or simply /xte:chxelowili/. Check. Recheck vowel length. I had this with a long /e:/, probably in error. \ref 03230 \lxa yekawi:teki \lxac kiyekawi:teki \lxo yekawi:teki \lxoa yikawi:teki \lxoc kiyekawi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to hit or belt on the snout or nose \ss golpear por el hocico o la nariz \pna Xikseja:ro! Xikyekawi:teki! Ma tsi:nki:sa! \pea Make it back up (in this case an ox pulling a plow)! Hit it on its snout! It needs to back up! \psa ¡Hazlo retroceder (en este caso un buey de una yunta)!¡Golpé alo por el hocico!¡Quése eche para atrás! \sem contact \xrb yeka \xrb wi:teki \qry Check to see if /te-/ can be inserted as in ?yekatewi:teki \vl Use first male token. \ref 03231 \lxa ka:waltia \lxac ka:waltia \lxo ka:waltia \lxoc ka:waltia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seao to become a widow or widower \ssao quedarse viuda o viudo \equiva ka:walti \xrb ka:wa \qry See also <nla>tlaka:waltia</nla>. Check meaning of this term in both villages. \ref 03232 \lxa neltoka \lxac kineltoka \lxo neltoka \lxoc kineltoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to believe (sth such an occurrence or happening, a story, etc.) \ss creer (algo como un acontecimiento, que occurrió, un evento, historia, etc.) \pna Xkineltoka. \pea He doesn't believe it. \psa No lo cree. \se to believe (a person in what he says) \ss creer (a una persona en lo que dice) \pna Tle:ka xtine:chneltoka? \pea What don't you believe me (what I say)? \psa ¿Por quéno me crees (lo que digo)? \xrb nel \xrb toka \xvca tlaneltoktia \xvco tlaneltoltia \qry Recheck and determine that the object of this verb can be both the person who is believed as well as the thing believed. Apparently, from the example sentences I have, both are possible. Check /tlaneltoka/. If /neltoktia/ is not found without /tla-/ then change causative to /tlaneltoktia/. Check /tlaneltoktia/. \ref 03233 \lxa tlapati:hloh \lxac tlapati:hloh \lxo tlápatí:hloh \lxoc tlápatí:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to contain (a mixture, pills, etc.) medicine or some similar substance \ss tener (una mezcla, pastilla, etc.) medicina o algo parecido \pna Tlapati:hloh, kipia bitami:nas. \pea It has medicine mixed in, it has vitamins. \psa Estámezclado con un remedio, tiene vitaminas. \se to have additives (e.g, milk or cheese that is no longer pure); to be impure or doctored \ss tener algo agregado (p. ej., leche o queso que no está puro); ser impuro o adulterado (una bebida) \pna Tlapati:hloh, ma:ka tikoni:s. \pea It has been doctored, don't drink it! \psa ¡Está adulterado, no te lo vayas a beber! \se to be watered down (e.g., an alcoholic drink such as <nla>pika:doh</nla>, with added soda or fruit juice) \ss estar diluido (p. ej., una bebida alcohólica, <nla>pika:doh</nla>, con refresco o agua dulce agregada) \pna I:n alcó:l ye tlapati:hloh, xok a:sta ihkón te:kokoh. \pea This alcoholic beverage has been rectified (i.e., by pouring more soda or fruit juice into it), it's no longer as strong as it was. \psa Esta bebida alcohólica ya está diluido (esto es, al echarle más refresco o agua fresca), ya no está tan fuerte como antes. \se to be chemically or medicinally treated (a person in order to cure or rectify a given condition, a plant to resist disease or plague, etc.) \ss estar con o bajo tratamiento (una persona para aliviar o rectificar alguna condición, una planta para evitar plagas) \pna Xok tlai un toba:leh, kas ye tlapati:hloh. \pea That friend of ours no longer drinks, perhaps he's been treated (with sth to make him stop drinking). \psa Ese amigo de nosotros ya no bebe, quizáya está bajo algún tratamiento (de algo para que ya no tome). \pna A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s. \pea My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs. \psa Mi maíz ya está tratado. Le eché un remedio para que no se picara. \pna Ma:ski xi:niskeh kwilimeh, nomi:l ye tlapati:hloh. \pea Even though worms might get on my maize plants, they've already been treated (so that they don't become infested). \psa Aunque les cayera gusanos, mis plantas de maíz ya están tratadas (para que no se coman). \xrb pah \nse Apparently this derives from <nla>patia</nla> meaning"to cure."Nevertheless, though not always, the implication of <na>tlapati:hloh</na> is occasionally negative, indicating something that has been adulterated or to which some noxious substance has been introduced. \qry Check derivation from {pahtia} in Tetelcingo or Oapan where the underlying {h} is manifested. Also check if there is a nominal form /tlapatihli/. \ref 03234 \lxa pipixtik \lxac pipixtik \lxo pipixtik \lxoc pipixtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to be tough; to be stretchy; to be sinewy (certain meat, such as that with a lot of tendones, skin, certain breads such as <nla>semi:tah</nla> from Oapan, corn leaves in the field after a morning dew, etc.) \ss ser correoso; ser resistente y que se estira (como algunas carnes con muchos tendones, la piel, algunas panes como la <nla>semi:tah</nla> de Oapan, las hojas de maíz cubiertas con rocío en el campo, etc.) \pna Pipixtik sokitl kwa:k nochichi:wa tepalkatl pa:mpa miák kipia ichkatl. \pea The mud used for ceramics is strechy because it has a lot of cotton (actually <nla>po:cho:ichkatl</nla>) in it. \psa El lodo que se utiliza para la cerámica es resistente al estirarse porque tiene mucho algodón (o, más precisamente, <nla>po:cho:ichkatl</nla>). \pna Pipixtik, san notila:na. \pea It is tough (e.g. certain types of bread), it just stretches (and doesn't pull apart). \psa Es resistente (e.g., ciertos panes con mucha manteca), solamente se estira (no se parte). \pna Pipixtik, xo:iksik. \pea It is tough (in this case a piece of meat), it didn't get cooked. \psa Estádura y resistente (en este caso un pedazo de carne), no se coció. \pna Pipixtik un ikwe:roh, xwel kalaki aú:jah. \pea His skin is tough, a needle can't pierce it. \psa Estádura su piel, no le puede entrar una aguja. \pna Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkokohtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel kis:sa le:cheh. \pea The cow's udder is rubbery. It is a tough udder, it is a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. \psa La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Es un ubre duro, es un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. \pna Xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw. \pea The bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's already gotten toughened. \psa La planta de tu pie no se va a poner tierno, ya quedóduro y resistente. \xrb pich \dis pipi:nki; pipixtik \nse <na>Pipixtik</na> is used to indicate that something is 'tough,' such as meat or leather that streches but, as one consultant said, <na>xkoto:ni</na>, 'doesn't snap.' \qry Determine whether there is another form of this root and how a verb is expressed ?/pipixtia/. Is this related to ?/(pi)pixiwi/ or ?/(pi)pichiwi/ if such a verb exists.According to some people the word /pipixtik/ is more accurately used to refer to /iswatl/ in the early morning dew, not /pipi:nki/. This should be checked. Check all possible subjects of this verb. One example sentence that I had is /xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw/ 'the bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's gotten toughened.' I have included this above in the illustrative sentences, but it should be rechecked. \ref 03235 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kechkwitlapi:leh \lxoa kechkwitlapi:lih \lxoc kechkwitlapi:leh, kechkwitlapi:lih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cola \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-eh \infn N1 \seo person having hair down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to men) \sso percona con pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse a un hombre) \syna kechko:lah \xrb kech \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \nse The term <no>kechkwitlapi:leh</no> usually, but not always, refers to men. \nae The raising of the front vowel in Oapan is not unusual. Indeed, there is quite a bit of speaker variation between [e] and [i], as also noticeable in the agentive and eventual ending <n>-ni</n>, sometimes realized as <n>-ne</n>. \vl Use first male token. \ref 03236 \lxa itika:xiwi \lxac itika:xiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones stomach or midsection to sink in on \ssa sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga \pna O:titika:xiw, xkaman titlakwa. \pea Your stomach has sunken in, you never eat. \psa Se te sumióla barriga, nunca comes. \syna itipa:xiwi \syno ítiko:pa:xíwi \xrb hti \xrb ka:x \ref 03237 \lxa ikno:tl \lxac ikno:tl \lxo ihno:tl \lxoc ihno:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se see <nla>ikno:tsi:ntli</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>ikno:tsi:ntli</nla> \xrb kno: \nse Given that this word is almost always uttered in the affective diminutive, it is listed as such for the main entry. \ref 03238 \lxa nekwisti \lxac nekwisti \lxo ínekwísti \lxop inekwisti \lxoc ínekwísti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to smell; to give off an odor; to be able to be smelled \ss oler; poder olerse \pna O:pe:w nekwisti, o:molo:niak. \pea It has started to smell, it got foul-smelling. \psa Empezó a oler, quedóhediondo. \pna Awiyá:k! Kikxititokeh, nekwisti. \pea It is fragrant! They are cooking it, it can be smelled. \psa ¡Es aromático! Lo están cocinando, se puede oler. \xrb hnekwi \nse <na>Nekwisti</na> has the same implications of the intransitives English 'to smell' and Spanish 'oler,' i.e., that the smell is bad. However, as one illustrative sentence demonstrates, the smell is not always foul. In this example <nla>awiá:k</nla> serves to indicate that <na>nekwisti</na> refers to a pleasant fragrance, not a foul odor. \nae Although the initial /i/ is epenthetic and therefore short, it does appear to have a duration in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino that is somewhat longer than would be expected. This might be an effect of the rising pitch along with the following nasal. Also, pitch continues to rise through part of the nasal in both pronunciations. \grmx Although the initial /i/ is epenthetic and therefore short, it does appear to have a duration in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino that is somewhat longer than would be expected. This might be an effect of the rising pitch along with the following nasal. Also, pitch continues to rise through part of the nasal in both pronunciations. \ref 03239 \lxa ikxipatiliwi \lxac ikxipatiliwi \lxo ixipatiliwi \lxoc ixipatiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones leg or foot to twist and turn crookedly (e.g., from slipping on a wet rock and twisting ones ankle, etc.) \ss irle a un lado la pierna; torcerse la pierna (p. ej., al resbalarse sobre una piedra mojada y torciendo el pie, etc.) \pna O:nikxipatiliw, ye niwetsiya. \pea My leg twisted, I was starting to fall. \psa Se me doblóla pierna, ya iba cayendo. \sem distort-break \xrb kxi \xrb patil \qry Check if there is a transitive form. Also recheck meaning, i.e. if only refers to the effect of slipping, etc. Finally, determine whether this verb can be metaphorically applied to objects. Note also that /patil/ and /matil/, etc. seem to have some meaning in common. \mod Determine all words that have something to do with bending, etc. /patiliwi/, /kwepaliwi/, /matiliwi/ etc. \ref 03240 \lxa a:chi:ka:lin \lxac a:chi:ka:lin \lxo a:chi:ka:lin \lxoa a:chi:ka:lih \lxoc a:chi:ka:lih, a:chi:ka:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se <l>Salunum cf. diversifolium</l> Schlecht., wild nettle plant of the Solanaceae family \ss <l>Salunum cf. diversifolium</l> Schlecht., planta silvestre herbácea de la familia Solanaceae, aparentemente la ortiga \pna A:chi:ka:lin | Kipia iwitsio ke:n chi:ka:lin. Xnokwa. \pea <na>A:chi:ka:lin</na> : It has thorns like the <nba>chi:ka:lin</nba>. It isn't eaten. \psa <na>A:chi:ka:lin</na> : Tiene sus espinas como la <nba>chi:ka:lin</nba>. No se come. \pna A:chi:ka:lin | Deke mitskukwa miti, tihkwe:cho:s, ika a:tl sesé:k tikoni:s. Mitsiso:tlas, ki:sas kokolistli. \src Cristino Flores \pea <na>A:chi:ka:lin</na> : If your stomach hurts you, you grind it up, you drink it with cold water. It will make you vomit, the illness comes out.. \psa <na>A:chi:ka:lin</na> : Si te duele la barriga, la mueles finamente, te lo bebes en agua fría. Te hace vomitar, sale la enfermedad. \xrb a: \xrb chi:ka:l \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \qry In a review of the lexicon, C. Flores said he did not know of, or remember, any remedial use of a:chi:ka:lin. \cpl Ramírez identifies this as the <spn>ortiga</spn> of the family <spn>Papaveraceae</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) on ortiga, says the following:"1. (<i>Urtica</i> spp. e.g., <i>U. dioica</i>) 'nettle' Also called chichicastle, mala mujer. 2 (<i>Cnidoscolus</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. urens</i>) 'spurge nettle', 'tread softly' See mala mujer. 3. (<i>Urera caracasana</i>) 'flameberry scatchbrush' See mal hombre. Under mala mujer:"1. (<i>Cnidoscolus</i> spp. e.g., <i>C. urens</i> formerly <i>Jatropha urens</i>) 'spurge nettle,' 'tread softly' Rank-growing nettle spurge with large, 5-lobed leaves. Also called chaya, ortiga, ortiguilla. 2. (<i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>) 'poison ivy' Also calledárbol de guao, chechén, hiedra venenosa. 3. (<i>Cnidoscolus</i> spp. <i>Urea</i> spp., <i>Urtica</i> spp.) Poisonous vine, shrub, or tree. Also called chichicastle. 4. (<i>Urera caracasana</i>) 'flameberry scratchbush' See mal hombre. 5. (<i>Urtica</i> spp., e.g. <i>U. dioica</i>) 'spurge nettle.' See ortiga. 6. (<i>Hibiscus bifurcatus</i>) 'mountain rose mallow' See tulipa de monte."Then, under mal hombre:"(<i>Urera caracasana</i>) 'flameberry scratchbush' Tropical tree with stinging hairs as befits a member of the nettle family. Also called chichicazillo, mala mujer, ortiga, quemador, tlachinole."See <nla>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</nla>. \nct xiwtli \vl Use final, second, tokens of both the male and female speakers. \ref 03241 \lxa tlatska:yotl \lxac tlatska:yotl \lxo tlatska:yotl \lxoc tlatska:yotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se laziness \ss flojera \pna Ika motlatska:yo o:tine:chpale:wih. \pea You gave me some half-hearted help (i.e., helped but worked lazily and without desire). \psa Me ayudaste pero con flojera y sin ganas. \pna Ke:n titlatski, xkwa motlatska:yo! \pea Since you're really lazy, well then, eat your laziness (i.e., since you're so lazy no one will give you food, so eat your laziness)! \psa Como eres muy flojo, entonces,¡cómete tu flojera (esto es, dado que eres tan flojo nadie te va a querer dar de comer, entonces, cómete tu flojera)! \pna Nemin ika intlatska:yo. \pea They live in constant laziness (i.e., without ever doing much work). \psa Viven siempre con flojera (esto es, sin hacer mucho de trabajo). \se (<na>saka -tlatska:yo</na>) without putting out much effort \ss (<na>saka -tlatska:yo</na>) sin hacer un mínimo de esfuerzo; sin ganas \pna Saka motlatska:yo o:tike:kchi:w. Xkwahli. \pea You fixed it without putting out much effort (lit. 'with your laziness'), it's no good. \psa Lo arreglaste sin ganas (lit. 'con tu flojera'), no está bien. \xrb tlats \dis tlatska:yo; tlatsiwistli \nse ? <na>Tlatska:yo:tl</na> has only been documented in possessed form, so perhaps the headword should be changed to <nao>tlatska:yo</nao> and it should be marked as obligatorily possessed. \qry Determine whether unpossessed form exists; also difference between /tlatska:yo:tl/ and /tlatsiwistli/. \vl Use second male token, first is a mispronunciation (tlaska:yo:tl instead of tlatska:yo:tl). Nevertheless both should be tagged, but the second should be chosen for the link. \ref 03242 \lxa itlakowa \lxac kitlakowa \lxo ítlakówa \lxop itlakowa \lxoc kítlakówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \se to damage or ruin \ss dañar o arruinar \pna O:tikonitlakotiwets moa:maw. \pea You suddenly upped and ruined your paper (by bending it, spilling something on it, etc.). \psa De repente saliste echando a perder tu papel (al doblarlo, tirar un líquido sobre ello, etc.) \pna O:kitlakokeh tamahli itik ko:ntli, noka:wa ke:n tixtli. \pea They ruined the tamals (that were being cooked) inside the pot, they've turned into dough. \psa Echaron a perder los tamales (que se cocían) dentro de la olla, se volvieron masa. \se to take apart or dismantle (sth put together like a machine, house, etc.) \ss desarmar o desbaratar (algo armado o hecho como una casa, un puesto para vender, etc.) \se to break (in the sense of"to make useless,"such as a machine or sth that"works") \ss hacer que no funcione; romper (una máquina, etc.) \xrb htlaka \xv1a tlatlakowa \xv1o tlátlakówa \qry Check full usage of /itlakowa/. \grm Note the irregular cognate forms: /-awi/ and /owa/. \ref 03243 \lxa xi:lo:xo:chitl \lxac xi:lo:xo:chitl \lxo xí:lexó:chitl \lxoa xi:lo:xo:chitl \lxoc xí:lexó:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se tree not yet collected, called <spn>clavellina</spn> in Spanish; apparently it is the <l>Bombax palmeri</l>, a tree of the Bombacaceae family; there are two varieties, based on the color of the flowers: <nao>ista:k</nao> (white) and <nao>chi:chi:ltik</nao> (red) \ss árbol todavía no parte de la colecta, llamado clavellina; aparentemente es el <l>Bombax palmeri</l>, unárbol de la familia Bombacaceae; hay dos variantes dependiendo del color de la flor: <nao>ista:k</nao> (blanco) y <nao>chi:chi:ltik</nao> (rojo) \pna Xi:lo:xo:chitl | Toma:wak, no: kipia ixo:chio. Kitekin para kwi:kan tio:pan. No: para xaxa:yakatl. \pea <na>Xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> : It is thick, it also has its flowers. They are cut to take to church. It (its wood) is also used for masks. \psa <na>Xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> : Es grueso, también tiene flores. Se cortan para llevar a la iglesia. También (su madera) se emplea para las máscaras. \pna Xi:lo:xo:chitl | Kitekipano:ltian xi:lo:xo:chitl kwa:k kinchichi:wan xaxa:yeka:meh, pero xkwahli. Tsaya:ni, tlapa:ni. \pea <na>Xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> : They use <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> when they make masks, but it is no good. It splits, it breaks. \psa <na>Xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> : Se emplea <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> cuando hacen máscaras, pero no es bueno. Se parte, se rompe. \nse As <nbao>tsompa:ntli</nbao> became rarer and rarer in the Balsas area, particularly around San Francisco Ozomatlán, some mask carvers turned to <na>xi:lo:xo:chit</na> as an alternative. The wood is light and easy to carve, but it often splits and for this reason does not last long. \nae From Ameyaltepec <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na>, which is also an alternative form in Oapan, it seems clear that etymology of this word is <nao>xi:lo-</nao> and <nao>xo:chitl</nao>. However, in Oapan the most common pronunciation of this tree's name is <no>xí:lexó:chitl</no>. The pitch accent of this form derives from an underlying {h}: here this suggests that the name has been reinterpreted as {xi:l + eh + xo:chitl} an etymology that doesn't make much sense. Note that a similar development has occurred with the Ameyaltepec tree name <nba>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</nba>, which in Oapan is <nbo>ka:ká:lexó:chitl</nbo>. Again, the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan word is undoubtedly reflective of the same underlying {h}, which would seemingly have to be derived from the possessor particle { <n>-eh</n> }. \xrb xi:lo: \xrb xo:chi \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this of the family <na>Bombacaceae</na> and, in Spanish, as the <spn>claveína</spn>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) also give <spn>claveína</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has the <spn>clavellina</spn> of which she notes the following:"(<i>Bombax</i> spp. e.g., <i>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'bombax', 'shaving brush tree', 'silk cotton tree' The tree bears its flowers, giant pink or white masses of brush-like stamens, on naked branches. Also called altayata, amapola, amapola colorada, cabellos deángel, coquito, cuajilote, jilosúchil, lele, pochote, pongolote, sospó, titilamate."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:162-63) have two trees of the family <i>Bombacaceae</i> : <i>Ceiba aesculifolia</i> known as both <spn>pochote de aguas</spn> and <spn>tepesenpocho</spn> and (p. 163) the <i>Ceiba parvifolia</i>, known as the <spn>pochote de secas</spn>. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl; kohtli \nfe The wood of the <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na> is used for masks when the preferred wood, <na>tsompa:ntli</na> is unavailable. Like the latter it is light and doesn't easily split. \ref 03244 \lxa kopalkuwtli \lxac kopalkuwtli \lxo kopalkohtli \lxoc kopalkohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se generic name for a type of Bursera that includes several varieties, apparently two in particular \ss nombre genérico para un tipo bursera que incluye varias variedades, aparentemente dos en particular \se type of tree, still unidentified, within the category known by the same name \ss tipo deárbol, linoloé, dentro de la categoría conocida por el mismo nombre \pna Kupalkuwtli | Bwe:noh para ika tikikxiti:s tepalkatl, noso a:ko:ntli xo:pantlah. No: para ase:iteh, me:roh tro:soh noso itla:kihlo. \pea <na>Kopalkuhtli</na> : It is good for firing ceramic bowls, or large water jugs in the summer. It is also used (to make) oil, the very trunk itself or its fruit. \psa <na>Kopalkuhtli</na> : Es bueno para quemar platos hondos de cerámica, o tinajas grandes en el verano. También se utiliza para (hacer) aceite, la mera rama o quizá el tronco. \nse Apparently there are two trees called by this name, or something nearly equivalent. The first is called <na>kopalkuwtli</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>kopalkuwtli tekwitlanextik</no> in Oapan (in San Juan it is also called <nt>kopalkuhtle tekwitlanextik</nt>). This has been identified as the <l>Bursera submoniliformis</l> Engler, of the family Burseraceae. The second is also called <na>kopalkuwtli</na> in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan it is known as <no>kopalkohtli de komi:nos</no> (in San Juan it is called <nt>kopalkuhtle</nt>). It is also of the family Burseraceae and the genus <l>Bursera</l>. The species name has not yet been identified. \xrb kopal \xrb kow \cpl The wood of this tree is used in absence of cow dung to fire ceramics. According to Emidio Rosendo it is also used to make the"toritos"carved and danced for San Lucas. Both Ramírez and Dakin (1979) and Ramírez (1991) identify this as the <na>olinolué</na>, of the family <na>Burseraceae</na>. Schoenhals (1988) more correctly calls this the <na>linaloé</na> :"(<na>Bursera aloexylon</na>) 'bursera' A bush or small tree; fruit is aromatic; essence is extracted from the trunk as well as the fruit. Also called yaguela."Note that in oral histories gathered in Ameyaltepec, numerous elder men mentioned a <na>linaloé</na> "factory"near the Tepecuacuilco river, below split in the road to Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:128) identify the linaloéas of the family <na>Burseraceae</na> and the genus-species <na>Bursera aloexylon</na> (Schiede) Engl. According to Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, and Silvestre Pantaleón there are 5 types of <na>kopalkuhtli</na> (the following are names from Oapan: <no>xo:chikopahli</no>, <no>kopalkohtli</no>, <no>kopalkohchi:noh</no>, <no>kopalkomi:nos</no> or <no>kopalkohtli komi:nos</no>, and <no>kopalpo:tsahli</no>. The penultimate was not known by Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz, only by Silvestre Pantaleón. It is found near Amoloncan. The latter is the source of <no>sa:ntokopahli</no> but is found only far north of Oapan, near Asesecan. \qry According to C. Flores (discussion session) there is only one type of /kopalkuwtli/. This should be checked. \ncx xo:chikopahli; kopalkohtli; kopalchi:noh -to:nalo:kotl-; sa:ntokopalkohtli \nct kohtli; kopahli \vl Use first male token for link. \ref 03245 \lxa ikxopahli \lxac i:kxopal \lxo ixipahli \lxoc ixipahli \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se sole of the foot \ss planta del pie \pna O:tso:tsomo:n itlampa nokxopal. \pea The skin on the bottom of my feet cracked (from dryness). \psa Se agrietaron las plantas de mis pies (de la sequedad). \sem body \sem human \xrb xo \xrl -pal \qry C. Flores defined this as the part of the foot below where the leg joins, and said that it referred to both the top and bottom. \vl Use first male and second female tokens for link. \ref 03246 \lxa kwe:lowa \lxac nokwe:lowa \lxo kwe:lowa \lxoc nokwe:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to twist and turn (a person feeling pain in his back) \ss (refl.) torcerse (una persona con dolor de espalda) \pna O:tikwi:tek, a:sta o:nokwe:loh. \pea You whipped him, he even violently twisted and turned his back (in a jerking motion because it hurt him). \psa Le diste azotes, hasta se torció(violentamente, por el dolor de la espalda). \pna Ne: kwi:tekin ina:wal pa:mpa ke:n nokwe:lowa, nokwe:kwe:lowa. \pea They are whipping his nahual there (someplace distant, you can tell it's happening) because (here) he is twisting his torso, he is twisting back and forth. \psa Allá(lejos) están dándole azotes a su nahual, (se sabe) porque aquíse está torciendo violentamente, una y otra vez se está torciendo de un lado a otro. \pna Nokwe:kwe:lotiw un kowatl. \pea The snake is going twisting along. \psa La culebra va ondulando. \seo (refl.) to bend down at the knees (e.g., a dancer, or a person praying) \sso (refl.) doblarse las rodillas por adelante (p. ej., un danzante o una persona rezando) \sem motion \xrb kwe:l \dis kweya:ya; kweya:wa; kwelowa; kwetlatsowa \nse In Ameyaltepec this verb has been documented in reflexive form to refer to a person twisting; the motion is one of the upper body, usually because of pain. In Oapan the same verb, also only in the reflexive, is used to refer to bending and doubling ones knees (e.g., as a dancer when he or she stoops). \qry Check for other uses; confirm the violent nature of the twisting. Check that only reflexive can be used. On one file card I have the sentence /xmokwe:lo/ 'tuercete.' I have not entered this because I am not sure to what it refers. Perhaps to twisting back and forth. But this should be checked and a more accurrate definition entered. Particularly, an effort should be made to distinguish /kwe:lowa/ from /kweya:wa/ and/or /kweya:ya/. Finally note that although /kwe:lowa/ has animates as reflexive subjects, /kwe:liwi/ refers to things such as sticks. The difference should be explored, e.g., can it be said /xihkwe:lo un tlako:tl/, etc.? Note that RS has cueliui. ni. 'dislocarse, desencajarse un miembro.' Check. For cuelowa. nitla. 'curvar, doblar una vara o alguna otra cosa.' This is a key difference from /kwelpachowa/ which refers to bending and then pressing (i.e., folding) whereas /kwe:lowa/ is simply bending (hence the reference to 'doblar una vara' since this is flexible. \rt Note: cf. the possible connection between words with /kwel/ and those with /kwe:l/ and relate this to /kwe/ in general. \ref 03247 \lxa te:nwa:ki \lxac te:nwa:ki \lxo te:nwa:ki \lxoc te:nwa:ki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(k) \se to get dried lips \ss secarsele los labios \se for the edge of to dry (e.g., a ceramic bowl) \ss secarsele la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica) \pna O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k. \pea The edge of my ceramic bowl got cracks here and there over its surface, it got the better of me, it's edge dried (e.g., before I could remedy the situation). \psa La orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitó en varios lugares de su superficie, me ganó, se le secósu orilla (antes de que pudiera hacer algo). \xrb te:n \xrb wa: \nae While both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez velarize the nasal before /w/, the velar element of the latter speaker is much more pronounced. \grm Oapan phonology: While both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez velarize the nasal before /w/, the velar element of the latter speaker is much more pronounced. \vl The first pronunciation (before the 4 good ones) is of /tewa:hki/ by Florencia. Code this as 597. \ref 03248 \lxa kwa:telowa \lxac kikwa:telowa \lxo kwa:telowa \lxoc kikwa:telowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to hit on the head \ss golpear en o sobre la cabeza \pna Cho xyeto! Timitskwa:telo:s, tine:chwi:wiyo:nia. \pea Be still! I'm going to hit you on the head, you are shaking me (i.e., shaking once and again the table I'm writing on). \psa ¡Quédate quieto donde está s! Te voy dar un golpe en la cabeza, me estás sacudiendo (esto es, una y otra vez moviendo la mesa sobre que estoy escribiendo). \sem contact \xrb kwa: \xrb tel \grm Applicative: Note how transitive verbs that usually affect inanimates when they take an animate often have a sort of applicative sense. This is the case with 'Cho xyeto! Timitskwa:telo:s, tine:chwi:wiyo:nia.' 'Be still! I'm going to hit you on the head, you are shaking me (i.e., shaking once and again the table I'm writing on).' Although perhaps one may consider that what is being shaken is the person, it is more likely that the reference is to shaking somthing"on"the person, e.g., a table he or she is writing on. \ref 03249 \lxa tew:ikpa:nyoh \lxac tewi:kpa:nyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have (a field or previously cultivated terrain) rocks placed in a line along the mounds between furrows (see <nla>temana</nla>) \ss tener (un campo o terreno previamente cultivado) las piedras colocadas en hilera por los montículos entre los surcos (vé ase <nla>temana</nla>) \pna Tewi:pa:nyoh notla:l -=kipia tewi:pa:ntli notla:l-. \pea My field has rows of stones in it (from previous seasons in which the rocks have been so arranged). \psa Mi terreno tiene hileras de piedras (de temporadas anteriores cuando fueron colocadas así). \se to have (a place or area) a small ledge or low-lying cliff or exposed rocks running through \ss tener (un lugar oárea) un pequeño risco o saliente atravesándolo \cfo temana \xrb te \xrb wi:kpa: \nse Note that in Oapan there is a verbal form, <nlo>temana</nlo>, that refers to placing stones between the corn plants in cultivating a field. However, no nominalized form has been documented. \qry I originally has this as /tewipa:nyoh/ but have changed it to /tewi:pa:nyoh/ based on comparative evidence of /wi:pa:n-/ from Oapan. \ref 03250 \lxa mo:sah \lxac i:mo:sah \lxo mo:sah \lxoc i:mo:sah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan moza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se female lover \ss amante (mujer, de un hombre); querida (de un hombre) \syno sísiwá:tl \ref 03251 \lxa tepe:ixko \lxac tepe:ixko \lxo tepe:ixko \lxoc tepe:ixko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 \se on the horizon, just above the hills \ss en el horizonte, apenas arriba de los cerros \pna Sa: tepe:ixko u:nkah to:nahli. \pea The sun is now just above horizon (at dusk and about to disappear). \psa El sol está nomás justamente arriba del horizonte (al atardecer y a punto de ponerse). \xrb tepe: \xrl -i:xko \nse The phrase <na>sa: tepe:i:xko to:nahli</na> is equivalent to <na>sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli</na>. The use of <na>sa:</na>, which indicates a diminished state of being, clearly means that this can only refer to the sun at dusk, not dawn. \ref 03252 \lxa tepe:mi:skitl \lxac tepe:mi:skitl \lxo tepe:mi:skitl \lxoc tepe:mi:skitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of tree of the Leguminosae family, still not identified \ss tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado \pna Tepe:mi:skitl | De ka:mpa peya:stik, bwe:noh para komaxahli. No: para tlikuwtli. \pea <na>Tepe:mi:skitl</na> : If it is straight, it is good for forked posts. It is also (used for) firewood. \psa <na>Tepe:mi:skitl</na> : Si es derecho, es bueno para horcones. También es (empleado para) leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tepe: \xrb mi:ski \cpl The wood of the <na>tepe:mi:skitl</na> is particularly good for posts (<spn>horcones</spn>). Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>mesquite cel cerro</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:104) list a tree of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> called <i>Lysiloma divaricata</i>, which they say is called in Spanish <spn>tlahuitole</spn> or <spn>tepemezquite</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) mentions the <i>Lysiloma divaricata</i> under tepeguaje:"1. (<i>Lysiloma</i> spp. e.g., <i>L. divaricata</i> 'borderpod acacia tree' Resembles the acacias but with ridges along the seed pods and no thorns. Also called mauto, palo de arco. 2. (<i>Lysiloma microphylla</i>) 'little-leaf lysiloma' white, puffball flowers. Also called quiebrahacha. 3. (<i>Leucaena</i> spp. e.g., <i>L. pulverulenta</i>) 'great lead tree' A tree of up to 18 meters that may be half a meter in diameter near the base. Wood is strong and heavy. White flowers are fragr a nt; fruit is a pod. Also called lilac, quiebrahacha."See <nla>tepe:wa:xin</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 03253 \lxa ichpo:chpió \lxac ichpo:chpió \lxo ichpo:chpiyo \lxoc ichpo:chpiyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pió \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <no>ichpo:chpiomeh</no> \se young hen still not fully grown and still not ready to be killed \ss una gallina tierna todavía immadura y no lista para ser matada \sem animal \sem domes \cfao kwa:naka \xrb chpo:ch \ono kwa:naka \mod Add discussion under /kwa:naka/ in encyclopedia. \vl Use first token of female and of male. \ref 03254 \lxa okwihloh \lxac okwihloh \lxo kwikwihloh \lxoc kwikwihloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \se to be full of or covered with worms (e.g., often used to refer to an animal that has been bitten or has another skin-piercing injury that has gotten worms or maggots in it) \ss agusanado; lleno o cubierto de gusanos (p. ej., empleado a menudo para referirse a un animal que ha sido mordido o que tiene otro tipo de herida que se ha llenado de gusanos) \pna Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh. \pea They're going to pour scalding water again on that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms. \psa Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos. \xrb okwil \nae The reason for the <no>kwikwil-</no> sequence at the beginning of Oapan words having to do with 'worms' (root: <nr>okwil</nr>) is unclear. Perhaps it reflects a tendency in this dialect to avoid certain initial sound sequences. Thus, for example, <n>omitl</n>, 'bone,' is found as <no>komitetl</no>. \sj Check for reduplication. \ref 03255 \lxa tro:mpo:wi:tektli \lxac tro:mpo:wi:tektli \lxo torompo \lxoc torompo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \sem games \se type of top (no longer used in Ameyaltepec but still found in Oapan) that is made to spin by wrapping a cord around it and throwing it and it is kept spinning by hitting the top with the same cord, attached to a stick \ss tipo de trompo (que ya no se encuentra en Ameyaltepec pero sí, todavía en oapan) que se hace girar al envolverlo en una cuerda para después aventarlo; se mantiene girando al azotarlo con la misma cuerda, que está atada a un palito \xrb wi:teki \nde In Oapan this is called simply <no>torompo</no> thus the name given by Ameyaltepequeños for this type of top is not the name used in Oapan. See also <nlo>torompokuhtli</nlo>. \qry Check for other types of tops, such as that with which a stick is used (as in the type I have from Oapan). \vl Use first female and first male token \ref 03256 \lxa tli:maxtsitsi:n \lxac tli:maxtsitsi:n \lxo tlátlamáxtsitsi:n \lxoc san tlátlamáxtsitsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr(indef) \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se (just) little worthless things (see <nlao>tli:mach</nlao>) \ss (solamente) cosas sin valor (vé ase (see <nlao>tli:mach</nlao>) \vl Speakers first say /tlatlamaxtsi:n/ and then a phrase /san tlatlamaxtsi:n/. Tag all in consectuive letters (a-d for f1 and m1), but for final link use best token of /san tlatlamaxtsi:n/. Use the 3rd overall female token (first of second set with san). Also use perhaps 3rd overall male token (1st of second set with san). Note: check vowel of Oapan /a/, in /tlatla-/ and cf. to 4301 where vowel is /i/, in /tli:mach/. \ref 03257 \lxa pa:ktok \lxac pa:ktok \lxo pa:htok \lxoc pa:htok, pa:ktok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be healthy or well (physically or mentally) \ss estar sano; estar bien de salud (física o mentalmente) \pna Xpa:ktok pa:mpa nokukwa, me:dioh kwalo. \pea He is not well because he hurts, he's a little sick. \psa No está bien de salud, duele, está medio mal. \pna Pa:ktok, xkwalo. \pea He is healthy, he's not sick. \psa Estásano, no está enfermo. \flao pa:ki \xrb pa:ki \nse Note that whereas <na>pa:ki</na> refers to a mental state of happiness, <na>pa:ktok</na> refers to a physical or mental state of good health. As far as I have been able to determine, a word such as <na>xpa:ktok</na> would not be used to refer to a person who is simply not happy although <na>pa:ki</na> may at times refer to health (see <na>pa:ki</na>). \qry In Inocencio Jimenez's pronunciation I believe there is /pa:ktok/. \grm Re: /pa:ktok/ 'to be healthy or well (physically or mentally)' Note how the semantics of the verb changes with the use of the progressive/stative. \vl Use first male token /pa:ktok/ with /k/. \ref 03258 \lxa yewa \lxaa yowa \lxac yewa \lxo yáwá \lxoa yéwá \lxocpend @yáwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \se he; she; it \ss él; ella \se (~ <na>ika</na> (Am)) for that reason; that's why (see Oa <nlo>yo</nlo>) \ss (~ <na>ika</na> (Am)) por esa razón (vé ase Oa <nlo>yo</nlo>) \pna Yewa ika o:kichi:w. \pea That's why he did it. \psa Es por esa razón que lo hizo. \syno yo \xrb yehwa \vl I mistakenly placed /yó:méh/ in the Oapan elicitation for this word. /yáwá/ will need to be added later. For now, code /yó:méh/ as 00182, etc. \ref 03259 \lxa ma:xopo:naltia \lxac kima:xoxopo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to cause a blister (of the type that pops) on the hand of \ss (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer salir una ampolla (de las que se revientan) en la mano de \pna Ne:chma:xoxopo:naltia tenextli. Te:kokoh. \pea Lime causes my hands to blister (with blisters that pop). It is strong. \psa La cal me hace salir ampollas en las manos (de las que se revientan). Es fuerte. \syno ma:á:xopó:nia \xrb ma: \xrb xopo: \xvba ma:xopo:ni \nae Ameyaltepec has one causative form ending in <n>-altia</n> from compounds including the root <nr>xopo:</nr> : <na>ma:xopo:naltia</na>. Whether this is the most common form remains to be seen. In other cases only the nondirected alternation form <na>xopo:nia</na> is found, as is the case in the Oapan cognate of Ameyaltepec <na>ma:xopo:naltia</na> : <nlo>ma:á:xopó:nia</nlo>, which is also found in Ameyaltepec. \qry For now I have categorized the trans field as from reflective, indicating that this comes from a nondirected alternation verb. Note that /xopo:ni/, /xopo:nia/ and /xopo:naltia/ exist (either alone or in combination). This should be checked and the categorization changed accordingly. Also, check whether this should be /ma:a:xopo:naltia/ or /ma:a:xoto:naltia/, etc. \ref 03260 \lxa metlatl \lxac metlatl \lxo metlatl \lxoc metlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic term for metate, flat grinding stone for corn \ss metate \sem tool \xrb metla \encyctmp metlatl \nse <na>Metlatl</na> is a generic term for all types of metates, of which the following have specific names: <nlao>temetlatl</nlao>, a metate with no legs, and <nlao>xa:metlatl</nlao>, which has three feet. There is also a final type, <nla>metlatl de misto:n</nla> (Am) or <nlo>misto:metlatl</nlo>. However, in conversation these specific terms are rarely used and most often the generic term <na>metlatl</na> is used to indicate the marked meaning of a metate that has leg supports. \ref 03261 \lxa ye:lpantli \lxac i:ye:lpan \lxo ye:lpantli \lxoa ye:lpan \lxoc i:ye:lpah, i:ye:lpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-2 \infn Stem 1(l) \se chest \ss pecho \seo part of an apron, the lace-decorated front that is placed between <no>i:ma:wa:n</no> \sso parte de un delantal, la parte enfrente, decorada con encaje que se cose entre <no>i:ma:wa:n</no> \sem body \xrb e:l \xrl -pan \nae Although almost always found in possessed form, <nao>ye:lpantli</nao> has been documented (in Ameyaltepec) as unpossessed, e.g., in referring to a breast of chicken as food (e.g., <na>o:nkwah puroh ye:lpantli</na>) \grm Phonology; phonetics:The initial /i:/ of the possessed form is extremely long, perhaps a result of the epenthetic /y/ of the stem. \vl Link first female and second male token. \qry C. Flores here said tht in Oapan they say /tlaye:lpan/, but he didn't know what it meant. \ref 03262 \lxa pachowa \lxac kipachowa \lxo pachowa \lxoc kipachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to force down (e.g., stalks of a plant or the branches of a bush to be chopped) \ss doblar; apachurar (p. ej., el tallo de una planta, o las ramitas de un arbusto que se van a cortar) \se to press down on (e.g., a button used to activate a machine) \ss oprimir (p. ej., un botón para activar algúna máquina) \se (<na>i:pan</na> + refl.) to knead (dough, clay for ceramics, etc.) \ss (<na>i:pan</na> + refl.) amasar (masa para pan, lodo para cerámica, etc.) \se (refl.) to double over (e.g., a person in an effort to get through a low door) \ss (refl.) agacharse; doblarse (p. ej., una persona para pasar por una puerta baja) \pna Nopachotiw, tlakwiste:wa. \pea He is going along bent over, he is uprighting the maize and other plants (behind the plow). \psa Va agachándose, está enderezando el maíz y otras plantas (atrás de la yunta). \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to give a massage to \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) dar masaje a; sobar \pna Wel te:pachowa. \pea He knows how to give massages (mostly in reference to a massage given to cure people of body aches or of illnesses such as a stomach ache). \psa Sabe dar masajes (generalmente en referencia a la acción de sobar para curar personas de dolores de cuerp o de condiciones como un fuerte dolor del estómago). \pna Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan. \pea The one over there, they are giving him a massage. \psa Aquel que está allí, lo están sobando. \pna Kipapachowa pa:mpa kikukwaitik. \pea She gives him a massage because his belly hurts. \psa Le da masaje porque le duele la barriga. \xrb pach \xv1ao tlapachowa \xvaao pachowilia \nae With the sense of 'to massage' the verb <nao>pachowa</nao> is almost always reduplicated. An exception often occurs, however, with the nonspecific +human object prefix <n>te:-</n> as in the phrase <na>Wel te:pachowa</na>. The phenomenon of the absence of expected reduplication with nonspecific objects is discussed in the grammar. Thus <na>Wel te:pachowa</na> is not unexpected. However, the phrase <na>Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan</na> is slightly unexpected. Whether this refers to the fact that the massage was applied for a short time to a single spot, is not clear. \qry Check to see if one can use forms such as /ne:chpachowan ika tekitl/ or whether one must use an applicative /ne:chpachowilian ika tekitl/. Cf. comments in gram field for following entry. \grm Reduplication: Note that in the phrase <na>Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan</na> there is no reduplication even though there is a specific object (often repetitive actions do not show morphological reduplication with a nonspecific object, e.g., <na>tlate:mowa</na>). However, <na>Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan</na> was taken from conversation and seems to indicate a rare instance when this meaning of 'to give massage' does not show verbal reduplication. Note that there may be a relationship between reduplication and specificity of the object. This is in accord with Hopper and Thompson's transitivity hierarchy. In this interpretation, reduplication is more likely to take place when a specific object is affected because reduplication references specific cases of the repetition of an action. Thus when no object is specified, perhaps there is less direct reference and this might induce speakers to be less prone to use a reduplicated verb stem. This should be checked in discourse. \links2 Link to 04977 \ref 03263 \lxa tepalkatl \lxac tepalkatl \lxo tepalkatl \lxoc tepalkatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se fired clay bowl; fruit bowl \ss plato hondo de barro cocido; frutero \xrb tepalka \mod Illustrate. \ref 03264 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /Ikxi tlayo:koya/ that has been shifted to the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03265 \lxa ma:polowa \lxac noma:polowa \lxo ma:polowa \lxoc noma:polowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to make a mistake, or do poorly or unjustly, in distributing (things) by hand \ss (refl.) equivocarse al hacer entregas o dividir con la mano, o hacerlo mal e injustamente \pna O:nimoma:poloh. Se: ohma:k we:i wa:n se: pitentsi:n. \pea I made a mistake in handing out. I gave a lot to one and just a little to another. \psa Me equivoqué en la entrega. A uno le di mucho y a otro poco. \pna O:nimoma:poloh. Seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka: tlaka! San nana:wi noso yeye:i. \pea I lost track of things in my hands. In some I tossed five (seeds), and in some six. Now I realize that's not how things are to be planted. It should be four by four or three by three. \psa Perdíla cuenta en lo que estaba haciendo con las manos. En algunos (pocitos) echécinco (semillas) y en otros seis. Ahora síme doy cuenta que no se siembra así. Debe ser cuatro por cuatro o tres por tres. \pna O:noma:poloh. Seki we:i kimakaya nakatl wan seki pi:pitik. \pea She made mistakes in giving things out. She gave some a lot of meat and others just small pieces. \psa No la dividióbien. A algunos les daba mucha carne, a otros pedacitos chiquitos. \xrb ma: \xrb pol \qry Check to see if only reflexive use is correct. Also check possiblity of reduplication: /ma:popolowa/. Check for intransitive. \vl The formant transitions for nasals are well visible here; use on internet for demonstration. \ref 03266 \lxa tlachi:chipi:ni \lxac tlachi:chipi:ni \lxo tlachi:chipi:ni \lxoc tlachi:chipi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-3a \se for a few drops of water to be falling as a rain or drizzle is imminent \ss estar cayendo unas gotas de una lluvia o llovizna incipiente \pna O:pe:w tlachichipi:ni. Kiawisneki. \pea It has started to drizzle. It looks like it's going to rain. \psa Empezó a lloviznar ligeramente. Quiere llover. \pna Xsan tlachichipi:ni, tlapayawi. \pea It's not that just a few drops of water are falling, it's drizzling. \psa No es que solamente se están cayendo unas gotas de agua, está lloviznando. \cfao chipi:ni \sem weather \xrb chipi: \xbtlao chipi:ni \nae Whereas the long duration of the reduplicant in the speech of Florencia Marcelino is quite clear, it is less so in the articulation of Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan). However, it seems that at least for Oapan the reduplicant vowel is long. For Ameyaltepec this might also be the case, although my original notes did not indicate length. This should be checked. \qry Note that Florencia Marcelino refused to accept as correct /nitlachi:chipi:ni/ although /nitlachi:chipinia/ was accepted. (check for all words dealing with precipitation) \grm Phonology; reduplication: Note that \ref 03267 \lxa kukwilchi:ltsi:n \lxo kwikwichi:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se faggot; homosexual \ss maricón; homosexual \se wimp; scaredy-cat \ss sacón; miedoso \pna Kas tikukwilchi:ltsi:n. tle:ka timumuwi? \pea Maybe your a wimp, why aren't you scared? \psa ¿Puede ser que eres sacón, por quétienes miedo? \xrb kow \xrb kwilchi:l \nse In its metaphoric sense of"wimp," <na>kuhkwilchi:ltsi:n</na> is basically the antonym of <na>cha:rroh</na>. Obviously the roots of the former include <na>kuh</na> for"penis"and <na>-tsi:n</na>, a diminutive. RS list <na>cuilchilli</na> as"ano, nalga, trasero."Given that there are words in Classical such as <na>cuilonyotl</na> "pecado nefando, de hombre con hombre,"it might bet that <na>kwil</na> is a separate morpheme from <na>chi:hli</na> and that <na>kwi:lchi:l</na> undoubtedly includes <na>kwi:l</na> and a yet unidentified morpheme <na>chi:l</na>. \qry In my original entry I had /kuhkwilchiltsi:n/ as referring to both male and female homosexuals, gays and lesbians. However, this is probably a mistake for /kukwilchi:ltsi:n/ and I have temporarily changed the /kuh/ (which perhaps people thought of as meaning 'penis' to /ku/ from reduplication. However, it seems that this might be in error (given the etymology of /kuh/ + /kwilchil/), and thus I have changed the definition here in this second edit. However, this should be checked with a native speaker. \pqry In Oapan speech token check for /h/ after /kwi/. Given teh sense of these word, no sound links have been placed. \vl Given significance, do not link to dictionary. \ref 03268 \lxa i:xkwa:tetepolowa \lxac ki:xkwa:tetepolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \se to cut the hair of, leaving the forehead bare; to cut the bangs off of \ss cortar el pelo dejando la frente expuesta; cortar los flecos a \cfo i:xkwa:teki \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \nae Although the word for 'forehead' is <nla>i:xkwa:tetl</nla> in combinational form the stem used is simply <na>i:xkwa:-</na>. Thus it is not likely that the first <n>te-</n> in <na>i:xkwa:tetelowa</na> is part of the incorporated nominal stem. Although it is also possible that the first <n>te-</n> is an intensifier, it is much more likely that it is a reduplicant, and this is how it has been provisionally analyzed. \ref 03269 \lxa te:tete:ne:wani \lxac te:tete:ne:wani \lxo té:tete:ne:wáni \lxoa té:tete:ne:wáne \lxoc té:tete:ne:wáne, té:tete:ne:wáni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se malicious gossiper; person who speaks poorly of others (i.e., saying what they do bad, such as getting drunk, stealing, etc.) \ss chismoso; persona que habla mal de otros (esto es, diciendo lo que hacen mal, como emborracharse, robar, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb e:wa \grmx Pitch accent: Note shift to the left of p-a from the reduplicant to the preceding syllable: /té:tete:ne:wáne/. Perhaps a major motive for this is the long vowel of the prefix, which pulls p-a. This should be checked. \pqry Check pitch accent pattern. There is definitely high pitch on the initial syllable, but my question concerns the second.... at times it seems as if the proper representation would be /té:téte:ne:wáni/ and not /té:tete:ne:wáni/. However, there is no reason why both the first and second syllables would have high/rising pitch. \ref 03270 \lxa te:ntlapo:wi \lxac te:ntlapo:wi \lxo te:ntlapo:wi \lxoc te:ntlapo:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3b(ow) \se to open up (a container, bottle, etc., by having the top come off); to become uncorked \ss abrirse (un recipiente, botella, etc. al caerse la tapadera o tapón); destaparse; descorcharse \pna O:te:ntlapo:w motso:tsokol, o:wetsiko ite:ntsahka. \pea The top of your water jug has opened, its top (or stopper) fell out (to the ground). \psa Tu cántaro quedódestapado, su tapadera (o corcho) se cayó(al suelo). \pna Xwel te:ntlapo:wi, ke:n te:ntili:ntok. \pea It won't open (can't be opened), its top is really on tight. \psa No se puede abrir, su tapadera (o tapa) está muy apretada. \xrb te:n \xrb tlapo: \ref 03271 \lxa me:h \lxac me:h \lxo me:n \lxoc me:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-imp \se here! take it! \ss ¡toma! \pna Me:h i:n! \pea Take this! \psa ¡Toma esto! \xrb me:n \nae The etymology of <na>me:h</na> is uncertain. When handing something to someone one may simply say: <na>me:h</na>, meaning 'Here!' or 'Take it!' Whereas in both dialects the vowel is nasalized, in Oapan there is also a clear final /n/. Moreover, the duration of the vowel (/e:/) is extremely long. In the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez it was measured as lasting an average of 200 ms. \qry Note that also the final /h/ of /meh/ should be rechecked. \pqry Check nature of vowel. \grm Vowel length: The etymology of <na>me:h</na> is uncertain. When handing something to someone one may simply say: <na>me:h</na>, meaning 'Here!' or 'Take it!' Whereas in both dialects the vowel is nasalized, in Oapan there is also a clear final /n/. Moreover, the duration of the vowel (/e:/) is extremely long. In the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez it was measured as lasting an average of 200 ms. \ref 03272 \lxa kochi \lxac kochi \lxo kochi \lxoc kochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Appl; +Caus \infv class-3a(ch) \se to fall asleep \ss dormirse \pna Ma:ka tikochis! Mitsawas motah. \pea Don't fall asleep! Your father will scold you. \psa ¡No te vayas a dormir! te va a regañar tu papá. \pna Sa: koxtok pa:mpa kwalo. \pea He's just sleeping because he is sick. \psa Se la pasa durmiendo porque está enfermo. \pna Koxtia:s. \pea He will go along (e.g., a dog taken in an airplane) asleep. \psa Va a ir durmido (p. ej., un perro llevado en un avión). \pna Kokoxtia:s. \pea He will go along falling asleep on and off. \psa Va a ir cayéndose durmido de vez en cuando. \se to droop down (plants that are suffering from a lack of water, a penis when it loses its erect state, cf. <nla>isa</nla>, etc.) \ss perder su estado erecto (una planta que sufre por falta de agua, el pene al perder su estado de excitación, cf. <nla>isa</nla>, etc.) \pna Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \pea There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump. \psa Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio. \pna O:tlaxitika, a:man yo:koch. \pea He had gotten an erection, now his penis is no longer erect. \psa Se le había parado el pene, ya no está parado. \pna Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ketlah pipi:liwi. \pea There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump. \psa Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio. \se to spin around quickly in one spot (as a top or marble) \ss girar rápidamente en un lugar; dormir (un trompo o ganica) \pna Xkito:ti motro:mpoh! Ma tikitaka:n ke:n kochi! \pea Make your top spin! Let's see how it spins around quickly in one spot! \psa ¡Haz bailar tu trompo!¡Vamos a ver como duerme! \pna Sa: koxtok kani:kah. \pea The marble is just spinning around quickly in one spot. \psa Esta canica está nomás durmiendo. \xrb kochi \xvcao kochi:tia \xvaao kochi:lia \xv0ao tlakochi \nae In combinational forms the stem of this verb is <nao>koch</nao>, as occurs in many words; e.g., <na>kochtlatlatowa</na>. The inflectional paradigm of <nao>kochi</nao> is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: <na>kochi:lo</na>. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: <no>kochilo</no>. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb <nlao>miki</nlao>. In Ameyaltepec I have heard, during the early days of fieldwork in the late 1970's the impersonal form <na>kochi:wa</na>. This form is now no longer used nor remembered. Finally, in Oapan both <no>o:kochkeh</no> (more usual) and <no>o:koxkeh</no> have been documented. \qry Cf. the difference between /sa: koxtok/ and /san koxtok/. Offer an explanation of this difference in the next draft and discuss the nature of the difference between /sa:/ and /san/. Finally, check the inflection of the future, directional, imperfect, etc., vowel length of final /i/. \vl It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long /i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked. \grm /O:tlaxitika, a:man yo:koch/ 'He had gotten an erection, now his penis is no longer erect.' Note that difference in subjects and discuss this in relation to pivots. That is, the subject of /o:tlaxitika/ is the man who had the erection, and the subject of /kochi/ is his penis. Note the quite classical/typical use of the pluperfect here. \grm Oapan phonology: Finally, in Oapan both <no>o:kochkeh</no> (more usual) and <no>o:koxkeh</no> have been documented. Note therefore, the optional rule of ch>x before k. \ref 03273 \lxa a:skatl \lxac a:skatl \lxo a:skatl \lxoc a:skatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for a type of very small ant \ss nombre genérico por un tipo de hormiga muy pequeña \cfao tsi:katl \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:ska \ncx a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik; a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh; a:skatl de un tli:ltik \cpl This is a generic term for a class of ants that is differentiated from the class known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla>. There are three types of <na>a:skatl</na> : <na>a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik</na> (<na>te:kwa:nimeh</na>); <na>a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh</na> (<na>xte:kwa:nimeh</na>); and <na>a:skatl de un tli:ltik</na> (<na>xte:kwa:nimeh</na>). However, another consultant mentioned the following three types of <na>a:skatl</na> : <na>a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik</na> (<na>te:kwa:nimeh</na>); <na>a:skatsitsi:nteh</na> (<na>te:kwa:ni, kimich o:nene:s</na>) and <na>a:skatl de un tlitli:ltik</na> (<na>xte:kwa:nimeh pero momolo:nki</na>). Thus in this second list the <na>a:skatl de un tlitli:ltik</na> is apparently equated with the <na>a:skatl de un molomo:nkeh</na> and another type of ant is introduced, the <na>a:skatsitsi:nteh</na> which is said to bite and just recently appeared. \mod Hand link types of /a:skameh/ from here, given that"de"is in parentheses. \vl There are four additional tokens of this word at 5911. They should be tagged here and from them the 2 links should be selected. \ref 03274 \lxa yekamomoyoka \lxac yekamomoyoka \lxo yekamomoyoka \lxoc yekamomoyoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to feel a tingling sensation in ones nose \ss hormiguearsele la nariz \pna Niyekamomoyoka, o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl. \pea My nose is tingling, a scorpion bit me. \psa Estáhormigueando mi nariz, me mordió un alacrán. \xrb yeka \xrb moyo: \qry Check for acceptability of /te-/ intensifier use. \ref 03275 \lxa ika o:kpa koko:hli \lxac ika o:kpa koko:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com PM-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se great-grandfather \ss bisabuelo \pna Yewa ika okpa nokokol. \pea He is my great-grandfather. \psa El es mi bisabuelo \cfa o:kpa \xrb o:k \xrb koko:l \xrl -pa \cfa o:kpa \nse In Ameyaltepec apparently expressions such as <na>noo:kpakoko:l</na> and <na>ika o:kpa nokoko:l</na> are equivalent, although my impression is that the latter is much more common. In Oapan the compound form is not acceptable. Rather, forms such as <no>ya o:hpa nó:kó:l</no>. The <no>ya</no> (Oapan for what in other dialects is <n>ika</n>) is necessary, as it converts <no>o:hpa</no> into a cardinal number. Finally, note that <na>o:kpakoko:hli</na> is rarely found in unpossessed form. \ref 03276 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ye:xpaye:witia \lxoc kiye:xpaye:witia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo see <nlo>-pawiya</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>'pawiya</nlo> \syna ye:xpawia \nae Although Florencia Marcelino gave this as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <na>ye:xpawia</na> it may be that there are two forms involved, since Oapan also has a form <no>o:hpawiya</no>, which suggests the possibility of <no>ye:xpawiya</no>. If this is true, then the difference between <no>ye:xpaye:witia</no>, this entry, and a possible ? <no>ye:xpawiya</no> (given the occurrence of <no>o:hpawiya</no>) should be investigated. Finally, not that the length of the penultimate /i/ in <no>ye:xpaye:witia</no> is uncertain. On first analysis it seems short, but this should be checked against other final sequences of /-witia/ or /-wi:tia/. If <no>ye:xpaye:witia</no> is different from <no>ye:xpawiya</no>, then the cross-reference above to \ref 03277 \lxa tlakoiwa:n \lxac tlakoiwa:n \lxo tlákoyówa:n \lxoa tlákoíwa:n \lxoc tlákoyówa:n, tlákoíwa:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-? \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se midnight \ss medianoche \cfa tlaiwa \xrb tlahko \xrb yowa \cfa tlaiwa \nse Molina gives <n>tlacoyouac</n>. The origin of the ending in Ameyaltepec <na>tlakoiwa:n</na> is unclear; perhaps it is a shortening of <n>-ya:n</n>, a nominalizing ending for verb. \qry Check length of final /a/; in one record only did I originally mark it as long. \vl Use second female and second male tokens. \ref 03278 \lxa mejika:noh \lxac mejika:noh \lxo mejika:noh \lxoc mejika:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Mexicano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se Nahuatl \ss náhuatl \pna Totlato:l mejika:noh. \pea Our language is Nahuatl. \psa Nuestra idioma es el náhuatl. \se (<na>okse:</na> ~) an indigenous language different from the Nahuatl of the Balsas River Valley \ss (<na>okse:</na> ~) una lengua indígena en general diferente del náhuatl hablado en la zona del río Balsas \pna Okse: mejika:noh itlato:l. \pea He speaks another dialect of Nahuatl (or another indigenous language, such as Mixtec). \psa Su lengua es otro dialecto del náhuatl (o también otra lengua indígena, como el mixteco). \nse The term <nao>mejika:noh</nao> is used to reference not only Nahuatl, but any indigenous language of Mexico. However, for other languages, or distant dialects of Nahuatl, the phrase <na>okse: mejika:noh</na> is often used. \ref 03279 \lxa na:miktia \lxac kina:miktia \lxo na:mihtia \lxoc kina:mihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to marry off (a father or parent of a son or daughter) \ss casar (un padre a su hijo o hija) \pna A:man kina:miktiaite:lpo:ch -i:chpo:ch-. \pea Today he is marrying off his son (his daughter). \psa Hoy casa a su hijo (su hija). \pna Ne:chna:mikti:s ika sibí:l. \pea He will give me away in marriage in a civil ceremony. \psa Me va a dar en casamiento en una ceremonia civil. \pna A:man xtikaxili:s, titlana:miktia. \pea Today you won't have time, you are marrying off a child (i.e., a son or daughter). \psa Hoy no alcanzas, vas a casar a un hijo (hijo o hija). \pna Ne:chna:mikti:s un tio:pixki. \pea That priest will marry me. \psa Ese sacerdote me va a casar. \se (refl.) to get married \ss (refl.) to get married \pna Nona:mikti:s. \pea He (or she) will get married. \psa El (o ella) se va a casar. \se to close; to place together (one side of an object with another, or one thing with another) \ss cerrar; hacer juntar (un lado de un objeto con otro, o una cosa con otra) \pna Xna:mikti un pwe:rtah! \pea Close the door (but without locking it, i.e., pulling it so that the sides of the door come together, in this case used in reference to a two-hinged door that closes in the middle)! \psa ¡Cierra esa puerta (pero no con llave, en este caso jalando una puerta doble para que los dos lados se junten en medio)! \pna Kina:na:miktia mokoto:n. \pea She sews together one part of your shirt with another. \psa Cose una parte de tu camisa con otra. \cfa i:xna:miktia \cfo i:xna:mihtia \xrb na:miki \xv1a tlana:miktia \xv1o tlana:mihtia \xvbao na:miki \nse The use of <na>na:miktia</na> with the sense of 'to marry off' refers to the action of a parent giving his or her child in marriage. It does not refer to the action of the bridegroom or bride, for which the verb <na>a:na</na> 'to marry' is used. However, <na>na:miktia</na> can also be used to refer to the actions of officials such as priests in conducting marriage ceremonies. Finally, note that <na>na:miktia</na> seems to be derived from a noun, <na>na:miktli</na> 'spouse' and is not a causative. Rather, it seems to have a sense of 'provide with spouse.' <na>Na:miktia</na> can also be used to indicate the action of placing one part of an object, or one object, in close proximity to another, i.e., to close or place next to, closing. This too is analyzed here as a denominal verb, given that the sense seems to be that of providing one side of an object, or one object, with its"partner"(<na>na:miktli</na>). In the phrase referring to the sewing of a shirt, the action indicated is that of sewing toget her fabric once and again, i.e. in putting together a shirt by sewing fabric together in various places. The argument that this is not a causative is also based on the fact that there is no increase in valency from <na>na:miki</na> to <na>na:miktia</na>. \grm Discuss case of /na:miktia/ in grammar in regards to causatives. \ref 03280 \lxa ixtli \lxac ixtli \lxo yextli \lxoc yextli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sem tool \se maguey fiber; hemp \ss ixtle; fibra de maguey \xrb ich \cpl Maguey hemp fiber can be derived from either the <nla>kukuhtitlantsi:n</nla>, <nla>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nla>, or <nla>sakamexkahli</nla>. \qry I have checked several times and the form definitely has a short initial vowel /i/. \ref 03281 \lxa pa:pastiw \lxac pa:pastiw \lxo pa:pastiw \lxoc pa:pastiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-asp \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \se to go along walking in small and uneven steps (like a drunk or a child just learning to walk) \ss caminar en pasos pequeños y poco seguros (como un borracho o un niño apenas aprendiendo a caminar) \pna Sa: pa:pastiw, yo:tla:wa:n. \pea He is just going along with small, uneven steps, he's gotten drunk. \psa Ya no más anda con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya se emborrachó. \pna Sa: pa:pastiw, xe ma:s wel nenemi. \pea He is just going along with small uneven steps, he still hasn't learned to walk. \psa Va no más en pequeños e inseguros pasos, todavía no sabe caminar. \xrb pas \nae <na>Pa:pastiw</na> has only been documented with the aspectual ending <na>-tiw</na>, or related inflectional forms. The etymology and underlying stem is not clear. Complicating the matter is the fact that with the phonological rule in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl affecting affricates, it is not clear whether the /s/ in <na>pa:pastiw</na> represents underlying {s} or {ts}. Also unclear is whether other cognate forms exist. \ref 03282 \lxa ye:paso:tl \lxac ye:paso:tl \lxo ye:paso:tl \lxoc ye:paso:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se epazote, a type of edible herb \ss epazote \pna Ye:paso:tl | Nokwa. Bwe:noh para poyé:k a:to:hli, para michka:ldoh. \pea <na>Ye:paso:tl</na> : It is eaten. It is good for <nla>poyé:k a:to:hli</nla>, for broth with fish. \psa <na>Ye:paso:tl</na> : Se come. Es bueno para <nla>poyé:k a:to:hli</nla>, para caldo de pescado. \sem plant \sem edible \xrb e:paso: \cpl Schoenhals (1988) identifies epazote as <i>Chenopodium ambrosioides</i>, calling it 'epazote' or 'goosefoot.' She notes:"A Mexican seasoning for beans, meat, etc. Tea is used frequently as a medicinal. Also called chichiquelite. She also has an entry under epazote de zorrillo:"(<i>Chenopodium graveolens</i>) '[type of] goosefoot.' A plant or herb with very dense, clustered flowers. Plant has a very disagreeable odor. Also called hediondillo, quelite apestoso."Ramírez (1991) also identifies this of the family Chenopodiaceae and genus/species <i>Chenopodium ambosoides</i>. \nct xiwtli \ref 03283 \lxa tamalkwa \lxac tamalkwa \lxo tamalkwa \lxoc tamalkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to eat tamals \ss comer tamales \pna Titamalkwa:s, tixwis. \pea You will eat tamals, you will get full. \psa Vas a comer tamales, te vas a llenar. \xrb tamal \xrb kwa \vl Use first female token, also first male token. \ref 03284 \lxa tepostoka \lxac kitepostoka \lxo tepostoka \lxoc kitepostoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to pursue with insistence (e.g., a potential spouse, a bureaucratic process, a litigation, etc.); to follow up on (e.g., in attempting to control the repercussions of a particular event) \ss proseguir con afán o insistencia (p. ej., una novia potencial, un trámite, un litigio, etc.); darle seguimiento (a una situación, por ejemplo para controlar las repercusiones) \pna Mitstepostokaskeh deke o:choloh mochpo:ch. \pea They (the bridegrooms representatives, continually visiting your house) will insist on meeting with you if your daughter eloped. \psa Te van a buscar con afán (los representantes del novio, visitando tu casa sin tregua) si tu hija se fuga. \pna Xtepostoka, tla:mo kwala:nis, miste:ilwi:s. \pea Follow it up (in this case the addressee's child has hurt another child and the addressee is advised to visit the house of the hurt child's parents to console them), if you don't he (the father of the hurt child) will get mad, he will denounce you (before the village authorities). \psa ¡Dale seguimiento (en este caso el niño del sujeto ha lastimado a otro niño y el hablante le aconseja visitar la casa del niño lastimado para consolar a los padres)! si no lo haces, se va a enojar (el padre del niño lastimado), te va a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo). \xrb tepos \xrb toka \ref 03285 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am /yowameh/. It has been deleted. NOTE: Reassign the Oapan 3285 tokens as 182. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03286 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was /i:xte:ntsotla:ni/ which I have removed since it has not been confirmed. The def. and reason was: 'to get a shiner, an eye that is puffed up (e.g., from disease, a black eye, etc.) and around which the skin becomes taught and shiny'. Refers to an eye which is puffed up, from disease, a black eye, etc. and around which the skin becomes taught and shiny. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03287 \lxa kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \lxac kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(k) \sea type of skirt that is made of two pieces of cloth sewn together, so that there is a seam running around the middle of the skirt \ssa tipo de falda que se hace de dos pedazos de tela cosidos juntos, para que haya una costura horizontal aproximadamente a la mitad \pna Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik, ye:xka:n tlakechiliwtok. \pea It is a skirt made up of tiers of fabric, it isn't smooth (given that there is at least one seam running around it), it is sewn together in three places. \psa Es una falda hecha de hileras sobrepuestas de tela, no está lisa (dado que tiene costuras horizontales), está cosida en tres lugares. \sem clothing \xrb kwe: \xrb tlako \xrb teki \xrl -ya:n \cfa tlatektli \ono kwe:tli \nse <na>Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli</na> refers to a dress with a skirt that has tiers. However, unlike the <na>kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli</na> the seams on these tiers are on the outside not the inside and the strips of cloth are joined together in pleats. The pleated part is usually sewn on top of the higher tier if one is not going to put narrow lace on the seam; in the former case the two tiers are joined in a ruffled way (<na>xoxolo:xtik</na>). However, if there is going to be lace on top of the seam then the pleated part (lower tier) is sewn underneath the upper tier. \qry If such as dress is sewn together in three place (ye:xka:n tlakelichiwtok), how many tiers does it have? Three or four (since the edge doesn't count?). \pqry NOTE: check on the possible aspiration of the /k/ in /tlatektli/. \ilustmp Make ilustration of all clothing: photos? \ref 03288 \lxa to:pi:leti \lxac to:pi:leti \lxo to:pí:letí \lxoa to:pí:lití \lxop to:pi:liti \lxoc to:pí:letí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \irregv In Ameyaltepec this is a class-3d(ti) verb, with loss of the final vowel in the perfective, and the progressive maintaining the final /i/. \pa yes \se to become a <spn>topile</spn> \ss ser o llegar a ser topile \pna O:ma:ki:s, xto:pi:letis. \pea He got out of it, he won't be a topile. \psa Se liberó, no va a ser topile. \syno to:pí:leká:ti \xrb to:pi:l \nae In Ameyaltepec the perfective of verbs that have lost underlying {h} before <n>-ti</n> is with final-vowel loss: <na>o:to:pi:let</na>. However, Oapan maintains the expected form (with pitch-accent): <no>o:to:pí:letík</no>. The underlying representation of this verb is {to:pi:l + eh + ti}. \grmx Perfective: Note that in Ameyaltepec the perfective of this forms, which have lost the underlying {h} is with final-vowel loss: <na>o:to:pi:let</na>. However, Oapan maintains the expected form (with pitch-accent): <no>o:to:pí:etík</no>. \vl The first two pronunciations, one female and one male, are erroneous. They are plural with a final /h/: /to:pí:letíh/. These should be tagged with letters c for each speaker. Then follow the singular forms (the sequence of four). These should be tagged a and b and one f and one m selected for linking. \ref 03289 \lxa ixteki \lxac ixteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut maguey fiber \ss cortar ichtli \syno mexkalteki \xrb ch \xrb teki \nse Although I have heard this word used in Ameyaltepec, it is rare. Ameyaltepequeños are more likely to say <na>konteki mexkahli</na>. In Oapan, the action is described as <no>mexkalteki</no> not * <no>yexteki</no>. \qry Recheck length of first vowel. I have recorded it as short here, although it probably is long. This word should probably be removed from the dictionary. \ref 03290 \lxa akotlachia \lxac akotlachia \lxo ákotláchia \lxop akotlachia \lxoc ákotláchia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3c(chia) \pa yes-lex \se to look upward \ss alzar la vista o mirar hacia arriba \pna Akotlachi:xtok. \pea He is looking upward (to a place up high). \psa El está mirando hacia arriba (hacia un lugar alto). \pna Xakotlachia! \pea Look upward! \psa ¡Mira (hacia) arriba! \xrb ahko \xrb tlachia \qry Vowel length has been recorded as both long and short and should be checked for initial /a:/ or /a/. Cf. extended note with /akopilowa/. However, in a final check I have recorded the initial vowel of /a:kotlachia/ as definitely long; it should thus be changed to /a:/ in all entries. \pqry Recheck vowel length of first vowel, particularly in Am and for all words with /ahko/. \vl Check vl of initial /a/ \ref 03291 \lxa yewahli \lxac yewahli \lxo yewahli \lxoc yewahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se night \ss noche \pna Nochi yewahli tekiti. \pea He works all night. \psa Trabaja toda la noche. \se (<na>ika</na> (Am) or <no>yá:</no> (Oa) ~) during or in the night \ss <na>ika</na> (Am) o <no>yá:</no> (Oa) ~) durante o en la noche \xrb yowa \nae For comparative purposes, this root has been listed as <nr>yowa</nr>. \qry I have one file card as /yo:yekok yewahli/ as 'he arrived at night.' This might be wrong as I would expect /yo:yekok ye yewahli/ or /yo:yekok ika yewahli/. \ref 03292 \lxa yekateki \lxac kiyekateki \lxo yekateki \lxoc kiyekateki; yeká:tekí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the point of off (sth long and pointed) \ss cortarle la punta de (algo largo y puntiagudo) \pna Te:ntetepon mopió, o:kiyekatehkeh. \pea Your chicken has a short beak, they cut its end off. \psa Tu gallina tiene el pico rabón, le cortaron la punta. \xrb yeka \xrb teki \nae The Oapan forms <no>kiyekateki</no> and <no>kiyeká:tekí</no> represent an unreduplicated and reduced reduplicative form. The reduplicant in <no>kiyeká:tekí</no> is realized or marked by lengthening and pitch accent of the final short vowel of the incorporated noun. \vl The first set of 4 is /yekateki/ the second set of four is /yeká:tekí/, a reduced reduplicative form. Code each with the same ref. number 03292 and letters a, b, c, d. Note down that this entry will have two sets of two for comparative purposes. \ref 03293 \lxa te:mpilichwia \lxac kite:mpilichwia \lxo te:mpilichwia \lxof [te:m pi lich 'wi a] \lxoc kite:mpilichwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2a \se to make a face at (a face of disgust and anger, turning up ones mouth and pouting, scrunching ones lips) \ss hacer muecas a (con una cara de disgusto y enojo, levantando y frunciendo los labios y haciendo berrinche) \xrb te:n \xrb pilich \nae The derivational process for Ameyaltepec <na>te:mpilichwia</na> and Oapan <no>te:mpilichwiya</no> is not entirely clear. The sense of <na>te:mpilichwia</na> is applicative, though there is no general process that would lead to <na>-wia</na> being used to convert an intransitive (perhaps ? <na>te:mpilichiwi</na>) into an applicative such as that indicated by the headword. Note that applicatives that end in <n>-wia</n> seem to derive from the process of metathesis described by Canger (1980), a process that would not seem applicable in this case. It is also unlikely that <na>te:mpilichwia</na> is formed by the same denominalization process that leads to words such as <na>tlaxkalwia</na>, among others. \grm Applicatives: The derivational process for <na>te:mpipilichwia</na> is not entirely clear. The sense of <na>te:mpipilichwia</na> is applicative, though there is no apparent process that would lead to <na>-wia</na> being used to convert an intransitive (perhaps ? <na>te:mpipilichiwi</na>) into an applicative such as that indicated by the headword. Another possibility is that <na>te:mpipilichwia</na> is formed by the same denominalization process that leads to words such as <na>tlaxkalwia</na>, among others. \ref 03294 \lxa peró:l \lxac peró:l \lxo pero:l \lxoc pero:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan perol \psm N \der N-loan \se water container of soldered metal usually holding some 20-30 liters, and most often transported in pairs on either side of a beast of burden, hung from the saddle horn \ss perol, recipiente de metal soldado que generalmente contiene unos 20 a 30 litros, y que se transportan en pares colgados de la silla de una bestia de carga \ilustmp Illustrate \vl Use first male token for linking. \ref 03295 \lxa ma:mo:motsi:ni \lxac ma:temo:motsi:ni \lxo ma:mo:motsi:ni \lxoc ma:mo:motsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>ma:temo:motsi:ni</nao> \infv class-3a \se to get cracks in ones hands (e.g., from work, for contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.) \ss agrietarsele las manos a uno (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, por un sobrecargo de trabajo, etc.) \pna O:nima:temo:motsi:n, o:ne:chma:tetek tenextli. \pea My hands got cracks in them here and there, the lime cut my hands. \psa Se me agrietaron las manos en algunos lugares, el cal me cortólas manos. \se to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin dry and crack on one's arm \ss secarsele y agrietarsele a uno una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por el brazo \xrb ma: \xrb motsi: \cfo tla:tlatsi:ni; tsa:tsaya:ni \nse As with most verbs containing the element <na>motsi:ni</na> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. In this case I have only heard it with long vowel reduplication. \nse As with most verbs containing the element <na>motsi:ni</na> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. However, whether it can take short vowel reduplication should be checked. In one entry I note that it can, in other I state 'Apparently <na>ma:motsi:ni</na> only occurs with long vowel reduplication.' Check reduplication: only with long vowel? Can nonreduplicated forms occur, etc. \nde Although apparently <no>ma:motsi:ni</no> is correct, this word is usually found reduplicated with a long vowel and with the infixed"intensifier." \grm Reduplication: /O:nima:temo:motsi:n, o:ne:chma:tetek tenextli/ 'My hands got cracks in them here and there, the lime cut my hands.' Note that in the previous phrase each verb manifests a different type of reduplication. Note that the first verb, /ma:motsi:ni/ has long vowel reduplication, indicating the spatial distribution of the cuts; however, the second verb, which refers to the lime cutting the hands, has a short vowel reduplication, indicating or calling attention to the fact that the lime cut the hands without any precise order to the action, it just 'cut it up.' \ref 03296 \lxa wistli \lxac wistli \lxo wistli \lxoc wistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se thorn \ss espina \pna Miák kipia iwitsio. \pea It has a lot of thorns. \psa Tiene muchas espinas. \se thorn plant (i.e., plants with thorns such as <nba>witspatlaxtli</nba>); branch of such a bush \ss plantas espinosas (nombre genérico para tales plantas, como el <nba>witspatlaxtli</nba>); rama de tal tipo de arbusto \pna Yewa nowits, nihkwis. \pea Those are my thorn branches, I'm going to use them (e.g., to make a fence of thorn branches thrown on the ground). \psa Son mis ramas espinosas, las voy a ocupar (p. ej., en hacer una cerca de espinas colocadas por el suelo). \xrb wits \nse As is generally the case, intrinsic possession is used for 'thorn of' where the possessor is the plant having the thorns. Alienable possession (in the singular a zero marker) is used for possessive relations that are not part/whole. \grm Word order; modification: /Miák kipia iwitsio/ 'It has many thorns' My understanding is that /miák/ \ref 03297 \lxa kuwtla:kihlo:tl \lxac kuwtla:kihlo:tl \lxo kohtla:kihlo:tl \lxocpend kohtla:kihlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 2 \seao fruit of a tree (both edible and nonedible) \ssao fruta de unárbol (tanto lo que es comestible como lo que no es) \pna Ika nemi, saka kuwtla:kihlo:tl. \pea It sustains itself on it, just on fruit. \psa Vive de eso, solamente de fruta. \cfao tla:kihlo:tl \xrb kow \xrb tla:ki \nse The term <na>kuwtla:kihlo:tl</na> / <no>kohtla:kihlo:tl</no> apparently this refers to all fruit, not simply edible fruit. However, it is apparently limited to fruit from trees, not from other plants. This word is rare in Ameyaltepec but common in Oapan. In this latter village it is only used in the unpossessed form; for"possessed"fruit the obligatorily possessed <nlao>tla:kihlo</nlao> is used. See this entry for further discussion. \qry Check to see if there is any difference between /tla:kihlo:tl/ and /kuhtla:kihlo:tl/. \grm Note /kuhtla:kihlo:tl/. Here was seems to occur is that a noun that is obligatorily possessed with a /-yo/ marker (used for part/whole relations with plants) can be made into an absolutive with /-tl/. This yields the /-yo:tl/ ending. However, unlike perhaps other cases of /-yo/ this is not obligatorily possessed. Thus there is a difference between regular nouns with /-yo/ (e.g. /tepostli/ and /iteposyo/) and obligatorily possessed nouns that can be possessed or non-possessed. \ref 03298 \lxa tla:kihlo \lxac itla:kihlo \lxo tla:kihlo \lxoc i:tla:kihlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N2 \se fruit (the product of a tree or plant, including the maize of a corn plant, squash of a squash plant, etc.) \ss fruta (lo que rinde, y se carga de, unárbol o una planta, incluyendo el maíz de una planta de maíz, la calabaza, etc.) \pna Itla:kihlo we:lik. \pea It's fruit is tasty. \psa Su fruta es sabrosa. \pna I:n milá:k yo:we:weyakiak, pero xkipia itla:kihlo. \pea These have really gotten long (e.g., the vines of a watermelon), but they don't have any fruit. \psa Estos se han extendido de veras (p. ej., las enredaderas de una sandía), pero no tienen fruta. \cfa kuwtla:kihlo:tl \cfo kohtla:kihlo:tl \xrb tla:ki \nse This term is apparently obligatorily possessed. The term for"unpossessed"fruit is <nla>kuwtla:kihlo:tl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kohtla:kihlo:tl</nlo> (Oa). A similar pair is <nao>nelwayo</nao> and <nlo>kohnelwatl</nlo> (Oa). The lack of an abstract form <nao>tla:kihlo:tl</nao> is suggested by a form found in a discussion by Silvestre Pantaleón in which he refers to the little fruit of a tree as <no>i:tla:kihlotsi:n</no>. The short /o/ indicates that the derivation is from <no>i:tla:kihlo</no> (the possessed suffix <n>-yo</n>) in the diminutive. Note that other words that end in <n>-yo:tl</n> have a diminutive possessed form ending in <n>-yo:tsi:n</n>. \qry Check plural formation. Check to make sure that unpossessed does occur, since none of my example sentences manifest an unpossessed form. If the unpossessed form is not used/found, then change entry to /tla:kihlo/. \grm Possession; vowel length; /-yo/: This term is apparently obligatorily possessed. The term for"unpossessed"fruit is <nla>kuwtla:kihlo:tl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kohtla:kihlo:tl</nlo> (Oa). A similar pair is <nao>nelwayo</nao> and <nlo>kohnelwatl</nlo> (Oa). The lack of an abstract form <nao>tla:kihlo:tl</nao> is suggested by a form found in a discussion by Silvestre Pantaleón in which he refers to the little fruit of a tree as <no>i:tla:kihlotsi:n</no>. The short /o/ indicates that the derivation is from <no>i:tla:kihlo</no> (the possessed suffix <n>-yo</n>) in the diminutive. Note that other words that end in <n>-yo:tl</n> have a diminutive possessed form ending in <n>-yo:tsi:n</n>. \grm Plural \mod Check the sound file linked to Oapan lxoc. Is it the possessed or unpossessed form. Correct the entry as needed. \ref 03299 \lxa a:to:nawi \lxac a:to:nawi \lxo a:to:nawi \lxoc a:to:nawi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to have a fever and chills (as from malaria) \ss tener calentura y escalofrio a la vez (como de paludismo) \sem disease \xrb a: \xrb to:na \qry Check for transitive form and readjust codes accordingly. \vl Use second male token for link, which clearly manifests length distinctions. \ref 03300 \lxa chacha \lxac kichacha \lxo 'chachá \lxop chacha \lxoc kíchachá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to spit on \ss escupir sobre \pna O:mitschachak. \pea He spit on you. \psa Te escupió. \xrb chihcha \ref 03301 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /kiawpale:wia/ which is a duplicate of a later record. Thus it has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag all speech tokens here with #6110. Note that first female token before 4 set sequence is the plural /nokiawpale:wiyah/ (or -yan). \ref 03302 \lxa te:nkwepaliwi \lxac te:nkwepaliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to have or get a twisted lip, or a lip that goes off to one side perhaps drooping over a bit \ssa tener o adquirir un labio torcido, o un labio que va hacia un lado quizácayéndose poquito \sea to have or get a lip or edge that folds or dobles over (e.g., a ceramic bowl) \ssa tener o adquirir un labio o borde doblado o plegado (p. ej., de un frutero de cerámica) \pna O:te:nkwepaliw para kali. \pea Its edge folded over toward the inside. \psa La orilla se le doblópara adentro. \pna O:te:nkwe:kwepaliw. \pea Its edge folded (or doubled) over (repeatedly, in many places). \psa Su orilla se dobló(o, se plegó, repetidas veces, en varios lugares). \xrb te:n \xrb kwepal \nse The opposite of <na>para kali</na> in one of the example sentences would be <na>para kia:wak</na>. In Oapan, to refer to material objects with a twisted lip, one might use <nlo>te:nkoltotsiwi</nlo> ; no word for having a twisted lip (a person) was given. \qry Determine other possible subjects. \grm Pluralization of adjectives: Note the following: /te:nkwepaltik/ 'one bowl having a folded lip in one place'; /te:nkwe:kwepaltik/ 'one bowl having a folded lip in various places'; and /te:nkwe:kwepaltikeh/ 'many bowls having folded lips in various places'. \ref 03303 \lxa tlatla:ltik \lxac tlatla:ltik \lxo té:tlá:ltik \lxoc té:tlá:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \se light earth colored (e.g., certain ceramics) \ss color de tierra ligera (p. ej., ciertas cerámicas) \sem color \xrb tla:l \ref 03304 \lxa yepakihli \lxac yepakihli \lxo yepakihli \lxoc yepakihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se tree of the Leguminoseae family, found on lands of Ameyaltepec, with edible shoots that with the first rains emerge from the tips of its branches \ss árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, localizado en los terrenos de Ameyaltepec, con retoños comestibles que con las primeras lluvias salen de las ramitas \pna Yepakihli | Konkwin itlatsmoli:nahlo. Nokwa. Bwe:noh para tlikohtli. \pea <na>Yepakihli</na> : They go gather its shoots. It is eaten. It (the wood) is good for firewood. \psa <na>Yepakihli</na> : Van a traer sus retoños. Se comen. Es (su madera) bueno para leña. \se endible tender shoots of leaves from the end of the <na>yepakihli</na> tree \ss retoños comestibles que brotan de las ramas delárbol conocido por este mismo nombre \pna Xkaman nihkwa yepakihli. \pea I've never eaten the shoots of the <na>yepakihli</na> tree. \psa Nunca he comido los retoños delárbol llamado <na>yepakihli</na>. \apao yepakilkohtli \xrb yepa \xrb kil \nse The name of this edible plant might derives from the rather distinctive smell of the shoots when cooked; see <nlao>yepatl</nlao>. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as called <spn>quelite zorro</spn> in Spanish, a member of the <i>Leguminosae</i> family. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give simply <spn>quelite</spn>. There is nothing under <spn>quelite zorro</spn> or <spn>zorro</spn>, nor anything similar to <na>yepakihli</na> in Schoenhals (1988). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) also do not list any tree that is immediately identifiable as the <na>yepakihli</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 03305 \lxa tekakapaxtik \lxac tekakapaxtik \lxo te:kapaxtik \lxoc te:kapaxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \se to have a rough, bumpy, or scale-like surface \ss tener una superficieáspera o escamosa; teniendo una superficie con bolitas o muchas proturberancias \pna Tekakapaxtik michin. \pea Fish are rough skinned (from their scales). \psa Los peces tienen la pieláspera (por las escamas). \pna Tekakapaxtik un po:cho:kuwtli, kipia itetekwitsio. \pea The surface of that pochote tree is rough, it has large thornlike bumps. \psa La superficie de ese pochote esáspera, tiene abolladuras como espinas \xrb kapax \nse Ameyaltepec <na>(te)kakapaxtik</na> refers to something that is rough-surfaced, particularly materials that have portions of their surface flake away, for example, certain ceramics that if not soaked in water start to flake away on the surface, or certain trees such as the <nba>kuhxio:tl</nba> and <nba>po:cho:tl</nba>. A person with with the disease called <na>pi:ntoh kakapaxtli</na> (in which <na>kakapxtli</na> is an attributive adjective modifying the disease <na>pi:ntoh</na>) has skin that manifests the same quality. \nae In Ameyaltepec it appears that <n>te-</n> functions as an intensifier to <na>kakapaxtik</na>. There might also be some collocational differences between the two forms (i.e., the condition of certain subjects can be expressed or modified by <na>kakapaxtik</na> while others take <na>tekakapaxtik</na>. The nature of these collocational relations needs to be determined. In Oapan, however, <n>te-</n> seems to function as a short of"dummy morpheme"upon which the \qry One phrase not included above: /sa: nikakapaxtik, o:niaga:la:w/ 'estoy nomás raspado, me raspé.' \ref 03306 \lxa tsotsokatilia \lxac kitsotsokatilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to act in a miserly, stingy, selfish, or unsharing way toward \ssa portarse en una manera mezquina, egoista o envidiosa hacia; hacerle menos a (una persona, p. ej., al negarle algo) \pna On ne:nkah suwa:tl melá:k xkwahli. Kitsotsokatilia ikone:w, xkineki kimakas itlah tli:no:n. \pea That there woman is really no good. She's stingy to her child, she doesn't want to give him anything. \psa Esa mujer de veras no está bien. Es muy mezquina en cuanto a su hijo, no se lo quiere dar nada. \xrb tsoka \nae Apparently <na>tsotsokatilia</na> is an applicative, functioning in much the same way semantically as applicatives on several intransitive verbs: to act in a certain way (indicated by the one-place verbal predicate) in relation to a person (the grammatical object of the applicative). \qry Check to determine whether /tsotsokatia/ is a verb (and... transitive or intransitive). \grm Applicatives of intransitives: Apparently <na>tsotsokatilia</na> is an applicative, functioning in much the same way semantically as applicatives on several intransitive verbs: to act in a certain way (indicated by the one-place verbal predicate) in relation to a person (the grammatical object of the applicative). \ref 03307 \lxa ito:tia \lxac nito:tia \lxo ító:tia \lxop ito:tia \lxoc nító:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao (refl.) to dance \ssao (refl.) bailar \pno Nító:tia kumbiah. \peo He dances the cumbia. \pso Baila la cumbia. \seo to spin (a top [O]) \sso hacer girar (un trompo) \xrb hto:ti \nse <na>Ito:tia</na> is used almost exclusively in the reflexive as a middle construction signifying that the action is a one-person event (i.e., the subject in effect"makes"himself or herself dance). However, in Ameyaltepec I have heard it used, though very rarely, with a specific 3rd-person object that refers to the type of dance being performed (e.g., a cumbia). Finally, I have heard it used when the object is the item (e.g., a little doll during the dancing that takes in weddings in Oapan) that is physically being"danced around"(i.e., carried in the upraised arms of an elder woman dancer). Classical Nahuatl has <na>ito:tia</na> as a causative. Thus Molina glosses <n>itotia. nite</n> 'hacer bailer a alguien.' The validity of this argument structure is evidenced by Ameyaltepec <nla>te:ito:tike:tl</nla> 'dance master,' literally 'one who makes people dance.' \ref 03308 \lxa kwaltia \lxac kikwaltia \lxo kwaltia \lxoc kikwaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to feed (sth) to (sb); to give (sb sth) to eat \ss dar de comer (algo) a; alimentar a (algn) con \pna Xkwalti pi:pitíkyetl para ma:ka itech ki:sas! \pea Give him small black beans to eat (a child bitten by a scorpion), so that it (the bite) doesn't affect him! \psa ¡Dale de comer (a un niño mordido por un alacrán) frijoles negros pequeños para que no se le trabe (un piquete de alacrán)! \pna Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis! \pea Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground! \psa ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla!¡Agárraselo porque si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo! \pna Xkwalti notah pió! Xmiktili se:! \pea Give my father chicken to eat! Kill one for him! \psa ¡Dale a mi papápollo para comer!¡Mátale uno! \se to let eat \ss dejar que coma \pna Ma:ka xkwalti moburroh un mi:hli! Ma:ka xka:wili! \pea Don't let your donkey eat the maize plants (e.g., said to a person passing by the edge of a cornfield on his donkey, advising him to take care and not let the donkey reach out to eat the corn)! Don't let him do it! \psa ¡No dejes que tu burro coma ese maíz (en una milpa; p. ej., dicho a una persona que pasa con su burro por la orilla de una milpa, advirtiéndole que no debe dejar que su burro arranque la milpa para comer)!¡No lo dejes! \se to join or press together (e.g., two pieces of wood, but not with nails but rather jointed) \ss apretar y juntar (p. ej., dos tablas de madera, o algo que se arma, pero no con clavos sino con pedazos entrelazados) \pna Kwahli xkwalti mome:sah! Ma:ka ne:si ka:n o:tpepechoh! \pea Make sure the joints on your table are tight (e.g., where the boards for the top come together)! Don't let the place where you placed (the planks) together show! \psa ¡Ten cuidado que esta bien ensamblada tu mesa!¡No dejes que se vea donde las juntaste (e.g., las tablas)! \xrb kwal \xvaao kwaltilia \xv2ao tlakwaltia \xv2a tlakukwaltia \xv2o tlá:kwaltiá \xvba kwa \nae With human primary objects the antipassive form is more common, e.g., <na>xtlakwalti mokone:w ika i:tlaxkal</na>. \qry Determine the meaning of forms such as /-kwa:kwaltia/ or /-tlakwa:kwaltia/, i.e., with long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of /kukwaltia/ with a specific object. \grm Note syntax: /Xkwalti notah pió! Xmiktili se:!/ 'Give my father chicken to eat! Kill one for him! V-PO-SO \grm Let causative: /Ma:ka xkwalti moburroh un mi:hli! Ma:ka xka:wili!/ 'Don't let your donkey eat the maize plants (e.g., said to a person passing by the edge of a cornfield on his donkey, advising him to take care and not let the donkey reach out to eat the corn)! Don't let him do it!' Note the signification of 'let' or 'allow.' Cf. the literature on causatives, which mentions this meaning. \ref 03309 \lxa kuwi:xin \lxac kuwi:xin \lxo kowi:xin \lxoc kowi:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se generic name for certain types of small lizard \ss nombre genérico para ciertas lagartijas pequeñas \se one of the specific types of lizards of the group known also as <na>kowi:xin</na> \ss uno de los tipos particulares del grupo de lagartija conocido como <na>kuwi:xin</na> \se long, pointed stick used in in constructing the roof of thatched-roofed huts \ss vara larga y puntiaguda utilizada en construir el techo en casas de palma o zacate \sem animal \sem lizard \sem tool-contruct \xrb kowi:x \encyctmp kowi:xin \encyctmp kahli \nse The tool used in house contruction is a long pointed stick of <nlao>tlapextli</nlao>, from the inside of a certain cactus. The stick has a hole in the pointed end and is passed from the inside of the house through the thatching to the other side where those who are placing the thatching thread palm through the hole in the stick so that it may be pulled through the thatching and then passed back out where the palm is tied, securing the thatching to the <na>kwihlo:tl</na>. The same /kowi:xin/ may be also used to pass rope through the thatching in order to secure the <na>mekato:ktli</na>. \cpl There are 4 types of <na>kowi:xin</na> : <nla>kowi:xtataka</nla>, <nla>petskowi:xin</nla>, <nla>wi:sako:tl</nla>, and <nla>techichiko:tl</nla>. Perhaps the <nla>a:petskowi:xin</nla> should also be counted, although it might be the same as the <na>petskowi:xin</na>. Schoenhals (1988:328-29) lists many types of <spn>lagartijas</spn>, including the <spn>lagartija cuija</spn> or gecko, of which there are also many types listed, under <spn>geco</spn>. \nct kowi:xin \qry Recheck. types of /kowi:xin/. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and the words there listed. \vl Female first mistakenly says /komichin/. This should be linked to #04570. The following 4 tokens are fine. \ref 03310 \lxa kah \lxac na:nkah \lxo kah \lxoc na:nkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> ; suppletive stem of the copula for past tenses \se (with adverb of location) to be (in a given location) \ss (con un adverbio de lugar) estar (en un lugar en particular) \pna Na:n tonkah. \pea You are here. \psa Aquí está s. \pna Pa yes! \pea It will be there (i.e., it has moved but will be there, as indicated)! \psa ¡Allá estará(esto es, se ha cambiado de lugar, pero allá estarádonde se indica)! \se (3rd-person only: <nao>onkah</nao>) to be (in existence) \ss (3a-persona solamente: <na>onkah</na>) haber (una cosa) \pna Onkah serbe:sah, ma tikoni:kan! \pea There is beer, let's drink it! \psa ¡Hay cerveza, vamos a beberla! \pna Xekatka. \pea There wasn't (weren't) any yet. \psa Todavía no había (habían). \se ([sustantivo] <nao>katka</nao>) deceased [noun] \ss ([sustantivo] <nao>katka</nao>) fallecido [sustantivo] \pna Yewa notah katka. \pea He was my father (but is now deceased). \psa Era mi papá (pero ya falleció). \equivao ye \xrb ka \nse In Oapan <no>kah</no> is only used for things that, as one consultant stated," <no>xkaman nékwaniá, nochipa pa u:nkah</no>,"i.e., for things that never move. For animates the term <nlo>nemi</nlo> is used, as in <no>nika:n ninemi</no>. It appears, though this will need to be confirmed, that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is not so strict in its use of verbs of existence and being. \nae The precise orthography for <nao>kah</nao> is still uncertain. When the copula is disyllabic writing it as a separate word is the obvious choice. However, in monosyllabic form (as in <nao>na:nkah</nao> or <nao>na:n kah</nao>) the choice is not clear. Phonologically ['na:n kah] suggests a single word. However, the monosyllabic forms of certain common verbs ('to go' and 'to be') are often unstressed (e.g., <nao>ma ya</nao> ['ma ya] 'let him be gone!'), but for that reason alone cannot be written as clitics joined to a previous word. The argument for writing <nao>kah</nao> separately in <nao>na:n kah</nao> is that an intervening subject marker is found in forms such as <nao>na:n tunkah</nao> 'you are here.' Thus one could argue that <nao>na:nkah</nao> is actually <nao>na:n</nao> plus <nao>kah</nao> preceded by the zero subject marker of the 3rd person. However, the fact that the verb is preceded by <nao>on</nao>, or <nao>un</nao> suggests again that <nao>kah</nao> cannot occur alone. Perh aps the best solution f or now is to state that the copula and verb 'to be' of existence are written separately from any adverbial or other particle except in a few instances, such as <nao>na:nkah</nao>. More work needs to be done! \qry Check or confirm presence of final /h/ in present (/nunkah/) and its absence in the past (/nikatka/). When once I wanted to say of a certain item that I wished to buy, that it would be available in Zumpango I said /pa yes Sumpa:ngoh/ a listener (Elias Guerrero) laughed and asked me if Zumpango moves around. The proper way of saying what I wished to say is /yes Sumpa:ngoh/"it will be available in Zumpango."However, check the difference between /pa yes/ and /pa onyes/, etc. \ref 03311 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo melo:ntesoh \lxoa melo:nteson \lxoc melo:ntesoh, melo:nteson \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>meló:n</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo cantaloupe \sso melón \sem plant \sem domesticated \equiva tesomelo:n \xrb teson \nse The name of this melon derives from its rough skin, see <nla>tesontik</nla>. \nae As is often the case, Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl manifest a reversal of order between nominal head and attributive. \vl Link either female token but last male token, as example of final nasal. \ref 03312 \lxa kwa:tlapa:ni \lxac kwa:tlapa:ni \lxo kwa:tlapa:ni \lxoc kwa:tlapa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>kwa:tetlapa:ni</nao> \infv class-3a \se to split ones head open \ss descalabrarse \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapa: \nde The intensifier is usually used, particularly when referring to humans. \ref 03313 \lxa tila:wi \lxac tila:wi \lxo tila:wi \lxoc tila:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become thick (e.g., a covering, calluses, ice in a freezer, etc.) \ss hacerse grueso (p. ej., una capa de algo, callos, hielo en un congelador, etc.) \pna Yo:tetepetlatiak noma, yo:titila:w. \pea My hands have gotten calluses on them, (the skin) has gotten thick in places. \psa Se le salieron callos a mi mano, en varias partes la piel se puso gruesa. \pna Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w. \pea The cloud cover was becoming thick, now its been dispersed. \psa Las capa de nubes estaba quedando gruesa, ahora se dispersó. \se to get or become overgrown; to get a thick cover (e.g., a field with weeds or other types of underbrush [S]) \ss cubrirse o llenarse (p. ej., un terreno con maleza); ponerse espeso o denso (de maleza u otros tipos de hierbas [s] que invaden y cubren un terreno sembrado) \pna O:tlatila:w nochi ika chi:ka:lin. \pea It (an area) has become overgrown with <nla>chi:ka:lin</nla>. \psa Se ha puesto densa la maleza con <nla>chi:ka:lin</nla>. \pna Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w. Ye titlaximiktitok. \pea The weeds have really gotten overgrown, they've spread all over. You are letting things (e.g., your milpa) get overgrown with weeds. \psa La maleza está muy espesa, se ha llenado de maleza. Ya estás dejando que se cubriera de hierba. \pna Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l. \pea My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds. \psa Mi milpa se está cubriendo con maleza. \pna Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis! \pea Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let it (the field) get overgrown on you! \psa ¡Abrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza! \se to become laden (a tree with fruit) \ss llenarse o cubrirse (unárbol con fruta) \pna Yo:pe:w tila:wi komo:chitl, yo:pe:w miakia. \pea The <spn>guamúchil</spn> tree has become laden with fruit, it (the fruit) has become plentiful. \psa El guamúchil se ha cubierto de fruta, ya empezó a abundar. \se to become dense (a rain) \ss ser o llegar a ser fuerte (la lluvia) \pna Yo:pe:w tila:wi a:tl, yo:pe:w kiawi chika:wak. \pea The rain has started to get heavy, it's started to rain hard. \psa La lluvia ha empezado a caer con fuerza, ya empezó a llover fuerte. \se to rise or become deep (a river) \ss subir o llegar a ser profundo (un río) \pna Yo:pe:w tila:wi un a:te:ntli. Wekatlantia. \pea The river has started to rise. It has become deep. \psa El río ya empezó a subir. Ya se ha hecho profundo. \xrb tila: \nse Used impersonally this refers to a place that is overgrown, generally with weeds. It is virtually equivalent to <no>tlatila:wa</no> which has a subject, the weeds that are causing the overgrowth. According to Jeremías Cabrera the transitive form can take as a subject a particular plant, e.g., <no>tlatila:wa nomi:hla:n me:me:ya</no>. \qry Check how /tila:wi/ of /tlati:lawi/ can be used to refer to a milpa. Note that it is not clear whether the subject of /tila:wi/ is the plant or the milpa. The subject of <na>tila:wi</na> is at times unclear. In Ameyaltepec, it may be used in regard to fruit trees, or to vines such as cantaloupe and watermelon that bear a lot of fruit. In reference to weeds, <na>tila:wi</na> refers to the process whereby they overgrow a field, whereby they"become thick."The weeds are the subject of the intranstive verb, they are what become 'thick' at a specific location, the field. In reference to an area, the impersonal passive <na>tlatila:wi</na> is used. However, occasionally the field itself may be the subject of the verb <na>tila:wi</na>, which in this usage acquires the meaning of 'to become overgrown.' This usage is illustrated by the phrase <na>Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l</na>. \grm Impersonal passive: /O:tlatila:w nochi ika chi:ka:lin/ 'It (an area) has become overgrown with <nla>chi:ka:lin</nla>.' Note how the general process is referred to with an impersonal passive (with /tla-/) and the subject is moved to an oblique position, following /ika/. Cf. this to the antipassive is which the object is similarly marked in an oblique manner. \grm Resultatives; statives: in the phrase /Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w/, tentatively translated as 'The cloud cover was becoming thick, now they've dispersed,' is not entirely clear whether the best translation is a stative or a progressive. It might be possible to check this, although the precise manner of accomplishing this is not entirely clear. It would, however, seem that in the case of verbs ending in /-a:wi/ and /-a:wa/ the progressive is the best interpretation of such forms (e.g., /tila:wtok/, /toma:wtok/, /pitsa:wtok/, while the stative (or resultative) is represented by /tila:wak/, /toma:wak/, /pitsa:wak/, etc. If this is the case, then perhaps these should not be considered unaccusatives. \grm Subordinate/adverbial clause; syntax; antipassive: Note /Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l/ 'My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds.' Note the construction: Mod-N-Subordinator-Pred-N(sub). This is very similar to the syntax of Classical Nahuatl, in which case /ic/ is used before a verbal predicate to indicate that the preceding clause is subordinate. Cf. Lockhart and Launey on this subject. Lockhart (MS, p. 95) gives a use of /ic/ that is similar to the antipassive construction noted for Ameyaltepec: /cuix itla ic titlanahuatia/ 'Are you giving some order?' As he notes:"In this last case, /ic/ is used as a way of providing an object for a verb that is in effect intransitive. /Nahuatia/, to order, is used very often with the indefinite prefix /tla-/, after which it can no longer take a specific object. What /itla ic titlanahuatia/ says is 'you give orders with something, or about something.' \ref 03314 \lxa tlakowia \lxac notlakowian \lxo tlákowía \lxof ['tla ko 'wi a] \lxop tlakowia \lxoc kitlákowía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (recipr.; or refl. with <nao>-wa:n</nao>) to divide in half between, or with; to share (two individuals or groups, e.g., food, or other material objects) \ss (recipr.; o refl. con <na>-wa:n</na>) dividir en mitad entre, o con; compartir o compartir con (dos individuos o grupos, p. ej., comida u otros objetos materiales) \pna Timotlakowi:skeh, tla:tlako. \pea We're going to divide it between the two of us, a half for each. \psa Nos lo vamos a dividir entre nosotros dos, la mitad para cada quien. \pna I:wa:n o:timotlakowih. \pea You divided it up with him. \psa Te lo compartiste conél. \xrb tlahko \nse According to one consultant, most accurately, <na>tlakowia</na> is used for the act of dividing something between two individuals. For greater numbers of people <nla>xelowilia</nla> is the preferred term although one may also use <nla>onkawia</nla> \nae This verb may be used with a plural reflexive subject as a reciprocal, or it may be used with a subject (singular or plural) and an oblique argument (introduced by <nao>i:wa:n</nao>) with more or less the sense of 'to share with.' \qry Check whether three people can be the subject-refl. object in /o:timotlakowikeh/. Make sure the Oapan form is correct. In Am this is only a reciprocal. \grm Reflexive; oblique: In general note that in many cases there is an alternation of /timotlakowian/ and /iwan nimotlakowia/, This is general. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Here note that the pitch accent derives from coda {h} in the first stem syllable. Note that the p-a does not shift left, undoubtedly in part because the short vowel of the prefix does not attract the p-a, as well as the metric pattern of alternating stress. Cf. to /'tlató:ltia/ in which p-a shifts leftward because of the palatalization of the final consonant and the difference in final syllable structure [tia] vs [wi a] \ref 03315 \lxa toto:nia \lxac toto:nia \lxo toto:nia \lxoc toto:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to have a fever \ss tener calentura \pna Nika:n milá:k toto:nialo. \pea Here there are a lot of people with fever. \psa Aquíhay mucha fiebre (esto es, mucha gente enferma con fiebre). \se to become overheated (from exposure to the sun, particularly after hard work, playing sports, etc.) \ss calentarse (un ser animado por haber estado expuesto al sol, particularmente después de haber trabajado o jugado un deporte) \xrb to:n \nae There is no transitive verb (* <na>toto:nilia</na>) in this paradigm. There is a headword <nlao>toto:nilia</nlao>, but it is a ditransitive, the applicative of the transitive <na>toto:nia</na>. \grm Oapan phonology: the question of the voicing of stops needs to be researched. In the second male pronunciation the voicing of the second /t/ is quite clear. [to'do:nya]. However, my instincts (or ear) on these matters is very poor. The files have been separately saved and may perhaps be given to a phonetician for consultation. \vl Link first female token, second male token. \ref 03316 \lxa pa \lxac pa tekiti \lxo pa \lxoa mpa \lxoa ompa \lxoc pa tekiti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se there (preclitic used most often with verbs of existence or motion to indicate existence at a distant location outside of sight or extraverse movement, most often in a direction away from speaker) \ss allí(preclítico utilizado con verbos de existencia o movimiento para indicar existencia en un lugar distante o desplazamiento dejando atrás un punto deíctico, que generalmente está en una dirección alejada del hablante) \pna Pa yaw! Pero milá:k xtila:nili! \pea Here it goes (in this case an alcoholic drink being passed around)! But take a good hearty swig of it! \psa ¡Ahíva (en este caso una bebida alcohólica al pasarse de una persona a otra)! pero de veras,¡Chúpatela bien! \cfo paon \xrb pa \nse The adverbial preclitic <nao>pa</nao> is probably related to the postclitic <nao>pa</nao> that with adverbials means 'toward' (e.g., <nla>nepa</nla> 'toward there') while with quantifiers means 'times' (e.g., <na>o:kpa</na> 'two times.' Note that whereas adverbials of location can often occur independently, e.g., <nlao>nika:n</nlao> (for example, in response to a question <na>Ka:non ticha:nti?</na> 'Where do you live?' the response might be <na>Nika:n.</na> 'Here'), <nao>pa=</nao> cannot occur indepently but is precliticized to the verb although following orthographic convention, this particle is written as a separate word before a verb. \nae In Oapan one finds not only the alternation <no>po</no> and <no>pon</no>, depending on the initial letter of the following word, but <no>po on</no>. Thus <no>pon cha:nti</no>, <no>po on cha:nti</no> and <no>pa cha:nti</no>. \qry Note to self from above: [Note to self: continue discussion here under /lxa /ompa/]. Check other uses of /pa/ as an unbound morpheme: /pa nemi/, etc. Check with non 3rd person: /pa niaw/, /pa nies/? etc. Check things like /pa nitlakwa:s/, /pa nitekitis/, etc. Perhpas /ompa nitekitis/, etc. \grm Orthography: clitics are written with following predicates if these are one syllable. Thus: The adverbial preclitic <na>pa</na> is probably related to the postclitic <na>=pa</na> that with adverbials means 'toward' (e.g., <nla>nepa</nla> 'toward there') while with quantifiers means 'times' (e.g., <na>o:kpa</na> 'two times.' Note that whereas adverbials of location can often occur independently, e.g., <nla>nika:n</nla> (for example, in response to a question <na>Ka:non ticha:nti?</na> 'Where do you live?' the response might be <na>Nika:n.</na> 'Here'), <na>pa=</na> cannot occur indepently but is precliticized to the verb: <na>payaw</na>, though this is written <nao>pa yaw</nao> in boh Oapan and Ameyaltepec.. Following orthographic convention, this particle is written as a separate word before a verb with two or more syllables. \vl Use second female token for link. \ref 03317 \lxa teto:ktli \lxac teto:ktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \sea rock that is embedded inside the earth \ssa piedra o roca que está enterrada dentro de la tierra \pna Teto:ktli, ipan onye:wi moara:doh. \pea It is an embedded rock, your plow runs right up against it. \psa Es una piedra enterrada, tu arado se topa con ella. \xrb te \xrb to:ka \ref 03318 \lxa tlama:tsowaltsi:n \lxac tlama:tsowaltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \sea see <nba>tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n</nba> \ssa vé ase <nba>tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n</nba> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ma:ts \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry This entry should probably be removed. \ref 03319 \lxa chachawa \lxac chachawa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa pl. + meh \sea see <nla>tlanchachawa</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tlanchachawa</nla> \apa chachawatik \xrb chawa \qry Cf. comments under /chachawatik/. Check final for glottal stop and determine whether this is a noun or verb (I have it recorded as a noun). Also vowel length should be checked. Cf. Remi-Simeón /chachaua/"s. moho que cubre losárboles". Note that /cat code as N-ap is provisional. \ref 03320 \lxa kompa:likni:wtli \lxac i:kompa:likni:w \lxo kompa:nili:htli \lxoc nompa:nili:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan compadre \psm N \der N-b \se child of one's god-parents \ss hijo (o hija) de los padrinos de uno \xrb kni:w \nse In both Oapan and Ameyaltepec the stem (<no>kompa:nili:w</no> and <na>kompa:likni:w</na>, respectively) may be used as a vocative. However, the most common use of this term is in possessed form as a referent. \nde Note the loss of the initial /k/ after a possessive prefix that ends in /o/. In the 3rd person the possessed form would be <no>i:kompa:lniliw</no>. \qry Check as an address term. \ref 03321 \lxa tla:lmati \lxac tla:lmati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \tran +Caus (reduplicated only) \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \sea to know the lay of the land (i.e., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.) \ssa conocer bien el terreno (en su aspecto geográfico, p. ej., donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.) \pna Newa nitla:lmati, nikmastok ka:n tiaweh. \pea I know the lay of the land, I know where we are going. \psa Conozco bien el terreno, sédonde vamos. \fla tla:lmamaxtia \xrb tla:l \xrb mati \xvca tla:lmamaxtia \ref 03322 \lxa te:ntepi:stik \lxac te:ntepi:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a hard edge (e.g., a machete) \ssa tener unaborde dura (p. ej., un machete) \se to have a tight lid, cap, or top (e.g., a pot, container, bottle, etc.) \ss tener la tapadera bien apretada (e.g., una olla, recipiente, etc.); estar con el tapón bien metido (e.g., una botella) \syna te:ntili:ntok \syno te:ntili:ntok \xrb te:n \xrb pi:ts \dis te:ntili:ntok; te:tepi:stik; te:nkohtik \nae The etymology of <na>te:ntepi:stik</na> is unclear. It would seem at first glance to be related to <nla>pi:stik</nla>, which has the sense of 'tight-fitting.' If this were the case, then <n>te-</n> would be an intensifier. However, it is also possible (and perhaps more likely) that the etymological relationship is directly to <nla>tepi:tsiwi</nla> or <nla>tepi:stik</nla>, with the sense of 'hard,' 'resistent,' 'stout,' etc. It is likely that the two stems, <nr>pi:ts</nr> and <nr>tepi:ts</nr> are related, but for now they have been analyzed as distinct. \ref 03323 \lxa pa:chichi:na \lxac kipa:chichi:na \lxo pa:chi:na \lxoc kipa:chi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a \se to suck on (e.g., a sweet, a popsicle, or even the end of a cigarrette if it is not lit) \ss chupar (p. ej., un dulce, una paleta, o hasta el cabo de un cigarro, si no está encendido) \xrb pa: \xrb chi:na \dis pa:chichi:na; pipi:na; chi:chi \nae <na>Pa:chichi:na</na> (Am) and <no>pa:chi:na</no> (Oa) have the archaic root for water <nr>pa:</nr> and probably <na>chi:(na)</na>, which is perhaps related to <na>chi:chi</na> 'to suckle (e.g., as a baby on its mother's breast).' \vl Link first female and second male token. \ref 03324 \lxa pitsotlatsihki \lxac pitsotlatsihki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea to be real lazy (like a pig, lying around doing nothing) \ssa ser muy flojo (como un marrano, que se la pasa acostado, no haciendo nada) \xrb pitso \xrb tlats \nae One would perhaps expect the form ? <na>pitsotlatski</na>. The form <nla>tlatsihki</nla> has also been documented, but is extremely rare. It might even be an imitation of speech from a neighboring dialect. In a discussion with Roberto Mauricio and Inocencio Díaz the general opinion was that <nla>tlayehli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tláyehlí</nlo> (Oa) were more common associated with pigs (e.g., <na>pitsotlayehli</na>) whereas laziness is associated (at least in Ameyaltepec) dogs (<na>titlatski ke:n chichi</na>). However, in general the compound forms with animals indicating character traits are not common and most often said in jest. \qry Check for possibility of pitsotlatski. Also check whether simply tlatsihki exists. \ref 03325 \lxa xo:pantsi:n \lxaa xoxo:pantsi:n \lxac xo:pantsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea (rare) term of San Juan Tetelcingo, occasionally used in Ameyaltepec, synonymous with <nba>to:moiswatl</nba>, a name of a cactus still not identified \ssa (raro) término de San Juan Tetelcingo, ocasionalmente usado en Ameyaltepec, sinónimo con <nba>to:moiswatl</nba>, nombre de un tipo de cactus todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb xo: \xrl -pan \nct to:motli \nse In San Juan Tetelcingo the lexeme <nt>xo:pantsi:n</nt> is used for what in Ameyaltepec is called <nba>to:moiswatl</nba>. However, Ameyaltepequeños know this term and will occasionally, though rarely, use it. I have also heard the term <na>xoxo:pantsi:n</na> used in Ameyaltepec, but this might well have been uttered by someone trying to communicate to me a term with which he was very unfamiliar. \ref 03326 \lxa tlatska:kokolistli \lxac tlatska:kokolistli \lxo tlatska:kokolistli \lxoc tlatska:kokolistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \seo feeling of being under the weather and without energy \sso un sentir de estar sin la energía para moverse \syna tlatsihka:kokolistli \fla tlatsihka:kokolistli \xrb tlats \xrb koko \vl Use second female token. \qry I had this note under /tlatsihka:kokolistli/, which has been deleted. 'To date two cognate forms have been documented: <na>tlatsihka:kokolistli</na> (Am) and <no>tlatska:kokolistli</no>. The variation among dialects reflects the two alternatives to compound forms for verbs that end in <n>-iwi</n>. The first is a participial form derived from the shortened (perfective) stem; this is the most common way of compounding verbs. The second is the simple verb stem (in this case <nr>tlats</nr>) without the verbal <n>-iwi</n> ending.' \ref 03327 \lxa teko:ntia \lxac teko:ntia \lxo teko:ntia \lxoc teko:ntia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to sag (a hammock, bed, or similar object that can stretch and sag or become concave; or a hat with a brim that sags down) \ss combarse; hundirse en medio (una hamaca, cama u otro objeto similar que puede quedar combada o con una forma concava; o un sombrero a que las alas cayen hacia abajo). \se to sink in (e.g., soft land) \ss sumirse; hundirse (p. ej., tierra suave) \xrb te \xrb ko:m \qry See comments with /teko:ntli/ re: vowel length. \ref 03328 \lxa kakaya:wa \lxac kikakaya:wa \lxo kákayá:wa \lxop kakaya:wa \lxoc kí:kayá:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to trick or fool (e.g., in selling sth old as new, in promising sth that cannot be delivered, etc.) \ss engañar o embustir; vacilar (p. ej., al vender algo viejo como nuevo, al prometer algo que no se puede cumplir, etc.) \pna Xmitskakaya:was. \pea He won't fool (trick) you (e.g., by selling faulty merchandise, by not delivering sth promised). \psa No te va a engañar (p. ej., al vender mercancía defectuosa, al no entregar algo prometido). \pna Suwa:tl no: wel kikakaya:wa iwe:wentsi:n, xmlá:k patioh tli:n o:kikow. \pea Women can also trick their husbands, what she bought (in a particular case referred to) wasn't really expensive (as she had said in order to keep the money that was left over). \psa La mujer también puede engañar a su esposo, lo que compró(en un caso en particular) no fue asíde caro (como ella había dicho para que se pudiera quedar con el sobrante). \se cuckhold; cheat on (a spouse) \ss ponerle los cuernos a (un esposo o esposa) \pna Kikakaya:wa iwe:wentsi:n, kipia imekaw. \pea She cuckholds her husband, she has a lover. \psa Le pone los cuernos a su esposo, tiene un amante. \se to have as a lover (said of an older woman [S] who has a younger man as a lover [O], who is"fooled") \ss tener como amante (dicho de una mujer mayor [S] quien tiene un hombre más joven como amante [O], quien"se engaña") \xrb kaya: \vl Link first female token, either male. \ref 03329 \lxa kupa:ktekolo:tl \lxac kupa:ktekolo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, <l>Glaucidium gnoma</l>, <l>G. griseiceps</l>, or a closely related species \ssa tipo de buho pequeño, quizá <l>Glaucidium gnoma</l>, <l>G. griseiceps</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360 \equivao metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \equivo papahtekolo:tl \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kopa:k \xrb tekolo: \qry Check stems and etymology. In one entry I had a long /a:/ and in the other a short /a/: check vowel length. \cpl The <na>kopa:ktekolo:tl</na> is a <na>to:to:tl</na> about the size of a <na>wi:lo:tl</na>. It is not a <na>tekolo:tl</na>. Speakers describe it as the color <na>tekoch</na>, with black and whitish lines. It has horns like an owl (hence, probably, its name). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this alternatively as the 'gavilancillo' and the 'cuatillo.' Schoenhals (1988:414) says of the <na>gavilancillo</na> "(<i>Falco sparverius</i>) 'American kestrel' See cernícalo"Apparently it is also known as the <i>gavilancillo chillón</i>, and the gavilancillo mexicano. Under cernícalo:""(<na>Falco sparverius</na>) 'American kestrel' [formerly 'sparrow hawk'] Widspread in winter. Mostly reddish-brown with gray and black wings. The reddish-brown on back and tail is characteristic of species. No other small hawk customarily hovers briefly above prey. Also called aguililla, cernícalo chitero, cuije, espantavenado, gavilán chico, gavilán chitero, gavilán hielero, gavil 5;n pollero, gavilán primito, gav ilán ratonero, gavilancillo, gavilancillo chillón, gavilancillo mexicano, gavilancito enano, gavilucho, gritador, halconcillo, liclic." \ref 03330 \lxa cholo:ltia \lxac kicholo:ltia \lxo cholo:ltia \lxoc kicholo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to let escape (an animal, particularly because it had been poorly tied up) \ss dejar escapar (un animal, particularmente por haberse atado mal) \pna Xo:tsa:loh mokaba:yoh. O:yah ika imekayo, o:tcholo:ltih. \pea You didn't hitch your horse up right. It ran away with all and lasso, you let it escape. \psa No amarraste bien a tu caballo. se fue con todo y lazo, lo dejaste escapar. \seao to cause to run away (e.g., an animal that ones is trying to capture) \ssao ahuyentar (p. ej., un animal que uno está tratando de agarrar) \seao to take and elope with (a girlfriend) \ssao fugarse con (una novia) \pna O:kicholo:tih un te:lpokawah ne:nkah ichpokawah. \pea That boy eloped with that girl over there. \psa Ese muchacho se fugócon aquella muchacha. \xrb cholo \xvbao cholowa \grm Note re: causative of /Xo:tsa:loh mokaba:yoh. O:yah ika imekayo, o:tcholo:ltih/ 'You didn't hitch your horse up right. It ran away with all and lasso, you let it escape'. Here the meaning of the causative is"let"not"make."Note this and cf. Comrie's discussion of the point. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03331 \lxa tomi \lxac totomi \lxo tomi \lxop tomi \lxoc tótomí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-mi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \sea to become untwisted (sth twisted such as a rope) \ssa desamarrarse (algo atado como un laso) \se (reduplicated with short vowel) to become untied \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatarse \xrb tom \nae Although <nao>totomi</nao> has only been documented in reduplicated form it is entered under <na>tomi</na> given that the transitive, <nlao>toma</nlao>, does occur unreduplicated (though here too, the reduplicated form, is most common). According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) both long and short vowel reduplicative forms are used. She said the meanings are equivalent, although perhaps more research and analysis will reveal differences in meaning or use. See also <nlao>tomilia</nlao>. \ref 03332 \lxa yeyekatetl \lxac yeyekatetl \lxo yéye:átetl \lxoa yéye:kátetl \lxoc yéye:átetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se idol (archeaological figurine from the prehispanic period made of stone) \ss ídolo (figura de piedra de laépoco prehispánica) \xrb e:ka \xrb te \nae Acoustically it seems that the duration of the second syllable in Oapan <no>yéye:átetl</no> is short. However, it is still represented orthographically as long given the difficult in determining length of dipthongs and given that no obvious rule for vowel-shortening in this context has been determined. \vl Use first female and first male token. \ref 03333 \lxa i:xpi:lin \lxac i:xpi:lin \lxo i:xpi:lin \lxoc i:xpi:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se type of very small insect \ss tipo de insecto muy pequeño \sem animal \sem insect \cfo i:xpi:lwia \xrb i:x \xrb pi:l \nae The vowel length of the initial /i:/ in Oapan seems to last a little shorter than one might expect (Florencia Marcelino has 86 ms for both tokens and Inocencio Jiménez has 103 and 98 ms). Nevertheless, this is well within the range of duration of long vowels. \nct sa:yo:lih \qry Check vowel length of second /i:/; perhaps related to root /pi:l/. \vl Use first female token and first male token. \ref 03334 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:mokohtli peyá:stik \lxoa tó:mokohtli piyá:stik \lxoc tó:mokohtli peyá:stik, tó:mokohtli piyá:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn w-to-h; N1 \seo type of cactus with inner rods used in the roofing of thatched huts and to make beds: for beds the rods are extracted and stripped clean and dried, then placed parallel and held together by intertwined cord to make a flexible plaform \sso tipo de cactus con varas internas que se utilizan en los techos de casas de palma o pasto y para camas: para las camas se ponen paralelas y se atan con cuerda entrelazada para hacer una plataforma flexible \sem plant \sem cactus \equiva ó:rganoh de no:xtli para tlapextli \equiva ó:rganoh de tlapextli \equivo tó:mokóhtli de tlapextli \xrb to:moh \xrb kow \xrb peya:s \nse At times this cactus is called simply <nlao>tlapextli</nlao>. \cpl Originally both Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo did not classify this as a <na>to:motli</na> given that they did not know that it bore fruit (apparently the defining feature for classifying plants as <na>to:motli</na>). However, Silvestre Pantaleón was familiar with the fruit of this cactus. \nct to:motli \ilustmp Make illustration, photos. \vl Use second female token, use second male token. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent. Note that the phrase /tó:mokohtli peyá:stik/ has two high-pitched syllables. Likewise /tó:motlí/ has two high-pitched syllables. I think that the best interpretation at this point is that one pitch accent is lexical (from the coda {h} at {moh}) and the other is intonational. Under this analysis the pitch accent of /tó:motlí/ is derived from lexical and intonational pitch-stress, where intonational p-a is applied across the stress phrase. The total p-a is from the two. If I remember right I had recorded a phrase that I transcribed as /nopáyekómó:stla/. It might well be that this transcription is in error and the proper orthography is /nopáyeko mó:stla/. This is probably the case. But, in the event that the correct orthography is /nopáyekómó:stla/, then I think it would be necessary to analyze the system as having two intonational phrases. \ref 03335 \lxa kwa:polokayowa \lxac kwa:polokayowa \lxo kwa:popolokayowa \lxoc kwa:popolokayowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \infv class-4a \sea to get dandruff \ssa quedarse con caspa \se (fig.) to get dust and dirt in ones hair \ss (fig.) quedarse con polvo y mugre en el cabello \pna Yo:nikwa:polokayowak, melá:k nikwa:tlatla:hloh. \pea I got dust and dirt in my hair, my head is really filthy. \psa Se me llenó el pelo de polvo y mugre, mi cabeza está muy sucia. \seo to get the dust and chaff from maize in ones hair \sso llenarse el cabello del polvo de maíz (al limpiarlo) \xrb kwa: \xrb poloka \nse Apparently in Oapan the verbal intransitive of this paradigm is used only to refer to getting dust and chaff from maize in ones hair. Perhaps this is because dandruff is not something that one acquires (at least not visibly) but rather than one"has." \qry Check the Ameyaltepec meaning and lack of reduplication. \qry Check if simply ?polokatl exists. \ref 03336 \lxa yewaltekiti \lxac yewaltekiti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \seao to work during the night; to work the night shift (often used as a metaphor for 'to make love at night' though it can also refer to the night shift in factories, mines, etc.) \ssao trabajar por o durante la noche; trabajar en turno nocturno (a menudo una metáfora para 'hacer el amor durante la noche' aunque también se puede emplear para indicar el trabajo en una fábrica, etc.) \sea to make love at night \ssa hacer el amor por la noche \pna A:man me:roh yewaltekiti, Kemech o:nona:miktih. \pea Now he's right in the middle of the"night shift,"he just got married. \psa Ahora está en medio del"turno nocturno", apenas se casó. \xrb yowa \xrb teki \qry The circumlocution for Oapan Nahuatl would be / \ref 03337 \lxa milowa \lxac kimi:milowa \lxo milowa \lxoc kimi:milowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., sth flat such as a mat or piece of paper) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar (p. ej., algo plano como un petate u hoja de papel) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to roll along (e.g., a stone along the ground, pushing sth end over end) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer rodar (p. ej., una piedra por el suelo que se voltea un lado por otro, etc.) \pna Xmi:milo un tetl na:nika deke xtike:wa! San xkwa:lkweptiw! \pea Roll that rock along in this direction if you can't pick it up! Just move it along toward here by turning it over and over! \psa ¡Si no la puedes levantar, haz rodar esa piedra en esta dirección! solamente tienes que venirlo volteando hacia acá. \se (refl.) to roll around on the ground \ss (refl.) revolcarse en el suelo \pna San notemimilowa, o:notlawe:ltih. \pea He's just thrashing about on the ground (i.e. rolling back and forth), he put himsefl into a fit. \psa Nada más se está revolcando en el suelo, está haciendo berrinche. \xrb mil \nse This verb has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists, with a semantic difference between the two forms, the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. According to Florencia Marcelino the long vowel reduplication is used with a ball or rock that rolls along, the short vowel reduplication is used with straw mats, amate, etc., i.e., things that are rolled up in one place. \nae The reduplication pattern on the 8 tokens of this word, with long vowel reduplication, is interesting because it shows quite clearly how it is the relationship between the duration of the reduplicant and stem vowel, and not an absolute value, that is the most important. The values, taken from a quick read based on the first formant drop for the nasal /m/ is as follows (in ms, the first number is the reduplicant vowel duration the second number is the duration of the initial vowel of the stem): Florencia Marcelino (123-74, 137-87, 118-64, 119-71); Inocencio Jiménez (112-41, 101-54, 91-49, 86-57). \qry Check to make sure that an unreduplicated form exists. Even if it doesn't, keep this entry and make a final determination whether there should be a x-ref at the unreduplicated forms. \grm Reduplication: long and short vowels: /milowa/ has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. According to Florencia Marcelino the long vowel reduplication is used with a ball or rock that rolls along, the short vowel reduplication is used with straw mats, amate, etc., i.e., things that are rolled up in one place. Re: duration: The reduplication pattern on the 8 tokens of this word, with long vowel reduplication, is interesting because it shows quite clearly how it is the relationship between the duration of the reduplicant and stem vowel, and not an absolute value, that is the most important. The values, taken from a quick read based on the first formant drop for the nasal /m/ is as follows (in ms, the first number is the reduplicant vowel duration the second number is the duration of the initial vowel of the stem): Florencia Marcelino (123-74, 137-87, 118-64, 119-71); Inocencio Jiménez (112-41, 101-54, 91-49, 86-57). What seems to be the case is that at least in some cases of IJ, the duration of the reduplicant is shorter than expected for a long vowel, but that the salience of this vowel length is marked by a reduction in the duration of the second vowel. Cf. to unreduplicated /milowa/ and /miliwi/ if possible. \ref 03338 \lxa yekaxi:ma \lxac kiyekaxi:ma \lxo yekaxi:ma \lxoc kiyekaxi:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to shave the end of (particularly to sharpen, e.g, a wooden stake) \ss cepillar el cabo de (particularmente para sacarle filo, p. ej., a una estaca) \pna O:kiyekapi:tsokeh. O:kiyekaxixi:nkeh para o:yekapi:tsiw. \pea They sharpened its end (in this case a stake). They shaved off its end so that it would get a sharp point. \psa Le sacaron filo a su cabo (en este caso a una estaca). Le cepillaron su cabo para que fuera puntiagudo. \xrb yeka \xrb xi:ma \nde Note that Florencia Marcelino stated that it is more precise to refer to sharpening the point of with the word <nlo>yekapi:tsowa</nlo>. Nevertheless, when one sharpens something such as a pencil with a razor one might also say <no>kiyekaxi:xi:ma</no>. \qry I had this Am definition in my notes: '(with long vowel reduplication) to trim the points of (e.g., the shoots of a hedge)'; C. Flores did not know of this usage and it is otherwise unconfirmed. It has been temporarily removed. \ref 03339 \lxa tetemonextsi:n \lxac *tetemonextsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of tree still unidentified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb te \xrb mohnex \nct kohtli \qry I have no documentation on this besides its presence in a list of trees. Luis Lucena mention that he was not sure of the identification of this tree, which he said was <na>ke:n tlako:tl</na>. It might be in error and should be checked. Note that care must be taken on how to code the morphology of this compound. For now /monextsi:n/ is considered an adjectival modifier of /te/ reduplicated, but this might well be in error. If the word is correct, get interpretations of meaning of this. \ref 03340 \lxa kaman \lxo kaman \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-b \seao see <nlao>xkaman</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>xkaman</nlao> \sea (<na>kwe:ntah</na> ~) \ssa (<na>kwe:ntah</na> ~) \pna Kwe:ntah kaman tikte:ihlitinemis. \pea It's \xrb kaman \ref 03341 \lxa ni:n \lxacpend ni:n \lxo ni:n \lxoc ni:n se: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Coord \der Coord \se (~ + [negative predicate|) not even; neither \ss (~ + [predicado negativo]) ni \pna Tlantetekpa:ntok, ni:n se: xwetsi itlan. \pea His teeth are all lined up, not even one has fallen out. \psa Tiene todos los dientes alineados, ni uno se ha caído. \pna Xnihkwa nakatl, ni:n de pionakatl. \pea I don't eat meat, not even chicken. \psa No como carne, ni pollo. \pna Ni:n"a"wa:n ni:n"e"xweli. \pea He doesn't even know his abc's (i.e., he can't read or write). \psa Ni sabe"a"ni sabe"b"(esto es, no sabe leer ni escribir). \pna Motech yo:welkeh moyo:lka:wa:n, ne:si ni:n se: xmiki. \pea Your animals reproduced under your care, it appears that not even one has died. \psa Tus animales se reprodujeron bajo tu cuidado, parece que ni uno se murió. \pna Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech. \pea It would be better to ask for that there land in the open. It doesn't have rocks and it isn't steeply inclined. \psa Sería mejor pedir esa tierra allá donde hay campo. No tiene piedras y ni está inclinada. \se (~ <na>tli:n</na>) not a thing; nothing \ss (~ <na>tli:n</na>) ni una cosa; nada en absoluto \pna Ni:n tli:n weli. \pea He can't do a thing (i.e., he doesn't know how to do anything). \psa No puede (sabe) hacer ni una cosa. \pna Ni:n tli:n xnikmati. \pea I know nothing whatsoever. \psa No sé absolutamente nada. \pna Ni:n tli:n, xtlah o:ntlaxtlaw. \pea Not I thing, I didn't pay anything. \psa Ni nada, no paguénada. \seao (~ <na>se:</na>) not even one; neither \ssao (~ <na>se:</na>) ni uno ni otro; ninguna \pna Ni:n se: nikwelita. \pea I don't like not even one (not any of them). \psa Ni uno me gusta (o, ninguna me gusta). \syna niun \xrb ni:n \nse The phrase <na>ni:n tli:n xnikmati</na> contains a double negative; <na>ni:n tli:n weli</na> does not. Apparently both forms are acceptable though the double negative is perhaps more common. \nae In Ameyaltepec the form <nla>niun</nla>, apparently a loan from Spanish <spn>ni un</spn> is perhaps more common with the sense of 'not even...' \qry Check forms such as /ni:n tli:n weli/ vs. /ni:n tli:n xweli/ and /ni:n se: nikwelita/ vs. ?/ni:n se: xnikwelita/. \ref 03342 \lxa te:tla:kaitalistli \lxac te:tla:kaitalistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \sea respect (for people) \ssa respeto (a la gente) \xrb tla:ka \xrb ita \nde In Oapan the impersonal construction (<no>xok te:tla:kaitalo</no>) is used to convey a similar meaning, the lack of general respect for people. \ref 03343 \lxa opilo:ni \lxac *opilo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \infn N1 \sea (ritual) young girl who is chosen, indicated, selected (referring to a adolescent girl who has been selected by a boy for courtship) \ssa (ritual) muchacha que es la escogida, seleccionada, indicada (en referencia a una joven que ha sido escogida por un muchacho) \sem ritual \xrb pi \nse The etymology of this word (as indeed it precise form) in open to doubt. It is mentioned in a <na>we:we:tlahlo:hli</na> by don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec in the following phrase: <na>Kas yewatsi:n iswalo:ni, opilo:ni. Kas na:nika o:mapiloh</na>. Don Pascual García said of <na>opilo:ni</na> <na>kito:sneki o:tikma:pilwilih</na>, 'it means that you pointed it out to him/her.' Yet the meaning and correct pronunciation is still in doubt. The initial /o/ might reflect /on-/ and the /pil/ element (which might have either a long or short vowel) could refer to pointing. However, <na>pilo</na> might be the passive of the transitive verb <na>pi</na> which can have the sense of 'to pluck or to pick.' This would be in accord with other metaphors in the speech that refer to a young ear of corn (the potential bride) being plucked off the stem. \qry Check with native speakers on pronunciation, meaning, and derivation. \ref 03344 \lxa i:xte:ntekoyaktik \lxac i:xte:ntekoyaktik \cfa i:xte:ntekoyaktik \lxo i:xte:ntekoyahtik \lxoc i:xte:ntekoyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se to have a hollow eye socket (e.g., a person or animal after death) \ss tener la cuenca del ojo vacía (p. ej., una persona o animal después de morir) \pna San ti:xte:ntekoyaktik yes. \pea You will have hollow eye sockets (e.g. when you die). \psa Vas a tener las cuencas de los ojos vacías (p. ej. después de morir). \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb te- \xrb koya: \qry Check to see if the nonreduplicated form is correct, or whether for the entry and example sentence it should be /i:xte:ntekokoyaktik/. Also determine whether this can refer to an opening, such as a buttonhole, that is wide and stretched out. \ref 03345 \lxa -tiki:sa \lxac timitsa:ntiki:sa \lxo -tiki:sa \lxoc nimitsa:ntiki:sa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a/associated motion \se to do [verb] in passing (in an direction away from a particular deictic point of reference) \ss to do [verbo] al pasar (en una dirección extraversa desde un punto deíctico en particular) \pna Timitsno:tstiki:sa. Xne:xchia mocha:n! \pea I'll pick you up (lit. 'call you') on my way (there). Wait for me at your house! \psa Te voy a recoger (lit. 'llamarte') de paso (hacia allá).¡Espérame en tu casa! \se (with the directional prefix <n>wa:l-</n>) to do [verb] in passing (toward a particular deictic point of reference) \ss (con el prefijo direccional <n>wa:l-</n>) to do [verbo] al pasar (hacia un punto deíctico en particular) \pna O:niwa:ltlakwatiki:s Iguala. \pea I stopped to eat in Iguala on my way here. \psa Comíde paso en Iguala antes de llegar aquí. \xrb ki:sa \nse The aspectual marker <nao>-tiki:sa</nao> is not combined with the directional prefix <n>on-</n> but only with <n>wa:l-</n>. That is, the semantics of <na>-tiki:sa</na> contain an implicit extraverse directionality. \ref 03346 \lxa chia:wistli \lxac chia:wistli \lxo chia:wistli \lxoc chia:wistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(:) \se fat or lard (of an animal) \ss grasa o manteca (de un animal) \pna Mlá:k kipia chia:wistli, yo:toma:w. \pea It's really got a lot of fat on it (an animal), it's already fattened up. \psa Tiene muchísima grasa, ya engordó. \pna... ichia:wisio pió \pea... chicken fat \psa... grasa de gallina \xrb chiya: \qry Check to make certain poss. cannot be simply of /chiya:wis/. Recheck vowel length in measuring environment. It is difficult to hear here. \qry Check with a phonetician for glide presence. It might be that there is not, phonetically a glide. Nevertheless, it might be good to keep with /y/ in the orthography for standardization and to keep the CVCV pattern constant across lexemes. \ref 03347 \lxa tlapia \lxac tlapia \lxo tlápiá \lxop tlapia \lxoc tlápiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V1 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se to keep watch over (e.g., a house as a custodian or caretaker) \ss cuidar; vigilar (p. ej., una casa por un custodio) \pna San tlapia. \pea He's just keeping watch. \psa Solamente está cuidando el lugar. \pna Yewa tlapixtok. \pea He's taking care (of a house, water hole, etc.). \psa El está cuidando (algo como una casa, un pozo, etc.). \xrb hpiya \nse As clear from the Oapan form <no>tlápiá</no> there is an underlying {h}, a stem-initial {h} that becomes the coda of the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Apparently {-hpia} occurs only with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>, whereas {pia} occurs only with referential, specific objects. \qry The form /ne:chpipia/ should also be checked as to whether it is underlyingly {ne:chpihpia}. Also, perhaps the entire entry should be restructured. Note that there are certain verbs that seem to be {hVerb} after a /tla-/ object and {Verb} after a specific object. Thus cf. {tlahchinowa} vs. {kichihchinowa}: Check all other forms: /ne:chpilia/, /ne:chtlapialia/, etc. etc. \qry Make sure that Ameyaltepec has /tlapia/ with this sense, cognate to Oapan /tlápiyá/. Also make sure (cf. discussion under /mati/) that this verb occurs only with the /tla-/ prefix and cannot take specific markers (e.g., for Oapan *kípiyá) \qry Note taht at tape 19-2 at 10:35, Inocencio Jiménez seems to utter /kitlápiyá/. This suggests that /tlápiyá/ might take a specific object only. This should be checked. \vl Use second female and first male token. \ref 03348 \lxa -kwa:tipan \lxac i:kwa:tipan \lxo -kwa:tipan \lxoc i:kwa:tipan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-tipan \infn N2(loc) \se overhead of; above of \ss arriba de; colgado sobre \pna O:kitakeh por prime:ra bes ke:no:n o:pano:k inkwa:tipan tlakpak. \pea They saw for the first time how it (in this case an airplane) passed high over their heads. \psa Vieron por primera vez como (en este caso un avión) pasó arriba de ellos. \pna Mokwa:tipan pilkatok. \pea It is hanging above your head. \psa Estácolgado arriba de tu cabeza. \se at the top of (e.g., a pole, a building, or, in general, a tall, standing object) \ss en la parte alta de (p. ej., un palo, un edificio o, en general, un objeto alto y parado) \pna Kipia -se: xiwtli- se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan. \pea It (in this case a certain type of weed) has a little round thing (like a bud) at the top (of its stalk). \psa Tiene (en este caso un tipo de maleza) una bolita (como botón) arriba (donde termina su tallo). \xrb kwa: \xrl -tipan \nse The obligatorily possessed locative construction <nao>-kwa:tipan</nao> generally refers to a location above the head of some vertically standing object (e.g., a person, a building, a plant, a stick, etc.), i.e., located in the air above some object (the"possessor"). It may at times be used to refer to the location above some horizontal object, such as a person lying on a bed; in this sense it is interchangeable with <nao>-kwa:tlan</nao>. \qry Apparently <na>kwa:tipan</na> does not does not accept /te:-/. Check.. Check to see if /-kwa:tlan/ refers only to this type of"being above"(i.e., of a horizontal object) and not to the"altitude"difference above something standing. \ref 03349 \lxa ma:tsiwtok \lxac ma:tsiwtok \lxo ma:tsihtok \lxoc ma:tsihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be folded over and pressed together (like a tortilla made into a taco, a closed book, etc.) \ss estar doblado y apachurado (como una tortilla hecha un taco, un libro cerrado, etc.) \pna Ma:tsiwtok un petlatl, o:postek. \pea That petate is folded over on itself, it (its palm) got broken. \psa Ese petate está doblado, se rompió(la palma). \xrb ma:ts \nse In reference to brittle objects such as a petate, <nao>ma:tsiwi</nao> is used to indicate that the petate was folded over so that one edge touched the other as would occur when someone folds a mat over loosely and then another person places a heavy object on it, breaking the palm and causing the petate to be crushed down on itself. \vl Use first female pronunciation. \ref 03350 \lxa tsina:kan kuwtli \lxac tsina:kan kuwtli \lxo tsona:n kohtli \lxoa tsona:ka kohtli \lxoc tsona:n kohtli \lxt tsina:kan kohtle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of tree of the Leguminosae family, still not identified \ss tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado \xrb tsina:kan \xrb kow \sem plant \sem kohtli \nse According to several consultants, the wood of this tree is not used except for firewood. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>árbol de murciélago</spn>. I have not been able to locate anything similar in Schoenhals (1988). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have nothing that suggests this tree except perhaps (p. 84) the tree called in Spanish <spn>sasanaco</spn> or <spn>tzatzanaco</spn>, of the family <i>Ulmaceae</i> of the genus/species <i>Celtis caudata</i>. According to Silvestre Pantaleón the leaves of this tree are called"deer hoves"(<no>i:mátlapáltsi:n i:sti masa:tl</no>) for the form of the leaves and their distribution on the stem. When they are pressed into the sand they leave a pattern like deer hooves. \nct kohtli \qry This entry was taken from a list of trees where I did not record vowel length. Thus it should be checked against the entry for /tsina:kan/ and corrected if necessary. Check /tsona:n kohtli/ and cf. to /tsonaka/. \grm Oapan phonology: The rule 0>/n/ is not uncommon in Oapan. Note that the word for 'bat' in Oapan is /tsona:ka/ with a final glotal stop automatically inserted. \ref 03351 \lxa tetsi:lowa \lxac kitetsi:lowa \lxo tetsi:lowa \lxoc kitetsi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to tightly twist (particularly the strands used in making rope or cord) \ss torcer apretadamente (particularmente los hilos para hacer sogas o cordeles) \pna Poxa:wak mola:soh, xokitetsi:loh kwahli. \pea The strands of your rope are loose (not tightly twisted together), he (its maker) didn't tighten it as he twined it together (with a <spn>taravía</spn>). \psa Tu riata está floja, no lo torcióbien (él que la hizo, con una taravía). \pna Kitetsi:lowa i:loh. \pea He is twisting strands of cord (to make a rope). \psa Estátorciendo hilos (para hacer un laso). \xrb tetsi:l \nse The transitive verb <nao>tetsi:lowa</nao> most often refers to the process of twisting threads into a rope or cord, or into the <spn>cordón</spn> used in burials. \mod Illustrate cordón used for burials. \rt Note the connection between verbs roots such as <nr>ko:tsi:l</nr> and <nr>tetsi:l</nr>, both of which have to do with twisting. The former seems to refer to the twisting associated with cramps and, in regards to rope, to a twisting that leaves the rope with twisted knots that occur when the rope is twisted too tight. The root <nr>tetsi:l</nr> on the other hand, seems to refer to the twisting that occurs with things such as strands of rope that are intertwined. A more detailed determined should be made of these two roots and the different subjects and objects that they may take. \ref 03352 \lxa tlanechiko:hli \lxac tlanechiko:hli \lxo tlanechiko:hli \lxoc tlanechiko:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se brew; concoction of medicinal herbs or insects used as a remedy \ss brebaje, remedio hecho de varios hierbas medicinales o insectos \se contribution; collection (i.e., money or other items that have been collected among a group, such as a village) \ss cooperación; colecta; contribución (esto es, dinero u otras cosas que se juntan entre un grupo, como una comunidad) \pna San de tlanechiko:hli. \pea It (e.g., money, maize, etc.) is just from a collection (e.g., as the result of village-wide contributions). \psa Ello (p. ej., dinero, maíz, etc.) sólo viene de una cooperación (p. ej., a nivel de pueblo). \pna Nikte:wi:kilia jusga:doh ika tlanechiko:ltsitsi:nteh. \pea I owe money to the village authorities for community collections. \psa Debo dinero en el juzgado por varias contribuciones. \cfa pai:hli \xrb nechik \dis pai:hli; tlanechiko:hli \nse According to Luis Lucena (Am) the difference between <na>tlanechiko:hli</na> and <na>pai:hli</na> is that the former is boiled whereas a <na>pai:hli</na> is not. Note that although <na>tlanechiko:hli</na> was documented as a nominal form meaning 'collection' Cristino Flores denied that the nominal form existed and accepted only the verbal <nla>tlanechikowa</nla>. According to Cristino Flores this term is also used to refer to animals that bite and swarm such as wasps, bees, etc. \qry The above is not the difference that C. Flores gave. \ref 03353 \lxa kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxac kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxo kwá:tlatlá:hloh \lxoc kwá:tlatlá:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have a head that is full of dust and dirt \ss tener la cabeza muy mugrosa con polvo y tierra \pna Yo:nikwa:polokayowak, melá:k nikwa:tlatla:hloh. \pea I got dust and dirt in my hair, my head is really filthy. \psa Se me llenó el pelo de polvo y mugre, mi cabeza está muy sucia. \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:l \qry The verbal cognates of <na>kwa:tlatla:hloh</na> probably exists and will need to be elicited. Also check if the nonreduplicated form exists. \ref 03354 \lxa kaba:yoh \lxac kaba:yoh \lxo kaba:yoh \lxoc kaba:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan caballo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se horse \ss caballo \sem animal \sem domes \cfa tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh \nct yo:lki \ref 03355 \lxa ikxipiltopo:ni \lxac ikxipiltopo:ni \lxo ixipiltopo:ni \lxoc ixipiltopo:ni; ixipiltótopó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to have ones toe split open (e.g., after stubbing it hard) \ss reventarsele el dedo de pie (p. ej., después de golpearlo contra algo) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to have a knuckle of a toe crack \ss (con reduplication de vocal corta) tronarsele el nudillo de un dedo de pie \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb topo: \nae Although often manifesting reduplication of the verbal stem, this compound is also found in the singular, i.e., unreduplicated, form: <na>ikxipiltopo:ni</na>. Despite the fact that the final vowel of the incorporated noun is short (i.e., <nao>-pil</nao>) in Oapan Nahuatl it does not accept the reduction of the reduplicant from <no>tótopó:ni</no>. The reason for this is not clear. \qry Determine that there should be no reduplication of the /topo:ni/ element, as I would expect this to be common. \vl For link use second female token of the first form, /ixipiltopo:ni/. Note that this entry will have two female and two male tokens, one for each form. In tagging, tag consectively letters a-d. \ref 03356 \lxa xo:pan po:cho:tl \lxac xo:pan po:cho:tl \lxo xo:pan po:cho:tl \lxocpend xo:pan po:cho:tl \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se type of tree still unidentified in a group of trees designated also by the name <nba>po:cho:tl</nba>, apparently of the family Bombacaceae and genus <l>Ceiba</l> \ss tipo deárbol todavía no identificado dentro de un grupo deárboles designado por el nombre <nba>po:cho:tl</nba>, aparentemente de la familia Bombacaceae y el género <l>Ceiba</l>. \pna Xo:pan po:cho:tl | Xtlah para, xkitekin. \pea <na>Xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> : It isn't used for anything, it isn't cut down. \psa <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> : No se usa para nada, no se corta. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \apa xo:pan po:chokuwtli \apo xo:pan po:cho:kohtli \xrb xo: \xrb po:cho: \xrl -pan \nct kohtli; po:cho:tl \ref 03357 \lxa istá:k \lxac istá:k \lxo ista:k \lxoc ista:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \se to be white \ss ser blanco \sem color \xrb sta \qry Check and enter possible verbs /ista(:)ya/ and /ista(:)lia/, along with vowel length of first /a/. \ref 03358 \lxa tili:naltia \lxac kitili:naltia \lxo tili:naltia \lxoc kitili:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to stuff full \ss atestar; llenar hasta que estérepleto \pna O:tiktili:naltih, o:tlatlankwi:tsiw. \pea You stuffed it till it bulged (in this case a sack), its weave opened up in various places. \psa Le llenaste hasta que estuvo repleto (en este caso un costal), se abriósu tejido en varios lugares. \pna Xtili:nalti un xikipi:hli! \pea Stuff that sack tightly full! \psa ¡Llene ese costal hasta que estébien atestado! \xrb tili: \xv1ao tlatili:naltia \qry Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. According to FM the latter is used for stuffing something full, the former for stretching out something such as a rope to make it taught. \grm Semantics: Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. According to FM the latter is used for stuffing something full, the former for stretching out something such as a rope to make it taught. \ref 03359 \lxa ixwi:wsuwa:montli \lxac ixwi:wsuwa:montli \lxo ixwi:siwa:montli \lxoc ixwi:siwa:montli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se wife of a grandson \ss esposa un nieto \cfa suwa:montli \cfo siwa:montli \sem kin \cfa suwa:montli \xrb ixwi:w \xrb sowa: \xrb mon \cfa suwa:montli \nse This is often used simply to clarify that the woman referred to is the wife of one's grandson and not of one's son. However, in other contexts the wife of a grandson may simply be covered by the more inclusive term <na>sowa:montli</na> (Am) or <no>siwa:montli</no>. \nae The length of the initial /i/ in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifests a relatively long duration very uncharacteristic of short vowels. This may reflect the fact that length of word-initial vowels is hard to distinguish, or it might reflect the fact that given that this (as well as most) kinship terms are usually possessed, an initial short /i/ is slightly anomalous. Whatever the reason, it seems that the vowel should be analyzed as short, particularly given that it deletes after possessor prefixes that end in /o/. \qry It is not clear whether there is an /h/ before /sowa:montli/. \grm Phonology; vowel length: The length of the initial /i/ in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifests a relatively long duration very uncharacteristic of short vowels. This may reflect the fact that length of word-initial vowels is hard to distinguish, or it might reflect the fact that given that this (as well as most) kinship terms are usually possessed, an initial short /i/ is slightly anomalous. Whatever the reason, it seems that the vowel should be analyzed as short, particularly given that it deletes after possessor prefixes that end in /o/. \vl Link first female and first male token. \ref 03360 \lxa kakaya:wtsi:n \lxac kakaya:wtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \sea (<na>san</na> ~) sth said in play or jest (e.g., a joke); sth not real; sth fantasy or make-believe \ssa (<na>san</na> ~) algo dicho en broma o como vacilada; algo no real o de fantasía \pna San kakaya:wtsi:n. \pea It's just (said) in play (a joke). \psa Es (algo dicho) solamente en broma. \xrb kaya: \nse All documented uses of <na>kakaya:wtsi:n</na> are preceded by <nla>san</nla>, and this phrase is often used to indicate that something was just a joke, said in jest, etc. \ref 03361 \lxa tla:sa \lxac notla:sa \lxo tla:tsa \lxoc notla:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to lean back (e.g., in a chair, against the back) \ss (refl.) recargarse (p. ej., en una silla contra la espalda) \pna Xmotla:sa! \pea Lean against your back! \psa ¡Recárgate la espalda! \xrb tla:sa \xv1a tlatla:sa \nse To date <na>tla:sa</na> (Am) or <no>tla:tsa</no> (Oa) has only been documented in the reflexive, with the meaning of 'to lean back,' as in leaning against the back of a chair. \nae The presence of the affricate /ts/ in the Oapan form is unusual and does not represent a regular sound change of this dialect. \qry Check inflectional pattern. Also, the Oapan form definitely has /tla:tsa/, thus the Am form needs to be rechecked. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03362 \lxa a:ko:mposa:wa \lxac na:ko:mposa:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) (for certain mixtures such as dough) to expand or rise from the addition of water or other liquids such as yeasts \ss (refl.) (por ciertas mezclas como la masa) crecer o levantarse por la agregación de agua u otros líquidos; leudar \pna Na:ko:mposa:wtok pa:n. \pea The bread is rising. \psa El pan se está levantando. \cfo ákokwí \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \xrb posa: \nse <na>A:ko:mposa:wa</na> is also used to refer to maize that is placed in a <nla>nexko:ntli</nla> and rises to the surface as it expands from absorbing water. \nae The presence of the root for water is expected given the fact that the rising takes place because of the water. However, the identification of <na>ko:m</na> in the etymology is uncertain. The vowel length of the initial elements need, therefore, to be checked. \qry Recheck length. Check to determine whether a transative form can be used ?nika:ko:mposa:was. \grm The fact that the verb is a transitive used to indicate an intransitive action suggests that the reflexive is used to mark an anticausative. This should be noted in the grammar and perhaps a code developed to mark anticausatives. Note that it is interesting that despite the fact that /posa:wi/ exists as an intransitive, the transitive is used in this form. Perhaps the reason is that the water is a type of agent or cause and thus the dough rises because of the water; /posa:wi/ would then not be used since there is in effect some external cause. \vl Note to JDA: recheck Am vowel length later. \ref 03363 \lxa te:kokoh \lxac te:kokoh \lxo te:kokoh \lxoc te:kokoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be painful or causing great uncomfort (illnesses, blows, etc.) \ss ser doloroso (las enfermedades, los golpes, etc.) \pna Tekokoh kokolistli. \pea Illness is painful. \psa Las enfermedades son dolorosas. \se to be corrosive (e.g., lime or other corrosive substances); to be strong (e.g, an alcoholic drink); to be spicy hot (e.g., chile) \ss ser corrosivo (p. ej., la cal u otras sustancias similares); ser fuerte (una bebida alcohólica); ser picante (p. ej., chile) \pna Ne:chma:xoxopo:naltia tenextli. Te:kokoh. \pea Lime causes my hands to blister (with blisters that pop). It is corrosive. \psa La cal me hace salir ampollas en las manos (de las que se revientan). Es corrosivo, \pna I:n alcó:l ye tlapati:hloh, xok a:sta ihkón te:kokoh. \pea This alcoholic beverage has been watered down (i.e., by pouring more soda or fruit juice into it), it's no longer as strong as it was. \psa Esta bebida alcohólica ya está diluida (esto es, se le echómás refresco o agua fresca), ya no está tan fuerte como antes. \pna Xio:tl nonextamal, xkwahli o:xi:pe:w, xkwahli tenextli, xte:kokoh. \pea (The maize of) my <nla>nextamahli</nla> still has its skin, it hasn't peeled off well, the lime is no good, it's not strong. \psa (El maíz de) mi nixtamal todavía tiene su cáscara, no se ha pelado, la cal no está bien, no está fuerte. \xrb kowa \dis tlateki; te:kokoh (e.g, in regard to lime); cho:kwi:tl; te:kokoh (in regards to cheapness) \vl Link second female token. \ref 03364 \lxa tsili:nka:cho:ka \lxac tsili:nka:cho:ka \lxo tsili:nka:cho:ka \lxoc tsili:nka:cho:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to resonate (sth metalic such as a well-made bell, machete, crystal, etc.); to emit a strong, clear ring \ss resonar (algo metálico, como una campana o machete bien hecho, cristal, etc.); emitir un repique fuerte y claro \sem sound-material \xrb tsili: \xrb cho:ka \vl Link first female token. \ref 03365 \lxa te:ntsotsolowa \lxac kite:ntsotsolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to uncover the lower portion of the face of (e.g., in removing a cloth protection such as a <spn>paliacate</spn> or similar material) \ssa descubrir o destapar la parte inferior de la cara de (p. ej., al quitar algo como un paliacate, tela o material parecido) \pna O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:nsa:liwtok -=tite:ntlapachiwtok-. \pea You took the covering off the lower part of your face (e.g., when you were cured of a particular disease), you no longer have your mouth and chin covered by cloth. \psa Te descubriste la parte inferior de la cara (esto es, al aliviarse de un problema médico), ya no estás con una tela sobre la boca y mentón. \nse The illustrative sentence <na>O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:nsa:liwtok</na> refers to the occasional custom of covering ones lower face when severely ill. \xrb te:n \xrb tsol \ref 03366 \lxa topo:ni \lxac topo:ni \lxo topo:ni \lxoc topo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran +Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to burst (an infection, blister, ball, overripe watermelon, etc.) \ss reventarse (una infección, ampolla, pelota, sandía muy madura, etc.) \pna Kipia ye:rbah. Totopo:ni, pe:wa a:yo:ki:sa ima ka:n isti. \pea It (a mule in this case) has a fungus infection (from Sp. <na>yerba</na>). It (the infected place) is bursting, it's front leg has started to get filled with pus where its hoof is. \psa Tiene yerba (en este caso una mula). se está reventando (el lugar infectado), su pierna de delante ya empezó a llenarse de pus, allípor su pezuña. \pna Milá: yo:totopo:nkeh nosándiawa:n, miák katka. \pea My watermelons have really burst open (from being overripe), there were a lot of them. \psa Mis sandías de veras se reventaron (al pasarse de maduras), había muchas. \pna Ye wa:ltopo:ntiw itlantsi:n ipan itlankwe:tsi:n. \pea His tooth is breaking through his gum. \psa Su diente viene brotando a través de su encía. \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to explode; to be set off (a rocket, firecracker, <spn>castillo</spn>, etc.) \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) explotar (un cohete, petardo, etc.); quemarse (un castillo) \pna Totopo:nis kasti:yoh. \pea The <spn>castillo</spn> will be set off (explode). \psa Se va a quemar el castillo. \xrb topo: \xv1ao tlatopo:ni \xvkao totopoka \nse There is a difference, at least according to data from Ameyaltepec, between <na>topo:ni</na> and <nla>totopoka</nla>. The former apparently refers to actual explosions, such as that which occur when a firecracker or similar device is set off, while the latter refers more to the sound of small explosions, often without an actuall explosion. Thus, for example, in describing a <spn>castillo</spn> (armed structure of fireworkers set off during religious fiestas) only <na>topo:ni</na> (or <na>totopo:ni</na>) is used, and not <na>totopoka</na>, which is reserved, apparently, for"explosion-like"sounds. According to one consultant <na>topo:ni</na> is used, in regards to fruit, with watermelons but not with cantaloupe or melon, for which the verb <na>tsotsomo:ni</na> is more commonly employed for a similar occurrence. \grm Frequentative; reduplication: Note the difference between <na>topo:ni</na> and <nla>totopoka</nla>. The former apparently refers to actual explosions, such as that which occur when a firecracker or similar device is set off, while the latter refers more to the sound of small explosions, often without an actuall explosion. Thus, for example, in describing a <spn>castillo</spn> (armed structure of fireworkers set off during religious fiestas) only <na>topo:ni</na> (or <na>totopo:ni</na>) is used, and not <na>totopoka</na>, which is reserved, apparently, for"explosion-like"sounds. This difference is somewhat in accord with the use of reduplication to indicate a type of metaphoric extension of the base meaning of the verb. \ref 03367 \lxa suwa:te:ko \lxac i:suwa:te:ko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea (rare) old lady; woman (i.e., wife) \ssa (rare) jefa; mujer (esto es, esposa) \pna Nosuwa:te:ko yes. \pea She's going to be my woman. \psa Va a ser mi jefa. \xrb sowa: \xrb te:koh \nse The Ameyaltepec use of this compound is probably a calque from the Spanish <spn>jefa.</spn>. There is apparently no equivalent term in Classical. It was only documented with don Luis Lucena and might have been a word"invented"by him. \qry Determine best way to give the stem of /tekotli/. Determine whether to change /sowa:/ to /siwa:/ for stem. Check for final sequence, glottal stop or /h/. \ref 03368 \lxa te:nchochopilo:l \lxac i:te:nchochopilo:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \se skin that hangs down from the forehead of a turkey \ss pedazo de piel que se cuelga de la frente de un huajolote \sem body \sem animal \equiva chochopilo:l \cfa te:nchochopio \cfo te:nchopi:yah \xrb te:n \xrb chopi: \qry Confirm the correctness of this form. \ref 03369 \lxa a:ltia \lxac na:ltia \lxo a:ltia \lxoc na:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to bathe; (by extension) to wash clothes while bathing at the same time \ss bañar; (por extensión) lavar ropa y bañarse al mismo tiempo \pna Tika:lti:s mokone:w. \pea You are going to bathe your child. \psa Vas a bañar a tu niño. \pna O:na:lti:to nosuwa:w. tla:ltia \pea My wife went to wash clothes and bathe. \psa Mi esposa fue a lavar ropa y bañarse. \pna Ok ma nima:lti! \pea Let me first take a bath (i.e., and then I'll do it)! \psa ¡Déjame bañar primero (y entonces lo haré)! \se to make (candles, by pouring wax on them over and over) \ss hacer (velas, al bañarlas con cera) \pna Ka:ltitok ibe:lah a:mantsi:n. \pea Right now she is making her candles. \psa Ahora mismo está haciendo sus velas. \xrb a: \xv1ao tla:ltia \nse In regards to candlemaking, this verb refers to the action of pouring hot wax over wicks that are hung down from a large circular wooden frame of a bent stick. With the prefix <n>tla-</n> there is no reduction of the /aa:/ sequence in Ameyaltepec although the reduction of the vowel sequence does occur in Oapan. The forms <na>tlaa:ltia</na> (Am) and <no>tla:ltia</no> are always interpreted as referring to candlemaking (hence the separate entry. The reflexive <na>na:ltia</na> refers to bathing (male or female), but when applied to a woman it often refers to the process of going to wash clothes at the river and then bathing at the same time. This is true particularly when the directional is used, (e.g., <na>o:na:lti:to</na>) since when a woman goes to bathe (hence the directional) she will often take advantage of the opportunity to take clothes along to wash. Finally, given the lexicalization of this verb, I have not considered it as denominalized; thus it is coded as a basic verb (V2-b). \qry Probably derived from /a:tl/ plus the verbalizing suffix /-tia/, with loss of occlusion in the"absolutive"/tl/. \mod Illustrate \ref 03370 \lxa tla:lchi:chi:hli \lxac tla:lchi:chi:hli \lxo tla:lchi:chi:hli \lxoc tla:lchi:chi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se red, clayish soil (used for dabbing house walls and for making adobe) \ss tierra rojiza y arcillosa (empleada para las paredes de casas de varas y para hacer adobe) \sem soil \xrb tla:l \xrb chi:l \encyctmp Soil: make an entry on all types of soils, rocks, etc., i.e., geology. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03371 \lxa yénkwiyo:tl \lxac yénkwiyo:tl \lxo yenkwiyo:tl \lxoa yenkoyo:tl \lxoc yenkwiyo:tl, yenkoyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se first born; eldest sibling \ss primogénito \pna Tiyénkwiyo:tl \pea You are the first born. \psa Eres el primogénito. \syno kámach kíikakayo:tl \xrb yenkwi \qry Check stress pattern and correct entry as necessary. \grm Oapan phonology: Although the change from /kw/ to /ko/ is common in Oapan, it does not affect all words. Thus one has /yenkwik/ and not */yenkok/. It might affect /kwe/ and not /kwi/. Thus the variation in the present case, between Florencia Marcelino (yenkwiyo:tl) and her husband (yenkoyo:tl). \vl Note female token is /yenkwiyo:tl/ and male is /yenkoyo:tl/. Link first female and second male token. \ref 03372 \lxa tlikoto:na \lxac kitlikoto:na \lxo tlikoto:na \lxoc kitlikoto:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se (usually with nonspecific object <n>ki-</n> or reflexive as impersonal) to clear a path around as a firewall (so that a fire set to clear a field of dry weeds, <nla>tlasohli</nla>, does not extend to neighboring lands) \ss (a menudo con el objeto no específico <n>ki-</n> o un reflexivo como impersonal) abrir un espacio en el pasto alrededor de (un terreno que va a ser quemado para limpiarlo de maleza seca, <nla>tlasohli</nla>) con el fin de que el fuego no se extienda las tierras circunvecinas \pna Notlikoto:nas. \pea A path will be cut to protect an area (of dry grass) from catching fire \psa Se va a abrir un espacio en el pasto para que el fuego se extienda a los terrenos juntos. \pna Tlatlikoto:nalo:s. \pea People will clear paths around the lands the will clear and burn to prevent the fires from spreading. \psa La gente va a abrir espacios alrededor de los campos que van a quemar para evitar que los incendios se extiendan. \xrb tli \xrb koto: \nae Although <nao>tlikoto:na</nao> is a transitive verb, there is no documentation of its use with a specific agent and patient. <na>Notlikoto:nas</na> represents a passive construction and <na>tlatlikoto:nalo:s</na> represents <n>tla-</n> used as an indefinite null complement and <na>-lo</na> as marking an impersonal subject. Nevertheless, given that in the recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez they gave a form with a specific object, it would seem that such a transitive use is correct. Yet it remains to be determined precisely what the object of the transitive would be. \qry It seems clear that a specific subject would be acceptable, i.e., /nitlatlikoto:na/. However, it is not clear what a specific object would be: the burnt/burning field around which a protective path is cut, or the neighboring fields. It appears, in fact, that it is the 'fire' (/tlitl/) that is 'cut' or 'snapped.' This word should be further investigated. \grm Valency; agency: For /tlikoto:na/ it seems clear that a specific subject would be acceptable, i.e., /nitlatlikoto:na/. However, it is not clear what a specific object would be: the burnt/burning field around which a protective path is cut, or the neighboring fields. It appears, in fact, that it is the 'fire' (/tlitl/) that is 'cut' or 'snapped.' This word should be further investigated. \ref 03373 \lxa tekoyaktik \lxac tekoyaktik \lxo tekoyahtik \lxoc tekoyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to have an overly wide opening (e.g., a sack or bag which is really wide at its mouth) \ss tener una apertura muy ancha y abierta (p. ej., un costal o bolsa) \pna Iwí:n xnihkwis, ke:n tekoyaktik, nikneki a:chi san kwahli, san pi:stik. \pea I won't take this one, it is really stretched out (a wide opening, such as that at the top of a bag or sack, or clothes that are way too big). I want one that is a little more reasonable, something narrowish. \psa Este no me lo llevo, es muy ancho (p. ej., la apertura de un costal o bolsa; o es muy holgada, por ejemplo una camisa, etc.). Quiero uno que está asíbien, algo estrechito. \se to be very loose or baggy (clothes, including shirts and pants that are open and baggy, e.g., the legs of pants or the sleeves and body of shirts) \ss estar muy holgado (ropa, incluyendo camisas y pantalones que están abiertos y holgados, p. ej., las piernas de los pantalones o las mangas o cuerpo de las camisas) \pna Ma kipi:tso itlake:n, ke:n tekoyaktik. \pea He should take in his clothes, they are really baggy. \psa Debe meterle a su ropa, está muy holgada. \pna Tekokoyaktik ikoto:n. \pea His shirt is really baggy (all over). \psa Su camisa está muy holgada (por todos lados). \se to be wide (an enclosed space) \ss ser ancho (un espacio encerrado) \pna Melá:k tekoyaktik mokal. \pea Your house is really wide (i.e., the space inside is ample in width). \psa Tu casa está muy ancha (esto es, el espacio adentro es amplio en lo ancho). \xrb te- \xrb koya: \qry Determine whether /koyaktik/ is OK and, if so, possibly change entry to /koyaktik/ with te- in the /aff field and an observation that the word is usually found with the intensifier. \ref 03374 \lxa elka:wa \lxac kelka:wa \lxo ilka:wa \lxoc kilka:wa; nilka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \epen i>0 \initial Oapan shows loss of <n>k-</n> object pronoun in many cases: <no>n'ilka:wa</no> 'I forget it' \se (often with complement clause) to forget \ss (a menudo con frase de complemento) olvidarse de \src DT1:512 \pna Iú:n, ma:ka tikelka:was! \pea That thing, don't forget it! \psa Esa cosa,¡No se te vaya a olvidar! \pna O:nikelka:w ka:no:n cha:nti. tlalka:wani \pea I forgot where he lives. \psa Se me olvidódonde vive. \pna Tlatlapowtok nokal. O:nikelka:w, xo:nitlatsakw. \pea My house is open (i.e., the door). I forgot, I didn't close it up. \psa Mi casa está abierta. Se me olvidó, no la cerré. \xrb el \xrb ka:wa \xv1a tlalka:wa \xv1o tlá:lká:wa \nae <na>Elka:wa</na> takes a complement clause, referring to what was forgotten. In Oapan, with an overt subject prefix the 3rd-person object is alsmost always deleted, e.g., <na>n'ilka:was</na> 'I will forget (it).' The resulting initial vowel is occasionally heard as long, perhaps from the loss of intervocalic /k/. Note that Marcial Camilo gave the contrasting forms <no>ni:lka:wa</no> and <no>nilka:wa</no>, the second a reflexive construction, but others disagreed. Apparently the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> is rarely used with this verb although it is found with the suffix <n>-ni</n>, see <nla>tlalka:wani</nla>. A rough measure of 8 tokens showed that in <no>kika:wa</no> Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez words had lengths in milliseconds of 65 and 94 (FM), and 130 and 89 (IJ), respectively. With the 1st-person subject form <no>ni:lka:wa</no> the lengths were 143 and 134 (FM) and 105 and 117 (IJ). The measurements were only approximate, but it does seem that the intervoc alic los s of /k/ here results in a lengthened vowel. Apparently there are certain <n>i-</n> initial transitive verbal stems that in Oapan almost always have a zero 3rd-person object marker after an overt subject prefix. Thus <no>n'ilka:wa</no>. In transcriptions these forms are written as abbreviations with an apostrophe: <no>n'ilka:wa</no>. Such verbs include <nlo>ilna:miki</nlo>, <nlo>ihti</nlo>, <nlo>ihlia</nlo>, <nlo>ítowá</nlo>. It appears that the verb <nlo>ita</nlo> is slightly different in that often a double initial vowel is heard, <no>niita</no>, which is not the case with the other verbs previously mentioned. For this reason, the orthographic convention for <nlo>ita</nlo> is, for example, <no>ni'ita</no>. \qry Check correctness of /timitselka:was/ and meaning of this; recheck and compare to /timitselna:mikis/. Check if there is any causative, though I have none recorded in my data corpus (filecards). Check vowel length of /nilka:wa/. \grm Oapan phonology: <na>Elka:wa</na> takes a complement clause, referring to what was forgotten. In Oapan, with an overt subject prefix the 3rd-person object is absent, e.g., <na>ni:lka:was</na> 'I will forget (it).' The resulting initial vowel is manifested as long from the loss of intervocalic /k/. Note that Marcial Camilo gave the contrasting forms <no>ni:lka:wa</no> and <no>nilka:wa</no>, the second a reflexive construction. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: Oapan usually manifests the deletion of the 3rd-person object prefix after 1st- and 2nd- person subjects. This apparently leads to the lengthening of the stem-initial vowel, /i/. A rough measure of 8 tokens showed that in <no>kika:wa</no> Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez words had lengths in milliseconds of 65 and 94 (FM), and 130 and 89 (IJ), respectively. With the 1st-person subject form <no>ni:lka:wa</no> the lengths were 143 and 134 (FM) and 105 and 117 (IJ). The measurements were only approximate, but it does seem that the intervocalic loss of /k/ here results in a lengthened vowel. \vl There are two forms of this verb /kilka:was/ and /nilka:was/. Thus f1 and m1 should have tokens a-d. For the first pronunciation, select the second female and first male token. For /nilka:wa/, select first female (3rd female overall) and first male (3rd male overall) tokens. \ref 03375 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mámá:wah \lxoc mámá:wah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo tree or shrub with a lot of branches \sso árbol o arbusto con muchas ramas \seo wood with a lot of knots \sso madera con muchos nudos \syna mama:yoh \xrb ma: \grm Am /mama:yoh/ and Oa /mámá:wah/: Note the use of /-wah/ in Oapan: /mama:yoh/ (in reference to a tree having many branches) is not used, rather: /mámá:wah/. \ref 03376 \lxa teba:nkoh \lxaa tebanki:toh \lxac teba:nkoh \dt 17/Mar/2005 \loan (part) <spn>banquito</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea small ledge of stones or rocks \ssa pequeño banquito de piedras \pna O:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh. \pea He jumped up on a small ledge (of stones). \psa Brincósobre un pequeño banquito de piedras. \xrb te \qry Determine the precise meaningo of /tebanki:toh/, i.e., is it a ledge that sticks out of sth like a natural stone wall or cliff, or is a human artifact built up from the ground. \mod Illustrate \ref 03377 \lxa xoxokoti \lxac xoxokoti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to be a braggart; to be a big talker (bragging about sth that one does not have) \ssa ser un fanfarrón; ser hablador (jactándose de algo que no tiene) \pna San xoxokotin. Xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian. \pea They are braggarts. What they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another. \psa Son fanfarrones. No es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra. \xrb xoko \mod Inocencio Diaz did not accept this word, but rather the adjectival /xoxokotik/. Perhaps it should be removed. \ref 03378 \lxa ayumo:hli \lxac ayumo:hli \lxo áyomó:hli \lxoc áyomó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se type of food served in a mole sauce made with squash seeds, cominos, and chile \ss tipo de comida preparada con mole de pepitas, con cominos y chile \sem food \xrb ayoh \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli \mod Under mo:hli give all types of moles and the corresponding recipes. \vl Link 2st female and 1st male token. There is an extra female token from 5618. \ref 03379 \lxa ke:no:n \lxac ke:no:n tikitowa? \lxo ke:no:n \lxoc ke:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se how? in what manner? \ss ¿cómo?;¿qué? \pna Ke:no:n tia:skeh? \pea How are we going to go? \psa ¿Cómo vamos a ir? \pna Xnikmati ke:no:n nikchi:was.¡Xne:chihlitiwetsi! \pea I don't know how to do it. Tell me quickly! \psa No sécómo lo voy a hacer.¡Dime rapidamente! \pna Nikneki nikmatis ke:no:n yetí:k. \pea I want to know how heavy it is. \psa Quiero saber quétan pesado es. \seao (as a predicate with a subject marker) to be a jerk \ssao (como predicado con un marcador de sujeto) ser mamón \pno Mila:k tike:non! \peo You're being a jerk! \pso ¡Ay cómo eres! \cola ma:san \colo ma:si \xrb ke:n \nse <na>Ke:non</na> is used for both interrogatives and embedded questions. It is also used to indicate degree, as in <na>Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k</na>. In Oapan the phrase <no>mila:k tike:non</no> (which can also be used with other person markers, though much less commonly) is matched by Ameyaltepec <na>asta tike:non</na>. It is used when one is exasperated with someone, with their joking or the fact that they are making fun of one. Similar phrases are <na>tle:ka tihkón</na> (Am) / <no>tli:aon tihkón</no> (Oa); <na>melá:k xtikwahli</na> (Am) / <no>mila:k xtikwahli</no> (Oa), etc. In English one might even translate <na>asta tike:non</na> as 'Don't be like that!' \qry Check correctness of <na>Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k</na> for the possibility of /kechkitsi:n ika yetí:k/. \grm Predication: Note the use of the predicate marker subject prefix with /ke:non/ or /ihkón/. <na>Ke:non</na> is used for both interrogatives and embedded questions. It is also used to indicate degree, as in <na>Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k</na>. In Oapan the phrase <no>mila:k tike:non</no> (which can also be used with other person markers, though much less commonly) is matched by Ameyaltepec <na>asta tike:non</na>. It is used when one is exasperated with someone, with their joking or the fact that they are making fun of one. Similar phrases are <na>tle:ka tihkón</na> (Am) / <no>tli:aon tihkón</no> (Oa); <na>melá:k xtikwahli</na> (Am) / <no>mila:k xtikwahli</no> (Oa), etc. In English one might even translate <na>asta tike:non</na> as 'Don't be like that!' \ref 03380 \lxa kwa:tla:ni \lxac kikwa:tla:ni \lxo kwa:tla:ni \lxoc kikwa:tla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to stump; to be difficult for (in terms of solving a problem or figuring sth out) \ss confundir; dejar perplejo a; serle difícil a (en cuanto a resolver un problema o descifrar algo) \pna O:ne:chkwa:tla:n. \pea It stumped me. \psa Me dejóconfundido. \pna Nikmela:wasneki, xwel mela:wi. Ne:chkwa:tla:ntok. \pea I want to straighten it (in this case a piece of wood being carved for an axe handle), but it won't get straight. It's giving me a hard time. \psa Quiero enderezarlo (en este caso un pedazo de madera que se está tallando para la manga de una hacha), pero no se endereza. Me está dando un dolor de cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:ni \ref 03381 \lxa tlakwa:w \lxac *tlakwa:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Interj; Modal \se function a word used in various set phrases with a meaning that seems to indicate some admonition, almost like a curse \ss palabra funcional que se utiliza en varias frases hechas con un sentido que parece indicar algo de amonestación, casi como injuria \pna Tlakwa:w mopal! Timistla:ke:waya, xo:tiknek. Xka:wa, newa milá:k niknekia para tikchi:waskia un tekitl. \pea The hell with you! I was wanting to hire you but you didn't want it. But in fact, I really wanted you to do that job. \psa ¡Al diablo contigo! Estaba queriendo alquilarte; no quisiste.¡Vaya, yo de veras quería que hicieras ese trabajo! \cfa ki:michih tlakwa:w \cfo ke:michih tlakwa:w \xrb tlakwa:w \nse The etymology of <na>tlakwa:w</na> is uncertain as is the precise meaning. \qry Obtain various examples of the use of /tlakwa:w/. Note also the phrase /kimich itlakwa:w/ in a Carnival song, which should also be checked. \ref 03382 \lxa tla:lakatetl \lxac tla:lakatetl \lxo tla:lakatetl \lxoc tla:lakatetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of small grey bird, of the group known as <nao>wi:lo:tl</nao>, apparently the White-tipped Dove, <l>Leptotila verreauxi</l>, or a related species; it is known for sleeping right after sunset \ss tipo de pajarito pequeño, del grupo conocido como <nao>wi:lo:tl</nao>, aparentemente el"White-tipped Dove," <l>Leptotila verreauxi</l> o una especie cercana; se le conoce por dormir justamente después de que se pone el sol \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 20, p. 329 \pna Tikochini ke:n tla:lakakatetl. \pea You are as prone to fall asleep as a <na>tla:lakatetl</na>. \psa Eres tan propenso a dormir como un <na>tla:lakatetl</na>. \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tla:laka \xrb te \cpl Consultants stated that this is one of the three types of <nla>wi:lo:tl</nla> in the area. \nct to:to:tl \qry Check length of vowels, especially the second /a:/, which was marked long in one example and short in another. \ref 03383 \lxa a:xka \lxaa wa:xka \lxacpend ia:xka, nowa:xka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal (<na>nowa:xka</na>, <na>noa:xka</na>) \sea property; belongings \ssa propiedad; bienes; pertenencias \pna Ma:ski deke tlayo:wia, pero kwahli ki:xtla:lia itlah tli:n yo:lki, a:kino:n ia:xka. \pea Even though he is poor and suffering, he is able to easily recognize animals, whose they are. \psa Aunque es pobre y sufre, bien puede reconocer a los animales, sabe de quienes son. \pna Tekitla:hli katka, a:man ye te:a:xka -=te:wa:xka-. \pea It used to be communal land, now it is private. \psa Era terreno comunal, ahora ya es de particulares. \pna Timitswa:xka! \pea You are mine (said by one lover to another)! \psa ¡Eres mío (dicho de un amante a otro)! \pna Ma:ka xki:tski, yewa te:wa:xka! \pea Don't touch it, it is someone elses (i.e., not belonging to speaker or addressee)! \psa ¡No lo agarres, es de otra persona (esto es, ajeno, ni del que habla ni de la persona a quien se dirige la palabra)! \syno tlatki \cfa wa:xkatia \xrb a:xka \nse Although in conversation this noun is almost always, if not always, possessed in normal speech, in a dance relation (<spn>Reyes Moros</spn> from San Juan Totolcintla) the phrase <n>inon a:xka:tl inon o:roh</n> repeatedly occurs. Note that in Ameyaltepec a [w] is often inserted at the beginning of the stem after possessive pronouns ending in /o/, i.e. <na>nowa:xka</na> for <na>noa:xka</na> ; <na>na:xka</na> is very rare, if used at all. With the 3rd-person singular <na>i:a:xka</na>, the epenthetic /w/ is not used. Luis Lucena stated that ? <na>te:a:xka</na> is not acceptable, although it does appear that it is used by some. Nevertheless, the more common form is <na>te:wa:xka</na> 'it is someone else's.' Note, however, that the denominal verb is <nla>wa:xka:tia</nla>, with the epenthetic semivowel maintained in all person inflections, and not * <na>a:xka:tia</na>. \nae It might be that the final vowel of the possessed form is maintained long when not in phrase-final position (much like the /a:/ of /i:to:ka:/. This will be determined at a later date; however, when unpossessed the vowel does seem to be long: <na>a:xka:tl</na>. \qry Check possessed forms. Note that in a note under /wa:xka/ I had"see /lxo <no>a:xka</no>, but had no entry under this. I'm not sure if /a:xka/ is used in Oapan. If it is it is certainly uncommon. The much more usual form is /tlatki/ as in /motlatki/ 'it is yours.' \qry Check length of final vowel in possessed form when not in phrase final position. It might be long and thus should be written /i:a:xka:/, etc. \grm Possessed noun: Note reported in the original article is the following: /Timitswa:xka!/ 'you are mine (said to a lover)! \ref 03384 \lxa yehli \lxac yehli \lxo yehli \lxoc yehli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao fart \ssao pedo \sem functions \xrb yel \ref 03385 \lxa chichi:hkuwtli \lxac chichi:hkuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of tree still not identified \ss tipo deárbol todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb chichi: \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1978) identify <na>chichihkuhtli</na> as"palo amargo."It was sample #192 in the fieldwork session of Sept-Oct. 2001. \nct kohtli \ref 03386 \lxa tsi:nkuwasiwi \lxac tsi:nkuwasiwi \lxo tsi:nkówasíwi \lxop tsi:nkowasiwi \lxoc tsi:nkówasíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to have cramps in ones bowels \ss tener o sentir calambres en los intestinos \pna Nitsi:nkuwasiwi, nimoxi:xasneki pero xmelá:k niá:s. \pea I have cramps in my bowels, I want to go defecate but I can't really do it. \psa Siento calambres en los intestinos, quiero defecar pero no lo puedo hacer. \cfa kuwasiwi \cfo kówasíwi \sem disease \xrb tsi:n \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \sj Obtain this and other words with /kowasiwi/ I would expect and /h/ before the /s/. \vl Link second male token. \ref 03387 \lxa tlamposteki \lxac tlamposteki \lxo tlamposteki \lxoc tlamposteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran Compl \infv class-3a(k) \se to have ones tooth snap or break \ss rompersele o quebrarsele el diente a \pna O:nitlampostek. \pea I broke a tooth. \psa Se me rompió un diente. \xrb tlan \xrb posteki \nae <na>Tlamposteki</na> is one of many forms (potential as well as realized in the corpus) that involve an incorporated body part and the verb <nla>posteki</nla>. \qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier, which does occur with /posteki/. \ref 03388 \lxa xomiltik \lxac xomiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea dark brownish grey \ssa pardo \sem color \xrb xomil \qry Obtain Oapan word for this color. Check whether the bug has a name in this village. \ref 03389 \lxa xole:nkoh \lxac xole:nkoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>xolopitli</n> (?) \psm Adj \der Adj \infn Gender \sea dimwit; fool \ssa menso; bobo; tonto \pna Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa? \pea That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up? \psa ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose? \xrb xolopih -?- \nse The etymology of <na>xole:nkoh</na> is obscure; the fact that the ending varies with gender suggests the possibility of a borrowing, or partial borrowing, from Spanish. However, a word with similar meaning is found in Classical Nahuatl: <n>xolopitli</n>. This raises the possibility that the initial elements of Ameyaltepec <na>xole:nkoh</na> are based in Nahuatl. \ref 03390 \lxa chikolo \lxac chikolo \lxo chíkoló \lxoc chíkoló \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se generic name for a type of bird that has two species documented in Ameyaltepec: <nba>chikolo tli:ltik</nba> and <nba>chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n</nba> ; in Oapan only one type of <no>chíkoló</no> is recognized, the <nlo>chíkolo tli:líhk</nlo> \ss nombre genérico de un tipo de pájaro de tiene dos especies documentadas para Ameyaltepec: <na>chikolo tli:ltik</na> y <na>chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n</na> ; en Oapan hay solamente un tipo de <no>chíkoló</no> reconocido, el <nlo>chíkolo tli:líhk</nlo> \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chihkolo \encyctmp chikolo \cpl Generic name for a type of bird that has two"species": <na>chikolo tli:ltik</na> and <na>chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n</na>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this bird as <na>garrapatero</na> and give the spelling as <na>chiko:ló</na>. \sj Since the location of the {h} is unclear, check SJ. \ref 03391 \lxanotes zzz \mod The entry here was /tlachikoltila:na/ which was an error for /tlanchikoltila:na/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03392 \lxa koko:lia \lxac kikoko:lia \lxo koko:lia \lxoc kikoko:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \se to make spicy \ss hacer picoso \pna Yo:tihkoko:lih motlakwal. Kokó:k. \pea You made your food spicy. It is hot. \psa Hiciste que tu comida saliera picante. Estápicosa. \xrb koko: \qry Determine the difference and recheck, between /koko:lia/ 'to make spicy' and /kokolia/ as in the previous entry referring to become upset. These differences and the paradigm -ki/ya/lia/ need to be clearly delimited for these two similar verbs. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03393 \lxa pipi:to \lxac pipi:to \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pito \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of clay whistle made in Acatlán \ssa tipo de silbato de barro hecho en Acatlán \sem games \ilustmp Illustrate and buy copy. \ref 03394 \lxa -xiwti \lxac se:xiwti \lxo -xiwti \lxoc se:xihti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to complete the number of year's time indicated by a numeral that in incorporated to this bound verb \ss completar el número de años que se indica por un número combinado a este verbo \pna Ye se:xiwtis nopo:tsi:n. \pea My little girl is soon to be one year old. \psa En poco tiempo mi hijita va a cumplir un año. mes. \pna Yo:se:xiwtik ika o:mik. \pea A year has passed since he died. \psa Cumplió un año desde que se murió. \xrb xiw \xvaa -xiwtilia \xvao -xihtilia \nae In Ameyaltepec forms such as <na>se:xiwti</na>, <na>o:mexiwti</na> and <na>ye:ixiwti</na> have been documented. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03395 \lxa tlankechihloh \lxac *tlankechihloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denon-yoh \sea to have visible bite marks \ssa tener visibles mordeduras o señales de mordidas \pna Nitlankechihloh ka:n o:ne:chkwah chichi. \pea I have bite marks where a dog bit me. \psa Tengo mordeduras donde me mordió un perro. \xrb tlan \xrb kechi \qry Check for other uses, significations. Also check for nominal and verbal forms. RS has tlankechia. nite 'morder a alguien sin llevarse el pedazo' (i.e., to sink ones teeth into). Probably this verb exists in Ameyaltepec; check. \ref 03396 \lxa xi:kwa \lxo xi:kwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv Irregular (inflectional paradigm still not determined) \se see <nlao>noxi:kwa:ni</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>noxi:kwa:ni</nlao> \xrb xi:ko \nae The actual form of <nao>xi:kwa</nao> in the Balsas region is the result of vowel loss between /k/ and /w/. Classical Nahuatl had <n>xicoa</n>. For the Balsas area this verb has only been documented with reflexive marking and in the agentive, i.e., <nlao>noxi:kwa:ni</nlao>. \ref 03397 \lxa a:pano:ltia \lxac ka:pano:ltia \lxo á:panó:ltia \lxoc ká:panó:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv class-2a \sea to take, carry, or help across a river \ssa llevar o ayudar a atravesar un río \pna O:necha:pano:ltikeh. \pea They helped (took) me cross the river. \psa Me ayudaron a cruzar (me llevaron al otro lado de) el río. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to play around with (e.g., a toy) in the water \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar con (p. ej., un juguete) en el agua \xrb a: \xrb pano: \xvba a:panowa \xvbo á:panówa \nse Whereas <na>a:panowa</na> in Ameyaltepec means 'to cross to the other side of a body of water,' in Oapan the same intransitive verb, with reduced reduplication, signifies 'to swim.' This variation in meaning carries across to the causative. Thus Ameyaltepec has <na>a:pano:ltia</na> 'to take across to the other side of a body of water' whereas Oapan has <no>á:pano:ltia</no> (with the same reduced reduplication) meaning 'to play around with (i.e.,"make swim") in the water.' \qry Perhaps a separate category of causatives should be made for those derived with -ltia, although these can be selected for by searching for -ltia in the /lx field and -ca in the /cat field. \ref 03398 \lxa mani:ltia \lxac kimani:ltia \lxo mani:ltia \lxoc kimani:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to put on (sbs) head (a hat, cap, etc.) \ss poner o colocar (un sombrero, gorra, etc.) sobre la cabeza de \pna Timitsmanilti:s sombre:roh. \pea I'm going to put a hat on you. \psa Te voy a poner un sombrero. \xrb man \xvbao mana \qry Check if one can say /timitsmanili:s sombre:roh/ and, if so, the difference from /timitsmanilti:s sombre:roh/. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03399 \lxa kwe:chi:maliwi \lxac kwe:chi:maliwi \lxo kwe:chi:maliwi \lxoc kwe:chi:maliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones skirt billow and puff out (e.g., while quickly twirling in a dance) \ss extendersele hacia afuera la falda (p. ej., al girar rápidamente bailando) \xrb kwe: \xrb chi:mal \qry Check for transitive form. Cf. to other verb with similar reference to skirt billowing. Check for other compounds with /chi:maliwi/ and reference to billowing or spreading out. \ref 03400 \lxa i:xtekwepo:nki \lxac i:xtekwepo:nki \lxo i:xtechikopo:nki \lxoc i:xtechikopo:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Lex. inflix <n>chi-</n> (Oa) \se to be inside-out (particularly clothes) \ss estar al revés (particularmente la ropa) \pna I:xtekwepo:nki mokóto:n. \pea Your shirt is inside-out. \psa Tu camisa está al revés. \xrb i:x \xrb kwepo: \vl Note from 2838: Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here uttered. Thus before tagging speech from files here there should already be c and d for each speaker. Also note that here, Florencia first mistakenly utters /i:xte:nchi:kopo:ni/. This is a new word and is now ref. number 7630. Tag her utterance was 07630_Oaf1c, or whatever the system is. Note this down so that the word will not be forgotten given that we only recorded up to 7100. \ref 03401 \lxa tlatetekwika \lxac tlatetekwika \lxo tla:tekwika \lxoc tla:tekwika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4a \se to tremble; to tremor (e.g., in reference to the earth before an earthquake or to the sensation created when it is about to rain very hard, when everything seems to be trembling) \ss temblar; agitarse (p. ej., en referencia a la tierra antes de un temblor o terremoto, o la sensación que existe cuando una tempestad está a punto de arrancar) \pna Tlatetekwika, kas ye tla:loli:nis. \pea There is a tremor in the ground, perhaps there's going to be an earthquake. \psa Todo está temblando, quizáva a haber un terremoto. \pna Tikito:s itik tla:hli tlatetekwika. \pea You'd say (i.e., think) that everything is trembling inside the ground (in this instance said just before a violent storm was about to start). \psa Dirás (esto es, pensarás) que todo está temblando dentro de la tierra (en este caso dicho justamente antes de comenzar una tempestad). \xrb tekwi: \xbtlao tetekwika \ref 03402 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was /Wepan/ xrefd to /Wa:pan/. But the entry has been changed and this present one deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03403 \lxa so:ya:kapo:lin \lxac so:ya:kapo:lin \lxo so:ya:kapo:lin \lxoc so:ya:kapo:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se fruit, in the shape of small balls, that emerges under the leaves of the palm tree common in the area \ss fruta, en la forma de bolitas pequeñas, que se forma abajo de las hojas del tipo de palma común en laárea \se dates \ss dátiles \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb so:ya: \xrb kapo:l \nae The majority of Ameyaltepec speakers seem to pronounce <na>so:ya:kapo:lin</na> with a long final /o:/ even though a few speakers seem to have a short vowel, perhaps from an analogy to the tree named <nba>kapolin</nba>, which apparently (pending final analysis) has a short final /o/. \nde Molina has <n>çoyacapulin</n> 'dátiles'; the modern use of the term refers to any type of fruit of the palm tree. \nct so:ya:tl \qry Note that one note mentions that the vowel length is definite as recorded (i.e., long /o:/ in the penultimate syllable) even though in the tree named <na>kapolin</na> I have it definitely short. In another note I mention that although the majority of people whom I asked pronounced this with a long /o:/, one or two (perhaps through analogy with the tree name <na>kapolin</na>) pronounced <na>so:ya:kapolin</na> with a short final /o/. The length should be rechecked. Check also to determine whether this is edible. \ref 03404 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /ihkó:n/ but it was deleted as it was later decided that the single spelling should be /ihkón/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03405 \lxa tlapi:tsahli \lxac tlapi:tsahli \lxo tlapi:tsahli \lxoc tlapi:tsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se wind instrument (such as a trumpet, trombone, etc.) \ss instrumento de viento (como una trompeta, trombón, etc.) \pna Nikwelmati notlapi:tsal, melá:k yema:nki. \pea I like the feel of my wind instrument, it is really loose (i.e., light to the touch). \psa Me gusta el sentir de mi instrumento de viento, es muy suave (esto es, al tocar no se encuentra resistencia). \xrb pi:tsa \vl There is an extra female token for this word at 5339. \ref 03406 \lxa tsi:ntemowa \lxac tsi:ntemowa \lxo tsi:ntemowa \lxoc tsi:ntemowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \se to slip down to the foot of a bed (e.g., a person who while sleeping slowly inches down and slips toward the foot of the bed) \ss deslizarse hacia el pie de una cama (p. ej., una persona que al estar dormido poco a poco va bajándose al pie de la cama) \xrb tsi:n \xrb temo: \ref 03407 \lxa to:ka:yo:tia \lxac kito:ka:yo:tia \lxo to:ka:yo:tia \lxoc kito:ka:yo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to call; to name (as in to name a particular object) \ss llamar (esto es, nombrar o dar nombre a un objeto en particular) \src DT #1: 32 \pna "A:chi:wihli"kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli iwa:n ke:kchi:wan. \pea <na>A:chi:wi:hli</na> is what they call a certain little bowl, and they make (fabricate) it. \psa <na>A:chi:wi:hli</na> es el nombre que le dan a cierto platito hondo, y lo fabrican. \pna Ke:no:n kito:ka:yo:ti:skeh? \pea What will they name it (e.g., a child)? \psa ¿Cómo le van a llamar (p. ej., a un niño recién nacido)? \pna Xnikmati ke:no:n kito:ka:yo:tia:yan. \pea I don't know what they used to call it (i.e., what their name for it was). \psa No sécómo lo llamaron (esto es, cual era su nombre para ello). \se to mention the name of; to call out the name of; to call by name (instead of using a respectful term of address to a close kin by blood or marriage) \ss nombrar (el nombre de algn); llamar por nombre (en lugar de utilizar un término apropiado para dirigirse a una relación por sangre o matrimonio) \pna Wel misto:ka:yo:tia. \pea He (in this case a young child just learning to speak) can call you by name. \psa El (en este caso un niño apenas aprendiendo a hablar) te puede llamar por nombre. \pna San kito:ka:yo:tia. Xkitla:kaita. \pea He just calls her by name (in this case a mother-in-law, instead of using the address term <nla>na:nah</nla>). He doesn't respect her. \psa Solamente le llama por nombre (en este caso a una suegra, en lugar de utilizar el término <nla>na:nah</nla>). No le tiene respeto. \xrb to:ka: \nse As one of the above phrases illustrates, the utilization of a name rather than an address term can be considered insulting. <na>To:ka:yo:tia</na> refers, in this case to the use of a proper name. \ref 03408 \mod This entry is removed as a duplicate of 03778. \dt 03/May/2005 \ref 03409 \lxa siawi:tia \lxac kisiawi:tia \lxo siawi:tia \lxoc kisiawi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to exhaust; to wear out; to make tired (a person or animal) \ss cansar; hacer cansar; fatigar (una persona o animal) \pna Ne:chsiawi:tia nokone:w. \pea My child wears me out (e.g., with all his activity). \psa Mi hijo me hace cansar (p. ej., con todo lo que hace, por muy activo que es). \pna Melá:h o:tine:chsiawi:tih, \pea You really tired me out (e.g., with the amount of work you gave me). \psa De veras me hiciste cansar (p. ej., con la cantidad de trabajo que me diste). \xrb siawi \xvbao siawi \dis siamiktia; siawi:tia \ref 03410 \lxa ma:xi:lo \lxac i:ma:xi:lo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se see <nla>ma:xi:lo:w</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>ma:xi:lo:w</nla> \syno ma:po:te \xrb ma: \xrb xi:lo: \qry Check which is correct (or better) /i:ma:xi:lo/ or /i:ma:xi:lo:w/. \ref 03411 \lxa eskorpió:n \lxac eskorpió:n \lxo eskoro:bio:n \lxoc eskoro:bio:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan escorpión \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of brownish lizard said to be poisonous (gila monster?) \ss tipo de animal color café, dizque venenoso \sem animal \sem lizard \ref 03412 \lxa a:polaktia \lxac ka:polaktia \lxo a:polahtia \lxoc ka:polahtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sumerge or push underwater (from a position already in the water) \ss sumergir, empujar o meter abajo del agua (desde una posición ya dentro del agua) \pna Xka:polakti un toba:leh! \pea Push that guy under water! \psa ¡Empuja a este cuate para dentro del agua! \xrb a: \xrb polak \xvbao a:polaki \vl Link first female token. \ref 03413 \lxa xakwachowa \lxac kixakwachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2a \sea (often reduplicated with short vowel) to crumple up (e.g., clothes, such as by throwing them in a chest without properly folding) \ssa (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) arrugar (p. ej., ropa al guardarla sin doblarla bien) \pna O:kixakwachoh itlake:n. \pea He crumpled up his clothes. \psa Arrugósu ropa. \equivo xakwalowa \xrb xakwach \xvaa xakwachowilia \dis xakwachowa; xakwalowa. Determine difference. \nse Perhaps etymologically related to <na>xakwalowa</na>. \ref 03414 \lxa postekpatli \lxac postekpatli \lxo postéhpatlí \lxoc postéhpatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \seao <l>Anredera vesicaria</l> (Lam.) Gaertn., plant of the family Basellaceae \ssao <l>Anredera vesicaria</l> (Lam.) Gaertn., plant of the family Basellaceae \pna Postekpatli | Kiki:xtian inelwayo, kikwe:chowan ipan metlatl wa:n kinelowan iwa:n se:boh. Kichapa:nilian ka:n o:tipostek dya kitekwian ika tlake:ntli para nokwaltla:lia. \pea <na>Postekpatli</na> : They take off its root and grind it up finely on a metate; then they mix it together with fat. They spread it on the area where you have broken a bone before wrapping it up in cloth so that it gets better. \psa <na>Postekpatli</na> : Quitan su raíz y la muelen finamente sobre un metate; después la revuelven con cebo. Le untan sobre el lugar donde tienes un hueso quebrado y lo envuelven con tela para que se componga. \pna Postekpatli | Deke o:postek se: je:nteh tiktla:lili:s postekpatli. Ok ma x'kwe:cho ipan tetl. Ma nokwe:cho. Kwa:kon tiktsoyo:ni:s ika se:bo. I:pan se: teposko:ntli tiktsoyo:ni:s wa:n kwa:k yo:seseyak tiktla:lili:s a:kin o:postek. Kise:wi:s, kipati:s. \src Paulina Venancio \pea <na>Postekpatli</na> : If someone has broken a bone you put <na>postekpatli</na> on him. First grind it up finely on a stone. It should be finely ground up. Then you fry it with fat. You fry it in a metal pot and when it's cooled off you put it on the person who has broken a bone. It will sooth it, it will cure it. \psa <na>Postekpatli</na> : Si alguien ha quebrado un hueso le pones <na>postekpatli</na>. Primero muélelo finamente sobre una piedra. Se debe moler muy fino. Entonces lo frí es. Lo frí es en una olla de metal y cuando ya se enfrióse lo pones a la persona a quien se le rompió un hueso. Lo va a calmar, lo va a aliviar. \xrb posteki \xrb pah \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) list this with the gloss 'bejuco huesero.' \nct komekatl \ref 03415 \lxa teko:ntik \lxac teko:ntik \lxo teko:ntik \lxoc teko:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be deep-dished (a casserole bowl, i.e. with steep sides and a deep bottom); to be very concave (e.g., a loosely strung hammock when sb lies in it) \ss estar hondo o profundo (una cazuela o algo de esta forma, esto es, con los lados muy inclinados y el fondo profundo); estar muy concavo (p. ej., una hamaca muy floja cuando algn se acuesta en ella) \pna Kaswe:lah teko:ntik. pe:ltik \pea Casserole dishes are deep-dished. \psa Las cazuelas son hondas con los lados muy inclinados. \xrb te \xrb ko:m \nse <nao>Teko:ntik</nao> can be applied to an area on the ground, the shape of bowls, a hat with the brim turned down and held upside-down, a loosely strung hammock as someone lies in it, etc. In terms of shapes (such as those of bowls or similar objects), the opposite of <nao>teko:ntik</nao> is <nlao>pe:ltik</nlao>. \qry See comments with /teko:ntli/ re: vowel length. At least in Oapan, this is definitely a short vowel. Perhaps it is dif. in Ameyaltepec. Check this and all similar words. Note that I originally had the definition: 'to be sunken in (an area of a surface, particularly the ground)' but this appears in error. The word should be /teka:xtik/. Thus the following has been removed: /O:noka:w teko:ntik./ 'It formed a sunken spot (e.g., an area in an earthen floor that is sunken in and where water may collect)' \ref 03416 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mílá:w \lxoc mílá:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \pa yes \se see <nlao>melá:k</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>melá:k</nlao> \qry Recheck all the pronunciations of /milá:k/. The p-a of the Oapan form is not easily explained right now. \ref 03417 \lxa tlakoxelowa \lxac kitlakoxelowa \lxo tlákoxelówa \lxop tlakoxelowa \lxoc kitlákoxelówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to divide in half (e.g., food, money, etc.) \ss dividir o partir en mitad (p. ej., comida, dinero, etc.) \xrb tlahko \xrb xel \xvaa tlakoxelowilia \xvao tlákoxelowília \dis tlakoxelowa; xelowa; tlakotlapa:na; tlakoteki \qry Check to determine whether /tlakoxelowa/ can only refer dividing into halves or two parts, or whether it can refer to various types of divisions. Check all verbs of division that begin with tlako and compare possible POs: tlakoxelowa, tlakoteki, tlakoposteki, tlakotlapana. Check whether tlakoxama:ni is OK, or tlakotsaya:ni, etc. Does tlako at times refer to the location of the part, or to the division into two only. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that there is no left shift of this p-a in this word, in which the first syllable of the stem has {h} as coda. \ref 03418 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítlaní \lxop itlani \lxoc kítlaní; kí:tlaní \pa yes-lex \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \epen i>0 \sea (<n>-ka</n> <na>tlatlani</na> (Am) or <no>tlátlaní</no> (Oa)) to inquire about; to ask questions about [possessor of <n>-ka</n> ] \ssa (<n>-ka</n> <na>tlatlani</na> (Am) o <no>tlátlaní</no> (Oa) preguntar sobre o por [poseedor de <n>-ka</n> ] \pna Moka tlatlani deke tinemi. \pea He inquires about you, if you are alive. \psa Pregunta por tí, si estás vivo. \seo to request (a girl [O] as a bride) \sso pedir (una muchacha [O] como novia) \seo (with short vowel reduplication; <no>kí:tlaní</no>) to ask repeatedly for (e.g., alms) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta; <no>kí:tlaní</no>) pedir repetidamente (p. ej., dinero) \syna tlatlani \xrb htlani \dis tlatlani as transitive and tlatlani with -ka \nse In Oapan the unreduplicated form refers solely to the requesting of a bride by the grooms family or representive. The reduplicated form is used for requesting alms, or similar things. It is interesting that when I asked Florencia Marcelio and Inocencio Jiménez if one could say <no>tlátlaní</no> they both said no, although both accepted the nominalization <no>tlátlantsí:n</no>. However when I later asked whether one could say <no>moka tlátlaní</no>, basically an antipassive form, both readily accepted this form. Finally, <na>itlani</na> is not documented as a fully transitive verb in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl; rather, only the detransitivized <na>tlatlani</na> is used, with an oblique or relational noun (e.g., <na>moka tlatlani</na>). Thus in Oapan one has the transitive <no>ítlaní</no>, which can take a specific object. There are also expressions such as <no>moka tlátlaní</no>. In Ameyaltepec this form also exists. However, the transitive verb is f ound not as <na>itlani</na> but as <nla>tlat lani</nla>, i.e., reduplicated with the <n>tla-</n> syllable of the stem, not the initial <n>i</n> as in Oapan. \nae The initial vowel of the Oapan citation form <no>kítlaní</no> seems to have a slightly longer duration than might be expected, but it contrasts with the reduced reduplicated form <no>kí:tlaní</no> 'to ask for alms.' \qry Check to see if simple /tlatlani/ is used, with no oblique (e.g., /nochipa san tlatlani/. This would seem to be the basis for the nominalized /tlatlantsi:n/. For all entries check for presence of /h/. \vl Please consult me on this entry before tagging and linking. The citation form here is /kítlaní/, apparently not reduplicated but with pitch accent. However, originally for entry 1280 I had /kí:tlaní/. These should have been tagged as 03418... c and d. These should be selected and joined into one long sound file of four words: kítlaní(F) kítlaní(M); kí:tlaní(F) kí:tlaní(M). \ref 03419 \lxa arrechia:rowa \lxac narrechia:rowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>arrechar</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-refl[x] \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to have an affair; to engage in sex \ssa (refl.) tener una canita; coger \pna Xmarrechia:ro! \pea Have a fling! \psa ¡échate una canita! \pna Kwaltsi:n xmarrechia:ro! Ma:ka san xteso:nsotik, ma mitsa:lwelita. \pea Go for it (sexually)! Don't just act like an idiot! Let her take a good look at you and like what she sees! \psa ¡Anímate (a hacerle el amor)! No seas tan zonzo.¡Quéte vea, quéte aprecie (tu parecer, para ser su amante). \sea (refl.) to get horny \ssa (refl.) arrecharse; tener ganas de hacer el amor; calentarse \pna Yo:pe:w -n-arrechia:rowa. \pea She (or he) has started to get horny (and want lovers). \psa Empezó a querer tener amantes (una mujer o hombre). \nae Apparently <na>arrechia:rowa</na> may be used with or without the reflexive prefix, with no change in meaning. It is not found with any other specific or nonspecific object prefix. \qry Determine whether this verb can indeed be used with or without a reflexive. Determine the transitive. And determine whether it can apply to both men and women. \ref 03420 \lxa tsi:npipi:to \lxac tsi:npipi:to \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pito</spn> (?) \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have pants or a dress that fits tight around the seat \ssa tener los pantalones o una falda apretados por las nalgas \sem clothing \xrb tsi:n \nse The etymology of <na>tsi:npipi:to</na> is uncertain; it is probably derived in part from a Spanish loan. \ref 03421 \lxa kuchih \lxac kuchih \lxo kochih \lxoc kochih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cochino \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se sound made to drive away pigs \ss sonido hecho para ahuyentar marranos \se pig \ss marrano \pna Tihkwa:skeh kuchih. \pea We're going to eat pig. \psa Vamos a comer marrano. \qry Check Am final vowel for /h/. \vl Use first female token for link. \ref 03422 \lxa tlapa:stika:n \lxac tlapa:stika:n \lxo tlapa:stika:n \lxoc tlapa:stika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se place that is wet (land that is soaking from a heavy rain, a floor soaking from water that has been poured onto it, etc.) \ss lugar oárea mojado (tierra empapada después de una fuerte lluvia, un piso por agua que se tiró, etc.) \pna Tlapa:stika:n, ke:n tlapeya:wa. \pea It is a wet place, it is really slippery (in reference to a downward sloping area). \psa Es un lugar mojado, es muy resbaloso (en referencia a un lugar con un pendiente o cuesta hacia abajo). \cfao tlawa:hka:n \xrb pa:ts \xrl -ka:n \qry Check whether this can refer to \ref 03423 \lxa kwetla:ntok \lxac kwetla:ntok \lxo kwetla:ntok \lxoc kwetla:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be hanging down, from one fixed point \ss estar colgado, desde un solo punto \pna Miák kwetla:ntok wa:xin. Meláo:tla:k. \pea There are a lot of <na>guajes</na> hanging down (from the branches). It (the tree) really bore fruit. \psa Hay muchos guajes colgados. De veras (elárbol) rindiómucho. \xrb kwetla: \vl Use second female token as link. \ref 03424 \lxa ma:pipichowa \lxac ma:pipichowa \lxo ma:pichowa \lxoc ma:pichowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2b \se to whistle hard (with ones lips curled inward and a finger or fingers placed between ones lips) \ss silbar or chiflar fuerte (con los labios jalados hacia adentro y un dedo o dedos colocados entre los labios) \pna Xma:pipicho! \pea Whistle hard (by placing your fingers inside your mouth)! \psa ¡Chifla fuerte (colocando los dedos dentro de la boca)! \se to make a loud whistling sound (e.g., fireworks specially designed with whistles as they rise) \ss hacer un fuerte silbido (p. ej., cohetes especialmente diseñados para chiflar al subir) \cfa tlankikisi \cfo tlankisi \xrb ma: \xrb pich \xvaa ma:pipichowilia \xvao ma:pichowilia \encyctmp communication \nse One entry has <na>ma:pipichowa</na> used in refers to the sound made by a carhorn. The etymology of <na>ma:pipichowa</na> is uncertain, it might be related to <na>pipitsowa</na>, though the reason for palatalization is uncertain. Or it might be related to <nlao>pi:tsa</nlao>, in which case one would expect a long vowel. \nde Molina has <n>mapichoa ni.</n> 'chiflar con el dedo.' However, this word is alphabetized where <n>mapipichoa</n> would be, not in the spot <n>mapichoa</n> should hold. Molina also has an intransitive <n>mapipitzoa</n> with the same meaning. A reflexive <n>mapipitzoa nino</n> is glossed as 'chuparse los dedos.' RS has the last verb as fully transitive as well, <n>mapipitzoa. Nite-</n> 'chupar los dedos de alguien.' \qry Check vowel length. If this is related to /pi:tsa/, then a long vowel would be expected. \grm In the grammar a note should be made of this alternation: /pipitsowa/ and /pipichowa/ as in RS /mapipichoa/ and /mapipitzoa/. \vl Use first female token, second male token. \ref 03425 \lxa komoltik \lxac komoltik \lxo komoltik \lxoc komoltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekomoltik</nao> \se to have a slightly sunken in but extended depression toward the center (in reference to a terrain or surface, e.g, a plastic surface with a sunken area) \ss teniendo una parte ligeramente hundida hacia el centro (referiéndose usualmente a un terreno o tierra pero también a cosas casi planas pero con una pequeña depresión) \pna Tekomoltik un tla:hli. \pea That area of land is slightly sunken in. \psa Esaárea está algo hundida. \xrb komol \qry Check for size of this depression, and for anything else that might be /komoltik/. \ref 03426 \lxa te:ncha:mol \lxac i:te:ncha:mol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea snout (of a head of cattle only, i.e., ox, calf, cow, bull, etc.) \ssa hocico (de un ganado solamente, p. ej., buey, vaca, toro, etc.) \cfo cha:mol \xrb te:n \xrb cha:mol \nae The root <nr>cha:mol</nr> is uncertain but is perhaps related to <nla>chi:mahli</nla>. In the Spanish to Nahuatl section, Molina has for <spn>hocico como de puerco</spn> the words <na>tenchimalli</na> and <na>tentomactli</na>. On the Nahuatl to Spanish side he has <na>tenchimalli</na> as <spn>beçudo como negro</spn>. RS has for this same word, <spn>Befo, el que tiene el labio superior muy grueso</spn>. Thus it is possible that Ameyaltepec <na>cha:mol</na> is a reflex of <na>chi:mahli</na>. \rt The root <nr>cha:mol</nr> is uncertain but is perhaps related to <nla>chi:mahli</nla>. In the Spanish to Nahuatl section, Molina has for <spn>hocico como de puerco</spn> the words <na>tenchimalli</na> and <na>tentomactli</na>. On the Nahuatl to Spanish side he has <na>tenchimalli</na> as <spn>beçudo como negro</spn>. RS has for this same word, <spn>Befo, el que tiene el labio superior muy grueso</spn>. Thus it is possible that Ameyaltepec <na>cha:mol</na> is a reflex of <na>chi:mahli</na>. \ref 03427 \lxa te:palkochi \lxac te:palkochi \lxo te:palkochi \lxoc te:palkochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep in the house of others (particularly as a dependent, when one does not have a home of ones own) \ss dormir en casa ajena (particularmente como dependiente, cuando uno no tiene casa propia) \pna Nite:palkochi, xnikpia nokal. \pea I sleep in the homes of others, I don't have my own house. \psa Duermo en casa ajena, no tengo casa propia. \pna Te:palkoxtinemi, ke:n pro:beh. \pea He goes around sleeping at other people's houses, he's really poor (i.e., does not have his own house). \psa Anda durmiendo en casa ajena, es muy pobre (esto es, no tiene casa propia). \xrb kochi \xrl -pal \qry Although the fact that the subject marker precedes <na>te:pal</na> and the inflectional markers for tense and aspect follow <na>kochi</na> is the main criterion for considering <na>te:palkochi</na> as one word, this analysis merits a caveat. If the subject markers are considered simple prefixes, then clearly the order in <na>nite:palkochi</na> indicates that <na>te:palkochi</na> should be considered one word. However, considering that <na>ni</na> and the other subject markers are more accurately considered clause initial clitics, it is possible to analyze <na>te:pal kochi</na> as two words joined in a single clause (just as in <na>niwe:i chichi</na> is two words). Nevertheless, given that <na>te:pal</na> is functionally adverbial and that very few relational expressions occur after the subject pronouns (e.g., * <na>nimona:k tekitis</na>, cf. <na>mona:k nitekitis</na> 'I will work for you'), it is more accurate to consider the sequence <na>te:palkochi</na> as one word. (Note also that wi th specific possessor s the sequence is not acceptable (* <na>nimopalkochi</na>). Note that Molina has an entry <na>tepal nicochi</na> 'ser huesped, o hospedarse en csa de alguno.' \qry Check for other sequences with /te:pal/ that perhaps may cause a reevaluation of this entry to /te:pal kochi/, i.e., two words with the subject clitic to the left, as in /we:i chichi/, etc. Thus /nite:pal kochi/ or /nite:palkochi/ would seem to be little different. Check for other sequences: /nite:paltlakwa/, /nite:palcha:nti/, etc. I.e., elicit all words that begin with /te:pal/. \grm Clitics and word formation: Although the fact that the subject marker precedes <na>te:pal</na> and the inflectional markers for tense and aspect follow <na>kochi</na> is the main criterion for considering <na>te:palkochi</na> as one word, this analysis merits a caveat. If the subject markers are considered simple prefixes, then clearly the order in <na>nite:palkochi</na> indicates that <na>te:palkochi</na> should be considered one word. However, considering that <na>ni</na> and the other subject markers are more accurately considered clause initial clitics, it is possible to analyze <na>te:pal kochi</na> as two words joined in a single clause (just as in <na>niwe:i chichi</na> is two words). Nevertheless, given that <na>te:pal</na> is functionally adverbial and that very few relational expressions occur after the subject pronouns (e.g., * <na>nimona:k tekitis</na>, cf. <na>mona:k nitekitis</na> 'I will work for you'), it is more accurate to consider the sequence <na>te:palkochi</na> as one word. (Note also that with specific possessors the sequence is not acceptable (* <na>nimopalkochi</na>). \ref 03428 \lxa tlakoka:tilia \lxac tlakoka:tilia \lxo tlákoka:tília \lxop tlakoka:tilia \lxoc tlákoka:tília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-lia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex-lex \se to continue until midday; to take half a day (in carrying out sth that one had thought to complete in the morning); to be late (i.e., to do sth that causes one to be delayed until close to midday) \ss seguir hasta mediodia; tomar medio día (en llevar a cabo algo que uno pensaba terminar en la mañana); hacerse tarde (en el sentido de hacer algo que cause a uno demorarse hasta mediodía) \pna O:nitlakoka:tilih. \pea I took up half a day (i.e., I was late because I didn't finish until noon sth that I had planned on completing in the morning). \psa Me tardémedio día (esto es, se me hizo tarde porque no terminéhasta mediodía algo que pensaba terminar en la mañana). \synao tlakwalispantilia \xrb tlahko \nse The etymology of <na>tlakokatilia</na> is not completely clear, a situation compounded by the word-medial loss of underlying {h} in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Apparently it is related to the root <na>tlahko</na> 'half' and, by extension, half of the day. \grm Applicative; causative; valency: Note that /tlakokatilia/ is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be late' or 'to continue doing sth late in the day, toward midday.' The interesting point here is that a verb ending in /-lia/ is an intransitive. This should be checked and other verbs in /-lia/ searched for that might also be intransitives. \grmx Oapan phonology: note that the high pitch on the first syllable of Oapan /tlákoka:tília/ is not as marked as in other cases. The pattern should be compared to 5-syllable words with no pitch-accent. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03429 \lxa i:xtoma:wi \lxac i:xtoma:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones face to fill out; to get a chubby face \ssa llenarsele la cara; ponersele la cara gordita \pna Yo:pe:w i:xtoma:wi, sepa ye o:stli kas. \pea Her face has already started to fill out, perhaps she's pregnant once again. \psa Ya se le empezó a llenar la cara, quizás otra vez está embarazada. \xrb i:x \xrb toma: \nde In Classical Nahuatl this word, found in Molina as an adjectival <n>ixtomauac</n> is glossed as 'sin tiento, o atroche moche.' The aspectual <n>ixtomauatiuh. n</n> is defined as 'yr como tonto o como fuera de.' \ref 03430 \lxa kea:man \lxac kya:man \lxaa kea:man \lxo kea:man \lxoa kya:man \lxoc kea:man \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \loan (part) <spn>que</spn> \se for example \ss por ejemplo \pna Kya:man timitsihli:skia... \pea For example, I might say to you... \psa Por ejemplo, te podría decir... \pna Kea:man, yewa. \pea For an example, take him. \psa Por ejemplo,él. \sea (<na>sa:</na> ~) just as soon as (i.e., a little bit before; cf. Oapan <nlo>kin</nlo>) \ssa (<na>sa:</na> ~) justamente cuando (esto es, un poquito antes; vé ase cf. Oapan <nlo>kin</nlo>) \pna Sa: kea:man o:tasik, yewa o:yah. \pea Just as soon as you arrived, he had gone. \psa Justamente cuando llegaste,él se había ido. \xrb a:man \nae The origin of the initial <na>ke</na> element is unclear; perhaps it is related to Classical <na>ke:n</na>. Note that pronuncation of <na>kea:man</na> varies significantly among speakers with a form such as <nao>kya:man</nao> not uncommon. In addition, since in Oapan final <no>i:n</no> is extrametrical, the stress in <no>kea:man i:n</no> is on the final syllable of <no>kea:man</no> [ke a: 'ma ni:n]. In Ameyaltepec one seems to have both [kea:man 'i:n] and [ke:a:'man i:n]. Note that the length of the initial vowel sequence in Oapan <no>ke:a:man</no> varies from 257 ms (Inocencio Jiménez) to 297 ms (Florencia Marcelino). The precise boundary can not be inequivocably determined, but it seems clear from the spectrogram and wave form that both vowels should be considered long. \pqry Note that the length of the initial vowel sequence in Oapan <no>ke:a:man</no> varies from 257 ms (Inocencio Jiménez) to 297 ms (Florencia Marcelino). The precise boundary can not be inequivocably determined, but it seems clear from the spectrogram and wave form that both vowels should be considered long. \qry It may well be that the <na>ke:</na> of this entry is not part of <na>kiya:man</na> and that this latter has a completely distinct etymology. It is also unclear at this point whether the correct pronunciation in s <na>ke:</na> or <na>keh</na>, or whether both are used interchangeably. Note that in one entry I have noted that"the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally."However, this disagrees with the other note I have recorded in the entry <na>ke:</na>, which mentions a long vowel. \qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ral recordings I seem to hear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. \sj Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where the {h} is not lost, should clarify some of the problems of etymological analysis for this entry and for <na>ke:tla</na> (or Oapan <no>ké:tlá</no>). \vl Link first female and second male tokens. NOTE TO SELF: Later do an anaylysis of this form. \ref 03431 \lxa no:lowa \lxac kino:lowa \lxo no:lowa \lxoc kino:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make crooked; to bend; to make wavy (sth long, soft, and pliable such as wire for a sandal, a candle, a rod or switch, etc.) \ss enchuecar; torcer; encorvar (algo largo, suave, y maleable como alambre para un huarache, una vela, una vara, etc.) \pna O:tikino:loh mosurkoh. \pea You laid the furrows of your field down crookedly. \psa Dejaste chuecos los surcos (que estabas arando). \pna Xno:lo! \pea Bend it! \psa ¡Dóblalo! \xrb no:l \grm Paradigms: note that the root /no:l/ provides a good case of various forms: Intransitive /no:liwi/, transitive /no:lowa/, stative /no:liwtok/, and adjectival /no:ltik/. An attempt should be made to determine the difference between the last two and this should be discussed in the grammar. \ref 03432 \lxa chichinowa \lxo chichinowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao see <nlao>chinowa</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>chinowa</nlao> \xrb chin \ref 03433 \lxa i:xte:nkakalaki \lxac i:xte:nkakalaki \lxo i:xté:nkaláki \lxop i:xté:nkalaki \lxoc i:xté:nkaláki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se for ones eyes to get sunken in \ss sumirsele los ojos \pna Yo:i:xte:nkakalak, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea His eyes have sunken in, he's getting old. \psa Ya se le sumieron los ojos, ya es viejo. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kalak \nse This word has only been documented in the reduplicated form, as is often the case with words referring to the eyes. \nae As is often the case in Oapan Nahuatl, with this word the reduplicant is reduced on a closed heavy (long-voweled) syllable with a final nasal (here <n>te:n</n>) the reduplicant is reduced. The presence of the reduplicant is manifested in the reflex of pitch accent on the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem <n>i:xte:n</n>. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: As is often the case in Oapan Nahuatl, with /i:xté:nkaláki/ the reduplicant is reduced on a closed heavy (long-voweled) syllable with a final nasal (here <n>te:n</n>) the reduplicant is reduced. The presence of the reduplicant is manifested in the reflex of pitch accent on the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem <n>i:xte:n</n>. \qry Check for causative. \ref 03434 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /chíkolá:na/. It has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Please tag the sound tokens here with #6471. Note that the linked tokens should be the later recordings. \ref 03435 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /piya:siwi/. It has been deleted and the word listed as an alternate pronunciation for /peya:siwi/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03436 \lxa xaxa:yakatl \lxac xaxa:yakameh \lxo xa:xa:yekatl \lxoa xa:xa:ikatl \lxoc xa:xa:yekatl, xa:xa:ikatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se horsefly \ss tábano \sem animal \sem insect \xrb xa:yaka \nse This word is used in San Juan Tetelcingo; in Ameyaltepec the Spanish <na>tá:banoh</na> is used. Apparently the short vowel in the initial syllable of the Ameyaltepec word is related to the lack of use of this term in the village. However, there might well be variation among speakers as I have documented <na>xa:xayaktsi:n</na> from one speaker. According to Cristino Flores (Am) both forms, with either an initial long or short vowel, are correct. \mod When the dictionary is expanded to multidialect a way of expressing or marking/coding different dialects should be determined. Perhaps headword with a cognate priority list. \pqry Check vowel legnth in Am. \vl Use first male token. \ref 03437 \lxa matlaktli \lxac matlaktli \lxo mátlahtlí \lxoc mátlahtlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Num \com N-N \der N-? \pa yes-lex \se ten \ss diez \sem num \xrb mah \xrb tlaki \nae This word probably derives from <na>mah</na> plus another element that, for lack of a better determination, is here given as <na>tlaki</na>. \pqry Check aspiration of /k/ here. \ref 03438 \lxa yekwitla \lxac yekwitla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N(?) \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea person who is a big enter of beans \ssa persona que come mucho frijol \cfa chi:lkwitla; cho:kwitla \xrb ye \xrb kwitla \nse The use of the nominal root <nr>kwitla</nr> to indicate a person who does in excess something associated with a previous nominal stem more common in Ameyaltepec than Oapan Nahuatl. \qry The derivation, grammatical category and roots uncertain. \ref 03439 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /tlanelowa/ in a vulgar sense. It has since been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03440 \lxa totopoxtli \lxac totopoxtli \lxo totopoxtli \lxoc totopoxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-s* \der N-dvb-ni-x \infn Stem 1(:) \seao type of thin toasted and ruffled tortilla (the sweet variety, <na>tsope:lik</na>, is made for Santa Cruz in May). <na>Totopoxtli</na> is made by grinding <spn>masa</spn> very thin on a metate and then pushing it off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted \ssao tipo de tortilla delgada y tostada, con volantes ("ruffles"; la variedad dulce, <na>tsope:lik</na>, se hace para santa Cruz de mayo). <na>Totopoxtli</na> se hace cuando una mujer muele la masa dulce muy delgada sobre un metate, empujándola abajo para que salga por la parte inferior del metate. otra mujer lo toma sobre una servieta y después lo coloca sobre un comal para dorarlo. \pna Totopoxtli kwetlaxtik, xokitliwa:tskeh. \pea The tostadas are soft, they didn't toast them (on the griddle). \psa Las tostadas están suaves, no las doraron (sobre el comal). \pna Tlapilo:lo ika totopoxtli. \pea Totopos are being made. \psa Se está haciendo totopos. \pna Pi:si:ltik xkasi para kwahli ki:sas totopoxtli! \pea Grind it (<spn>masa</spn>) very finely so that the <nla>totopoxtli</nla> comes out well! \psa ¡Muélela (la masa) muy fina para que los totopos salgan bien! \sem food-maize \syna totopochpilo:hli \cfao tlapilowa \cfo totopoxpilowa \xrb topo: \nse In Ameyaltepec at least, there are two types of <na>totopoxtli</na> : <nla>tsope:lik</nla> (sweet) and <nla>poyé:k</nla> (salty). The sweet variety, made from sweet <spn>masa</spn>, is consumed during Santa Cruz in May. The salty variety used to be made to take to the coast when Ameyaltepequeños would go on salt-trading expeditions. It is seldom, if ever, still made. The verb <nlao>tlapilowa</nlao> is used to describe the action of making <na>totopoxtli</na>. In Oapan this is made, along with <nlo>i:skia:to:hli</nlo> for the offerings of Corpus Cristi. Some women color and flavor the maize with ground up prickly pears from the small cactus <l>Opuntia bensonii</l> Sánchez-Mejorada. \ref 03441 \lxa -te:nkopa \lxac ite:nkopa \lxo -te:nkopa \lxoc i:te:nkopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Rel-stem/poss \infv class-3a \se in the words of; from the mouth of (particularly from sb asserting a particular fact; in this sense equivalent to <nla>-te:nko</nla>) \ss en las palabras de; de los labios de (especialmente de algn quien asevera algo; en este sentido equivalente a <nla>te:nko</nla>) \pna Mote:nkopa ma nkaki! \pea Let me hear it from your very lips! \psa ¡Déjame escucharlo de tus propios labios! \se with the word or permission of \ss con el permiso o palabra de \pna Ite:nkopa itah o:yah. \pea He went with his father's permission. \psa Fue con el permiso de su padre. \se in the words of; from the mouth of (particularly from sb asserting a particular fact; in this sense equivalent to <nlao>-te:nkopa</nlao>) \ss en las palabras de; de los labios de (especialmente de algn quien asevera algo; en este sentido equivalente a <nlao>te:nkopa</nlao>) \pna Inte:nkopa yo:tlakahkeh no:bioh iwa:n no:biah. Yo:kintlato:ltikeh deke milá:k nonekin para na:naskeh. \pea From the very mouths of the bridgegroom and bride they heard it. They had asked them if it was really true that they loved each other (enough) to get married. \psa De las bocas del novio y novia lo escucharon. Les había preguntado si de veras se querían (lo suficiente) para casarse. \se (<na>i:te:nkopa dió:s</na>) with the help of God \ss (<na>i:te:nkopa dió:s</na>) con la ayuda de Diós \pna Ite:nkopa dió:s o:niwel. \pea With God's help I learned (or was able to do it). \psa Con la ayuda de Diós pude (aprender algo, hacer algo, etc.). \xrb te:n \xrl -kopa \nse The part of speech gloss for this word, an adverbial, is based on its role as a predicate modifier, indicating the direction from which a given action comes. It is the suffix <n>-pa</n> that gives this word its characteristic function as a predicate modifier. \grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Note that the initial /i:/ in all utterances of this word by Oapan speakers seems quite short although one token had a duration of about 100 ms (I think; recheck). \ref 03442 \lxa tlikonexto:ka \lxac kitlikonexto:ka \lxo tlikonexto:ka \lxoc kitlikonexto:ka \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to bury (sth) in the hot ashes of a hearth or fire \ss enterrar o meter (algo) abajo de las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrb to:ka \xrl -ko \dis tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia \vl First female token is /tlikonexpachowa/. Tag as alternate to 2352. Link second correct female token and first male token as final sound. \ref 03443 \lxa ista:k yetl \lxaa ista:kyetl \lxac ista:k yetl \lxo ista:yetl \lxoc ista:yetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of white bean, very small, planted in a milpa among maize plants \ss tipo de frijol blanco, muy pequeño, sembrado en una milpa entre el maíz \pna Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. \pea They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, they didn't grinding them up finely for it. \psa Machucharon los frijoles blancos para <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, no le molieron finamente. \sem plant \sem domesticated \sem edible \xrb sta \xrb ye \encyctmp yetl \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as <spn>frijol blanco</spn>. \nct yetl \qry Obtain list of foods in which these beans are used. Also, check accentual pattern. Get a complete list of beans. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: Note that the length of initial /i/ seems to vary a lot. One utterance of Florencia has a vowel under 50 ms, whereas Inocencio pronounces one token with a length close to 90. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token. \ref 03444 \lxa tla:ltewitska:n \lxac tla:ltewitska:n \lxo tla:ltewitska:n \lxoc tla:ltewitska:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n \infn N1(N2-N) \se see <nla>tla:ltetewistika:n</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tla:lte:tewistika:n</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>tla:ltetewistika:n</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tla:lte:tewistika:n</nlo> (Oa) \xrb tla:l \xrb tewits \ref 03445 \lxa tsope:lik \lxac tsope:lik \lxo tsope:lik \lxoc tsope:lik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \syn tsopeltik \se sweet \ss dulce \sem tastes \equivao tsopeltik \xrb tsope:l \qry In one entry/file card I have a long final /i/; however in other instances (and in the complex /tsope:lik a:to:hli/) the /i/ is short. This should be checked. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 03446 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for the toponym /Sakapehtsi:nko/, now in the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03447 \lxa tlatlaxistopo:ni \lxac tlatlaxistopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex rdp-s* \infv class-3a \sea to have a very bad cough, dry and hard with phlegm or mucous dislodged with the cough \ssa tener un tos muy fuerte, seco y duro con flema que sale al toser \sem disease \xrb tlasi \xrb topo: \qry Check difference between /tlatlasi chika:wak/ and /tlatlaxistopo:ni/. \ref 03448 \lxa kochi:tia \lxac kikochi:tia \lxo kochi:tia \lxoc kikochi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make sleepy (e.g., a cold day, an alcoholic drink, fever, etc.) \ssao dar sueño a (p. ej., un día de mucho frío, una bebida, fiebre, etc.) \se to make spin quickly (a top, marble, etc.) \ss hacer girar rápidamente (un trompo, canica, etc.) \pna Kwaltsi:n kikochi:tia itro:mpo, sa: koxtok. \pea He can really make his top spin well, its spinning tightly (i.e., not wobbling). \psa Hace girar bien su trompo, está girando bien (esto es, no tambaleándose). \cfao koxte:ka \xrb kochi \xv1a tlakochi:tia \qry Check for other possible acceptations of /kochi:tia:/. \ref 03449 \lxa ma:san \lxac ma:san tli:no:n \lxo ma:si san \lxoa ma:san \lxoc ma:si san tli:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>má:s</spn> \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \se function word used immediately preceding a pronoun to indicate indefinite pronoun of the"any"series or"even" \ss palabra funcional utilizado inmediatamente antes de un pronombre para indicar un pronombre no definido de la serie"~quiera"o"aunque" \pna Ma:san tewa, xikchi:wa! \pea Even you, do it! \psa Aunque seas tú,¡hazlo! \pna Nihkwis ma:san yewa! \pea I take even that! \psa ¡Me llevo aun eso! \se (~ <nao>a:kino:n</nao>) anyone; whoever; whomever \ss (~ <nao>a:kino:n</nao>) quien sea; quienquiera \pna Ma:san a:kino:n nikseli:s. \pea I will accept whoever it may be (anyone). \psa Aceptaré a quien sea. \pna Ma:san a:kino:n iwa:n niá:s. \pea I will go with whomever (anyone). \psa Voy a ir con quien sea. \pna Ma ne:chpale:wi:ki ma:san a:kino:n! \pea Let anyone come and help me! \psa ¡Quéme venga a ayudar quien sea! \se (~ <nao>ka:non</nao>) anywhere; wherever \ss (~ <nao>ka:non</nao>) dondequiera \pna Ma:san ka:no:n xka:wati! \pea Go leave it wherever (or anywhere, you want)! \psa ¡Ve a dejarlo dondequiera! \se (~ <na>kamanon</na> anytime; whenever \ss (~ <na>kamanon</na>) cuandoquiera; a la hora que sea \se (~ <na>katlewa</na>) whichever one (thing); anyone (thing) \ss (~ <na>katlewa</na>) cualquier que sea \pna Xne:chaka ma:s san katlewa! \pea Give me anyone (of the bunch)! \psa ¡Dame el que sea! \se (~ <na>ke:non</na>) in whatever or any way; however (i.e., in any manner) \ss (~ <na>ke:non</na>) comoquiera \se (~ <na>tli:non</na>) whichever or whatever one \ss (~ <na>tli:non</na>) cualquiera; lo que sea \xrb san \qry Check whether these should all be classified as indefinite pronouns; the stimulus for this gloss is Haspelmath's book on indefinite pronouns. Cf. other Pr-indef such as /kanah/, /yekah/, etc. of the 'some~' series. \ref 03450 \lxa koyo:nilia \lxac kikoyo:nilia \lxo koyo:nilia \lxoc kikoyo:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to drill or make a hole in for \ss taladrar o agujerear para \pna Xne:chkokoyo:nili nokabe:sas! \pea Drill holes in my <spn>cabezas</spn> (part of a thatched roof hut) for me! \psa ¡Taládra las cabezas de mi casa (parte de una casa con techo de palma o zacate) para mí! \xrb koyo: \xvbao koyo:nia \ref 03451 \lxa patile:wtok \lxac patile:wtok \lxo patile:htok \lxoc patile:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be crooked; to be leaning to one side \ss estar chueco o ladeado \pna Patile:wtok notlapech, ma nike:kchi:wa! \pea My bed is crooked (leaning to one side), let me fix it! \psa Mi cama está chueca (yendo a un lado),¡deja que la arregle! \equiva patiliwtok \equivo patilihtok \xrb patil \dis patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. \ref 03452 \lxa koto:ntli \lxac koto:ntli \lxo koto:n \lxoc koto:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan algodón \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 1(n) \se shirt (of a man) \ss camisa (de un hombre) \se blouse (of a woman) \ss blusa (de una mujer) \nae The data at present suggest that whereas an absolutive form is found in Ameyaltepec (with the expected possessed root <n>koto:n</n>), in Oapan the form without an absolutive is used both for the unpossessed and possessed form. However, this should be checked. \ref 03453 \lxa iksika:miki \lxac iksika:miki \lxo isika:miki \lxoc isika:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to get over-ripe (a fruit) on the vine or tree \ss pasarse de maduro (una fruta) antes de cortarse o caerse delárbol o planta donde crece \pna O:iksika:mik melo:n, tepapa:xiwi itik kosta:l. \pea The cantaloupe (or melon) got over-ripe on the vine, it's getting smashed up in the sack (where it is placed for transport after harvest). \psa El melón se pasóde maduro antes de cortarse, se está aplastando dentro del costal (donde se pone para transportar después de la cosecha). \xrb ksi \xrb miki \ref 03454 \lxa a:yatok \lxac a:yatok \lxo a:yahtok \lxoc a:yahtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be running water (as in a stream or river) \ss ser agua corriente, que corre (como en un arroyo o río) \xrb a: \xrb yaw \nse My notes show that in Oapan the form <no>a:yotok</no> is also used, but this was not confirmed in the elicitation session. \qry Check etymology of this form; it is unclear, but perhaps it is related to the verb <na>yaw</na>. Make sure Am has /a:yatok/ and not /a:yatok/. But note that the progressive of /yaw/ in Am is /i yatok/, check in Oapan whether the prog. is /yahtok/ or /yatok/. Check translation and then add this to corrected grm notes. \grm Note that /a:yatok/ seems to have an incorporated subject. Nevertheless, further analysis is needed. It might be that this form is similar to that of /tla:lolini/, in that detransitivization takes place through incorporation of nouns. \ref 03455 \lxa pa:pa:lo:tl \lxac pa:pa:lo:tl \lxo pa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc pa:pa:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se generic term for butterfly \ss nombre genérico para mariposa \se generic term for moths (particularly those that fly around lights at night) \ss nombre genérico para polilla (particularmente las que vuelan por las luces durante la noche) \se (intrinsic possession) bugs of (e.g., <na>i:pa:pa:lo:yo tlayo:hli</na>, 'the moths or bugs that get into maize') \ss (posesión intrínseca) polilla de (p. ej., <na>i:pa:pa:lo:yo tlayo:hli</na>, la polilla del maíz) \sem animal \sem insect \cfa pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \xrb pa:lo: \qry Check to see if there are any specific types of butterflies, or if there is a way to distinguish to which the word, in a particular instance, is referring to. The diminutive is used to refer to moths. \ref 03456 \lxa temotso:liwi \lxac temotso:liwi \lxo temotso:liwi \lxoc temotso:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to shrink up (e.g., meat on coals) \ss encogerse (p. ej., carne sobre las brazas) \pna Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:temotso:lihkeh. \pea When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up. \psa Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se achicaron. \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \nse Etymology uncertain. \qry Check all words with /motso:liwi/, etc. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male token. \ref 03457 \lxa chi:lto:to:tl \lxac chi:lto:to:tl \lxo chi:lto:to:tl \lxoc chi:lto:to:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of red bird with black wings, perhpas the White-winged Tanager, <l>Spermagra leucoptera</l>, or a closely related species \ssao tipo de pájaro rojo, con alas negras, quizá el"White-winged Tanager," <l>Spermagra leucoptera</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 58, p. 675 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chi:l \xrb to:to: \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'cardenal.' \ref 03458 \lxa ma:tokilia \lxac kima:tokilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to rub the surface of (with sth [SO]; see <nlo>i:xma:toka</nlo>) \ssa frotar o untar la superficie de (con algo [OS]; vé ase <nlo>i:xma:toka</nlo>) \pna Xma:tokili tenextli mokoma:l para wel tlakwepas, xok sa:liwis tlaxkahli! \pea Rub lime on your griddle so that she (the person who will cook) can turn things over, (so that) tortillas will no longer stick! \psa ¡Frótale cal sobre tu comal para que ella (la persona que la va a usar) puede voltear (las tortillas), (para que) las tortillas ya no se pegan! \xrb ma: \xrb toka \xvba ma:toka \nde In Oapan the applicative of this verb was not accepted by Florencia Marcelino. The nonapplicative is <n>ma:toka</n>, often with long vowel reduplication in the first syllable. For rubbing a surface, Florencia stated that the more precise term is <nlo>i:xma:toka</nlo>. \grm Applicative. Note the difference between the transitive /ma:toka/ and the applicative /ma:tokilia/. In both case there is the same object: /kima:toka ikoma:l/ and /kima:tokilia ikoma:l/. However, in the first the object (the griddle) is a patient: it is what is being rubbed with the hand. In the second it is a benefactive. Note that this is different from the usual pattern, which introduces a new benefactive argument. Thus /kimiktia nopitso/ 'he kills my pig' vs. /ne:chmiktilia nopitso/ 'he kills me my pig' In this case the applicative introduces a new argument, the benefactive, which is different than the object affected. But in /kima:tokilia mokoma:l/, the object is the same as in /kima:toka mokoma:l/. The difference is that in the applicative the primary object is benefited from the application of another item (the lime being spread on the surface). \ref 03459 \lxa tlatkitl \lxac i:tlatki \lxo tlatkitl \lxoc i:tlatki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 2 \se property; possession \ss posesión; propiedad \pna Yewa te:tlatki. \pea That belongs to someone (else). \psa Es cosa ajena. \xrb tki \ref 03460 \lxa kwa:polokatl \lxac kwa:polokatl \lxo kwa:popolokatl \lxoc kwa:popolokatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-o \infn Stem 2 \se dandruff \ss caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb poloka \nae The derivational process here is still not fully analyzed. \qry Check to determine whether a possessed form is correct. \ref 03461 \lxa me:me:ya \lxac me:me:ya \lxo me:me:ya \lxoc me:me:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se generic name for type of still unidentified weed, considered <nla>tlasohli</nla>, of which four species have been collected to date \ss tipo de maleza todavía no identificada, considerada como <nla>tlasohli</nla>, de que cuatro especies han sido colectadas hasta la fecha \pna Me:me:ya | Kipia ile:cheh. De ka:mpa o:tpostek, ki:sa ia:yo:tsin istá:k. \pea <na>Me:me:ya</na> : It has its milk (i.e., milky sap). If you snap it, white sap comes out. \psa <na>Me:me:ya</na> : Tiene su leche. Si lo rompes sale su savia blanca. \sem plant \sem herb \xrb me:ya \cpl Consultants mention that this plant is considered <nla>tlasohli</nla>, perhaps indicating that it is found in fields and then uprooted or burned as a weed. \nct xiwtli; tlasohli \qry Check plural if it exist. Check for other plants that are /tlasohli/, i.e. whether this is a category of such items. Note also the interesting use of long vowel reduplication from what appears to be a verbal base. Cf. if this represents some sort of property of the plant. \ref 03462 \lxa pili:ni \lxac pili:ni \lxo pili:ni \lxoc pili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to droop (e.g., leafy plants) \ss ponerse mustio; quedar colgándose hacia abajo (p. ej., las plantas y sus hojas) \pna Pili:ni nomi:l, yo:weka:w xkiawi. \pea My corn plants are drooping (from lack of water), it hasn't rained for a long time. \psa Se está poniendo mustio mi milpa (por falta de agua), ya hace mucho que no llueve. \pna O:pe:w tlapili:ni, kineki kiawis. \pea Things have started to wither, it needs to rain. \psa Ya empezó a marchitarse todo, hace falta llover. \se to wither; to dry up (plants, animals such as worms that are left in the sun) \ss marchitarse; secarse (plantas, animals como gusanos que se quedan en el sol) \pna San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan. \pea The worms wound up shriveling all up, they were fat. \psa Los gusanos acabaron todo secados, estaban gorditos. \se to get wrinkled; to loose skin tone (a person from age) \ss arrugarse (una persona al envejecerse) \pna Ye pili:ntiw. \pea His age is showing. \psa Se va envejeciendo. \xrb pili: \dis pili:ni, pipilichiwi, ko:pi:liwi, \nse The difference between words such as <nao>pili:ni</nao> and <nlao>pipilichiwi</nlao> needs to be further documented. However, at this point it appears that <nao>pili:ni</nao> refers mostly to drooping of things such as leafy plants, as the leaves droop down from lack of water. <nao>Pipilichiwi</nao> refers more to wrinking of the surface rather than drooping and sagging, thus, for example, one uses <nao>pipilichiwi</nao> and not <nao>pili:ni</nao> in referring to melons. When referring to people the difference seems to be that <na>pipilichiwi</na> more directly refers to the wrinking of the skin as it acquires an old, parched look, while <na>pili:ni</na> refers to the sagging of skin as muscle and skin tone are lost. \qry Note the difference between /pili:ni/, which refers to withering and drying up, and /pipilichiwi/. Check for possibility of intensifier /tepili:ni/. Determine transitive form. Determine possible transitive. Cf. to /tlipili:naltia/ in which the /altia/ form is the transitive. \grm Directionals; plural adjectives: /San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan/ 'Los gusanos acabaron todo secados, estaban gorditos.' Note two things. The first is that /wa:l-/ is here used to indicate the arrival (coming to) a final state. Indeed, it is this final state that serves as the deictic point of reference (one of many points, both spatial and temporal, that may serve as the point of reference). The sense of /wa:l/ + verb is that of 'winding/ending up VERB.' The second point to note is the way in which plural is marked on /totoma:hkeh/. Note that the singular is /toma:wak/ and apparently this can be pluralized as /toma:wakeh/. However, this might be rare, and the plural is rather found as /totoma:hkeh/ 'they are fat.' Cf. this to /totoma:wak/ 'it is fat (in various places).' Of course all this should be rechecked. The plural of /-wa:k/ adjectivals, therefore, seems to be /-hkeh/. \grm Progressive: /Ye pili:ntiw/ 'His age is showing.' One problem with"unaccusative verbs"is the progressive. For these verbs the /-tok/ aspectual marker is indicative of a stative: /koto:ntok/ 'it is snapped.' One way to express the progressive is with an adverbial particle /ye/ as in /ye koto:ntok/ 'it is starting to snap.' However, as this present example suggests, when the time period involved is long perhaps the /-tiw/ suffix may be used to indicate progression and movement through time, not space. One possibility to be noted is that with unaccusatives it is more likely that /-tiw/ be interpreted in a temporal, not spatial sense, even though with unergatives and transitives the spatial component seems primary. One would never thing that a verb form such as /tlakwatiw/ is primarily temporal, but forms such as /ye se:wtiw/ are problably more likely to be interpreted as temporal, not primarily spatial, events. \ref 03463 \lxa tose:sentew \lxac tose:sentew \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-Num \infn N2 \sea (<na>tose:sentew</na>) onesies (in jacks) \ssa (<na>tose:sentew</na> "unos"(en el juego llamado matatena) \pna A:man ipan tose:sentew. \src DT #8:895 (and 783ff) \pea Now for onesies (in jacks). \psa Ahora, unos (en matatena) \xrb sem \xrb te \nse When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, <na>se:sentetl</na> is used to refer to"onesies"in the game of jacks. However, the numeral <na>se:sentetl</na> may also be reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'one by one,' 'one to every one,' etc. For this, see other entry for <na>se:sentetl</na>. \ref 03464 \lxa pexte:ma \lxac kipexte:ma \lxo pexte:ma \lxoc kipexte:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \seao to knock down flat (e.g., driving rain and a hard wind [S] to plants such as corn) \ssao tumbar horizontalmente, por el suelo (p. ej., una fuerte tempestad con agua y viento [S] a plantas como maíz) \se (refl. often reduplicated with short vowel) to lie flat on the ground (failing to stay upright because of size; particularly used in refers to certain single-stemmed plants such as corriander that have their lower stems grow close to the ground) \ss (refl. a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) pegarse al suelo (no manteniéndose vertical a causa del tamaño; particularmente utilizado en referencia a ciertas plantas con un solo tallo (como silantro) cuyos tallos empiezan a crecer junto y pegado al suelo) \xrb pech \xrb te:m \qry Determine whether this can be used nonreflexively. Also, determine the difference between /nopepexte:ma/ and /pepexte:mi/. This should provide information on the difference between transitives used reflexively and intransitives. \mod See illustration with original 3 x 5 card. \qry Check reduplication. \ref 03465 \lxa i:xma:toka \lxac ki:xma:toka \lxo i:xma:toka \lxoc ki:xma:toka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to wipe the surface of (sth) clean \ss limpiar la superficie de \pna Xki:xma:toka para ma ki:sa tla:hli! \pea Wipe the surface clean so that the dirt comes off! \psa ¡Límpiale la superficie para que se quite la tierra (mugre)! \seo to rub the face of (a person) \sso frotar la cara de (una persona) \pno Xki:xma:toka ya: a:tl para ma chipa:wi i:xa:yak! \peo Rub water on his face so that it gets clean! \pso ¡Frótale agua por la cara para que se quede limpio! \xrb i:x \xrb ma: \xrb toka \qry Check if meaning is to use ones hand, or whether it also includes the possibility of using a rag, etc. \ref 03466 \lxa má: \lxac kimá: \lxo má: \lxocpend kimá: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \sea to hit; to strike; to beat up on (with the fist) \ssa golpear; pegar (con el puño); dominar \pna Mitsmá:s, yewa ma:s kuwtik. \pea He will beat up on you (in a physical struggle), he is stronger than you. \psa Te va a dominar (peleando), es más fuerte que tú. \sea (recipr.) to fight \ssa (recipr.) pelearse \pna Nomá:n. \pea They are fighting \psa Están peleando. \se to beat down on (e.g., the sun [S] on a person's body) \ss pegar (p. ej., el sol [S] sobre el cuerpo de uno) \pna O:ne:chmá:k to:nahli. \pea The sun beat down on me. \psa Me pegaba el sol. \se (~ <na>para tlakpak</na>) to make vomit \ss (~ <na>para tlakpak</na>) hacer vomitar \se (~ <na>para tlatsi:ntlah</na>) to give diarrhea to \ss (~ <na>para tlakpak</na>) dar diarrea a \seo to give (syn. Oa <nlo>maka</nlo>) \ssa dar (sin. Oa <nlo>maka</nlo>) \sem contact \cfo maka \xrb ma: \nae The etymology of <na>má</na> is unclear, perhaps it is related to <na>maka</na>, which at times means 'to hit'? Appparently the use of <n>ma</n> with the specialized meaning of 'to hit' is not uncommon across dialects. Note that in Oapan although * <no>má</no> is not a separate verb one does find the future of <nlo>maka</nlo> occasionally reduced to inflected forms such as <no>kimá:s</no>. In Oapan this is used as an abbreviated or apocopated form of the verb <nlo>maka</nlo>. However, for actions such as the sun hitting something or someone, the form <nlo>makilia</nlo> (Oa) is used, a synonym of Ameyaltepec <nla>mailia</nla>. \qry I also this recorded with a short accented vowel, /má/; the correct form should be checked. Note that /ma:/ has the sense of 'to strike' or 'to hit. Check conjugation. Check /ma para tlatsi:ntlah/ as this was added from memory and by analogy with /ma para tlakpak/. \mod Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1 \ref 03467 \lxa kokolia \lxac kikokolia \lxo kokolia \lxoc kikokolia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (<na>-yo:hlo</na> ~) to be sad and depressed; to be upset or ill at heart; to have a heavy or aching heart \ss (<na>-yo:hlo</na> ~) afligirse; estar molesto; sentirse con el corazón pesado \pna Ne:chkokolia noyohlo pa:mpa nowe:wentsi:n san tlai:tok. Xkinemilia tekichi:was. \pea I have a heavy heart (lit. 'my heart makes me ill') because my husband just gets drunk. It doesn't occur to him to do work. \psa Mi corazón me aflige porque mi esposo no hace más que emborracharse. No se le ocurre trabajar. \seo to insist to (sb) about (sth, expressed as a complement) \sso insistir a (algn) sobre (algo, expresado como complemento) \pno Kikokoliah ma tekíwatí! \peo They talk about electing him town mayor. \pso Hablan entre si para queél sea alcalde del pueblo. \xrb koko \nse There are several interesting things about this verb. Apparently it is related to an intransitive form <na>cocoya</na> that in classical means"estar enfermo"(M). The only documented occurrence of the use of <na>cocolia</na> in Ameyaltepec is with the transitive subject being the afflicted person's heart. \qry Check for occurrence of /kokoya/ in Ameyaltepec. \ref 03468 \lxa Pa:skwah \lxac Pa:skwah \lxo Pa:swan \lxoa Pa:swah \lxoc Pa:swan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Pascua \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se Christmas \ss Natividad \pna I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh. tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Dió:s. \pea On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God (in reference to the ceremony at midnight on Christmas when candles are lit in front of the Child of God in order to await the Christmas Day). \psa En la víspera de Navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós (en referencia a la ceremonia de medianoche cuando velas se prenden en frente del Niño Diós para esperar el día de la Natividad). \vl Note that later in the tape Florencia states that her pronunciation of /Pa:skwah/ is mistaken (the first token of the first series of 4; nevertheless, tag this mistaken pronunciation, but don't link, use other tokens). The two speakers then repeat the word correctly 4 times total. \ref 03469 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /ikxipil we:i/; it has since been combined with 33. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This is now entry 00033; tag the tokens here with this number. \ref 03470 \lxa plo:wechi:n \lxac plo:wechi:n \lxo pró:wetsí:n \lxoc pró:wetsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pobre \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se person who is very poor or destitute \ss persona muy pobre \nse The Ameyaltepec form with the palatalized ending is a diminutive and slightly disrespective form of <nla>plo:weh</nla> involving the palatalization of the final syllable of the regular diminutive <na>plo:wetsi:n</na>. \qry Check length of final vowel, /i/, which may be long. \ref 03471 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for /i:xmonmemelak/. It has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03472 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /tlanechko/. However, under this entry I had noted:"An Ameyaltepec consultant used this word, but stated that it is from Oapan, not Ameyaltepec. However, this is not the case. Etymologically it seems related to forms such as /ne:yhka/ although my understanding is that /tlanechko/ refers to a place within sight whereas /ne:yhka/ refers to a place not visible."I added"The word should be removed from the dictionary." \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03473 \lxa tlake:ntatapatik \lxac tlake:ntatapatik \lxo tlake:ntetépatík \lxoc tlake:ntetépatík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-lex-lex \se to have raggedy and heavily patches clothes \ss tener la ropa remendada y andrajosa \pna Tlake:nsosoleh, tlake:ntatapatik. \pea He has tattered old clothes, he has clothes that are heavily patched. \psa Tiene ropa vieja y desgastada, tiene ropa muy remendada. \cfa tlake:nsosoleh; tatapatik \cfo tétépatík \xrb ke:m \xrb tapah \nae The pitch accent pattern is uncertain and needs to be carefully checked. It is possible that I have erred and the correct orthography is <no>tlake:ntetépatík</no> \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent; secondary accent: The underlying form here seems to be {tlake:m + ta + tapah + tik}. My understanding is that the reduplicant is an open syllable with no coda {h}. There is, however, apparently some rise in pitch on /ke:n/, which might be analyzable as secondary. \sj Check /tatapahtik/? for absence of /h/ in reduplicant. \pqry Ask SG to check the pitch accent pattern on this word and that of /tétépatík/. \ref 03474 \lxa kupahli \lxac kupahli \lxo kopahli \lxoc kopahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se resin used for incense, <spn>copal</spn> \ss copal \se chewing gum \ss chicle \se (~ <na>de sa:ntoh kupahli</na>) resin of the type used for incense in religious ceremonies \ss (~ <na>de sa:ntoh kupahli</na>) resina del tipo quemado durante las ceremonias religiosas \seao generic name for a type of tree; see <nla>kopalkuwtli</nla> \ssao nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol; vé ase <nla>kopalkuwtli</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kopal \ncx xo:chikopahli; kopalkohtli; kopalchi:noh -to:nalo:kotl-; sa:ntokopakohtli \nct kohtli \qry Determine if there are different types of copal, and the trees they come from. \rt Perhaps etymology includes /ko/ and /pal/. \ref 03475 \lxa sakaomitl \lxac sakaomitl \lxt sakaomitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea type of grass \ssa tipo de zacate \pna Sakaomitl | Yo:lki wel kikwa. Ihkón kito:ka:yo:tian pa:mpa chichika:wak. Kwa:k one:wte:wa bwe:yeh para kitila:nas ara:doh nepa a:sta tlatotopoka itik tla:hli, pa:mpa melá:k chichika:wak. \pea <na>Sakaomitl</na> : A large (grazing) animal can eat it. They call it that because it is really hard. When an ox heads out to pull a plow there is a crackling sound from inside the ground because it is really hard. \psa <na>Sakaomitl</na> : Un animal grande lo puede comer. Asílo llaman porque es duro. Cuando un buey sale para jalar el arado allá hay hasta chasquidos dentro de la tierra, porque de veras es muy duro. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva sakatl de sié:nagah \equivo sakama:tlatl \xrb saka \xrb omi \encyctmp sakatl \cpl On one filecard it is mentioned that this is the same type of zacate as that called <nla>sakatl de sié:nagah</nla>. Asención Marcelo said he knew this grass, which grows in the sand. Inocencio Díaz said he has heard of this grass but could not recognize it. Silvestre Pantaleón did not know this. \nct sakatl \ref 03476 \lxa tla:kamati \lxac kitla:kamati \lxo tla:kamati \lxoc kitla:kamati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to obey; to follow the wishes of; to show obedience and respect to (sb, or at times an animal [S] following the orders or instructions of another [O]) \ss obedecer; honrar los deseos de; mostrar obediencia y respeto a (algn, o a veces un animal adiestrado [S] siguiendo las instrucciones de otra [O]) \pna Xkitla:kamati itah. \pea He doesn't obey his father. \psa No obedece a su papá. \se to respond to and cure (remedies [S], particularly herbal remedies that require fasting, but also at times Western medicine, that cure a person who is ill [O]) \ss responder a y curar (remedios [S], particularmente las de hierbas que requieren que el enfermo esté en ayunas pero también, por extensión, la medicina occidental, que cura al enfermo [O]) \pna Xo:mitstla:kamat sese:ktsi:n \pea The <nba>sese:ktsi:n</nba> did not respond to you and cure you. \psa El <nla>sese:ktsi:n</nla> no te respondiópara curarte. \se (refl. with <n>-wa:n</n>) to attend to; to be at the service of; to follow the orders or instructions of \ss (refl. con <n>-wa:n</n>) atenderse a; estar a la disposición o servicio de; cumplir con las instrucciones oórdenes de \pna Timotla:kamati iwa:n. \pea You attend to him. \psa Estás a la disposición deél. \xrb tla:ka \xrb mati \nse The use of <na>tla:kamati</na> in regards to traditional medicine stems from the fact that in many curing ceremonies the ill person (who is usually the perceived victim of what would be called in English"witchcraft") first addresses the remedy, which is considered to have its own volition, and asks it to work its cure. Then if the cure works, the remedy is said to have obeyed the ill person and respected his or her expressed wishes, uttered at the beginning of the ceremony. It is for this reason that the verb <na>tla:kamati</na> 'to obey' or 'to follow the wishes of' is used in the context of curing. \ref 03477 \lxa te:ntli \lxac te:ntli \lxo te:ntli \lxoc te:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se (inalienable possession) upper chin (of a person or animal; in people this is the area from the lower lips to the chin) \ss (posesión no enajenable) mentón; barbilla (de una persona o animal; en seres humanos es laárea del labio inferior al mentón) \se (alienable possession) edge (of a material object, or of an area such as a field) \ss (posesión enajenable) borde (de un objeto material, o de unaárea como un terreno) \seao (intrinsic possession) lip (of a material object such as a window sill) \ssao (posesión intrínseca) parte sobresaliente (de un objeto material como una ventana) \se hole leading to the nest of (insects such as ants, i.e., an anthole) \ss agujero que conduce al nido de (insectos como hormigas, esto es, hormiguero) \pna Ite:n tsi:katl, ka:n ki:san. \pea (The term) <na>i:te:n tsi:katl</na> refers to the place where they (the <na>tsi:kameh</na>) emerge. \psa (Lo que se llama) <na>i:te:n tsi:katl</na> se refiere al lugar donde salen. \sem body \cfao te:nxo:mah, te:nxi:pal \cfa tsi:kate:ntli \cfo tsi:yate:ntli \xrb te:n \nse <na>Ite:n tsi:katl</na> is also found in the plural, though less commonly so: <na>inte:n tsi:kameh</na>. See the form <nla>tsi:kate:ntli</nla>, which is also correct. Note that the ants known as <nla>a:skatl</nla> and <nla>ma:kokoh</nla> also have <na>iten</na>, i.e., the hole in the ground from which they emerge. \nae The noun <n>te:ntli</n> can be possessed in three manners as I have analyzed it. As a body part it takes no marker as inalienably possessed (even though as a consonant-final noun it is not possible to distinguish inalienable from alienable possession). With the meaning 'edge' it takes the zero morpheme (i.e., <n>-w</n> lost after consonant-final stems) of alienable possession. Finally, with the meaning 'lip' of a material object it takes the <n>-yo</n> marker of intrinsic (part/whole) possession. The difference between the final two meanings is important. Many material objects or areas have an edge or border, called <na>ite:n</na>. However, certain material objects have an actual 'lip' that is part of their structure. This is referred to as <na>ite:nyo</na> (e.g., a window ledge). \grm Possession: The noun <n>te:ntli</n> can be possessed in three manners as I have analyzed it. As a body part it takes no marker as inalienably possessed (even though as a consonant-final noun it is not possible to distinguish inalienable from alienable possession). With the meaning 'edge' it takes the zero morpheme (i.e., <n>-w</n> lost after consonant-final stems) of alienable possession. Finally, with the meaning 'lip' of a material object it takes the <n>-yo</n> marker of intrinsic (part/whole) possession. The difference between the final two meanings is important. Many material objects or areas have an edge or border, called <n>i:te:n</n>. However, certain material objects have an actual 'lip' that is part of their structure. This is referred to as <n>i:te:nyo</n> (e.g., a window ledge). \ref 03478 \lxa miakia \lxac miakia \lxo miakia \lxoa miekia \lxoc miekia, miakia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become plentyful; to become a lot \ss multiplicarse; ser o llegar a ser muchos \pna Yo:noweyakilikeh, yo:miakiakeh. \pea They've stretched out in a long line, they've gotten to be quite numerous. \psa Se alargaron en una cola, ya se congregó(mucha gente). \xrb miak \xvba miák \xvbo miyek \xvca miakilia \qry Check length of final /a/ in imperfect form, /miakiaya/. \vl Use second token of female and male. \ref 03479 \lxa techichikilmiki \lxac techichikilmiki \lxo téchichikilmíki \lxop techichikilmiki \lxoc téchichikilmíki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se to waste away and die \ss consumirse y morir \syna techichikilka:miki \syno téchichikilka:míki \xrb te- \xrb chikil \xrb miki \xvca techichikilmiktia \fl techichikilka:miki \vl Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written /téchchikílmiki/, probably an error. \ref 03480 \lxa suwa:tla:katl \lxac suwa:tla:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se butch lesbian \ss marimacho \se masculine-looking woman \ss mujer con apariencia masculina \pna Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik. \pea She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested. \psa Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos. \cfo tla:katlachia \xrb sowa: \xrb tla:ka \qry Check further meanings. \ref 03481 \lxa tlayo:lxina:xtli \lxac tlayo:lxina:xtli \lxo tlayo:lxina:xtli \lxoc tlayo:lxina:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se maize used for seed \ss maíz utilizado para semilla \pna Ma nikiyewa notlayo:lxina:ch! \pea Let me store my maize seed! \psa ¡Deja que guarde mi semilla de maíz! \xrb o:ya \xrb xina:ch \ref 03482 \lxa itiposa:wa \lxac kitiposa:wa \lxo ítiposá:wa \lxop itiposa:wa \lxoc kítiposá:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to make the stomach of (sb) swell up or bloat \ss hacer que se le hinche la barriga a (algn) \pna Yewa xnihkwa:s, niman ne:chitiposa:wa. \pea I'm not going to eat that, it makes my stomach swell up right away. \psa No me voy a comer ese, luego luego hace que se me hinche el estómago. \xrb hti \xrb posa: \qry Check for intransitive form and enter when obtained. Also search for other meanings/referents of this word. \ref 03483 \lxa ma:sepo:wa \lxac kima:sepo:wa \lxo ma:sepo:wa \lxoc kima:sepo:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to cut particially through the branches of (a fallen tree, so that the branches can be bent to lie close to the ground, making them easier to burn) \ssa cortar, pero no atravesando por completo, su rama (de unárbol tumbado, con machete o hacha, para que se puedan colocar pegadas al suelo, facilitando el proceso de quemarlas) \pna Xma:sepo:wa para ma pachiwi! \pea Cut its branches part way through (of a tree that has been chopped down) so that it lies close to the ground! \psa ¡Córtale las ramas atravesándolas parcialmente (a unárbol que ha sido tumbado, para que quede pegado al suelo)! \seo to put the hand or arm of (sb) to sleep \sso adormecer la mano o brazo de (algn) \cfao sepo:wa \xrb ma: \xrb sepo:w \encyctmp tla:hli \nse The Ameyaltepec use of <na>ma:sepowa</na> is clearly metaphoric, related to the meaning of <na>sepowi</na> of 'to get numb.' One undertakes the action indicated by <na>ma:sepowa</na> after trees are felled in clearing a field. The branches are then cut part way through with a machete so that they can be bent to lie close to the ground and thus catch fire more quickly when the field is set on fire to clear the it of brush. \qry Check for /ma:sepowi/ perhaps meaning 'to get a numb arm'; check to see if the transitive can have this sense, i.e., can one say /ne:chma:sepowa/? Check inflection. \rt The root <na>sepowa</na> is clearly related to /se/, 'cold'. and perhaps should be divided. The inflection pattern of this verb, e.g., <na>o:kisepo:w</na> suggests a clear relation to <na>powa</na>, with an underlyingly long /o:/, etc. \ref 03484 \lxa i:xmonme:melaktik \lxac i:xmonme:melaktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea to have long straight eyelashes \ssa tener las pestañas largas y derechas \xrb i:x \xrb -mon; mela: \ref 03485 \lxa tlakoposteki \lxac kitlakoposteki \lxo tlákopostéki \lxop tlakoposteki \lxoc kitlákopostéki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. inflix <n>te-</n> : <na>kitlakoteposteki</na> \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex-lex \se to snap or break in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.) \ss romper o quebrar por la mitad (algo largo y duro, como una vara, un barra, un hueso, una manga, etc.) \xrb tlahko \xrb posteki \vl Two tokens exist from mistake in 2972. \ref 03486 \lxa teposwia \lxac kiteposwia \dt 02/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to brand (an animal) \ssa herrar; marcar con hierro candente (a un animal) \sea to put ones fingerprint on (e.g., in lieu of signature) \ssa poner la huella digitar sobre (p. ej., como firma) \syno tepostla:lilia \xrb tepos \nse Branding may be accomplished with either a <nla>ma:rkah de fwe:goh</nla> used on small animals or, for adult animals, the <na>we:i</na> <nla>tepostli</nla>. \qry Check difference between 'marca de fuego' and 'we:i tepostli.' \ref 03487 \lxa i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \lxac i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \lxo i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \lxoc i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l; -tla- \infv class-1 \se for ones eyelids to slowly open and close \ss abrirsele y cerrarsele lentamente los párpados (a algn) \pna Ti:xte:ntla:tlakwa, tikochisneki. \pea Your eyelids are slowly opening and closing, you're sleepy. \psa Se te abren y cierran los ojos lentamente, tienes sueño. \cfao i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \encyctmp ikopi; how body parts can move \mod Determine a whole range of words that refer to eyelid and eye movements, perhaps in a page dedicated to eyes (shapes, colors, movements). If referring to eyes in general, the page should be headed /i:xtetl/. If to movement only (with a cross-reference to the"eye"page, then /ikopi/ would be a good heading. \grm Long vowel reduplication: Note the way in which /tla:tlakwa/ is used to refer to opening and closing movements; the full range of this should be checked. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03488 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /sija:rowa/ but has now been entered as alternate pronunciation of /seja:rowa/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03489 \lxa tsi:ntata:na \lxac tsi:ntata:na \lxo tsí:ntatá:nah \lxoc tsí:ntatá:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj/N(1/2) \com N-N \der N-ap \se to have a baggy seat (pants) \ss estar muy holgados por los fondillos (pantalones) \se to have pants with a baggy seat (a person) \ss tener pantalones muy holgados por los fondillos \pna Titsi:ntata:na, xpi:stik motlake:n. \pea You have loose-fitting pants, your clothes are not tight-fitting. \psa Tienes pantalones holgados por los fondillos, tu ropa no está apretada. \xrb tsi:n \xrb ta:nah \pqry NOTE the final glottal stop on the lexicon elicitation form Am. Check this with other forms of this apocopated noun. It seems strange. \ref 03490 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ajolnekri:yah \lxoc ajolnekri:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan alegría \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2(1=2) \seo type of sweet candy, called <spn>alegría</spn> in Spanish, made from sesame and <spn>panela</spn> that is toasted on a clay griddle \sso alegría; tipo de dulce hecho de ajonjolíy panela que se dora sobre un comal \equiva alégriah \ref 03491 \lxa postehki \lxac postehki \lxo postehki \lxoc postehki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to be broken (a stick or other long, hard and brittle item) \ss estar roto o quebrado (una vara u otro objeto largo y duro) \se to have a fractured or broken bone (a person or animal) \ss tener un hueso roto o quebrado (una persona o animal) \pna Xok bwe:noh noburroh, postehki. \pea My donkey's no good anymore, he has a broken bone. \psa Mi burro ya no está bueno, tiene un hueso quebrado. \xrb posteki \qry Determine whether /pos-/ should be considered a separate morpheme. Query the difference in meaning of /postehki/ with and without /te-/. Finally, determine potential subjects, i.e., can one say /ni(te)postehki/. \vl Note that the first female token is /posteki/, not /postehki/. This first token, before the 4-word sequence, is the intransitive verb /posteki/ and should be coded with the number 00939. \ref 03492 \lxa papa:toti \lxac papa:toti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pato \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to walk unsteadily and unevenly; to wobble along \ssa caminar tambaleándose y inseguramente \pna Tepapa:toti, xok nenemi ke:n tla:katl. \pea He walks wobbly and unsteadily, he can't walk like a man anymore. \psa Camina inseguramente, tambaleándose, ya no puede caminar como hombre. \qry Probably derived from Spanish"pato"although this should be checked. Determine if there is an /h/, e.g., in Tetelcingo or Oapan. \ref 03493 \lxa tlapi:chilia \lxac kitlapi:chilia \lxo tlapi:chilia \lxoc kitlapi:chilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to whistle at; to blow a whistle at \ss silbar a; pitar a \pna O:nyeka ina:k masa:tl. O:pe:w niktlapi:chilia, o:wa:lki:s. \pea I had gone deerhunting. I started to blow a whistle at them, one came out (of the woods). \psa Fui a cazar venado, empecé a silbarles, salió uno (del bosque). \se to honk the horn of (a motor vehicle) to \ss sonar el claxon de (un vehículo) a \pna Kitlapi:chilia ika:rro. Isiwi. \pea He honks the horn on his car to him. He's in a hurry. \psa Toca el claxon de su coche. tiene prisa. \se to referee for (e.g., in basketball or other games in which a whistle is used) \ss ser referípara (p. ej., en basketbol u otros juegos en que se emplea un silbato) \pna On toba:leh, kintlapi:chilia un pelote:ros. \pea That friend of ours, he's acting as referee for those ballplayers. \psa Aquel amigo, está de referípara esos peloteros. \se to play a wind instrument for (e.g., sb recently deceased, during the funeral procession) \ss tocarle un instrumento de viento a (p. ej., algn recién fallecido durante el cortejo fúnebre) \pna O:tiktlapi:chili:ton un mihka:tsi:ntli. \pea We went to play (a wind instrument) for that deceased person. \psa Fuimos a tocar (un instrumento de viento) para esa persona recién fallecida. \xrb pi:tsa \xvbao tlapi:tsa \nae To date the simple applicative <nao>pi:chilia</nao> has not been documented. Note that Molina gives <n>tlapichilia. nite.</n> 'dar a otro música con flautas, cheremías, etc.' but does not list <n>pichilia</n>. RS, however, has interpreted Molina's entry as a ditransitive; he in turn does not have <n>tlapichilia</n> as an entry, but does have <n>pichilia. nitetla</n> 'hacer música para alguien.' It appears that Molina's original form captures the fact that the applicative is on an already lexicalized form of <n>pi:tsa</n>, i.e., <n>tlapi:tsa</n>, which signifies 'to play a wind instrument.' \qry Check final sound (absence of glottal stop) with /karro/. Note that I have only heard this verb with /tla-/; whether it can occur with two specific object prefixes should be checked. If not, switch main entry to /tlapi:chilia/ and redo definitions to eliminate the"with <n>tla-</n> "part while cross-referencing to /pi:chilia/. \grm Indefinite null complements: Note re: the V2: /tlapi:chilia/: To date the simple applicative <nao>pi:chilia</nao> has not been documented. Note that Molina gives <n>tlapichilia. nite.</n> 'dar a otro música con flautas, cheremías, etc.' but does not list <n>pichilia</n>. RS, however, has interpreted Molina's entry as a ditransitive; he in turn does not have <n>tlapichilia</n> as an entry, but does have <n>pichilia. nitetla</n> 'hacer música para alguien.' It appears that Molina's original form captures the fact that the applicative is on an already lexicalized form of <n>pi:tsa</n>, i.e., <n>tlapi:tsa</n>, which signifies 'to play a wind instrument.' \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03494 \lxa i:xkopi:nilia \lxac ki:xkopi:nilia \lxo i:xkopi:nilia \lxoc ki:xkopi:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to copy for or from (an image, by drawing, photocopying, or sth written, etc.) \ss copiar para o de (un imagen, al dibujarlo, fotocopiarlo, o algo escrito, etc.) \se to photograph for; to take a picture of for (with a camera) \ss fotografiar para \xrb i:x \xrb kopi: \xvbao i:xkopi:na \vl Tag all, but make sure not to link 2nd male token. \ref 03495 \lxa kwa:so:ne:wa \lxac kikwa:so:ne:wa \lxo kwa:so:ne:wa \lxoc kikwa:so:ne:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kikwa:teso:ne:wa</na> \infv class-3a(w) \se to scare (sb) out of his wits \ss asustar o espantar mucho a \xrb kwa: \xrb so:ne: \nse Apparently <nao>kwa:so:ne:wa</nao> has a metaphoric meaning derived from the basic signification of <nlao>so:ne:wi</nlao>, which is 'to puff up or expand' or, more directly, the transitive <nlao>so:ne:wa</nlao>, which used reflexively refers to hair standing on end. The sense here seems one of frightening a person so that his head"expands"(cf. 'to make ones hair stand on end'). \qry Check for possibility that the transitive also has a metaphoric meaning of causing an erection. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03496 \lxa kuwmisto:n \lxac kuwmisto:n \lxo kohmisto:n \lxoc kohmisto:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se cacomixtle, <l>Bassariscus astutus</l> \ss cacomixtle, gato del monte, <l>Bassariscus astutus</l> \sem animal \sem mammal \cfa tla:lakato:chin \xrb kow \xrb mis \nse In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified the exhibit of the cacomistli as the <na>kuwmisto:n</na>. He differentiated this from the <nla>tla:lakato:chin</nla> and <nla>champol</nla> (Am), are equivalent and refer to an animal that was identified as a lynx. The identification of the <na>kuwmisto:n</na> as <l>Bassariscus astutus</l>, a member of the Procyonidae (raccoon) family, is based on Leopold (1959:424) who gives"cacomixtle"as another name for this animal. See also \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check length of final /o/ with the entries for /miston/. If I remember correctly I had difficulty determining this length and used the plural form, /-tomeh/ to determine vowel quantity, which I think was long. Check. Note that this is not a 'gato montés' which is /tla:lakato:chin/ (check vowel length). \ref 03497 \lxa tlayelita \lxac kitlayelita \lxo tláyelíta \lxop tlayelita \lxoc kitláyelíta \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular; see <nlao>ita</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se to find nauseating or disgusting \ss ver con nausea; ver con asco; considerar asqueroso \pna Niktlayelita, xnihkwa:s. \pea I consider it disgusting (i.e., it nauseates or disgusts me), I'm not going to eat it. \psa Lo veo con asco (esto es, me da asco), no me lo voy a comer. \xrb tlahyel \xrb ita \nae It seems that the perceived long duration of Cristino Flores's pronunciation is simply the result of the elicitation context. For now the Ameyaltepec form has been written with a short /e/. It also remains to be determined whether the roots of words like <no>kitláyelíta</no> 'to find nauseating' and <no>tláyehlí</no> 'playful', are the same. In Oapan both senses manifest lexical pitch accent, which suggests a root of <nr>tlahyel</nr>. However, the apparently longer vowel in Ameyaltepec <na>tlaye(:)ltia</na> and <na>tlaye(:)lita</na> might suggest a different root. These words need to be investigated not only in Oapan and Ameyaltepec, but in neighboring villages to determine the existence of underlying {h}. \grm Oapan pitch-accent: kitláyelíta Note the pitch accent on this form. The form *kítlayelíta is not acceptable. \pqry Check vowel length of Am form. \sj Check for h. \ref 03498 \lxa kwa:xte:roh \lxac kwa:xte:roh \lxo kwa:xte:roh \lxoc kwa:xte:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>kwa:xtli</n> \psm N \der N-b-loan \se person who makes palm saddle blankets (see <nlao>kwa:xtli</nlao>) \ss fabricante de cuaxtles (vé ase <nlao>kwa:xtli</nlao>) \pna Yewa kwa:xte:roh, wel kisa:lowa kwa:xtli. \pea He is a maker of <na>kwa:xtli</na> s, he can weave <na>kwa:xtli</na> s.. \psa El hace cuaxtles, los puede fabricar. \equivo kwa:xchi:hke:tl \cfa kwa:xtle:rah \xrb kwa:ch \nse In Oapan <no>kwa:xte:roh</no> is used both to mean 'shotgun' and 'person who makes <no>kwa:xtli</no>. In Ameyaltepec the two senses are distinguished, <na>kwa:xtlerah</na> or <nla>kwa:xklerah</nla> for the former, and <na>kwa:xtle:roh</na> for the latter. \mod Perhaps form new category entry for words that are partial loans, as in this case with a Spanish ending. Look up all loans and determine a typology (full, partial, etc.). \qry Check whether this is kwa:xtle:roh/ or /kwa:xte:roh/ in Am. Check vowel length in Am forms and correct throughout as needed. \vl Link 1st male and 2nd female token. \ref 03499 \lxa wan \lxac tiá:s wan tiwi:ts \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Coord \der Coord \se and \ss y \equivo wa:n \xrb wa:n \nse Although in many transcripts I have recorded this with a short /a/, this vowel should perhaps be represented as long. Moreover, although in rapid speech apparently the initial /i:/ is lost, Florencia Marcelino, a Oapan consultant, gave the conjunction form as <no>i:wa:n</no>. \ref 03500 \lxa tepepenke:tl \lxac tepepenke:tl \lxo té:penké:tl \lxoc té:penké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo person who gathers up stones scattered along the river (to make lime) \sso persona que pepena piedras regadas por la ribera de un río (para hacer cal) \xrb te \xrb pena \vl Female mistaken first token is /té:penkéh/, a plural form. Tag this as"f1c". Note then tag the 4 correct tokens"a"and"b". Link second female and second male token of this 4-word set. \ref 03501 \lxa tlapitsahko \lxac tlapitsahko \lxo tlapitsahko \lxoc tlapitsahko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se narrow section of land that runs up against a hill or cliff \ss sección de tierra angosta que pasa entre un cerrito, risco, etc. \xrb pitsa: \grm Phonetics: The file for this sound will be important for documenting the nature of final /-ahko/ in the speech of FM and IJ. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Use this example to compare phonetics of /-ahko/ in speech of FM and IJ. Link 1st female token. \ref 03502 \lxa iswate:ka \lxac iswate:ka \lxo iswate:ka \lxoc iswate:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to strip the leaves off the drying corn plant and slam them down on the ground between the dried upright stems of two corn plants \ss quitar las hojas del maíz en la milpa cuando se está secando, colocándolas entre las bases de los tallos de una mata \sem harvest \cfa iswasa:lowa \xrb swa \xrb te:ka \nse The action referred to is of stripping the leaves off below the mazorca and then breaking off the shoot above (<na>espiga</na>). When ones hands are full of the <na>zacate</na>, as it is called in regional Spanish, the handful is wacked down between the stems of the maize, where it is left to dry. A couple of weeks later the bundles are tied together (see <na>iswasa:lowa:</na>). \mod Create an encyclopedia entry for planting activities. \ref 03503 \lxa axilia \lxac kaxilia \lxo áxilía \lxop axilia \lxoc káxilía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to hit (a target or sth aimed at, e.g., in hunting an animal) \ss pegarle (a un blanco o algo a que se le tira, p. ej., a un animal cazado) \pna O:tikaxilih ika tetl. Kwahli o:tiktlakal. \pea You hit it with a stone. You threw it well. \psa Le alcanzaste con una piedra. tiraste bien. \pna O:nikaxilih un to:to:tl. \pea I hit that bird (i.e., with a stone from a slighshot). \psa Le tiré en el blanco a ese pájaro (p. ej., con una piedra lanzada de un resorte). \se to strike or beat down on (e.g., the rays of sun on a person) \ss pegarle (p. ej. los rayos del sol a una persona) \pna Yo:pe:w to:nalwi:lo, kaxilitok to:nahli. \pea He has started to get affected by the sun, the sun is beating down on him. \psa Ya le empezó a afectar el sol, le está pegando el sol. \pna Ne:chaxilitok to:nahli. Melá:k to:na, yo:nitlatlak. \pea The sun is beating down on me. It is really hot, I got burnt. \psa El sol me está pegando. De veras hace mucho calor, ya me quemé. \se to indirectly hit (i.e., with an object or even part of the body, e.g., hitting a person accidentally with a stick or ones swinging arm, etc.); to brush up against (with an object or body part) \ss alcanzar inadvertidamente (con algún objeto o parte del cuerpo, p. ej., alcanzando a una persona con una vara, algo cargado, el brazo; etc.) \pna O:tine:chaxilih ika moma:sesepok. \pea You hit me (accidentally) with your elbow. \psa Me alcanzaste (por accidente) con tu codo. \pna Ne:chaxilia:ya. \pea It almost hit me (e.g., sth thrown or flying throw the air, a person with his body, etc.) \psa Estaba por alcanzarme (p. ej., algo que volaba, una persona con parte de su cuerpo, etc.). \se (refl-recipr) to collide together; (with <n>-wa:n</n>) to collide with \ss (refl-recipr) chocarse uno contra otro; (con <n>-wa:n</n>) chocar contra \pna O:naxilikeh. \pea They collided. \psa Chocaron. \pna O:tepapa:xiw. Te:wa:n o:naxilih. \pea It got crushed (e.g., a car, bus, etc.). It collided against something. \psa Se aplastó(p. ej., un coche, camión, etc.). Chocócontra algo. \se (with 3rd person object) to have time \ss (con 3a persona objeto) tener tiempo; alcanzar (a tener tiempo) \pna Xnikaxilia:ya. \pea I didn't have time. \psa No tenía tiempo (no me alcanzaba el tiempo). \sem contact \xrb ahsi \xvba asi \xvbo ásí \nse <na>Axilia</na> (Am) and <no>áxiliá</no> (Oa) often indicates to hit against something, but without intent, or to accidently cause something to hit something. Given that this verb is monotransitive, it should be considered an applicative of the intransitive <na>asi</na> (not of the transitive form of the same verb). \qry Check if a ditransitive (V3-d-ap) version of /axilia exists. If it does, give it a separate entry. Applicative; part-whole; valency: Note that one of the meanings of an applicative seems to be related to part-whole relations, and indicates partial affectedness. The question is, however, whether this applicative is formed on the intransitive or whether it is formed on the transitive. Syntactically it would seem that it would be formed on an intransitive, since the applicative is monovalent. Thus /asi/ 'to arrive at' and /axilia/ 'to hit' or 'to brush against.' It may be possible that there is another applicative formed from the transitive, e.g., /axilia/ as in /timitsaxilia moburroh/ (from /nikasis moburroh/). This should be checked. \grm Note the use of the imperfective to indicate"almost,": ne:chaxilia:ya. Note that the form /o:tikaxilih/ can refer to the fact that you struck something (an object, an animal, a person) accidentally or it may be used in the sense of hitting something on purpose, premeditatedly, e.g. a deer in hunting (le diste al blanco). \grm Applicative; part-whole; valency: Note that one of the meanings of an applicative seems to be related to part-whole relations, and indicates partial affectedness. The question is, however, whether this applicative is formed on the intransitive or whether it is formed on the transitive. Syntactically it would seem that it would be formed on an intransitive, since the applicative is monovalent. Thus /asi/ 'to arrive at' and /axilia/ 'to hit' or 'to brush against.' It may be possible that there is another applicative formed from the transitive, e.g., /axilia/ as in /timitsaxilia moburroh/ (from /nikasis moburroh/). This should be checked. However, at this point note the difference between a transitive form of an intransitive and an applicative (whether this be taken as based on the intransitive or transitive). Thus one has /asi/ intransitive and /asi/ transitive syntacically and semantically or /axilia/ transitive syntactically, perhpas ditransitive semantically. All applicatives should b e checked for the meaning of part/whole, in which only a part of an entire object is affected. \ref 03504 \lxa kia:wate:nko \lxac kia:wate:nko \lxo kia:wate:nko \lxoc kia:wate:nko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se threshold, the area immediately in front of the doorway to a house \ss umbral, elárea inmediatamente enfrente de la puerta de una casa \pna Kia:wate:nko nemi, xkalaki. \pea He is just outside the house, he hasn't come in. \psa Estájustamente fuera de la casa, no pasa. \pna Yewa nokia:wate:nko. \pea It is the area immediately in front of my house. \psa Es el umbral de mi casa. \xrb kia:wa \xrb te:n \xrl -ko \qry Cf. note under /kia:wate:ntli/ and check difference between /kia:wate:ntli/ and /kia:wate:nko/. I have noted that /kia:wate:nko/ refers to the place just in front of, outside of the door, the 'umbrál'. Confirm that a form such as /nokia:wate:nko/ is correct. \ref 03505 \lxa kechkopi:ni \lxac kechkopi:ni \lxo kechkopi:ni \lxoc kechkopi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran +Compl \infv class-3a \se to have ones head become detached (e.g., of an animal such as a chicken when killed, a person hit by a heavy blow to the back of the head) \ss desprendersele la cabeza (p. ej., a un animal como la gallina al matarse, o una persona después de un fuerte golpe a la nuca) \se for the (headlike) top of to become detached (e.g., the bud or flower of certain plants) \ss deprenderse la punta (que está en forma de cabeza, p. ej., como la flor o botón de ciertas plantas) \pna Se: xiwtil kipia se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan, wa:n de o:me nasin timopilo:s, dya yewan kechkopi:ni, yewa kitla:nin. \pea There is a type of weed (called <nba>popoi:toh</nba>) that has a little round thing (like a bud) on top, and when two become entwined you pull down and the one whose head snaps off, that's the one that was beaten. \psa Hay un tipo de maleza (llamada <nba>popoi:toh</nba>) que tiene una bolita arriba, y de dos que se juntan y se enredan te jalas, y asíal que se le desprenda la cabeza, esta fue vencida. \xrb kech \xrb kopi: \qry Check for use of /dyan yewan kechkopi:ni/ given that my original notes had /dyah iwa:n kechkopi:ni... /. Check for transitive form and other uses, significations of this word. \ref 03506 \lxa a:pola:n \lxac *a:pola:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan plátano (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea type of banana not yet identified \ssa tipo de plátano todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem domesticated \sem food \sem edible \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \qry Recheck length of final /a:/; obtain plural form. \ref 03507 \lxa wetsi \lxac wetsi \lxo wetsi \lxoc wetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-3a(ts) \se to fall over (a vertically placed object on a flat surface) \ss tumbarse; caerse al lado (un objeto colocado verticalmente sobre una superficie plana) \pna Ma:ka tiwetsis! \pea Don't fall over (e.g., when walking on a slippery path)! \psa ¡No te vayas a caer (p. ej., al ir caminando sobre un senda resbalosa)! \se to fall into (e.g, sth into a socket or hole); to fall back (into place) \ss caerse en (p. ej., un objeto en una cuenca) \pna Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka! \pea Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place! \psa ¡Tanté ale allá (en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba. \se (with a directional affix) to fall down to the ground (from a height, such as occurs when sb falls off an animal, a ball off a table, a rock off a ledge, etc.); to fall from a height (to or away from a deictic point of reference) \ss (con un afijo direccional) caerse de una altura a la tierra (p. ej., algn que se cae de un animal, una pelota que se cae de una mesa, una piedra que se cae de un risco, etc.); caerse de una altura (acercándose o distanciándose de un punto de referencia deíctico) \pna A:koki:stok mokone:w. Xkonta, tla:mo wa:lwetsis! \pea Your child (while lying down) is sliding up to the top of the bed. Take a look at him, if you don't he will fall to the ground! \psa Tu hijo (acostado sobre la cama) se está deslizando hacia arriba.¡Vélo, porque si no lo hagas se va a caer! \pna O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh, o:ne:cha:ltlakal. \pea I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it threw me down. \psa Caícon estrépito a la tierra, caíde mi macho, me aventó a la tierra. \pna O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. \pea It got covered with water. It fell off into a place where the water was deep. \psa Se tapócon agua. Cayó en una parte profunda del agua. \pna Ye wa:lwestok mokal. Xmi:naltili se: komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis. \pea Your house is falling down. Prop it up with a forked stick so that it doesn't fall over! \psa Se está cayendo tu casa.¡Apuntállalo con un horcón para que no se caiga! \se (with a directional prefix) to fall or come out of (passing from one side to another, from the inside to the outside of a container, etc.) \ss (con un prefijo direccional) caerse o salirse (pasando de un lado a otro, desde el interior al exterior de un recipiente, etc.) \pna Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl. Kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetsis le:cheh. \pea Go catch fish (crabs are also good), which will help make that woman's milk flow. She has just given birth, it (will be used) so that her milk comes forth. \psa Ve a conseguir pescado (cangrejos también son buenos) que ayudará a que aquella señora que tenga leche. Apenas ha dado a luz, será(utilizada) para que caiga su leche. \se (with the aspectuals <na>-tasi</na> or <na>-teko</na> (Am) or (Oa) equivalents) to fall over upon hitting the ground from a height \ss (con los marcadores de aspecto <na>-tasi</na> o <na>-teko</na> o los equivalentes de (Oa)) caerse al lado al caer al suelo desde una altura \pna O:tiwestekok. \pea You fell down here and landed on your side. \psa Te caiste (desde lo alto) aquíy te quedaste tirado y acostado. \se (<n>-pan</n> ~) to unexpectedly affect (sb); to happen unexpectedly to (sb) \ss (<n>-pan</n> ~) sucederle de improvisto o repetinamente a (algn); caerle (una desgracia) de improvisto o de repente a \pna Nopan o:wets kokolistli. \pea I unexpectedly got taken by ill. \psa De repente me cayó una enfermedad. \pna O:kwelitakeh tli:no:n nopan o:wets. \pea They liked what (i.e., the misfortune) that suddenly happened to me. \psa Les gustólo que de repente me sucedió(esto es, una desgracia). \se (<na>sahkón we:westiw</na>) that's the way it goes \ss (<na>sahkón we:westiw</na>) así es la vida \pna Sahkó:n we:westiw, xkaman ika se: pre:sioh. \pea That's the way it goes, it never costs the same. \psa Así es la vida, nunca tiene el mismo precio. \sem motion \cfa westok \cola mihka:petlatl \xrb wetsi \nae With directional prefixes and suffixes, <na>wetsi</na> indicates a fall from a height down, to the ground, a body of water, etc. The unmarked forms are <nao>wa:lwetsi</nao>, <na>o:wetsiko</na>, etc., which indicate that the object simply fell to the ground. Forms such as <nao>onwetsi</nao> and <nao>o:wetsito</nao> indicate falling from a height away from a deictic point of reference, usually speaker location. Thus if a rider falls off a horse a comment might be <nao>o:wetsiko</nao> ; if a person falls off a cliff, others who had been next to him might say <nao>o:wetsito</nao>. On the other hand <nao>wa:lwetsi</nao> and <nao>onwetsi</nao> as forms that do not vary with tense and aspect (i.e., one finds <nao>o:wa:lwets</nao> has the sense of falling out through, toward, or away from a deictic reference point. This sense of directional prefixes is found with words like <nlao>chipi:ni</nlao>. With the aspectuals <na>-teko</na> and <na>-tasi</na>, the meaning of <na>wetsi</na> is apparently to fall over (i.e.,<n a>wetsi</na> in its basic sense) upon hitting the ground after falling down from a height. \qry Check meaning of /o:westasik/ and /o:westekok/. Make sure it means 1) to fall to the ground; 2) to fall over on ones side once hitting the ground. Check GRAM 1985 10-05.2 for these uses. Check difference between /niwetsi/ and /niuwetsi/. \qry Check meaning of /o:wa:lwets/ vs. /o:wetsiko/ Check for interpretation mentioned in continuation that /wa:l-/ and /on-/ so used. Cf.: With directional prefixes and suffixes in complementary distribution, <na>wetsi</na> indicates to fall from a height downward. The unmarked form is <na>wa:lwetsi</na>, <na>o:wetsiko</na>, etc., which indicate that the object simply fell to the ground. Forms such as <na>onwetsi</na>, <na>o:wetsito</na> indicate falling from a height away from a deictic point of reference point, usually speaker location. Thus if a rider falls off a horse a comment might be <na>o:wetsiko</na> ; if a person falls off a cliff others who had been next to him might say <na>o:wetsito</na>. On the other hand <na>wa:lwetsi</na> and <na>onwetsi</na> as forms that do not vary with tense and aspect (i.e., one finds <na>o:wa:lwets</na> has the sense of falling out through toward or away from a deictic reference point. This sense of directional prefixes is found with words like <nla>chi pi:ni</nla>. \grm Aspectuals: /-tiw/; /-tok/: Note the difference in meaning: /Sahkón we:westiw, xkaman ika se: pre:sioh/ 'That's the way it goes, it never costs the same.' And: /westitiw/ 'he goes along lying down.' In the first phrase /wetsi/ is a verb of motion and the aspectual indicates to go along with this motion taking place, i.e., to go 'falling' along' (to go happening). Yet in /westitiw/ the base verb is the derived stative /westok/. Nevertheless, one does not find ?/westotiw/. There is a parallel case with /ikatok/ and /ikatitiw/ 'to go along in an upright position'. These should be checked. However, one complication is that with the aspectuals /-tasi/ and /-teko/ one does not (at least according to my original notes) find ?/westitasi/ but rather /westasi/. It appears that in this case the meaning is 'to hit the ground (the aspectual) falling over'. This should be check. \ref 03508 \lxa tla:lti:satl \lxac tla:lti:satl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea salt from ones sweat that remains behind (e.g., on clothes) as it dries \ssa sal del sudor que se queda (p. ej., en la ropa) \equivo tla:listatl \xrb tla:l \xrb ti:sa \qry Check the Am form, it might be incorrect for /tla:listatl/. \ref 03509 \lxa maxtia \lxac kimaxtia \lxo maxtia \lxoc kimaxtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to teach (as in a school) \ss enseñar (como en una escuela) \pna Nikmaxti:s mokone:w para wel tlakwilo:s. \pea I will teach your child so that he is able to write. \psa Voy a enseñar a tu hijo para que pueda escribr. \pna Newa nite:maxtia. \pea I teach. \psa Yo doy clases. \se (refl.) to study; to be able to read \ss (refl.) estudiar; enseñarse; saber leer \pna Xo:nomaxtih ipan eskwe:lah, san o:wel. \pea He didn't study in school, he just learned (by himself). \psa No estudió en la escuela, solamente aprendió(por su propia cuenta). \pna Newa xniki:xmati, xniki:xmati le:tran, xwel nimomaxtia. \pea I don't recognize it, I don't recognize the alphabet, I can't read. \psa No lo reconozco, no reconozco las letras, no puedo leer. \se (refl.) to pray (e.g., in church, etc.) \ss (refl.) rezar; orar (p. ej., en la iglesia) \pna O:yah tio:pan, o:nomaxti:to. \pea He went to church, he went to pray. \psa Fue a la iglesia, fue a rezar. \se to break in (an animal such as a horse or mule for riding, an ox for plowing, etc.) \ss domar (un animal como un caballo o mula para montar, o un buey para la yunta) \pna Nakopanketsas momulah, kemech nomaxtia. \pea Your mule will buck, it is just being broken in. \psa Se va a encabritar tu mula, apenas se está domando. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to train; to show how to do (e.g., a particular job); to give pointers to \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) entrenar; mostar como (hacer algo) a \pna Xne:chmamaxti! \pea Show me how! \psa ¡Enséñame cómo! \se (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to be learning how (to do a particular job, perform a particular task, etc.) \ss (refl. y reduplicación de vocal corta) enseñarse (como hacer una tarea, fabricar algo, trabajar, etc.); estar aprendiendo \pna Kemech nomamaxtia, xe weli. \pea He is just learning, he still doesn't know how (to do it). \psa Apenas está aprendiendo, todavía no puede (hacerlo). \se (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to take root and start to yield (a tree that has been transplanted) \ss (refl. y reduplicación de vocal corta) echar raices bien y empezar a rendir (unárbol que ha sido transplantado) \pna O:pe:w nomamaxtia un límon, kemech pe:was tla:kis. \pea That lemon tree has started to take hold, it's about to begin to bear fruit. \psa Ese limón ya empezó a echar bien sus raíces, ya va a empezar a rendir fruta. \xrb mati \xvba mati \xvaa maxtilia \nse Apparently the stem of <na>mati</na> in the causative construction is <na>mach(i)</na>, and Ameyaltepec <na>maxtia</na> simply reflects the effects of the environmental shift of /ch/ to /x/. The difference between <na>maxtia</na> and <na>mamaxtia</na> is not altogether clear. Only the former (reflexively) can refer to praying, but apparently both can refer to teaching, or learning and studying. It seems that <na>maxtia</na> is used to indicate teaching knowledge, whereas <na>mamaxtia</na> involves skills, and a longer process of apprenticeship and learning a job or skill. \qry The meanings of the two forms, reduplicated and not reduplicated, should be investigated. \ref 03510 \lxa a:tokuwa \lxac a:tokuwa \lxo a:tokowa \lxoc a:tokowa \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4c(tlekuwa) \seao to be swept or carried away by a swollen river \ssao llevarse o arrastrarse por un río crecido \pna O:a:toko:k. \pea He got swept away by the water. \psa Se lo llevó el río. \pna Ta:toko:s. \pea You will get swept away by the river. \psa Te va a llevar el río. \seao to be washed away (e.g., by the rain) \ssao deslavarse (p. ej., por la lluvia) \pna O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:toko:s un tla:hli. \pea I've spread chile seeds in my seed garden (hat has a row of stones around its perimeter so that the earth (in this case the earth and seeds) does not get washed away. \psa He sembrado semillas de chile en mi huertita con una fila de piedras por su perímetro para que no se deslave la tierra (en este caso tierra con las semillas). \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to dissolve in water (e.g., salt) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) disolverse en agua (p. ej., sal) \pno O:á:tokok mostaw i:pan istaxikahli. \peo Your salt dissolved in the salt dish. \pso Se disolviótu sal en el salero. \xrb a: \xrb toka \xvca a:toktia \xvco a:tohtia \qry Check use of /a:to:kowa/ in example with chile seeds in a huertita. \grm Historical change: This verb is an example of /o:/ final verbs of classical Nahuatl that have been"regularized"in Guerrero by adding /-wa:/ in the present perfect. The underlying /o:/ appears in most other forms, for instance the preterite and progressive. Note and discuss the function of the incorporated noun as a nonvolitional agent, cf. to /yeyekawi:lo/, etc. \grm Phonology: Cf the words here as an example of raising of /o/ in /owa/ context. \ref 03511 \lxa pale:wia \lxac kipale:wia \lxo pale:wia \lxoc kipale:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to help (another person) \ss ayudar a (una persona) \pna Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:ntipan. \pea You will help me tomorrow in the morning. \psa Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. \pna San kipa:pale:witiá:s. \pea He will just go along helping him now and then. \psa Va a ir ayudándolo de vez en cuando. \se to act in favor of; to be a help to; to help out (a particular situation or event [S]) \ss favorecer a; ayudar a (una situación o evento en particular [S]) \pna Ne:chpale:wia ika tewa xo:tikwala:n, xo:tine:chte:i:xpantih. \pea The fact that you didn't get mad helped me out, you didn't lodge a complaint against me. \psa El hecho de que no te enojaste me ayudó, no me denunciaste. \se (refl.) to give birth (women; not used in reference to animals) \ss (refl.) dar a luz (mujeres; no empleada en cuanto a animales) \pna O:nopale:wih un suwa:tl, pero saniman o:mik. \pea That woman gave birth, but she died right away. \psa Esa mujer dio a luz, pero luego ella se murió. \se (refl.) to take refuge or seek protection \ss (refl.) tomar refugio \se (<na>Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi</na>) Cheers! (lit., 'may God help you,' a phrase addressed to sb about to take a swig of strong alcohol) \ss (<na>Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi</na>)¡Salud! (lit., 'QuéDiós te ayude! una frase dicho a algn que apenas va a tomar un trago de una fuerte bebida alcohólica) \xrb pale: \nse When used as a reflexive to indicate giving birth, <na>pale:wia</na> refers simply to the act of birth, even though the woman may have died shortly thereafter. \rt The etymology of /pale:wia/ is uncertain. Given that the verb is classified as basic, the stem is considered to be /pale:wi/. However, it might well be that the stem is related to /pal/, the relational noun. \ref 03512 \lxa ikxinepanowa \lxac nokxinepanowa \lxo ixinepanowa \lxoc noxinepanowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to cross ones legs in a sitting position \ss (refl.) cruzarse las piernas al estar sentado \xrb kxi \xrb nepan \qry Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/. Cf. /ikxinepaniwtok/ which suggests an intransitive at some level. \ref 03513 \lxa one:wa \lxac one:wa \lxo one:wa \lxoc one:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to depart; to leave or take ones leave; to head out \ss partir; salir \pna Mo:stla tone:waskeh. \pea Tomorrow we'll head out. \psa Mañana salimos. \pna Xwel one:wa, kinono:tsan. \pea He can't take his leave, they are talking to him. \psa No puede salir, le están hablando. \pna De ka:no:n tone:was? \pea Where will you leave from? \psa ¿De dónde vas a salir? \sem motion \cfao e:wa; wa:le:wa \xrb on- \xrb e:wa \xvcao e:wi:tia \xvcao one:wi:ltia \nse The verb <nao>e:wa</nao> as an intransitive occurs only with a directional prefix, which can be either <n>on-</n> or <n>wa:l-</n>, depending on the spatial arrangement of the actors and speakers. <nao>One:wa</nao> indicates movement away from a particular point of reference; <nao>wa:le:wa</nao> indicates movement toward a particular point of reference. \qry I do not have /one:wi:tia/ in my corpus, but I seem to remember that it exists. Add this and /wa:le:wi:tia/ if found. \ref 03514 \lxa ma:se:katitlan \lxac ima:se:katitlan \lxo ma:se:katitlan \lxoa ma:si'a:titlan \lxoa ma:se'a:titlan \lxoc i:ma:sia:titlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-titlan \infn N2 \se armpit \ss axila; sobaco \sem body \sem human \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrl -titlan \nse Although the etymology of this word is uncertain, it is certainly related to Molina's <n>ciyacatl</n> or <n>ciacatl</n> 'sobaco.' In this analysis the sequence <na>se:ka</na> in <na>ma:sekatitlan</na> as well as <na>se:ka</na> in <nla>se:ka:nowa</nla> and <nla>ma:se:ka:nowa</nla> would be related to this root, with the /n/ of the verbal forms epenthetic. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has what would be the equivalent (adjusting for vowel shifts): <n>se:yekatlan</n>. If the sequence /e:ye/ were reduced by the elimination of the glide, one would have /se:katlan/, similar to the Guerrero form. \nae The vowel length of the Oapan form <no>ma:sia:titlan</no> is uncertain, but acoustic measurements of the /ia/ sequence suggest either that both vowels are short or it is the /a:/ that is long. This should be checked. Note also that in all four original recordings of this word, the initial /i:/ had a quite short duration, typical more of short than long vowels. It may be that length is reflected in a lengthening of the nasal /m/, which also has a high level of sonority. Note that at times the highest level of pitch on a pitch-accented syllable is on the nasal that follows a vowel nucleus. \grm Oapan phonology, phonetics: The vowel length of the Oapan form <no>ma:sia:titlan</no> is uncertain, but acoustic measurements of the /ia/ sequence suggest either that both vowels are short or it is the /a:/ that is long. This should be checked. Note also that in all four original recordings of this word, the initial /i:/ had a quite short duration, typical more of short than long vowels. It may be that length is reflected in a lengthening of the nasal /m/, which also has a high level of sonority. Note that at times the highest level of pitch on a pitch-accented syllable is on the nasal that follows a vowel nucleus. \rt The root /se:ka/ is perhaps related to Classical /ciyaca/. Cf. the discussion under notes for the headword /ma:sekatitlan/. \ref 03515 \lxa ikxipiltotopo:nia \lxac kikxipiltotopo:nia \lxo ixipiltotopo:nia \lxoc kixipiltopo:nia; kixipiltótopó:niah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to crack the knuckles of ones toes \ss (refl.) tronarse los nudillos de los dedos de pie \pna Xmokxipiltotopo:ni! \pea Crack the knuckles of your toes! \psa ¡Haz tronar los nudillos de los dedos del pie! \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb topo: \qry Check for possible transitive use. \nse Note the lack of reduction in the reduplicated form from Oapan. The reason seems to be the very specific and lexicalized nature of this verb. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that it was impossible to obtain the reduced form of /ixipiltótopó:nia/, i.e., /ixipí:ltopó:nia/. The reason for this is not entirely clear, but seems to be related to the fact that /totoponia/ has a very specific lexicalized meaning and is not the regular transitive form of the verb /topo:ni/, for which /topo:naltia/ is often used. \vl Note that the sequence of sounds here are four repetitions of each of the following: /kixipiltopo:nia/, /kixipiltótopó:niah/, and /kixipiltótopó:nia/. The first, unreduplicated form refers to the cracking of a single knuckle on the toes, the second and third sets refer to the cracking of multiple knuckles. The second has a final -h, the plural marker, the third set has no -h (rather a final glottal stop) and has a singular subject. Tag these consecutively a, b, c, d, e, and f, for each speaker. The links should be for one female and one male of the first unreduplicated set and one female and one male of the second (plural with final -h) set. \ref 03516 \lxa westeko \lxac o:westekok \lxo wéstekó \lxop westeko \lxoc wéstekó \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \dt 02/Feb/2005 \pa yes \se see <na>wetsi</na> \ss vé ase <na>wetsi</na> \ref 03517 \lxa kwa:pochi:ni \lxac kwa:pochi:ni \lxo kwa:pochi:ni \lxoc kwa:pochi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to have ones hair become dishevled \ss desgreñarse; quedarsele el cabello desarreglado \pna Kwaltsi:n o:timotsonchichi:w, a:sta tikwa:pochi:ntia:ya. \pea You really did your hair up nice (in braids), you were going around a lot with your hair disheveled. \psa Te arreglaste muy bien el pelo (en trenzas), hasta andabas con el pelo todo desarreglado. \se to have a fuzzy or frayed and unraveled end (e.g., a wooden stake repeatedly pounded on its head by a rock, rope that becomes unraveled, etc.) \ss tener la punta o el rabo ablandado y deshecha o deshilachado (una estaca de madera, una soga floja) \pna Xiska:n o:kiyekasa:loh. A:man yo:toton, o:kwa:pochi:n. \pea He didn't tie its end up right away (i.e., of a rope). Now it has become unraveled, it's end is frayed. \psa No le atósu cabo luego luego (esto es, de un laso). Ya se desenredó, se quedócon el cabo deshecho. \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \xvcao kwa:pochi:naltia \nse This most often refers to material or objects that should have a pointed, sharp, or tight end, but which become blunted, frayed, or otherwise damaged. \ref 03518 \lxa pa:lah \lxac pa:lah \lxo pa:lah \lxoc pa:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pala \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se shovel \ss pala \pna Pa:lah, ika titla:lxi:ni:s. \pea It is with a shovel that you shovel earth. \psa Es con una pala que paleas tierra. \ref 03519 \lxa ikxinekwiliwi \lxac ikxinekwiliwi \lxo ixinekwiliwi \lxoc ixinekwiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones leg to become crooked (from injury, disease, dislocation, etc.) \ss enchuecarsele la pierna (a algn, por enfermedad, dislocación, accidente, etc.) \cfa ikxikwepaliwi \xrb kxi \xrb nekwil \qry Check for transitive form and use. \rt Recheck etymology, i.e. whether /nekwiliwi/ should be considered as formed from two morphemes. Probably not, but note all the /-iwi/ verbs that indicate a type of physical distortion, bending, etc. \ref 03520 \lxa a:we:wentsi:n \lxac a:we:wentsi:n \lxo a:we:wentsi:n \lxoc a:we:wentsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se literally the 'old man of the water,' a being that lives underwater with his wife. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened near or in the river. Offerings are given to him and <na>a:lamatsi:n</na> in order to appease them and gain the return of lost and frightened souls. \ss literalmente la 'mujer vieja del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposa. A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a el y a <na>a:lamatsi:n</na> para obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas. \cfa a:lamatsi:n \cfo a:lámatsí:n \xrb a: \xrb we:we: \qry Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/. \qry I originally had /we:we:ntsi:n/, but this has been changed based on acoustic analysis of Oapan. Recheck this and all words with /we:wentsi:n/. \ref 03521 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /ma:tlakechilia/ but has been removed. C. Flores did not accept it and it appears to have been an error. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03522 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /to:xtli/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl NOTE: this is a vulgar word, vagina, and has been removed from the dictionary. For this reason only the male pronounced it. Tag these sound clips as OM1, a through d. But DO NOT link any tokens to the dictionary. \ref 03523 \lxa se:sentetl \lxac se:sentetl \lxo se:sentetl \lxoc se:sentetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \aff Lex. rdp-l \se one for each one; one apiece; individually \ss uno por cada uno; individualmente \pna Xtla:li se:sentetl! \pea Place them down one by one (in this case stakes for a fence, laying them down one by one on the ground, in front of where they will be finally set up as posts)! \psa ¡Colócalos uno por uno (en este caso estacas para un corral, poniéndolos uno por uno sobre el suelo, en frente de donde se van a empotrar)! \pna Se:sentetl kipian inkal nokone:wa:n. \pea Each one of my children has his own house. \psa Cada uno de mis niños tiene su propia casa. \se one by one \ss uno por uno \cfa tose:sentew \xrb sem \xrb te \ref 03524 \lxa tlapilo:ltsi:n \lxac se: tlapilo:ltsi:n \lxo tlapilo:ltsi:n \lxoc se: tlapilo:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seao slice (of meat, that is hung like that to dry) \ssao rebanada (de carne, que se cuelga para secar) \pno Ma nimitskowili monakatsi:n, ma:si sa: se: tlapilo:ltsi:n! \peo Let me buy some meat from you, even if it's just one slice! \pso ¡Dejáme comprarte algo de carne, aunque sea solamente una rebanada! \sea in a thatched roof house, the ropes that are tied to the <nla>komaxahli</nla> and run over the <nla>sole:rah</nla> to the <nla>kaltepa:ntli</nla> to hold the latter in place \ssa en una casa de palma o zacates, los lazos que se atan al <nla>komaxahli</nla> and corren por arriba de la solera hasta el <nla>kaltepa:ntli</nla> \xrb pilo: \encyctmp kahli \qry Check to make sure this is used only in a thatched-roof house. Determine reason for this etymology from /pilowa/. \mod Illustrate. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed thre. \ref 03525 \lxa kwala:nka:kwi:tia \lxac kikwala:nka:kwi:tia \lxo kwala:nka:kwi:tia \lxoc kikwala:nka:kwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to irk; to vex \ss irritar; desconcertar \se to make someone angry, to vex \ss fastidiar; molestar; hacer enojar \xrb kwala: \xrb kwi \nse <nao>Kwala:nka:kwi:tia</nao> is often used to refer to children who, by their talking and activities, bother someone who is trying to talk, thus angering him or her. \grm Incorporation; valency change: kwala:nka:kwi:tia Note the nature of causativization here. The verb /kwi/ is a transitive and the transitivity is unchanged with causativization. This suggests that the incorporated participial form /kwala:nka:/ acts as a noun and reduces the valency of the compound (i.e. it is saturating, Mithun's Type 1). Check other words with /kwitia/ causativized form. \ref 03526 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /Techi:maltitlan/ a toponym of Ameyaltepec now in the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Note that this entry has been removed. Nevertheless, tag the four tokens but, obviously, don't link them. \ref 03527 \lxa kwa:tenexioh \lxac kwa:tenexioh \lxo kwa:tenexioh \lxoc kwa:tenexioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \se to have ringworm \ss tener tiña \pna Kwa:tenexioh un toba:leh. \pea Our friend there has ringworm. \psa Nuestro amigo allá tiene tiña. \seo to have dandruff \sso tener caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb nex \qry The Ameyaltepec definition might well be in error. \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Analyze the nature, particularly re: nasalization, of the final vowel. The male speaker seems to manifest a greater degree of nasalization than the female. \rt Discuss the relationship of /tenex-/ to /nex-/. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Check nature of final vowel, /o/, particularly of male speaker. \ref 03528 \lxa tsi:ntsomo:nki \lxac tsi:ntsomonki \lxo tsi:ntsomo:nki \lxoc tsi:ntsomo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have its bottom ripped open (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, a cantaloupe, etc.) \ss tener el fondo roto (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, un melón, etc.) \xrb tsi:n \xrb tsomo: \ref 03529 \lxa Miák \lxac Miák \lxo Miek \lxoa Miak \lxoc Miek \dt 17/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sem heavens \se constellation of stars (lit. 'many') identifiable as the Pleiades \ss constelación de estrellas (lit. 'muchos') idenficiable como los pleiades \xrb miak \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03530 \lxa yo:li:xko \lxac i:yo:li:xko \lxo yo:li:xko \lxoc i:yo:li:xko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N2 \se solar plexus (area located just above the <nla>ititl</nla>) \ss solar plexus (área ubicada justamente arriba del <nla>ititl</nla>) \sem body \sem human \synao yo:ltitlan \xrb yo:l \xrl -i:xko \vl Link 2nd female token \qry Distinguish from /ye:lkamak/ (Am). \ref 03531 \lxa tlasasa:lo:hli \lxac tlasasa:lo:hli \lxo tlá:sa:ló:hli \lxoc tlá:sa:ló:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes \se something that has been sewn \ss algo que ha sido cosido \pna Notlake:n, kwahli tlasa:lo:hli -= tlasasa:lo:hli-. \pea My clothes are all well sewn. \psa Mi ropa todo está bien cosida. \pna Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli. \pea It is stiched close together, it is finely sewn. \psa El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido. \cfao tlasa:lo:hli \xrb sal \vl Use second female token. \ref 03532 \lxa tlalna:miktia \lxac kitlalna:miktia \lxo tlalna:mihtia \lxoc kitlalna:mihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to remind (sb) \ss acordarle a (algn) \pna Xne:xtlana:mikti tli:n nihkowas, ma:ka nikelka:was! \pea Remind me of what I should buy, don't let me forget it! \psa ¡Hazme acordar de lo que debo comprar, no dejes que se me olvide! \se (refl.) to remember; to remind oneself \ss (refl.) acordarse; hacerse acordar \pna Nimotlalna:mikti:s. \pea I will remind myself. \psa Me voy a hacer acordar \xrb na:miki \xbtla na:miktia \xbtlo na:mihtia \qry Check precise meaning of /nimotlalna:mikti:s/ and the difference betwee this and /nikelna:mikis/. Check meaning difference between /xne:chelna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/ (or... /tli:non nihkowas/) and /xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/. Only the second is documented in my corpus; the first might not even be correct. The first sentence above is from a corpus/filecard; check whether it is correct or whether one can state: /Xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:non nihkowas.../. If only the /tla- form is correct, then this might seem to be an"antipassive"form, with the object deleted (the /tla-/) and then expressed obliquely. However, it is not immediately clear that /tli:n nihkowas/ is not a core argument even though there is no clear place on the verb for another core argument (/(i)lna:miktia/ is a ditransitive with two objects: one is /ne:x-/ the benefactive and the other is the situation that is"reminded."However, in /tlalna:miktia/ the secondary argument is occupied by the prefix /tla-/. That leaves op en the question of what/tli:non nihkowas/ is grammatically. \grm /Xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/ is from a corpus/filecard; check whether it is correct or whether one can state: /Xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:non nihkowas.../. If only the /tla- form is correct, then this might seem to be an"antipassive"form, with the object deleted (the /tla-/) and then expressed obliquely. However, it is not immediately clear that /tli:n nihkowas/ is not a core argument even though there is no clear place on the verb for another core argument (/(i)lna:miktia/ is a ditransitive with two objects: one is /ne:x-/ the benefactive and the other is the situation that is"reminded."However, in /tlalna:miktia/ the secondary argument is occupied by the prefix /tla-/. That leaves open the question of what /tli:non nihkowas/ is grammatically. \grm Complements: Cf. the discussion here on CD by C. Flores of the use of complementizer after /nitlalna:miktia tli:n/ or /... tli:non/. \vl Link second male token. \ref 03533 \lxa i:xte:ntlitliki:sa \lxac ni:xte:ntlitliki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-[N-V1] \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se for ones eyes to feel hot \ss sentir los ojos calientes \pna I:xte:ntlitliki:sa. Totonias. \pea His eyes feel hot. He will get a fever. \psa Siente los ojos caliente. Va a tener calentura. \syno i:xtliki:sa \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tli \xrb ki:s \nse The word /i:xte:ntlitliki:sa/ refers to a feeling or sensation that ones gets around ones eyes when one is sick and about to come down with a fever. Cristino Flores only accepted the 1st or 2nd person singular, apparently because of the fact that one cannot know, as speaker, how another feels. \qry Check for existence of the word /tliki:sa/. \grm Note that reduplication is common in words refering to eyes. However, here as in a few other cases (I believe one also involving /ki:sa/, it is an incorporated and new lexical item, /tliki:sa/ that is reduplicated. Check for existence of word /tliki:sa/. \ref 03534 \lxa koyo:nono:tsa \lxac nokoyo:nono:tsan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to converse with (sb) in style, like rich people (e.g., while drinking elegant drinks or eating fancy food) \ssa placticar con (algn) como gente de clase y dinero (p. ej., al tomar un whiskey u otras bebidas de gente rica, o al comer comida elegante) \pna Timokoyo:nono:tsaskeh. \pea We're going to have a talk like people with class. \psa Vamos a placticar como gente adinerada. \xrb koyo: \xrb no:tsa \nse One can use this metaphoric extension of <na>koyo:tl</na> in an analytic expression such as <na>timonono:tsaskeh ke:n koyo:meh</na>, a phrase that might be used in reference to a chat over a shot of whiskey, good beer, or fancy food. \ref 03535 \lxa pi:pih \lxac pi:pih \lxo pi:pih \lxoa pi:pin \lxoc pi:pih, pi:pin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao see <nlao>-pih</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-pih</nlao> \grm Oapan phonology: Note that this word is a good example of h-to-n in certain cases. All but the first pronunciation, of FM which has a final /h/, have either a nasalized vowel or a nasal consonant. It seems also that (at least in the second male example) the nasal consonant affects the length of the final vowel, making it longer. This should be checked with a phonetician. \vl Note that Florencia begins with a word, /pipí:n/, which I do not recognize (final syllable stress, final /n/). Please tag this as a high number, e.g., 99999 so that I can ask her later its meaning and link it to the lexicon. Link 1st female and 1st male token to the dictionary. \ref 03536 \lxa tlakwaltipan \lxac se: tlakwaltipan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \sea (<na>se:</na> ~) one meal (i.e., enough meat for one meal or, in many cases, a fix amount, such as one kilo) \ssa (<na>se:</na> ~) una comida (esto es, suficiente carne para una comida, o una cantidad fija como un kilo) \pna O:hmak se: tlakwaltipan. \pea I gave him (in this case pork being distributed by a family planning a wedding) enough for one meal. \psa Le dí(en este caso carne de puerco que estaba siendo entregada para una familia planeando una boda) suficiente para una comida. \xrb kwa \xrl -tipan \qry Check to see if this can refer only to meat. \ref 03537 \lxa suwa:pitso \lxac suwa:pitso \lxo siwa:pitso \lxoc siwa:pitso \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se sow; adult female pig \ss marrana \sem animal \sem domes \xrb sowa: \xrb pitso \vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token. \ref 03538 \lxa chi:koyaktik \lxac chi:koyaktik \lxo chi:koyahtik \lxoc chi:koyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com PM-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se to be wide open and greatly expanded in a circular form (e.g., the mouth of a sack, the hole in the roof of a thatched hut, anything that should be circular but which is two wide in diameter) \ss estar abierto ampliamente en forma algo circular (p. ej., la boca de un costal, un agujero en el techo de una casa de zacate, cualquier cosa circular pero que rebasa lo deseado en lo ancho) \pna Chi:koyaktik un po:soh, o:tikpano:ltilih, xasta ihkón tikichwaskia. \pea That well is really opened too wide, you went too far on it, you shouldn't have excavated that much. \psa Ese pozo es demasiado ancho, le pasaste, no hubieras excavado hasta así. \pna A:man o:noka:w chi:koyaktik ikal, o:kika:wilih ma isoliwi. \pea Now his house has wound up split open on top (i.e., in the thatching for the roof), he let it get old. \psa Su casa (esto es, el techo de palma) ya quedó abierto, dejóque se envejeciera. \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \grm Note that all entries that are categorized as Adj-part-wi-k-tik seem to take one of the two intensifiers. Thus one has /tetomaktik/ and /chi:koyaktik/. Determine, first, whether ?chi:tomaktik is acceptable (I believe not) and whether /tekoyaktik/ is (I believe it is). If the preceding is correct, do a test for all forms that accept both /chi:-/ and /te-/. \ref 03539 \lxa ye:kpo:hli \lxac ye:kpo:hli \lxo yé:hpowáhli \lxoc yé:hpowáhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn Stem 3 \pa yes \se portion or section of a field, or a particular plant, that has sprouted from seeds planted after those originally sown did not sprout \ss sección o porción de un terreno, o una planta en particular, que ha germinado de semillas plantadas después de que las semillas originalmente sembradas no brotaron \pna Na:n nomi:ltsitsi:nwa:n, na:n ma:s pi:pitik pa:mpa sa: ye:kpo:hli. \pea My maize plants here, here they are smaller because they are only those that have been planted (later in the season) to replace those original seeds that had failed to sprout. \psa Mi plantitas de maíz aquí, aquíson más pequeñas porque solamente son las que se sembraron (más avanzada la temporada) donde no brotaron las que originalmente se sembraron. \sem agriculture \fl ye:kpowa \xrb ye:k \xrb powa \nae Perhaps these two words, <na>ye:kpo:hli</na> from Ameyaltepec and <no>yé:hpowáhli</no> from Oapan, should accorded separate entries based on their different morphologies and derivational structure. More problematic, however, is the reason for pitch accent in the Oapan lexeme. If the roots are <nr>ye:k</nr> and <nr>powa</nr> as they appear to be, then the motive for the pitch accent is not clear. One possibility is that this is a reduplicated form on a stem that is considered to have a long initial vowel. In this case one would expect San Juan Tetelcingo to manifest ? <nt>yehye:kpowahle</nt>. \qry Check /sa: ye:kpo:hli/, perhaps it should be /san ye:kpo:hli/. \sj Check ye:kpowa in SJ \vl Link first female token \grmx Reduplication; pitch accent: Perhaps these two words, <na>ye:kpo:hli</na> from Ameyaltepec and <no>yé:hpowáhli</no> from Oapan, should accorded separate entries based on their different morphologies and derivational structure. More problematic, however, is the reason for pitch accent in the Oapan lexeme. If the roots are <nr>ye:k</nr> and <nr>powa</nr> as they appear to be, then the motive for the pitch accent is not clear. One possibility is that this is a reduplicated form on a stem that is considered to have a long initial vowel. In this case one would expect San Juan Tetelcingo to manifest ? <nt>yehye:kpowahle</nt>. This needs to be checked. \ref 03540 \lxa xolochowa \lxac kixolochowa \lxo xolochowa \lxoc kixolochowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to bunch up; to put ruffles or little uneven pleats in \ss fruncir; poner volantes en (una tela) \pna O:tikxolochoh mokoto:n. \pea You put ruffles in your shirt (e.g., where the cuff joins the sleeve). \psa Le pusiste volantes a tu camisa (p. ej., donde el puño se cose a la manga). \xrb xoloch \ref 03541 \lxa kuwtlatlatsi:n \lxac kuwtlatlatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-perf \infn N1 \sea type of tree, still not identified or collected, perhaps that called <spn>mala mujer</spn> in Spanish \ssa tipo deárbol, todavía no colectada ni identificada, quizála que se llama mala mujer \pna Kuwtlatlaktsi:n | Deke tikxi:ma, ma:ka mitsasis ia:yo, tla:mo tima:xoxopo:nis. \src Luis Lucena \pea <na>Kuwtlatlatsi:n</na> : If you take the bark off of it don't let its sap get on you, if you do your hands (where the sap touched) will blister up. \psa <na>Kuhtlatlatsi:n</na> : Se le quitas la cáscara ten cuidado que no te alcanze su savia porque si te toca, se te van a salir granos por las manos. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb tlatla \nse The sap of this tree is said to be dangerous; if one is chopping this wood and sap gets into ones eyes it will blind or hurt one. \cpl Although one speaker gave this tree's name as <na>mala mujer</na> it is not clear that this is correct. Schoenhals (1988) gives a long entry under this name, but the plants listed appear to be small plants and vines, not trees:"1. (<na>Cnidoscolus</na> spp., e.g. <na>C. urens</na> formerly <na>Jatropha urens</na>) 'spurge nettle,' 'tread softly' Rank-growing nettle spurge with large, 5-lobed leaves. Also called chaya, ortiga, ortiguilla. 2. (<na>Toxicodendron radicans</na>) 'poison ivy' Also calledárbol de guao, chechén, hiedra venenosa. 3. (<na>Cnidoscolus</na> spp., <na>Urea</na> spp, <na>Urtica</na> spp.) Poisonous vine, shrub, or tree. Also called chichicastle. 4. (<na>Urera caracasana</na>) 'flameberry scatchbush' See mal hombre. 5. (<na>Urtica</na> spp., e.g. <na>U. dioica</na>) 'spurge nettle' See ortiga. 6. (<na>Hibuscus bifurcatus</na>) 'mountain rose mallow' See tulipa de monte." \nct kohtli \qry Although several consultants mentioned that <spn>mala mujer</spn> is a tree, Schoenhals lists it as a nettle. Perhaps there are two plants by this name, one a herbaceous plant and the other. Check to determine if /chichikastli/ is a regional name for a plant. One consultant, Costa Venancio, mentioned: /Se kuhtsi:ntli kitowan deke tihki:tskia timoka:was siegi:toh/ 'It is a small tree that supposedly if you grab it you will wind up blind.' \ref 03542 \lxa kaxa:ni \lxac kaxa:ni \lxo kaxa:ni \lxoc kaxa:ni \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to become loose; to loosen (a knot, braids, a saddle tightened around an animal) \ss aflojarse (un nudo, trenzas, una silla puesta sobre un animal) \se to become weak and exausted (one body, e.g., of a person during an illness, or after hard and strenuous work) \ss debilitarse o quedar exhausto (el cuerpo, p. ej., una persona durante una enfermedad, o después de haber trabajado duro) \xstat kaxa:ntok \xrb kaxa: \nse The acceptation, in Ameyaltepec at least, of <na>kaxa:ni</na> as 'to lose weight' is perhaps related to the fact that in losing weight ones clothes become lose. \qry Obtain examples of /kaxa:ni/ used in reference to someone's body and particularly re: weak-willed (cf. to /yo:lkaxa:nki/). I have removed this def. 'to take a step back; to retreat (from a position or argument previously asserted and defended)' \ref 03543 \lxa tla:pa:tl \lxac tla:pa:tl \lxo tla:pa:tl \lxoc tla:pa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for two plants of the Solanaceae family, one white and the other purple \ss nombre genérico para dos plantas de la familia Solanaceae, una blanca y la otra morada \pna Tla:pa:tl | Kitowan bwe:noh para aseiteh rosa:doh. Chichí:k. Tikuwitlas wa:n tikmatis ipan moma, momapilwa:n, chichí:k. \pea <na>Tla:pa:tl</na> : They say it's good for <spn>aceite rosado</spn>. It is bitter. You pull it up and you'll get a bitter taste on you hand, your fingers. \psa <na>Tla:pa:tl</na> : Dicen que es bueno para aceite rosado. Es amargo. Lo arrancas y vas a tener un sabor amargo en la mano, los dedos. \pna Tla:pa:tl | Tla: se: kone:tl kipia tso:tso:tl, tihkwe:cho:s ixiwyo tla:patl ipan tetl noso ipan metlatl ika metlapihli. Ika a:tl tihkwe:cho:s wa:n kwa:k kwaltsi:n yo:nokwe:choh, kwa:kon tika:lti:s un kone:tl ka:n tso:tso:ti. \pea <na>Tla:pa:tl</na> : If a child has sores, you grind up the leaves of the <na>tla:pa:tl</na> on a stone or on a metate with a roller. You grind it up with water and when it's nicely ground up, it is then that you bathe the child where he has sores. \psa <na>Tla:pa:tl</na> : Si un niño tiene granitos, mueles las hojas del <na>tla:pa:tl</na> sobre una piedra o sobre un metate con la mano de metate. Lo mueles con agua y cuando ya se molióbien, entonces le bañas al niño donde tiene granitos. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tla:pa: \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>huevo de perro</spn>. \nct xiwtli \qry It is not clear why they say that it is /bwe:noh para ase:teh rosa:doh/. Check. Does this mean that this oil is made from this plant? \ref 03544 \lxa kuwasiwi \lxac kuwasiwi \lxo kówasíwi \lxop kowasiwi \lxoc kówasíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se for ones bones, especially the limb joints, to ache (from overwork or, particularly, from illness, such as dengue, or from a certain type of"witchcraft," <nla>kowasiwistli</nla> (Am), in which case it is the joints that are affected and that swell) \ss sentir cierto dolor de hueso o cuerpo (que puede ser resultado o de mucho trabajo, de una enfermedad como el dengue, o de un cierto tipo de"brujería," <nla>kowasiwistli</nla>, en cuyo caso son las coyunturas de las extremedades que se afectan por el dolor) \pna Nikuwasiwi ipan nokxi -= kuwasiwi nokxi-. \pea My leg is stiff and aching. \psa Siento la pierna tiesa y adolorida. \pna Nikokuwasiwi, nochi notla:kayo. \pea I am aching to the bones, all of my body. \psa Estoy adolorido hasta los hueso en muchas partes, todo el cuerpo. \sem disease \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \nse There is, apparently, no transitive form; rather an expression such as <na>ne:chmaka kowasiwistli</na> would be used. \qry The Ameyaltepec dialect, which has lost historical and underlying {h} gives no indication of the presence or absence of this consonant. Comparative information from San Juan Tetelcingo is, therefore, necessary to answer this question. The etymology of <na>kowasiwi</na> is also at present still uncertain, as potential roots exist in <na>kukwa</na> (Classical <na>cocoa</na>), or what in Classical was <na>cocoya</na>. There might even be a relationship to <na>kowatl</na> 'snake') I believe that G. Whittaker comments on this word in his book with Coe on the <na>Tratado de las supersticiones</na> by Ruiz de Alarcón; he suggests an etymology including <na>ihsiwi</na> and containing the meaning of 'the hurrying of.' The presence/absence of /h/ should clear this up. The pain associated with <na>kowasiwi</na> is often described by the verb <nla>xama:ni</nla>. \ref 03545 \lxa tla:lmamaxtia \lxac kitla:lmamaxtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to teach the lay of the land to; to take around and show places on the land's surface to (e.g., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.) \ssa enseñar bien el terreno a; recorrer la tierra con (algn) para enseñarle (p. ej., su aspecto geográfico como donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.) \syno í:xtlamáxtia \xrb tla:l \xrb mati \xvba tla:lmati \nse Although the transitive form <na>tla:lmamaxtia</na> has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal stem, the intransitive form occurs unreduplicated (see <nla>tla:lmati</nla>. This responds to the principal difference between the two voices. The intransitive indicates a relatively permanent state of knowledge. The transitive indicates an action whereby the lay of the land is repeatedly taught, as the two participants travel over the land, with one teaching the other the location of paths, names of places, ownership of land parcels, etc. \ref 03546 \lxa a:chichina:wi \lxac a:chichina:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get leaf burn (a plant from an overabundance of water) \ssa quemarsele las hojas (a una planta por una sobreabundancia de agua) \pna Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh. \pea At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it would start to turn brown from water, it would become blighted, its leaves would become perforated. \psa Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezaba a quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban. \xrb a: \xrb china \qry The length should be check since in all other cases I have short /a/, e.g., /tlachinawi/. If the length is changed, then also change it for this same phrase which occurs under /kokolisyowa/. In general an effort should be made to link together in a discussion the verbs /tlachinaw/, which seems to be {tlahchinawi} and /chinowa/. Since the standard variation is /a:wi/ and /a:wa/, and is /toma:wi/ and /toma:wa/, one would expect that if /chichina:wi/ were correct, we would find ?china:wa. But rather, the transitive is /chinowa/; perhpas the /a/ is, therefore, short in /chinawi/. \ref 03547 \lxa to:nalmiki \lxac to:nalmiki \lxo to:nalmiki \lxoc to:nalmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(k) \se to be or feel hot; to suffer from the heat \ss tener calor; sufrir por el calor \pna A:sta hmati ye nitekwi:ntok, nito:nalmiki. \pea I feel like I'm even on fire, I am suffering from the heat. \psa Hasta me siento ardiendo, estoy sufriendo por el calor. \xrb to:na \xrb miki \xvca to:nalmiktia \xvco to:nalmihtia \ref 03548 \lxa chikiyontik \lxac chikiyontik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan chiquear (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-ap \sea person who is reluctant to do something, to say something or to help \ssa renegón; persona que no quiere hacer una cosa, decir algo o ayudar \apa chikiyón \ref 03549 \lxa tonana:wi \lxac *tonana:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-num \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea foursies (in a game of jacks) \ssa cuatros (en un juego de matatena) \pna A:man -i:pan- tonana:wi. \pea Now (let us play) foursies (in jacks). \psa Ahora (vamos a jugar) cuatros (en matatena). \pna O:nikpoloh ipan tonana:wi. \pea I lost in foursies (in jacks). \psa Perdí en cuatros (en matatena) \xrb na:wi \nse In Ameyaltepec reduplicated and obligatorily possessed numbers (e.g., <na>i:pan tonana:wi</na>) are used in reference to the game of jacks. Apparently it is preferable to use <na>i:pan</na> although possible without (one case say <na>A:man tonana:wi!</na> instead of <na>A:man i:pan tonana:wi!</na> 'Now foursies!'). \mod For a description of this game, cf. DT #8, 783 ff., continued on DT #7). \qry Note the possession of a reduplicated adjective/numeral with this very lexicalized sense. Check to see if other numbers can be possessed (e.g., in jacks). Note that the reduplication with numbers, /ipan tonana:wi/ can be used with other numbers referring to a game such as jacks. Apparently it is preferable to use /ipan/, although possible without: /a:man tonana:wi/. For a description of this game, cf. DT #8, 783 ff., continued on DT #7). \grm Reduplication: possession: Note the possession of a reduplicated adjective/numeral with this very lexicalized sense. My notes state that other numbers can be reduplicated and possessed, although I don't know how the game is played so I don't know how many numbers can be so inflected. \ref 03550 \lxa ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxac ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \sea to fly along with its wings hanging down and flapping (e.g., \ssa volar batiendo las alas despacio \pna Ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ntiw -=matlapalkwe:kwetla:ntiw- ka:ka:lo:tl. \pea The crow goes along slowly flapping its wings. \psa El cuervo va volando despacio batiendo las alas. \synao matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni \xrb ma:stlakapal \xrb kwetla: \nse <na>Ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni</na> has has only been documented with long vowel reduplication, apparently a nonreduplicated form does not exist. It may be used, for example, to describe the flight motion of the <na>garza</na> and crow. However, according to Florencia Marcelino <no>kwetla:ni</no> would be used only if the wings of the bird were broken, as if hit by a hunter. Otherwise they would not be 'hanging down' (<no>xkwetla:nin</no>). \ref 03551 \lxa kechilpia \lxac kikechilpia \lxo kechilpi \lxoc kikechilpi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: Ameyaltepec verb is class-2a; Oapan verb is class-4a(oni) \se to tie loosely in a loop (so that it can be pulled loose without untying) \ss atar ligeramente con una lazada ("loop"; para que se desata nada más al jalar) \pna San xkechilpi un burroh. San timopilo:s, wa:n un la:soh totomis. Xotikteteilpih. \pea Just tie a quick loop to tie up that burro. You'll just have to pull on it and the lasso will become undone. You didn't knot it. \psa Solamenteátale una lazada para asegurar el burro. Nada más te vas a jalar para que el lasso se desate. No le amarraste un nudo bien atado. \seo to make a loosely tied loop in (e.g., a rope) \sso hacer una lazada pequeña (p. ej., en un soga o laso) \xrb kech \xrb ilpi \qry Check whether /kechte(te)ilpia/ is correct and, if so, the difference from /kechilpia/. Also check whether the final /a/ is correct. In Oapan the verb is /kechilpi/. \mod This should be split into 2 entries. \grm Intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ in /teteilpia/ of Am, which refers to tying with a knot. Cf. this to simple /ilpia/. \ref 03552 \lxa uwitok \lxac uwitok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be difficult \ss ser difícil \equiva uwitikah \equivo ówitíkah \xrb owih \fl owitikah \ref 03553 \lxa tla:laki \lxac tla:laki \lxo tla:laki \lxoc tla:laki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to enter into (the ground or any other hard surface, e.g., a nail, stake, etc.) \ss entrar (en el suelo u otra cosa dura, objetos como clavos, estacas, etc.) \se to pierce the skin \ss perforar la piel \xrb tla:l \xrb ak \ref 03554 \lxa sentena:ntsi:n \lxac i:sentena:ntsi:n \lxo sentena:ntsi:n \lxoc i:sentena:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se unique mother of (Jesus, usually used to refer to the Virgin Mary) \ss madreúnica de (Jesús, usualmente para referirse a la Virgen María) \xrb sen \xrb te \xrb na:n \nse In Oapan this term is one of endearment for anyones mother, e.g., <no>nosentena:ntsi:n</no>. The prefix may also be used with children, e.g., <no>nosentekone:w</no>, but is not used with 'father,' e.g., * <no>nosentétatsí:n</no>. In Ameyaltepec I have only heard this term used in reference to the mother of Jesus. \qry Check meaning as this file card did not have a translation on it. Can it only refer to the Virgin Mary, or to other"mothers' e.g., /nosentena:ntsi:n/. Check other kinship terms and other uses of /sente-/. \ref 03555 \lxa tlakwite:hke:tl \lxac tlakwite:hke:tl \lxo tlakote:hke:tl \lxoc tlakote:hke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who follows behind the plow as it turns over the earth once the maize has sprouted, uprighting the plants that have been covered by dirt or stones \ss persona que sigue atrás de la yunta cuando se trabaja la milpa después de que las semillas han brotado, y que endereza las plantas, quitándoles la tierra y piedras que les han caido encima \equiva tlakwiste:hke:tl \equivo tlakoste:hke:tl \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \nse Both <na>tlakwite:hke:tl</na> and <na>tlakwiste:hke:tl</na> are correct although my original notes suggest that the former is more common. The form <nla>tlakwite:hki</nla> is also acceptable and thus probably <na>tlakwite:hki</na> although it is not documented in the corpus. \ref 03556 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /sowilia/ with xref to /sowilia/. It has been eliminated and only /sowilia/ remains; cf. #5460 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This entry has been eliminated; tag the words here with additional numbering for 5460. \ref 03557 \lxa tepo:ya \lxac kitepo:ya \lxo tepo:ya \lxoc kitepo:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(y) \se to wrap up; to cover (particularly in order to protect, e.g., from the rain or cold) \ss envolver; cubrir; tapar (particularmente para proteger, p. ej., de la lluvia o el frío) \pna Xtepo:ya ika sakatl! Ma tepo:xto para ixwas, tla:mo xixwas! \pea Cover it (in this case a <nla>tlapacho:hli</nla> or seed garden) with grass! It should be covered so that it (i.e., the seedlings) sprouts, if it isn't (covered) it won't sprout! \psa ¡Tápala (en este caso una huertita con zacate)!¡Debe estar cubiera para que germinem (las semillas), si no lo es (tapado) no van a brotar! \pna Yo:notepo:x notlaxkal. \pea My tortillas have already been wrapped up (e.g., to keep them warm, free from the rain, etc.). \psa Ya se taparon mis tortillas (p. ej., para mantenerlas calientes, protegidas de la lluvia, etc.). \pna Kemech nimotepo:xtok. \pea I'm just now covering myself up (e.g., with a blanket to protect myself from the cold or rain). \psa Apenas ahorita me estoy tapando (p. ej., con una cobija para protegerme del frío o la lluvia). \xrb tepo:ya \nse The etymology of <na>tepoya</na> is uncertain, as no cognate forms in other dialects have yet been found. \qry Check vowel length in progressive and perfective. I had /notepo:xtok/ on one filecard, but the perfective and progessive both with a short vowel on others (/notepoxtok/, /o:notepox/, etc.). \ref 03558 \lxa nakastekakanak \lxac nakastekakanak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap-wi-k \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \sea person with sharp ears \ssa persona que puede escuchar sonidos muy ligeros \sea light sleeper \ssa persona que se despierta fácilmente, con el más ligero sonido \pna Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:no:n. \pea You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away. \psa Duermes muy ligeramente, luego luego escuchas cualquier cosa (ruido). \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva i:nakas kone:joh \cfa nakastepalka \cfa nakastlantepalka \xrb nakas \xrb kana: \nse Literally"thin-eared" <na>nakastekakanak</na> refers to a person who wakes up at the slightest noice, or hears things even when sleeping. More generally, it may refer to a sharp hearer. Note that the reduplication of the verb stem reflects a general process noted in many other cases of events, qualities, etc. that affect pairs of a body part (in this case both ears). However, this is not always the case, as evidenced in <na>nakaskoyo:nki</na> in which the verb stem is not reduplicated (or at least has not been so documented). \qry Check possibility of forms such as /nakaskakanak/ and /nakastekakanaktik/, etc. \grm Reduplication: Note that the reduplication of the verb stem in /nakastekakanak/ reflects a general process noted in many other cases; however, it does differ from <na>nakaskoyo:nki</na> in which the verb stem is not reduplicated. \ref 03559 \lxa i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \lxac i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \lxo i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \lxoc i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \se to have small eyes \ss tener los ojos pequeños \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tsoyo: \syna i:xte:mpipi:stik \syna i:xte:npi:pitik \syno i:xté:mpí:stik \syno i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih \qry The etymology of this word is unclear. Check to see if /tsoyo:tik/ is also found. If not, determine the base, which is perhaps related to /tsoyo:ni/ with the meaning of this word being related to the shrinking that accompanies frying. \pqry Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/. I originally had a long /o:/ in this word for Oapan, but based on an analysis of the acoustics I have changed this to a short vowel. I have continually switched back and forth on my analysis of the vowel length of /tsoyo:tik/. \vl Link first male token. \ref 03560 \lxa anjoli:n bu:rroh \lxac anjoli:n bu:rroh \lxo a:jolkowbu:rroh \lxoc a:jolkowbu:rroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ajonjolí; burro \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-complex (Am) \se long row of cut sesame plants left bundled and upright to dry in the field \ss una larga hacina de plantas de ajonjolícortadas que se atan en manojos y se dejan paradas en el campo para secar \pna Ye tsonaka westok moanjolí:n bu:rroh, xkwahli o:nankitla:laktikeh punta:les. \pea Your row of cut sesame plants is already leaning over, you didn't put the stake supports into the ground well. \psa Tu hacina de ajonjolíya se va cayendo, Uds. no metieron bien los puntales en la tierra. \qry See the drawing/illustration with original 3x5 card. Check to see if /burroh/ can be used with the same meaning in reference to any other type of plant. \nse The <na>anjolí:n burroh</na> refers to the cut sesame that is placed upright in rows, leaning one row against the other in a triangular setup, like a lean-to. \mod Illustrate \ref 03561 \lxa ma:tlatl \lxac ma:tlatl \lxo ma:tlatl \lxoc ma:tlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of net, particularly of those used in catching <spn>huilotas</spn> \ss tipo de red, particularmente la que se utiliza para atrapar huilotas \cola i:ma:tl tokatl \xrb ma:tla \ref 03562 \lxa tlayo:ltla:hli \lxac tlayo:ltla:hli \lxo tlayo:ltla:hli \lxoc tlayo:ltla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se maize mixed with earth that remains on the ground after the corn is shelled \ss maíz mezclado con tierra que se queda en el suelo después de desgranar \xrb o:ya \xrb tla:l \ref 03563 \lxa tsi:npitentsi:n \lxac tsi:npitentsi:n \lxo tsi:npitentsi:n \lxoc tsi:npitentsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-b \se to be small-assed; to have a small butt \ss tener las nalgas pequeñas \cfa tsi:ntebo:lah \xrb tsi:n \xrb piten \ref 03564 \lxa axtopa kayo:tl \lxaa xtopa kayo:tl \lxac axtopa kayo:tl \lxo axtopa kayo:tl \lxoc xtopa kayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se first born (child or animal) \ss primogénito (en cuanto a seres humanos o animales) \pna On se:, axtopa kayo:tl, pero yo:nasikeh. \pea That one was first born, (a bull in this case) but they have evened out (i.e., another born later has achieved full size and now can work as well as the first born, it is just as strong). \psa Aquel fue el primero que nació(un toro en este caso) pero ellos se han emparejado (otro nacido más tarde ha alcanzado su tamaño de adulto y ahora puede trabajar tan bien como el que nacióprimero, ya los dos tienen la misma fuerza). \xrb axto \xrb -pa; -kayo: \qry Elicit all the forms of /-kayo:tl/ possible. \grm Note the use of /-kayo:tl/ here as elsewhere. Search for all forms and elicit additional ones. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Recheck all occurrences of /axtopa/, perhaps this should be /axto:pa/. To Kevin: Here there should be an additional 4 tokens from what was originally word /02285/, an entry that was a repeat and has since been deleted. \ref 03565 \lxa milo:hli \lxac milo:hli \lxo milo:hli \lxoc milo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \syna mimilo:hli \se hill \ss cerrito; loma; colina \xrb mil \qry Recheck to see if this is acceptable form, cf. to /tla:lmimilo:hli/. In another note I have mentioned that /milo:hli/ is the same as /mimilo:hli/ but that these words are seldom used in Ameyaltepec, that they are more common in Oapan. \vl Note that there are 4 extra tokens here, or should be, from the entry that was originaly 567. \ref 03566 \lxa tla:lti:sayowa \lxac tla:lti:sayowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \se to become covered with white spots from dried sweat and dust from whitish earth (e.g., clothes) \ss cubrirse de manchas blancas por sudor secado mezclado con polvo de tierra blanca (p. ej., la ropa) \pna O:tla:lti:sayowak mokoto:n pa:mpa o:timito:nih. \pea Your shirt got covered with white spots because you sweated. \psa Se manchóde blanca tu camisa porque sudaste. \equivo tla:listayowa \xrb tla:l \xrb ti:sa \ref 03567 \lxa ke:san \lxac ke:san weka \lxo ke:san \lxoa ke:xtsan \lxoa ke:xsan \lxoc ke:xsan, ke:xtsan \dt 12/Jun/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se oh how! \ss ¡qué tanto! \pna Ke:san to:hla:n. \pea Oh how there are a lot of people! \psa ¡Quétanta gente hay! \pna Ke:san timitswelita! Tima:naskeh pa:mpa ke:san tikwaltsi:n! \pea Oh how I like your looks! We are going to get married because you are a real knock-out! \psa ¡Quétanto me gustas!¡Nos vamos a casar porque eres una belleza! \seo how is it that? \sso ¿cómo es qué? \pno Ke:san timoka:wilitikah mopan tlakowa \peo How is it that you allowed him to get on your back? \pso ¿Cómo es que te dejaste que se te subiera por la espalda? \pno ¿Ke:xsan o:tikwala:n?¡Xka: te:h ni: xmila:k! \peo How is it that you got mad? It's not even true! \pso ¿Cómo es que te enojaste?¡Pues ni es verdad! \xrb ke: \xrb san \nse The Ameyaltepec entry could perhaps be written as two words, <na>ke: san</na>, but for now a single form has been used. \qry Check vowel length of /e:/ and also look into possibility that this should be written as two words. Cf. to possible root /ken/ and cf. entry under /ke:/. All the expressions with /ke:/, /keh/, etc. need to be revised and analyzed. \vl Link first male token. \ref 03568 \lxa otli \lxac otli \lxo ótlí \lxoc ótlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se path \ss senda; vereda; camino \pna Ne: ipan moowi, san ke:nkah umpa tlakaltok. \pea There on the path that you take, it's lying there on the ground as always. \psa Allí en el camino que tomas, como siempre está allítirado. \pna O:kasik otli. \pea He took off. \psa Agarrósu camino. \se channel (where water or any other liquid flows) \ss canal (donde pasa el agua o cualquier otro líquido) \pna San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:niowi. \pea The water is spread out flat (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land). \psa El agua está tendida sobre el suelo cubre todo, se llenósu canal (y por eso inundó una area a su alrededor). \se (fig.) way; manner (in which sth should be done) \ss (fig.) manera; camino (metafóricamente, en cuanto a como se hace o debe hacer algo) \pna Xtla:ke:wa, yewa kimastok ke:no:n mistlatete:mili:s, ke:no:n yes, ke:no:n tikchi:was. Mitsakas otli. \pea Hire him, he knows how he will explain it to you, how it will be, what you will do it. He will show you the way. \psa Contrátolo aél,él sabe como te lo va a explicar, como va a ser, como lo vas a hacer. El te enseñarála manera de hacerlo. \se (<na>san se:</na> ~) directly; without detour or delay (i.e., in going someplace) \ss (<na>san se: ~</na> ~) directo; sin desviación ni demora (esto es, en ir a algún lugar) \pna Xkaman noteltia, san se: otli yaw. \pea He never stops (on his way somewhere), he goes straight without any detour or delay. \psa Nunca se para (en ir a algún lugar), va derecho sin desviación ni demora. \seo (possessed with <n>-yo</n>) grain (of a wood) \sso (poseído con <n>-yo</n>) grano (de una madera) \pno Kakawana:n, melahka:n yawíowíyo, peya:stik, xma:malakaxtik. \peo The cacahuanan tree, its grain goes in a line, it is straight, it is not crooked. \pso Elárbol cacahuanan, su grano va en una línea, va derecho, no estátorcido. \cola xo:panotli \cola xo:pan po:cho:tl \colo xo:pánotlí \colo xo:pan po:cho:tl \xrb oh \ref 03569 \lxa ko:lo:tl de bwe:yeh \lxac ko:lo:tl de bwe:yeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of large, black scorpion that lives in the ground and kills cattle \ssa tipo de alacrán negro y grande que vive en la tierra y mata al ganado \equivao tla:lko:lo:tl \xrb ko:lo: \ref 03570 \lxa ke:itlah \lxaa ke:tlah \lxac ke:itlah \lxo ké:tlá \lxoc ké:tlá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \pa yes-lex \se as if (it were [noun]) \ss como si (fuera [sustantivo]) \pna Deke tikasis wan tiktlampacho:s san yo:liktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. Inakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke:itlah chi:hli. \pea If you catch it (the <nla>koko:ktsi:n</nla>) and hold it between your teeth, slowly you'll feel that it tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as it it were chile. \psa Si lo agarras (al <nla>koko:ktsi:n</nla>) y lo sostienes entre los dientes, poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. \xrb ke:n \xrb itlah \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. Apparently it derives from <n>ke:n</n> and <n>itlah</n> as manifested by the fact that Ameyaltepequeños and Oapanecos will sometimes pronounce this as <na>ke itlah</na>, which is shortened in Ameyaltepec to <na>ketlah</na>. However, the Oapan form is different and thus might have a different etymology. The first /e:/ is long (the length of the Ameyaltepec form will need to be rechecked from a recorded example); but most significantly, it manifests pitch accent, which is a reflex of underlying {h}. Nevertheless, the possible origin of the underlying {h} is not clear. \nae The origin of the first element in this phrase, <na>ke</na>, is unclear. Temporarily I have analyzed it as related to <na>ke:n</na>. \nae The syntax of <na>ke itlah</na> is not altogether clear, but it appears to usually (if not always) precede a noun, which is the head of the subordinate adverbial clause. Nevertheless, a complete review of the corpus will be necessary to determine whether this is exactly the case. \vl Link 1st female token. \sj Check \ref 03571 \lxa pipi:nki \lxac pipi:nki \lxo pipi:nki \lxoc pipi:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to be resistent, tough, stretchy, sinewy or fibrous; to be hard to tear apart (e.g., certain woods that are tough to split, such as <nla>tlakwa:mpets</nla> when it doesn't dry properly, or <nla>tlamia:wahli</nla> ; meat that has a lot of veins; etc.) \ss ser resistente; ser difícil de partir o destrozar (p. ej., hojas de maíz húmedas, algunas maderas difíciles de partir como el <nla>tlakwa:mpets</nla> cuando no se seca bien, o <nla>tlamia:wahli</nla> ; algunas carnes) \pna O:tla:tlapayaw, pipi:nki un iswatl, xwel nikteki. \pea It drizzled intermittently, the corn leaves are tough, I can't pull them off (the stem). \psa Lloviznópor ratos (intermitentemente), las hojas de maíz son resistentes, no las puedo arrancar (de los tallos). \pna Yo:ne:chsiawi:tih, melák pipi:nki, xwel niktlapa:na. \pea It really tired me out (in this case a piece of wood difficult to chop), it is really tough and fiberous, I can't split it. \psa Ya me hizo cansar (en este caso un tronco de madera difícil de partir), es muy resistente, no lo puedo partir. \pna Pipi:nki sintli kwa:k kama:wak, seki kohtli wel notsonteki pero xwel tlapa:ni pa:mpa pipi:nki. \pea Maize plants when they are moist are <na>pipi:nki</na>, and some wood can be cut (crosswise) but it can't be split, because it is tough. \psa Cuando está húmeda la planta de maíz es <na>pipi:nki</na>, y algunas maderas se pueden cortar pero no se pueden partir (a lo largo) porque son fibrosas y resistentes. \pna Deke tli:ltik motla:l, tla:ltesokitl, pipi:nki un tla:hli. \pea If your land is black, it (forms) thick clods of mud, the earth is resistant to the plow (because it is sticky and heavy). \psa Si tu tierra es negra, (se hace) terrones de tierra, es resistente al arado (porque al mojarse con la lluvia se queda muy pesada). \pna Pipi:nki un kuwtli. Xwel niktlapa:na, ne:chweka:wi:ti:s. \pea That wood (in this case firewood being chopped) is tough. I can't split it, it will keep me occupied for a long time. \psa Esa madera (en este caso leña para partir) es resistente. No lo puedo partir, me va a entretener mucho tiempo. \xrb pi:n \dis pipi:nki; pipistik \nse <nao>Pipi:nki</nao> refers to physical objects that are sinewy and hard to tear apart. Some consultants include corn leaves as potential subjects of this adjectival, but most others claim that <na>pipi:nki</na> is more accurately used to refer to wood that is hard to split and meat that is tough to chew. On the other hand, <nlao>iswatl</nlao> is more accurately referred to as <nlao>pipixtik</nlao>. Wood that is <na>pipi:nki</na> is not fully dried, corn leaves are those that have become moist and humid, such as occurs with the morning dew. \nde To date the intransitive verb <nao>pipi:nia</nao> has not been documented in the Balsas region. But Molina has two entries: <n>pipinia</n> 'humedecerse algo' and <n>pipinia. ni</n> 'pararse flaco de vejez.' These are undoubtedly the same verb applied to different subjects. Note that the meaning of the intransitive verb in Classical ('to become moist') and the adjectival in the Balsas region ('tough') are perhaps related, for the toughness is associated with moisture and resistence. In regard to the adjectival <n>pipinqui</n>, Molina has 'cosa rezia y fuerte'; RS gives slightly expanded definitions. Thus he has <n>pipinia. ni-</n> 'hacerse fuerte, crecer, avanzar en edad o adelgazar, quedar descarnado debido a la vejez' and <n>pipinqui</n> 'Fuerte, firme, viejo; <n>ye pipinqui</n> 'ya viejo, anciano, antiguo; <n>pipinqui inacayo</n>, viejo flaco, arrugado; lit. su carne [está] vieja.' It thus seems that the basic meaning of <nao>pipi:nki</nao> is related to toughness such as leathery ol d skin, or other objects that are similarly resistant. \qry Check translation. Check for possible non-reduplicated forms. \ref 03572 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /kwa:h/, but this is simply a phonetic variant on /(i)kwa:k/ and has been eliminated. /kwa:h/ is now simply an alternate pronunciation. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03573 \lxa po:so:lkwa \lxac po:so:lkwa \lxo po:so:lkwa \lxoc po:so:lkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to eat pozole \ss comer pozole \pna Xtlakwa:los, san po:so:lkwa:lo:s. \pea People won't have a full meal, they will just have pozole. \psa No va a haber una comida propia, solamente se comerápozole. \xrb po:so:l \xrb kwa \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token. \ref 03574 \lxa ye \lxac mo:stla yes \lxo ye \lxoc mo:stla yes \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \seao suppletive stem for the copula and existential verb 'to be' in certain tenses and aspects (irrealis, eventual, impersonal) \ssao raíz supletiva para la cópula y el verbo existencial 'haber' en ciertos tiempos y aspectos (irrealis, eventual, impersonal) \pna Mo:stla yes refre:skos. \pea There will be soda tomorrow. \psa Mañana habrárefrescos \pna Ma:ka xkanah tiá:s, yes fie:stah! \pea Don't go anywhere, there will be a fiesta! \psa ¡No vayas a ningún lado, va a haber una fiesta! \se (with locative or adverbial of place) to be present (in a specific location) \ss (con un locativo o adverbial de lugar) estar presente (en un lugar dado o específico) \pna Umpa yelo. \pea People are over there. \psa Hay gente allá. \pna Nika:n yelo:k. \pea People live here. \psa Hay gente viviendo aquí. \equivao kah \xrb ye \nae In Oapan Nahuatl the copula and existential 'to be' is extrametrical when monosyllabic (i.e., the pronunciation is [mo:s 'tla yes]). It could be written joined to the word as a postclitic (e.g., <no>mo:stlayes</no>) but for reasons of tradition and to facilitate interdialect standardization it is written separately. The verb <nao>ye</nao> is irregular. Note that in Oapan it is always found with a prefix, whereas in Ameyaltepec it can occur without one. Thus for the habitual/eventual, in Ameyaltepec one has <na>yeni</na> whereas in Oapan one has <no>onyeni</no> (e.g., to describe a plant that is customarily or habitually found in a given location). This also applies to the form with <nao>kah</nao> as in Ameyaltepec one can have <na>kateh</na> (as in <na>ka:non kateh</na>) whereas in Oapan one has, instead, <no>onkatih</no> (as in <no>ka:non onkatih</no>). \qry Check use of /yelo/. This would seem to be the impersonal of /ye/. However, not the phrase /nika:n yelo:k/ which my original file card said meant 'People are at home'. Check the use of the perfective /-k/ in /yelo:k/ and compare to the absence of this perfective marker elsewhere. \mod Perhaps include a link to the pitch contour for Oapan /mo:stla yes/ here. \grm Copula: In Oapan Nahuatl the copula and existential 'to be' is extrametrical when monosyllabic (i.e., the pronunciation is [mo:s 'tla yes]). It could be written joined to the word as a postclitic (e.g., <no>mo:stlayes</no>) but for reasons of tradition and to facilitate interdialect standardization it is written separately. The verb <nao>ye</nao> is irregular. Note that in Oapan it is always found with a prefix, whereas in Ameyaltepec it can occur without one. Thus for the habitual/eventual, in Ameyaltepec one has <na>yeni</na> whereas in Oapan one has <no>onyeni</no> (e.g., to describe a plant that is customarily or habitually found in a given location). This also applies to the form with <nao>kah</nao> as in Ameyaltepec one can have <na>kateh</na> (as in <na>ka:non kateh</na>) whereas in Oapan one has, instead, <no>onkatih</no> (as in <no>ka:non onkatih</no>). \ref 03575 \lxa te:mbosa:ltia \lxac kite:mbosa:ltia \lxo te:mposa:ltia \lxoc kite:mposa:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan bozal \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to tie a rope around the snout of an animal (such as a mule, donkey, or horse) to serve as a rein \ss amarrar un laso por el hocico de un animal (como una mula, burro o caballo) para servir como riendas \pna Xte:mboza:lti moburroh! \pea Tie a rope around your donkey's snout (to serve as reins)! \psa ¡Echale un laso al hocico de tu burro (para riendas)! \equivo te:mposahlo:ltia \xrb te:n \grm Possession: Intrinsic/alienable: Note that in Oapan the words /te:mposa:ltia/ and /te:mposahlo:tia/ are equivalent. It seems here that what occurred is that there are two ways of considering the relationship between an animal and its"bozal"; if it is considered to be alienably possessed, then the form /te:mposa:ltia/ is understandable. However, considered to be an intrinsic part of the animal, the verbalization is on a /-yo/ form, hence /te:mposahlo:tia/. \ref 03576 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was /sowa:kone:wati/ and has been removed. It still might be checked as a possible word but according to Florencia Marcelino, whose argument made eminent sense, one would never say this because one never knows if the child is a boy or girl. (And perhaps even if one did know, it wouldn't be expressed in this way but rather analytically). Nevertheless, ask Am speakers about this word. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03577 \lxa oksepa \lxac oksepa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \sea once again \ssa otra vez \pna Mo:stla oksepa niá:s ipan tekitl. \pea Tomorrow I will go to work once again. \psa Mañana otra vez voy a ir a trabajar. \pna Oksepa xkito! \pea Say it again! \psa ¡Dílo otra vez! \sea (~ <nao>yes</nao>) (it'll be) another time \ssa (~ <nao>yes</nao>) (va a ser) otra vez \pna O:ne:chwisok pero nimokwepi:lti:s, oksepa yes. \pea He beat up on me, but I'll get back, there'll be another time. \psa Me golpeópero me voy a vengar, habrá otra vez. \equiva sepa \equivo sápá \xrb ok \xrb sek \xrl -pa \nde Although in Ameyaltepec <na>oksepa</na> has a single /p/, it is equivalent to Classical <n>occeppa</n> (which Molina glosses as 'otra vez'). \qry In the filecard I have this recorded with a short vowel. However, for /o:kpa/ I have a note saying that the vowel for /o:kpa/ is definitely long and should be changed to such in all entries. Probably this does not apply to /oksepa/, with a different /ok/, but this should be checked. At any rate, the long vowel here (as in all words beginning with /ok/ or /o:k/, is provisional and should be checked. Check length of /wisoki/ in phrase above and correct if necessary. \vl This entry was changed and Oapan /sápá/ is a separate entry. Tag the 4 tokens here for association with entry 02110. There then follow several tokens of /kiawi:lo/ which for reasons I don't understand are here. Obviously the original entry was changed. These should all be tagged as 00191, with the relevant continuations. \ref 03578 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicated entry for /kiyawi:lo/ which has been combined with another (190) for this same word. \vl Tag tokens here to word reference 191. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03579 \lxa ko:ola:wa \lxac ko:ola:wa \lxo koha:la:wa \lxoc koha:la:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \sea generic name for tree that includes two species, one red (in Ameyaltepec <na>ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik</na>) and one white (in Ameyaltepec <na>ko:ola:wa ista:k</na>) \ssa nombre genérico de unárbol que incluye dos especies una roja (en Ameyaltepec <na>ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik</na>) y otra blanca (en Ameyaltepec <na>ko:ola:wa ista:k</na>) \seo specific name for the tree known in Ameyaltepec as <na>ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik</na> \sso nombre específico delárbol conocido en Ameyaltepec como <na>ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik</na> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfao koo:lo:tl \xrb kow \xrb a:la: \nse Whereas in Ameyaltepec the term <na>koo:la:wa</na> is a generic that embraces two species, in Oapan to date consultants have identified only on tree by this name, which is called simply <na>koha:la:wa</na>. \nae From the Ameyaltepec term <na>koo:la:wa</na> the etymology is quite uncertain. However, the Oapan equivalent, <no>koha:la:wa</no> suggests {kow + a:la:wa} and this is the etymology that has been recorded for now. Note that /h/ is syllable final. Despite the etymology given Chen Díaz (Am) stated that he hears the first of the two /o/s as long. With <nba>koo:lo:tl</nba> he hears the second as long. \cpl According to Emidio Rosendo the branches of the <na>koo:la:wa</na> are occasionally used for <na>china:ntli</na>. Ramírez (1991) has no plant of this name; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <na>coo:lo:tl</na> identified as <spn>cuahuilote</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:164) have a tree of the family <i>Sterculiaceae</i> of the genus/species <i>Guazuma ulmifolia</i>, known is Spanish by several names: <spn>cuauhlote, masacote, cuayolote,</spn> or <spn>cuajilote</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has a listing for cuaulote, identified as <i>Guazuma ulmifolia</i> and in English called"pricklenut tree."She cross-references this to <spn>guácimo</spn>, another name for <i>Guazuma ulmifolia</i> and under which she states:"'pricklenut tree' A tree of the cacao family which has many medicinal uses. Common in second-growth seasonal forests in the lowlands. Flowers are small and fragrant. Also called cuaulote, majagua, palote negro." \grm Phonology; orthography: Note that in Oapan /koha:la:wa/, the /h/ is a coda and syllable division is koh + a: + la: + wa. However, this should be checked with a phonetician. \nct kohtli \qry Also it is not clear if this is a bush or tree, check. Check for possible final /h/. \ref 03580 \lxa kamaye:rbah \lxac kamaye:rbah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>yerba</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se fungus or infection in the mouth \ss hongos o una infección en la boca \pna Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah. \pea Your burro is dripping saliva, he has a fungus infection in his mouth. \psa A tu burro se le sale saliva, tiene hongos en la boca. \pna Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. \pea Saliva is coming out of his mouth, he probably has <na>kamaye:rbah</na> (a type of mouth infection or fungus). \psa Se le está saliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene <na>kamaye:rbah</na> (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). \cfao ye:rbah \cfo kamayé:rbayóh \xrb kama \qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines. \ref 03581 \lxa pa:ka \lxac kipa:ka \lxo pa:ka \lxoc kipa:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to wash (particularly clothes) \ss lavar (ropa en particular) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops); to rinse out (ones mouth, a container, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas); enjuagar (la boca, un recipiente, etc.) \pna Xpapa:ka mokamak! \pea Rinse out your mouth! \psa ¡Enjuágate la boca! \cfao a:pa:ka \xrb pa:ka \xvaao pa:kilia \xvco tlapa:kaltia \nae In Ameyaltepec the pronunciation of the reduplicated <na>papa:ka</na> is occasionally heard as <na>pupa:ka</na>. Several consultants from Oapan were asked if the causative exists and all said that they had never heard it, although Roberto Mauricio did accept the possiblity of a form such as <no>tlapa:kaltia</no> and later gave an example of how it might be used. For further discussion see <nlo>tlapa:kaltia</nlo>. \qry Determine whether there is a causative ?pa:kaltia. \ref 03582 \lxa yeti:a \lxac yeti:a \lxo yeti:a \lxoc yeti:a \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to feel ones legs heavy (e.g., when tired, etc.) \ss sentir las piernas pesadas (p. ej., al haberse cansado) \pna San titla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s, o:tisiaw. \pea You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open, you will go along feeling a burden on your legs, you got tired. \psa Solamente vas caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas, vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas, te cansaste. \xrb ye \ref 03583 \lxa tlakechilihloh \lxac tlakechilihloh \lxo tlakechilihloh \lxoc tlakechilihloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have been made longer (e.g., a rope or strap, an amate) by having had another piece or section attached \ss estar alargado (p. ej., un laso o riata, an amate) por habersele agregado otro pedazo o sección \pna Kitas ika tlakechilihloh. \pea He will notice that it has been added on to. \psa Va a ver que es algo que ha sido aumentado. \xrb kechi \grm Complementation: Note the following: /Kitas ika tlakechi:hloh./ 'He will notice that it has been added on to.' Here /ita/ is a complement-taking verb and the complement phrase is introduced by /ita/. \pqry Recheck lengths of final /i/. \ref 03584 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /tsopi:lo:kuhtli/. It has been deleted as a duplicate; see 919. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03585 \lxa o:lo:tl \lxac o:lo:tl \lxo o:lo:tl \lxoc o:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se corncob (having been stripped of its kernels) \ss olote \se (intrinsic possession) corn cob of (an <spn>elote</spn>) \ss (posesión intrínseca) olote de (un elote) \xrb o:lo: \qry Check whether intrinsic possession is acceptable (?/-o:lo:yo/). \ref 03586 \lxa ika o:kpa suwa:tl \lxac ika o:kpa isuwa:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea second wife \ssa segunda esposa \pna Yewa ika o:kpa nosuwa:w. \pea She is my second wife \psa Ella mi segunda esposa \cfa o:kpa \xrb o:k \xrb sowa: \xrl -pa \nse The expressions <na>noo:kpasowa:w</na> and <na>ika o:kpa nosowa:w</na> are equivalent in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan one says only <no>ya o:hpa i:siwa:w</no>. Note that <na>o:kpasowa:tl</na> is rarely found in unpossessed form. \ref 03587 \lxa kakalatsa \lxac kikakalatsa \lxo kakalatsa \lxoc kikakalatsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka[freq] \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(ts) \se to rattle or rustle \ss traquetear o producir un sonido como de sonaja \pna O:nihkakalats so:ya:tl. \pea I rustled the palm. \psa Hice traquetear la palma. \pna Kikakalastok un a:yakaxtli. \pea He is rattling that rattle. \psa Estáhaciendo sonar esa sonaja. \se (with <n>te-</n> and aspectual <n>-tiw</n>) to kick the bucket (i.e., to die) \ss (con <n>te-</n> y aspectual <n>-tiw</n>) estirar la pata (esto es, morir) \xrb kala: \xv1ao tlakakalastiw \xvnao kala:ni \vl Florencia originally says /kika:kalahtia/. This should be marked under 3630. Note that in the 1st series of 4, Inocencio mistakenly utters /kikikalatsa/, don't tag this. For the male token, link 1st pronunciation of the first series of 4, since in the second repeated series he is overly careful and slow. \ref 03588 \lxa a:yo:tsi:nkwepa \lxac na:yo:tsi:nkwepa \lxo á:yotsi:nkópa \lxop á:yotsi:nkopa \lxoc ná:yotsi:nkópa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b-refl \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \pa yes \se (refl.) to do a somersault or tumble on the ground (placing ones head on the ground in front of ones knees and then tumbling forward); to do a somersault in the air \ss (refl.) hacer maromas sobre el piso (poniéndo la frente sobre el suelo delante de las rodillas y volteándose hacia adelante); hacer maromas en el aire \pna O:na:yo:tsi:nkwep. \pea He did a somersault on the ground. \psa Hizo una maroma sobre el piso. \se (refl.) to boil hard (beans) \ss (refl.) hervir agitadamente (frijoles) \se (refl.) for ones eyes to roll up into ones head (as when one is drunk or on the verge of fainting) \ss (refl.) voltearsele los ojos hacia adentro (p. ej., cuando uno está borracho o a punto de desmayarse) \pna Yo:pe:w na:yo:tsi:nkwepa mi:xtewa:n, ye titla:wa:ntok. \pea Your eyes have started to roll up into your head, you are already getting drunk. \psa Ya empezaron a voltearse tus ojos hacia atrás, ya te estás emborrachando. \xrb a:yo: \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwepa \nae The vowel lenght in Oapan <no>á:ytsi:nkópa</no> is hard to determine. The cognate form in Tetelcingo, Morelos, has what is the equivalent in this dialect of three initial long vowels: <n>a:yo:tsi:nkwepa</n>. In Oapan it seems that the initial /a:/ is long and the off-glide short. For reasons of orthographic convention the initial sound has been represented as a glide /a:y/, with the pitch accent on the /á:/. The /o:/ is lost. Note that in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the total length of this sequence falls between 150 and 170 ms. This is long, but the division into /a/ and /i/ is not clearly longer at either of the two targets. Note also that in Ameyaltepec my original analysis had a long /o:/. Likewise, the etymology is not altogether clear. Molina has <n>ayotzincuepa. nin</n> 'voltear o trepar al modo de españa.' RS has an equivalent translation, but adds 'dar volteretas, girar, trepar.' He suggests the possibility that it might be derived from <n>ayot l</n> (i.e., <n>a:yo:tl</n> 'tortoise' but has a question mark there. \qry Determine whether this verb can be used transitively or if a transitive form (e.g., causative) exists. Check again whether this means sumersault or backflip. \vl Link second female token and second male token. NOTE TO SELF: Have a phonetician look at these sound sequences. \ref 03589 \lxa tepi:tsiwi \lxac tepi:tsiwi \lxo tepi:tsiwi \lxoc tepi:tsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to harden (particularly, though not only, things that should be hard in their normal state) \ss endurecerse (particularmente, pero no solamente, cosas que deben estar duras en su estado normal) \pna O:tepi:tsiw, puroh ye:loh itik. \pea It's gotten hard (in this case a drink that froze), it's all ice inside. \psa Se endureció(en este caso una bebida que se congeló), es puro hielo adentro. \pna Yo:tepi:tsiw pa:n. \pea The bread has gotten hard. \psa Se endureció el pan. \se to get stuck in (e.g., an axe in a tree being cut, an arm in a tight place, etc.) \ss atorarse en (p. ej., una hacha en unárbol que estaba siendo tumbado, etc.) \xrb tepi:ts \dis kuhpitsiwi; kuhtia; tepi:tsiwi \nse The second vowel, /i:/, is definitely long. Compare to <nla>kuhpitsiwi</nla> in which apparently a root with similar meaning has a short vowel. \qry Determine whether this is /te-/ plus /pi:tsiwi/. Or, at least, comment on the root. \ref 03590 \lxa kostik xo:chitl \lxac kostik xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea generic name for various herbaceous plants of the Asteraceae family, all of which have bright yellow flowers \ssa nombre genérico de varias plantas herbáceas de la familia Asteraceae, todas las cuales tienen flores amarillas \sea specific plant of the Asteraceae family, the unmarked term for <nla>kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik</nla> \ssa planta específica de la familia Asteraceae, el término no marcado para <nla>kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik</nla> \sem plant \sem fl \equiva kokostik xo:chitl \xrb kos \xrb xo:ch \cpl Not yet identified. Apparently this is distinct from <na>ko:saltsi:n</na>. Ramírez (1991) gives and describes this flower, which is mentioned as being of the family <na>Compositae</na>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>Rosamaría</spn>. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check whether this is the same as /kokostik xo:chitl/. \ref 03591 \lxa ye:lo:a:to:hli \lxac ye:lo:a:to:hli \lxo ye:lo:a:to:hli \lxoc ye:lo:a:to:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of atole made with green corn (<nla>ye:lo:tl</nla>) \ss tipo de atole hecho con elote \pna Xikxixi:ma ye:lo:tl para tike:kchi:was ye:lo:a:to:hli! \pea Cut the kernels of corn off the green ear in order to make <spn>atole de elote</spn> ! \psa ¡Quítales los granos de maíz del elote para hacer atole de elote. \sem food \xrb ye:lo: \xrb a:to:l \encyctmp a:to:hli \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 03592 \lxa ay \lxac ay melá:k kokó:k \lxo ay \lxoc Ay nona:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Inter \se oh! \ss ¡ay! \pna Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh! \pea Oh my goodness, you ruined it! \psa ¡Ay diós! lo echaste a perder. \sem Gender: female \nse The exclamation <nao>Ay nona:ntsi:n</nao> is used only by females; hence only a female's voice is heard. The exclamation <nao>Ay!</nao> however, is not as gender specific though still mostly a female phrase. \vl Note that the phrase /Ay nona:ntsi:n/ is used only by female. Hence simply link the first token here. \ref 03593 \lxa yeyekako:ntli \lxac yeyekako:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea hole in the ground from which air rushes out and rises in a whirlwind (occasionally making a whistling sound) \ssa hoyo en la tierra desde donde sale aire fuerte que sube en un remolino (ocasionalmente haciendo un sonido como de silbido) \sem topography \xrb e:ka \xrb ko:m \ref 03594 \lxa a:hwa \lxac a:hwa \lxo a:hwa \lxoc a:hwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \se Who knows? \ss ¿Quién sabe? \pna A:hwa! Xnikmati newa! \pea Who knows? I don't know! \psa ¿Quién sabe?¡No lo séyo! \xrb a:hwa-3- \nae The derivation or etymology of <nao>a:hwa</nao> is problematical. Ameyaltepec does not have surface /h/ derived from underlying {h}. In addition, there is no pitch accent marked in the Oapan cognate <no>a:hwa</no>, more evidence that the surface /h/ is not underlying. However, it is not clear where it comes from. It could, however, be a borrowing from other dialects that have surface /h/. Carochi, however, notes the particle <n>ach</n> which placed in front of interrogative adverbials indicates that speaker does not know the answer to a question. Thus <n>Ach ca:mpa</n> 'I don't know where.' \qry Although I had this note:"The first vowel of this word is definitely short and should be corrected to a short /a/ in all entries,"it appears that the vowel is long. At least this is the impression that the students in the literacy workshop have. \vl Use second female token as linked to entry. \ref 03595 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an erroneous error for /tla:ltepo:so:hli/; it has been eliminated, cf. /tla:ltepo:so:lin/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03596 \lxa tekwisiri \lxaa tekwisitli \lxac tekwisiri \lxo tekwísitlí \lxoc tekwísitlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se crayfish; crab \ss cangrejo del río; cangrejo \sem animal \sem marine \xrb tekwisih \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec <na>tekwisiri</na> is used both for crayfish and salt-water crabs. Luis Lucena, a consultant from this village classified <na>tekwisiri</na> as a type of <na>michin</na>. In Ameyaltepec <na>tekwisiri</na> is almost exclusively used, not <na>tekwisitli</na> ; the reason for the phonological shift to /r/ is not clear. However, in Oapan one does find <no>tekwísitlí</no>, where the pitch accent is a reflex of the underlying {h} that closes the stem. \nct michin \ref 03597 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry, for /teteilpia/ has been eliminated as a duplicate of another entry. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03598 \lxa ma:kwi:tia \lxac kima:kwi:tia \lxo ma:kwi:tia \lxoc kima:kwi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran -Base \infv class-2a \se to hand directly over to; to place in the hand of \ss entregar directamente a; colocar en la mano de \pna Xo:tine:chma:kwi:tih. \pea You didn't hand it to me directly. \psa No me lo entregaste directamente. \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \qry Apparently monotransitive form ?/ma:kwi/ does not exist, but this should be checked. \grm The behavior of /kwi/ with causatives and incorporated nouns is interesting and should be further studied. \vl Link 2nd female token. NOTE TO SELF: Recheck phonetics of /-i:tia/ sequence in all causatives from /kwi/. This should be one"set"for comparison. \ref 03599 \lxa tlako:me:meka \lxac tlako:me:meka \lxo tlako:me:meka \lxoc tlako:me:meka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se type of very thin insect as yet unidentified (in Oapan, at least, many consultants classified this as a type of <nbo>chapolin</nbo>) \ss tipo de insecto muy delgado, hasta ahora no identificado (por lo menos en Oapan, muchos asesores lo clasificaron como un tipo de <nbo>chapolin</nbo>) \pna Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. \pea The <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, it is similar to the <na>chapolin</na>, it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms. \psa El <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, es parecido al <na>chapolin</na>, también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tlako: \xrb me:ka \encyctmp chapolin \nse The etymology of <na>tlako:me:meka</na> is complicated by the fact that word-medial {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec. But it seems to be derived from <nla>tlako:tl</nla>. The second element might be the root <na>meka</na> as in <na>mekatl</na>. Perhaps a description and identification of this insect will contribute to an understanding of its etymology. According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female sexes of this insect. The female is thicker, the male is very thin. Roberto Mauricio stated that this is not a <nbo>chapolin</nbo> even though it is eaten and <no>ínekwísti ke:n chapolin</no>. \nae The plural of this noun is formed with the endings <na>-meh</na> (Am) or <no>-mih</no> (Oa). \qry Check for final /h/. Check for possiblity of /tlakome:meka/ with short /o/, as some filecards had the /o/ short. Check /we-/ reduplicant in /ma:weweyak/ for vowel length. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: note that the spectrogram for this word would provide a good screen shot for a web version of a phonology guide to Nahuatl. \ref 03600 \lxa toma \lxac kitoma \lxo toma \lxoc kitoma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(m) \se to unhitch (e.g., oxen from a yoke) \ss desatar y soltar (p. ej., bueyes de un yugo) \pna Xtoma nobwe:yeh! \pea Unhitch my ox (from a yugo)! \psa ¡Desata mi buey (del yugo)! \se (fig.) to undo (the harm done by stepping over a child lying on the ground; this harm is undone by stepping back over the same child) \ss (fig.) deshacer (el daño hecho al pasar sobre un niño acostado en el suelo; este daño se deshace al volver a pisar sobre el mismo niño) \pna Xtoma! O:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n. \pea Undo it! You've stepped over my little daughter (who was lying on the ground). \psa ¡Deshazlo! Pasaste sobre mi hijita (que estaba acostada por el suelo). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to untie (a knot); to unhitch (e.g., untying and removing a rope, cable, cord, etc., that was tied to sth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatar (un nudo) soltar (un laso, soga, cordón, etc. que estaba atado a algo) \pna Xtotoma, nihkwis imekayo! \pea Untie it (in this case a rope around a canteen), I'm going to use its rope! \psa ¡Desátalo (en este caso el mecate de una cantimplora), voy a utilizar su mecate. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to untie (an animal that is hitched to sth, a person tied up, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatar (un animal atado a un poste,árbol, etc., o una persona atada por las manos, etc.) \pna Kitotomas, kwi:kas kanah. \pea He will untie it (or unhitch it, in this case an animal tied up), he will take it somewhere. \psa Lo va a desatar (en este caso un animal atado a algo), se lo va a llevar a algún lado. \pna Xne:xtotoma! \pea Untie me! \psa ¡Desátame! \se (refl.) to uncoil (a snake) \ss (refl.) desenroscarse (una culebra) \pna Yo:pe:w notoma un kowatl, yo:isak. \pea That snake has started to uncoil, it's awoke. \psa Esa culebra ya empezó a desenroscarse, ya se despertó. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to unravel (a tangled cord, etc., that must be slowly undone); to untwist (e.g., a taught rope or <spn>riata</spn>) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desenredar; desenmarañar (un hilo, cuerda, mecate, laso, etc., que se tiene que enderezar despacio); desenroscar o quitar lo retorcido de (una riata muy apretada y torcida o enroscada) \pna Xto:toma! o:ko:tsi:liw moi:loh. Ma mela:wi! \pea Unravel it! your cord has gotten twisted up. I want it to become straight. \psa ¡Desenrédalo! tu hilo se enroscó.¡Qúe se ponga derecho! \pna Xto:toma, tetsi:liwtok! \pea Untwist it (e.g., a wire that is twisted and coiled), it is tightly twisted up! \psa ¡Desenróscalo (p. ej., un alambre que está enroscado), esta bien retorcido! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to untangle (e.g., an animal that has gotten wrapped up up in its own tether) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desenredar (p. ej., un animal que se enredó en su propio laso) \pna Yo:nomekanih, kito:tomas para ma:ka nomikti:s. \pea It's gotten tangled up in its tether (e.g., a burro, horse, etc.), he will untangle it so that it doesn't get killed. \psa Se enredó en su propia soga (p. ej., un burro, caballo, etc.), lo va a desenredar para que no se mata. \xrb tom \xvaa tomilia \xv1ao tlatoma \cfa a:toma \cfa tla:kayo:toma \nse The meaning of <nao>toma</nao> in the phrase <na>Xtoma! o:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n</na> refers to the action of reversing direction and stepping back over a child (now for a second time) lying on the ground that one had just stepped over. The belief is that if one steps over a child, he or she will not grow big, and thus one must undo this by stepping back over the same child to undo the potential harm. This meaning of <nao>toma</nao> is virtually the only time it occurs in unreduplicated form. (There is one documented case of <na>toma</na> being used in unreduplicated form in reference to unhitching a team of oxen from a yoke, but this needs to be checked and confirmed.) The use of <na>totoma</na> with short vowel reduplication refers to the untying of a knot; the object of this construction may be the knot, the rope or cord itself, or the person or animal tied up. Thus it refers to untying something that it tied, or knotted, but that is not tangled. However, with long vowel reduplicati on the me aning is 'to unravel,' slowly undoing one tangled section after another, or, such as occurs with a new <spn>riata</spn>, to untwist a tightly twisted rope. \qry Check /xtoma/ as meaning to unhitch an ox from a yoke (or from another ox sharing a yoke). Note that it is unclear whether /xtoma nobwe:yeh/ is used only with one ox and /xtotoma/ with two, or whether /xtoma/ is used in reference to the team. Also, of course, the unreduplicated form here might be in error, in which case it should be corrected. Check for reflexive form and whether the same meaning of 'to fill out' is found here as with /a:toma/ and /tla:kayo:toma/. If this is the case then perhaps /toma/ should be related to /tomatl/ and, even, /toma:wa/, etc. \rt The possible connection between the word /toma/ (and what I have analyzed as the root /tom/ from this word) and the root /toma:/ from /toma:wa/ should not be discarded given the meaning of 'to fill out' for /toma/ in words such as /a:toma/ and /tla:kayo:toma/. \vl Use first female token. \ref 03601 \lxa chichi \lxac chichi \lxo chichi \lxoc chichi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao dog \ssao perro \seao (<nao>we:i</nao> ~) big shot; top dog; número uno (pl. <na>tiuwe:i chichimeh</na> or <na>tiuwe:imeh chichimeh</na> (Am)) \ssao (<nao>we:i</nao> ~) el mero-mero; (irónico) el más importante (una persona); el número uno (pl. <na>tiuwe:i chichimeh</na> o <na>tiuwe:imeh chichimeh</na> ((Am)) \pna Tiwe:i chichi yes. \pea You're going to be a big shot. \psa Vas a ser el número uno. \pno Milá:k tila:wak motlaxkal, san ke:n chichi tlaxkalwiya! \peo Your tortillas are really thick, just like a dog might make tortillas (i.e., since dogs can eat thick tortillas)! \pso Tus tortillas son muy gruesas, como un perro las echaría. \sem animal \sem domes \xrb chichi itskwintli \nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, <na>chichi</na> cannot be possessed; for possession, the suppletive form <nla>itskwintli</nla> is employed. Note that in other central Guerrero villages, such as Acatlán, forms such as <n>mochichi</n> do occur. Note finally, that the proper name of a dog may be possessed. I often heard <na>Katli mowa:pan?</na> 'Where is your (dog named) Oapan?' \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \rt Notice the possibility that <na>chichi</na> might be a repetitive construction of the stem <na>-(i)tskwin</na>. \grm Plural; NP: Note that according to Cristino Flores the plural of /we:i chichi/ is /tiuwe:i chichimeh/. It is possible to analyze this as /we:ichichi/ in which both the compounded attributive and the noun are pluralized (the first with reduplication and the second with the nominal ending). \ref 03602 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for Am /kwa:xklerah/. It has since been removed and /kwa:xkle:rah/ added as an alternative pronunciation to /kwa:xtlerah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The Oapan word /kwa:xte:roh/ is a duplicate of entry 1158. Tag the tokens here with 01158. \ref 03603 \lxa malakateyo:hli \lxac malakateyo:hli \lxo malakateyo:hli \lxoc malakateyo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se hard clay ball, usually with a design, that is placed on the shaft of a spindle-whorl \ss bolita de barro cocido, generalmente con elaborado con un diseño, que se coloca sobre la madera de un malacate \sem tool-house \xrb malaka \xrb te \xrb yo:l \mod Illustrate. \grm Oapan phonology: Check length of /o:/. It is probably long, but this word might be a good example of how overall word length has an impact on vowel duration. This aspect of phonology has been studied. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03604 \lxa yenkwik \lxac yenkwik \lxo yenkwik \lxoc yenkwik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \pss N \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se to be new \ss ser nuevo \se to be a novice; to be new (at a task) \ss ser novato; ser noviciado (a una tarea) \pna A:mantsi:n me:roh nanyenkwikeh, nankito:nwian wan nankiyewalwian. \pea You are newlyweds, you got at it during the day and you go at it during the night. \psa Son ustedes recién casados, lo hacen (el amor) durante el día y lo hacen durante la noche. \xrb yenkwi \qry Determine how best to code this, as a predicate adjective in the second sense, or as a noun. If the latter, perhpas a separate entry. \ref 03605 \lxa ma:nenemi \lxac ma:nenemi \lxo má:nenémi \lxop ma:nenemi \lxoc má:nenémi \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to crawl \ss andar a gatas; gatear \pna Tiktlaksaltitiá:s moma wan mokxi, tima:nenemis. \pea You will go along placing your weight on your arms and legs, you will crawl. \psa Vas a ir cargando tu peso sobre los brazos y piernas, vas a andar a gatas. \sem motion \xrb ma: \xrb nemi \cfa tsi:nwila:na \nse The work <na>ma:nenemi</na> refers to the action of crawling and not to the action of a child, or anyone, just dragging himself along by his hands. For this <na>ma:tila:na</na> is used reflexively. \ref 03606 \lxa ista:kwistli \lxac ista:kwistli \lxo ista:hwistli \lxoc ista:hwistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se <l>Acacia pennatula</l>, small tree of the Mimosaceae family \ss <l>Acacia pennatula</l>, pequeñoárbol de la familia Mimosaceae \pna Ista:kwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, para titlayewaltsakwas. \pea <na>Ista:kwistli</na> : It is good for firewood, for enclosing an area with a fence. \psa <na>Ista:kwistli</na> : Es bueno para leña, para cercar unaárea. \xrb sta \xrb wits \sem plant \sem kohtli \cpl The wood of this tree is good for firewood (<na>bwe:noh para tlikuhtli</na>) and, according to Emidio Rosendo, for <na>china:ntli</na>. Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this plant as the <spn>espino blanco</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have nothing with a similar name. However, this might be an acacia. If so, Guizar and Sánchez (pp. 98 and 99) offer two acacias (of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> with the word <spn>blanco</spn> in their names: <i>Acacia coulteri</i>, known as the <spn>palo blanco</spn> and <i>Acacia pennatula</i> known as the <spn>cubata blanca</spn> or <spn>cenizo</spn>. It would seem that the latter more closely matches the description of the <na>ista:kwistli</na> \nct kohtli \qry I have written this as one word, although perhaps a complex form /ista:k wistli/ would be correct. Check if possible although accentual pattern, i.e. /a:/ not accented as in /istáñk/ suggests single word analysis. Check whether this is classified as a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \vl Link second male token. \ref 03607 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /A:molo:nka:n/ an Am toponym that is now in the toponym database. \vl Even though this entry has been removed to another database, tag the files as if it were here. We just won't link anything. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03608 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate for /ma:imati/ and has since been eliminated as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03609 \lxa tla:wi:hli \lxac tla:wi:hli \lxo tla:wi:hli \lxoc tla:wi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se light \ss luz \pna Xo:tlame:tsi:n no: kipia itla:wi:l, tla:tla:wi:lowa. \pea A firefly also has its light, it intermittantly gives off light (flickering on and off at more or less constant intervals). \psa La luciérnaga también tiene su luz, ilumina con luz intermitente (encendiéndose y apagándose en intervalos más o menos constantes). \se candle; flashlight; torch (i.e., any of various devices used to shed light) \ss vela; lámpara eléctrica; antorcha (esto es, cualquier de varias cosas que se utilizan para arrojar luz) \pna Xne:chpale:wi ika motla:wi:l, xok nitlachia! Xne:chtla:wi:lwitiw! \pea Help me out with your light (e.g., flashlight, torch, etc.)! Go along illuminating (the way) for me! \psa ¡Ayúdame con tu luz (p. ej., de una lámpara eléctica)!¡Ve echándome luz! \pna Mosa:ntoh xkipia itla:wi:l. Tle:ka xtiktlatlikwi:ltilia? \pea Your saint (on a household altar) doesn't have a votive candle. Why don't you light a candle for it? \psa Tu santo (en un altar particular de una casa) no tiene su veladora.¿Por quéno le prendas una veladora? \se (alienable possession) guiding light of [possessor] \ss (posesión enajenable) guía o luz de [poseedor] \pna Mitstla:wi:l mosuwa:w. \pea You are the guiding light of your wife (however, given that in the marriage ceremony she also holds a candle in front of you, or next to you, she is also <na>motla:wi:l</na>). \psa Eres la luz guía de tu esposa, y ella también es tu guía (sin embargo, dado que durante la ceremonia de boda ella también sostiene una vela enfrente de o junto a tí, ella también es <na>motla:wi:l</na>). \se (alienable possession) bright star that follows or is near (a constellation) \ss (posesión enajenable) estrella brillante que le sigue o que está cerca de (una constelación) \pna I:tla:wi:l Miák, kwa:lto:ka se: we:i si:tlalin. \pea The following light of the Pleiades, (it is) one large star comes following after it. \psa Es la luz de los pleiades, es una gran estrella que le viene siguiendo. \se (fig., <na>i:tla:wi:l komisa:rioh</na>) town secretary (to the mayor, called this because in knowing how to read and write he illuminates the way for the town mayor) \ss (fig., <na>i:tla:wi:l komisa:rioh</na>) escribano del pueblo (del comisario, asíllamado por al saber leer y escribir, ilumina las decisiones del comisario) \pna I:n komisa:rioh, xkipia itla:wi:l. \pea This village mayor does not have a secretary (town scribe). \psa Ese comisario (alcalde del pueblo) no tiene su escribano. \cfa i:tla:wi:l ara:doh \cfo ará:do i:tlá:wi:l \xrb tla:wi:l \cpl In its acceptation referring to a star, <na>i:tla:wi:l</na> refers to one large bright star that follows a constellation. The Pleiades has such a star (not yet identified). Orion (called in Nahuatl <nla>ara:doh</nla> also has its single bright following star, Sirius, called in Nahuatl <nla>i:tla:wi:l ara:doh</nla>. \ref 03610 \lxa chi:chi:lka:moradi:toh \lxac chi:chi:lka:moradi:toh \lxo chi:chi:lka:mora:doh \lxoc chi:chi:lka:mora:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>morado</spn> \com Part-Adj \der Adj-loan \se dark maroonish red \ss marrón obscuro \sem color \xrb chi:l \grm Compounds; incorporation: Note the combination of *chi:chi:lki + moradi:toh. The question for grammar concerns the syntactic nature of this form. What it does suggest is that even in the absence of an unbound adjectival, combinatory forms with use the archaic form. Cf. to yemanka: in combination. One difficulty that needs to be resolved \vl Use second female token. \ref 03611 \lxa tatapalowa \lxac kitatapalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran +Comp \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to cause red bumps (like those of an allergy) to appear on the skin of \ssa hacer salir ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) en la piel de \equivo ta:tamalowa \xrb tapal \qry Correct: In Oapan only the intransitive is used /ta:tapale:wi/. The transitive is not used. Recheck this. Recheck the vowel length in the Am form and correct as necessary. Note that in Oapan there seems to be a long vowel reduplication in these words. Perhpas both reduplicants are correct. Checl. I originally had /ta:tapale:wia/ but C. Flores corrected this to /ta:tapalowa/. I have changed the entry accordingly. Note that I have therefore deleted the phrase /O:ne:xtatapale:wih tli:n o:nkwah./ 'What I ate caused red bumps to appear on my skin.' CHECK. \rt Clearly <na>tapal</na> is related to <na>tlapal</na>, the stem that appears in the word for 'color' and words with related meanings. \ref 03612 \lxa tlimo:yo:tl \lxac tlimo:yo:tl \lxo tlimo:yo:tl \lxoc tlimo:yo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se spark (of fire that shoots out from sth burning such as firewood, a <spn>castillo</spn>, etc.) \ss chispa (que sale de algo quemándose como un pedazo de leña, de un castillo, etc.) \pna Tsetseliwtok tlimo:yo:tl. \pea The sparks (of a <spn>castillo</spn>) are falling and scattering out onto the ground. \psa Las chispas (de un castillo) se están cayendo esparcidas por el suelo. \xrb tli \xrb mo:yo: \qry Determine possessed forms: ?itlimo:yo:w, ?itlimo:yo; or ?itlimo:yo:yo. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03613 \lxa kokoxka:tilia \lxac kikokoxka:tilia \lxo kokoxka:tilia \lxoc kikokoxka:tilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Inchoa \infv class-2a \se to cause to become ill or sickly (particularly through overwork or physical aggression) \ss hacer que se enferme o que se ponga enfermizo (particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo o por agresión física) \pna O:kikokoxka:tilih tekitl. \pea The work made him ill. \psa El trabajo lo hizo enfermar. \pna Mlá:k kitekipano:ltia ibwe:yeh, kikokoxka:tilia. \pea He really works his oxen hard in the field, he makes them weak and ill. \psa De veras trabaja su yunta duro en el campo, la debilita y la hace enfermar. \xrb koya \xvbao kokoxka:ti \qry Check vowel length of /wisoki/ in one of the example phrases above. I have removed this phrase /Kitekimiktia isowa:w, kwi:teki, kikokoxka:tilia./ 'He overworks his wife, he beats her, he's made her sickly.' \grm Causative: note that /-lia/ is used with two general types of verbs to causativize: 1) those ending in -ti (inchoatives); and 2) those ending in -ya (also inchoatives). Check this pattern. \ref 03614 \lxa tlamatki \lxac tlamatki \lxo tlámatké:tl \lxoc tlámatké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se wise person; person who knows a lot \ss sabio; persona sabia \xrb hmati \nse This appears to be a word that has been picked up from other regions; it is not common in the Balsas area. \qry Recheck that this is correct. \vl Florencia's first token is /tlamanke:tl/. This should be coded with #07630. \ref 03615 \lxa kakistilia \lxac nokakistilia \lxo kakiskatilia \lxoc nokakistilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Inchoa \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \se to inform \ss informar \se (refl.) to make oneself heard \ss (refl.) hacerse oir \pna Nokakistilitoya. \pea He was making himself heard. \psa Estaba haciéndose oir. \cfa na:watilia \xrb kaki \qry Check other meanings of this word and also if it can be used transitively. Cf. entry under /na:watilia/. \ref 03616 \lxa no: ihkí:n \lxac no: ihkí:n \lxo no: kíi:n \lxoc no: kíi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \pa yes \se in this way too \ss también de esta manera \pna No: ihkí:n tikchi:was. \pea You will also do it just like this. \psa También lo vas a hacer precisamente así. \cfa ihkí:n \cfo kíi:n \xrb no: \xrb iw \xrb i:n \pqry Recheck this and cf. to the entire set of token from 4495. Make sure that it is /no: hki:i:n/. With 4495 the penultimate male token seems clearly /no:hki:i:n weli/. Check. \vl Link second female token and first male token. \grm Oapan phonology: The spectrogram of this word is interesting in that it shows the manner in which amplitude shifts (in this case between the two /i/s) creates a syllable boundary, the lengthening of the final vowel before the nasal coda, and the step-like increase in the 3rd formant over the final two syllables ([-kií:n]), a characteristic that seems to affect all speakers/tokens (check). \ref 03617 \lxa iti \lxac iti \lxo í:tí \lxoc í:tí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se belly (from the solar plexus below) \ss barriga (desde el plexo solar abajo) \sem body \xrb hti \nse This term has been documented only in possessed form (inalienable possession, with no possessed suffix); for this reason the stem form (without the absolutive, used in unpossessed constructions) has been considered the headword entry form. \nae The Ameyaltepec possessed form is <na>niti</na>, the Oapan form is <no>nótí</no>. \ref 03618 \lxa yo:ltepapawax \lxac yo:ltepapawax \lxo yo:ltépapáwax \lxoc yo:ltépapáwax \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se forgetful \ss olvidadizo \xrb yo:l \xrb pa:was \nae The etymology of <nao>yo:ltépapáwax</nao> is uncertain. It obviously contains a reduplicated stem, with {h} coda and, most likely, the intensifier <n>te-</n> : {yo:l + te + pah + pa:wax}. In Classical Nahuatl (Molina) the transitive verb <n>pauaci</n> is glossed as 'cozer algo en olla, o en cosa semejante.' The roots of this verb probably include the archaic root <n>pa:</n> for 'water,' 'liquid,' etc. The final consonant can palatalize to /x/ in the nominalized <n>tlapauaxtli</n> (which is equivalent to <n>tlapauaztli</n>) 'cosa cozida en olla.' It might be a leap to relate this Classical term to Balsas Nahuatl <na>yo:ltepapa:wax</na>, but the semantics are not incompatible (i.e., a 'boiled' heart is one that is forgetful). However, more research needs to be done on this form. \qry Etymology uncertain. Check. \pqry Recheck vl of final /pa/ syllable. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that in Oapan /yo:ltépapá:wax/ the pitch accent mark shifts to the left. Probably this has to do with the syllable structure: {yo:ltepápá:wax}>/yo:ltépapá:wax/. \ref 03619 \lxa kakasoltik \lxac kakasoltik \lxo kakasoltik \lxoc kakasoltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be very light (when a heavier weight is expected; this is often the result of the material having dried) \ss ser muy ligero (cuando se espera un peso mayor; a menudo esto es el resultado de que el material se secó) \pna Kakasoltik motlikuw. Ti:roh yo:weka:w, yo:wa:k de melá:k. \pea Your firewood is very light from having dried out so thoroughly. It's been around for a long time, it really dried out. \psa Tu leña está muy ligera por haberse secada tanto. Ha durado mucho tiempo, se secóde a deveras. \flao kakasoliwi \xrb kasol \nse In Oapan I have heard this adjective used to describe the new Mexican money, which is small and light. This seems to confirm the fact that this word is used to describe objects which are light but which one might expect to be heavy, in this case metal coins. \vl Link first male token and second female token. \ref 03620 \lxa a:tia \lxac a:tia \lxo a:tia \lxoc a:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become watery \ss hacerse o volverse aguado \pna Ma:ka a:tias un a:to:hli! Xnelo, ma tsakwa:nki! \pea Don't let the atole get watery! Stir it so that it thickens! \psa ¡No dejes que se aguade el atole!¡Bátelo para que se ponga espeso! \xrb a: \nse This word is used in particular to refer to a liquid or mixture, such or atole, to which water may be added. \qry Check for transitive a:tilia, which should exist. Check for correct form with progressive. \grm Note that one has /a:tki/ and /a:tia/. Thus this is part of the paradigm mentioned. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03621 \lxa monex \lxac monex \lxo mónéx \lxoc mónéx \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infn N0 \pa yes-lex \se dusty little devil; dusty; covered with dust; dirty \ss polvoroso; empolvoreado; cubierto de polvo; sucio \apa monextik \apo mónextík \xrb mohnex \nse This word is used as a"vacilada"(playful address term) in talking to children who are dusty and dirty from playing around on the ground. \qry I do not believe that this word can take an intensifying /te-/ prefix. In my notes I have also recorded that this word may be used as an equivalent to /(te)montextik/, i.e. as an adjective; this should be checked as it might not be correct. Check whether /monex/ is only used as a 'vocative.' \vl Check vl and p-a in Oapan form. \sj Check in S. Juan \ref 03622 \lxa sokimo:tla \lxac kisokimo:tla \lxo sokimo:tla \lxoc kisokimo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to plaster with mud (e.g., a house wall, by taking a swad of mud mixed with straw and flinging it hard against the surface) \ss revocar con lodo (p. ej., la pared de una casa al aventar un manojo o cuchara de lodo con paja contra la superficie) \pna Kiso:sokimo:tlatok itepa:n. \pea He is plastering his wall with mud. \psa Estárevocando su pared con lodo. \xrb soki: \xrb mo:tla \nse The verb <nao>sokimo:tla</nao> used in the sense of 'to plaster with mud' refers to the manner in which the mud is made to stick on the surface, by throwing it hard from a distance of about 1 meter so that it splatters and sticks on a wattle wall. The long vowel reduplication of the incorporated noun stem reflects the fact that the incorporated form is fully lexicalized (and such reduplication often occurs with instrumental incorporation) and that the action is repeated slowly and deliberately over time. \qry Determine whether /sokimo:tla/ can be used for the simply action of throwing mud against (e.g., a person). Check in phras /Kiso:sokimo:tlatok itepa:n/ whether /kisokimo:mo:tla/ is also correct. Check for /kisosokimo:tla/ also. \grm Reduplication long vowel: note that in the phrase /Kiso:sokimo:tlatok itepa:n/ 'He is plastering his wall with mud' it is the incorporated noun stem that is reduplicated, not the verb. It will be necessary to determine the nature of reduplication in N+V compounds. Certainly in many cases when it is the incorporated noun that is pluralized, it is the verb stem that is reduplicated /mapoposteki/. However, in the case of /sokimo:tla/, it is the incorporated noun itself that forms a new lexical item whose thematic role is that of instrument. It seems, though this should be thoroughly investigated, that with incorporation of an instrument a new lexical item is formed and that it is this new unit as a whole that is reduplicated. This should be checked with other N-V incorporated lexemes where the noun is instrument (cf. /a:te:kia/, etc.) \ref 03623 \lxa kuwxi:nke:tl \lxac kuwxi:nke:tl \lxo kohxi:nke:tl \lxoc kohxi:nke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se carpinter; one who carves wooden tools (making yokes, wooden gates, sawhorses for beds, parts of plows, etc.) \ss carpintero, persona que talla madera (haciendo yugos, bancos para sostener camas, timones de arados, etc.) \equiva kuwxi:nki \xrb kow \xrb xi:ma \vl There are additional tokens of this word at 04332. \ref 03624 \lxa kwitlakoch \lxac kwitlakoch \lxo kwitlakoch \lxoc kwitlakoch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se fungus that grows on corn \ss huitlacoche \pna O:ki:s kwitlakoch. \pea Huitlacoche has formed on it (an ear of maize). \psa Le ha salido huitlacoche (sobre una mazorca). \xrb kwitla \xrb koch \nse Apparently the use of <na>koch</na> is related to the word for molar, <na>tlankoxtli</na>. \nde In Oapan this is not possessed. \qry Determine whether unpossessed form exists. If so, change entry and /cat field. Note that /-yo/ is not used. Check. \ref 03625 \lxa fie:roh \lxac fie:roh \lxo fie:roh \lxoc fie:roh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan fiero \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \se ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.) \ss muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.) \pna Fie:roh un a:matl. \pea That bark painting is ugly. \psa Esa pintura sobre papel amate es feo. \pna Fie:roh un karrete:rah. \pea That highway is in bad shape. \psa Esa carretera está en muy malas condiciones. \se bad (an action or behavior) \ss malo (una acción o comportamiento) \pna Fie:roh tla:katl. \pea He is a bad man. \psa Es un hombre malo. \se (<na>de</na> ~) very much; intensely \ss (<na>de</na> ~) mucho; intensamente \pna Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh. \pea Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall. \psa Se te va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo. \nse The source of this borrowing is not entirely clear. It might well be <na>fiero</na>, but it also might be <na>feo</na>. Nevertheless, note that one meaning of <na>fiero</na> is, according to the Real Academia, 'horroroso, terrible.' \vl Link first male token. \ref 03626 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /na:n/ meaning the vocative for 'daughter-in-law'. I did not recognize this use and C. Flores mentioned that the name itself is used. Such is the case in Oapan except, I was told, when there is a big age difference. Then /po:tsi:n/ is used. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03627 \lxa tekomoltsi:n \lxac tekomoltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \sea small extended flat area of land, perhaps very mildly sunken in the center \ssa un terreno o extensión de tierra pequeño muy plano, quizáligeramente hundido en medio \cfao tlakomohli \xrb te- \xrb komol \ref 03628 \lxa tlanemi:tia \lxac tlanemi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to keep alive (a young offspring, in the sense of keeping it healthy with good prospects of surviving) \ss mantener vivo (un hijo pequeño, en el sentido de mantenerlo con salud y un buen prognóstico para sobrevivir) \pna Xwel tlanemi:tia. \pea She cannot keep her offspring alive (i.e., they die on her for no apparent reason). \psa No puede mantener sus hijos con vida (esto es, se le mueren sin una causa obvia). \synao kone:nemi \xrb nemi \xbtla nemi:tia \ref 03629 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /Ia:pan Ka:ka:lo:tl/, an Am toponym now in its own database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03630 \lxa kalaktia \lxac kikalaktia \lxo kalahtia \lxoc kikalahtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to place inside (e.g., an object into a container or recepticle; a ball in a basket as in basketball or in a goal as in soccer); to put inside (e.g., into water, or inside a pen or corral, etc.); to deposit (e.g., money in a bank) \ss poner adentro de; meter (p. ej., un objeto dentro de un recipiente, o dentro de unaárea; una pelota dentro de una canasta como en basquetbol o en la red como en fútbol); meter (en el agua, en un corral, en un cuarto); depositar (p. ej., dinero en un banco) \pna Kikalaktia para ma:ka ipan kiawi:lo:s. \pea He puts it inside so that it won't get rained upon. \psa Lo mete adentro para que no llueva sobreél. \se to place (as a person [O| in a job) \ss colocar (una persona [O] en un trabajo) \sem motion \xrb kalak \xvbao kalaki \qry For word 3587, Florencia mistakenly uttered /kika:kalatsa/, (on 14_1, 31 minutes 10 sec). Find out what this means. \ref 03631 \lxa oni:ltia \lxac *koni:ltia \lxo oni:ltia \lxoc koni:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give to drink to \ss dar de beber a \pna Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. \pea They give the <spn>cuatecomate</spn> (fruit) to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has stomach cramps. \psa <na>Kuhtekomatl</na> : Le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta) a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el estómago. \equivao oni:tia \xrb i: \xvbao oni \grm Causative: Note the variation in the causative form: /oni:ltia/ and /oni:tia/ for Oapan. \vl Note that I mistakenly changed the elicitation. There is thus only one female token for this word. This should be tagged and linked. The forms /koni:tia/ should be tagged with the ref. # 1288. \ref 03632 \lxa tewitsiwi \lxac tewitsiwi \lxo tewitsiwi \lxoc tewitsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bumpy \ss llegar a ser disnivelado, como muchos topes \xrb te \xrb wits \xvcao tewitso:ltia \qry Check definition. \nae This verb has been documented in Ameyaltepec speech with the diminutive: <na>tewitsiwitsi:n</na>. \grm /tsi:n/ diminutive: The verb /tewitsiwi/ has been documented in Ameyaltepec speech with the diminutive: <na>tewitsiwitsi:n</na>. \rt Apparently word with the sequence <na>tewits</na> all indicate a pointed bumpines associated with land and the earth's surface. RS has <na>teuitztli</na> 'piedra puntiaguda' and give the etymology as <n>te-</n> and <na>witztli</na>. Although the meaning in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is not precisely that of a 'pointed rock' the meaning is close enough to suggest the same etymology. \ref 03633 \lxa kokochiantsi:n \lxac kokochiantsi:n \lxo kókochíntsi:n \lxoa kókochiántsi:n \lxocpend kókochíntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of small insect, still unidentified \ssa tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kochi \nse This is a small insect that fakes sleep (probably as a protective defense). It is also, at least in Ameyaltepec, often caught and tied around the wrists of children so that they fall asleep. \qry Check vowel length for possibility that /a/ is long. Dakin and Ramíez (1979) give this as a plant named"hierba dormida." \ref 03634 \lxa i:xmi:miki \lxac i:xmi:miki \lxo i:xmi:miki \lxoc i:xmi:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(k) \se to have blurry vision; to be dazzled by a bright light (e.g., in waking up and going outside to the bright sunshine) \ss tener la visión nublada; deslumbrarse por una fuerte luz (p. ej., al despertarse y ir afuera donde el sol está fuerte) \pna Ti:xmi:mikis, xwel tiktlatlatas ma:s. \pea You will be dazzled by the bright light, you won't be able to stare at it much longer. \psa Te vas a deslumbrar por la fuerte luz, ya no le vas a poder estar viéndolo directamente. \se to be dim; to be low (a light) \ss estar bajo y de poca luz (una lámpara) \pna Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok. \pea My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power). \psa Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás emite una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas) \xrb i:x \xrb miki \xvca i:xmi:miktia \xvco i:xmi:mihtia \nse Apparently only the form with long vowel reduplication exists; I was unable to elicit a form without reduplication or with short vowel reduplication. \qry Check the possibility of /i:xmiki/ or /i:xmimiki/. Check vowel length and cf. to Oa /i:xmimiki/ \mod In general note significance of forms with /mimiki/ or /mi:miki/, as well as /miki/. \ref 03635 \lxa kaltlatla \lxac kaltlatla \lxo kaltlatla \lxoc kaltlatla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \se to have ones house to burn down \ss quemarsele la casa a \pna O:kaltlatlalo:k. \pea Someone had their house burn down. \psa Se le quemóla casa a alguien. \xrb kal \xrb tla \rt I have considered the root /tla/ given the transitive /tlatia:/. \ref 03636 \lxa kaltepa:ntli \lxac kaltepa:ntli \lxo kaltepa:ntli \lxoc kaltepa:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \sea type of ladder or scaffolding that workers stand on to thatch the roof of a house \ssa tipo de escalera o andamio sobre que se paran los trabajadores al techar una casa de sacate o palma \seo wooden beam or support upon which other horizontal, vertical, or inclined wooden construction materials rest (Am and Oa syn. <nla>sole:rah</nla>) \sso solera (Am y Oa sin. <nla>sole:rah</nla>) \sem tool \xrb kal \xrb tepa:m \encyctmp kahli \nse This construction consists of <spn>horcones</spn> that are tied to the <na>soleras</na> and that go to the ground at an angle. A thick horizontal beam is laid and tied between these <spn>horcones</spn> at the level of the beginning of the thatching. It is on this beam that the workers stand, thatching the roof from the outside. When the workers can reach no higher, a <nla>mekato:ktli</nla> is tied onto the outside of the house, partway up on the roof. The workers stand on this in order to finish the upper part of the roof. Note that in Oapan <no>kaltepa:ntli</no> refers specifically to the wall of a house. \qry Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Check to see if /kaltepa:ntli/ also refers to the wall of a house in Ameyaltepec. Cf. in this regard the entry under /tlapilo:ltsi:n/. \ref 03637 \lxa kopi:na \lxac kikopi:na \lxo kopi:na \lxoc kikopi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to detach; to pull out (e.g., a bandaid placed on a wound; a ring on a finger; or a bad rod in a woven bed of <nlao>tlapextli</nlao> in order to replace it) \ss desprender; quitar algo pegado a o encajado en algo (una curita sobre una herida; un anillo del dedo); arrancar (algo empotrado); sacar jalando (p. ej., de una cama de <na>tlapextli</na>, una varita que está mal, para remplazarla) \pna Xkopi:na un a:roh, para okse: ika tiktla:li:s! \pea Pull that ring off (in this case from <spn>queso de aro</spn>, 'cheese made with a ring,' that is being molded) so that you can use it with another (piece of cheese)! \psa ¡Quítale el aro (en este caso de un queso de aro) para que lo puedas usar con otro (queso)! \pna Nihkopi:nas un tetl. \pea I will pull that stone out (e.g., from where it is stuck in a wall, the ground, etc.) \psa Voy a arrancar esa piedra (p. ej., de una pared, de la tierra, etc.). \pna Xok kwahli. Ma nkopi:na! Nikpatlas. \pea It's no good anymore. Let me pull it out! I'm going to change it. \psa Ya no sirve.¡Deja que lo arranque! Lo voy a cambiar. \se to pull out threads or strands of fiber from (e.g., a ball of twine, handfuls of hemp fiber, etc.) \ss sacar hilos o hebras de fibra de (por ejemplo, una bola de hilo, manojos de ixtli, etc.) \pna Xne:xchia! Ok ma nikpochi:na i:n noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh. \pea Wait for me! Let me fray this hemp fiber of mine so that I can pull it off in strands (e.g., to make a rope, etc.). \psa ¡Espérame! Deja que deshilache esta fibra de maguey que tengo para que pueda ir sacandole hebras (p. ej., para hacer una soga, etc.). \se (refl. with <n>-ka</n>) to use (sb or sth) as a pretext, or as an excuse (e.g., not to do sth); to use (sb or sth) as an alibi \ss (refl. con <n>-ka</n>) utilizar (a algn o alg) como pretexto (p. ej., para no hacer algo); usar (algn o algo) como coartada \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. \pea I used you as an excuse (in this case in buying sth, I said it was for you even though it wasn't, just in order to get a better price since the seller was a friend of yours) as if it were yours. \psa Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo. \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skeh. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g. that I had an appointment with you) so that they would not invite me drinking. \psa Te utilizécomo pretexto (p. ej., que tenía una cita contigo) para que no me invitaran a beber. \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, xo:niknek iwa:n niá:s. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g., saying that I had to help you with sth), I didn't want to go with him. \psa Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., diciendo que tenía que hacer algo contigo), no quería ir con el. \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n. O:niktlatlan i:n tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan, ma:ski xmelá:k, san para o:ne:chma:keh. \pea I used you as a pretext. I asked for this thing that I needed, I said that it was you that had sent me even though it wasn't true. (I said it) just so they would give it to me. \psa Te utilicécomo pretexto. Pedí este que me faltaba, dije que fuiste tu quien me había mandado aunque no fue verdad. Sólo (lo dije) para que me lo dieran. \xrb kopi: \xvao kopi:nilia \xv1ao tlakopi:na \qry In first sentence, check vowel length of /okse/, final /e/. Check vowel length of /ixtli/ and possessed form. Check whether /te-/ intensifier can be used with /kopi:na/ as well as with the intransitive and applicative. \nse Note that /moka nokopi:na/ is the same as /moka notlamia/ althoug this should be rechecked. \grm Antipassive: note /Wel tlakopi:na ika ixtli/. 'He knows how to let out maguey fibers (i.e., letting them out slowly from handfuls of hemp held in the hand so that another persons can twist them it into rope).' \grm Note use of future as relative tense marker: /Moka o:nimokopi:n, xo:niknek iwa:n niyá:s/ 'I used you as an excuse, I didn't want to go with him.' \ref 03638 \lxa ikxi wexo:lo:tl \lxac ikxi wexo:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea <l>Boerhavia coccinea</l> Miller, type of thin weed of the Nyctaginaceae family \ssa <l>Boerhavia coccinea</l> Miller, tipo de maleza delgada de la familia Nyctaginaceae \pna Ikxi wexo:lo:tl, ixwa, wekapania. \pea The plant known as <na>ikxi wexo:lo:tl</na> sprouts (and) grows tall. \psa La planta conocida como <na>ikxi wexo:lo:tl</na> brota (y) crece alto. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kxi \xrb wexo:lo: \nct xiwtli \ref 03639 \lxa toya:wa \lxac kitoya:wa \lxo toya:wa \lxoc kitoya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to spill (involuntarily wasting a liquid from a container, such as when carrying a full bucket of water, a brimming glass, etc.) \ss tirar (desperdiciando, por accidente, un líquido de su recipiente, como al cargar una cubeta o vaso llena de agua u otro líquido, etc.) \pna Kwa:ltoya:wtiw, wa:lchachapakatiw \pea As he comes along he is letting it spilling out (e.g., water from a jug that is open or fissured), it is splattering out onto the ground. \psa Viene tirándola (p. ej., agua de un perol que está roto o tiene una fisura), viene caéndose salpicando al suelo. \pna Po:tsi:n, ma:ka ihkón xikchi:wa! Nika:n san titlatotoya:wa ika a:tl. \pea Little girl, don't do it that way (in this case pouring water too heavily on a floor being washed)! You're just wasting water by spilling it out. \psa ¡Hijita, no lo vayas a hacer así(en este caso al tirar mucha agua sobre un piso para lavarlo)! Nada más estás desperdiciando el agua. \se to pour out (throwing away a beverage or liquid that has gone bad, a food with a lot of juice such as cooked beans, or sauces such as mole or chile sauce, etc.) \ss tirar (una bebida o líquido que se ha echado a perder, una comida con mucho caldo como frijoles, una salsa como mole o de chile, etc.) \pna Xtoya:wa! Yo:xoko:yak. \pea Pour it out (in this case atole that has gone bad)! It's already gone bad. \psa ¡Tíralo (en este caso atole que se había echado a perder)! Ya se acedó. \pna Niktoya:was notlakwal. \pea I'm going to throw my food away (because it's gone bad). \psa Voy a tirar mi comida. \xrb toya: \xvaao toya:wilia \xv1a tlatoya:wa \nse The use of <na>toya:wa</na> with items such as food implies that the food has gone bad and that it is mostly liquid. For solid foods <nla>tlakali</nla> is more precise. \grm Antipassive; null complement or null object: /Po:tsi:n, ma:ka ihkón xikchi:wa! Nika:n san titlatotoya:wa ika a:tl/ 'Little girl, don't do it that way (in this case by pouring water too heavily on a floor being washed)! You're just spilling out and wasting water.' Note again this construction of /tla + V2 ika N/. What seems to be the case again and again is that the function of /tla-/ in these cases is in accord with an effort to highlight the verbal action and background the patient. There are enough examples of this construction to indicate that it is quite common. As to whether it is an antipassive. Note Comrie and others on passives in which they say that it is more common for languages that have passives to not allow rather than allow the oblique expression of an agent. Applying this to antipassives, this would mean that it would be more common for antipassives not to allow the expression of the patient. This seems to be the case in Nahuatl, since it is more common for /tla-/ to oc cur without the oblique expression of the backgrounded patient. It will, however, be necessary to search for consultation with a native speaker to determine the true nature of this construction. \ref 03640 \lxa chala:ni \lxac chala:ni \lxo chala:ni \lxoc chala:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to make or have a hollow sound (a piece of pottery that is fissured or cracked) \ss sonar hueco (una cerámica que está rota o resquebrajada) \pna Xtsili:ni kwahli. Chala:ni, ne:si ke:n tlapa:nki. \pea It doesn't have a good ring to it. It has a hollow ring (in this case a bowl), it appears to be cracked. \psa No suena bien. Suena hueco (en este caso un plato hondo de cerámica), parece como que está resquebrajado. \pna Chala:ni kampa:nah pa:mpa tsaya:nki. \pea The bell makes a hollow ringing sound because it is cracked. \psa La campana hace un sonido hueco porque está partida. \sem sound \xrb chala: \xvkao chachalka; chachalaka \qry Check diference in singificance between /chachalka/ and /chachalaka/ on the one hand, and /chala:ni/ on the other; also /chaktlatowa/. \ref 03641 \lxa si:s \lxac a:ra mosi:s \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \se (<na>a:ra mosi:s</na>) damn it! my goodness! \ss (<na>a:rah mosi:s</na>)¡chin!¡híjole! \pna A:ra mosi:s! Tli:no:n timitschi:wilitoya? Tle:ka tine:xtelowa? \pea Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me? \psa ¡Chin!¿Quéte hacía?¿Por quéme pegas? \pna A:ra mosi:s -= a:ra molo:lah- katka, kwaltsi:n o:tikchi:w! \pea Oh my goodness, you've made a fine mess of things! \psa ¡Híjole, que bueno lo hiciste! \cfao si:stli \xrb si:s \qry Check vowel lenght, as in many cases I had a short /i/. Xalitla has /si:s/, and the type of grasshopper /te:si:s/ is recorded with a long /i:/. \ref 03642 \lxa iyo:wilistli \lxac iyo:wilistli \lxo íyo:wilístli \lxoc íyo:wilístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(:) \pa yes-redup \se cheap things; things sold to those who have little money \ss cosas baratas; cosas que se le venden a la gente sin dinero \se suffering, misery, or poverty \ss sufrimiento, miseria, o pobreza \pna Iyo:wilistli, san ika chi:hli tlakwa. \pea It is misery, he just eats chile. \psa Es la miseria, come solamente chile. \pna San iyo:wilistli, ika yetsi:ntli tlakwa. \pea It's just poverty, he just eats beans (i.e., no meat). \psa Solamente es pobreza y sufrimiento, come sólo con frijoles (no con carne). \xrb hyo: \nae The initial vowel, at least in the Oapan speech tokens analyzed so far, has a quite long duration. It might be that the initial vowel is either the result of a reduplicative process, as it is in Classical <n>ihi:yo:-</n>. However, despite the long duration, this word has been written with a short initial vowel given the additional evidence from Oapan and other Balsas Nahuatl villages that suggest that the initial /i/ is epenthetic. Thus one finds Oapan <nlo>tláyo:wía</nlo>, which clearly has the same root. It could be that whereas <no>tláyo:wía</no> is derived from <no>(i)hyo:</no> forms such as <no>íyo:wilístli</no> has a different etymology, similar to classical <n>ihi:yo:-</n>. Nevertheless, more research needs to be done on these forms. \grm /iyo:wilistli/ is clearly related to /iyo:wia/, 'to endure' and /tlayo:wia/. However, note that there is no nonspecific object prefix. Check to see if /tlayo:wilistli/ also exists. Finally note the /tla-/ plus /ika/ construction in the two example sentences: /Iyo:wilistli, san ika chi:hli tlakwa/ and /San iyo:wilistli, ika yetsi:ntli tlakwa/. Here the difference between the specific and nonspecific form should be clear, for /san kikwa yetsi:ntli/ in the final phrase you have a different sense, something to the effect that the action refers to a specific act. However, with /ika yetsi:ntli/ the phrase is an adverbial, modifying /tlakwa/ and setting forth"how"the subject eats. Perhaps /san ika chi:hli tlakwa/ should be /saka chi:hli tlakwa/. \vl Link second female token and first male token. \ref 03643 \lxa i:xmomoyoka \lxac i:xmomoyoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to see spots or blotches; to be unable to discern and see things clearly (e.g., from a scorpion bite) \ssa ver manchas oscuras (p. ej., del piquete de alacrán) \pna Ni:xmomoyoka, xkwahli nitlachia. \pea I see things blotchy, can't see well. \psa Veoáreas oscuras, no veo bien. \cfo tlai:xmomoyoka \xrb i:x \xrb moyo: \xv0a tlai:xmomoyoka \xvnao moyo:ni \nse Apparently the base form * <na>i:xmoyo:ni</na> does not exist. \qry Check/recheck inexistence of base form /i:xmoyo:ni/. \ref 03644 \lxa wa:xin \lxac wa:xin \lxo wa:xin \lxoc wa:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se generic name for a group of trees in the Leguminoseae family with pods whose seeds are often edible (called <spn>guajes</spn> in Spanish) \ss guaje, un nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol con vainas cuyas semillas son comestibles \se (intrinsic possession) seed pods (of any tree of the legume family, or similar types of trees, e.g., the 'helicopter pods' of certain maples) \ss (posesión intrínseca) las vainas con semillas (de cualquierárbol leguminoso o también, por ejemplo, las semillas de ciertos arces) \se (fig. <na>-chi:wa</na> ~) to make a fool out of; to cuckhold \ss (fig. <na>-chi:wa</na> ~) hacer guaje a (esto es, burlarse de); ponerle los cuernos a \pna O:tine:xchi:w wa:xin, xmlá:k tli:n o:tine:chihlih. \pea You made a fool out of me, it wasn't true what you said to me. \psa Me hiciste guaje, no fue verdad lo que me dijiste. \sem plant \sem kohtli \apao wa:xkuwtli \xrb wa:x \nse The phrase <n>-chi:wa wa:xin</n> is a calque from the Spanish <spn>hacer guaje a</spn>. The alienably possessed form <nao>i:wa:x</nao> refers to a situation with a human possessor; the intrinsically possessed <nao>i:waxyo</nao> refers to a"part/whole"relation, the relation of a seed pod to a tree with such types of fruit (not only guajes but also, as I witnessed in the United States, the pods of maple trees). \cpl The following types of <na>wa:xin</na> have been identified to date: <nla>a:wa:xin</nla>, <nla>chikimolin</nla> (also called <nla>wa:xin de chikimolin</nla> or <nla>chikimo:lkuhtli</nla>), <nla>tepe:wa:xin</nla>, <nla>tla:lwa:xin</nla>, <nla>tlapalwa:xin</nla>, <nla>wa:xtompihtsi:n</nla>, and <nla>wetskiswa:xin</nla>. Schoenhals (1988) under guaje states:"1. (<i>Crescentia</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. cujete, C. alata</i>) 'gourd tree,' 'calabash tree.' See cuautecomate. 2. (<i>Lagenaria siceraria</i>) 'bottle gourd.' See pumpo. 3. (<i>Leucaena</i> spp.) '[family] pea.' Trees which bear edible pods."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:101) give a tree in the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> named <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i> (syn. L. glauca), which they give the Spanish name as <spn>guaje</spn>. However, it might well be that in Nahuatl <na>wa:xin</na> is a generic name for a group of trees. \nct kohtli \qry Determine whether this is an actual single species or type, or whether it refers to a classification level of various trees of the /wa:xin/ 'family.' \ref 03645 \lxa a:kawtlapi:hli \lxac a:kawtlapi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea see <nla>kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli</nla> \ssa vé ase <na>kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli</na> \xrb a:kaw \xrb tla:l \xrb pi:l \encyctmp kweskomatl \mod Illustrate \ref 03646 \lxa toto:nka: yeyekatl \lxac toto:nka: yeyekatl \lxo toto:nká: yeyé:katl \lxop toto:nka: yeye:katl \lxoc toto:nká: yeyé:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \se one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> or <spn>aires</spn> that cause harm and disease \ss uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> o aires que causan malestar y enfermedades \sem ritual \xrb to:na \xrb e:ka \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note the leftward shift of the pitch accent to the long vowel of the incorporated noun, /yéyé:katl/ to /toto:nka:/. \ref 03647 \lxa wa:tsa \lxac kwa:tsa \lxo wa:tsa \lxoc kiwa:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to dry \ss secar \pna Xmouwa:tsa, ma:ka tisekwis! \pea Dry yourself off, don't get cold! \psa ¡Sécate, no te vayas a enfriar! \xrb wa:k \ref 03648 \lxa ko:tskalaki \lxac ko:tskalaki \lxo ko:tskalaki \lxoc ko:tskalaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se for one of ones leg(s) to give out or buckle (generally from carrying a too-heavy load) \ss sumirse o rendirse una pierna (o piernas, generalmente a causa de cargar algo pesado) \pna O:pe:w ko:tskalaki. \pea His legs started to give out from under him. \psa Sus piernas empezaron a ya no aguantar. \xrb ko:ts \xrb kalak \qry Check to see if it should be reduplicated: ?ko:tskakalaki \rt Cf. other words ending in /-aki/ and the possibility of a derivation: /polaki/, /kalaki/, /ilaki/ (classical). \ref 03649 \lxa kwitlatl \lxac kwitlatl \lxo kwitlatl \lxoc kwitlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se shit; excrement \ss mierda; excremento \sea (fig. <na>ara:joh i:kwitl</na>) shit! god damn! what the hell! \ssa (fig. <na>ara:joh i:kwitl</na>)¡chin!¡al diablo! \cfa ara:joh \xrb kwitla \nse As an interjection, <na>ara:joh i:kwitl</na> is used to express objection at the sound of something, i.e. the meaning of a phrase uttered. In a very few cases a phrase such as <na>ara:joh mokwitl</na> has been documented, directed at an addressee, but the more usual term or phrase is the interjection <na>ara:joh i:kwitl</na>. \ref 03650 \lxa ye:lo:po:so:hli \lxac ye:lo:po:so:hli \lxo ye:lo:po:so:hli \lxoc ye:lo:po:so:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of pozole made with green corn \ss tipo de pozole hecho con elote \sem food \xrb ye:lo: \xrb po:so:l \encyctmp po:so:hli \qry Check vowel length under /po:so:hli/. \ref 03651 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry under /mati/ and xrefd to /tlamati/. However, this latter has a separate entry where an explanation is given. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the words given here as 1529, which is a duplicate entry. \ref 03652 \lxa tsi:npatilowa \lxac kitsi:npatilowa \lxo tsi:npatilowa \lxoc kitsi:npatilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make the hind part of an animal to go off to one side \ss hacer que la parte trasera de un animal vaya de lado \pna O:niktsi:npatiloh noburroh ika tlako:tl, ke:n tlatski. \pea I made the rear of my donkey go off to one side (by striking it so hard) with a switch, he's really lazy. \psa Hice ir de lado la parte trasera de mi burro (al azotarlo tan fuerte) con una vara, es muy flojo. \xrb tsi:n \xrb patil \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Note that this word seems to provide a good example of how short certain short vowels may become. The /i/ of /-patilowa/ seems to have an extremely short duration, perhaps somewhere around 30 ms. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03653 \lxa Pila:toh \lxac Pila:toh \lxo Pila:toh \lxoc Pila:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pilato \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao Pontius Pilate \ssao Ponce Pilato \nse In a story told by Luis Lucena, a man's penis is referred to as <na>pila:toh</na> as in the refrain that a priest sings to a young maiden:" <spn>quiere entrar Pila:toh, a Jerusalén</spn>." \vl Link first female token. \ref 03654 \lxa cha:n \lxac i:cha:n \lxo cha:n \lxoc i:cha:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der Rel-poss-sim \infn N2 \se place of permanent residence; village; place of origin (of a person) \ss lugar de residencia permanente; pueblo; lugar de origin (de una persona) \pna Nika:n tocha:n. \pea This is our village (where we live). \psa Esta es donde vivimos (nuestro pueblo). \pna Ka:no:n mocha:n? \pea Where are you from? \psa ¿De dónde eres? \se house; home \ss casa \pna O:yah te:cha:n \pea He went to someone's house. \psa Fue de visita (a la casa de algn). \pna Niá:s te:chacha:n \pea I will go around to several people's houses. \psa Voy a pasar por las casas de mucha gente. \se place customarily found (an animal or plant) \ss lugar donde se encuentra (un animal o planta) \pna Xnika:n icha:n. Nemi ipan tepe:tl. \pea It isn't found here (in this case a particular animal). It lives in the hills. \psa No se encuentra aquí(en este caso un animal en particular). Vive en los cerros. \seo (<no>nimocha:n</no>) May I enter your house? \sso (<no>nimocha:n</no>)¿Puedo entrar a su casa? \xrb cha:n \nse In comparing the phrase <na>Ka:non mocha:n</na> ? 'Where are you from?' or 'Where is your house located?' to <na>Ka:non ticha:nti?</na> 'Where do you live?' (referring to the act of living in a pueblo or house, i.e., 'Where do you make your home?'), the verbal form has less a sense of permanence, the nominal form has more a sense of identity. Note also that <na>te:cha:n</na> as in <na>o:yah te:cha:n</na> is often a response to the question <na>ka:n(on) tiaw?</na> 'Where are you going?' As an answer it is, effectively, a denial of information, something to the effect of 'Somewhere (that is none of your business)!' In Oapan one uses the interjection <no>nimocha:n</no> whether or not one is entering the house of a single person or many. Thus one may say <no>nimocha:n tawa</no> when addressing a single house owner. \ref 03655 \lxa chika:wak \lxac chika:wak \lxo chika:wak \lxoc chika:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \pss PM; TM \der Adj-dvb-k \se forcefully; hard \ss fuertemente; duramente \pna Chika:wak xtetelo! \pea Hit it hard! \psa ¡Pégale duro! \pna O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak. \pea The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard. \psa El viento alzósu falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento. \pna Tetekwikatok noyo:hlo, o:nimotla:loh chika:wak. \pea My heart is pounding, I ran real hard. \psa Se me está latiendo fuerte el corazón, corrírápidamente. \se loudly; at a high volume \ss fuerte o fuertemente; de alto volumen \pna Yo:li:k xtlatsotsona, ma:ka chika:wak! \pea Play it softly, not loudly (e.g. a radio)! \psa ¡Tócalo despacio, no fuerte (p. ej., una radio)! \pna Kina:nkilia un tepe:tl pa:mpa chika:wak o:tsatsik. \pea That hill echoes his voice because he shouted loudly. \psa Ese cerro le hace eco porque gritó en voz muy fuerte. \xrb chika: \qry Check for other meanings of /chika:wak/, i.e., 'hard' as in the consistency of certain woods; or difficult as in a task. \ref 03656 \lxa te:nkoto:na \lxac kite:nkoto:na \lxo te:nkoto:na \lxoc kite:nkoto:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to eat the food of (taking sth that another had intended to eat, or was about to eat) \ss comer la comida de (tomando algo que otro tenía la intención de comer, o que estaba a punto de comer) \pna O:nane:xte:nkoto:nkeh. Newa nihkwa:skia, yo:tine:chihlih. \pea You all ate what was supposed to be for me. I was going to eat it, you told me (it was for me). \psa Ustedes comieron lo que iba a ser para mí. Yo lo hubiera comido, tu me lo dijiste (que era para mí). \cfo tlakwalkoto:na \xrb te:n \xrb koto: \dis te:nkoto:na; kwa:lia; te:nki:xtia \vl Link second female and second male tokens. \ref 03657 \lxa titi:satl \lxac titi:satl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea see <nla>ti:satl</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>ti:satl</nla> \sem stone \xrb ti:sa \ref 03658 \lxa witso:ktli \lxac witso:ktli \lxo witso:htli \lxoc witso:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \se knife-shaped piece of pointed metal placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) \ss pieza de metal en forma de cuchillo que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmado) \se digging stick (in general, in Ameyaltepec there are three types: <nla>espá:tulah</nla>, <na>witso:ktli,</na> and <nla>tewitso:ktli</nla>) \ss coa (en general, en Ameyaltepec hay tres tipos: <nla>espá:tulah</nla>, <na>witso:ktli,</na> and <nla>tewitso:ktli</nla>) \sem tool \xrb witso:k \encyctmp witso:ktli \mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration in notebook. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03659 \lxa wistlachapa:ni:hli \lxac wistlachapa:ni:hli \lxo wistlachapa:ni:hli \lxoc wistlachapa:ni:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals) \ss ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen) \pna.... korrá:l de wistlachapa:ni:hli \pea... it is a fence made of thorn bushes heaped on the ground \psa... es una cerca hecha de ramas espinosas colocadas y apiladas por el suelo \sem material \equiva tlachapa:ni:hli \equivo tlawistlachapa:nihli \xrb chapa: \encyctmp fences \qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. Perhaps this should be short. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03660 \lxa xoto:ni \lxac xoto:ni \lxo xoto:ni \lxoc xoto:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to pile up; to become heaped up \ss amontonarse; apilarse \pna Wa:lxoto:ntiweh. \pea They are coming along in a mass (i.e., people or animals coming along in no particular order or line). \psa Vienen todos juntos en un grupo (esto es, personas o animales que van sin orden particular, todos agrupados pero no en línea). \xrb xoto: \qry Check for ?/xoto:ntitiweh/. Check interpertation of /xoto:ntiw/ as perhaps meriting a separate entry, or as a variation of /xoto:ntok/. Indeed, perhaps this should be listed under /xoto:ntok/. Reconsider. Yet it does not seem to have a stative sense. \ref 03661 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /sowa/, transitive verb xref'd to /sowa/. It has been eliminated and /sowa/ is an alternate pronunciation of /sowa/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03662 \lxa kopalkukwa \lxac kopalkukwa \lxo kopá:lkwá \lxop kopá:lkwa \lxoc kopá:lkwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-1 \pa yes-rdp \se to chew gum \ss masticar chicle \se to chew its cud (a cow; see <nlo>tlakwe:chowa</nlo>) \ss rumiar (una baca; see <nlo>tlakwe:chowa</nlo>) \pna San kopalkukwatok moba:kah, san tlakwe:chotok. \pea Your cow is just chewing its cud, it is just grinding up its food. \psa Tu vaca está nada más rumiando, está nada más masticando. \xrb kopal \xrb kwa \vl Link first male token. \ref 03663 \lxa tsotsokatewitsioh \lxac tsotsokatewitsioh \lxo tsotsokatewitsioh \lxoc tsotsokatewitsioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have the skin condition known as <nlao>tsotsokatewistli</nlao> \ss tener la condición de la piel conocida como <nlao>tsotsokatewistli</nlao> \sem disease \xrb tsoka \xrb tewist \vl First female token is erroneous and should be tagged as 5567. \ref 03664 \lxa tlakoxte:ka \lxac tlakoxte:ka \lxo tlakoxte:ka \lxoc tlakoxte:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-[S-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se (for the <na>pasto:res</na>) to take the child saint (Jesus; actually a baby doll in his stead) to the Church for 15 days preceding Christmas, putting him to bed and praying for him each night \ss llevar (los <na>pasto:res</na>) el santo niño (Jesús; actualmente una muñeca de un bebé) a la iglesia por los 15 días antes de Navidad para acostarlo allíy rezar porél \xrb koch \xrb te:ka \xbtlao koxte:ka \ref 03665 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sápa séhnek \lxop sapa sehnek \lxoc sápa séhnek \dt 12/Jun/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n-com \infn N1(loc) \pa yes \seo a different place (from that which is the topic of discourse) \sso una lugar diferente o distinto (del que es el tópico del discurso) \pno ¡Sapa sehnek x'tla:li! \peo Put it in a different place! \pso ¡Pónlo en un lugar distinto! \equiva oksehka:n \cfa seknek \cfo sehnek \xrb se \xrb sek \xrb nek \xrl -pa \vl Link 2nd male token. \pqry Check pitch accent pattern. Check for all cases of /sápá/. \ref 03666 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tli:lihki \lxoc tli:lihki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo black \sso negro \sem color \xrb tli:l \nse The diminutive of Oapan <no>tli:lihki</no> is <no>tli:lihka:tsi:n</no>. \qry Check for the precise difference between /tli:ltik/ and /tli:lihki/ in Oapan Nahuatl. In the notes field I previously had"note that * <no>tli:ltik</no> is not acceptable, for reasons that are still not clear, but <no>tli:ltsi:n</no> is correct."The meaning of this is not clear. \grm Diminutives; Participals: Note that shift of /ki/ to /ka:/ as in: The diminutive of <no>tli:lihki</no> is <no>tli:lihka:tsi:n</no> ; note that * <no>tli:ltik</no> is not acceptable, for reasons that are still not clear, but <no>tli:ltsi:n</no> is correct. This is also the case with /chi:chi:ltik/, which forms the diminutive as /chi:chi:ltsi:n/ not */chi:chi:ltiktsi:n/. However, /kostihtsi:n/ is correct, as in /ista:htsi:n/. Note that the diminutive of /-ki/ participals is with /ka:tsi:n/: e.g., also /xoxo:hki/ and /xoxo:hka:tsi:n/. \ref 03667 \lxa papa:ya:nemi \lxac papa:ya:nemi \lxo pápaya:némi \lxop papa:ya:nemi \lxoc pápaya:némi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <na>tepapa:ya:nemi</na> \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \se to bum around (a person who doesn't want to work and just goes around looking for people who will invite him to eat) \ss holganazar (una persona que no quiere trabajar y nada más anda buscando a quien le regale comida) \se (with prefix <n>te-</n>) to be or wander around in a stupor (a fumigated bug) \ss (con prefijo <n>te-</n>) estar o andar soporífero o atarantado (un insecto fumigado) \pna Tikone:xti:s seki yo:mik wan seki sahkon tepapa:ya:nemin. \pea You'll find that some have died (e.g., fumigated bugs) and others are just in a stupor. \psa Vas a hallar que algunos (p. ej., insectos fumigados) murieron y otros nada están como atarantados. \xrb pa:ya: \xrb nemi \nae The etymology of this form is unclear as is, at this point, the vowel length. My understanding is that the pitch accent pattern in Oapan is as indicated, <n>pápá:ya:némi</n>. Originally, I had analyzed this as the reduplicated (short vowel reduplicant with coda {h}) form of ? <nao>pa:ya:nemi</nao>. This would account for ? <no>pápa:ya:némi</no>. However, it seems that there are two pitch accented syllables (<no>pápá:ya:némi</no>), and the vowel length is uncertain. Indeed, it seems that the Oapan form is <no>pápáya:némi</no> ; this suggests an underlying form of {pah + pahya: + nemi}. All should be rechecked. Comparative evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo should reveal the placement of {h}. \qry Check to see if unreduplicated form exists. Recheck very carefully the stress pattern and the pitch accent sequence. \pqry The vowel length of this in particular, and all words with /papa:ya:/ should be checked. \sj The reason for what appears to be two pitch accented syllable in the Oapan form /pápá:ya:némi/ is unclear. Check the SJ form. \ref 03668 \lxa kochini \lxac kochini \lxo kochini \lxoa kochine \lxoc kochine, kochini \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se sleepy-head \ss dormilón \cfao koxtetl \xrb kochi \dis koxtetl \qry Cf. difference in meaning between /kochini/, /koxtetl/ and /kochpal/. If no difference, then change /dis2 to /syn \vl Link second female token and first male token. \ref 03669 \lxa a:wayoh \lxac a:wayoh \lxo á:wayóh \lxoc á:wayóh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \pa yes-lex \se to be covered with small, prickly hairs (either sth that naturally has them, e.g., sugarcane, maize stalks, <na>tomotlaxkahli</na>, or a material object such as clothing that has become covered with them) \ss estar cubierto o lleno de aguates (o algo que los tiene naturalmente, como la caña dulce, los tallos de maíz, <na>tomotlaxkahli</na>, o un objeto material como ropa que se ha cubierto de aguates) \pna Owatl, mlá:k a:wayoh. \pea Sugarcane is covered with (full of) aguates. \psa La caña dulce está cubierta de (lleno de) aguates. \xrb ahwa \qry Cf. entry under /awatl/. Check first vowel length of both dialects. \vl NOTE: TO SELF: check length of all forms from underlying {ahwa}, etc. (and other {ah-}. I am not sure why the vowel has lengthened here, but it seems a general rule. \ref 03670 \lxa pala:nki \lxac pala:nki \lxo pala:nki \lxoc pala:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be rotten (e.g., wood, grass, thatching, etc.) \ss estar pudrido (p. ej., madera, pasto, zacate, palma, etc.) \xrb pala: \dis pala:nki; pala:ntok (if the latter exists). \ref 03671 \lxa tlankwe:kwe:chowa \lxac kitlankwe:kwe:chowa \lxo tlankwe:kwe:chowa \lxoc kitlankwe:kwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to grind up (e.g., food) in ones mouth \ss moler (p. ej., comida) en la boca \pna San kitlankwe:kwe:chowa, xkitolowa. \pea It just grinds it up slowly in its mouth, it doesn't swallow it (e.g., an animal chewing its fodder). \psa Solamente lo muele despacio en la boca, no se lo traga (p. ej., un animal masticando forraje) \xrb tlan \xrb kwe:ch \nae According to Cristino Flores the form with short vowel reduplication also exists (<na>tlankukwe:chowa</na>) and is equivalent in meaning. \qry I have only documented this in a long vowel reduplicated form. Make sure the unreduplicated exists; also check for /tlankukwe:chowa/ and the intransitive /tlankwe:chiwi/. \ref 03672 \lxa tlami:nki \lxac tlami:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \sea person who practices the type of"witchcraft"involving a type of"food-poisoning"described by the transitive verb <nla>mi:na</nla> \ssa "brujo,"persona que practica el tipo de"brujería"de envenonamiento referenciado por el verbo transitivo <nla>mi:na</nla> \xrb mi:na \nse The fact that this word is not documented in Oapan appears slightly unusual. Future research will indicate whether this reflects the nature of the lexicon or whether it reflects a lagunae in the documentation. \qry Check to determine whether /tlami:nke:tl/ is correct. \ref 03673 \lxa kuwasihka: yeyekatl \lxac kuwasihka: yeyekatl \lxo kówasihká: yeyé:katl \lxoc kówasihká: yeyé:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \se one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla>, or <spn>aires</spn> \ss uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> o aires \sem ritual \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \xrb e:ka \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \nae The pitch contour of Oapan <no>kówasihká: yeyé:katl</no> derives from two underlying coda {h}s and intonational stress. Underlyingly, the form is {kowahsiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. The presence of high rising pitch on the initial syllable is the result of two factors. First, the location of the underlying {h} is unknown and therefore to native speakers the possibility exists of either the preceding structure or {kohwasiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. Second, there is the fact that when isolated, the verb is <no>kówasíwi</no>, which results from leftward shift of the lexical pitch accent to avoid clash with intonational stress on the penultimate. Although this clash is avoided in the present case by the fact that intonational stress is on the second noun of the compound, it may well be that there is a tendency to maximize I/O identity. (yet re: I/O see the discussion under <nlo>'tlasótla</nlo>). \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. Check lenght of /a/ after /kowasihka/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \grmx The pitch contour of Oapan <no>kówasihká: yeyé:katl</no> derives from two underlying coda {h}s and intonational stress. Underlyingly, the form is {kowahsiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. The presence of high rising pitch on the initial syllable is the result of two factors. First, the location of the underlying {h} is unknown and therefore to native speakers the possibility exists of either the preceding structure or {kohwasiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. Second, there is the fact that when isolated, the verb is <no>kówasíwi</no>, which results from leftward shift of the lexical pitch accent to avoid clash with intonational stress on the penultimate. Although this clash is avoided in the present case by the fact that intonational stress is on the second noun of the compound, it may well be that there is a tendency to maximize I/O identity. (yet re: I/O see the discussion under <nlo>'tlasótla</nlo>). \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 03674 \lxa tso:liwi \lxac tso:liwi \lxo tso:liwi \lxoc tso:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to shrink (e.g., clothes washed in hot water) \ss encogerse; achicarse (p. ej., tela lavada en agua) \pna O:tso:liw notlake:n. Xka:wa weyak katka, saka ke:n tila:wak! \pea My clothes shrunk. You wouldn't believe that it was long, (it shrunk) simply because it was thick! \psa Se encogiómi ropa. No es para creer que era larga, (se encogió) por estar gruesa. \pna Nika:ki:xti:s notlake:n pa:mpa weyak, ma tso:liwi. \pea I'm dunk my clothes (in this case a shirt) quickly in water because they are long on me so that they will shrink. \psa Voy a meter mi ropa (en este caso una camisa) rápidamente en el agua porque es larga y para que se encoje. \se to get shorter (a cord or similar item that snaps, etc.) \ss achicarse (una cuerda o cosa similar al reventarse, etc.) \pna O:tso:liw mola:soh pa:mpa o:koto:nka. \pea Your rope got shorter because it snapped. \psa Tu laso se quedómás corto porque se reventó. \sea to dry up (e.g., a pond, puddle, water left standing in a bowl, a well or spring, etc.; Oapan synonym, <nlao>tetso:liwi</nlao>) \ssa secarse; evaporarse (p. ej., un charco, agua dejada estancada en un plato hondo, un pozo o manantial, etc.; sinónimo de Oapan: <nlao>tetso:liwi</nlao>) \pna Tso:liwi a:tl, xok we:i. \pea The water is drying up, there's no longer much (left). \psa El agua se está secando (disminuyendo), ya no hay mucho. \cfao pi:tsiwi \xrb tso:l \nse The precise meaning of <na>tso:liwi</na> and related terms seems to refer to a reduction in size that results from loss of a part of the original object or material. This loss might be a piece of a material object (as occurs in clothes and cords) or it might be a natural loss, as when water dries up leaving a pond smaller or a fruit dried out. It appears that <nao>tso:liwi</nao> refers to the action of shrinking whereas <nao>tetso:liwi</nao> refers to the action of drying up. The distinction is not 100 percent (as witness the illustrative phrase from Ameyaltepec <na>Tso:liwi a:tl, xok we:i</na>) but it is fairly established. In Oapan, for example, the sense of 'to dry up (fruit, a puddle, etc.)' is conveyed only by <nlo>tetso:liwi</nlo>, which has been given a separate entry for both Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. \qry Check use of /tso:liwi/ and /tetso:liwi/ re: potential subjects. \ref 03675 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for the toponym /Ko:ke:ntla:n/. It has been removed from the dictionary and switched to the toponymic database. Nevertheless, there is a recording for this place. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl Please tag this entry/speech tokens, with 3675. The word, however, has been eliminated from this lexicon and placed in another one that is exclusively toponyms. Therefore, don't link it to this entry. I will later link it to a toponymic"dictionary." \ref 03676 \lxa xi:pe:wi \lxac xi:pe:wi \lxo xi:pe:wi \lxoc xi:pe:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to peel (e.g., maize soaked in lime, beans soaked in water); to peel off (sth such as paint on a wall, the surface of fired ceramics, etc.) \ss pelarse (p. ej., maíz dejando en agua con cal, frijoles remojados); descascararse (algo como la pintura de una pared, la superficie de barro cocido, etc.) \pna Xio:tl nonextamal, xkwahli o:xi:pe:w, xkwahli tenextli, xte:kokoh. \pea (The maize of) my <nla>nextamahli</nla> still has its skin, it hasn't peeled off well, the lime is no good, it's not strong. \psa (El maíz de) mi nixtamal todavía tiene su cáscara, no se ha pelado, la cal no está bien, no está fuerte. \pna Deke xo:kipa:tsokeh, pe:wa xixi:pe:wi. \pea If they didn't soak it (in this case a newly fired ceramic), it's surface will begin to flake off. \psa Si no lo mojaron (en este caso cerámica recién cocida), se va a empezar a descascarar. \se to come off; to get scraped off (e.g., ones skin that has been constantly rubbed) \ss desprenderse (una capa delgado de algo, o piel que ha sido raspada y lastimada) \pna O:xi:pe:w notsi:ntew ipan burroh. \pea The skin on my rear end as gotten rubbed off from riding on a donkey. \psa Se me rasparon las nalgas por andar sobre burro. \pna Oksepa o:texi:pe:w ka:n kikukwa, ka:n kipia itso:tso:w. \pea Once again (its skin) has peeled off where it (in this case a donkey) is hurt, where it has a sore. \psa Otra vez se peló(la piel) donde está lastimado (en este caso un burro), donde tiene una llagita. \xrb xi: \xrb pe: \dis xi:pe:wi; xi:kopi:ni; a:la:wi \nse <na>Xi:pe:wi</na> and <nlao>xi:kopi:ni</nlao> are close in meaning. However, according to consultants, when referring to skin that peels as a result of sunburn, <na>xi:kopi:ni</na> and not <na>xi:pe:wi</na> is used. When referring to human skin <na>xi:pe:wi</na> seems to be used more, particularly when some sort of scraping injury is the cause. \rt The root <nr>xi:</nr> can apparently be isolated in words such as <nla>xi:kopi:ni</nla> and <nla>xio:tl</nla>, although in the latter there is a short vowel. It would seem that <nla>xi:pe:wi</nla> and <nla>xi:pe:wa</nla> has similar etymology, though the question remains whether the root of these two words should be considered to be <n>xi:p</n> or <nr>xi:</nr>. For the purposes of cross-referencing \ref 03677 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /tlatsopi:ni:hloh/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 03/Dec/2001 \ref 03678 \lxa a:miktia \lxac ka:miktia \lxo a:mihtia \lxoc ka:mihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make thirsty (a person) \ss hacer que tenga sed (a algn); dar sed (a algn) \pna Ne:cha:miktia. \pea I makes me thirsty. \psa Me da sed. \pna O:necha:miktih michin, kas toto:nki. \pea The fish made me thirsty, probably it is"hot"(in the hot/cold classification of foods). \psa El pescado me diósed, quizá es"caliente"(del sistema clasificatorio para comida de frio/caliente). \pna San yewa na:miktia, xo:kwi:kak a:tl. \pea He himself is the cause of his thirst, he didn't take water along. \psa El mismo tiene la culpa de tener sed, no llevó agua consigo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to drown (sb); to drown or damage with too much water (a plant) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ahogar (una persona); ahogar o dañar por una abundancia de agua (una planta) \pna Timitsa:mi:mikti:s. \pea I'm going to drown you. \psa Te voy a ahogar. \pna O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l ika ke:n o:kiaw. \pea The heavy rains drowned my corn field (i.e., gave my maize root rot from too much water). \psa La lluvia fuerte inundómi milpa (esto es, pudrióla raíz del maíz con tanta agua). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to prevent from breathing or to suffocate; or make it hard to breathe for (sb) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sufocar; hacer la respiración difícil a \pna Ne:cha:mi:miktia ko:lo:tl. \pea The scorpion (bite) is making it difficult for me to breathe. \psa El (piquete del) alacrán me dificulta la respiración. \xrb a: \xrb miki \xvbao a:miki \qry Note the reference in one phrase above to the hot/cold system of classification. This should be explored and referred to in the cultural encyclopedia. \grm Re: causativization, note how it indicates when reflexively marked, indirectly by implication, culpability and responsibility: /San yewa na:miktia, xo:kwi:kak a:tl/ 'He himself is the cause of his thirst, he didn't take water along.' This naturally emerges from the semantics of a two-person reflexive event. \grm /O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l ika ke:n o:kiaw/ Note use of complementation with /ika/. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03679 \lxa tlachi:lia \lxac kitla:tlachi:lia \lxo tlachi:lia \lxoc kí:tlachí:lia \dt 24/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \sea to search or frisk (see <nlo>tlá:machília</nlo>) \ssa esculcar (vé ase <nlo>tlá:machília</nlo>) \pna O:ne:chtlatlachi:likeh. \pea They frisked (searched) me. \psa Me esculcaron. \seo to look around (e.g., to search for sth missing) in the things of (sb) \sso buscarle (a algo) en las cosas de (p. ej., para encontrar algo) \pno Xné:xtlatlachíli tla: tihnemilia náwa o:nikíxtek! \peo Look around my things if you think that I stole it! \pso ¡Búscale a mis cosas si piensas que yo me lo robé. \seo (often with a directional) to keep an eye on for (e.g., a place to make sure nothing happens) \sso (a menudo con una direccional) vigilar o estar cuidando para (p. ej., un lugar para ver que no pase nada) \pno Niaw te:cha:n. Xne:chá:ltlatlachílitóka:n deke xkalaki pitso! \peo I'm going to someone's house, come watch over (my house or patio) to make sure that pigs don't get it! \pso Voy de visita, ven a estar checando para ver que no entren los marranos. \xrb chiya \xvbao tlachia \qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. Note that although one original filecard had short vowel reduplication meaning"to frisk"another had long vowel reduplication: /mistla:tlachi:li:s/ 'they will search you (i.e., your body, house)' or 'they will frisk you.' Check to determine whether both long and short vowel reduplication are correct and, if so, what the difference between the two is. Check C. Flores discussion re vowel lenght. \grm Note the nature of the applicative here for what seems to be {chiya}; cf. to /pialia/, the applicative of /pia/. Note also the reduplication of /tla-/, which suggests fussion and lexicalization. \grm Directionals; durative: Note the combination in Oapan Nahuatl of a durative (-toka:n) and the directional prefix /wa:h-/: /Niaw te:cha:n. Xne:chá:ltlatlachílitóka:n deke xkalaki pitso/ 'I'm going to someone's house, come watch over (my house or patio) to make sure that pigs don't get it!' Normally, when one utters an imperative/optative in which the subject moves toward a particular point of reference to carry out an action, then the directional suffixes /-ki/ is used. However, with the durative, this cannot be the case. \ref 03680 \lxa rreá:l \lxac rreá:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan real \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sem measure \sea twelve and a half centavos (old money measure) \ssa doce centavos y medio (antigua medida de dinero) \equiva tomi:n \cfa me:dioh \ref 03681 \lxa tlakpakopa \lxac tlakpakopa \lxo tlahpakopa \lxoc tlahpakopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der N-loc-3 \infv class-3a \se toward a higher area or place; in the direction of higher ground \ss hacia un lugar oárea más arriba o más algo \seo East \sso este \xrl -kpak; -pa \qry Determine full range of meaning and, more importantly, how to classify this term, which seems nominal in Oapan but"adverbial"in Ameyaltepec. \grm Note the direction East used with this term in Oapan. \pqry Perhaps change this to /tlakpakopa/. \ref 03682 \lxa pilisa:l \lxac pilisa:l \lxo pilisa:l \lxoc pilisa:l \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn pl. <na>pilisa:lteh</na> / <na>pilisa:lmeh</na> (Am); <no>pisa:ltih</no> \se blanket \ss cobija \pna Nikonkwis nopilisa:l. \pea I'm going to grab my blanket. \psa Voy a recoger mi cobija. \pna Nonamaka miák pilisa:lteh. \pea A lot of blankets are sold. \psa Se venden muchas cobijas. \equiva plen \xrb pilisa:l \nse Tetelcingo has <na>pilisol</na> with the same meaning. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <na>pilisa:l</na> is usually found in the possessed form. There is no documentation of an absolutive ? <na>pilisa:hli</na> although an unpossessed plural is documented: <na>Nona:maka miák pilisa:lteh</na>. \qry Recheck vowel length though I am quite certain that the long /a:/ is correct. Note that I have seldom heard this in singular unpossessed, but I don't remember hearing ?pilisa:hli. It is possible that this is related to the first element in /-pila:na/. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03683 \lxa koko:hli \lxac koko:hli \lxo kókó:hli \lxoc kókó:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:kó:l</no> \der N-b \pa yes \se grandfather; father of ones godparents; grandfather of ones spouse \ss abuelo; padre del padrino o madrina; abuelo del conyuge \pna Nokoko:l, nokompa:lna:n itah katka. \pea He is my grandfather, he was the father of my godmother. \psa Es mi abuelo, era el padre de mi comadre. \pna Nikoko:hli. \pea I am a grandfather \psa Soy abuelo. \se (<na>ika o:kpa</na> ~) great-grandfather, great-grandfather of ones godparents, great-grandfather of ones spouse \ss (<na>ika o:kpa</na> ~) bisabuelo, bisabuelo del padrino o madrina; bisabuelo del conyuge \pna Yewa, ika o:kpa nokoko:l. \pea He is my great-grandfather. \psa Es mi bisabuelo. \se (arch. <na>se: tokoko:l</na>) an elder man of the village \ss (arc. <na>se: tokoko:l</na>) hombre del pueblo de una edad avanzada \pna O:mik se: tokoko:l. \pea An elder man of our pueblo died. \psa Se murió un hombre de edad avanzada de nuestro pueblo. \sem kin \cfa koko:l \xrb ko:l \nse As with most kin terms, <na>koko:hli</na> is almost always possessed, although it may be used unpossessed. The possessed first person plural form is the phrase <na>se: tokoko:l</na> is used in Ameyaltepec to refer to an elder man, not necessarily a <spn>principal</spn>. It has been replaced by <na>se: towe:weh</na>, the term now commonly used in this village. \ref 03684 \lxa manchó:n \lxac manchó:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea to be branchy; to have a lot of branches \ssa ser frondoso; tener muchas ramas. \pna Ke:n tlako:tl, san manchó:n. \pea It is like a rod, just <nla>manchó:n</nla>. \psa Es como una vara, solamente <nla>manchó:n</nla>. \qry The meaning of /machó:n/ was not explained in my notes and should be researched. \ref 03685 \lxa chikwe:iti \lxac chikwe:iti \lxo chikwe:iti \lxoc chikwe:iti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se for a week to pass; to be in a weeks time \ss pasar o pasarse una semana \pna Nika:n nichikwe:itis. \pea I'm going to spend a week here. \psa Voy a pasar una semana aquí. \pna Yo:chikwe:it. \pea It's already been a week. \psa Ya ha pasado una semana. \xrb chik \xrb ye:i \ref 03686 \lxa kwi:stik \lxac kwi:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be uncomfortable; to be sad (from not being at home in a given place) \ssa (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) estar triste (por no hallarse en un lugar) \sea (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be weak or exhausted; to be debilitated (e.g., from hard work, from illness, from being unhappy where one is, etc.) \ssa (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) estar débil; estar exhausto (p. ej., de trabajo duro, de una enfermedad, por no hallarse, etc.) \pna Yo:nsiawi:tih, sa: kwi:stik. \pea I exhausted it (in this case my horse), it's now completely debilitated. \psa Lo hice cansar (en este caso a mi caballo), quedócompletamente debilitado. \fla kwi:tsiwi \xrb kwi:ts \nse The word <na>kwi:stik</na>, or its virtual equivalent <na>kukwi:stik</na>, refers to a state of exhaustion, of being under the weather, of an animal that just goes around sad, not feeling comfortable where it is, not eating well, etc. It may also apply to a person who is constantly under the weather, who is not lively, who is bored or feels bothered, who has from parasites, etc. \qry Determine the precise reasons, and all, that an animal or person may become /kwi:stik/, i.e., exhaustion, 'no hallarse', illness, etc. List these in the /nte field. \ref 03687 \lxa tlato:lchi:kwepok \lxac tlato:lchi:kwepok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea person who is long-winded, an endless talker \ssa persona que habla sin cesar \xrb hto \xrb kwepo: \dis tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak; tlato:lchi:kwepok \ref 03688 \lxa papayetsa \lxac kipapayetsa \lxo papaitsa \lxoc kipapaitsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(ts) \se to grind up (maize) in the mouth and eat only a little, letting the rest fall to the ground (a pig that cannot eat well because it is <na>tomayoh i:pan i:kwitlaxkol</na>) \ss pulverizar (maíz) en la boca y comer poco, dejando lo demás caer al suelo (un marrano que no puede comer bien porque <na>tomayoh i:pan i:kwitlaxkol</na>) \pna San tlapapayetsa, xwel tlakwa un pitso. \pea That pig just grinds things up (in this case maize it is fed), it can't eat. \psa Ese marrano nada más pulveriza el maíz, no puede comer. \seo to tingle (e.g., the feeling given by a small insect walking on the skin of [O]; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>pepeyotsa</nla>) \sso causar un sentir de hormiguero (p. ej., el sentimiento que causa un insecto que camina por la piel de algn; vé ase Ameyaltepec <nla>pepeyotsa</nla>) \xrb paya: \xvnao paya:ni \nse <na>Papayetsa</na> is undoubtedly a variation of the expected <na>papayatsa</na> ; perhaps the very short /a/ simply got slightly fronted and raised. This might have been idiosyncratic to the speaker who pronounced this word when I first head it. \nae The reduplication in Oapan <no>papaitsa</no> does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival <nlo>té:paíxtik</nlo> has the <n>te-</n> "dummy morpheme"that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched. \qry Check O use of /papayetsa/ C. Flores says it should be /pepeyotsa/. \pqry Check penultimate vowel /e/. Finally, check for possible intransitive: /papayaka/ or /papayeka/. For the Oapan forms, check vl as well. It appears that the length of a dipthong of vowel and glide is longer than two short vowels together because the transition from one point to the other is vocalic rather than consonantal. It will be important to determine how to measure this (cf. e.g., /pa:i/, etc.). The reduplication in Oapan <no>papaitsa</no> does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival <nlo>té:paíxtik</nlo> has the <n>te-</n> "dummy morpheme"that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 5746. These should be tagged here and perhaps two of them should be chosen for the linked tokens. \grmx Oapan reduplication; phonology: The reduplication in Oapan <no>papaitsa</no> does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival <nlo>té:paíxtik</nlo> has the <n>te-</n> "dummy morpheme"that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched. \sj papayetsa \ref 03689 \lxa maxaltik \lxac maxaltik \lxo maxaltik \lxoc maxaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue, etc.) \ss ser bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija, etc.) \xrb maxal \nse <nao>Maxaltik</nao> refers to something forked, such as a <spn>horcón</spn> or a piece of wood, as well, it seems, as a snake or lizard's tongue. It appears that <nao>maxaltik</nao> is virtually identical to <nlao>maxaliwtok</nlao> (and Ameyaltepec <na>maxale:wtok</na>) but slightly different in terms of usage. For example, <nao>maxaltik</nao> does not appear to be used when referring to a road, whereas <nao>maxaltik</nao> is acceptable with this meaning. \nae <nao>Maxaltik</nao> is one of the few deverbal adjectivals for which an intransitive verbal base (? <nao>maxaliwi</nao>) does not exist, or has not been documented to date. \ref 03690 \lxa isantsi:n \lxaa isani \lxac isantsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea an early riser \ssa madrugador \xrb hsa \grm Note /isantsi:n/, apparently this is used as a noun whereas /isani/ is more the habitual sense. Check. Apparently these forms are not used in Oapan (e.g., nothing for /a:tlakwintsi:n/). \ref 03691 \lxa tlatsi:ni \lxac tlatsi:ni \lxo tlatsi:ni \lxoc tlatsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infn +Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to hatch (fowl or other birds, or insect larvae) \ss nacer (solamente aves o pájaros, o larva de insectos como <nla>okwiltixtli</nla>) \xrb tlatsi: \xv0ao tlatlatsi:ni \nse The only documented use of <na>tlatsi:ni</na> to date has been in reference to the hatching of fowl or the birth of insect larvae, which also emerge from eggs. Apparently this meaning is an extension of a more basic signification referring to breaking. Although most Ameyaltepec consultants agreed that this word is used only in reference to birth by hatching, some accepted its use with any living animal (though the more common term is <nla>tla:kati</nla>). \nde Molina has for <n>tlatzini</n> 'sonar algo rebentando, assi como huevo quando lo asan, o cosa semejante.' \qry Check to determine whether the basic meaning of 'reventar' is still used. Check also all -ni verbs for the possiblity of two transitive forms, and determine differences in signification if they exist. \grm Causatives; transitivity; agentivity: There are a very few verbs in Ameyaltepec (and perhaps Balsas Nahuatl in general) that have both a nondirected and a causative transitive. One such verb is /komo:ni/, which is found both as /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia/. Another is the present, /tlatsi:ni/, which forms both /tlatsi:nia/ and /tlatsi:naltia/. Here it is interesting to note the difference between the two forms. /tlatsi:naltia/ is a classic example of a causative. With /tlatsi:ni/ one has a young animal hatching; with /tlatsi:naltia/ one also has a young animal hatching, but now as the causee of a two-argument predicate. With /tlatsi:nia/, however, it is the sound that is reproduced (or made to emerge) from another, which has no agentive status. Note that Classical has /tlatzini/ and /tlatziniltia/ (nite-. rebajar, humillar a alguien.), but neither /tlatzinia/ nor /tlatzinaltia/. \ref 03692 \lxa tsokwiliwi \lxac tsokwiliwi \lxo tsókwilíwi \lxop tsokwiliwi \lxoc tsókwilíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to become filthy; to become really dirty and disgusting \ss estar o quedar mugriento; quedar asqueroso \equiva tsokwile:wi \equivo tsókwilé:wi \xrb tsohkwil \nse <na>Tsokwiliwi</na> and related words are rarely used and, when they are, almost always to refer to things that are really filthy and somewhat disgusting, such as a plate with food left on it, a child's diaper with excrement, etc. Luis Lucena mentioned that this word and its cognates are used to refer to plates, dishes, pans, pots, and other cooking utensils and items that have had food left in them, which has dried and left things filthy and somewhat disgusting. \vl Although not in my original notes, the p-a has been added to the Oa headword and the /pa yes field added. Check and remove if necessary. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03693 \lxa ma:nelowa \lxac kima:nelowa \lxo ma:nelowa \lxoc kima:nelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to stir around with ones hand (e.g., grains being cleaned in a sieve) \ss revolver con la mano (p. ej., maíz al cribarlo sobre un arnero o malla) \xrb ma: \xrb nel \vl Link second female token. \ref 03694 \lxa nakatetl \lxac nakatetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se person who is naked or in the buff \ss persona desnuda \se bird without feathers (e.g., a newly born bird); animal without hair (a newly born animal) \ss pájaro o ave sin plumas (p. ej., un pájaro recién nacido); animal sin pelos (un animal recién nacido) \flao -tetl \syno a:latetl \xrb naka \xrb te \fl -tetl \qry Check to make sure the meaning 'without hair' is correct; I added it on my own based on the meaning 'without feathers' but do not have documentation of this use in my notes. \ref 03695 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:ya:wília \lxoa tlá:ya:wília \lxoa tlá:ye:wília \lxop tlá:ya:wilia \lxoc kitlá:ya:wília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to mimic or ape (the gestures or actions of); to imitate; to do an impression of (the voice of) \sso remedar (los gestos o acciones de); imitar (la voz de) \syna tlakawilia \xrb ya:wa -?- \nse During a review of the dictionary, Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlá:ya:wília</no> as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec <na>tlaka:wilia</na>. However, the etymologies of the two forms, Ameyaltepec <na>tlaka:wilia</na> and Oapan <no>tlá:ya:wília</no> might well be distinct; and further analysis of the semantics of the terms might also reveal distinctive meanings. For this reason, the two have been given separate entries at present. \nae The etymology of Oapan <no>tlá:ya:wília</no> is uncertain. It might be related to <no>ka:wa</no> as is what might be the Ameyaltepec equivalent <na>tlaka:wilia</na>, but it might have a different origin. Superficially it would seem to be derived from a reduplicated form of the verb ? <no>ya:wilia</no>, in which the reduplicant is realized as lengthening and pitch on the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. However, the length of the <n>tla-</n> syllable is uncertain (the proper orthography might be <no>tláya:wília</no>) and if there is length it might be the result of /k/ deletion in an intervocalic environment. Definitely more analysis of this verb is needed. \pqry Recheck vowel length of /a/, perhaps it should be short like the Am cognate. \grm Oapan phonology; /k/ deletion: Note that from the semantics of each word it seems apparent that they are equivalent. Note the k>0 rule (in the context of a_a) is operational here. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03696 \lxa ye:lpanxoko:ya \lxac ye:lpanxoko:ya \lxo ye:lpaxoko:ya \lxoc ye:lpaxoko:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-2a \se to be left with a bitter taste in ones chest \ss quedarsele un sabor amargo en el pecho \pna Newa o:ne:lpanxoko:yak, o:nimilpo:ts iwa:n ki:sa xokó:k \pea I was left with a bitter taste in my chest, I burped and something bitter came up. \psa Me quedó un sabor amargo en el pecho, me eructéy algo amargo salió. \se to have an upset stomach from overeating \ss empacharse por comer demasiado \xrb ye:l \xrb xoko \xrl -pan \nse With the sense of 'to have an upset stomach' <nao>ye:lpanxoko:ya</nao> seems to be close in meaning of the reflexive <nao>noxwitia</nao>. \nae Note the operation of a phonological rule that deletes the nasal in the Oapan form. This type of nasal deletion is common across the dialect. \qry Check the meaning of 'to have an upset stomach' as this might have been due to a misinterpretation on my part of the meaning, or a faulty translation by a consultant. \grm Oapan phonology: /n/ deletion: With /ye:lpaxoko:ya/, Note the operation of a phonological rule that deletes the nasal in the Oapan form. This type of nasal deletion is common across the dialect. \ref 03697 \lxa ayutamaltsi:ntli \lxacpend *ayutamaltsi:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:ntli \sea brownish yellow or dark yellow, like the yellow of squash \ssa amarrillo algo café o oscuro, como el amarillo de la calabaza \sem color \xrb ayoh \xrb tamal \qry Check whether this word should have been recorded without the absolutive ending, as is the case with many colors. Also note how /-tsi:n(tli)/ makes a noun into a color term. Recheck here and with all words the length of the initial /a/. \ref 03698 \lxa o:melia \lxac ko:melia \lxo ó:meliá \lxop ó:melia \lxoc kó:meliá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-lia \infv class-2a \pa yes-orthography \se to do a second time (e.g., to pass over a field with a plow a second time before planting; see <nlo>o:ntetilia</nlo> ; or to put double sticking in a cloth) \ss hacer por una segunda vez (p. ej., pasar con el arado sobre el terreno por la segunda vez; see <nlo>o:ntetilia</nlo> ; o poner una costura doble al coser una tela, etc.) \pna Kemech niko:meli:s -=nikoo:meli:s- notla:l. \pea I will soon plow over my field for the second time. \psa Pronto pasaré el arado la segunda vez sobre mi terreno. \pna Tlao:melia. \pea He is going over it (e.g., his field with a plow) for a second time. \psa Le está haciendo por segunda vez (p. ej., arar su terreno antes de sembrar). \pna Xko:meliitlake:n! Xtlakalili o:me i:loh! \pea Put a double stitch in his clothes (e.g., in the seam)! Put two threads in it! \psa ¡Pónle doble costura!¡Pónle dos hilos! \cfa ye:ilia; ye:itilia \cfo ye:tetilia \xrb o:me \nse In Ameyaltepec, only fields and clothes have been documented as objects of the transitive verb <na>o:melia</na>. In Oapan the plowing of a field for the second time is referred to by the verb <nlo>ó:ntetília</nlo>. The verb <no>ó:meliá</no>, in this latter village, is used to refer to the first time the plow is used to weed after the maize has sprouted. It is equivalent to <nlo>tla:lwia</nlo> (Oa) or <nla>xihki:xtia</nla> (Am). For a fuller account, see the notes under <nlao>teki</nlao>. \qry Check for other possible objects of /o:melia/. \mod For a diagram of the different ways in which one goes over a field the second time, depending on whether one will plant on the third pass (/ipan ye:i to:ka/) or on the fourth pass (/ipan na:wi to:ka/), see the illustration with /o:melia/). \grm Applicative/causative: Note the use of the /-lia/ suffix with numbers to indicate doing sth to an object for the second time. With adjectives such as /we:i/ and /yema:nki/ there is an inchoative (/we:iya/ and /yema:nia/) and a causative (/we:ilia/ and /yema:nilia/) in which the /-lia/ substitutes for the inchoative /-ya/. However, the basic pattern is that of Adjective + lia indicating a causative (i.e., inducing a state change to occur). With numerals this is not quite the case, since the object of /o:melia/ is not being forced to 'become two.' Rather, in seems that with numerals the /-lia/ ending has more of an applicative sense: the object is the benefactive in a sense, being benefited by having the action on it repeated X number of times (with the x number being the base of the verbalization). Since there is no other verbal form to be considered (unlike the -lia causatives that have an inchoative), forms such as /o:melia/ are considered deadjectival verbs. However, it appears that there is an inchoativeform of numerals + ya as in /o:mexkayo:tl/ 'sth from two years ago'. Note that the /x/ reflects an underlying {y} and thus perhaps it is possible to assume a form ?o:meya 'to become two'. But check to see if a straight form exists: ?o:meya, etc. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03699 \lxa wa:ki \lxac wa:ki \lxo wa:ki \lxoc wa:ki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \infv class-3a(k) \tran Compl \se to dry \ss secarse \pna Yo:wa:k motlake:n, xkalakti kali! \pea Your clothes have dried, take them in the house! \psa Ya se secótu ropa,¡métela dentro de la casa! \se to dry up (a well or other place where there is water) \ss secarse (un pozo u otro lugar donde hay agua) \cfao tewa:ki \xrb wa: \ref 03700 \lxa i:xkotia:nwia \lxac ni:xkotia:nwia \lxo i:xkotia:wia \lxof [i:x ko chia: 'wi a] \lxoc ni:xkotia:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to do by oneself; to isolate oneself in doing sth \ss (refl.) hacer algo solo; apartarse o quedarse separado para hacer algo \pna Nitlakwatok san newa, nimi:xkotia:nwitok. \pea I am eating alone, I am doing it by myself. \psa Estoy comiendo nada más yo, lo estoy haciendo solo. \xrb i:x \xrl -i:xko \nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, this refers to the action of this refers to the action of isolating oneself in doing something. \nde Molina has several related words, none of them reflexive. Note, for example, <n>ixcoyantia. nicn</n> 'apropiar, o aplicar asi algo' and <n>ixcoyantia. nite</n> 'dar, o apropiar o adjudicar algo a otro.' \grm Note the use of /-wia/ with the nominalized /i:xkotiya:n/. Cf. RS who has /ixcoyan/ and /ixcoyantia/. \vl There are several mispronunciations. Do not tag them, only the good terms (perhaps about 4 each). \ref 03701 \lxa tsatsapotsi:n \lxac tsatsapotsi:n \lxo tsátsapótsi:n \lxocpend @tsátsapótsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \sea type of tree as yet unidentified \ssa tipo deárbol hasta ahora no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tsapo \cpl There is no mention of this in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979); nor is it immediately obvious if this plant corresponds to any particular tree in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). Schoenhals (1988) has an extensive list of zapotes, of many difference genera, particularly <i>Casimiroa, Pouteria, Pachira</i> and <i>Diospyrus</i>. \nct kohtli; tsapotl \qry I seem to remember a /kochisapotl/ that is not, however, yet entered on the database. Make sure it is. \ref 03702 \lxa xa:lpi:si:hli \lxac *xa:lpi:si:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se fine-grained sand \ss arena muy fina \equivao xa:lkwe:xtli \xrb xa:l \xrb pi:si:l \nse Although originally documented in Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores mentioned that he has never heard this word. It might have been uttered as a"borrowing"from another village or region. Rather, he accepted <nla>xa:lkwe:xtli</nla> as the term meaning 'fine-grained sand.' \ref 03703 \lxa chipi:nilia \lxac kichipi:nilia \lxo chipi:nilia \lxoc kichipi:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to let drops fall on \ss dejar caer gotas sobre \pna O:nimochi:chipini:lih yetl. \pea I let drops of liquido from the beans fall on me. \psa Me dejémanchar por el caldo de los frijoles. \xrb chipi: \xvbao chipi:nia \qry Check correctness of short vowel rdp in /O:nimochichipini:lih yetl./. \ref 03704 \lxa nekwahlo:tia \lxac kinekwahlo:tia \lxo ne:nkwahlo:tia \lxoc kine:nkwahlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to tie with a certain type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) \ss atar con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') \pna O:kinekwahlo:tih \pea He tied it with a half (or clove) hitch. \psa Lo atócon un cabo de vuelta. \pna Kinekwahlo:tia, kisa:lowa ika nekwahli. \pea He hitches it to it, he ties it with a clove hitch. \psa Le pone un cabo de vuelta, lo ata con un cabo de vuelta. \xrb kwa \cfa nekwahli \ref 03705 \lxa a:pachowa \lxac ka:pachowa \lxo a:pachowa \lxoc ka:pachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to cover with water; to soak in water \ss sumergir en, o cubrir con, agua; remojar en agua \pna Xka:pacho, ma a:sia:wi! \pea Cover it with water, let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)! \psa ¡Sumérgelo en agua, déjalo remojar (p. ej., palma que se necesita ablandar para que se pueda atar, ropa para lavar, etc.)! \pna Xka:pacho un so:ya:tl para ma yema:nia. \pea Cover (soak) that palm in water so that it gets soft (and can be used to tie things). \psa Mete esa palma en agua para que se suavize (y se pueda utilizar para atar o entrelazar cosas). \pna Xka:pacho moyew para tikonxi:ni:s! Tikpapa:kas. \pea Place your beans in water, you will (later) toss them (into a pot to cook)! You will wash them (this refers to the action of placing beans in a water-filled bowl to soften and clean them before cooking). \psa Mete los frijoles en agua, los vas a hervir (después)! Los vas a lavar (se refiere a la acción de poner frijoles en un plato hondo con agua para ablandarlos y limpiarlos antes de cocerlos). \se to ply with drink; to give much drink to \ss ofrecer bebida con insistencia; ofrecer y servir mucha bebida \pna Mlá:k o:te:cha:pachokeh. \pea They really plied us with drink. \psa Nos servieron mucha bebida. \xrb a: \xrb pach \nse Add phrase to entry under /xi:nia/. \ref 03706 \lxa Jódio:s to:to:tl* \lxac Jódio:s to:to:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of bird, still not identified, that looks like a roadrunner with a crest \ssa tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado, que parece a un correcaminos con una cresta \sem animal \sem bird \xrb to:to: \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has an entry under <spn>judío</spn> :"1. (<i>Dives dives</i>) 'melodious [singing] blackbird' See tordo cantor. 2. (<i>Molothrus aeneus</i>) 'bronzed [red-eyed] cowbird' See tordo ojirojo. 3. (<i>Crotophaga ani</i>) 'smooth-billed ani' See pico de cera. 4. (<i>Crotophaga sulcirostris</i>) 'groove-billed ani' See garrapatero.'"It is not clear whether any of these correspond to the bird mentioned in this entry. \ref 03707 \lxa te:yaman \lxaa te:aman \lxac te:yaman \lxo té:yamán \lxoc té:yamán \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \pa yes-lex \se to be bothersome (particularly some situation or object) \ss ser molestoso (particularmente una situación u objeto) \se to get in people's way (e.g., an object that blocks a path, or prevents people from doing certain things they wish to do) \ss ser estorboso (p. ej., algo que estorba una senda, etc.) \xrb ahmana \nae The plural of this deverbal adjectival is <na>te:amankeh</na> (Am) and <no>té:amánkeh</no> (Oa). \dis te:amanki \qry Determine precise difference between /te:aman/ and /te:amanki/ \ref 03708 \lxa tekpin \lxac tekpin \lxo tehpin \lxoa tekpin \lxoc tehpin, tekpin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se flea \ss pulga \pna I:a:tin chichi, tekpin, so:lo chichi kipiya. \pea The louse of dogs, it (is called) <na>tekpin</na>, only dogs have them. \psa El piojo de los perros, es (llamado) <na>tekpin</na>, sólo los perros lo tienen. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tekp \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \vl NOTE TO SELF: Terrible clipping on female channel. \ref 03709 \lxa poxa:wak \lxac poxa:wak \lxo poxa:wak \lxoc poxa:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be crumbly or loose (certain stones in regards to their consistency) \ss desmigajarse, desmenuzarse, o desmoronarse fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras) \pna Poxa:wak un tetl, yema:nki. \pea That rock is crumbly, it is soft. \psa Se desmorona fácilmente esa piedra, está poco dura. \pna Poxa:wak, san nima:n papaya:ni. \pea It is crumbly, it breaks apart right away. \psa Estámuy suelto (en este caso en referencia a la consistencia de una piedra), luego luego se desmenuza. \se to be spongy \ss ser esponjoso \se to be loose; to be not tight (e.g., a rope whose strands are not very tightly wound) \ss estar flojo; estar no o poco apretado (p. ej., una soga con los hilos poco apretados) \pna Poxa:wak mola:soh, xokitetsi:loh kwahli. \pea The strands of your rope are loose (not tightly twisted together), he (its maker) didn't twine it together tightly (with a <spn>taravía</spn>). \psa Tu riata está floja, no lo torcióbien (él que la hizo, con una taravía). \cfao tetsi:ltik \xrb poxa: \dis xiti:ntok; xiti:nki; poxa:wak \nse In regards to a rope, the opposite of <na>poxa:wak</na> is <nla>tetsi:ltik</nla> \qry Determine difference with /(te)poxaktik/. \qry Note that here I have the /te'/ as optional. This should be checked. Also, the difference between /poxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/ should be discussed. Obtain plural of /poxaktik tla:katl/ to fully ascertain if the form is a compound (one word) or two. \vl There is an extra female token at 4797. \ref 03710 \lxa te:kekexkilih \lxac te:kekexkilih \lxo te:kekexilih \lxoc te:kekexilih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be itchy; to cause itchiness \ss dar comezón \pna Te:kekexkilih sa:watl. \pea Skin rashes are itchy. \psa El sarpullido da comezón. \xrb kex \grm Word order: /Te:kekexkilih sa:watl/ 'Skin rashes are itchy.' Note that although generic meanings of nouns usually precede the predicate (e.g., /tla:katl xkwahli/ 'men are no good'). \grm Oapan phonology: Note that the final /h/ of Inocencio Jiménez's seems to go to a nasal. Check. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03711 \lxa ma:kaxa:nia \lxac noma:kaxa:nia \lxo ma:kaxa:nia \lxoc noma:kaxa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to let ones arm go slack \ss (refl.) aflojarse el brazo \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih. Xtili:ni moma! Nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi. Xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <nla>tarabi:yah</nla> used to make cord). Hold your arm tight! It (the rope) has begun to twist up here. The threads are no longer laying nice and flat (on each other), in various places they are getting wound up around each other. \psa Dejaste aflojar el brazo.¡Apriétalo! Aquíya empezó(la soga) a torcer. Ya no se asientan bien (planos) los hilos, en algunos lugares ya se van enroscando. \xrb ma: \xrb kaxa: \qry Check for intransitive form. \ref 03712 \lxa pa:pa:ntsi:n \lxac pa:pa:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea ear of maize that remained small, poorly formed, and immature (in reference to an ear still on the stalk, or even already cooked) \ssa elote que quedómal formado, pequeño e inmaduro (en referencia a un elote todavía sobre la planta o hasta cuando ya se coció) \pna Pa:pa:ntsi:n, xo:chika:w, kwe:xtik itlayo:ltsitsi:wa:n. Pero wel nokwepa de ye:lo:tl, kikxitian itik ko:ntli. \pea It is a small, poorly formed ear of maize, it did not mature, its kernels are small. But it can become an <spn>elote</spn>, they are cooking it in a pot. \psa Es un elote mal formado y pequeño, no maduró, sus granos son pequeños. Pero se puede volver elote, lo están cociendo en una olla. \pna Papa:ntsi:n pa:mpa o:kitlakal yeyekatl kwa:k ye:lo:tl katka. Xo:chika:w. \pea It is a poorly formed immature ear of corn because the wind knocked it to the ground when it was just an <spn>elote</spn>. It didn't get fully ripe. \psa Es un elote mal formado e inmaduro porque el viento lo tiró al suelo cuando era solamente un elote (esto es, antes de que madurara). No maduróbien. \equivo sempa:pa:ntsi:n \xrb pa:n \nse Because the kernels of the <na>pa:pa:ntsi:n</na> are small, it is not shelled. Often <na>pa:pa:ntsi:n</na> are given whole to pigs to eat. However, they are sometimes cooked in boiling water and the kernels become like those of an elote. Note that <na>pa:pa:ntsi:n</na> refers to these ears of corn both before and after they are cooked. The etymology of this word is unclear, perhaps its root is related to that found in <na>pa:ya:ni</na>. \qry Check vowel length. \ref 03713 \lxa kochpasolowa \lxac kikochpasolowa \lxo kóchpasolówa \lxop kochpasolowa \lxoc kikóchpasolówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to keep from sleeping (e.g., by causing a disturbance, for example with excessive noise); to keep awake (by disturbing the sleep of) \ss no dejar dormir (p. ej., al molestar con ruido); molestar el sueño de \pna Te:kochpasolowa un tla:wa:nke:tl, tsatsitok. \pea That drunk is keeping people from sleeping, he is shouting. \psa Ese borracho no deja la gente dormir, está echando gritos. \se (refl.) to be unable to sleep \ss (refl.) no poder dormir \pna Nokochpasolowa, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl ikone:w. \pea He is unable to sleep, a scorpion bit his child. \psa No puede dormir, un alacrán le mordió a su hijo. \xrb kochi \xrb pahsol \ref 03714 \lxa se:xiwtilia \lxac kise:xiwtilia \lxo se:xihtilia \lxoc kise:xihtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>-xiwtilia</nla> (Am) or <nlo>xihtilia</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>-xiwtilia</nla> (Am) o <nlo>xihtilia</nlo> (Oa) \xrb se: \xrb xiw \ref 03715 \lxa tlako:lo:le:roh \lxac tlako:lo:le:roh \lxo tlako:lo:le:roh \lxoc tlako:lo:le:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>tlako:lo:hli</n> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; Gender; pl. <nao>tlako:lo:le:ros</nao> \se man (or woman) who works a hillside parcel (<nla>tlako:lo:hli</nla>) planted with a digging stick and worked by hand \ss hombre (o mujer) que trabaja un terreno en una cuesta o cerrito (<nla>tlako:lo:hli</nla>) sembrado con un coa y trabajado a mano \synao tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl \xrb tlako:l \encyctmp tla:hli \vl Link second female token. \ref 03716 \lxa ichkatl \lxac ichkatl \lxo ichkatl \lxoc ichkatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se (alienable possession) cotton (e.g., possessed or owned by a person) \ss (posesión enajenable) algodón (p. ej., el que se puede posesionar por una persona) \se cotton plant (i.e., by extension) \ss planta de algodón (esto es, por extensión) \se (intrinsic possession) cotton or cotton-like plant fiber (of a plant [Poss] such as that of the <nbao>po:cho:tl</nbao> or <nbao>to:moichkatl</nbao>) \ss (posesión intrínseca) algodón o una fibra como algodón (de una planta [Pos] como lo que tiene el <nbao>po:cho:tl</nbao> y <nbao>to:moichkatl</nbao>) \pna To:moichkatl kipia ichkayo. \pea The <na>to:moichkatl</na> cactus has cotton-like fibers. \psa El cactus llamado <na>to:moichkatl</na> tiene fibras como de algodón. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chka \vl Link second female and second male tokens. \ref 03717 \lxa tomaxoko:ya \lxac tomaxoko:ya \lxo tomaxoko:ya \lxoc tomaxoko:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to have too much ground tomato (a salsa) \ss pasarse de tomate (una salsa) \fla tomaxokó:k \xrb toma \xrb xoko \vl Note that first Florencia gives /tomaxoko:k/. This should be tagged with 1189. Then she repeats the word correctly twice. Link her second good pronunciation. \ref 03718 \lxa tlaxkalkwa \lxac kitlaxkalkwa \lxo tlaxkalkwa \lxoc kitlaxkalkwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to eat the tortilla of (a woman who is cooking them) \ss comerle las tortillas de (una mujer que las está preparando) \pna O:ne:chtlaxkalkwa:ko. \pea He came to eat my tortillas (that I was just making). \psa Vino a comerme las tortilllas (que estaba preparando). \xrb xka \nae The fact that the object of <na>tlaxkalkwa</na> is a"malefactive,"a person adversely affected by an action, is the result of the nature of the nominal incorporation, which is this case represents"possessor raising"; the analytical equivalent of <na>ne:chtlaxkalwa</na> would be <na>kikwa notlaxkal</na>. However, note that as a reflection of the"possessor raising"status of this verbal compound, <na>tlaxkalwa</na> is used only under the specific instance of a woman (the primary object) whose tortillas are eaten while she is preparing them. Otherwise (e.g., if one is eating tortillas and another person comes and takes some to eat) one would say <na>ne:chkwa:lia notlaxkal</na>. \grm Noun incorporation; possessor raising; inalienable possession: The fact that the object of <na>tlaxkalkwa</na> is a"malefactive,"a person adversely affected by an action, is the result of the nature of the nominal incorporation, which is this case represents"possessor raising"; the analytical equivalent of <na>ne:chtlaxkalwa</na> would be <na>kikwa notlaxkal</na>. However, note that as a reflection of the"possessor raising"status of this verbal compound, <na>tlaxkalwa</na> is used only under the specific instance of a woman (the primary object) whose tortillas are eaten while she is preparing them. Otherwise (e.g., if one is eating tortillas and another person comes and takes some to eat) one would say <na>ne:chkwa:lia notlaxkal</na>. Cf. to verbs such as /chi:lkwa/. \vl Link second female and first male tokens. \ref 03719 \lxa to:hla:nti \lxac to:hla:nti \lxo to:hla:nti \lxoc to:hla:nti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to form a crowd; to become crowded (in the sense of their being many people) \ss haber mucha gente; llegar a formar una muchedumbre o gentío \pna O:pe:w to:hla:nti. \pea A crowd has begun to form (gather). \psa Un gentióha empezado a juntarse. \xrb to:l \xrl -tla:n \mod Note that vowel length is definite as noted, having been checked acoustically on a tape. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 03720 \lxa tlatsakwa \lxac tlatsakwa \lxo tlatsakwa \lxoc tlatsakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to close up (a building such as a house, shop, etc.) \ss cerrar (un edificio como una casa, tienda, etc.) \pna Yo:tlatsakwalo:k. \pea They've already closed (e.g., a store). \psa Ya cerraron (p. ej., una tienda). \pna Tiwa:ltlatsakwas wa:n tikochis. \pea You will close the door behind you as you enter (a house) and you will go to sleep. \psa Vas a entrar (a tu casa) cerrando la puerta atrás de ti y vas a dormir. \pno Nó:nokátlá:tsahtók. \peo Everything is closed up (e.g., various stores). \pso Todo estácerrado (esto es, en varios lugares). \xrb tsakwa \xbtlao tsakwa \grm Directionals; /tla-/. Note the phrase /Tiwa:ltlatsakwas wan tikochis/ 'You will close the door behind you as you enter (a house) and you will go to sleep.' Here the /tla-/ prefix functions as an indefinite null complement, identifying the object of the verb as a building (the antonym of /tlatlapowa/). However, what is interesting is the signification of /wa:l-/. The point of reference for the deixis is a future location (the point of arrival of the subject inside the house). Note also that despite the fact that the only relevant movement is of the subject, a directional suffix is never used with this meaning. Thus to say 'he closed the door behind him (upon entering the house) one says /o:wa:ltlatsakw/ and not /o:tlatsakwako/. And, if one leaves a house I would imagine an aspectual: /titlatsakwte:was/. This should, however, be checked. \vl Note that the first speech token of Florencia Marcelino is /tlá:ltsakwá/. I do not know the meaning of this word, but have assigned it entry 7642. Please give it the tag 07642-OF1a.wav. The next four tokens are fine for this entry, 3720. \ref 03721 \lxa ma:sesepok \lxac ima:sesepok \lxo má:sepó:k \lxoc i:má:sepó:k \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N2 \se elbow \ss codo \sem body \sem human \xrb ma: \xrb sepow \nse Although at first glance this word appears to contain the locative <n>-k(o)</n>, it appears that <na>ma:sesepok</na> (Am) and <no>má:sepó:k</no> (Oa) might be apocopated forms of a deverbal * <na>sesepoktli</na> or * <na>sesepoktik</na>. The etymology of this word is not clear; Classical has a completely different word, <n>molictli</n> or <n>molicpitl</n>. However, Molina gies <n>cepoctli</n> and <n>cepouhqui</n> as 'persona entomecida, o tollida.' RS has the additional words <n>cepoctic, cepoctli, cepouac</n> o <n>cepouhqui</n> as 'acalambrado, paralizado, adormecido.' Note that in Ameyaltepec the verb <nla>ma:sepowa</nla> is used to refer to the action of cutting part way through a branch of a fallen tree and then bending the branch close to the ground. It might be that the word for 'elbow' in Ameyaltepec is metaphorically related to this verb, indicating that the arm here is bent, much as occurs in the action indicated by <na>ma:sepowa</na>. Moreover, the derivation of an /-owa/ verb to /-ktik / is not unreasonable. The term <na>ma:sesepok</na> might also refer to the fact that this is the place on the arm which, if hit, causes the arm to become numb or numb-like. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that the Oapan <no>má:sepó:k</no> would seem to show the reducation of the reduplicant on a long vowel, such as occasionally occurs. Check San Juan, however, for the possibility of {mah-}. \sj Check for /h/ \ref 03722 \lxanotes zzz \mod This word was /patlachwia/ used by men to indicate female masturbation by rubbing. It has been removed as offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Given the sense of this word tag it but do not link it to the dictionary. \ref 03723 \lxa kwetlaxtik \lxac kwetlaxtik \lxo kwetlaxtik \lxoa kwitlaxtik \lxoc kwetlaxtik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be soft; to be droopy (sth that should be stiff or hard and isn't but is rather soft and rather resistent, rubbery) \ss estar suave (algo que debe estar, pero no está duro, es algo resistente a romper, morder, etc.) \pna Totopoxtli kwetlaxtik, xokitliwa:tskeh. \pea The tostadas are soft, they didn't toast them (on the griddle). \psa Las tostadas están suaves, no las doraron (sobre el comal). \pna Kwetlaxtik merko:chah. \pea The <spn>mercocha</spn> (a type of sugar) is soft and flexible (i.e., it can be bent and molded for form). \psa La mercocha está suave y flexible (esto es, se puede doblar). \se to be weak; to be feeble, without energy, unable to bear up (particularly in regards to heavy work, bearing a burden, etc.) \ss ser débil y sin fuerza (particularmente como resultado de trabajo pesado, de no comer, etc.); sin energía \pna Xma:s ke:wa tli:n yetí:k, san kwetlaxtik. \pea It can't carry heavy loads any more, it is weak (e.g., a beast of burden). \psa Ya no aguanta cosas pesadas, es débil (p. ej., un animal de carga). \xrb kwetlax \qry Check all applications of this adjective. Create entry under /merko:chah/; seek definition. Check for whether /kwetlaxtli/ is a word. There is great variation in Oapan between those who pronounce /kwitlaxtik/ and those using /kwetlaxtik/. Check all occurrences. \ref 03724 \lxa tlayo:koltia \lxac kitlayo:koltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to sadden; to make sad or melancholic \ssa entristecer; hacer melancólic \cfo ámaná \xrb yo:koya \ref 03725 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo osto:tsi:n xokotl \lxoc osto:tsi:n xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seao <l>Randia thurberi</l> S. Watson, small tree of the Rubiaceae family \ssao <l>Randia thurberi</l> S. Watson, arbusto de la familia Rubiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva tetekolo:tsi:n \xrb osto: \xrb xoko \cpl According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for <nla>china:ntli</nla>, apparently of the type known as <nla>tlawi:kpantli</nla>. One consultant also mentioned that <na>ko:koneh wel kikwan itla:kihlo</na> 'children can eat its fruit.' Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish for this tree as <spn>tetecolochi chico</spn>, and states that it is of the family <i>Fouqueriaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Fouquieria</i> sp."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:175) have one tree of the <i>Fouquieriaceae</i> family: <i>Fouquieria ochoterenae</i>, known in Spanish as <spn>rabo de iguana</spn>. Schoenhals (1991) gives several of this genus under palo santo:"1. (<i>Fouquieria formosa, F. splendens, F. fasciculata</i>) 'candlewood,' 'ocotillo.' Red-flowering desert shrub with long, unbranched stems. Wood is used for fences. The seeds are used as a poultice for aching gums. Also called colorín cimarrón, ocotillo, palo de Adán, rosalillo, tecotillo, torote."Neither the description of Schoenhals nor that of Guizar a nd Sánchez are similar to that of the <na>tetekolo:tsi:n</na> in Ramírez. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check etymology: reduplication or /te-/ intensifier; the former is more likely. Check whether children can eat its fruit, since in another phrase it is mentioned that /san tekoch wel kikwa/. Also check translation of second illustrative page. \ref 03726 \lxa sentechi:wa \lxac nosentechi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to become completely formed (e.g., a fetus) \ss (refl.) formarse enteramente (un fetu) \pna Yo:nosentechi:w un kone:tsi:ntli, sa: xwa:lnemi, sa: to:nahli poliwi. \pea The fetus has become completely formed, it's just about to be born, it'll just be a day. \psa Ya se formópor completo el fetu, falta no más que nazca, falta solamente un día (ya es hora). \se (refl.) to become full (the moon) \ss (refl.) llenarse (la luna) \pna Yo:nosentechi:w me:stli, yo:te:n. \pea The moon has become complete, it became full. \psa La luna ya se hizo completa, ya se puso llena. \equivo sentetla:lia \xrb sem \xrb te \xrb chi:wa \nse Cristino Flores did not know of the use of <na>sentechi:wa</na> in reference to a full moon. However, he suggested that the term, if it exists, might be used to refer to the"recuperation"of the moon after an eclipse. \qry The meaning of /sa: to:nahli/ in the above phrase is unclear. Perhaps it means that only its soul is lacking, or that only a day (more or less) is lacking. Check. \ref 03727 \lxa kalxomilin \lxac kalxomilin \lxo kaxomilin \lxoc kaxomilin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sem animal \sem insect \se bedbugs that often are found in the rods of beds made of <nla>tlapextli</nla> \ss chinches, que generalmente viven en las varitas de las camas hechas de <nla>tlapextli</nla> \pna Melá:k miák kalxomilimeh nocha:n, ipan notlapech. \pea There really are a lot of bedbugs in my house, in my bed. \psa De veras hay muchos chinches en mi casa, en mi cama. \equiva tlapechxomilin \xrb kal \xrb xomil \cpl Under"chinche"Schoenhals (1988:217) mentions:"(<na>Cimex lectularius</na>) 'bedbug' Also called chinche de las camas." \qry I have recorded a plural form but the possibility of pluralizing should be rechecked. \ref 03728 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /boli:chih/ and has been removed as a duplicate for 3041. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03729 \lxa -i:xko \lxac i:xko \lxo -i:xko \lxoc i:xko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se in front of \ss enfrente de \pna Deke ihkón o:tikihlih, xo:tiktla:tlakaki:tih. O:tikihlih i:xko. \pea If you said it to him in that manner, you didn't just say it (sth bad, critical, or insulting) aloud so that he would overhear it. You said it to him directly (to his face). \psa Si se lo dijiste de esa manera, no lo dijiste (algo mal, crítico o insultante) simplemente para que lo escuchara así. se lo dijiste directamente (a su cara). \pna Mi:xko ma nipano! \pea Excuse me as I go in front of you! \psa ¡Perdón que pase enfrente de tí! \se near the surface or top of (e.g., <na>:i:xko a:tl</na> 'on the water's surface' = <na>a:i:xko</na>) \ss por o cerca de la superficie de (p. ej., <na>i:xko</na>, 'por la superficie del agua' = <na>a:i:xko</na>) \se (<na>i:xko tlaxkahli</na>) thin crust that separates from the top of a tortilla as it is cooked (syn. <nla>i:xa:mayo</nla> <na>tlaxkahli</na>) \ss <na>i:xko tlaxkahli</na>) costra delgada que se separa de la"frente"de una tortilla al cocerse (sin. <nla>i:xa:mayo</nla> <na>tlaxkahli</na>) \cfao a:i:xko; tepe:i:xko \xrb i:x \xrl -ko \nse <na>-I:xko</na> must either be possessed or be preceded by a nominal stem. Like other similar constructions it has an adverbial sense. \qry Check other meanings and uses of /i:xko/, e.g. /i:xko ma nipano/, etc. Check for other combination of /i:xko N/. Also look for incorporation as in /tepe:i:xko/. \ref 03730 \lxa axi:tia \lxac kaxi:tia \lxo áxí:tia \lxop axi:tia \lxoc káxí:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to complete (e.g., a load or some number of objects to be gathered together) \ss completar (p. ej., una carga o alguna cantidad en particular de algunos objetos) \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti! Xasitok. \pea Complete it entirely! It isn't finished (or complete, e.g., a load of firewood, etc.). \psa ¡Complétala bien! No está completo (p. ej., una carga de leña, etc.). \pna Na:nkah i:n. San kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n, xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s! \pea Here is some (money). In the event it is more expensive, pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (when you get back)! \psa Aquíhay (dinero). En el caso de que salga más caro, complétale túy aquíte pago la diferencia (cuando regreses). \pna O:nikaxi:tih notomi:n para nontlakowas. \pea I've gotten together enough of my money to go shopping. \psa He juntado bastante dinero para ir de compras. \pna Yo:tlaxi:tih. \pea He's completed (finished) it (e.g., a load of firewood). \psa Ya la completó(p. ej., una carga de leña). \pna Saniman titlaxi:ti:skeh. \pea We will complete it right away (for example, a number of things to be gathered together). \psa Lo vamos a completar luego luego (por ejemplo, un número de cosas para juntar). \se (<na>kaxitia</na> plus a certain number of days, months, or years) to complete (the indicated amount of time); to be of or arrive at a certain age \ss (<na>kaxitia</na> más un cierto número de días, meses o años) to complete (the indicated amount of time); tener la edad indicada \pna Yo:kaxi:tih o:me xihpan. \pea He is two years old. \psa Ya llegó a los dos años de edad. \pna Yo:nikaxi:tih be:ynteh a:ños. \pea I've completed twenty years (of age, or of performing a particular task). \psa He cumplido veinte años (de edad, de hacer algo). \se to take to a destination; to make arrive (at ones home) \ss hacer llegar a su destino (o a casa) \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti icha:n! Kwahli ma asi! \pea Take him right to his house! Make sure he gets there OK! \psa ¡Llévalo hasta su casa!¡Quéllegue bien! \pna Deke o:nimik, tine:chaxi:ti:s tocha:n. \pea If I die, make sure that I (i.e., my corpse) am taken to our village (to be buried). \psa Si me muero, tienes que asegurarte que llegue (mi cuerpo) a nuestro pueblo. \pna Ya:lwa bweno:rah o:tine:chaxi:tih tocha:n. \pea Yesterday you took me back to our village early. \psa Ayer me llevaste a nuestro pueblo a buena hora. \pna Saniman mitsaxi:ti:s, kuwtik. \pea It will get you there right away, it is strong (in this case a beast of burden). \psa Luego luego te va a hacer llegar, está fuerte (en este caso un animal de carga). \xrb ahsi \xvaa axi:ltilia \xvba asi \nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the form <na>tlaxi:tia</na> (with a nonspecific object) is seldom used because of its closeness (in sound) to <na>tlaxitia</na> 'to get an erection' (derived from the causative of <na>isa</na> 'to awaken'; note that in Oapan the minimal pair is <no>tláxí:tia</no> 'to complete (sth)' and <no>tláxitiá</no> 'to get an erection'). Rather, a syntax that uses the definite object <n>k-</n> is preferred <na>kaxi:tia</na>. \qry Check the difference between /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia:/. Also note that /tlaxi:tia/ is In one filecard I have noted that /axi:ltia/ is the same as /axi:tia/. However, this should be checked to determine possible differences. \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: The initial /a/ in Oapan /axitia/ varies in length very slightly among the two pronunciations each of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. The range variation for the length of the initial /a/ seems to vary between 62 and 69 ms. \ref 03731 \lxa tla:katl \lxac tla:katl \lxo tla:katl \lxoa tla:atl \lxoc tla:katl; tlá:atl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se adult man (i.e., of the masculine sex) \ss hombre adulto (esto es, del sexo masculino) \se male \ss del sexo masculino; macho \pna Suwa:tl noso tla:katl? \pea Was it (in this case a child just born) a girl or a boy? \psa ¿Era niña (en este caso un niño recién nacido) o niño? \se (fig., often with a modifier) man (in the sense of exhibiting characteristics taken as masculine) \ss (fig., a menudo con un modificador) hombre (en el sentido de exhibir características entendidas culturalmente como masculinas) \pna Xtiitla:katl? Tle:ka xtikchi:wa? \pea Aren't you a man? Why don't you do it? \psa ¿No eres hombre?¿Por quéno lo haces? \se (alienable possession) male lover \ss (posesión enajenable) amante masculino \pna Kipia itla:kaw, iwa:n nenemi. \pea She has a lover, she goes around with him. \psa Tiene su amante, anda conél. \se (intrinsic possession) torso; body (this has the sense of torso, but also ones body in general) \ss (posesión intrínseca) torso; cuerpo entero (tiene el sentido del torso solo o, también, del cuerpo en general) \pna Ne:chkukwa notla:kayo. \pea My body (or torso) aches. \psa Me duele el cuerpo (o torso). \sem body \cfa tlatla:katl; i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n \cfo tlátlá:katl \xrb tla:ka \nse Unlike <nla>sowa:tl</nla>, <na>tla:katl</na> is not used in compounds to indicate the male sex. \nde For the sense of lover, where Ameyaltepec might use <na>itla:kaw</na> Oapan has <no>í:tlatlá:kaw</no>. But note that since Ameyaltepec does have <na>isusowa:w</na> with the sense of female lover (of a male), it might also use the reduplicated form of <na>tla:katl</na> with this sense. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length; compensatory lengthening: Note that the length of the /a:a/ sequence is quite long in both the female and male speech of Oapan. In most cases it is well above 250 ms (over the length of two long vowels) and in the first token of Inocencio Jiménez it approaches 300 ms (my measurement is 292). This seems to suggest the possibility of compensatory lengthening. This possibility is confirmed by measuring initial to final release for all four tokens of both female and male. For Florencia the times for total word are 495 and 506 for /tla:katl/ and 439 and 510 for /tla:atl/. For Inocencio the times are 477 and 467 for /tla:katl/ and 510 and 475 for /tla:atl/. This suggests that the deletion of the intervocalic stop /k/, which occupies perhaps 50 to 70 is compensated for by vowel lengthening. \vl Note that there are two pronuncations. The final link should have a female/male sequence of tla:katl, tla:katl; and then a female/male sequence of tla:atl, tla:atl. \ref 03732 \lxa kanaktsi:n \lxac kanaktsi:n \lxo kanahtsi:n \lxoc kanahtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n \se to be very or quite thin (cloth, paper, sth sliced, etc.) \ss estar muy delgado o ralo (tela, papel, algo rebanada, etc.) \se to be very shallow (water) \ss ser muy poca profunda (el agua) \pna Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl. \pea The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water is (e.g., has been left) very shallow. \psa Por todos lados los peces están brincando. Hay muchos. El agua es (p. ej., se quedó) muy poca profunda. \xrb kana: \qry Check for acceptability of /kanaktik/. Apparently /tekanaktik/ is OK. Check difference between /tekanaktik/ and /kanaktsi:n/. Check whether /kanaktsi:n/ accepts the intensifier: ?/tekanaktsi:n/. \grm Diminutive; intensifier: \ref 03733 \lxa xi:xaleh \lxac xi:xaleh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \sea person who defecates a lot (particularly a young child not yet toilet trained) \ssa cagón; persona que defeca mucho (particularmente un niño que todavía no sabe usar el baño) \pna Melá:k xi:xaleh mokone:w. Kas san tiktlakwaltitok. \pea Your child shits a lot. Maybe (it's because) you are always just giving him things to eat. \psa Tu niño es un cagón. Quizá(es porque) siempre le estás dando de comer. \xrb xi:xa \grm Possessive with /-eh/: With this word and /a:xi:xaleh/ note that the /-eh/ is added onto an apparent nominalization /axixahli/ and /xixahli/ that does not exist independently of the possessed contruction. Classical Nahuatl also does not manifest the nominalizations that are the ostensible bases for the possessed forms. \ref 03734 \lxa tekwe:xtli \lxac tekwe:xtli \lxo tekwe:xtli \lxoc tekwe:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-wi \infn Stem 1(ch) \se gravel; small pebbles or stones \ss grava; piedrecitas \synao tei:skitl \xrb te \xrb kwe:ch \ref 03735 \lxa tsopeltik \lxac tsopeltik \lxo tsopeltik \lxoc tsopeltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se sweet \ss dulce \pna Xteteltik a:tl, tsopeltik. \pea The water is not tart tasting, it is sweet. \psa El agua no está agarrosa, está dulce. \equivao tsope:lik \xrb tsope:l \nae The original notes for this word mention that <na>tsope:lik</na> and <na>tsopeltik</na> are equivalent in meaning. They also state that whereas <na>tsope:lik</na> has a long /e:/, <na>tsopeltik</na> has a short /e/. \qry Check correctness of /tsopeltik/ and make sure that it is equivalent to /tsope:lik/. Vowel length is def. short /pel-/. Check/recheck other words with same stem. \grm Vowel length: Analysis to date shows a long /pe:l-/ in words like /tsope:lik/, but a short vowel in /tsopeltik/. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03736 \lxa te:miktli \lxac te:miktli \lxo te:mihtli \lxoa te:miktli \lxoc te:mihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \se dream (i.e., what one dreams when one is asleep) \ss sueño (esto es, lo que uno sueña cuando está dormido) \xrb te:miki \nae In one case the point of articulation of the closure, written orthographically as /h/ appears to be velar, and closer to <no>te:miktli</no>, as in Ameyaltepec. \grm Oapan phonetics: The point of articulation of the closure (obstruent) in Oapan Nahuatl /te:mihtli/ seems to vary slightly. Check with a phonetician. \vl Link 2nd female token and first male token. \ref 03737 \lxa yeko \lxo yékó \lxop yeko \psm V1 \der epenthesis \der V1-b \infv class-4a \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se see <nla>eko</nla> (Am) or <nlo>ékó</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>eko</nla> (Am) or <nlo>ékó</nlo> (Oa) \pa yes-lex \xrb ehko \vl The tokens here should be given the ref. number 661, additional numbers.. \ref 03738 \lxa sa: chika \lxac sa: chika \lxo sa: chika \lxoa sa: cheka \lxoc sa: chika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \se constantly; one time after another; see <nla>sa:</nla> ; <nlo>chika</nlo> \ss seguido; repetidamente; una y otra vez; vé ase <nla>sa:</nla> ; <nlo>chika</nlo> \qry Get meaning of this term and examples of its use. Then add to either /chika/ or /sa:/ entry (or /san/?). Also, perhaps even create this entry /san/ or /sa:/ /chika/ and link to the others. Finally, determine which is correct (or both, in different pueblos)... etc. Determine the part of speech, etc. \vl Link first female file. \ref 03739 \lxa tlatlastaltsi:n \lxac tlatlastaltsi:n \lxo tlátlastáltsi:n \lxoc tlátlastáltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n \pa yes \se see <nla>tlatlastaltik</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tlatlastaltik</nla> \sem color \xrb sta \ref 03740 \lxa tsonkahli \lxac tsonkahli \lxo tsonkahli \lxoc tsonkahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se headdress used for the dance called <nla>Mo:ros Chi:nos</nla>, and made of curled horse hair, bright paper, and other material on a wooden frame \ss corona que se emplea en la danza llamada <nla>Mo:ros Chi:nos</nla>, hecha de cabello de caballo enrizado, papel colorido y otros materiales sobre un marco de madera \xrb tson \xrb kal \ilustmp Illustrate and obtain, if possible \ref 03741 \lxa papatia \lxac kipapatia \lxo pápatiá \lxop papatia \lxoc kí:patiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s.h(pref): <no>kí:patiá</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to patch up; to fix by replacing worn out areas or parts; to touch up (e.g., large areas, such as walls, by painting the parts that need it) \ss remendar; arreglar al reponer o remplazar las partes desgastadas; retocar (áreas grandes como paredes, p. ej., al pintar los lugares que lo necesitan) \pna Nikpapati:s nokal, yo:isoliw, yo:kokoyo:n, kalaki a:tl. \pea I will patch up (the roof of) my house, it's gotten worn out, it has holes in it, water gets in. \psa Voy a reparar (el techo de) mi casa, ya se hizo viejo, se agujereó en varios lugares, entra el agua. \pna Kipapatia, xkipatla nochi. \pea He patches it up (in places that are worn), he doesn't replace it all (e.g., a palm roof). \psa Le remienda en partes (donde está gastado), no lo cambia todo. \pna Nikpapati:s deke o:xi:pe:w. \pea I'll touch it up (with paint) if it's peeled. \psa Lo voy a retocar (con pintura) en caso de que se desconchó. \xrb pa \xvaa papatilia \xvao pápatília \nse <na>Papatia</na> (Am; <no>pápatiá</no> (Oa)) refers to replacing or changing the worn out sections of any material object: the palm roof of a house, the worn out threads of a a sack that has had some threads break and come apart, leaving an opening, or the peeled off parts of a wall with whitewash or paint. \nae Apparently the stem for <na>papatia</na> (Am) is not found in nonreduplicated form (i.e., * <na>patia</na> does not exist in this sense). However, the root of <na>papatia</na>, a reduplicated form, is probably the same as that in <nla>patla</nla> 'to exchange.' Thus there would seem to be two transitive forms: <na>patla</na> for unreduplicated use and <na>papatia</na> for the reduplicated form. \nde Since this verb always seems to take a 3rd-peson object prefix, it is not found with a prefix with a long vowel. Thus the headword entry <no>pápatiá</no> is simply the underlying form. \ref 03742 \lxa tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh \lxac *tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>caballo</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln \sea type of white maize that used to be planted in Ameyaltepec and Santa Teresa but is no longer \ssa tipo de maíz blanco antes sembrado en Ameyaltepec y Santa Teresa pero ya no \sem maize \sem domesticated \xrb o:ya \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse <na>Tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</na> is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <nla>ista:k tlayo:hli</nla>. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 03743 \lxa kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \lxac kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \lxo kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se <l>Pseudosmodingium perniciosum</l> (Kunth) Engl., type of <spn>cuajiote</spn> tree of the Anacardiaceae family \ss <l>Pseudosmodingium perniciosum</l> (Kunth) Engl., tipo de <spn>cuajiote</spn> de la familia Anacardiaceae \pna Kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para komaxahli, kipia iyo:l. \pea <na>Kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl</na> : It is good for <spn>horcones</spn>, it has heartwood (and is hard). \psa Es (el <na>kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl</na>) bueno para horcones, it has heartwood (and is hard). \sem plant \sem kowtli (pending) \equiva kuexyio:tl chi:chi:ltik \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb pa:lo: \nae Acoustically the middle /o:/ of Oapan Nahuatl <no>kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl</no> has a very short duration and perhaps for this reason should not be considered a short vowel. However, since no general rule for shortening has been discovered in this phonological context it has been left orthographically long, pending further analysis. \encyctmp kuhxio:tl \nct kohtli \qry I have also recorded /kuhxio:pa:pa:lo:tl/, check. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in all forms. Cf. my notes in 2554, where I suggest that I heard a short /o/ in /kohxiotl/. Here too, the vowel appears to be short in the Oapan case. This should be checked here as well as elsehwere. There are four extra tokens of this word at 4478; they should be tagged with 3743 as this latter entry has been eliminated. Perhaps link the later tokens, since the recording might be better. \grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Acoustically the middle /o:/ of Oapan Nahuatl <no>kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl</no> has a very short duration and perhaps for this reason should not be considered a short vowel. However, since no general rule for shortening has been discovered in this phonological context it has been left orthographically long, pending further analysis. \ref 03744 \lxa popoloxtik \lxac *popoloxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea person who mumbles, who does not pronounce his words well \ssa persona que murmurra, que no pronuncia bien sus palabras \pna San popoloxtik. Xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa. \pea He mumbles. He doesn't pronounce his words clearly, you won't understand what he says. \psa Habla entre dientes. No pronuncia bien las palabras, no puedes entender lo que dice. \xrb polo: \nae The deverbal <na>popoloxtik</na> is a modifier related to the verb <n>popoloni</n>, which Molina glosses as 'ser tartamudo, o empedido de la lengua.' The unreduplicated form as well as the frequentative derivation is found in Carochi (fol. 477) and both the unreduplicated <n>polo:ni</n> and the reduplicated <n>pòpolo:ni</n> are glossed as 'ser tartamudo, y hablar barbaramente.' The derivated stem <n>popolox</n> is not documented in the sources, but the appearance of /x/ in derivations from verbal bases ending in a long vowel followed by <n>-ni</n> is not unheard of, e.g., <n>cualaxtli</n> from <n>cuala:ni</n>. \qry Query whether /polo:ni/ is used. \ref 03745 \lxa tepe:tsa:hla:n \lxac tepe:tsa:hla:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-tsa:hla:n \infn N1(loc) \sea in the midst of the hills \ssa en los cerros; en medio de los cerros \pna Tepe:tsa:hla:n cha:nti. \pea He lives in the hills. \psa Vive en medio de los cerros. \xrb tepe: \xrl -tsa:hla:n \nde In Oapan the construction <no>i:tsa:hla:n kohyoh</no> is used. As Florencia Marcelino noted, one cannot say ? <no>in:tsa:hla:n tepe:meh</no> because one can not be in their midst, although one can be in the midst of trees. Cristino Flores stated that he has never heard this word, but he stated that it should be kept in the lexicon. \qry This entry should be checked. It has been constructed from my memory of the use and meaning of /tepe:tsa:hla:n/. \ref 03746 \lxa xakwaliwi \lxac xakwaliwi \lxo xakwaliwi \lxoc xakwaliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become or get smashed \ss aplastarse; machucarse \pna O:xaxakwaliw nomi:l. O:kaxilih ara:doh; o:kokoto:n. \pea My maize plants got smashed. A plow hit them; they got cut up. \psa Se machucómi milpa. Le pegó un arado, se destrozaron. \pna O:tixakwaliw, a:sta o:xoxo:wiak. \pea You got smashed (from a blow to a part of the body), it even formed a bruise. \psa Te golpeaste fuerte, hasta salió un moretón. \se to be or become completely exhausted (a person, e.g., after hard labor) \ss agobiarse; estar o quedar exhausto (una persona, después de mucho trabajo) \pna Melá:k yo:nixaxakwaliw. Yo:nisiaw. \pea I'm really beat. I got tired. \psa Estoy agobiado. Ya me cansé. \xrb xakwal \nse Note that this root may well be related to that of <na>xakwachowa</na>. The reduplicated form in Oapan is <no>xaxakwaliwi</no> without a pitch-accent mark. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 03747 \lxa pila:nke:tl \lxac pila:nke:tl \lxo pila:nke:tl \lxoc pila:nke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se nursemaid; babysitter; woman who takes care of children \ss niñera; mujer (generalmente joven) que cuida niños \pna Timistlapila:nili:s deke xtikpia pila:nke:tl. \pea I will baby-sit for you if you don't have a nursemaid. \psa Voy a cuidar los chiquitos para tísi no tienes niñera. \xrb pil \xrb a:na \nse Although <nao>pila:na</nao> is a transitive verb, the agentive is formed without reducing valency through a nonspecific object prefix (<n>tla-</n> or <n>te:-</n>). \qry Check to see if /tlapila:nke:tl/ is also acceptable. \grm Nominalizations; agentives: It is usually the case that agentives formed on transitive verbs require a reduction in valency either through noun incorporation or the utilization of a non-specific object. However, there are agentives of transitive verbs that do not have their valency saturated (e.g. /titlanke:tl/, /nechicoki/, etc.). For the former it is quite possible that the base is the passive. That is, the meaning is 'someone who is sent' not 'someone who sends (messengers)' (which might be sth like /te:titlanke:tl/. Here then, is the key to nominalizations perhaps. Valency is saturated for agentive transitive verbs when the nominalization refers to the person who performs the action. This explains /titlanke:tl/. In forms such as /a:xi:xtli/ note again that the verb is more of a deponent, and not really a transitive. However, a nominalization/agentive such as /nechicoh/ or /nechicoqui/, etc. is hard to explain, since it refers to an agent that undertakes a clearly transitive action. Cf. Launey for possible suggestions. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03748 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxac cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxo cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxoc cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxt cha:chaya:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea generic name for three types of wild plants or weeds, two of the Leguminoseae family (<na>cha:chaya:tsi:n de susowa:tl</na> and <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n de xtotomioh</na>) and one of the Caesalpiniaceae family (<na>cha:chaya:tsi:n de tlatla:katl</na>) \ssa nombre genérico para tres tipos de plantas silvestres o malezas, dos de la familia Leguminoseae family (<na>cha:chaya:tsi:n de susuwa:tl</na> y <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n de xtotomioh</na>) y uno de la familia Caesalpiniaceae (<na>cha:chaya:tsi:n de tlatla:katl</na>) \seo generic name for two types of wild plants or weeds, one of the Leguminoseae family (<no>cha:chaya:tsi:n i:mátlapál pipitsa:wak</no>) and one of the Caesalpiniaceae family (<no>cha:chaya:tsi:n de wa:xté:pitsák</no>) \sso nombre genérico para dos tipos de plantas silvestres o malezas, una de la familia Leguminoseae (<no>cha:chaya:tsi:n i:mátlapál pipitsa:wak</no>) y otra de la familia Caesalpiniaceae (<no>cha:chaya:tsi:n de wa:xté:pitsák</no>) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chaya: \mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase. \qry Check vowel length of final /a:/. It does, however, appear long. \cpl This plant is not used for anything: <na>xtlah para</na> 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as <spn>chachayate</spn> of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>chachayote</spn>. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n</na>. \nct xiwtli \ref 03749 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am /nakamomotsowa/ that has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03750 \lxa tsokwiltik \lxac tsokwiltik \lxo tsókwiltík \lxoc tsókwiltík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \se to be filthy; to be disgustingly dirty (e.g., a plate left for a good bit of time with food on it) \ss ser mugriento; ser asqueroso por sucio (p. ej., un plato dejado por un buen tiempo tener comida) \xrb tsohkwil \ref 03751 \lxa chi:ka:hloh \lxac chi:ka:hloh \lxo chi:ka:hloh \lxoc chi:ka:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se place where there is an abundance of <nbao>chi:ka:lin</nbao>, a type of <na>xiwtli</na> \ss lugar donde abunda el <nbao>chi:ka:lin</nbao>, un tipo de <na>xiwtli</na> \xrb chi:ka:l \ref 03752 \lxa ayutamahli \lxac ayutamahli \lxo áyotamáhli \lxoc áyotamáhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se squash tamal, a tamal made of squash and panela and wrapped in corn husks (<nla>to:tomo:xtli</nla>) \ss tamal de calabaza, hecho con calabaza y panela, y envuelto en hojas de elote (<nla>to:tomo:xtli</nla>) \pna Tixtli iwa:n ayutli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli. \pea (<na>Ayutamahli</na> is made of) <nla>tixtli</nla> and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks. \psa (<na>Ayutamahli</na> se hace de masa y calabaza cocida, se endulze con panocha, (se envuelve con) las hojas de la mazorca. \sem food \xrb ayoh \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli \qry See entry under /tamahli/. \mod Add notes under /tamahli/ to cultural encyclopedia for tamales. \vl NOTE TO SELF: The vowel length of all words with /ayotli/ should be checked. It is hard to determine the length. In the Oapan utterances here they seem short. I have compared this to /a:yahtli/ and there is a definite difference in the spectrogram. Thus for now I have considered the vowel short in Oapan. \grm Note order of attributive, meaning"cooked": /Tixtli iwa:n a:yotli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli/, i.e.,"(It is made of) <na>masa</na> and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks."Note the position of /o:iksik/, which modifies /a:yotli/. \ref 03753 \lxa toma:wa \lxac kitoma:wa \lxo toma:wa \lxoc kitoma:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to make fat; to fatten or fatten up (e.g., an animal that is to be slaughtered) \ss engordar (a una persona, o un animal que va a ser sacrificado) \pna Kitoma:wa ite:ko. \pea His owner (in this case of a pig) is fattening it up. \psa Su dueño lo está engordando (en este caso a un marrano). \xrb toma: \ref 03754 \lxa kwa:sa:liwtok \lxac kwa:sa:liwtok \lxo kwa:sa:lihtok \lxoc kwa:sa:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have a cloth tied around ones forehead (because one is sick, has a headache, etc.) \ss tener una tela ceñido a la frente (por estar enfermo, tener dolor de cabeza, etc.) \pna Kwa:sa:liwtok, kas kwalo. \pea He has a piece of cloth tied around his head and forehead, perhaps he is sick. \psa Tiene una tela ceñida a su cabeza y frente, quizá está enfermo. \xrb kwa: \xrb sa:l \nse Sometimes <na>kaxti:lanmexkahli</na> is placed below the cloth to help its curing effects. \qry I have only heard this verb in the"progressive,"its occurrence without /-tok/ should be checked, and if it does occur, then an entry for the verbal should be added. \ilustmp Illustrate \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03755 \lxa tlakwalno:tsa \lxac kitlakwalno:tsa \lxo tlakwalno:tsa \lxoc kitlakwalno:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to invite to eat though a voiced invitation (generally when the person doing the inviting [S] is eating) \ss invitar o convidar a comer con palabras (generalmente cuando el que invita [S] está comiendo) \pna Ne: xkaman te:tlakwalno:tsan. \pea There (in another village for example) they never invite people to eat (when they are eating). \psa Allá(en otro pueblo, por ejemplo) nunca convidad a comer. \xrb kwa \xrb no:tsa \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 03756 \lxa kwa:tetesonowa \lxac kikwa:tetesonowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \se to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \ss cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \pna Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh. \pea They cut his hair real short. \psa Le cortaron el pelo muy corto. \se to give a rough and uneven haircut to \ss cortarle el pelo muy disparejo a \equiva kwa:tetesontilia \equiva kwa:tetesontla:lia \equivo kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse There seems to be no clear difference in meaning between a reduplicated and nonreduplicated form although apparently the reduplicated form, here given as the dictionary headword, is more common. Both may be used with a singular object. \qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. \qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. \ref 03757 \lxa ma \lxac ma tlakwa \lxo ma \lxoc ma pa:ki \dt 16/May/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se model enclitic to express a desire or wish of the speaker \ss enclítico modal para expresar un deseo del hablante \pna Ok ma nima:lti! Kwa:kon tia:skeh. \pea Let me bathe first! Then we can go. \psa ¡Quéprimero me bañe! Entonces podemos ir. \pna San seknek ma ye! \pea Let them all be together (in their own separate place)! \psa ¡Quétodos estén juntos (en un solo lugar aparte)! \pna Ma te:chpale:wi:ki! \pea I hope he comes to help us! \psa ¡Ojaláque nos venga a ayudar! \pna Ma pano ilwitl, nia:s Te:jas. \pea After the fiesta is over, I'm going to Texas. \psa Pasando la fiesta, voy a Tejas. \pna Tlaiwatok, ma ntla:wi:lo! \pea It is dark, let me shine some light! \psa Es oscuro,¡déjame echar algo de luz! \seo <no>ma ya:</no> see <nlo>ya:</nlo> \sso <no>ma ya:</no> véase <nlo>ya:</nlo> \seo <no>yo ~ [verb]</no> one who may be [verb] \sso <no>yo ~ [verbo]</no> uno que sea [verbo] \pno Nika:nasneki se: ichpo:xtli yo ma tewa:hki. \peo I want to marry a young girl who is thin. \pso Quiero casarme con una muchacha que sea delgada. \cfao ma:ka \xrb ma \cfa ma:ka \nse The particle <nao>ma</nao> is a clitic. With polysyllabic words <na>ma</na>, by orthographic convention, is written as a separate word: <na>ma nitlakwa:ti</na> 'Let me go eat.' However, like the completive particle <n>o:-</n>, <nao>ma</nao> allows for the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object of transitive verbs: ['man kwa] (written <nao>ma nkwa</nao>) 'let me eat it!' \nae Often before transitive verbs <na>ma</na> combines with the subject prefix of 1st or 2nd person while the 3rd-person object prefix is deleted. The result is a cliticization of <na>ma</na> as in, for example, <na>mankwa</na> 'let me eat it!' <na>Ma</na> is also cliticized with single syllable predicates, as in <na>mania</na> in which the stressed syllable <na>ma</na> confirms the cliticization (as opposed to <na>ma nia</na>). \grm Optative; indefinite; <n>ma</n>. In Oapan, and possibly in Ameyaltepec, the use of /ma/ after the relativizer indicates an indefinite. The difference between /nika:nasneki se: ichpo:xtli yo tewa:hki/ and /nika:nasneki se: ichopo:xtli yo ma tewa:hki/ is unclear and needs to be further researched. Also check whether the /yo ma.../ is also used in Ameyaltepec. \qry Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed. \vl At 5659 there are two tokens, one female and one male, of /ma siawi/. These should be tagged as 3757 but not linked. They contain the modal particle /ma/ plus the verb /siawi/. There is another extra token for this optative, the first female token at 6180. This should also be tagged as 3757, but not linked. \ref 03758 \lxa ma:xi:kole:wa \lxac kima:xi:kole:wa \lxo ma:xi:kole:wa \lxoc kima:texi:kole:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape or abrade the arm of (sb) \ss raspar o excoriar el brazo de (algn) \pna O:ne:chma:xi:kole:w, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. \pea It scraped my arm, a rock hit against me (rubbing against my skin). \psa Me raspó el brazo, una piedra me alcanzó(frotando contra mi piel). \xrb ma: \xrb xi:kol \nse The root <na>xi:kol</na> has not been found in other compounds. \nae Despite the fact that it is found in the elicitation form, it appears that the <n>te-</n> intensifier in the Oapan form is optional, though very common with this verb. \qry Check for further meanings associated with /xi:kole:wa/. Make sure the /te-/ is optional as the intrans. has it as optional for Oapan \rt It would seem that /xi:/ is an element of /xi:kol/. Check. Note that this verb is not like those that alternative /-e:wi/ and /-iwi/ (cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/ and /chi:chi:liwi/) but more similar to those like /toma:wa/ and /toma:wi/. Thus for the moment the /e:/ has been left as part of the root. \ref 03759 \lxa texkahloh \lxac texkahloh \lxo texkahloh \lxoc texkahloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se stony area, area covered almost completely with large, round stones \ss pedregal \sem soil \syna texkalitik \syna teteitik \syno tétéyotík \xrb te \xrb xka \nse <nao>Texkahloh</nao> is much more common that the rarely used, but virtually equivalent, <nla>texkahli</nla>. <na>Texkahloh</na> refers to an area covered with large rocks, perhaps averaging the size of a person's head, though some are much larger. This differs from <nla>tepachakahloh</nla>, which refers to an area covered by flat slate-like stones, about the size of ones fist or perhaps a little larger. On the other hand, <nlao>teyoh</nlao> (or, more commonly <na>teteyoh</na> (Am) or <no>téteyóh</no> (Oa)) refers to an area that has rocks and stones, but without the surface of the earth being completely covered with them, as is the case with <na>texkahloh</na> and <na>tepachakahloh</na>. \mod Illustrate. Perhaps photograph. \ref 03760 \lxa tli:liwi \lxac tli:liwi \lxo tli:liwi \lxoc tli:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn black \ss ennegrecerse \pna Po:kiowas, tli:liwis. \pea It will get sooty from smoke, it will turn black. \psa Se va a cubrir de hollín por el humo, se va a enegrecer. \se to darken (the color of sth, including ones skin) \ss oscurecerse (el color de algo incluyendo la piel) \pna Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo. Kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi. \pea His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark. \psa Su torso ya empezó a ponerse moreno. Está enfermo, ya se le empezó a ennegrecer la piel. \pna Yo:tli:liw nomi:l, milá:k o:xoxo:wiak. \pea My corn field got dark, it really turned (a dark green). \psa Se puso oscuro mi milpa, se quedóverde. \xrb tli:l \nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec, <na>tli:liwi</na> may refer to the color of a pot that has been used over a fire, to the skin of people that darkens from the sun, to a corn field in which the leaves have turned a dark, healthy, green. \vl Link first female token and first male token. \ref 03761 \lxa mapiltopo:nia \lxac nomapiltotopo:nia \lxo mápiltotopó:nia \lxop mapiltotopo:nia \lxoc nómapiltopó:nia; nomápiltopó:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to cause ones fingers to split open (e.g., by accidentally having fireworks explode in one fingers) \ss (refl.) hacer que (algo) explota en los dedos \se (refl; reduplicated with short vowel: <na>mapiltotopo:nia</na> (Am); <no>mapí:ltopó:nia</no> (Oa)) to make ones knuckles crack \ss (refl; reduplicado con vocal corta: <na>mapiltotopo:nia</na> (Am); <no>mapí:ltopó:nia</no> (Oa)) hacerse tronar los dedos \pna O:nomapiltotopo:nih, ne:chamana. \pea He cracked his knuckles, it bothers me. \psa Tronósus dedos, me molesta. \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb topo: \nse In the form that does not have a reduplicated verbal stem the meaning is to make ones finger burst, e.g, by hitting it with a rock, exploding something in ones hand, etc. When reduplicated, the resultant verb, used reflexively, refers to the action of making ones knuckles crack. In this case Oapan Nahuatl accepts the reduction of the reduplicant onto the final vowel of the incorporated nominal stem, yielding <no>'mapí:ltopó:nia</no> instead of ? <no>mápíltótopó:nia</no>. \qry Check to see if used only in reflexive. Check for other meanings (e.g. to burst ones finger open). \vl Note that there is first a set of four tokens (2 female and 2 male) of /nómapiltopó:nia/ (with the accent on /no/). I then asked Florencia for a different pronunciation, but she repeats /nómapiltopó:nia/ again. This third token of hers is the one that should be linked to the first citation form. I then interrupted again and this time they both gave an alternate pronunciation /nomápiltopó:nia/, with the pitch accent on /má/. These four tokens, two each, should be tagged with the same ref. #, 3761, but for Florencia they would be d and e, for Inocencio c and d. The final entry should have 4 words, two each (as indicated by the semicolon. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that there are two alternative pronunciations of this word. This should form a separate section of the article, or at least be commented on. \ref 03762 \lxa miliwi \lxac mi:miliwi \lxo miliwi \lxoc mi:miliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-l; Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-3a(w) \se (reduplication with long vowel) to roll along (e.g., a rock slowly down a hill); to roll back and forth (e.g., a bottle laid on its side one a saddle-shaped surface) \ss (reduplicación con vocal larga) irse rodando (p. ej., una piedra despacio por una cuesta); rodarse despacio de un lado a otro \pna O:mi:miliw ipan temowa:ya:n. \pea It rolled down the slope. \psa Fue rodando por la cuesta. \se (reduplication with short vowel) to roll up (e.g., a petate that has been stored rolled up and that rolls up on its own) \ss (reduplicación con vocal corta) enrollarse (p. ej., un petate que ha sido guardado enrollado y se enrolla solo) \pna Patla:wtoya, o:mimiliw. \pea It was lying open and flat; it rolled up (in this case a petate that had been rolled up when stored and that when laid out flat started to roll up by itself). \psa Estaba plano, se enroscó(en este caso un petate que había estado guardado enrollado y que al extenderse empezó a enrollarse otra vez). \seao (reduplication with short vowel) to roll continuously along a surface \ssao (reduplicación con vocal corta) rodar continuamente por una superficie \seo (pitch accented reduplication: <no>mí:miliwi</no>) to curl up (the leaves of certain plants such as palm) \sso (reduplicación con tono: <no>mí:miliwi</no>) enroscarse (las hojas de ciertas plantas como la palma) \xrb mil \nae This verb has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists, the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. Long vowel reduplication indicates that the action takes place over a distance, as in a rock or similar item rolling down a hill. Short vowel reduplication is used for things that roll up on themselves (such as a petate). In Oapan a pitch-accented reduplication <no>mí:milíwi</no> exists. I have heard this used to refer to palm leaves that curl up. I have also heard <no>mí:milé:wi</no>) used with this same sense. \qry Check if the unreduplicated form exists; in one of my notes I have recorded that I have not heard the unreduplicated form. If it does exist, change the head entry. Check acceptability of /te-/ prefix. Note that even if it doesn't exist, both short and long vowel reduplications exist, and therefore the head entry cannot be with reduplication (i.e., since both /mi:miliwi/ and /mimiliwi/ might well exist). Check precise meaning of <no>mí:miliwi</no>, i.e, does this refer to leaves that curl up one the plant if it lacks water, or to palm that is not properly flattened. \sj Apparently Oapan does not have p-a in the reduplicated form with a short vowel. \grm Nahuatl phonology: in the recordings C. Flores gives several pronunciations of the minimal pair /mi:miliwi/ and /mimiliwi/. \ref 03763 \lxa yekapupwa \lxac kiyekapupwa \lxo yeká:powá \lxop yeka:powa \lxoc kiyeká:powá \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa); Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa); Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa); Irregular: Am verb has an irregular stem formation: perfective: <na>o:kiyekapopo:w</na> ; future: <na>kiyekapupwas</na> ; progressive: <na>kiyekapopo:wtok</na> ; directional: <na>ma nikyekapupwati</na> \se to wipe the nose of (e.g., a runny nose with a handkerchief, rag, etc.) \ss limpiar la nariz de (p. ej., a algn con gripa con un pañuelo, trapo, etc.) \xrb yeka \xrb po:wa \ref 03764 \lxa te:miktia:ni \lxac te:miktia:ni \lxo te:mihtia:ni \lxop te:mihtia:ne \lxoc te:mihtia:ne, te:mihtia:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se assassin; murderer (a person) \ss asesino (una persona, un toro que ha matado a algn en un jaripeo, etc.) \se killer (e.g, a bull that has killed sb in a rodeo) \ss asesino (p. ej., un toro que ha matado a algn en un jaripeo) \xrb miki \vl Check heights of vowels, apparently female is lower, hence the difference in spelling. \ref 03765 \lxa tlanemilika:yoh \lxac xtlanemilika:yoh \lxo tlanemíliká:yoh \lxoc xtlanemíliká:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(trans) \pa yes \se (<na>x-</na> ~) to be unthinking or unreflexive \ss (<na>x-</na> ~) ser no reflexivo, que no piensa \pna Xtitlanemilika:yoh, san nimal tikchi:wa. \pea You are not reflexive (i.e., do not think before acting), you do it right away. \psa No eres reflexivo (esto es, no piensas antes de actuar), lo hace luego luego. \xrb nemi \qry Check to determine whether /xtlah kinemilika:yoh/ is also correct. \ref 03766 \lxa pipichiwi \lxac pipichiwi \lxo pipichiwi \lxoc pipichiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(w) \se to get tough; to get rubbery or sinewy \ss ponerse correoso o resistente (que se estira pero no se da ni se revienta) \pna Xkomati deke yo:pipichiw, deke ye pipixtik! \pea Go check if it's (in this case curd) has acquired a rubbery consistency, if it is rubbery! \psa ¡Ve a tentar si ya quedócorreosa (en este caso cuajada), si ya está algo duro y resistente! \pna Yo:pipichiw, ye kuwtiatsi:n kwaja:dah. A:man xpa:cho! \pea The milk curd has gotten a rubbery consistency, its gotten somewhat tough. Now squeeze down on it (to remove the liquid left in it and make cheese)! \psa La cuajada ya quedócorreoso, se puso algo duro.¡Ahora, exprímelo! \xrb pich \subadj sakatl kwa:k yo:wa:k wan pa:tsiwi \qry Check /kuhtiatsi:n/ as correct. \grm /-tsi:n/; predicate modification; attributives: There are a few examples of /-tsi:n/ added onto verbs. One example given elsewhere is /poliwitsi:n/, 'falta poquito.' An illustrattive phrase from this entry gives another example: /Yo:pipichiw, ye kuhtiatsi:n kwaja:dah. A:man xpa:cho!/ 'The milk curd has gotten a rubbery consistency, its gotten somewhat tough. Now squeeze down on it (to remove the liquid left in it and make cheese)!' Here the /-tsi:n/ after /kuhtia/ indicates that the predicate 'to become hard/tough' is being modified by a diminutive. Thus in the cases documented /-tsi:n/ after a verb is a predicate modifier. \ref 03767 \lxa bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxac bwe:nora kayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan buen hora \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season) \ss algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias) \pna Bwe:noraka:yo:tl, saniman o:noto:kak. \pea It was done early (in the season), it was planted right away. \psa Fue hecho a buen hora, luego luego (esto es, al principio de la temporada de lluvias) se sembró. \equivo sanimankayo:tl \xrb -kayo: \qry Check to see if /bwe:norakayo:tl/ can refer to anything done early or if it is only used to refer to a field that had been planted early in the season so that it matured early and was also ready for the"zacateo"quite early. Recheck shortness of /a/ in /kayo:tl/ as in one example recorded it as long. \ref 03768 \lxa tlapalwa:xin \lxac tlapalwa:xin \lxo tlapalwa:xin \lxoc tlapalwa:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 4 \se tree of the Leguminoseae family, a type of guaje with long red pods and edible seeds \ss árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, un tipo de guaje con largas vainas rojas y semillas comestibles \pna Tla:ki ipan abrí:l, nokwa, bwe:noh para wa:xyo:hli. Kohtli kaxa:nki, san para tlikohtli. \pea It (the <na>tlapalwa:xin</na>) bears fruit in April, it (the fruit) is edible, it is good for <spn>huaje</spn> seeds. Its wood is soft, it's just used for firewood. \psa Rinde (el <na>tlapalwa:xin</na>) fruta en abril, es (su fruta) comestible, es buena para semilla de huaje. La madera es blanda, sirve sólo para leña. \se fruit of the tree by this name \ss fruta delárbol de este nombre \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva tlapalwa:xkohtli \equivo tlapalwa:xkohtli \xrb tlapal \xrb wa:x \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>huaje rojo</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) mention the <spn>guaje rojo</spn> as of the family and subfamily Leguminosae, mimosoideae, genus and species <i>Leucaena esculenta</i>. Schoenhals (1988) simply gives one entry under <spn>guaje</spn>. The fruit of this tree is eaten around February or April. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \ref 03769 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /tsi:nkoya:wak/. It has been removed from the dictionary, at least temporarily. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03770 \lxa yo:lkwi \lxac kiyo:lkwi \lxo yo:lkwi \lxoc kiyo:lkwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \sea to make up (e.g., an account of sth, a word, etc.) \ssa inventar (p. ej., una historia de algo que supuestamente pasó, una palabra, etc.) \pna San o:tikyo:lkwik un tlato:hli. \pea You just made up that word. \psa Solamente inventaste esa palabra. \seo to take the seeds out of (e.g., squash, watermelon, etc.) \sso quitar las semillas de (p. ej., calabaza, sándia, etc.) \equivo yo:lki:xtia \xrb yo:l \xrb kwi \nse Synonymous to the Oapan word is another from Oapan: <nlo>yo:lki:xtia</nlo>. \ref 03771 \lxa chikoki:sa \lxac chikoki:sa \lxo chikoki:sa \lxoc chikoki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to be angled or to go off at an angle; to be not at right angles (i.e., not perpendicular or parallel to an edge, e.g., an edge of a cut piece of cloth, wood, etc. that should be squared but that although straight goes off at a non-90o angle; a furrow that does not run parallel to the others; sb walking in a certain diagonal direction) \ss salir chueco, de soslayo o hacia un lado; no estar derecho (esto es, no perpendicular o paralelo a una borde, e.g., un lado de un pedazo de tela o madera que debe ser rectangular pero que va derecho en una dirección que no hace cuadro; un surco que no sale paralelo a los demás; algn que camina en una cierta dirección que va como de soslayo) \xrb chiko \xrb ki:sa \vl Link first female token. \ref 03772 \lxa saniman \lxac saniman \lxo saniman \lxoc saniman \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se with anticipation; right away \ss con anticipación; luego luego \pna Saka tine:che:wi:tia para mania nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman. \pea You just (want) to send me off to my cornfield, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with advance warning). \psa No más quieres enviarme a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación). \se early (in the morning) \ss temprano (en la mañana) \pna Saniman nokwiste:wa. \pea He wakes up early in the morning. \psa Se levanta temprano. \xrb san \xrb niman \dis san niman; sana:man; san a:man \vl NOTE TO SELF: Cf Oa for 1863 to Oa for 3772 and perhaps eliminate or change one entry. \ref 03773 \lxa te:kuwtilih \lxac te:kuwtilih \lxo te:kohtilih \lxoc té:kokohtílih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s (Oa) \se (<na>te:kuwtilih</na> (Am); <no>té:kokohtílih</no> (Oa)) to be tiring, causing muscle soreness or stiffness (said particularly of jobs that require one maintain a certain position for an extended period of time, such as writing, painting, threading beads, etc.) \ss (<na>te:kuwtilih</na> (Am); <no>té:kokohtílih</no> (Oa)) ser cansado o que causa dolor, o rigidez y agarrotamiento de los músculos (se aplica en particular al trabajo que require que uno se mantenga en una sola posición por mucho tiempo, como escribir, pintar, ensartar cuentas, etc.) \pna Ke:n te:kuwtilih, xwel titlamin, yo:tikuwtiakeh. \pea It really makes one's muscles sore, we can't finish, we've already gotten stiff. \psa Causa mucho dolor a los músculos, no podemos terminar, ya nos agarrotamos. \seo (unreduplicated Oapan form: <no>te:kohtilih</no>) to be strength-giving (such as chile) \sso (forma no reduplicada en Oapan: <no>te:kohtilih</no>) dar fuerza (p. ej., el chile) \xrb kow \dis te:kuhtilih; te:siawi:tih; te:kwi:tsoh \nse In Oapan the nonreduplicated form <no>te:kuhtilih</no> refers to something that gives one strength, such as chile. The reduplicated form <no>té:kukuhtílih</no> is synonomous with the unreduplicated Ameyaltepec form, <na>te:kuhtilih</na>. \qry Get additional unreduplicated form from Oapan. Check with phonetician on status of final /h/ of Inocencio Jimenez. \grm Reduplication, semantics: In Oapan the nonreduplicated form <no>te:kuhtilih</no> refers to something that gives one strength, such as chile. The reduplicated form <no>té:kukuhtílih</no> is synonomous with the unreduplicated Ameyaltepec form, <na>te:kuhtilih</na>. \vl Note that the first token by Florencia is /te:kó:kotitlah/. I don't know the meaning for this word, but have added an entry, 7643. It should therefore be tagged as 07643_OF1a.wav \ref 03774 \lxa de \lxac de \lxo de \lxoa de:n \lxoc nide Wa:pan \dt 16/May/2005 \loan de \psm V1 \der V1-loan \infv Copular \se to be of \ss ser de \pna Un tepostli de newa. \pea That rifle is mine. \psa Ese rifle es mío (de mí). \pna De tepostli moko:n. \pea Your pot is made of metal. \psa Tu olla es de metal. \se to be from \ss ser de \pna Newa nide nika:n. \pea I'm from here. \psa Soy de aquí. \qry Note that when pronounced separately /de/ in Oapan has a final /n/ or /h/. Yet perhaps this is wrong for the form in actual speech. \vl Florencia pronounces /de:h/ once before the beep, and then their is a sequence of 4 tokens (2 and 2). The token pronunciations are /de:n/ or /de:h/. These should be tagged with the number 3774, but not linked. Then there follows a sequence of /nide Wa:pan/ by both speakers. These too should be tagged as 3774, and it is these phrases that should be linked to the dictionary, one female and one male. Link second female and second male token of /nide Wa:pan/. \ref 03775 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlámachióh \lxoc tlámachióh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes \seo to have (e.g., pottery, paper, etc.) an elaborate painted design, with frieze patterns and figures \sso tener (p. ej., cerámica, papel, etc.) un elaborado diseño pintado con grecas y figuras \xrb mati \ref 03776 \lxa sa:koh \lxac sa:koh \lxo sa:koh \lxoc sa:koh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan saco \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se long-sleeved blouse that women, usually married, wear over their shirt, it is worn with a skirt, but not with a dress \ss una blusa de manga larga que utilizan las mujeres, usualmente casadas, que se pone sobre su camisa, y que se utiliza con una falda pero no con un vestido \pna I:sa:koh, itlake:npani. \pea It is her <spn>saco,</spn> it is an overgarment. \psa Es su"saco,"es la ropa (blusa) que pone sobre otra. \sem clothing \encyctmp tlake:ntli \nse The <na>sa:koh</na> is an overgarment that older women, less and less nowadays, wear over their regular blouse (<nla>sowa:koto:ntli</nla> (Am) or <nlo>siwa:koto:ntli</nlo> (Oa)). The women who wear a <na>sowa:koto:ntli</na> and <na>sa:koh</na> do not wear a full dress (<nlao>besti:doh</nlao>) but rather a skirt (<nlao>kwe:tli</nlao>). Women who use a <na>sa:koh</na> only wear an apron (<nla>dela:ntal</nla> (Am) or <nlo>dela:ntar</nlo> (Oa)) that goes from the waist down. \qry Further definition needed, also a complete list of all items of female (and male) clothing. \vl Link first female token and second male token. \ref 03777 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo barási:l \lxoa bransi:l \lxoc barási:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Brazil \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \pa yes \seo tree of the Leguminoseae family, probably the one called <spn>palo de Brasil</spn> in Spanish (identified by Guizar and Sánchez as <l>Haematoxylum brasiletto</l> Karst.) \sso árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, probablemente el palo de Brasil (identificado por Guizar and Sánchez como el <l>Haematoxylum brasiletto</l> Karst.) \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem medicine \equiva frasí:l \cpl Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:113) identify a tree called in Spanish <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, or simply <spn>Brasil</spn> as of the family <na>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</na> and the genus/species <na>Haematoxylum brasiletto</na> Karst. \nct kohtli \qry Note that although Felix Venancio dictated the preceding text about the medicinal properties of the <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, Luis Lucena denied any knowledge of this use. \vl Link second female and second male tokens. \ref 03778 \lxa tlama:make:tl \lxac tlama:make:tl \lxo tlamá:maké:tl \lxop tlama:make:tl \lxoc tlamá:maké:tl \dt 03/May/2005 \pa yes \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se bearer (like a pallbearer), someone who carries or helps carry a heavy weight; porter; person who carries a load (such as those who hold up each <nla>neko:xtli</nla> in transporting a heavy weight) \ss cargador (como los que cargan cosas, utilizando <nla>neko:xtli</nla> al transportar y cargar un objeto pesado); alguien que lleva un peso pesado o que ayuda a cargar algo; \xrb ma:ma \qry Originally I only had this entry written down as plural /tlama:makeh/, under a notecard for /neko:xtli/ which is a type of crossbar used to facilitate the carrying of a large heavy object, such as a trunk, among several people. Check the singular formation and exactly what it is used for. However, in Oapan elicitation the singular form is given, which is probably what it should be in Am. To date I have only heard this in the plural form, <na>tlama:makeh</na>. The singular * <na>tlama:maki</na> does not exist. \vl Link first female token of 4 token sequence and second male token. Note that before the correct sequence Florencia first gives /tlama:ka:hke:tl/. This should be tagged with number 7645. \ref 03779 \lxa tlalwatl \lxac tlalwatl \lxo tlalwatl \lxoc tlalwatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se vein \ss vena \pna Totlalwayo. \pea It is our veins. \psa Son nuestras venas. \seao tendon \ssao tendón \pna Nochi tlalwatl o:ne:chtoka:roh. Xkipia nakatl. \pea I got stuck with all tendons (in the piece of meat I was served). It doesn't have any meat. \psa Me tocópuros tendones (en la carne que se me sirvió). No tiene carne. \sem body \xrb tlalwa \vl Link second female and first male tokens. \ref 03780 \lxa kweptok \lxac kweptok \lxo koptok \lxoc koptok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be changed; to be different (from what it was) \ss ser cambiado; ser diferente (de lo que era) \pna Kwa:k o:nasik, kweptoya. \pea When I arrived, it was different. \psa Cuando llegué, estaba diferente. \pna Kweptok totlato:l. \pea Our language (or speech) is different (e.g., than it was in the past). \psa Nuestra lengua (o habla) es diferente (p. ej., que era antes). \xrb kwepa \ref 03781 \lxa melá:k \lxac milá:k \lxo mila:k \lxoc mila:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes \se see <na>melá:k</na> \ss vé ase <na>melá:k</na> \xrb mela: \nae Apparently this is related to <nlao>mela:wak</nlao> and to forms such as <na>tetomaktik</na> that show vowel shortening and the deletion of the verbal <n>-iwi</n> ending. The intonation varies greatly \mod This entry should probably be changed. According to Cristino Flores the correct pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /milá:k/ with an initial /i/ not /e/. If this is found to be the case change the entries accordingly. \ref 03782 \lxa se:wa \lxac se:wa \lxo se:wa \lxoc se:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0(cop) \der V0-b \infv Copular \se to be cold \ss hacer frío \pna O:se:wak. \pea It got cold. \psa Hizo frío. \cfao se:wati \xrb se:wa \cfa se:wati \nae In my original notes I have recorded that this verb is used only in the present tense. Apparently this note derives from the fact that I wasn't able to elicit the future or past forms. Apparently in most cases this verb is like <nla>to:na</nla>, with the future and past indicated through the copula. However, one documented case of <na>o:se:wak</na> was recorded; cf. to <na>se:wa katka</na>, which would indicate 'it was cold.' This should be checked. Nevertheless, the verbalized /se:wati/ exists (cf. /to:nati/?). Since verbs are not usually verbalized, this suggests a noun-like quality to /se:wa/. I do have an instance of <na>o:se:wak</na> meaning 'it got cold' and not 'it was cold.' However, I also have another note that says that <na>se:wa</na> can be only used in the present tense. \grm Cf. Gram 1986-08-01.1; Gram 1986-06-19.1 \qry I have removed /Sie:mpreh se:se:wa./, which C. Flores rejected. 'After all is said and done, it is rather cold.' \vl Link second female token. \ref 03783 \lxa tlate:na:miki:ltia \lxac kitlate:na:miki:ltia \lxo tlate:na:miki:ltia \lxoc kitlate:na:miki:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take (sb, particularly a child) and bring its head and lips close in reverence to a religious object (such as a saint or cross) \ss tomar a (algn, generalmente a un niño) y acercar su cabeza y labios a un objeto religioso (como un santo o una cruz) en reverencia \pna Kitlate:na:miki:ltia ikone:tsi:n. \pea She holds her child up and brings it close (in this case to a saint) in reverence. \psa Alza su niño y lo acerca (en este caso a un santo) en reverencia. \xrb te:n \xrb na:miki \xvbao tlate:na:miki \vl Link second male token. \ref 03784 \lxa sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \lxac sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea deformed <spn>mazorca</spn> that is split open at the top point, forming something similar in appearance to a bird's beak \ssa mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y bifurcada como si fuera el pico de un pájaro \pna Sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl pa:mpa kipia ikamak. \pea [It is called]"a crow corncob"because it has a mouth. \psa [se llama]"mazorca de cuervo"porque tiene su boca. \equiva ka:ka:lo:si:ntli \cfa sintli de kowatl \cfo sentli yón kowatsi:ntli \xrb sin \xrb ka:l \encyctmp sintli \ref 03785 \lxa tlakoyahko \lxac tlakoyahko \lxo tlakoyahko \lxoc tlakoyahko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \infn N(loc) \se place (usually a flat surface, such as a cliff or wall) with an opening (e.g., a cave in a cliff, holes in walls, etc.) \ss lugar (generalmente con una superficie plana, como un peñasco o pared) con una apertura (p. ej., una cueva en un peñasco, hoyos en las paredes, etc.) \pna Tlakokoyahko, kakalakin kimichin. \pea There are lots of openings (e.g., in a wall), mice go into them. \psa Hay muchos hoyos (p. ej., en una pared), entran los ratoncitos (en ellos). \seo place with nothing in it (e.g., a room) \sso lugar con nada adentro (p. ej., una sala) \xrb koya: \xrl -ko \qry I originally had this with a long vowel in the Am entry. However, I think it should be short and so have changed it. The Oapan form is recorded and the /a/ is indeed short. \vl Link first female token, \ref 03786 \lxa toto:nilia \lxac kitoto:nilia \lxo toto:nilia \lxoc kitoto:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \se to heat up for (a food that had already been prepared) \ss recalentar para (una comida que ya había sido preparada) \pna Ma:s san xne:xtoto:nilia notlaxkal! \pea Just heat up my tortillas for me! \psa ¡Solamente caliéntame mis tortillas! \pna San te:chtlatoto:nili:s. \pea She will just heat something up for us (to eat). \psa Solamente nos va a recalentar algo (para comer). \xrb to:n \xvbao toto:nia \nse Perhaps <nao>tlatoto:nilia</nao> should be given a separate entry since it has a culturally determined and context independent meaning of 'to heat food up for (sb)." \vl Link second female token. \ref 03787 \lxa kompanye:roh \lxac kompanye:roh \lxo kompanye:roh \lxoc kompanye:roh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan compañero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative) companero \ss (vocative) compañero \se (alienable possession) companero of (often in reference to a fellow citizen serving alongside one in a community cargo service, in the church or <spn>juzgado</spn>) \ss (posesión enajenable) compañero de (a menudo en referencia a algn quien trabaja con uno en un cargo de la comunidad, en la iglesia o juzgado) \se (alienable possession) penis \ss (posesión enajenable) pene \pna We:i nokompanye:roh! \pea I have a big penis! \psa ¡Tengo un pene grande! \sem body \ref 03788 \lxa to:nala:matl \lxac to:nala:matl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea (rare) calendar \ssa (raro) calendario \xrb to:na \xrb a:ma \ref 03789 \lxa kexsosolka \lxac kexsosolka \lxo kexsosolka \lxoc kexsosolka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to wheeze; to make a rumbling sound in ones throat (e.g., sb near death) \ss hacer un sonido como resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn a punto de morir) \pna Kexsosolka mopió. \pea Your hen makes a sort of rumbling sound in its throat (e.g., because it has sores in its throat). \psa Tu gallina hace sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (por tener llagitas en la garganta). \se to snore \ss roncar \xrb kech \xrb solo: \xvnao kexsolo:ni \qry Perhaps should be /kechsosolka/. \grm Note the several cases of verbs like /sosolka/, /tsitsilka/, and perhaps /nanalka/. Note that in classical the form is /sosoloka/. \ref 03790 \lxa xa:yakame:kotik \lxac xa:yakame:kotik \lxo xa:ya:mé:kotík \lxoa xa:yakamé:kotík \lxoc xa:ya:mé:kotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>meco</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \pa yes-loan \seo to have ones face streaked with dust and dirt (from sweating and not bathing) \sso tener la cara sucia y rayada con polvo y tierra (por sudar y no bañarse) \cfa xa:yakame:koki:sa \xrb xa:yaka \nse Includes among its elements the Spanish loan <na>meco</na>. \ref 03791 \lxa kwitlanextsi:n \lxac kwitlanextsi:n \lxo kwitlanextsi:n \lxoc kwitlanextsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekwitlanextsi:n</nao> \se greyish; ash colored \ss de color gris o ceniza \sem color \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \qry Determine if both /tekwitlanextsi:n/ and /kwitlanextsi:n/ exist and, if they do, the difference. Apparently I had this entry in my filecard under /tekwitlanextsi:n/ although /kwitlanextla:lia/ was alphabetized under /tekwitlanextla:lia/ with a note that the /te-/ was optional. Compare to other colors (e.g., /temonextsi:n/). \pqry Check phonetics of female C before -tsi:n. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03792 \lxa to:nalkochi \lxac to:nalkochi \lxo to:nalkochi \lxoc to:nalkochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep during the day \ss dormir durante el día \pna To:nalkochi, tlatski. \pea He sleeps during the day, he is lazy. \psa Duerme durante el día, es flojo. \xrb to:na \xrb kochi \ref 03793 \lxa kakawana:nchih \lxac kakawana:nchih \lxo kakawana:nchi:n \lxoc kakawana:nchi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seao <l>Bursera simaruba</l> (L.) Sarg., large tree of the Burseraceae family \ssao <l>Bursera simaruba</l> (L.) Sarg.,árbol grande de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kakawana:n \xrb kawa \xrb na:n \xrb -chin \cpl This is probably derived from <na>kakawatl</na> and <na>(na)na:ntsi:n</na>, and may refer to characteristics of this tree. The termination <na>-chih</na> is perhaps a palatalized variation of <na>-tsi:n</na>, though the vowel length here should be checked. It might be a reborrowing from Spanish. Cf. <na>kala:chin</na>, which might have the same element. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:95) identify as the"cacahuananche"a plant of the family <i>Chrysobalanaceae</i> and genus-species <i>Licania arborea</i> Seemann. \nct kohtli \qry Perhaps this is the same as the /kuhkakawatl/. Check. If so add to synonym field. \pqry Check the /awa/ sequence. In all tokens from Oapan the duration was between 230 and 240 ms, somewhat evenly divided among the 3 phonemes. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03794 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /kupaxokotl/ but has been removed and placed as an alt. pronunciation for /kopaxokotl/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag and reassign numbers to 583. \ref 03795 \lxa a:kawtomitl \lxac a:kawtomitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of high-growing weed of the Asteraceae family, with prickly hairs, (i.e., <nla>totomioh</nla>), considered <nla>tlasohli</nla> \ssa tipo de maleza alta de la familia Asteraceae, con vellos espinosos (esto es, <nla>totomioh</nla>), considerado <nla>tlasohli</nla> \sem plant \sem herb \equivo ákahtlítómiyóh \xrb a:kaw \xrb tomi \cpl This is a type of <nla>a:kawtli</nla>. Ramírez (1991) refers to this as <spn>acahual</spn>. Under acahual, Schoenhals (1988) notes:"1. Applied to several plants of the sunflower family (Compositae) with large yellow flowers. 2. (<i>Heterotheca inuloides</i>) 'blazing star.' Used as a poultice on bruises. Also called <spn>árnica,árnica del país, cuauteteco, falsaárnica.</spn> 3. (<i>Bidens</i> spp. e.g., <i>B. aurea, B. pilosa</i>) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' See acetilla. 4. (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 5. (<i>Tithonia</i> spp. e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i>) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See girasol."Then, under <spn>acetilla</spn> or <spn>aceitilla</spn>."1. (<i>Bidens</i> spp., e.g., <i>B. aurea, B. pilosa</i>) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' A relative of the wild marigold. Seeds are like burs with hooks. Plant used as a preventive against eye infections in the newborn. Also called <spn>acahual, acahualillo, mulito, téde milpa.</spn> 2. (<i>Galinsoga</i> spp. e.g., <i>G. parviflora</i> '[family] aster.' See <spn>estrellita.</spn> "Under <spn>girasol</spn>, there are three entries. <spn>Girasol</spn> :"1. (<i>Helianthus annus</i>) 'sunflower. See <spn>flor de gigantón.</spn> 2. (<i>Tithonia</i> spp. e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i> 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' Large sunflower-type plant with orange or yellow flowers. Also called <spn>acahual,árnica, gigantón, girasol mexicano, mirasol.</spn> "The entry for <spn>girasol amarillo</spn> has the following:"(<i>Cosmos sulphureus</i>) 'yellow cosmos.' Also called <spn>mirasol, xochipali.</spn>."And, under <spn>girasol mexicano</spn> :"(<i>Tithonia</i> spp., e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i>) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See <spn>girasol.</spn> Then, under <spn>girasol mexicano</spn> :"(<i>Cosmos bipinnatus</i>) 'purple cosmos.' Also called <spn>mirasol.</spn> "Finally, under <spn>estrellita</sp n>:"1. (<i>Milla biflora</i>) 'milla,' 'Mexican star.' Star-shaped, white flowers. Especially common in volcanic areas. Also called <spn>azucena del campo, estrella mexicana, flor de San Nicolás, lilia cimarrón.</spn> 2. (<i>Stellaria</i> spp. e.g., <i>S. nemorum</i>) '[relative of] chickweed.' White flowers in the Fall. Also called <spn>alahual, matanza.</spn> 3. (<i>Galinsoga</i> spp., e.g., <i>G. parviflora</i> '[family] aster]. A weedy herb of the mid-elevations. White flowers with yellow centers. Also called <spn>acetilla.</spn> \nct xiwtli \ref 03796 \lxa karayó:n \lxaa karayo:n \lxac karayo:n \lxo karayo:n \lxoc karayo:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (?) \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-loan (?) \se woman-chaser \ss mujeriego \apa karayo:ntik \seo (<no>po:yoh</no> ~) rooster (not castrated) \sso (<no>po:yoh</no> ~) gallo (no capado) \cfa kapon \cfo kapoh \nse This seems clearly to be a loan from Spanish, although the source word is still not identified. The borrowing <n>po:yoh</n> is also used in reference to men with a lot of women lovers. The opposite is <no>po:yoh</no> <nlo>kapoh</nlo> (Oa). \ref 03797 \lxa te:nme:melatik \lxac te:nme:melatik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \sea to have thick edges \ssa tener las bordes o labrios gruesos \pna Tetsatsapaltik itlaxkal, xkwahli kimana, san te:nme:melatik. \pea Her tortillas are uneven (thicker in some places than others), she doesn't make them well, they are thickish here and there. \psa Sus tortillas son disparejos (más gruesas en algunas partes que otras), no las echa bien, en partes son más gruesas. \pna Tenme:melatik, xtlateki, xkipia itlakekia. \pea It is thick (in this case the edge of an unsharpened machete), it doesn't cut, it doesn't have its sharp cutting edge. \psa Es grueso (en este caso el filo de un machete no afilado), no corta, no tiene su filo cortante. \cfo tlaxkalwiya \xrb mela: \nae <na>Teme:melaktik</na> is; like <na>tekakapaltik</na> of unclear etymology. It is apparently derived from the verb <na>mela:wi</na>, which no longer exists as an intransitive in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. But as one has <nla>tetomaktik</nla>, <nla>tekoyaktik</nla> (from <nla>toma:wi</nla> and <nla>koya:wi</nla>, respectively), one perhaps has <na>temelaktik</na> from <na>mela:wi</na>. Yet the translation of"thickish"(which is a translation of what a consultant said in Spanish) is not immediately clear from the root <nr>mela:</nr> and should be checked. \qry Check translation and meaning of /teme:melaktik/. Also check whether /temelaktik/ exists (i.e., with short vowel). Note that this phrase was recorded on two file cards, one with /tekakapaltik/ and once with /tetsatsapaltik/. The latter seems correct and it is this that has been entered; however, check for the possibility that /tekakapaltik/ does exist. \mod NOTE: MAKE SURE THAT THIS IS CORRECT FOR AM. I had /te:nme:melaktik/ during elicitation and C. Flores sometimes pronounces words as he sees them. He later (cf. discussion with 5949) that the correct form is /te:nme:melatik/, from /me:melah/. \grm Reduplication: If /teme:melaktik/ is correct in terms of vowel length, check for reduplication with other similarly formed words (e.g., is /teto:tomaktik/ correct?). \ref 03798 \lxa yepatl \lxac yepatl \lxo yepatl \lxoc yepatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se skunk (<spn>zorrillo</spn>) \ss zorrillo \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb yepa \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \vl Link second female token. \ref 03799 \lxa pi:na:wtia \lxac kipi:na:wtia \lxo pi:na:htia \lxoc kí:pi:ná:htia; kipi:na:htia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make pregnant out of wedlock (lit., 'to shame') \ss dejar embarazada fuera del matrimonio (lit., 'avergonzar') \pna O:nopipi:na:wtih, ichpokawah katka. \pea She got pregnant out of wedlock (lit., 'shamed herself'), she used to be a virgin (unmarried girl). \psa Se quedó embarazada fuera del matrimonio (lit., 'se avergonzó), era una virgen \se (with short vowel reduplication) to make fun of; to cause embarrassment to; to humiliate (in a malicious way, often used when sb makes fun of another persons poverty or suffering) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) burlarse de; avergonzar a (maliciosamente, a menudo utilizado cuando algn se burla de la situación de otra persona, como su pobreza o sufrimiento) \pna Ne:chpipi:na:wtian pa:mpa xtlah nikpia. \pea They make fun of me because I'm really poor (lit., 'don't have anything'). \psa Se burlan de míporque soy muy pobre (lit., 'no tengo nada'). \xrb pi:na: \xvbao pi:na:wi \nse <na>Pi:na:wtia</na> often is found in reduplicated form, although unreduplicated it is amply documented in the corpus. Note, however, that the intransitive has not been documented in an unreduplicated form. \vl Note that Florencia first gives /kí:pi:ná:htia/, where the first /í:/ is long with a high pitch. She then starts a 4-token sequence with the normal form of the verb (without p-a reduction of the reduplicant). Link the normal, non-pitch-accented, forms. For the final tagging create a 3-word sequence: /kí:pi:ná:htia/ and then the female-male sequence as expected. The best would have been to have female-male with the p-a form and then female-male with the non pitch accented form, but unfortunately only one token (female) exist of the p-a form. \ref 03800 \lxa tepa:ntli \lxac tepa:ntli \lxo tepa:ntli \lxoc tepa:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se wall (of a house, made of any material: mud, adobe, stone, cement, etc.) \ss pared (de una casa hecha de cualquier material: lodo, adobe, piedra, cemento, etc.) \se stone wall (surrounding a house or house site, but not a stick or post fence) \ss pared (que rodea una casa o solar, pero no una cerca de varas o postes) \xrb te \xrb pa:m \cfa tekorrá:l \nse The precise extent of the meaning of <na>tepa:ntli</na> is not entirely clear, but apparently it refers mostly to house walls or to stone walls that surround house sites. Stones walls that are constructed without any mortar or cement in the countryside (e.g., to divide fields) are called by the name <nla>tekorrá:l</nla> although if they are fixed with mortar or cement, which they rarely are, <na>tepa:ntli</na> may be used. \qry Determine the possessive form for 'your house's wall' (i.e. /itepa:nyo mokal/ or /itepan mokal/). \ref 03801 \lxa pani \lxac pani \lxo pani \lxoc pani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se on the surface \ss en o sobre la superficie \pna Teto:kioh motla:l. Pani xne:si tetl, kipia tlaitik. \pea Your land is full of embedded rock. On the surface the rocks can't be seen, they are inside (of the earth). \psa Tu terreno está lleno de piedras enterradas. No aparecen en la superficie, las tienen adentro (de la tierra). \se shallow (water, e.g., in a river) \ss poco profundo (agua, p. ej., en un río) \pna Panitsi:n. Wel ta:pano:skeh. \pea It is shallow. We'll be able to go across the river. \psa Es poco profundo. Vamos a poder cruzar el río. \xrb pani \qry Note that whether to classify this as a verb or not is a difficult decision. It seems more like a locative, although the morphology suggests a verb. Moreover, whereas /-pan/ can combined with pronouns and nouns, /pani/ functions more like an auxiliary. Check Launey who, I believe, has a discussion of these verbs. \nde In Oapan the form <no>tlapani</no> also exists. The difference between <no>tlapani</no> and <no>pani</no> is not clear. \ref 03802 \lxa kali \lxac kali \lxo kali \lxoc kali \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der N-loc-1 \se inside (of a house or building) \ss adentro (de una casa o edificio) \pna Tia:skeh nepa kali. \pea We're going to go there inside (e.g., the house or building). \psa Vamos allá adentro (p. ej., de la casa o edificio). \se (<na>para</na> ~) toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows, or of a bowl or other type of container) \ss (<na>para</na> ~) hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas, de un recipiente u otro tipo de plato hondo) \pna O:te:nkwepaliw para kali. \pea Its edge folded over toward the inside (e.g., of a ceramic bowl being made) \psa Su orilla se doblópara adentro (p. ej., de un olla o plato hondo de cerámica) \sem space \equiva kalitik \equivo kálitík \xrb kal \xrb hti \cfa kalitik \nse <nao>Kali</nao> is a virtual synonym of <na>kalitik</na>. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of <na>kalitik</na>. It can either be possessed <nao>nokali</nao> 'the inside of my house' or not, <na>nemi kali</na> 'he is inside the house.' The former is considered nominal ('interior') whereas the latter is considered a predicate modifier (adverbial). <na>Kali</na> is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one <na>Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak</na> refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be <na>tlaitik</na> or <na>kalitik</na> (Am). \grm Space: <nao>Kali</nao> is a virtual synonym of <na>kalitik</na>. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of <na>kalitik</na>. It can either be possessed <nao>nokali</nao> 'the inside of my house' or not, <na>nemi kali</na> 'he is inside the house.' The former is considered nominal ('interior') whereas the latter is considered a predicate modifier (adverbial). <na>Kali</na> is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one <na>Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak</na> refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be <na>tlaitik</na> or <na>kalitik</na> (Am). (and apparently, /kali/). Note therefore that the direction of subject movement can be indicated, in Nahuatl, in 3 ways. First, it may be contained in the verb itself. Thus verbs of motion such as /yaw/ indicate extraverse movement, and are modified by /wa:l-/ to indic ate the oppositive (intraverse). They cannot use /on-/ to indicate extraverse. Other verbs indicate a direction of movement, e.g., /kalaki/ 'to enter' and the nature of the space is communicated obliquely: /kalakis mocha:n/; or the causative /kikalakti:s mocha:n/, etc. The second is the use of separate words to indicate a spatial orientation of the action. Thus /nemi neyhka/ 'he is there.' Or /nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/. Finally, the third is the use of directionals, either prefixes or suffixes. Here there is wide variation, from complete lexicalization (one:wa and wa:le:wa) to affixes (prefix or suffix depending on tense/aspect: /wa:lnemis/ and /o:nemiko/. All three should be explored. \ref 03803 \lxa teltia \lxac kiteltia \lxo teltia \lxoc kiteltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to stop (movement in a particular direction, a task that is being performed, a situation, the functioning of a machine, etc.) \ss parar (movimiento en una dirección en particular, una tarea que se está haciendo, una situación, el funcionamiento de una máquina, etc.) \pna Xkaman noteltia, san se: otli yaw. \pea He never stops (on his way somewhere), he goes straight without any detour or delay. \psa Nunca se para (en ir a algún lugar), va derecho sin desviación ni demora. \pna Kikwalka:nwia. saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. \pea He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). \psa Le llega desde una hora temprana. Luego luego se levanta, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). \pna Xnimotelti:s. \pea I'm not going to stop (e.g., doing a job, carrying out an activity, etc.). \psa No voy a parar (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo, llevar a cabo una actividad, etc.). \pna Xtelti! \pea Stop him (e.g., from doing sth, going someplace, etc.)! \psa ¡Páralo (p. ej., de hacer algo, de ir a algún lugar, etc.)! \se to stop, calm, or sooth (e.g., pain through medicine, a state of agitation, etc.) \ss calmar o apaciguar (p. ej., el dolor por medio de una medicina, un estado deánimo agitado) \pna Xmotelti! \pea Calm down! \psa ¡Cálmate! \se to lower (a loud sound, e.g., on the radio) \ss bajar (un sonido fuerte, p. ej., en el radio) \se (refl. + <nao>a:tl</nao>) to stop raining; for the rainy season to come to an end \ss (refl. + <nao>a:tl</nao>) pararse de llover; detenerse la lluvia; terminar la temporada de lluvias \pna Yo:noteltih a:tl. \pea The rain has stopped (after a rainstorm). \psa Se paró(se detuvo) la lluvia (después de un aguacero). \pna Ye tlaki:stiw, ye noteltia a:tl. \pea The rainy season is now coming to a close, the rains are stopping. \psa La temporada de lluvias está viniendo a su fin, se paran las aguas. \syno tehtla:lia \xrb tel \xvaa teltilia \dis teltia; teketsa \nse <na>Teltia</na> refers mostly to physical movement or the functioning of something (like a tool) that is stopped. Although <na>teketsa</na> also often refers to stopping, the two have a completely different sense. <na>Teltia</na> never refers to the placing of something upright, but always to a process or movement. <na>Teketsa</na>, on the other hand, seems to be more based on a meaning such as 'to stand (or place) upright.' There is, however, significant overlap, as both may refer to animates that stop moving in a certain direction, or machines and mechanisms that stop functioning. \ref 03804 \lxa mo:nteyowa \lxac mo:nteyowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>monte</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to become overgrown after having once been cleared (a field for planting) \ssa volverse monte después de haber sido desmontado (un terreno de siembra). \nae The adjectival form is simply the nominal borrowing from Spanish <na>mo:nteh</na> and has no Nahuatl inflection (e.g., * <na>mo:nteyoh</na>). \qry Check for transitive form \ref 03805 \lxa kochkayo:tl \lxac kochkayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea food leftover from the day before, i.e., food that has been cooked and then saved overnight before being served the following day \ssa sobras, comida dejada del día anterior, esto es, comida preparada y guardada por una noche antes de ser servido al día siguiente \equivao ya:lwa kayo:tl \fla kayo:tl \xrb kochi \xrb kayo: \ref 03806 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /xoya:ya/ but apparently this is never used as a verb. Make note under /xoyá:k/. \dt 01/Feb/2005 \mod According to Florencia Marcelino the smell <nlo>xoyá:k</nlo> is that of beans and chick peas that are just starting to cook. Because of this there is no verb meaning to acquire this smell. \mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyâk/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Check possible subjects. ista:kyetl \ref 03807 \lxa tsi:ntepolikatok \lxac un kuwtli, tsi:ntepolikatok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der *V1-*V1-Stat \infv Durative \sem motion \se uprooted (a tree, with its roots standing up in the air) \ss desarraigado; arrancado del raíz (unárbol, con las raices salientes y apuntadas hacia arriba) \pna Tsi:ntepolikatok un kuwtli, o:kitlakal yeyekatl. \pea That tree is uprooted with its roots pointing into the air (e.g., after a storm), the wind knocked it over. \psa Eseárbol está desarraigado con las raices apuntando hacia arriba (p. ej., después de una tempestad), el viento lo derribó. \syna tsi:ntepolkestok \syno tsí:ntepolkéstok \xrb tsi:n \xrb tehpol \xrb ika \fl tsi:ntepolketsa \ref 03808 \lxa yo:lkwa \lxac kiyo:lkwa \lxo yo:lkwa \lxoc kiyo:lkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \sea to devour or eat the <nla>na:wahli</nla> of \ssa devorar o comer el nahual de \pna O:kiyo:lkwakeh nopo:tsi:n. \pea My little daughter had her <spn>nahual</spn> devoured. \psa Se le devoraron el nahual de mi hijita. \xrb yo:l \xrb kwa \nse At least in Ameyaltepec, the transitive verb <na>yo:lkwa</na> refers to the action of one <nla>na:wahli</nla> against another, which causes the human counterpart of the attacked and devoured <spn>nahual</spn> to die. \qry Check other meanings. \ref 03809 \lxa sakawin \lxac sakawin \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea variety of <nao>wi:lo:tl</nao> still not definitively identified \ssa tipo de <nao>wi:lo:tl</nao>, todavía no identificado definitivamente \equiva sakati:yah \equivo sakatsi:n \xrb saka \cpl This is one of three types of <na>wi:lo:tl</na>, Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>zacatilla</spn>, a large bird. Schoenhals (1988) does not mention the <spn>zacatilla</spn> but has many birds listed under <spn>zacatero</spn>, (i.e., sparrows) most of which are in the genera <i>Aimophila</i> or <i>Zonotrichia</i>. Apparently this is the same as the bird called <nla>sakatí:yah</nla>. \nct wi:lo:tl \ref 03810 \lxa ok \lxac ok toto:nki \lxo ok \lxoa oh \lxop ok \lxoc oh a:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se still \ss todavía \pna Ok toto:nki. \pea It is still hot. \psa Todavía está caliente. \pna Oh ki:sas. \pea It will still give results (turn out). \psa Todavía va a salir (bien). \se (~ + [imperative]) first [+ imperative] \ss (~ + [imperativo]) primero [+ imperativo] \pna Ok xkoxte:ka mokone:w para wel titekichi:was. \pea First put your child to bed so that you will be able to get some work done. \psa Primero acuesta a tu niño para que puedas trabajar. \se (~ + [verbal predicate in optative]) first let [+verbal predicate] (in Oapan <no>chia</no> + [verbal predicate in optative]) \ss (~ + [predicado verbal en el optativo]) deja que primero [+predicado verbal] (en Oapan <no>chia</no> + [predicado verbal en el optativo]) \pna Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:kon tia:skeh! \pea Let me first bathe, then we will go! \psa Deja que primero me bañe, entonces iremos. \pna Xne:schia! Ok ma nikpochi:na in noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh. \pea Wait for me! Let me first fray my hemp fiber so that I can pull it off in threads (i.e., to make a rope)! \psa ¡Espérame! deja que primero deshaga mi fibra de maguey para que le pueda arrancar hilitos (p. ej., para hacer una soga). \se (~ [number]) another [number] \ss (~ [número]) another [número] \pna Ok ye:i ne:chpolowa. \pea I'm still missing another three. \psa Todavía me faltan otros tres. \cfao xok \xrb ok \nae The clitic nature of <na>ok</na> in Ameyaltepec is suggested by the phonological change to final /h/ in <na>oh ki:sas</na>. Nevertheless, by orthographic convention it is always written as a separate word. In Oapan <no>ok</no> appears as such only at a phrase boundary that, given that <nao>ok</nao> is only (or virtually used before a predicative phrase) does not seem to occur. Yet the underlying nature of the final sound is revealed in <nao>xok</nao>, which unlike <nao>ok</nao> may occur in isolation, where the {k} appears. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec the {k} of <nao>ok</nao> appears before vowel-initial words, in Oapan the rule k>h is operative, and one finds, for example, <no>oh a:tli</no> 'he is still drinking.' \qry Re: vowel length, this should be checked; cf. entry under /o:kpa/. \vl Note that after /oh a:tli/ there follows a sequence of 4 tokens of /xok/. This should be marked as 5443. I added this word at this time in order to check on final /k/, even though it was not in the lexicon at this point. \ref 03811 \lxa xope:wa \lxac kixope:wa \lxo xope:wa \lxoc kixope:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to push up (e.g., earth) with its snout; to push up (e.g., earth) with the front (e.g,. a bulldozer with its scoop) \ss empujar (p. ej., tierra) con el hocico; empujar (p. ej. tierra) con la parte delantera (p. ej., un bulldozer) \pna Kixoxope:wa tla:hli mopitso ika ite:nxo:mah. \pea Your pig pushes up earth with its snout. \psa Tu cerdo empuja la tierra con su hocico. \cfao ma:pe:wa \xrb xo \xrb pe:wa \xvaao xope:wilia \ref 03812 \lxa a:wiltilistli \lxac a:wiltilistli \lxo á:wiltilístli \lxoc á:wiltilístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infn Stem 1(l) \pa yes-rdp \se games; playing or fooling around \ss juegos; vaciladas o chanzas \pno Kwahli xkító, yéwa xá:wiltilístli! \peo Say it right, it's not a joking matter! \pso ¡Dílo bien, no es cosa de broma! \xrb a:wil \nae The Oapan form manifests reduced reduplication (i.e., pitch accent) on the long vowel of the initial syllable. Apparently Oapan Nahuatl reduplicates the root <nr>a:wil</nr> when it has the meaning of 'game' or 'toy.' Such is the case here. Note, however, that the highest frequency of the pitch is on the semivowel /w/, not the end of the /a/. \pqry Check pitch accent location with phonetician. \ref 03813 \lxa ixi:ka \lxac ixi:ka \lxo íxí:ka \lxop ixi:ka \lxoc íxí:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to drip dry by having water drip or ooze slowly out from or toward the bottom or lower part (e.g., a slow spring that gives forth little water; a new ceramic water jug from which water seeps out; clothes left hung to dry, etc.) \ss secarse por gotitas al salirse despacio el agua de la parte inferior de un lugar o recipiente; bajarse el agua despacio (p. ej., un manantial que rinde poca agua; una tinaja nueva que transmina agua; ropa colgada para secar) \pna Yenkwik a:ko:ntli, yo:pe:w ixi:ka, ke:n a:kwa. \pea The water jug is new, water has started to seep out the bottom, it really lets water filter out. \psa La tinaja es nueva, el agua ha empezado de transminarse por abajo, de veras deja filtrar agua por sus paredes. \pna Yo:pe:w meme:ya a:tl, pero saka ixi:ka tepe:tl, ika ke:n yo:kiaw. \pea Water has started to spring forth a little, but it is just because it is seeping slowing out of the mountain as a result of the heavy rain (i.e., the water is seeping out of the ground, but not from a permanent spring). \psa El agua ha empezado de manar un poquito, pero nada más es porque se escurre el agua del cerro a causa de la fuerte lluvia que hubo (esto es, el agua simplemente se transmina por el suelo, no sale deun manatial permanente). \pna Ixi:katok un tlake:ntli; ye tetemo:tok a:tl. \pea Water is dripping off the end of those clothes (in this case hung up to dry); water is already seeping slowly down to the bottom. \psa El agua se le está escurriendo de esa ropa (en este caso de ropa tendida); ya se está bajando poco a poco. \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma ixakawa:ki. \pea In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. \psa En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezar, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. \pna Tlaxi:ka. Yo:pe:w kalaki a:tl mokali, yo:isoliw \pea Water is seeping out all over (i.e., the walls and perhaps roof). Water has started to enter your house, it's in shambles. \psa El agua está filtrando por todos lados (p. ej., por las paredes, tal vez el techo). El agua ya empezó a entrarle a tu casa, ya se desgastó. \se to loose its flavor or freshness as its juices seep out (a fruit, particularly <na>elote</na>); to loose moisture as it slowly seeps out over time (e.g., a dough) \ss perderse el sabor o frescura por escurrirsele el jugo (una fruta, particularmente el elote); perder agua y secarse lentamente (p. ej., una mezcla, masa, etc.) \pna Yo:ixi:kak ye:lo:tl. Ya:lwa o:nowepe:w, xok tsope:lik. \pea The <na>elote</na> has lost its freshness and flavor. It was picked yesterday, it is not sweet anymore. \psa El elote ya perdiósu frescura y sabor. Ayer se cortó, ya no es dulce. \pna Ya:lwakayo:tl, yo:ixi:kak, xok tsope:lik. \pea It's left over from yesterday, the juice has already seeped out (of, typically, <na>elote</na>), it's no longer sweet. \psa Es una sobra de ayer, ya se le escurrió el jugo (típicamente, del elote), ya no es dulce. \pna O:ne:chmanilikeh notakaw wa:tsaltik, o:nopaya:n yo:ixi:kak. \pea The <na>itacatl</na> they made for me was very brittle and dry, it (i.e., the <nla>nextamal</nla>) was ground when the water had already seeped out of it. \psa La <na>itacatl</na> que me hicieron salióreseco y quebradizo, lo molieron (el nixtamal) ya después de que le había escurrido el agua. \se to become dry (land just after a heavy rain when the surface is dried by the sun and the water seeps down) \ss secarse (tierra después de una fuerte lluvia cuando el sol seca la superficie y el agua se filtra abajo) \se to menstruate; to loose vaginal blood (particularly after giving birth) \ss menstruar; perder sangre por la vagina (particularmente después de haber dado a luz) \pna Ixi:ka, kwalo de me:stli. \pea She is menstruating, she is having her period. \psa Estámenstruando, le bajósu regla. \xrb hxi: \xvca ixi:tsa \xvco íxí:tsa \qry Check other applications of this word. Check vowel length of initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long, although the form /tlaxi:ka/ would suggest a short initial /i/. Note that /ixi:ka/ refers to water or other liquids which drip off the end of something or filters down out of something, or to the last drop dripping out of something. \ref 03814 \lxa suwa:kone:tl \lxac suwa:kone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea baby or little girl (from birth to about 7 or 8 years of age) \ssa niña o bebéde sexo feminino (desde nacimiento hasta como siete o ocho años de edad) \sem age \cfa ichpokatsi:n \cfo ichpakatsi:n \xrb sowa: \xrb kone: \ref 03815 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was removed as a duplicate entry for /mento:narowa/. \dt 21/Jun/2002 \ref 03816 \lxa wa:xtompihtsi:n \lxaa wa:xtompistsi:n \lxac wa:xtompihtsi:n \lxo wa:xtompistli \lxoc wa:xtompistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se <l>Leucaena pallida</l> Britton & Rose, type of small guaje tree whose fruit is occasionally eaten, though not that commonly, in February \ss <l>Leucaena pallida</l> Britton & Rose, tipo de guaje pequeño cuyo fruto se come, aunque no comunmente, en febrero \se fruit of the tree by this name \ss fruta del arbusto de este nombre \pna Wa:xtompihtsi:n | Bwe:noh para tihkwa:s. Tla:ki kware:smah ipan febre:roh, ikuwyo kwe:xtik, xtlah para. \pea <na>Wa:xtompihtsi:n</na> : It is good to eat. It bears fruit during the dry season, in February, it's wood is fine-grained, it isn't good for anything. \psa <na>Wa:xtompihtsi:n</na> : Es bueno para comer. Rinde su fruta durante la temporada de secas, en febrero, su madera tiene el grano fino, no sirve para nada. \src Luis Lucena, personal communication \sem plant \sem edible \equiva wa:xtompitskuwtsi:ntli \xrb wa:x \xrb tompits \nse Apparently this is known in Oapan as <no>wa:xtompirichis</no>, though Silvestre Pantaleón did not use this term when the specimen was collected. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>ahuaje</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has nothing by this name. Nor do Guizar and Sánchez (1991), perhaps because this is more of a bush than a tree. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 4676. They are perhaps of better sound quality than those here at 3816. \ref 03817 \lxa yeka:na \lxac kiyeka:na \lxo yeka:na \lxoc kiyeka:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to walk in front of as a guide (e.g., oxen just being trained, so that they follow the person walking in the furrows) \ss caminar adelante de como guía (p. ej., bueyes apenas entrenándose, para que le siguen a la persona caminando en los surcos) \pna Timitsyeka:nas, xok ma:s titlachia. \pea I'm going to walk in front of you to lead you, you don't see well anymore. \psa Voy a caminar enfrente de tícomo guía, ya no ves bien. \pna Kiyeka:na itlakwa:te:kil un mihkatsi:ntli. \pea The godchild of the deceased person is leading (the funeral entourage, carrying a saint and candles). \psa El ahijdo de la persona fallecida está yendo adelante (de la procesión funeraria, llevándo un santo y velas). \pna Xyeka:na a:chitsi:n nobweye:swa:n! \pea Lead my oxen a little (by walking in front of them so they follow you through the furrows)! \psa ¡Guía mis bueyes un poquito (al caminar enfrente de ellos para que sigan el surco)! \se (fig.) to show the way to; to demonstrate the solution to \ss (fig.) mostrar en camino a; demonstrarle la solución a \xrb yeka \xrb a:na \xvaao yeka:nilia \xv1ao tlayeka:na \mod Illustrate child leading oxen. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token. \ref 03818 \lxa kextsotsol \lxac kextsotsol \lxo kexte:tsol \lxoc kexte:tsol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s* (prev-te) \se to have a bare, featherless throat (particularly said of certain chickens with this characteristic, which may extend down to its breast) \ss tener el cuello pelado, sin plumas (dicho particularmente de ciertas gallinas con esta característica, que puede extender hasta su pecho) \pna Kextsotsol nopió. \pea My chicken does not have any feathers on the front of its neck. \psa Mi gallina no tiene plumas en la parte de enfrente de su cuello. \cfo piyo:te:tsol \xrb kech \xrb tsol \qry Check other usages of /kechtsotsol/. Check for /kex/ or /kech/. It appears that I originally had /kechtsotsol/ for Ameyaltepec, but I have changed this based on comparative information. Recheck. \rt Discuss the nature of /tsotsol/ as a reduplicated form, lexicalized, that seems to be related to /tsoliwi/ etc. Note that /tsotsoltetl/ means 'naked.' \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token. \ref 03819 \lxa mela:wa \lxac kimela:wa \lxo mela:wa \lxoc kimela:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to straighten out (sth crooked, such as a rod, or other tool, either by bending or by altering its shape) \ss enderezar (algo chueco, como una vara u otra herramienta, o al desdoblarla o al alterar su forma misma) \pna Nikmela:wasneki, xwel mela:wi. Ne:chkwa:tla:ntok. \pea I want to straighten it (in this case a piece of wood being carved for an axe handle), but it won't get straight. It's giving me a hard time. \psa Quiero enderezarlo (en este caso un pedazo de madera que se está tallando para la manga de una hacha), pero no se endereza. Me está dando un dolor de cabeza. \pna Ma tikmela:waka:n. \pea Let's straighten it out (in this case a rope by laying it on the ground). \psa Vamos a ponerlo derecho (en este caso un un lazo al acostarlo en el suelo) \se (refl.) to lay oneself down (e.g., a person to sleep; for animals the word <nlao>te:ka</nlao> is more common) \ss (refl.) acostarse (p. ej., una persona para dormir; para animals es más común <nlao>te:ka</nlao>) \pna Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw. \pea I am lying down, I got tired. \psa Estoy acostado, ya me cansé. \se to be appropriate for; to be correct for \ss ser apropriado para; ser lo correcto para \pna Xkimela:wa, xika iyo:hlo o:kichi:w. \pea It is not appropriate (in this case it was not an appropriate response), he didn't do it on purpose (and thus doesn't deserve such a harse punishment). \psa No le queda (en este caso no fue una respuesta apropriada), no lo hizo a propósito. \se to be of or belong to by right \ss ser propiedad de por derecho \pna Newa ne:chmela:wa un tla:hli. \pea That land is mine by right. \psa Ese terreno me pertenece por derecho. \se (with 3rd-person object) to go straight \ss (con objeto de 3a persona) ir derecho \pna Ma tikmela:wakan. \pea Let's go straight there (i.e. take the shortest route, not take any detours). \psa Vamos a ir derecho (por el camino más corto, sin desviaciones). \xrb mela: \xv1ao tlamela:wa \cfa nomela:wtok \nse Note the difference between the imperative, <na>x(ik)mela:wa</na> 'straighten it out' and the negative, <na>xkimela:wa</na>, 'it is not appropriate for it.' This difference reflects the different status of <na>x</na> as an imperative marker and as a negative clitic. Note that although usually the use of <na>-tok</na> with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between <na>mela:wtok</na> and <na>nomela:wtok</na> is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that <na>mela:wtok</na> refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while <na>nomela:wtok</na> indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative. \qry I removed this definition: '(~ <na>tlato:hli</na>) to abbreviate words; to shorten words' and exampe: /San kimela:wan tlato:hli./ 'They just abbreviate their words.' as C. Flores did not accpet this signification. \qry Apparently there is a difference (perhaps a lexicalized idiom) between /xikmela:wa/ 'straighten it out' and /xkimela:wa/ 'it is not appropriate for it.' This is very significant (but should be check) and should be recorded in my grammar notes. Note that although usually the use of <na>-tok</na> with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between <na>mela:wtok</na> and <na>nomela:wtok</na> is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that <na>mela:wtok</na> refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while <na>nomela:wtok</na> indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative. \grm Note that although usually the use of <na>-tok</na> with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between <na>mela:wtok</na> and <na>nomela:wtok</na> is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that <na>mela:wtok</na> refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while <na>nomela:wtok</na> indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative. \ref 03820 \lxa tlaa:ki:ltia \lxac kitlaa:ki:ltia \lxo tlá:kí:ltia \lxoc kitlá:kí:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv class-2a \se to put clothes on (particularly young children still unable to dress themselves); to dress (sb) \ss vestir; ponerle ropa a (particularmente a niños que no pueden vestirse solos) \xrb a:k \xbtlao a:ki:ltia \nse <na>Tlaa:kiltia</na> may refer to any part of the costume being put on, such as the earings, crown, etc. worn by <spn>danzantes</spn>. Note that in Oapan this term is reduplicated, as evidenced by the pitch accent on the long vowel of the first syllable. \qry C. Flores did not accept this form at first, but did then.. Instead one would say /kitlake:ntia/ or also, only with a spec. object: /nika:ki:ltia/ \vl The first pronunciation by Florencia is /kitla:ki:ltia/, with no pitch-accent. This should be given #7650. There then follow the 4 correct tokens, /kitlá:kí:ltia/. There are also 4 extra tokens of this word at 6540. Given the better quality of later recordings, the two linked files should probably be these. \ref 03821 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /sayhkón/; it has been changed to an alternate pronunciation of /sahkón/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The Oapan entry here has been removed. Tag words with # 4110 \ref 03822 \lxa ye:lmoya:wa \lxac kiye:lmoya:wa \lxo e:lmoya:wa \lxoa ye:lmoya:wa \lxoc ke:lmoya:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to make (sb) sick to the stomach; to make nauseous or queasy \ss dar asco a; hacer sentir nausea a \pna Yo:pe:w ne:chye:lmoya:wa. Nimiso:tlasneki. \pea It's started to make me feel nauseous. I'm on the verge of throwing up. \psa Me empezó a dar nausea. Estoy a punto de vomitar. \xrb e:l \xrb moya: \dis ye:lmoya:wa; yo:lamana \nde In Oapan both <no>ke:lmoya:wa</no> and <no>kiye:lmoya:wa</no> are correct. \nse Apparently <nao>ye:lmoya:wa</nao> involves a greater sense of nausea or disgust than <nla>yo:lamana</nla> (Am). \qry Check whether dif. between /ye:lmoya:wa/ and /yo:lamana/ have a semantic difference that is reflected in differences in the potential subjects of each verb. \ref 03823 \lxa a:pochi:ni \lxac a:pochi:ni \lxo a:pochi:ni \lxoc á:pochí:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni[+ca] \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to become spongy or fuzzy from water; to come apart in water (e.g. tortillas, bread, some types of paper, soap, and even some rocks) \ss esponjarse o desmoronarse por estar en agua; deshacerse en el agua (p. ej., tortilla, pan, algunos tipos de papel, jabón y hasta algunas piedras) \pna O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo. \pea The dirt on your feet got soft from water (i.e., in bathing, after it had hardened from not bathing). \psa La mugre sobre tus pies se ablandócon el agua (p. ej., al bañarte después de que se había endurecido porque no te habías bañado). \pna A:pochi:ni, papa:ti. \pea It softens up in water, it starts to dissolve. \psa Se ablanda en el agua, empieza a disolverse (papel, jabón, pan, tortillas, etc.). \pna Yo:a:pochi:n nokxi. A:man ma ntetechiki para ma ki:sa un tla:hli. \pea My foot (i.e., the dirt or even dried skin on it) has softened up in the water. Now let me scrape it so that the dirt comes off. \psa Mi pie (esto es, la tierra o mugre endurecida que ha formado una capa, o la piel muerta y dura) se ablanda con el agua. Ahora déjame rasparlo para que se caiga la mugre. \dis a:yema:nia \xrb a: \xrb pochi: \xvcao a:pochi:naltia \mod add ixkitla:hlo to dictionary. Also add the indicated phrase with /chiki/ and /pa:ti/ reduplicated under these headwords. \nae Although the citation form from Oapan manifests pitch accent on the initial underlyingly long vowel, which is a reflex of reduplication, the headword entry is not"reduplicated."This variation should be explored, but it would appear that Oapan <no>a:pochi:ni</no> is correct given that the causative form, <no>a:pochi:naltia</no>, has been documented without pitch accent. \nse Transitive form apparently takes causative. \ref 03824 \lxa kwentia \lxac kikwentia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to beat (in a race, competition, bet, etc.); to have more (money, goods, cattle, etc.) than; to get the better of \ss ganar (a algn, en una carrera, competencia, apuesta, etc.); tener más (dinero, bienes, ganado, etc.) que; superar; derrotar \pna Nihkwentia ne:nkah toba:leh. Yo:nikitak ma:s miak nikpia wa:kax. \pea I have more than our buddy over there. I've seen that I have more cattle than him. \psa Le gano a ese amigo. Ya vi que tengo más ganado queél. \pna Mitskwenti:s deke iwa:n timotla:nis. \pea He will beat you if you have a contest with him. \psa Te va a ganar si haces competencia conél. \pna O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. \pea He realized that the bull get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, during a rodeo). \psa Se diócuenta que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (durante un jaripeo). \pna I:wa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah!. Tihkwenti:s. \pea Race against him (e.g., in a foot race, horse race, etc.)! You will beat him. \psa ¡Echate una carrera contraél (corriendo o montado sobre caballo, etc.)! Le vas a ganar. \se (recipr.) to have a contest; to compete \ss (recipr.) hacer competencia (dos o más personas) \pna Ma timokwenti:ka:n! \pea Let's have a contest between us (e.g., a bet, a race, a wrestling match, to see who wins)! \psa ¡Vamos a competir (p. ej., con una apuesta, una carrera, una juego o deporte, etc., para ver quien gana)! \equivao tlani \xrb kwen \nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec <na>kwentia</na> is uncertain. It is not found in Oapan and a search in published Nahuatl sources does not reveal any similar or cognate terms. It might be a partial borrowing from Spanish <spn>cuenta</spn>. For the present I have analyzed it as having a Nahuatl root. \grm Comparative: /Nihkwentia ne:nkah toba:leh. Yo:nikitak ma:s miak nikpia wa:kax./ 'I have more than our buddy over there. I've seen that I have more cattle than him.' Note the comparative: /ma:s miak/. Also note /nihkwentia/ in the previous phrase, which suggests a comparison. \ref 03825 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:nkweskomatl \lxoc xa:nkweskomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of grain storage bin made of adobe \sso tipo de troje hecha de adobe \equiva kweskomatl de xa:ntli \xrb kweskoma \xrb xa:m \encyctmp kweskomatl \ref 03826 \lxa tlakwalpo:ni \lxac tlakwalpo:ni \lxo tlakwalpo:ni \lxoc tlakwalpo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to eat a lot upon acquiring a liking for a particular food; to gobble up food; to get started on eating (and not stop) \ss engullirse la comida; comer mucho al adquirir un gusto para una comida en particular; arrancar a comer (y no dejar de hacerlo) \pna O:tlakwalpo:n, o:kwelilih. \pea He ate a lot (of a particular food), he liked its taste. \psa Comiómucho (de algo en particular), le gustósu sabor. \pna O:tikwelilih. O:titlakwalpo:n, o:tlan notlaxkal. \pea You liked the taste of it. You got started on eating [and] my tortillas got finished. \psa Te gustósu sabor. Arrancaste a comer, se acabaron mis tortillas. \pna Tlakwalpo:ni, xnotelti:s. \pea He's gotten started on eating, he won't stop. \psa Arrancó en comer, no se va a detener. \xrb kwa \xrb po: \cfa po:ni \ref 03827 \lxa na:nkilia \lxac kina:nkilia \lxo na:nkilia \lxoc kina:nkilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to answer (a person, e.g., in response to a question) \ss contestar (a una persona, p. ej., en respuesta a una pregunta) \pna Xekah tlana:nkilia. \pea No one answers (the door, telephone, etc.). \psa Nadie contesta (el teléfono, la puerta, etc.). \se to respond affirmatively to; to answer in the affirmative; to agree with or to \ss contestar afirmativamente a \pna Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok. \pea I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking). \psa No te contesté en lo afirmativo porque me siento flojo por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices). \pna Niman tlana:nkilia, ke:n tlatowa:ni. \pea He responds right away (in this case to a call for a town meeting), he is always ready to talk. \psa Luego luego responde (en este caso a una llamada para una junta del pueblo), está puesto para hablar. \se to talk back to; to give lip to; to stand up to; to face up to (sb, in challenging them) \ss contestar en forma desafiante; enfrentar; ser insolente a \pna Xkaman ne:chna:nkilia, kichi:wa tli:n nikna:watia. \pea He never answers me back (gives me lip), he does what I tell him to (in this case referring to the child of the speaker) \psa Nunca me desafía (nunca se opone), hace lo que le ordeno (en este caso se refiere al hijo del que habla) \pna Tiktla:tlawtia. Tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki? Xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia. \pea You pity him (in this case an insolent child). Why don't you give him a thrashing? He doesn't obey you, he gives you lip. \psa Le tienes lástima (en este casa a un niño insolente).¿Por quéno le des una paliza? No te obedece, te es insolente. \se to echo; to resound \ss hacer eco a; resoñar \pna Kina:nkilia un tepe:tl pa:mpa chika:wak o:tsatsik. \pea That hill sends back an echo of his voice because he shouted loudly. \psa Ese cerro le hace eco porque gritófuertemente. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to tentatively answer (in the affirmative) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) contestar en lo afirmativo, pero tentativamente \pna Yo:pe:w kina:na:nkilia. \pea He's started to come around to agreeing (e.g., he's slowly becoming convinced to do sth). \psa Ya empezó a dejarse convencer (p. ej., poco a poco se deja convencer para hacer algo). \pna Ne:chna:na:nkilia, xe kwahli ne:chna:nkilia. \pea He's sort of agreed to do it for me, but he's still not given me a really good (positive) answer. \psa Tentativamente me ha dicho que sí, pero todavía no me contesta bien (en lo afirmativo). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to echo (repeatedly, back and forth); to reverberate or resound (e.g, between two walls or hills) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer eco (una y otra vez); reverberar (p. ej., entre dos paredes o cerros) \pna Kina:na:nkilitok un tepe:tl. \pea It (in this case music played over a loudspeaker) is resounding (echoing) back and forth off that hill. \psa Se reverbera (hace eco) por aquel cerro (en este caso música que se toca por un altavoz). \pna Kina:na:nkilia un a:tlawtli, komo:ntok a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea That gourge makes (the floodwaters) resound back and forth, the floodwaters are making a booming sound. \psa Esa barranca hace resoñar (las aguas que van bajando del cerro), las aguas torrentiales están tronando. \xrb na:nki \nse In some case <nao>na:nkilia</nao> can refer to answering in the affirmative (<na>xo:mitsna:nkilih</na> ? 'Did he respond (affirmatively)?') while in other cases it refers to answering in a challenging way, to standing up to, to challenging. Context determines the sense of the verb and the nature of the response (affirmative or challenging). \grm tla- /Xekah tlana:nkilia/ 'No one answers (the door, telephone, etc.). Again here note the use of tla- rather than te:- to indicate an action that certainly involves answering a person. Cf. to /A:man xtikaxili:s, titlana:miktia/ 'Today you won't have time, you are marrying off a child (i.e., a son or daughter).' in which tla- is also used to indicate the performance of an action with no specific object. Indeed, it seems rare that /te:-/ is used in this situation. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Yo:pe:w kina:na:nkilia/ 'He's started to come around to agreeing (e.g., he's slowly becoming convinced to do sth).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication to indicate an action that occurs once and again, yet slowly over time. The implication is of an incipient action, one that is partially completed once and again. Cf. to similar use in a construction such as /ko:kochi/ 'to nod off and on in sleep'. In general document use of long vowel reduplication. \rt The word <na>na:nkilia</na> apparently contains a stem <na>na:n</na> that perhaps is found in words like <na>na:maka</na>. \vl Note that the first sequence of four tokens here is incorrect. It is /kina:ki:lia/ and they should be tagged as 6430. NOTE: Kevin, when you get to these mention it to me as I'd like to check these. \ref 03828 \lxa ma:muwtilia \lxac kima:muwtilia \lxo ma:mohtilia \lxoc kima:mohtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \rdp Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to scare (most often the animal such as a horse or mule [SO]) of \ss espantar (generalmente el animal como caballo o mula [OS]) de \pna O:mitsma:muwtilih moma:choh. Ye mitsa:ltlakalisnekiya. \pea It frightened your mule on you. He (was about to throw you to the ground. \psa Te espantó el macho. Ya estaba por aventarte al suelo. \pna Ma:ka tine:chtlama:muwtili:s! \pea Don't frighten (my beast of burden) on me! \psa ¡No me espantes (a mi bestia)! \xrb mawi \xvba ma:muwtia \xvbo ma:mohtia \ref 03829 \lxa kwetomatl \lxac kwetomatl \lxo kwétomátl \lxoc kwétomátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao pillow \ssao almohada \seao (~ <no>i:tlake:nyo</no>) pillowcase \ssao (~ <no>i:tlake:nyo</no>) funda para almohada \xrb kweh \xrb toma \nae The etymology of <na>kwetomatl</na> is uncertain. The pitch accent suggests an underlying form {kwehtomatl}, and the short /e/ suggests a derivation at least not directly related to <nlao>kwe:tli</nlao>. But the alternation between <n>ma:</n> and <n>mah</n> as roots for 'hand' also indicates the possibility that the roots <nr>kwe:</nr> and <nr>kweh</nr> are related. Finally, it is also quite possible, if a vowel shift occurred, that the root is <nr>kwah</nr>, an alternate of <nr>kwa:</nr> 'head' found in compounds. \sj Check for /kwehtomatl/. \ref 03830 \lxa chiki \lxac kichiki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(k) \se see <nla>techiki</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>techiki</nla> \sem distort-shape \equivo techiki \xrb hchiki \xvaa chikilia \nse Although the form <na>chiki</na>, without the intensifier, is accepted by Ameyaltepec consultants (though not by those from Oapan), all documented uses are of <nla>techiki</nla>. Note that a good indication of the lexicalization of <na>techiki</na> with the intensifier is the fact that when the verb is reduplicated in Ameyaltepec the intensifier reduplicates, indicating that it is part of the stem. This is not, however, the case in Oapan, which has <no>té:chikí</no>, from underlying {te + reduplicant + chiki}. \qry Determine whether the verb appears mostly with the"intensifier"or how common simple /chiki/ is. Check all words with /chiki/ in Oapan and determine pattern or reduplication/stress. \grm Note the reduplication of /te-/: Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! The relates to the problem of with the intensifier what reduplicates. Check /techichiki/ vs. /tetechiki/, and ?/tetekoto:na/ vs. /tekokoto:na/. Check to make sure class 3. \ref 03831 \lxa tlawi:kpa:nahli \lxac tlawi:kpa:nahli \lxo tlawi:pa:nahli \lxoc tlawi:pa:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se sth aligned and interwoven (such as the cactus rods of a bed of <nlao>tlapextli</nlao> that are tied together with interwoven cord) \ss algo alineado y entretejido (como las varas de cactus <nla>tlapextli</nla> que se alinean y se atan para una cama, o tabiques y adobe que están asípuestos para guardarse) \pna Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawi:pa:nahli motlapech. \pea You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (<nla>tlapextli</nla>) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places. \psa No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de <nla>tlapextli</nla>) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, está amarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en tres lugares. \se sth lined up (e.g., bricks or adobe that are aligned for storage) \ss algo alineado (p. ej., tabiques y adobe que están asípuestos para guardarse) \equivo tlawi:pa:ntli \xrb wipa: \nse <nao>Tlawipa:nahli</nao> most often refers to the way in which many long rods are tied together in parallel fashion. The rods are lined up and then twine is woven around them (over and under each rod to hold it in place). This weaving is used for beds and for certain fences consisting of upright rods in this way held together. \mod Illustrate. And see illustration with original file card. \qry Check length of /i/ in /wipa:na/ as FK lists it as long. The acoustics of the Oapan form are unclear, but comparative data from other words with this stem suggest a long /i:/ \ref 03832 \lxa itlakotia:n tlatektli \lxac itlakotia:n tlatektli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \se see <nla>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</nla> \equivo tsi:nxolo:xtik kwetli \nse The headword phrase is a relative clause referring to a type of dress in which cut fabric is used. Literally it means 'at its half is something cut.' \pqry Note aspiration (check) of /k/ in /tlatektli/. Analyze acoustically. \xrb tlahko \xrb teki \ref 03833 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaxilahko \lxoa tlatexilahko \lxoc tlaxilahko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \seo place on an incline that is slippery (from being wet, being covered with loose earth, having a smooth and hard surface, etc.) \sso cuesta resbalosa (por estar mojada, tener una capa de tierra, suelta, tener una superficie lisa y dura, etc.) \equiva tlaxola:wa \equivo tlaxilahka:n \xrb xola: \dis tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa; tla:la:la:wa \grm /tla-/ Note the words /tla:la:wa/, /tlapeya:wa/, /tlaxola:wa/.... words that seem to be derived from an archaic intransitive that has been impersonalized. Since Classical Nahuatl had /-a:wa/ verbs as intransitives (Balsas area Nahuatl has /-a:wi/ in these cases), it is unclear whether /peya:wa/, /a:la:wa/, and /xola:wa/ might be frozen relics of an intransitive. However, /tlaxola:wa/ might be a construction such as /tlachipa:wa/, i.e., a 3rd person agent and /tla-/ indicating that 'slipping' occurs. Thus /tlaxola:wa/ would be 0-tla-xola:wa 'it causes slipping' (i.e., a place with the characteristics given above). \ref 03834 \lxa tlasolitia \lxac tlasolitia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become covered with garbage, particularly organic material such as pieces of dried plants (a patio or house floor, etc.) \ss cubrirse de desechos y basura, particularmente materia orgánica como pedazos rotos de plantas secas (el suelo de un patio o interior de una casa) \pna Yo:tlasolitiak pa:mpa xnitlachpa:na. \pea It's gotten covered with garbage because I don't sweep. \psa Se llenóde basura porque no barro. \pna Tlasolitixtok. \pea It is getting covered with garbage. \psa Se está cubriendo de basura. \equivo tlásoltipántia \xrb hsol \nae The etymology of <na>tlasolitia</na> is not entirely clear. Obviously it contains the underlying nominal stem <n>tlahsol</n> and the verbalizing ending for intransitives <n>ya</n>, and probably <n>ti</n>. But the origin of the /i/ after the nominal stem is not certain. It might be a reduction of <n>yo:-</n> (e.g., \ref 03835 \lxa pepetlaka \lxac pepetlaka \lxo pepetlaka \lxoc pepetlaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to glitter; to gleam; to sparkle; to shimmer (i.e., the reflect small amounts of light from different parts of a surface, such as certain rocks, water, etc.) \ss resplandecer; brillar; destellar; centellear (esto es, reflejar pequeñas cantidades de luz de varias partes de una superficie, como lo hace el agua, algunas piedras, etc.) \xrb petla: \xv0ao tlapepetlaka \nse <na>Pepetlaka</na> is used to indicate the sparkling that occurs on certain rocks as they catch rays of light over a varied surface. It has also been documented in reference to an amate painted in gold and silver paint that didn't shine, but glittered. \qry Check difference between /pepetlaka/ and /petla:ni/, i.e., the shining surface of a water: /petla:ni/ or /pepetlaka/. \qry Check for double reduplication: /pepepetlaka/ in Ameyaltepec, /pehpepetlaka/ in Tetelcingo, and /pé:petlaka/ in Oapan. \ref 03836 \lxa pi:tsa \lxac kipi:tsa \lxo pi:tsa \lxoc kipi:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to blow through (a tube or similar object, such as a wind instrument) \ss soplar através de (un tubo u otro objeto similar como un instrumento de viento) \xrb pi:tsa \xv1ao tlapi:tsa \qry Check for causative. \ref 03837 \lxa -ko \lxac o:tlakwa:ko \lxo -ko \lxoc o:tlakwa:ko \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao inverse directional suffix used in the perfective, indicating that the subject has come (and not yet left) \ssao direccional inverso utilizado en el perfectivo, indicando que el sujeto ha llegado (y todavía no ha salido) \nae This suffix, which has a plural <na>-ko:n</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>-ko:h</no> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <nlao>-ki</nlao> and <nlao>-ko:ya</nlao>. \ref 03838 \lxa mumuwtetl \lxac mumuwtetl \lxo mohtetl \lxoc mohtetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn Stem 2 \se scardy-cat; person who is easily frightened \ss miedoso; sacón \pna Xkanah ya:sneki ika yewahli, ke:n mumuwtetl. \pea He doesn't like to go anywhere during the night, he's a real scardy-cat. \psa No quiere ir a ningún lado en la noche,¡quésacón! \xrb mowi \xrb te \ref 03839 \lxa we:lik \lxac we:lik \lxo we:lik \lxoc we:lik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se tasty \ss sabroso \xrb we:li \ref 03840 \lxa cho:ka \lxac cho:ka \lxo cho:ka \lxoc cho:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to cry (a human) \ss llorar (un humano) \pna Tlachocho:ka ika ko:koneh. Mlá:k kone:wakeh! \pea There is a sound of crying children all over. They really have a lot of children! \psa Hay llanto de niños por dondequiera.¡De veras tienen muchos niños! \se to moo (a cow); to bleat (a goat); to make a characteristic sound (certain other animals) \ss mugir (una vaca); balar (un chivo); hacer su sonido típico (varios animales en particular) \se to make a rumbling or grinding sound (the motor of a vehicle) \ss rugir; rezumbar (el motor de un vehículo) \pna I wa:lcho:katiw un tepostli. \pea That car (or bus, etc.) is coming roaring along (its motor making the sounds). \psa Ese carro (o camión, etc.) viene rugiendo. \se to make a whistling sound (a rock thrown through the air; bullets shot from a gun) \ss hacer un sonido como de silbido (una piedra aventada por el aire; balas disparadas de una arma de fuego) \pna San tlachocho:ka ika bala:soh. \pea There is just a screaming of bullets (e.g. as hunters try and shoot a running dear). \psa Las balas silban por todos lados (p. ej. cuando muchos cazadores están tratando de matar a un venado). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to cry on and off; for ones voice to break occasionally in crying; to be continually on the verge of crying while crying slightly and softly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) llorar por momentos; quebrarse ocasionalmente la voz en llanto; estar a punto de llorar o llorar quietamente \pna Cho:cho:ka pa:mpa o:yah imulah. \pea His voice breaks (as he is on the verge of tears) because his mule has taken off. \psa Se le quiebra la voz (al estar al borde del llanto) porque se fue su mula. \pna Cho:cho:ka pa:mpa o:notsontek. \pea At moments he cries because he cut himself. \psa Llora por momentos porque se cortó. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to bray on and off (a mule, horse, or donkey, from pain or hunger) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) rebuznar repetidas veces (una mula, caballo, o burro, por el dolor o el hambre) \pna Cho:cho:ka momulah, a:pismiki. \pea Your mule is braying, it's hungry. \psa Rebuzna tu mula, tiene hambre. \sem sound-human \sem sound-animal \xrb cho:ka \xvaao cho:kilia \xvca cho:ktia \xvco cho:htia \qry Check precise animals and things that make this sound. Note also that with the long vowel reduplication in regards to a mule: /cho:ka/ when the animal is looking for its partner, but /cho:cho:ka/ when it is hungry. This is a different type of sound. Recheck all the meanings of long vowel reduplication. \ref 03841 \lxa wi:kilia \lxac kwi:kilia \lxo wi:kilia \lxoc kiwi:kilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to owe (sth) to \ss deber (algo) a \pna Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was. \pea His son-in-law has debts (lit., 'owes it'), but everything will come from our friend, he will be the one to pay for everything. \psa Su yerno tiene deudas (lit., 'lo debe'), pero todo va a salir de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo. \xrb wi:ka \ref 03842 \lxa misto:n \lxac misto:n \lxo misto:n \lxoa misto:h \lxoc misto:n; misto:mih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-suf \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. <nao>misto:meh</nao> \se domestic cat \ss gato doméstico \se one who likes to eat delicious foods \ss cuzgo \pna Timisto:n. \pea You like to eat good things. \psa Eres cuzgo. \pno Ay miston, yo:tontlamih. \peo Ay, you kitty, you've finished it up. \pso Ay gatito, ya lo acabaste. \se (inalienable possession; vulg.) vagina; pussy \ss (posesión enajenable; vulg.) vagina \sem animal \sem domes \nse Note that the documentation shows a short vowel in the singular that is long in the plural: <na>misto:meh</na>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \pqry Check vowel lengths. However, in one filecard I note that"the final /o:/ is definitely long as checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. 1986. At this time the final /o:/ of /misto:n/ was compared to that of /akinon/, which is short. If shown otherwise with acoustic measurements: change in all entries. \ref 03843 \lxa xopihli \lxac xopihli \lxo xopihli \lxoc xopihli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se spoon \ss cuchara \sem tool-cook \xrb xopil \nse This word is rarely used in conversation though when asked for the Nahuatl for <spn>cuchara</spn> a few elder men and women in Ameyaltepec did know produce the Nahuatl form given here. The Spanish loan <spn>kucha:rah</spn> is now used in daily speech. \vl There is another female token of this word from 4140. Note: please tag this token from 4140, but do not use it as the linked word. \ref 03844 \lxa sokioh \lxac sokioh \lxo sokiyoh \lxoc sokiyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se full or covered with mud (e.g., clothes, a tool, etc.) \ss lleno o cubierto de lodo (p. ej., ropa, una herramienta, etc.) \dis sokititlan, sokiyoh, etc. \xrb soki \qry The one documented case of this verb is reduplicated as /sosokioh/; check to determine whether reduplicated form is more common, difference between reduplicated and unreduplicated forms, etc. \ref 03845 \lxa sa:wati \lxac sa:wati \lxo sa:wati \lxoc sa:wati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to have or break out in a rash or pox; to suffer from skin eruptions (often from lack of cleanliness) \ss tener o brotarsele sarpullido o roña; sufrir una enfermedad de la piel (que se manifiesta generalmente por falta de higiene) con granitos, comezón, etc. \se to be mangy (an animal such as a dog) \ss tener sarna (un animal como el perro) \pna Nika:n xakah sa:wati. \pea Here no one has rashes. \psa Aquínadie tiene sarpullido. \sem disease \cfa sasa:wa; tesasa:wati \cfo té:sa:wáti \xrb sa:wa \encyctmp sa:watl \nse In Oapan, at least, the reduplicated forms are also used: <no>sása:wáti</no> and <no>té:sa:wáti</no>. \qry Apparently /sa:wati/ accepts /te-/, but check. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03846 \lxa siamiki \lxac siamiki \lxo siahmiki \lxoc siahmiki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to become exhausted; to suffer greatly from exhaustion \ss cansarse mucho; fatigarse; quedar extenuado \se to die from exhaustion \ss morirse de agotamiento \pna O:siamik pa:mpa o:tikma:maltih tli:n yetí:k. \pea It died (in this case a donkey) from exhaustion because you loaded it up with something heavy. \psa Se murióde agotamiento (en este caso un burro) porque lo cargaste con algo pesado. \xrb sia \xrb miki \xvca siamiktia \xvco siahmihtia \nse Although like other words that end in <na>-miki</na> the meaning is most commonly simply 'to suffer from [incorporated noun/stem]' it is also possible for <nla>miki</nla> to have a literal meaning 'to die [from].' An illustrative phrase in this entry manifests this literal interpretation of <na>miki</na>. Note also that the Classical form of this verb is <na>ciammiqui</na>, with the geminate nasal from underlying {w + m}, a phonological process that is common, as witness the combination forms with <nla>na:wi</nla>. \qry Check for causative. \pqry I originally had Oapan written /siahmiki/. Indeed, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there seems to be something between the /a/ and the nasal. But it is hard to distinguish. Later, in the tokens for /siamihtia/ (4464) I could hear no aspiration at all. Hence both entries have been changed to /siam.../. This should be checked. \ref 03847 \lxa mapilwia \lxac kimapilwia \lxo 'mapi:lwía \lxop mapi:lwia \lxof ['(prefix) ma pi:l 'wi a] \lxoc kímapi:lwía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to point out with ones finger \ss señalar con el dedo \pna Xmapilwi katlewa tikwelita! \pea Point out which one you like! \psa Señala el que te gusta! \xrb mah \xrb pi:l \xvaa mapilwilia \xvao 'mapilwília \nae The long vowel noted in Ameyaltepec and Oapan <na>mapi:lwia</na> should be rechecked given that <na>mapihli</na> (Am) and <no>mápihlí</no> (Oa) have both been recorded with a short vowel. \qry Despite the fact that <na>mapihli</na> is recorded as having a short vowel, <na>mapi:lwia</na> is noted to have a long vowel (confirmed in an effort to recheck this discrepancy). \qry Comparative evidence should be examined and an effort made to explain the difference in length between /mapihli/ and /mapi:lwia/. \pqry Recheck vowel length of /i/ here. Sometimes I hear /mapi:lwia/ and other times /mapilwia/. CHECK here and with other occurrences of /mapihli/. \vl There is an extra male token of this at 4105. \ref 03848 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlánkwetól \lxoc i:tlánkwetól \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seo gum \sso encía \sem body \sem human \equiva tlankwe \xrb tlan \xrb kweh \xrb tol \nae It would appear that the etymology of this word includes the root <nr>kweh</nr> (for comparative purposes given as <nr>kwah</nr>), which is also found in <nlo>kwétomátl</nlo> and <nlo>i:xté:nkwetól</nlo> and is probably related to <nr>kwa:</nr> or perhaps <nr>kwe:</nr>. The presence of underlying {h} as a coda is reflected in the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlánkwetól</no>. The only difference between the Ameyaltepec and Oapan form is the additional morpheme <n>tol</n>, the meaning of which has not yet been determined. \qry Check /tlankeketol/. \sj tlakwetol and all words with /kwetol/, which has p-a in Oapan, for presence of {h}. \ref 03849 \lxa nehli \lxac nehli tiwi:ts \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \sea intensely; absorbedly \ssa mucho; intensivamente \pna Xwel one:wa, nehli te:wa:n nonono:tsa. \pea He can't take his leave, he's deeply absorbed in conversation. \psa No puede agarrar su camino, está muy metida en la pláctica. \pna Nehli okse: nikchi:wtoya, san o:nkak o:tlan un ke:soh. Nihkowaskia. \pea For being absorbed in doing something else, I just heard that the cheese was all gone. I should have bought some (earlier, before it was sold out). \psa Por estar clavado en hacer otra cosa nada más escuchéque se había acabado el queso. Lo hubiera comprado (antes, cuando todavía había). \xrb nel \nse Gabriel de la Cruz gave the translation of <na>nehli</na> as 'por estar....' This seems to accord with its use to indicate absorbtion in a particular activity while something else happened or failed to happen. Cristino Flores suggested the phrase <na>nehli tiwi:ts</na> but said he was not quite certain of the meaning. It might not be the most common usage. \ref 03850 \lxa tsatsakawa:htsi:n \lxaa tsatsakawa:stsi:n \lxac tsatsakawa:htsi:n \lxo tsátsakawá:stsi:n \lxoc tsátsakawá:stsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seao flower of the vine called <nbao>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</nbao> \ssao flor del bejucco llamado <nbao>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</nbao> \pna Tsatsakawa:stsi:n | To:to:xo:chikomekatl ixo:chio. Ye weka:wi, kitekia para xo:chitl, konka:wan tio:pan. \pea <na>Tsatsakawa:stsi:n</na> : It is the flower of the <na>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</na>. A long time ago they used to cut it for flowers, they would leave it in the church. \psa <na>Tsatsakawa:htsi:n</na> : Es la flor del <na>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</na>. Hace mucho tiempo la cortaban para sus flores, las dejaban en la iglesia. \sea (by extension) vine that yields the flower of this name (i.e., the <nao>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</nao> \ssa (por extensión) enredadera que produce la flor de este nombre (esto es, el <nao>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</nao>) \xrb tsaka \nse The name of this flower apparently derives from its comb-like shape of the flower; see <nla>tsakawa:stli</nla>. \nct komekatl \qry Check meaning. Although one filecard mentions that the /tsatsakawa:htsi:n/ is simply a type of plant, other entries state that the /tsatsakawa:htsi:n/ is the flower of the vine called /to:to:xo:chikomekatl/. \pqry Check vowel length of /ka-/ syllable. I think it is short, but check. \ref 03851 \lxa ne:nepaniwtok \lxac ne:nepaniwtok \lxo ne:nepanihtok \lxoc ne:nepanihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv Durative \se to be piled one on top of another (e.g., sacks, ceramic tiles for roofs, etc.) \ss estar apilado, uno sobre otro (p. ej., costales, teja para techos, etc.) \fl nepaniwi \xrb nepan \nse This stative is only documented with long-vowel reduplication. Note that although several people in Ameyaltepec used <nla>tekpa:ntok</nla> with this same sense, this latter word is more properly used for things placed in a line or row, whereas <na>ne:nepaniwtok</na> describes things piled up, one on top of the other. \qry Check for unreduplicated form ?nepaniwtok. \ref 03852 \lxa te:ch- \lxac te:chpale:wia \lxo te:ch- \lxoc te:chmaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pref(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \se 1st person plural object prefix ('us') \ss objeto de 1a persona plural ('a nosotros') \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. \ref 03853 \lxa tlakukwaltia \lxac kitlakukwaltia \lxo tlá:kwaltiá \lxop tlá:kwaltia \lxoc kitlá:kwaltiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Spec \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to graze (an animal); to let out to graze \ss apacentar (un animal) \pna Nikontlakukwalti:s nobese:rrah. \pea I'm going to take my calf out to graze. \psa Voy a ir a apacentar a mi becerra. \pna O:tlakukwalti:to. \pea He went to take animals out to graze. \psa Fue a apacentar a los animales. \xrb kwa \xvba tlakukwa \xvbo tlá:kwá \nae For purposes of analysis and cross-referencing, <na>tlakukwaltia</na> (Am) and <no>tlá:kwaltiá</no> are considered causatives of the lexicalized <na>tlakukwa</na> and <no>tlá:kwá</no> (Am and Oa, respectively) and have so been categorized in the derivational and cross-referencing fields above. <na>Tlakukwaltia</na> is unusual in that it takes only a specific object. Thus one finds <na>nikontlakukwalti:s nobese:rrah</na> 'I will go graze my calf,' with a specific object marked on the verb, and <na>nontlakukwalti:s</na> 'I will go graze (some animals),' with no nonspecific marking of the object. \qry Originally I had /o:tlakukwalti:to/, which I corrected to /o:tlatlakukwalti:to/ based on my memory and the fact that this should be a ditransitive with two objects and one would expect /o:tlatlakukwalti:to/. However, this should be rechecked as I remember also the form /o:tlakukwaltito/. \ref 03854 \lxa tsatsi \lxac tsatsi \lxo tsátsí \lxop tsatsi \lxoc tsátsí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to shout (a person, in a loud voice) \ss gritar (una persona, en una voz muy alta) \se to make a characteristic sound (certain animals, particulary insects) \ss hacer su sonido típico (algunos animales, particularmente insectos) \pna Teposkakayo:tl, tsatsi ne:, ipan sie:rrah, Na:nika kwa:k xkiawi, no: tsatsi kamantika, pero kwa:kon, ye kiawis. \pea The <na>teposkakayo:tl</na>, it makes its noise there, in the sierra. Here (around the village), when it doesn't rain it is also occasionally heard, but then it is about to rain. \psa El <na>teposkakayo:tl</na>, hace su ruido allá, en la sierra. Acá (cerca del pueblo), cuando no llueve también a veces grita, pero entonces ya va a llover. \pna Niwa:ltsatsitiw. \pea I'm coming along shouting. \psa Vengo gritando. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to shout senselessly and repeatedly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) gritar sin sentido y repetidas veces \pna San tsa:tsatsi un tla:wa:nke:tl. \pea That drunk is just shouting off mindlessly. \psa Ese borracho hace sus gritos sin sentido. \sem communicate \sem animal \sem sound \cola a:katl \xrb tsahtsi \xvca tsatsi:tia \xvco 'tsatsí:tia \xvaa tsatsilia \xvao 'tsatsília \qry Here use /tsa:tsati/ to elicit cases in which long vowel reduplication is used with verbs of communication/speaking, etc. to indicate doing mindlessly or irreverantly. Get precise semantics. Cf. entries under /kaki:tia/, /tlatowa/, etc. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: In the phrase /San tsa:tsatsi un tla:wa:nke:tl/ 'That drunk is just shouting off mindlessly.' note that this is another example of long vowel reduplication being used with a word indicating verbal communication that signifies that this is done senselessly, without thought, and irreverantly. Cf. /tla:tlatowa/ along with the verb /kaki:tia/, etc. \ref 03855 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /tsi:ntlatektli/ (Am) and has been eliminated as a duplicate of 6400. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03856 \lxa tekitla:katl \lxac tekitla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea male head of household (in Ameyaltepec, one responsible for participating in communal work brigades such as those to clear off the highway, for <spn>cargo</spn> service, etc.) \ssa hombre cabeza de familia (en Ameyaltepec, el que es responsable para participar en trabajo comunal, como el de limpiar la carretera, para llevar un cargo en el pueblo, etc.) \xrb teki \xrb tla:ka \encyctmp government \nse In Ameyaltepec there is only one <na>tekitla:katl</na> per household. A male child becomes a <na>tekitla:katl</na> when he separates from his father. Formerly this separation was marked by planting apart from ones parents, and by having a separate granary and kitchen. With the recent change in the economy to one of itinerant peddling of artisanry, however, peasant activity is not the major source of income. Thus male children, particularly married sons, might have their own separate household economy (e.g., a bank account, a car, separate merchandise to sell, etc.) but still share a kitchen. On this basis they may continue to deny separation and thus avoid community service. In other villages boys become responsible for service (though the actual word <na>tekitla:katl</na> seems restricted to Ameyaltepec) upon marrying or upon reaching a certain age (usually the late teens). \ref 03857 \lxa ma:chikotik \lxac ma:chikotik \lxo ma:chikotik \lxoc ma:chikotik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \se to have (a woman) the propensity to grind corn unevenly by pushing harder on one side of the <nlao>metlapihli</nlao> than on the other, thus causing it to run down crookedly over the metate \ss tener (una mujer) la propensidad de moler maíz disparejamente, empujando más fuerte a un lado del <nlao>metlapihli</nlao> que otro para que corra chueco sobre el metate \xrb ma: \xrb chiko \qry Check final /o/. In my original file card I had /chiko:tik/ but I have changed this based on cognates. Nevertheless, check. \ref 03858 \lxa tepayoltik \lxac tepayoltik \lxo tepailtik \lxoc tepailtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be round; to be spherical (like a ball, not circular on a plane) \ss ser redondo; ser esférico (como una pelota o bola, no circular y plano) \cfao yewaltik \fl tepayolowa \dis yewaltik; tepayoltik \xrb te \xrb payol \nae The Ameyaltepec diminutive is <na>tepayoltsi:n</na>. Note that the verbal base from which this adjectival derives, ? <na>tepayoliwi</na> (Am) or <no>tepailiwi</no> (Oa), has not been documented. The length of the /ai/ sequence in Oapan <no>tepailtik</no> is still uncertain. More research will need to be conducted on this root. \nde A cognate in Tetelcingo, Morelos, is <n>tapayoltik</n>, with no long vowels. \qry The length of the /i/ is still in doubt for Oapan and needs to be checked in all occurrences. Here I had a short vowel that in the recording I heard long. Check again. \ref 03859 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxo í:xpapa:yá:tik \lxoc í:xpapa:yá:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to to have poor and blurry eyesight \ss tener la vista mala y nublosa \pna San i:xpapa:ya:tik, xwel tla:tlachia kwahli. \pea He has poor eyesight, he doesn't see around him well. \psa Tiene mala vista, no ve bien a su alrededor. \equiva i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik \equivo i:xté:mpa:yá:tik \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \nse In Oapan this refers to someone with eyes that indicate mental deficiency, e.g, with ones sight going over to a side or downwards, etc. The definition obtained for Ameyaltepec should be checked. \nae In certain speech tokens of this word, the initial vowel has a quite short duration, however, the root is clearly <nr>i:x</nr> and there is no reason for shortening to occur. In one token the duration is more in accord with that expected from a long vowel. Comparative evidence from other cases of <nr>i:x</nr> in word initial position should be sudied or documented. \qry Check correctness of /tla:tlachia/ in above phrase, i.e. reduplicative pattern. As with other words beginning /i:xpapa:ya-/ check for correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:-/. However, note that I have the following note: This is the same as /i:xpapa:ya/ or /i:xpapa:ya:tl/, and /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/, /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik/ and /i:xte:mpapa:ya/. On the basis of this the /i:xte:m-/ forms should be added, although perhaps it should be determined which is more common. \grm Note that I have two denominal adjectival codes in -tik: Adj-tik-n and Adj-tik-ap. Certainly in some forms the full noun does not exist, e.g. /xa:yakateoomi/ and /xa:yakateoomitik/. But here it appears that /i:x(te:m)papa:ya:tl/ is correct, as is the apocopated /i:x(te:m)papa:ya/. Thus the distinction is not altogether clear. \grm Oapan phonetics: Word 3859, /i:xpapa:ya:tik/ seems to manifest a quite short duration to the initial vowel. This should be checked. \vl Link second male token. \ref 03860 \lxa xo:tlame:tsi:n \lxac xo:tlame:tsi:n \lxo xo:tlame:tsi:n \lxoc xo:tlame:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se firefly \ss luciérnaga \pna Xo:tlame:tsi:n no: kipia itla:wi:l, tla:tla:wi:lowa. \pea A firefly also has its light, it intermittantly gives off light (flickering on and off at more or less constant intervals). \psa La luciérnaga también tiene su luz, ilumina con luz intermitente (encendiéndose y apagándose en intervalos más o menos constantes). \pna Deke tiktlatlatas xo:tlame:tsi:n tihpias mi:xte:nkwitl. \pea If you stare at a firefly you will have excretions coming from your eyes. \psa Si le miras intensamente a un luciérnaga, se te va salir tener excreciones de los ojos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb xo:tla \nse The identification of <na>me:</na> in <na>xo:tlame:tsi:n</na> is not completely certain, and the length of the /e:/ needs to be confirmed. Molina has <n>xoxotla</n>. Once Rutilia García of Ameyaltepec referred to this insect as a <na>xo:chitlame:tsi:n</na> but everyone else said this was wrong and I have no documentation of this pronunciation from any other source. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 03861 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sápatípan \lxop sapatipan \lxoc sa sápatípan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pss Adv(tm) \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \pa yes \seo all at one time \sso todo de una sola vez \seo once (i.e., another time in the past) \sso una vez (esto es, otra vez en el pasado) \equiva oksepatipan \xrb san \xrb se \xrl -pa \nae The initial word <no>sa</no> in the Oapan form is probably <no>san</no> with the intervocalic loss of /n/ and not <no>sa:</no>, which has a long vowel. The vowel here seems clearly short. \grm Oapan phonology: loss of /n/ before vowel-initial words: in /sa sápatípan/: The initial word <no>sa</no> in the Oapan form is probably <no>san</no> with the intervocalic loss of /n/ and not <no>sa:</no>, which has a long vowel. The vowel here seems clearly short. \ref 03862 \lxa kostik xokotl \lxacpend *kostik xokotl \lxo kostik xokotl \lxof [kos tih 'xo kotl] \lxoc kostih xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se type of plum tree still unidentified \ss tipo de ciruelo todavía no identificado \seo yellow plum (i.e., the fruit, when it is yellow, of any of a variety of plum trees) \sso ciruela amarrilla (esto es, la fruta, cuando es amarrilla, de varios tipos de ciruelas) \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kos \xrb xoko \cpl There was only one mention of this type of plum in the documentary record. It might be the same as <nla>tsope:lik xokotl de un kokostik</nla>. Nevertheless, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did accept and pronounce the word, which suggests that it is commonly used. However, Cristino Flores said that it is simply a reference to the color of a plum and does not indicate any specific type. Thus perhaps this record should be eliminated. \nct xokotl \grm Oapan phonology: k-to-h. Note that probably the best example of k-to-h is in /ok/, which always appears as /oh/ given that it is not ever (or has never been documented) as phrase final. \ref 03863 \lxa sombre:rotetekestik \lxac sombre:rotetekestik \lxo sombré:rotétekéstik \lxoc sombré:rotétekéstik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan sombrero \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \pa yes \se to have a hat with an upward-curving brim \ss tener un sombrero con las alas encorvadas hacia arriba \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nse The translation of this term needs verification, although it is likely correct. \qry Check for correctness of above, since in my original notes I had this translated as 'the brim of his hat curves upward'. Now, based on my understanding, this would be /tetekestik i:sombre:roh/ with /tetekestik/ as a predicate, whereas in /sombre:rotetekestik/ it seems attributive. Check. \grm Detransitivization: In many previous notes I have commented on the use of /-tok/ with unaccusative verbs to indicate a stative/resultative construction (there seems to be no difference between the two in Nahuatl, although in rare instances the resultative is expressed through a reflexive). At the same time, in certain instances, /-tok/ functions as a detransitvizing device to derive a stative/resultative from a transitive. Thus was has /kweptok/ 'changed,' 'different,' etc. It appears that both a resultative and stative interpretation are acceptable. I had previously not thought of the adjectivalizing suffix /-tik/ in the same way, but in /tetekestik/ it clearly functions to derive an intransitive stative from a transitive verb. Here /sombre:roh/ is obviously not a saturating incorporation of /teketsa/ 'to stand/place upright' 'to stop (in moving)' Rather, it may be considered that from the transitive verb /teketsa/ one derives an intransitive stative/resultative /tetekestik/ 'to be up right'. Viewed in one sense, the patient of transitive /teteketsa/ becomes the subject of the resultative /tetekestik/. However, this is not always the case, since in a word like /sombre:rotetekestik/ the thematic subject is not an underlying patient, since the interpreation is stative, not inchoative or resultative. Other uses of /tetekestik/, with no incorporation, should be checked for the difference between stative and resultative. \ref 03864 \lxa chachapatsa \lxac kichachapatsa \lxo chachapatsa \lxoc kichachapatsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to continually let pour, spill, or fall out onto the ground (e.g., juice or broth from ones food, liquido from a container, etc.) \ss verter o dejar caer continuamente y en chorros al suelo (p. ej., el jugo o caldo de una comida, un líquido de un recipiente, etc.) \pna Nitlakakapatsa ika notlakwal. \pea I let drippings fall from my food (e.g., the juice from a tamal, taco, etc.). \psa Dejo que se escurra el líquido de mi comida (p. ej., el jugo de un tamal o taco, etc.). \xrb chapa: \xvnao chapa:ni \qry Check whether one can say /nikchachapatsa notlakwal/, cf. notes below in grammar field. \grm Antipassive: /Nitlakakapatsa ika notlakwal/ 'I let drippings fall from my food (e.g., the juice from a tamal, taco, etc.).' Note here again the"antipassive construction of /tla+V2 ika N/. Here, however, it might be argued (and this should be checked) as to whether one can indeed say /nikchachapatsa notlakwal/ since it really isn't the food, but rather part of it (the juice) that is splattered onto the ground. Check \ref 03865 \lxa tlapetla:nalistli \lxac tlapetla:nalistli \lxo tlapetla:nalistli \lxoc tlapetla:nalistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(:) \se lightening (heat or bolt) \ss relámpago; rayo \sem weather \synao tlapetla:nahli \xrb petla: \qry Determine all the different types of thunder, lightening, etc. Weather phenom. in sky. It might not be that these two types of lightening are synonyms. Check and adjust as needed. \ref 03866 \lxa kexsasawaktik \lxac kexsasawaktik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be hoarse \ssa estar ronco \apa kexsasawak \equivo kexsawa:nki \xrb kech \xrb sawa \qry This entry, and other cognate forms, might be in error both in regard to vowel length (the correct phonology might be <na>kexsasa:wati</na>) and in regard to final consonant (perhaps the entry should be <na>kexsawa:ni</na>, cf. Oapan <nlo>kechsawa:ni</nlo> but Tetelcingo, Morelos, <n>sahuana</n> and <n>sahuani</n>, both with all short vowels). Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has forms <n>içauaca</n> 'hacer ruido la culebra que corre'; and <n>içauaca. n.</n> 'estar ronco, o sonar las cosas huecas y vazias, como el cacao dañado.' Molina also has <n>içauacac</n> 'ronco'; and <n>içauacaliztli</n> and <n>içauactic</n>, both glossed as 'ronquera.' Thus in Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Oapan there are similar forms <n>sawa:ni</n> (although Tetelcingo has a short /a/) and in Classical there is <n>isawaka</n> (no vowel length noted). Note that as a verb ending in <n>-V:ni</n>, <n>sawa:ni</n> would perhaps form a frequentative as ? <n>sasawaka</n>, close to the Classical form. The Ameyaltepec <na>kexsasawa ti</na> is, at any rate, unusual and should be thoroughly rechecked. \qry Make sure that it is /kex-/ and not /kechsasawatik/. Note that I originally had this as /kexsasawatik/ but it should be /kexsasawaktik/. Thus on the Dictionary Discussion tapes it might be wrong because of the influence of elicitation. Apparently it should be /kexsasawaktik/ which is related to the apocopated /kexsasawak/. \grm Whereas tense may be marked with a copula on this adjectival, i.e., <na>nikexsasawatik yes</na>, 'I will be hoarse,' it is more common to use the verbal form <na>nikexsasawatis</na> or <na>nikexsasawatias</na>. \ref 03867 \lxa nawatia \lxac kinawatia \lxo nawatia \lxoc kinawatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \se to order (sb to do sth, etc.) \ss ordenar; mandar (a algn [OP] que haga algo [OS]) \pna Ne:chnawatian tekitl. \pea They order (request) me to do a job. \psa Me mandan (piden) hacer un trabajo. \pna Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian. \pea I am worried because I won't be able to do what they order (tell) me. \psa Estoy preocupado porque no voy a poder hacer lo que me ordenan (dicen). \pno I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka. \peo His mother ordered him to wash the dishes. \pso Su mamálo ordenólavar los platos. \se to place an order for; to order (e.g., ceramics, a particular item to be bought) \ss hacer un pedido de (p. ej., cerámica, un objeto en particular que se va a comprar) \pna O:kinawatih xaxa:yakatl. \pea He ordered masks. \psa Hizo un pedido para máscaras. \pna Nontlanawati:s tepalkatl. \pea I'm going to order ceramic bowls. \psa Voy a ir a hacer un pedido de platos de cerámica. \xrb nawa \nae The valency and syntax of <nao>nawatia</nao> still needs further analysis. Apparently it is a a ditransitive; the secondary object may be a phrasal complement introduced by <nao>ma</nao> (e.g., <no>I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka</no>), or it may be the object ordered (e.g., <na>tekitl</na> or <na>xaxa:yakatl</na> in the above phrases. Nevertheless, this should be further analyzed. \qry Note that my notes state that this has a definite short vowel and should be recorded as such in all entries (thus even though recorded long in some instances, I checked several times and when focusing on this, it appeared short.). This brings up a problem of how to record the root in lexemes in which vowel length shifts with no apparent or obvious rule. Check the correctness of the nte statement 'The object of <na>nawatia</na> can either be the person who is ordered to do something, or an item requested.' Thus check /O:kinawatih xaxayakatl/ to determine if correct. \grm Causative: /I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka/ 'His mother ordered him to wash the dished.' Note that when I asked Florencia for the translation of 'Su mamále hizo lavar los platos' she gave me the sentence here. Note absence of causative /tlapahpa:kiltia/, as in Classical. \grm Valency: note that it appears that one can say both /niknawatia tepalkatl/ or /nitlanawatia tepalkatl/. Recheck, but C. Flores said that both these are correct. \ref 03868 \lxa patrio:tah \lxac *patrio:tah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan patriota \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of banana \ssa plátano manzano \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \qry One Ameyaltepec consultant identified the <na>patrio:tah</na> as the type of banana known in Spanish as <spn>manzano.</spn>. However, this should be checked given that I also have an entry for Ameyaltepec <nla>mansa:noh</nla>. \ref 03869 \lxa chochoteya \lxaa chochoteya \lxac ---- \lxo chochoteya \lxoa chachataya \lxoc chochoteya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of small nsect still not identified \ssao tipo de insecto pequeño todavía no identificado \seo type of edible grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equiva a:ko:nteya \encyctmp insects \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \xrb teya \nse Florencia Marcelino stated that the animal called <no>chochoteya</no>, the male not the female, may be asked <no>Ka:nika Mé:jikoh</no> and in response it raises its arm. The female, which is eaten, is not asked this question. Moises Domínguez, however, stated that there are in fact two different animals called by this name. One is small and this is the one that one may ask directions of (e.g., where is ones house). The other is larger and is a type of edible grasshopper. According to Roberto Mauricio there are two sexes of this grasshopper. The male has a small rear and the female has a large rear. Both are green. \qry Note that my notes had only the name /a:ko:nteya/ in a list of small animals, yet with no description. Apparently this is another animal, but it should be confirmed. In my notes I had /a:ko:nteyak/ as an alternative pronunciation. Note the C. Flores denied that the correct form was /a:kon:teya/ and instead gave /chochoteya/ \ref 03870 \lxa tlankwi:tsiwi \lxac tlankwi:tsiwi \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for the weave to open up of (e.g., a cloth sack filled till it is bulging, with the threads spreading and opening up) \ssa abrirse el tejido de (p. ej., un costal que se llena hasta que estérepleto, con el tejido abierto y los hilos separados) \pna O:tiktili:naltih, o:tlatlankwi:tsiw. \pea You stuffed it tight (in this case a sack), its weave opened up in various places. \psa Le atestaste (en este caso un costal), se abriósu tejido en varios lugares. \nse Apparently, at least in Ameyaltepec, the oppositive of an opened weave (<na>o:tlatlankwi:tsiw</na>) would be something finely or tightly woven or meshed: <nla>pi:si:ltik</nla>. \xrb tlan \xrb kwi:ts \ref 03871 \lxa tlapi:tski \lxac tlapi:tski \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \se musician who plays a wind instrument \ss músico que toca un instrumento de viento \equivao tlapi:tske:tl \xrb pi:tsa \nae Accordng to some the form <na>tlapi:tski</na> is much more common than <nla>tlapi:tske:tl</nla>, though this latter is also accepted in Ameyaltepec, but Cristino Flores suggested that the latter was more common. In Oapan only <no>tlapi:tske:tl</no> is accepted. \vl Tag the speech tokens here with reference 121. No Oapan word should be tagged 3871. \ref 03872 \lxa tlayo:wilistli \lxac tlayo:wilistli \lxo tláyo:wilístli \lxoc tláyo:wilístli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(:) \pa yes-lex \se (<na>i:pan</na> ~) Holy Week \ss (<na>i:pan</na> ~) Semana Santa \se suffering \ss sufrimiento \xrb hyo: \qry The nominal form 'suffering' is little used and might not be correct. Check. The use to mean Holy Week is the most common. \ref 03873 \lxa ilakastik \lxac ilakastik \lxo ilakastik \lxoc ilakastik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be crooked, to not be in a straight line (the edge of cloth, sth that goes off at an angle that is not perpendicular) \ss estar chueco, no estar en una línea recta (la orilla de una tela, algo que va por unángulo que no es perpendicular) \pna Ilakastik ke:n nenemi. \pea He walks crookedly (stiff and twisted, e.g., sb with one leg shorter than another, or whose body, especially the legs, ache from having worked all day). \psa Camina chueco (no en una línea recta, p. ej., algn con una pierna más corta que la otra, o cuyo cuerpo está adolorido por haber trabajado todo el día). \se twisted \ss torcido \cfa chiko \encystmp crookedness \xrb ilakats \nae For a discussion of vowel lenght of the initial /i/, see <nlo>ilakasteki</nlo>. \pqry Have a phonetician look at the length of the initial /i/ of the tokens of these two speakers. \mod Cf. and compare for disambiguation with /chiko/. \ref 03874 \lxa tlako:yoh \lxac tlako:yoh \lxo tlako:yoh \lxoc tlako:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be full (i.e., a section of land) of rods and switches (as living plants) \ss estar (un lugar) lleno varas (plantas vivas) \pna O:wets ipan tlako:yoh. \pea He fell into a place full of rods and switches. \psa Cayó entre las varas. \xrb tlako: \ref 03875 \lxa alkó:l \lxac alkó:l \lxo alko:l \lxoc alko:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan alcohol \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se alcohol \ss alcohol \se strong alcoholic beverage such as <nlao>pika:doh</nlao> or mezcal \ss bebida alcohólica fuerte como <nlao>pika:doh</nlao> or mezcal \cfa tlatlakola:tl \ref 03876 \lxa inextamal osto:tsi:n \lxac inextamal osto:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea <l>Bunchosia canescens</l> (Ait.) DC., small tree of the Leguminosae family \ssa <l>Bunchosia canescens</l> (Ait.) DC., arbusto de la familia Leguminosae \pna Kipia itla:kihlo, boboli:tah, kokostik. Xnokwa, xtlah para. \pea It has little round, yellow fruit. It's not edible, it isn't good for anything. \psa Tiene fruta como pequeñitas bolitas amarillas. No se come, no es bueno para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb nex \xrb tamal \xrb osto: \nct kohtsi:ntli \grm /Kipia itla:ki:hlo, boboli:tah, kokostik. Xnokwa, xtlah para/. '"It has little round, yellow fruit. It's not edible, it isn't good for anything.' Note the reduplication for /kostik/ and /boli:tah/, this may indicate reduplication for number, i.e., there are many fruits on a given plant. However, it may also be a sort of diminutive. Check. \rt Cf. /nex/ as stem to /monex/. \ref 03877 \lxa poti:xatik \lxac poti:xatik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan botija (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-ap \se to be pot-bellied, to have an inflated belly \ss ser barrigón; ser panzón \cfo ítipó:xatiá \ref 03878 \lxa tlama:kukwi \lxac tlama:kukwi \lxo tlamá:kwí \lxoa tlamá:kwí \lxop tlama:kwi \lxoc tlamá:kwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-[N-V2] \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se to weed (e.g., a field) by hand \ss quitar hierba (de un sembradío) con la mano \pna Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. \pea You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. \psa Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \xbtla ma:kukwi \xbtlo má:kwikwí \encyctmp mi:hli \qry Check for presence of /h/ in other dialects (San Juan Tetelcingo) or for irregular stress reflex in Oapan. Also query for use with a definite object, and, if an object is acceptable (e.g., /kima:kukwi/) question as to what the object references. (i.e. if the object refers to the field being weeded or the actual herbs/weeds being pulled out. Unlike other verbs which refer to planting activity, this is used with /tla-/ to indicate the general action. Apparently the use of the definite object prefix /ki-/ indicates that one weeded a particular field or plot. This should be checked. Cf. to use of object prefixes with other verbs such as /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa:/, etc. \qry Re: /tlamá:kwí/: Check whether one can in Oapan say also /tlamá:kwikwí/. Note that for the non-tla form the citation form is /kimá:kwikwí/. Likewise, under /má:kwikwí/ check whether one can also say /kimá:kwí/? \grm Many verbs that refer to actions connected with planting will accept the nonreferential object /k-/ but not /tla-/. Note how this is different. Check. \grmx Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note that /tlamá:kwí/ is another example of underlying long vowel in a prefix or IN accepting pitch-accent to represent the reduplication. This seems to be not that uncommon with /ma:/. Cf. /má:kapá:nia/. Moreover, here as well, as with /má:kapá:nia/ both /tlamá:kwí/ and /tlamá:kwikwí/ are correct and equivalent. This might be a characteristic of words with body part incorporated nouns and reduplication, as both words given here have /ma:-/ incorported. \grmx Pitch accent: the pitch contour on /tlamá:kwí/ shows what I had previously expected, that when two pitch accent are on consective syllables and the first one is long, then the pitch peaks about halfway through the long syllable, i.e., as if it were on the first mora of a two-mora vowel. This is clear here with /tlamá:kwí/. \grmx Oapan phonetics and phonology: Reduction of reduplication: Note that the elicitation form for entry 3878 is /tlamá:kwí/. Since it seems that the /a:/ of /ma:/ is underlyingly long, it appears that the reduction has no direct affect on pitch accent. Cf. the form /kimá:kwikwí/ (3299). Apparently the /a:/ is just as long (this should be checked) although the pitch probably reaches its highest point at the syllable boundary (not at midpoint as in /tlamá:kwí/). Both forms should be checked to see if the complementary forms are also correct (tlamá:kwikwíand kimá:kwí). Also, careful attention/analysis should be given to the phonetics of /má:/ in the two forms, with and without reductoin. \ref 03879 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /ikxikokoxok/ has been removed. The correct form is /kaltsonkokoxok/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 03880 \lxa maxakpi:stik \lxac maxakpi:stik \lxo maxahpi:stik \lxoc maxahpi:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a narrow separation (two branches in sth forked, such as a tree limb) \ss tener una separación estrecha (dos ramas de algo bifurcado, como la rama de unárbol) \se to be a person who takes small steps \ss ser alguien que camina con pasos pequeños (lit., 'teniendo la entrepierna cerrada') \se to be unable to mount an animal with ease \ss ser sin poder montar un animal con facilidad \seo to have a narrow crotch (men's pants) \sso tener la entrepierna apretada o cerrada (pantalones de hombre) \xrb maxa \xrb pi:ts \xrl -ko \nse <na>Maxakpi:stik</na> (lit. 'having a narrow crotch') refers to any number of situations, or individuals, in which an act is performed in which the legs are not opened widely enough. Thus it may refer to someone who walks slowly, as if his or her crotch is narrow, with legs like two bifurcated branches that close together. Others who may have this epithet applied are those who can't mount a beast of burden with ease, or simply one who doesn't open his legs much. \qry Check to see if a verbal form exists: ?maxakpi:tsiwi. \ref 03881 \lxa tsi:nketsaltia \lxac kitsi:nketsaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to make buck (an animal such as a horse, mule, donkey, bull, etc.) \ssa hacer recabritar (a un animal como caballo, mula, burro, toro, etc.) \pna Ma:ka tiktsi:nketsalti:s, tla:mo ne:xwa:ltlakalis! \pea Don't make it buck, if you do it will toss me to the ground! \psa ¡No lo vayas a hacer recabritar, si lo haces me va a aventar al suelo! \sem motion \xrb tsi:n \xrb ketsa \xvba tsi:nketsa \ref 03882 \lxa chi:koya:wa \lxac kichi:koya:wa \lxo chi:koya:wa \lxoc kichi:koya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <n>techi:koya:wa</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to make a gaping hole in (i.e., in piercing a piece of cloth or skin and then widening the diameter of the hole) \ss hacer un gran y ancho aguero en (p. ej., en perforar una tela, la piel, etc. y ensanchar el agujero) \pna Xtechi:koya:wa up pitso ma:s para ti:roh ma tlapowi, ma ki:sa yestli! \pea Open up the hole (in the neck of) that pig wider (with a knife when it is just being slaughtered) so that it really opens up, so that the blood comes out quicker! \psa ¡Ensánchale el agujero (que hiciste) a ese marrano (con un cuchillo en el momento de sacrificarlo) para que se abra más, para que salga bien la sangre! \pna Xkitati mobese:rroh! Yo:kichi:koya:hkeh kwilimeh ipan ikechpan. \pea Go take a look at your calf! The worms have opened up a gaping hole on its back. \psa ¡Ve a ver a tu becerro! Los gusanos le han abierto un gran hueco (al reventar una llaga) sobre su lomo. \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \nse The phrase about the calf was uttered in reference to what occurrs when a bat bites a cattle (or for another reason there is a small wound) and there flies lay their eggs, which hatch and then open up the wound. Like many words with <nla>koya:wa</nla> as a root, <na>chi:koya:wa</na> may be used in a vulgar sense, in this case with the meaning of 'to deflower.' \qry Check vowel length of /kechpan/ in the phrase above. \ref 03883 \lxa a:burrah \lxac a:burrah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>burra</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of fish not identified or described \ssa tipo de pescado no identificado ni descrito \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:pitso \xrb a: \nse Luis Lucena was not sure what kind of fish this is. He stated that he has heard this word, but never seen the fish to which is supposedly refers. He added that it might be the same as the <nba>a:pitso</nba> another type of fish of which he has heard the name but never seen. \ref 03884 \lxa michmo:hli \lxac michmo:hli \lxo michmo:hli \lxoc michmo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of mole made from squash seeds and served with fish \ss tipo de mole hecho de semilla de calabaza y servido con pescado \sem food \xrb mich \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli \mod List all types of /mo:hli/ with recipes. \ref 03885 \lxa ma:rgari:tah \lxac ma:rgari:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan margarita \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea also called <na>xo:chitl de margari:tah</na>, a purple flowering plant that has been collected and photographed but not identified \ssa también llamado <na>xo:chitl de margari:tah</na>, una planta herbácea con flores moraditas que ha sido colectada y fotografiada, pero no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cpl Schoenhals (1988:72) gives under margarita:"1. (<na>Bellis</na> spp.) 'daisy' 2. (<na>Chrysanthemum</na> spp.) 'chrysanthemum'. Luis Lucena mentioned that he has heard the name but is not sure of its identification, though he did state that it was a <na>xiwtli</na>. He had also heard that it was used as a remedy. \nct komekatl \ref 03886 \lxa a:pani \lxac a:pani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adv \der N-? \se place where the water is shallow (e.g., in a river or stream) \ss lugar donde está poco profunda el agua (de un arroyo o río) \pna Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. \pea I've come out where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. \psa He salido donde el agua es poco profunda, ya no es muy profunda. \cfo pani \xrb a: \xrb pani \qry The categorization of /a:pani/ is not clear. Launey gives /pani/ as an adverb (meaning 'on top' or encima). Cf. to /pani/. Here it would seem that the literal meaning is something like 'the water is on top' or 'el agua esta encima'. It would appear that the locative nature of /a:pani/ is diminished given the fact that /ka:n/ is used although one does have phrases such as /ka:n wekatlan/ as a type of headless relative with a modifier. \qry Determine when one uses /wekatlan/ (e.g., ka:n wekatlan) and when one uses /tlawekatlan/. I would think that the former can be used with /ka:n/ whereas the latter can't. \grm Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan."I've come out where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep."Note here the use of tla- with wekatlan. Whereas wekatlan is more an adjective, though it can be a predicate, tlawekatlan seems to be a noun, refering to a place that is deep. Note the difference in the use of /ka:n/ with /a:pani/ and the prefix /tla-/ with wekatlan (I believe a previous example had ka:n wekatlan (do a search). \ref 03887 \lxa sesen \lxac sesen to:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Num \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se (followed by a unit of time or distance) every [unit of time or distance] \ss (seguido por una unidad de tiempo o distancia) cada [unidad de tiempo o distancia] \pna Sesen ikxitl -=sesen mokxi- xto:ka, ma:ka a:sta oo:kpa! \pea Plant every step, not every other step! \psa ¡Siembra cada paso, no cada dos pasos! \pna Sesen to:nahli tia:skeh. \pea We will go one one day and the other the next day (again and again). \psa Vamos un día túy un día yo (y asídía tras día). \xrb sem \nse <na>Sesen</na> appears to be a preclitic with nouns or noun phrases. As the example <na>sesen mokxi</na> indicates, <na>sesen</na> precedes the two-place predicate <na>mokxi</na> 'it is your foot.' One does not find *mosesenikxi. The fact that the final nasal is /n/ (probably velarized) suggests a word boundary. Neverthless, since in most cases the following noun phrase is not (or cannot) be possessed, it is often not immediately clear whether one or two words are involved (e.g., <na>sesen to:nahli</na> or <na>sesento:nahli</na> 'every day'). Note also that <na>sesen</na> can be incorporated into a verbal predicate. In these cases incorporation is indicated by the position of the subject and object pronouns. Thus one finds <na>kisesente:ma</na> 'he places them neatly in order' where the position of the object pronoun <na>ki</na> to the left of <na>sesen</na> clearly indicates incorporation. Note that beans are planted <na>sesen ikxopahli</na>. \qry Check before a vowel as to whether this should be /sesen/ or /sesem/. \ref 03888 \lxa memetlatl \lxac memetlatl \lxo mémetlatsí:ntli \lxoc mémetlatsí:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref) \infn Stem 1(l) \pa yes-rdp \se toy or play metate \ss metate de juego \pna Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli. \pea She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile. \psa Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego. \pna Memetlatl pa:mpa xmelá:k metlatl. \pea It is called a <na>memetlatl</na> because it is not really a metate. \psa Se llama <na>memetlatl</na> porque no es un metate de a de veras. \xrb metla \nae According to Florencia Marcelino in Oapan the diminutive <no>tsi:ntli</no> would be used in a form such as <no>mémetlatsí:ntli</no> because of the fact that the object referred to is a toy, and hence small. She rejected the correctness of ? <no>mémetlátl</no>. \grm Reduplication; metaphor: Note the phrase /Titisi i:pan memetlatl ika memetlapihli/. Note the use of reduplication for both the nominal (as plaything or toy) and verbal (for a make-believe or pretend action). \ref 03889 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlakochi:tia/ and has been removed. \dt 04/Jul/2002 \ref 03890 \lxa te:nkwah \lxac te:nkwah \lxo te:nkwah \lxoc te:nkwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seao to be missing part of ones lip (as with those who have a harelip) \ssao faltarle parte del labio (como a una persona con labio leporino) \pna Te:nkwah, xasitok ite:n. \pea He is missing part of his lip, his lip isn't complete. \psa Le falta parte del labio, su labio no está entero. \seao to have part of the edge broken off or missing (e.g., a plate, a bucket, a cliff whose edge has crumbled, etc.) \ssao tener parte de la borde o orilla faltante (p. ej., un plato, cubeta, frutero, un risco o peñasco a que se le ha derrumbado para de la orilla, etc.) \apao te:nkwatik \apo té:nkwatík \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \qry My original notecard had /Te:nkwa, xasitok ite:n/. Since /te:nkwa/ seems to be a transitive verb, I might have made a mistake. With the caveat that this entry and phrase should be checked, I have provisionally"corrected"/te:nkwa/ to /te:nkwah/, which as a perfective adjective/noun makes more sense. \ref 03891 \lxa a:tli:tia \lxac ka:tli:tia \lxo a:tli:tia \lxoc ka:tli:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give water to (particularly an animal, taking it to a well, river, or brook, or giving him water in a trough) \ss dar agua a o abrevar (un animal, o llevándolo a un pozo, río o arroyo, o dándole de beber de una pileta) \pna Nika:tli:ti:s. noburroh. \pea I will give my donkey water to drink. \psa Le voy a dar agua a mi burro para que beba. \xrb a: \xrb i: \xvbao a:tli \links2 /a:tli/ at 4234. \ref 03892 \lxa ikxito:ka \lxac ikxito:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \sea to plant with ones foot \ssa sembrar con el pie \pna Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas. \pea Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt. \psa ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies. \xrb kxi \xrb to:ka \xvaa ikxito:kilia \nse The verb <na>ikxito:ka</na> refers to action of planting seed by digging a hole in the ground with either ones foot or a <na>coa</na> ('digging stick') and then, after dropping the seed in the hole, pushing the loose earth over it with ones foot. It is this second action that seems to be most directly indicated by the verb. \nae To date <na>ikxito:ka</na> has been documented only with a specific object; it is not clear whether it can occur, like <na>to:ka</na>, without an object (i.e., ? <na>ikxito:ka</na>). \qry Determine whether, like /to:ka/, the verb can take a specific object. \ref 03893 \lxa kwa:ta:takaltik \lxac kwa:ta:takaltik \lxo kwa:ta:takaltik \lxoc kwa:ta:takaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to have unevenly and roughly cut hair \ss tener el cabello cortado medio tusado, disparejo \pna Xkwa:pestik, kwa:ta:takaltik. \pea His hair isn't cut smoothly, it is uneven. \psa Su cabello no está cortado parejo, está disparejo. \pna Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan. \pea His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long. \psa Su cabello está trasquilado, está disparejo. En algunos lugares lele cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares lo dejaron largo. \pna Tikwa:ta:takaltik, o:mitsxi:nkeh san ke:n ihki. \pea You hair is unevenly cut, they cut your hair just in any which way. \psa Tu cabello está trasquilado, te cortaron comoquiera. \equiva tsonta:takaltik \xrb kwa: \xrb taka \nse Oapan and Ameyaltepec both have <n>kwa:ta:takaltik</n> with similar if not identical meanings. However, whereas Ameyaltepec also has <nla>tsonta:takaltik</nla> with the same meaning, Oapan only has the former. \nae In one example phrase whereas <na>kwa:ta:takaltik</na> is reduplicated with a long vowel, probably because of the implicit meaning 'here and there,' and the fact that the action of cutting hair is a deliberate event, other words in the same phrase and referring (as adjectivals) to the same situation are reduplicated with a short vowel: <na>tetewistik</na> and <na>uwekatlan</na>, while a third adjectival is not reduplicated at all: <na>wekapan</na>. This illustrates quite well the difficulty in ascribing a single semantic meaning to reduplication without sensitivity to the nature of the event or situation, i.e., the verbal or adjectival semantics. \qry Check other meanings of /ta:takaltik/. \grm /Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan./ 'His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long.' Note that in one phrase above whereas <na>kwa:ta:takaltik</na> is reduplicated with a long vowel, probably because of the implicit meaning 'here and there,' and the fact that the action of cutting hair is a deliberate event, other words in the same phrase and referring (as adjectivals) to the same situation are reduplicated with a short vowel: <na>tetewistik</na> and <na>uwekatlan</na>, while a third adjectival is not reduplicated at all: <na>wekapan</na>. This illustrates quite well the difficulty in ascribing a single semantic meaning to reduplication without sensitivity to the nature of the event or situation. \grm Phonology: the spectrogram of this word (kwa:ta:takaltik), particularly Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation, is particularly good for seeing vowel length. \vl Link first female pronunciation. \ref 03894 \lxa tlankopi:ni \lxac tlankopi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to have ones teeth fall out; to lose ones teeth \ss perder los dientes; caersele los dientes \pna O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni itlanwa:n. \pea He has finished losing his teeth, he's already old, his teeth have all winded up falling out. \psa Se acaba de perderse los dientes, ya es viejo, terminaron de caer sus dientes. \cfo tlampatla \xrb tlan \xrb kopi: \ref 03895 \lxa ne:ch- \lxac ne:chpale:wi:s \lxo ne:ch- \lxoc ne:cha:nas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pref(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \se me (first person singular object marked directly on transitive predicates) \ss a mí(objeto de primera persona singular marcado directamente en predicados transitivos) \ref 03896 \lxa i:xtlakukwi:lia \lxac *ki:xtlakukwi:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-tla-V3 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to skim (removing foam, dust or dirt, etc. from the surface of); to clean up the surface of \ssa espumar; limpiar (algo como espuma, basura, etc.) la superficie de \pna Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki. \pea Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface, come and skim off the surface! \psa ¡Ve tu olla! Su espuma ya salió a la superficie,¡Ven a espumarlo (esto es, el líquido que está adentro)! \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \nse Apparently <na>i:xtlakukwi:lia</na> can be most accurately translated as 'to clean the surface of' in which the prefix <n>tla-</n> takes the position of that which is removed (e.g., dirt, foam, dust, etc.). In this case it is the <n>tla-</n> element that reduces the valency of the ditransitive <na>(ku)kwi:lia</na>, whereas <na>i:x</na> indicates the location at which the action takes place (it is not an thematic object). Cf. <nla>i:xkwi:lia</nla> in which this same <na>i:x-</na> element represents that which is removed or taken away from the patient (the primary object of the verb) and serves to reduce the valency of the verb. Cristino Flores (Am) did not recognize this verb, which should perhaps be removed from the lexicon. \qry Check length of first /i/, in the reduplicant /xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki/. Also check for other forms: /i:xtlakwi:lia/ and /ix:kwi:lia/ or /i:xkukwi:lia/, etc. Finally, check for /tlakwi:lia/. \grm Valency; incorporation; Note the difference between the function and meaning of /i:x-/ in both /i:xkwi:lia/ and /i:xtlakukwi:lia/. Apparently <na>i:xtlakukwi:lia</na> can be most accurately translated as 'to clean the surface of' in which the prefix <n>tla-</n> takes the position of that which is removed (e.g., dirt, foam, dust, etc.). In this case it is the <n>tla-</n> element that reduces the valency of the ditransitive <na>(ku)kwi:lia</na>, whereas <na>i:x</na> indicates the location at which the action takes place. Cf. <nla>i:xkwi:lia</nla> in which this same <na>i:x</na> element represents that which is removed or taken away from the patient (the primary object of the verb) and serves to reduce the valency of the verb. \ref 03897 \lxa iye:wtok \lxac iye:wtok \lxo yé:htók \lxoa yé:htikáh \lxop yé:htok \lxop yé:htikah \lxoc yé:htók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be stored or located it its proper place \ss estar guardado o puesto en el lugar apropriado \pna Kwahli iye:wtoya, a:man yo:tine:chompostekilih. \pea It was fine right where it was (in this case a machete), now you've gone out and broken it for me (i.e., after taking it). \psa Estaba bien guardado en su lugar, ahora ya me lo fuiste a romper (en este caso un machete después de haberlo tomado). \pna Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s. \pea It it happy right where it's stored, there's a good chance you will break it on me (sth such as a strap that can be snapped). \psa Estámuy bien donde está guardado, a lo mejor me no lo vas a reventar (si lo tomas para utilizar). \xrb ye:wa \nse This is used for any number of items that may be stored in a proper location: maize, food items, clothes, tools, etc. The phrase <na>kwahli iye:wtok</na> is practically idiomatic, indicating that something is fine (stored) right where it is. \nae The Oapan form is reduplicated, with the reduplicant reduced to pitch accent on the initial long vowel, /e:/, of the verb. Note that there is no corresponding intransitive * <nao>ye:wi</nao> to the stative. \rt Note that for Stat-x verbs I have indicated that the root is the transitive, even though the category Stat-x suggests an intransitive that is not manifested in non-stative form. This should be mentioned at some point. \ref 03898 \lxa tooo:me \lxac *tooo:me \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-num \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea twosies (in a game of jacks) \ssa doses (en un juego de matatena) \pna A:man tooo:me. \pea Now (let's go for) twosies (i.e., in a game of jacks) \psa Ahora (vamos a jugar) doses (p. ej., en matatena). \pna O:mpoloh ipan tooo:me. \pea I lost at twosies (i.e., in a game of jacks) \psa Perdí en doses (p. ej., en un juego de matatena). \fla tonana:wi \xrb o:me \cfa o:me \fl nana:wi \nse When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, <na>oo:me</na> is used to refer to"twosies"in the game of jacks. However, the numeral <na>o:me</na> may also be reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'two by two,' 'every other,' etc. For this, see <nla>o:me</nla>. \mod Make sure all numbers used (e.g., yeye:i), etc. is in the lexicon. \ref 03899 \lxa a:wilnemi \lxac a:wilnemi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to fool around (sexually); to have a lot of lovers (used in reference to women) \ssa andar con uno y otro, con muchos amantes (se dice de mujeres) \pna Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xakah ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos. \pna Nopixtok un ichpokawah. Xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha está cuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta. \xrb a:wil \xrb nemi \nse In Oapan one will say simply <no>kwaltsi:n nemi</no> or <no>xkwaltsi:n nemi</no>. \mod Add under /pia/: /Nopixtok un ichpokawa. Xa:wilnemi/ That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around./ Esa muchacha estácuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta. \ref 03900 \lxa po:tsi:n \lxac po:tsi:n \lxo po:tsi:n \lxoc po:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se little girl (from birth to about 9 years) \ss niña (de nacer hasta como los 9 años de edad) \pna Cho:ka mopo:tsi:n \pea Your little girl is crying. \psa Llora tu hijita. \pna Po:tsi:n! Ma:ka ihkón xikchi:wa, nika:n san titlatotoya:wa ika a:tl. \pea Little girl! Don't do it like that, you're spilling water all over this place! \psa ¡Hijita!¡No lo vayas a hacer así, estás tirando agua por todo este lugar. \xrb po: \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \pqry Voicing of stop [po:dsi:n]. \grm Oapan phonology: this word, at least one of the token by Inocencio Jiménez, demonstrates clearly the voicing of the stop [dsi:n]. \ref 03901 \lxa ki:tskia \lxac kiki:tskia \lxo ki:tsia \lxoc kiki:tsia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to grab; to seize; to grasp or take hold of \ss asir; coger; sostener (en las manos) \pna Yo:ne:chki:tskih para ne:chwisokiskia, pero xo:ne:chwisok. \pea He grabbed me in order to hit me, but he didn't. \psa Me agarrópara golpearme, pero no me pegó. \pna O:tihki:ki:tskeh polidó:r. \pea We took one handful after another of the insecticide (used in cornfields). \psa Agarramos uno tras otro manojo de polydor (una insecticida utilizada en las milpas). \se to take or use without permission \ss tomar o utilizar sin permiso \pna Yo:kiki:tskih te:yo:lka:w. \pea He took someone else's animal for himself (e.g., just to use for a while or to take possession of by branding, etc.). \psa Agarró animal ajeno (p. ej., simplemente para utilizar por un tiempo, o para hacerse deél al herrarla). \se (with a woman as object) to have sexual intercourse with \ss (con una mujer como objeto) tener relaciones sexuales con \pna Xo:kiki:tskih isuwa:w. \pea He didn't have sexual intercourse with his wife. \psa No tuvo relaciones sexuales con su esposa. \se (refl. + <nao>-pan</nao> [noun]) to hold on tightly to [noun] \ss (refl. + <nao>-pan</nao> [sustantivo]) agarrarse o aferrarse a [sustantivo] \pna Kwahli xmoki:tski ipan trase:rah. \pea Hold on tight to the back of the saddle. \psa Agárrate bien de la parte trasera de la silla. \pna Kwahli xmoki:tski! Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s! \pea Hold on tight (in this case to the branch of a tree)! Don't slip off! \psa ¡Agárrate bien (en este caso a la rama de unárbol)!¡No te dejes deslizar! \se (refl.) to stick together (a substance such as dough, clay or wet sand, etc.) \ss (refl.) pegarse (una substancia como masa, arcilla o arena mojada, etc.) \se (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) to be jointly considered with; to be of the same type \ss (refl. + <na>-wa:n</na>) ser considerado como lo mismo de; ser del mismo tipo \pna Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. \pea The <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, it is similar to the <na>chapolin</na>, it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms. \psa El <na>tlako:me:meka</na>, es parecido al <na>chapolin</na>, también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. \encystmp carry \xrb ki:tski \xvaa ki:tskilia \xvao ki:tsilia \xvca ki:tskiltia \xvco ki:tsi:ltia \mod In determining roots, with verbs that are not cognate sets should be considered separately, i.e. basic verbs. Cf the problem with a verb such as /ki:tskia/. \qry Check vowel length of /wisoki/ and correct if necessary. \ref 03902 \lxa pipitsowa \lxac kipipitsowa \lxo pi:pitsowa \lxoc kipi:pitsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-2b \se to kiss (a person's lips) \ss besar (a algn) \pna Xne:chpipitso! \pea Kiss me! \psa ¡Bésame! \se (fig.) to place ones lips close to (e.g, a bottleneck a canteen, bottle, etc., in order to drink) \ss (fig.) poner los labios sobre (p. ej., la apertura de una botella, cantimplora, etc., para beber) \xrb pits \nae The vowel length of the Oapan form seems long, at least when the length of the reduplicant and stem vowels of the verb are compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino has ratios of 104:50 and 98:44 ms, whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 75:50 and 73:37 ms. Whereas the length of Florencia Marcelino's first vowel is well within the range of long vowels, that of Inocencio Jimenéz is not. However, in his pronunciation the stem vowel is conspicuously short: 50 and 37 ms. in the two speech tokens. The length of the Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked acoustically although in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz the reduplicant was clearly a light syllable. \qry Check whether intransitive form or unreduplicated form exists. Recheck vowel length as in one recording it seems to have an initial long vowel, in another this is not the case. This should be rechecked. \vl Link first female and second male tokens. Note that there are 4 tokens for each speaker of this. \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics; reduplication; vowel length: re /pi:pitsowa/: The vowel length of the Oapan form seems long, at least when the length of the reduplicant and stem vowels of the verb are compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino has ratios of 104:50 and 98:44 ms, whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 75:50 and 73:37 ms. Whereas the length of Florencia Marcelino's first vowel is well within the range of long vowels, that of Inocencio Jimenéz is not. However, in his pronunciation the stem vowel is conspicuously short: 50 and 37 ms. in the two speech tokens. The length of the Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked acoustically. \ref 03903 \lxa posa:wi \lxac posa:wi \lxo posa:wi \lxoc posa:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to swell up; to become inflamed (a muscle or part of the body) \ss hincharse; inflamarse (un músculo o parte del cuerpo) \pna Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek. \pea My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard. \psa Ya se me empezó a hinchar la mano, me la golpeéduro. \xrb posa: \qry Check for acceptance of intensifier. \grm Noun Incorporation: /Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek/ 'My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard.' Note how the first mention of the patient, even though it is a body part, is not incorporated. Immediately following, however, is an incorporated form. Rather, however, than considering that this is a manifestation of a general tendency for non-incorporation to introduce an argument, which is then incorporated, I think it possible to assert that what this phrase demonstrates is simply a tendency for two different types of expression of the body part. \ref 03904 \lxa ka:mpa \lxac peroh ka:mpa \lxo ka:mpa \lxoc ka:mpa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer; Subord \seao (<nao>de</nao> ~) if \ssao (<nao>de</nao> ~) si \pna Xnikmati ka:mpa kateh. \pea I don't know where they are (i.e., the particular place where they are). \psa No sédonde están (esto es, el lugar en particular donde está n). \pna Ka:mpa san newa. \pea The place where I am by myself. \psa El lugar allá donde yo solo estoy. \src We:we:tlatohli by don Plutarco Ramírez [line 12] \pna Ka:mpa dió:s me:chompixtikak. \pea [It is the place] where God is watching over you. \psa [Es el lugar] donde Diós los está cuidando. \pna De ka:mpa yo:tiah mocha:n, xtiwi:tsnekis? \pea If you left (in this case, if you return to your country), won't you want to come back (here)? \psa ¿Si te vas (en este caso, si regresas a tu pais), no vas a querer regresar (aquí)? \pna Timistihli:s de ka:mpa melá:k niá:s. \pea I'll tell you if I will really go. \psa Te voy a decir si de veras voy a ir. \pna De ka:mpa xo:nitlakakalastiah, oksepa niwi:ts. \pea In the event that I didn't die, I'll be back. \psa Si no me morí, voy a venir de regreso. \xrb ka:n \xrb pa \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>ka:mpa</na> is seldom used in natural discourse except for its common use in the subordinator <na>de ka:mpa</na>, which seems virtually equivalent to <nla>tla:</nla>. Standing alone, <na>ka:mpa</na> is most common in ritual speech, as as <na>ka:mpa dió:s mitsompixtikak</na>. In Oapan <no>ka:mpa</no> is much more commonly used where Ameyaltepequeños would use <nla>ka:n</nla>. \qry The translations of the first two phrases (those without /de ka:mpa/ 'if') should be checked. Apparently /ka:mpa/ is more common in /we:we:tlato:hli/ than in normal speech. It should be checked that /ka:mpa/ cannot be used as an interrogative. I think that in Ameyaltepec it cannot (I don't have any record of such use). Also, an effort needs to be made to work on the relativizers and complementizers (the latter for complement clauses, the former for often headless relative clauses). Also check the correctness of /ka:mpa san newa/, or should it be /ka:mpa san newa nunkah/, or something similar. Check out the difference between /ka:mpa kateh?/ and /ka:mpa unkateh?/. \mod Check all relativizers, complementizers, subordinators and determine precise coding. \ref 03905 \lxa burrah \lxac burrah \lxo burrah \lxocpend @burrah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan burra \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao female donkey \ssao burra \sea a large bottle of beer (more or less a quart) \ssa caguama, una botella grande de cerveza (de como un litro) \pna Xkonkwi se: burrah! \pea Go fetch a large bottle of beer! \psa ¡Ve a traer una caguama! \sea wheelbarrow \ssa carretilla \se sawhorse \ss burra (para apoyar a cosas como madera al cortarla) \sem animal \sem domes \cfa burroh \nse Note that in Ameyaltepec <na>burrah</na> can refers to several objects, including the female donkey. However <na>burroh</na> can refer only to the male animal. \ref 03906 \lxa xo:chitsapotl \lxac xo:chitsapotl \lxo xo:chitsapotl \lxoc xo:chitsapotl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se <spn>mamey</spn>, type of fruit \ss mamey \se tree that yields the <spn>mamey</spn> fruit \ss árbol del mamey \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb xo:chi \xrb tsapo \nct kohtli; tsapotl \ref 03907 \lxa -ikxitlan \lxac i:kxitlan \lxo -ixitlah \lxoc i:xitlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2(rel) \se at the foot of (usually sb lying down) \ss a los pies de (generalmente de algn acostado) \pna Pakah nokxitlan. \pea It is right there at my feet. \psa Allí está a mis pies \se below (i.e., lower down on a slope in reference to sb standing) \ss abajo de (esto es, más abajo de una persona parada en una cuesta) \xrb kxi \xrl -tlan \dis tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa \nse The locative <na>ikxitlan</na> may be uttered by a person lying down, referring to something located at his feet, or by someone standing up, referring to something at his feet. \nae In the Oapan form there does not seem to be any evidence of a final nasal. \qry Check and confirm final /h/ in /paka/ \ref 03908 \lxa yeyekatl \lxac yeyekatl \lxo yéyé:katl \lxop yeye:katl \lxoc yéyé:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se wind; breeze \ss viento; aire; brisa \pna Na:n kalaki yeyekatl. \pea A breeze enters here. \psa Aquí entra aire. \se (often pluralized)"demons"; <spn>aires</spn> (basically evil spirits that inhabit the sky and can cause harm, particularly loss of ones <nao>to:nal</nao>, to humans) \ss (a menudo pluralizado) aires; demonios (basicamente espíritus maliciosos que habitan el cielo que puede lastimar, particularmente en cuanto a la pérdida del <nao>to:nal</nao>, a los humanos) \pna O:mitskwi:lih moto:nal yeyekatl. \pea An <spn>aire</spn> took away your <na>to:nal</na>. \psa Un aire le quitó el <na>to:nal</na>. \pna O:kasikeh moto:nal yeyekameh. \pea The <spn>aires</spn> seized your <na>to:nal</na>. \psa Los aires agarraron tu <na>to:nal</na>. \sem ritual \sem weather \cfao tia:chka:w \xrb e:ka \nae The vowel length pattern of this word in Ameyaltepec appears to consist of two short vowels in the two initial syllables. \vl Note that Florencia first utters /yeyeka/, which should be tagged as 2582. \ref 03909 \lxa i:xte:ntletlekuwa \lxac i:xte:ntletlekuwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4c(tlekuwa) \sea for ones eyes to roll up and back in ones head (e.g., in fainting) \ssa irsele los ojos hacia arriba y atrás (p. ej., al desmayarse) \pna I:xte:ntletlekuwa. O:sotla:w. \pea His eyes have rolled up and back. He fainted. \psa Sus ojos fueron para atrás. se desmayó. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tlehko: \nse According to Cristino Flores, who accepted this documented word as correct after some discussion, the more usual term in reference to ones eyes rolling back is <nla>a:yo:tsi:nkwepa</nla>, used reflexively with 'eyes' as subject. \qry Note how here the form /i:xte/ is used, not /i:xte:m-/. Determine in general when one or the other is used. \ref 03910 \lxa yekatso:l \lxac i:yekatso:l \lxo yékatsó:l \lxoc i:yékatsó:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \pa yes \se nose \ss nariz \sem body \sem human \xrb yaka \xrb tso:l \qry The length of the final vowel in the AM for should be checked. I originally had it short, but in Oapan it appears defnitely long. Note that etymologically it might be related to /tso:l/ of /tso:ltik/ 'short'. Plural (possessed or unpossessed) forms might help reveal underlying length since final vowels are notoriously difficult to identify re: length. \ref 03911 \lxa kamana:miki \lxac kikamana:miki \lxo kamana:miki \lxoc kikamana:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to articulate and utter without much thought or reflexion (i.e., saying whatever comes to mind, or is on ones tongue) \ss articular y decir sin mucha reflección (esto es, diciendo lo que sea, lo que venga a la mente o está en la boca) \pna Ma:s san tli:no:n yo:kikamana:mik. \pea He just said whatever came to mind. \psa Dijo nada más lo que se le ocurrió. \pna Kitowa san tli:n kikamana:miki. \pea He says just whatever comes to mind. \psa Dice lo que le viene a la mente. \xrb kama \xrb na:miki \qry Further determine the meaning and use of this word, with examples. Check for causative. \ref 03912 \lxa moli:nde:rah \lxac moli:nde:rah \lxo molinde:rah \lxoc molinde:rah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan molendera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se woman hired to prepare food (so called because her primary task is to grind the <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> and make tortillas) \ss cocinera, una mujer contratada para preparar la comida (llamada asíporque su tarea principal es moler nextamal y echar las tortillas) \nse These are usually women hired by single, often widowered, men during the work season. However, households in need of help with food preparation may also hire a <na>molende:rah</na> (Am) to aid in the kitchen. \ref 03913 \lxa tlai:xwi:hloh \lxac tlai:xwi:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea to be affected with evil eye, <nla>tlai:xwi:hli</nla> \ssa ser afectado por mal de ojo, <nla>tlai:xwi:hli</nla> \pna Deke tlai:xwi:hloh kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wa:n, a:kin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k. \pea If a little child has been given the evil eye, so that the evil eye goes away he should have his forehead, his face, his arms, licked by the person who gives evil eye. Some say that evil eye taste salty, some say that it is bitter. \psa Si un niñito ha sido afectado por mal de ojo, para que desaparezca el mal de ojo debe ser lamido por la frente, la carita, las manitas porél que echa mal de ojo a la gente. Algunos dicen que el mal de ojo sabe salado, otros que es amargo. \cfo i:xwi:hloh \xrb i:x \qry Note taht I originally had this written as /tlai:xwi:lo/ with the following grammatical note. However, I'm almost sure this was wrong and that this actually a denominal adjectival. The grammar notes, again probably wrong, were as follows: Passive: the passive construction in -lo has been noted in previous entries and grammatical discussions. However, the word /tlai:xwi:lo/ represents a new case that is passive in a very classical sense. One set of passives has been noted with weather phenomena. The passive construction is built on a transitive formation that exists only as an intermediate stage and is never realized as an agentive or transitive verb. Thus /kiawi:lo/ 'to be rained upon' is built upon *kiawia. The long /i:/ is a clear indication of some sort of transitivization and then, through passivization, detransitivization. However, there is no transitive form so it is not possible to talk of this except as lexicalized obligatory passivization or, perhpas, inversion. Another exampl e of a quasi-passive construction is /kwa:lo/ and /kukwa:lo/. The first is lexicalized as 'to be sick.' This is"passive"only in form and only in a diachonic perspective. However, the reduplicative form with a short vowel does have both the semantics and morphology of a passive: /kikukwan/ 'they (e.g., bugs, moths) eat it (e.g., grains, cloth),' a reflexive passive (used with inanimate subjects) /nokukwa/ 'it gets bug eaten'. However, the form /kukwalo/ also exists, meaning 'to get bug-eaten.' This has the semantics of a passive and the morphology, except for the fact that the /a/ is short where one would expect a long vowel (i.e., /kwa:lo/ for class 1 verbs). It is, however, /tlai:xwi:lo/ that most directly reflects the passive. Here there is a transitive form /tlai:xwia/ meaning 'to give [A] the evil eye to [P].' The form /tlai:xwi:lo/ means 'to be given [P as S] the evil eye.' (Check to determine whether the agent can be expressed obliquely, e.g., /tlai:xwi:lo ina:k/ipampa/ika Juan / etc.) While this is a clear passive form, it appears at present that this construction is not productive and that /tlai:xwi:lo/ is lexicalized, much like /kiawi:lo/, with the exception that a transitive/agentive form (/tlai:xwia/) also exists. It will be important to determine how prevalent this construction is and whether it is productive at all. Perhaps the forms /nimikti:lo/, /nipale:wi:lo/, etc. should be investigated. Another point needs to be made about passive constructions and expression of agents. Note the full phrase: /Deke tlai:xwi:lo kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wan, akin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k/ The subject of /tlai:xwi:lo/, as has already been noted, is the young child, /kone:tsi:ntli/. There is no agent although one is implied, the man or woman who caused/released the evil eye. The next phrase has the common passive form: 3rd person agent and human patien t. This is common throughout modern Nahuatl and replaces the Classical /subject + Verb(future stem) + lo/. Yet note that like /tlai:xwi:lo/ the implied agent is a singular person, the one who caused/released the evil eye. The plural marking on the verb /papalowilia/, therefore, is not a reference to a plural subject, but rather to a nonreferenced agent. This is functionally a passive construction except that there is no movement of the object to subject status (in terms of grammatical relations). Finally, however, the question arises as to whether the agent can be obliquely expressed. In the preceding phrase /akin te:i:xwia/ is in essence the agent that is not marked overtly on either of the preceding two passive verbs: /tlai:xwi:lo/ or /kipapalowilian/. Since /akin te:i:xwia/ clearly refers to the"agent"of the of the verb /kipapalowilian/ it would seem best to analyze this as oblique. It cannot be the grammatical subject of /kipapalowilian/ since the grammatical subject is plural (as a functi onal passive). If /akin te:i:xwia/ is not marked on the verb /kipapalowilian/, i.e., not x-referenced by the zero morpheme subject marker, then perhaps the best analysis would be to consider /akin te:i:xwia/ as the oblique expression of the agent, even though no overt oblique marker equivalent to English 'by' or Spanish 'por' is present. \ref 03914 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ya o:hpa si:stli \lxoc ya o:hpa si:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \seo great-grandmother \sso bisabuela \sem kin \equiva o:kpalolatli \cfo o:hpa \xrb o:k \xrb si:s \xrl -pa \nse The citation form for this noun included <no>ya</no>, which is the Oapan Nahuatl equivalent to Classical (and Ameyaltepec) <n>ika</n>. It appears that this term is possessed <no>ya o:hpa nosi:s</no>. See the Ameyaltepec equivalent for a comparative view. \ref 03915 \lxa Rre:tos \lxac Rre:tos \lxo Rre:tos \lxoc Rre:tos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan Retos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se religious dance performed by young and adult men (Ahuelicán often performs this dance, but it is presented in other villages as well) \ss danza religiosa presentada por hombres (jóvenes y adultos, particularmente en Ahuelicán, pero también en otros pueblos de la zona) \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from Mo:ros Chi:nos. \ref 03916 \lxa tlakwa \lxac tlakwa \lxo tlakwa \lxoc tlakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to eat a meal \ss comer una comida \se to have a full meal (i.e., with meat, as opposed to a meal without meat) \ss tener una buena comida (esto es, con carne, para contrastar con una comida de sólo huevos, frijoles, etc.) \pna Xtlakwa:los, san po:so:lkwa:lo:s. \pea People won't have a full meal, they will just have pozole. \psa No va a haber una comida propia, solamente se comerápozole. \seao (with directional prefix and <n>-tiw</n>) to go/come to eat continually (i.e., every day, for example) \ssao (con prefijo direccional y <n>-tiw</n>) ir/venir a comer continuamente (p. ej., cada día) \pno Ontlákwatíw, xok nomati i:cha:n. \peo He goes to eat there (e.g., every day to the children's shelter), he no longer feels at home in his house. \pso Va allápara comer (p. ej., todos los días, al albergue), ya no se halla en su casa. \seo (with long vowel reduplication and <n>-tiw</n> ; e.g., <no>tla:tlákwatíw</no> Oa; <na>tlakwa:kwatiw</na> Am) to go along eating (or, with <n>wa:l-</n>) to come along eating \sso (with long vowel reduplication and <n>-tiw</n> ; e.g., <no>tla:tlákwatíw</no> Oa; <na>tlakwa:kwatiw</na> Am) to go along eating (or, with <n>wa:l-</n>) to come along eating \xrb kwa \xvaa tlakwa:lia \xbtla kwa \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the aspectual <n>-tiw</n> may be used with a directional prefix (e.g., <na>ontlakwatiw</na> Am) to indicate a repeated action of going (there) or coming (here) to eat. Thus if someone goes every day to eat in a given restaurant, one can say, <na>ontlakwatiw</na> (Am). However, if one goes along eating, the verbal form with long vowel reduplication is used, with <n>-tiw</n>. Nevertheless, Ameyaltepec and Oapan reduplicate different stems. In Oapan one says, <no>tla:tlákwatíw</no> 'he goes along eating', whereas in Ameyaltepec one says <na>tlakwa:kwatiw</na> for the same meaning. Both villages use the intraverse directional to modify the direction of movement: <no>wa:htla:tlákwatíw</no> in Oapan and <na>wa:ltlakwa:kwatiw</na> in Ameyaltepec. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec the form <na>tla:tlakwatiw</na> is used, but with a different, metaphoric, meaning, 'to go along talking out loud' or, in reference to an animal, 'to go along crying (or making the no ise typical of the animal).' In this sense it is the same as <na>tla:tlatotiw</na>. \grm Reduplication; directionals; aspectuals: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the aspectual <n>-tiw</n> may be used with a directional prefix (e.g., <na>ontlakwatiw</na> Am) to indicate a repeated action of going (there) or coming (here) to eat. Thus if someone goes every day to eat in a given restaurant, one can say, <na>ontlakwatiw</na> (Am). However, if one goes along eating, the verbal form with long vowel reduplication is used, with <n>-tiw</n>. Nevertheless, Ameyaltepec and Oapan reduplicate different stems. In Oapan one says, <no>tla:tlákwatíw</no> 'he goes along eating', whereas in Ameyaltepec one says <na>tlakwa:kwatiw</na> for the same meaning. Both villages use the intraverse directional to modify the direction of movement: <no>wa:htla:tlákwatíw</no> in Oapan and <na>wa:ltlakwa:kwatiw</na> in Ameyaltepec. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec the form <na>tla:tlakwatiw</na> is used, but with a different, metaphoric, meaning, 'to go along talking out loud' or, in reference to an anim al, 'to go along crying (or making the noise typical of the animal).' In this sense it is the same as <na>tla:tlatotiw</na>. \ref 03917 \lxa a:kayoh \lxac a:kayoh \lxo a:kayoh \lxoc a:kayoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be (an area) full of growing reeds \ss estar lleno (unaárea) de carrizo, o con mucho carrizo \xrb a:ka \nse This word refers only to places that have an abundance of growing reed, not to any place that might be filled with cut cane. \grm Vowel length: Note that the vowel length of the initial /a/ in this word (the following stop makes it easier to document) varies from 103 and 110 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 88 and 117 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 03918 \lxa chia:wi \lxac chia:wi \lxo chia:wi \lxoc chia:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become greasy \ss engrasarse; quedar grasoso \pna Newa xnikneki ma chia:wi nopla:toh \pea I don't want my plate to get greasy. \psa No quiere que se ponga grasoso mi plato. \pno Ikwá:k nopanowa fie:stah, to:hla:n nowenti:lo, miék kante:lah tlikwi. Kamantika se: wetsi. Pa:ti tla:ltipan, tla:ltipan tlachia:wi. \peo When it is the time of the fiesta, many many people give offerings, a lot of candles are burning. Sometimes one falls, it melts on the ground, the ground becomes all greasy. \pso Cuando pasa la fiesta mucha gente hace ofrendas, muchas velas se encienden. A veces una se cae. Se derrite en la tierra, la tierra se pone todo grasosa. \se to fatten up (an animal that will eaten) \ss engordarse (un animal que se va a comer) \xrb chiya: \grm Use of /tla-/ with intransitives and statives. Note the following two phrase: /San tlachiya:wtok, o:toya:w mante:kah. 'It's a greasy place (in this case a spot on the ground), lard spilled there.' And, from the above (Oapan): /Ikwá:k nopanowa fie:stah, to:hla:n nowenti:lo, miék kante:lah tlikwi. Kamantika se: wetsi. Pa:ti tla:ltipan, tla:ltipan tlachiya:wi/. \vl Note that the first four tokens are /tiawih/ (the /tia/ is palatalized to /chia/ and there is a final aspiration). This means 'let's go' and should be given reference number 7657. Of the second set of 4 tokens /chiya:wi/, link the 2nd female token and the 1st male token. \ref 03919 \lxa mo:chilia \lxac kimo:chilia \lxo mo:chilia \lxoc kimo:chilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to shoot (sth) of or for (sb) \ss tirarle (algo) a o para (algn) \pna O:ne:chmo:chilikeh nowa:kax. \pea They shot (one or several of) my cattle on me. \psa Me tiraron (a uno o varios de) mi ganado. \pna Xo:nikitak masa:tl, o:timitsmo:chilih wi:lo:tl. \pea I didn't see a deer, (so) I shot a <spn>huilota</spn> for you. \psa No vi un ciervo, (por eso) te cazé una huilota. \xrb mo:tla \xvbao mo:tla \qry Check for other meanings. \ref 03920 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya \lxo i:xté:mpá:ya \lxoa i:xté:mpapá:ya \lxoc i:xté:mpapá:ya; i:xté:mpá:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes \se to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision \ss tener la vista mala, viendo todo borroso \sea type of stinging insect, like a wasp, as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de insecto, como avispa, todavía no identificado \sem insect \syna i:xpapa:ya \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \nse This refers to someone who has poor eyesightseeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root <nr>pa:ya:</nr>, with shortening of the final vowel. Note that forms such as <na>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</na> (diminutive) and <na>i:xpapa:yatik</na>, adjectival, also exist. \qry I have also heard simply /i:xpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. In general check all /i:x-/ words with /i:xte:m-/ to determine whether they are always interchangeable. The insect name was given by C. Flores \vl The speech tokens for the alternate pronunciation of this entry /i:xte:mpá:ya/ are in 7057. These should be tagged as 3920, letters c and d for each speaker (female and male). The final speech file for this entry, therefore, should be F and then M of /i:xté:mpapá:ya/ and then F and M of /i:xté:mpá:ya/. All four original files should be concatenated into one final file. \grmx Oapan reduplication: Note that speakers accepted, and pronounced, both /i:xté:mpapá:ya/ and /i:xté:mpá:ya/. The first is underlying {i:xte:m pah pa:ya} while the second has a reduplicant (as evidenced by the pitch accent). However, in this case there is no reflex of the mora. This is an example of how a long vowel of a preceding syllable (an incorporated noun in this case) takes p-a as a reflex of the reduplicant. Note that with prefixes this never occurs (i.e., /né:xtete:mówa/ but never /né:xte:mówa/). Moreover, with many incorporated nouns it does not occur. The problem that has not bee solved is when a long vowel of a syllable preceding a stem can simply take pitch accent as evidnece of the reduplicant. \ref 03921 \lxa kuwpistia \lxac kuwpistia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to stiffen or harden (sth whose normal state is not hard and stiff) \ss endurecer; ponerse tieso o duro (algo cuyo estado normal no es tieso ni duro) \se to be set upon by rigor mortis \ss quedar rígido (un cuerpo) por rigidez cadavérica \pna Yo:kuwpistiak, yo:mik. \pea Rigor mortis has set in, he's dead. \psa Se quedótieso su cuerpo por rigidez cadavérica, ya se murió. \cfa kuwtia \cfa kuwpitsiwi \cfo kohtia \cfo kohpitsiwi \xrb kow \xrb pits \dis kuhpitsiwi \mod Determine the difference between /kuhpitsiwi/ and /kuhpistia/. \nse I have categorized this lexeme as within the paradigm of <na>-ki/ya/lia</na> given the relationship of <na>kihpistik</na> and <na>kuhpistia</na>. \qry Determine whether a transitive exists: ?kuhpistilia. Check to see if /kuhpistia/ is lexically restricted only to rigor mortis or not. Also, determine the difference, in any, between /kuhpistia/ and /kuhpitsiwi/. \ref 03922 \lxa wetskilia \lxac kwetskilia \lxo wetskilia \lxoc kiwetskilia \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to smile at (sb) \sso sonreirle a (algn) \sea to laugh at; to mock (e.g, for a job poorly done, such as bad firewood collected or a poorly made stone fence; for having fallen, etc.) \ssa reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., por un trabajo mal hecho, como leña verde y pequeña o un corral de piedras mal hecho; por haberse resbalado, etc.) \pna O:kwetskilih, o:kitlatlako:lkwi:lih. \pea He laughed at him, he mocked him for something (e.g., a task or job) that he couldn't do. \psa Se rió de él, se burló de él por algo (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo) que no pudo hacer. \seo (with short vowel open syllable reduplication) to laugh at; to mock (e.g, for a job poorly done, such as bad firewood collected or a poorly made stone fence; for having fallen, etc.) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta y sílaba abierta) reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., por un trabajo mal hecho, como leña verde y pequeña o un corral de piedras mal hecho; por haberse resbalado, etc.) \xrb wetska \xvbao wetska \nse The meaning of the nonreduplicated and reduplicated forms need to be researched. According to Emilia Domínguez, without reduplication the applicative indicates 'to smile at.' The reduplicant (without coda /h/) refers to the action of mocking. This needs to be checked. \nde In Oapan as with other /w/ initial verbs the form <no>kwetskilia</no> is also acceptable. \qry The meaning of /tlatlakolwilia/ is not entirely clear. This should be checked; cf. entry. Also, recheck the difference between /noka wetska/ and /ne:chkwetkilia/. \ref 03923 \lxa xelowilia \lxac kixelowilia \lxo xelowilia \lxoc kixelowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to empty or pour out for (sb [PO], e.g., water, sack, etc.) \ss verter o vaciar para (algn [OP], p. ej., agua, grano, etc.) \pna Xne:chxelowili na:w itik na:ko:n! \pea Pour out my water into my water jug! \psa ¡Vacia mi agua en mi tinaja para mí! \xrb xel \xvbao xelowa \qry There may be a mistake and perhaps this has a long vowel, from /xe:lowa/ 'to spill or scatter' This should be checked. In general determine all variations: /xeliwi/ and /xelowa/ vs. /xe:liwi/ and /xe:lowa/. Also reduplication: /xexeliwi/ and /xexelowa/, /xe:xeliwi/ and /xe:xelowa/ vs. /xexe:liwi/ and /xexe:lowa/ and /xe:xe:liwi/ and /xe:xe:lowa/. Check all. \ref 03924 \lxa xikipi:hli \lxac xikipi:hli \lxo xikipi:hli \lxoc xikipi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se bag (not a <spn>costal</spn> or sack, but rather a large cloth bag, of <spn>manta</spn>, i.e., or cotton cloth) \ss talega; bolsa (no un costal pero más bien una bolsa grande de manta) \pna Xtili:nalti un xikipi:hli! \pea Stuff that sack tightly full! \psa ¡Llene ese costal hasta que estébien atascado! \xrb xikip:l \qry Note that the final vowel has been checked and is definitely long. \rt Root and etymology uncertain. \ref 03925 \lxa chichinatsa \lxac kichichinatsa \lxo chichinatsa \lxoc kichichinatsa; kichí:chinatsá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(ts) \se to cause to itch and burn \ss darle comezón o picazón a; hacer arder la piel a \pna Ne:xchichinatsa mi:hli. \pea Corn plants (i.e., in working in the corn field stripping leaves from the stalks) make my body itch and burn. \psa La milpa (esto es, el zacateo) hace que me arde el cuerpo de comezón. \pno Ne:xchí:chinatsa mi:hli. \peo Maize plants cause me to itch in places (i.e., not all over, just in places). \pso Las plantas de maíz me hacen escocer en lugares (esto es, no por todo el cuerpo, solamente en lugares). \flao chichinaka \xrb china \nse The triplicated Oapan form <no>kichí:chinátsa</no> represents a general morphosyntactic process in Oapan Nahuatl whereby the first syllables of frequentatives (and here <no>chichinatsa</no> can be considered similar to a frequentative) may lengthen and take high pitch to indicate that the action occurs"here and there"over a given space. In this case <no>chichinatsa</no> refers to an itching caused all over the body, whereas <no>chí:chinátsa</no> refers to an itching that is only on isolated portions of the skin. \grm Reduplication Oapan; note that /chichinatsa/ refers to a general itching whereas /chí:chinatsa/ refers to the type of itching caused by the /iswate:kilistli/ in which one feels the itchiness in various separated parts of the body. As FM stated, the form /chí:chinátsa/ is only used in reference to clearing the corn leaves from the stalks during the zacateo. \qry check inflectional paradigm. Check possibility of /te:chichinats/ as adjectival. \vl Note that there are two forms: /kichichinatsa/ and /kichí:chinátsa/. The first sequence of 4 is the first pronunciation (without marked pitch accent) while the second is /kichí:chinátsa/. All should be tagged with 3925, and the final sound file should have four tokens concatenated, F, M, F, M, of the first and then second pronunciation. \ref 03926 \lxa te:nto:ne:wa \lxac kite:nto:ne:wa \lxo te:nto:ne:wa \lxoc kite:nto:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to cause a burning sensation in the mouth of (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) \ss causar un dolor ardiente en la boca de (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) \pna Miste:nto:ne:wa chi:hli, ke:n kokó:k. \pea The chile will make your mouth burn, it is really spicy hot. \psa El chile se te va a hacer arder la boca, es muy picoso. \xrb te:n \xrb to:n \ref 03927 \lxa tekipanotok \lxac tekipanotok \lxo tekipánotíkah \lxop tekipanotikah \lxoc tekipánotíkah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be functioning or working \ss estar funcionando \pna Tekipanotok, xe uweliwi. \pea It is functioning, it still hasn't broken. \psa Estáfuncionando, todavía se ha descompuesto. \xrb teki \xrb pano: \ref 03928 \lxa kwepo:nia \lxac kikwepo:nia \lxo kopo:nia \lxoc kikopo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to turn up; to turn (sth) back upon itself \ss voltear para arriba; invertir o poner al revés; volver (algo) sobre si mismo \pna Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew! \pea Fold up your eyelid (i.e., turning them inside out, referring to the top eyelid)! \psa ¡Invierte tu párpado (volteándolo sobre si mismo)! \pna O:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal, o:kipasolotiki:s. \pea The wind turned up the thatching on his house, it made a mess of it as it blew by. \psa El viento levantóla palma de su casa hacia arriba, al pasar la dejótodo desarreglada. \se (refl.) to turn back upon oneself (e.g., a line of dancers as they dance) \ss (refl.) voltearse sobre si mismo (p. ej., una línea de danzantes al bailar) \pna Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak. \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside (to then go back to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera (y van hacia atrás a cabo de la línea). \pna Nokwepo:nian para kalitik -=tlaitik-. \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside (and then go back to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera (y van hacia atrás a cabo de la línea). \xrb kwepo: \xvaa kwepo:nilia \xvao kopo:nilia \nse The phrase <na>xkwepo:ni mi:xtew</na> is, apparently, equivalent to <na>xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew</na> and <na>xmi:xte:n(chi:)kwepo:ni</na>. According to Luis Lucena, in the phrase <na>o:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal</na>, if the force had been greater and more thatching had been turned up, then <na>kwepo:naltia</na> would have been is used. \mod For the meaning of /kwepo:nia/ in reference to a line dance, cf. illustration with the two original filecards. \grm According to Luis Lucena, in the phrase <na>o:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal</na>, if the force had been greater and more thatching had been turned up, then <na>kwepo:naltia</na> would have been is used. This interesting distinction should be checked. However, another distinction between /kwepo:naltia/ and /kwepo:nia/ might be that the former is used when the patient is inanimate and can have no volition, and that as a reflexive the former is used when it was affected by something, whereas the reflexive of the latter, might refer, as in the case of dancers, to action taken by the subjects as volitional agents. \ref 03929 \lxa tla:lxina:chkahli \lxac tla:lxina:chkahli \lxo tla:lxina:chkahli \lxoc tla:lxina:chkahli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se nest of the insect known as <nla>tla:lxina:chin</nla> \ss nido de los insectos conocidos como <nla>tla:lxina:chin</nla> \xrb tla:l \xrb xina:ch \xrb kal \nae Oapan Nahuatl <no>tla:lxina:chkahli</no> at times seems to have an almost imperceptible liquid and a shortened initial vowel /a/. Whether or not ? <no>tlaxina:chkahli</no> should be considered an alternate pronunciation or form of <no>tla:lxina:chkahli</no> is not, however, entirely clear. \vl Link second female token and first male token. \ref 03930 \lxa chi:hlowa \lxac chichi:hlowa \lxo chi:hlowa \lxoc chi:hlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj \infv class-4a \se to get stained or dirty with chile \ss mancharse con chile \xrb chi:l \nse According to Florencia Marcelino is something gets completely covered with chile then the unreduplicated form is used, e.g., if it got submerged in chile. The reduplicated <no>chíchí:hlówa</no> is used if chile gets on several (isolated) parts, e.g, of clothes. \qry Check for adjectival /chi:hloh/. \ref 03931 \lxa tlachia:wtok \lxac tlachia:wtok \lxo tlachia:htok \lxoc tlachia:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com tla-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be greasy all over (a place) \ss ser grasoso (un lugar) \pna San tlachia:wtok, o:toya:w mante:kah. \pea The area's all greasy (in this case a spot on the ground), lard got out spilled there. \psa El lugar es todo grasoso (en este caso un punto en el suelo), (allí) se tirómanteca. \xrb chiya: \qry Check to make sure that /chiya:wtok/ can exist as a separate word, without /tla-/. If this does not prove true, then the entry should be changed to /tlachiya:wtok/ and a new stative code Stat-tla should be created. Also, perhaps \grm Note that /tla-/ with statives indicates that a particular state is common to an area. Thus one might hae /tlaxixi:ntok/, etc. \vl All tokens in this sequence (6, I believe) are of the same word, the headword /tlachiya:htok/. All should be tagged 3931. \ref 03932 \lxa isiwi \lxac isiwi \lxo ísiwí \lxop isiwi \lxoc ísiwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se (rarely in tenses/aspects other than the present) to be in a hurry \ss (raramente en tiempos/aspectos que no sean el presente) tener prisa \pna Xnimitsihlia xisiwi! \pea I'm not telling you to hurry up! \psa ¡No te estoy diciendo que te apures! \seo to develop early in the planting season (e.g., beans; cf. <nlo>yetlatski</nlo>) \sso desarrollarse temprano en el ciclo agrícola (p. ej., frijoles; cf. <nlo>yetlatski</nlo>) \xrb hsi \xvaa isiwilia \xvca tlasiwi:tia \xvco tlásiwí:tia \nse <no>ísiwí</no> is used in reference to agricultural products such as beans in phrases such as <no>yetl yunísiwí</no> or <no>ísiwíun yetl</no>. One or two consultants mentioned an incorporated form ? <no>yeísiwí</no> but most others rejected this as incorrect. Note that the contrary situation, i.e., to develop late in the season, is communicated by the verb <nlo>tlatsiwi</nlo> or by the nominalized form <nlo>yetlatski</nlo>. \nae In general the past tenses/aspects utilize the progressive form: <na>nisiwtoya</na> 'I was in a hurry.' \qry Check correctness of Am /isiwilia/. This might be an error. \grm Note complementation with imperative. A study of complementation should include this possibility. Thus note: Xnimitsihlia xisiwi! 'I'm not telling (to) hurry up! This seems somewhat similar, syntactically, to an embedded question as complement: xtimitsihlia akinon yas 'I'm not telling you who will go!' Clearly the use of an imperative follows the use of sentence complements such as /xtimitsihlia titlakwa:s/ 'I'm not telling you to eat' \ref 03933 \lxa rra:nah \lxac rra:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan rana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of green frog \ssa rana verde \sem animal \sem lizard \equivo máriatsí:n \ref 03934 \lxa suwa:tia \lxac nosuwa:tia \lxo siwa:tia \lxoc nosiwa:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take or go around with (a woman) as if she were ones wife; to take as a girlfriend \ss (refl.) tomar o andar con (una mujer) como si fuera su esposa; tomar como novia \pna Nosuwa:wtia, ye ia:xka. \pea He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his. \psa Se la toma como novia, ya es suya. \equiva suwa:wtia \xrb sowa: \dis na:miktia; sowa:wtia; a:na \nse The implication of <na>sowa:wtia</na> is that the woman is not taken as a real wife (i.e., a marriage does not take place), but rather is treated as if she were a wife, i.e., is part of a permanent relationship, a long-term lover. \nae For a discussion of object marking, see <nlao>na:ntia</nlao>. \qry Make sure only the reflexive can be used. This appears to be the case as RS has /ciuauhtia/ ninote o nicno. Also, check to see whether the unexpressed object is nonspecific, i.e., /nosowa:wtia/ 'he takes a wife' or specific 'he takes her as a wife.' Probably the latter since in the example, /ye ia:xka/ suggests a specific person. However, it will be necessary to determine how this specific object is expressed. Most likely it is obliquely, i.e., /nosowa:wtia ika Juana/. But this needs to be checked. Check for other terms with /-tia/ meaning 'to take possession of' : /nowa:xka:tia/, ?/nona:ntia/, ?/nokniwtia/, ??? Recheck that Am has /sowa:wtia/ and Oapan /siwa:tia/. \grm Possessive; Reflexive; -tia : Object deletion: Note that in general Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (as well as that of Oapan, though perhaps somewhat less so) reflexive use of trivalent verbs do not mark the nonreflexive specific object on the verb. Thus one might have /nimokowili:s nakatl/ 'I will buy meat for myself' In Classical this would be expressed as /niknokowilia nakatl/. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec one has a phrase such as /Nosowa:wtia, ye ia:xka/ 'He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his.' However, perhaps the translation is wrong and it should be 'he takes a woman as a 'wife', she is his.' Thus use of /ye ia:xka/ suggests that a specific subject is already introduced. Note, moreover, that the meaning of this constructions suggests that the person being taken as a wife (or mother, etc.), is not really one. Thus /nosowa:wtia/ has the implicature that the woman is not really a wife, but like one. In this sense it seems to indicate a permanent type of relationship. This should be c hecked. RS gives a meaning that seems equivalent to 'to marry.' \ref 03935 \lxa iyo:tia \lxac niyo:tia \lxo íyó:tia \lxop iyo:tia \lxoc níyó:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to breathe \ss respirar \pna Ne:si o:mik. Ka! Ok niyo:titok. Xe miki. \pea It appears that he died. No! He's still breathing. He still hasn't died. \psa Parece que se murió. No! Todavía está respirando. Todavía no se muere. \pna Timiiyo:titok chika:wak. \pea You are breathing hard. \psa Estás respirando fuerte. \sem functions \xrb hyo: \qry Check to see if only used in reflexive. \ref 03936 \lxa a:poso:naltia \lxac ka:poso:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to make froth \ss hacer espumar \pna Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n jabón. Tika:poso:nalti:s \pea You will moisten it in the palm of your hand, it bubbles up like soap. You will make it froth up with water \psa Vas a echarle agua en la palma de tu mano, se hace espuma como si fuera jabón. Vas a hacerlo espumar con agua. \equivo a:poso:nia \xrb a: \xrb poso: \nae Unlike most verbs that end in <na>-ni</na>, <na>a:poso:naltia</na> follows the pattern of certain verbs of motion (<na>tsikwi:ni</na>, <na>patla:ni</na>) in that the transtive is a causative, not a nondirected alternation. However, the intransitive form <na>a:poso:ni</na> has not been documented. There is, however, an adjectival form <nla>a:poso:nki</nla> \qry Check for intransitive form ?/a:poso:ni/. Also check for /a:poso:nia/. \ref 03937 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /yeyekawi:teki/ 'to whip hard (e.g., with a rope or similar flexible object)'. I believe I only heard it once and it was likely a 'vacilada'. C. Flores did not accept it and it has been removed. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03938 \lxa newa \lxaa nowa \lxac newa \lxo náwá \lxoa néwá \lxoc náwá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \se I (emphatic pronoun, 1st-person singular) \ss yo (pronombre enfático de primera persona) \pno ¡Tiaweh yónawá! \peo Let us go my dear! \pso ¡Vamos corazón! \cfo no \xrb nehwa \nae Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [nowa]. Note that this same backing of the first vowel occurs with other independent pronouns: <nla>tewa</nla>, <nla>yewa</nla>, <nla>tewameh</nla>, and <nla>yewameh</nla>. Although an accoustic analysis is pending, this vowel seems to be a mid-to-high central vowel, and most likely an underlying /e/, found in other neighboring dialects, has been backed. Note that older speakers seem to have a more fronted vowel [e] than younger speakers [o]. When I asked Luis Lucena, a consultant who was then between 60 and 70 years of age, to write the first person singular pronoun, he wrote <na>nehua</na>, using an /e/. \qry It is still unsure how to record this sound. Note that the independent pronouns may be use to focus on possessors, in which case they translate more like"my."See grammar. \vl There are four additional tokens from 02810. These should be tagged with #3938, but they should not be linked as the later tokens recorded here at 3938 are better. \ref 03939 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /tlatskapanal/, which Luis Lucena used often with the sense of 'lay' (i.e., I went to see my lay, /o:nikitato notlatskapanal/). Although everyone understood this term, it is vulgar (though amusing at the same time). I have removed it from the dictionary for now. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 03940 \lxa tsi:tsikilowa \lxac kitsi:tsikilowa \lxo tsi:tsikilowa \lxoc kitsi:tsikilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to draw or place (e.g, in embroidery) a zig-zag line on (cf. <nla>tlalo:xtia</nla>) \ss dibujar o poner (p. ej., en un bordado) una línea en zigzag sobre (cf. <nla>tlalo:xtia</nla>) \se to sew up a hole or tear on by zig-zagging the thread back and forth with a sewing machine (i.e., and not using a patch) \ss coser cerrado un rasgón al correr un hilo en un zig-zag cerrado con una máquina de coser (p. ej., y no utilizar un parche) \pna Xtsi:tsikilo ika:ltson! \pea Sew up the rip in his <spn>calzones</spn> by going back and forth with the sewing machine! \psa ¡Arregla el rasgón en sus calzones al correr un hilo en zig-zag sobre ello con una máquina de coser! \xrb tsikil \nae Although more acoustic analysis needs to be conducted, it seems that in cases of a CVCV sequence in which the CV syllables are identical, lenght on the first syllable (i.e., CV:CV) is reflected mostly in the comparative duration of the two vowel nuclei and not any nonrelative duration. Thus the duration of the first stem vowel of <no>kitsi:tsikilowa</no> in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez is in one token only about 83 ms. But in this case the following vowel is only some 29 ms. The pattern across four speech tokens is 93:34 and 87:24 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 90:46 and 83:29 for Inocencio Jiménez. This pattern, in which length is manifested by shorter duration in a CVCV sequence with identical segments in each syllable, seems constant across many cases. \qry Check vowel length. \grm Vowel length; reduplication: Re: /kitsi:tsikilowa/. Although more acoustic analysis needs to be conducted, it seems that in cases of a CVCV sequence in which the CV syllables are identical, lenght on the first syllable (i.e., CV:CV) is reflected mostly in the comparative duration of the two vowel nuclei and not any nonrelative duration. Thus the duration of the first stem vowel of <no>kitsi:tsikilowa</no> in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez is in one token only about 83 ms. But in this case the following vowel is only some 29 ms. The pattern across four speech tokens is 93:34 and 87:24 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 90:46 and 83:29 for Inocencio Jiménez. This pattern, in which length is manifested by shorter duration in a CVCV sequence with identical segments in each syllable, seems constant across many cases. \ref 03941 \lxa tlatlako:leh \lxac tlatlako:leh \lxo tlátlakó:leh \lxoc tlátlakó:leh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se sinner \ss pecador \pna Deke so:lo timoyo:lkwi:ti:s, hkó:n, hkó:n xtitlatlako:leh. \src Lucena ichpokawa wan tiopixki \pea If you just confess, that way, that way, you aren't be a sinner. \psa Si solamente confiesas, así, así, no eres pecador. \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \xrb htlako \nse Undoubtedly related to /itlakowa/; enter connection in root dictionary. \qry Check final glottal stop or absence with /so:lo/. \ref 03942 \lxa i:xte:ntsitsikwika \lxac i:xte:ntsitsikwika \lxo i:xte:ntsitsikwika \lxoc i:xte:ntsitsikwika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V2-alt-ka[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se for ones eyelids to pulse or tick \ss palpitarsele los párpados \pna Ti:xte:ntsitsikwika. Yewa te:tsa:wtli, itlah tli:n moyo:lka:w mikis, noso se: moje:nteh. \pea Your eyelids are pulsing. That's a bad omen, one of your animals will die, or someone from within your family. \psa Se te están palpitando los párpados. Es un mal agüero, uno de tus animales morirá, o alguien de entre tus parientes. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tsikwi: \nse This pulsing of the eyelids is considered a <na>te:tsa:wtli</na> (Am), or bad omen. \grm Frequentatives: Note that there is a clear difference between the semantics of a base verb and that of a frequentative. For example, although one finds the word /i:xte:ntsitsikwika/ in both Am and Oa, there is no corresponding * <na>i:xte:ntsikwi:ni</na>. \ref 03943 \lxa xi:pe:wa \lxac kixi:pe:wa \lxo xi:pe:wa \lxoc kixi:pe:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape or peel off the skin or surface of \ss descascarar; pelar o quitar la cáscara o superficie de \pna Nikxi:pe:was notepe:tomaw. \pea I will peel the skin off my small wild tomatoes. \psa Voy a quitarles las cáscara de mis pequeños tomates silvestres. \pna Xiktexixi:pe:wa un tepa:ntli para oksepa ye:nkwika:n tiki:xa:mi:skeh! \pea Scrape off the surface of that wall so that we will (be able to) plaster it anew (i.e., starting from a clean surface, one that is like new)! \psa ¡Quítale la capa (en este caso de revoque) de esa pared (al rascarla) para que le podamos revocar de nuevo (esto es, empezando desde una superficie limpia, como en su estado original)! \xrb xi: \xrb pe: \nse <na>Xi:pe:wa</na> signifies the removal of the outside covering of some object. It can have as its object the thick skin of certain fruits or the bark of trees. It may be used to signify the removal of the skin of green tomatoes (<nba>mi:ltomatl</nba>) or small wild tomatoes (<nba>tepe:tomatl</nba>) but not to the removal of the skin of red tomatoes (<nba>xi:tomatl</nba>). It may also be used to refer to the skinning of animals. Apparently with the sense of 'to scrape off' and in reference to the plaster on a brick wall, the intensifier <n>te-</n> must be used, probably the result of the energy and force needed to carry out this activity. \qry Check when /texi:pe:wa/ and when /xi:pe:wa/ can be used. Check why it is not used for the skinning of red tomatoes, and what word is used. \grm Intensifier: The conditions under which /te-/ is used are not entirely clear. At one point I had assumed that it was used to indicate the suddenness of an action (as with /koto:ni/ and /tekoto:ni/). However, in the present case, with the verb /xi:pe:wa/, I was told that the /te-/ is necessary when this verb is used to refer to the action of scraping off the plaster covering on a wall. The use of /te-/ in this case would seem to be motivated by the energy that would be needed to be expended to achieve the results indicated. \ref 03944 \lxa teposto:to:tl \lxac teposto:to:tl \lxo teposto:to:tl \lxoc teposto:to:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se airplane \ss avión \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrán, vendrá un avión. \pna Teposto:to:tl yewa abió:n pa:mpa patla:ni iwa:n de tepostli, patla:ni ke:n se: to:to:tl. \src DT1:008 \pea <na>Teposto:to:tl</na>, that is what a plane is called because it flies and it is made of metal, it flies like a bird. \psa <na>teposto:to:tl</na>, eso es lo que llaman a un avión porque vuela y es hecho de metal, vuela como un pájaro. \xrb tepos \xrb to:to: \ref 03945 \lxa tlayewalo:ltia \lxac kitlayewalo:ltia \lxo tlayewalo:ltia \lxoc kitlayewalo:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to carry in a religious procession (e.g., a saint from the village church) \ss llevar en una procesión religiosa (p. ej., un santo de la iglesia del pueblo) \xrb yewal \xvbao tlayewalowa \ref 03946 \lxa te:mpatiltik \lxac te:mpatiltik \lxo te:mpatiltik \lxoc te:mpatiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a twisted or crooked mouth (that goes off to one side) \ss tener la boca torcida o chueca (que sale a un lado) \apao te:mpatil \xrb te:n \xrb patil \vl First token is mistaken; it is /te:mpatiliwi/ and should be coded with ref. 02141. Then follow 4 correct tokens. \ref 03947 \lxa tlakwalki:xtilia \lxac kitlakwalki:xtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to take the food away (from sb eating, e.g., at a fiesta) \ss quitarle la comida a (algn que había estado comiendo) \src DT#7:581 \pna Ma:ka mitstlakwalki:xtili:s! \pea Don't let him take the food you are eating away from you! \psa ¡No dejes que te quite la comida! \se to make one lose ones apetite (e.g., an illness) \ss hacer perder el apetito a (p. ej., una enfermedad) \pna Ne:xtlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli. \pea A cold makes me lose his apetite. \psa La gripa me hace perder el apetito. \equivao tlakwalka:waltia \equivao tlakwalkoto:na \xrb kwa \xrb ki:sa \dis tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia \ref 03948 \lxa ichpo:chwia \lxo ichpo:chwia \lxof [ich po:ch 'wi a] \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \tran -Intrans \aff +Nonspec \seao see <nla>tlaichpo:chwia</nla> (Am) or <nlo>tlaichpo:chwiya</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase see <nla>tlaichpo:chwia</nla> (Am) o <nlo>tlaichpo:chwiya</nlo> (Oa) \xrb chpo:ch \vl The speech tokens here should be tagged with reference 01109. \ref 03949 \lxa pino:lxi:ni \lxac pino:lxi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea (for a piece of wood) to get spots filled with powder (e.g., from termites eating it). \ssa tener pedacitos (un trozo de madera) que se hicieron polvo (p. ej., por la acción de la polilla). \pna Kipia ipino:hlo, yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo. \pea It has powder (a piece of wood, a beam, etc.), it's started to get powdery, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs). \psa Ya está carcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga), ya empezó a llenarse de polvillo, ya empezó a carcomerse. \xrb pino:l \xrb xi: \qry Determine whether only wood can have /-pino:hlo/ or if grains can also. Check for transitive and other forms. \grm Noun Incorporation: Note that the intransitive verb /xi:ni/ seems often to be used with an incorporated noun to communicate the concept of being full or covered with certain objects or small animals. At this point (Dec. 2000) two examples of N+xi:ni come to mind: /pino:lxi:ni/ and /okwilxi:ni/. In both cases the semantics of the construction are 'to become full of [incorporated noun].' The subject is in one sense the location, but in another sense the patient. Viewed from another perspective, the incorporated noun is at some level the subject of the intransitive verb /xi:ni/, i.e., it is that which is"scattered."Note that RS has for /xini/: 'caer, desplomarse, destrozarse, hablando de un muro, etc.' Recheck whether these constructions are correct. \ref 03950 \lxa ba: \lxaa ba:h \lxac ba:h \lxo ba \lxocpend ba \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea sure; well indeed; hey; hmph \ssa pues; ves \pna O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa. Bah! tlaka xtewa! \pea I was fooled by someone with your appearance, I thought it was you that I was seeing. But hey, it wasn't you at all! \psa Me engañaba alguien con tu apariencia. Pensaba que te veía a tí. Pues¡no me digas, no fuiste tu! \pna A: Ke:no:n tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Bah, ye nona:miktia! B: Sahki, ba xnikpia tli:no:n ika! \pea A: How will you give away your daughter? Y'know she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, y'know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her in-laws)! \psa A:¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija?¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B:¡Asínomás, sabes pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa asíque puede llevarse a su casa nueva con los suegros)! \pna O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Bah! Xkwahli! \pea He wasted his money. He bought something that he liked. Hmph! It was no good! \psa Echó a perder su dinero. Comprólo que le gustó.¡Ves!¡No valía la pena! \nse <na>Bah</na> is an expression typical of San Miguel Tecuiciapan. However it is also occasionally, though rarely, used in Ameyaltepec, and more rarely in Oapan. \qry Check for possible presence of /h/ final, i.e. /bah/. \ref 03951 \lxa nakastewe:weyaktik \lxac nakastewe:weyaktik \lxo nakastewe:weyahtik \lxoc nakastewe:weyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-k \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s* \se to be long-eared (an animal) \ss tener las orejas largas (un animal) \pna Melákwaltsi:n mobeserri:toh, o:tla:kat nakastewe:weyaktik. \pea Your calf it really pretty, it was born with long ears. \psa Tu becerrito es de veras bonito, naciócon las orejas largas. \xrb nakas \xrb weya \qry Check the possibility of a form without the intensifier /te-/. Also check the length of the reduplicated vowel. In general note and discuss the nature of adjectives ending in /-ktik/. I have varied constantly between a long and short vowel in the reduplicant. All lexemes with /weweyak/ reduplication should be checked and compared. \sj Check vowel length and presence of /h/. \grm Reduplication: /nakastewe:weyaktik/ 'long-eared (an animal)' The reason for the long-vowel reduplication here is not clear; certainly this should be checked with native speakers. But if it does turn out that the vowel length is correct as recorded, then an explanation should be attempted. \ref 03952 \lxa ma:niye:wa \lxac kima:niye:wa \lxo má:yé:wa \lxoc kimá:yé:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to let slip or fall out of ones hand \ss dejar caer o escaparse de las manos \pna O:wetsiko, pero san o:tikyo:kolih, o:tikma:niye:w. \pea It fell down to the ground, but you just caused it to happen, it let it slip out of your hands. \psa Se cayó al suelo, pero tu solo lo hiciste, se te fue de las manos. \cfa kamama:niye:wa \cfo kamá:yé:wa \xrb ma: \xrb yaw \nae The etymology of this verb is uncertain. Perhaps it is related to Classical <n>mayaui. nite-</n> 'derribar a otro en el suelo'; <n>nitla-</n> 'arrojar o echar algo por ay' (Molina). It would appear, however, that the Ameyaltepec sequence <na>-iye:wa</na> represents a reduplicant and stem and that this reduplicant is also reflected in the marked pitch accent of the Oapan form. The origin of the internal /n/ in Ameyaltepec <na>ma:niye:wa</na> is not clear. \qry Also check for underlying [h] and reconfirm vowel length. \ref 03953 \lxa po:kwia \lxac kipo:kwia \lxo po:hwia \lxof [po:h 'wi a] \lxoc kipo:hwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to burn incense in front of or around (letting the smoke envelop an object or penetrate a place as part of an offering or a curing ceremony) \ss quemar incienso enfrente de o alrededor de (dejando que el humo cubra un objeto o invada un lugar como parte de una ofrenda o de una ceremonia de curación) \pna Kemech kipo:kwi:s iye:lo:w. \pea He is about to burn incense in his field of green corn (during the fiesta of Santa Cruz on 13 September). \psa Estápor quemarle incienso en su milpa de elote (durante la fiesta de santa Cruz, el 13 de septiembre). \pna Kipo:kwitok. \pea He is burning incense in front of it. \psa Estáquemando incienso frente a ello. \xrb po:k \grm Oapan phonology; /h/: Note that in /kipo:hwiya/ the /h/ is clearly audible and the spectrogram clearly manifests it. Clearly minimal pairs should be discussed. \ref 03954 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /tsonyowa/ but has been removed. 'to become hairy'. In ref. to a child born hairless whose hair grows one says /ixwa i:tson/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \mod In Oapan only forms such as <nlo>te:ntsonyowa</nlo> are used, with a specific reference to the place on the body that the hair emerges; there is no general term ? <no>tsonyowa</no>. \ref 03955 \lxa tlah \lxo tlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr \der Pr-indef \sea see <nla>itlah</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>itlah</nla> \xrb itlah \ref 03956 \lxa tsi:ntepolkestok \lxac notsi:ntepolkestok \lxo tsí:ntepolkéstok \lxop tsi:ntepolkestok \lxoc notsí:ntepolkéstok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Mod-Stat \der *V1-Stat (Am); Stat-refl (Oa) \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \sea upside-down (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty of a liquid) \ssa cabeza abajo (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro) \pna Wa:ltsi:ntepolkestia:s mokósta:l. \pea Your sack (e.g., of corn tied onto a donkey) is coming along tilted upside-down. \psa Tu costal (p. ej., de maíz atado a un burro) viene inclinado boca-abajo. \sem motion \flao tsi:ntepolketsa \xrb tsi:n \xrb tehpol \xrb ketsa \nae In Oapan only the reflexive stative is used. (NB: note why and switch to entry under verb; and progressive, etc.). Although Cristino Flores seems to have initially uttered <na>tsi:ntepolkestok</na> he later indicated that the reflexive stative was more common. \sj kitsí:ntepolkéstok \dis tsi:ntepolkestok; tsi:nkestok; tsonkestok; i:xakamantok (check to see if tsi:nkestok and tsonkestok are words) \qry Check difference between /tsi:ntepolkestok/ and, if it is correct, /notsi:ntepolkestok/. I have a card with the latter reflexive stative mentioned. This should be checked. In future add coding for reflexive statives, perhaps Stat-refl as here. \mod Although I originally had /tsí:ntepolkéstok/ for Oapan Nahuatl here, I also noted that this is not correct as it is, but may only be used as /kitsí:ntepolkéstok/, i.e., with an object marker. This would seem to indicate that it is a progressive or durative. Hence the recording should not be linked here, but rather to entry 05493 along with the form already linked. \grm Statives; aspectuals; valency reduction: Note /Wa:ltsi:ntepolkestia:s mokósta:l/ 'Your sack (e.g., of corn tied onto a donkey) is coming along tilted upside-down.' The entry form for this lexeme is /tsi:ntepolkestok/. There are two things to note. The first thing is that both /-tok/ and /-tiw/ can function as stative/resultative endings to decrease the valency of a verb. /ketsa/ is marked in all dialects as a transitive verb. However, in Ameyaltepec (and apparently other villages of the region), the durative form /tsi:ntepolkestok/ is a one-place predicate with a stative/resultative meaning. There is no evidence that */ketsi/ exists in any dialect. Thus if a reflexive is used /noketsa/, this would seem to have an anticausative interpretation (check). The other point to note is the relationship between /-tok/ statives and /-tiw/ motion-statives (if this is a good turn). It seems that with statives of positions, /-tiw/ indicates 'to go along in X position.' Thus /tsi:ntepolkestok/ ' to be in position X' (where X=upside-down), and /tsi:ntepolkestiw/ meanings 'to go along in position X.' However, here the major question is whether the /-tok/ durative is maintained with the /-tiw/ aspectual marker. It seems that this only occurs with certain lexicalized forms such as /westok/, /ikatok/, and /e:watok/. Other forms should be examined, but I do not remember them. \ref 03957 \lxa ikxikoko:pi:l \lxac ikxikoko:pi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ab \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>ikxitekoko:pi:l</na> \sea to take small steps; to be a slow-poke (in terms of walking) \ssa ser lento para caminar, ser alguien que toma pasos chicos \pna Tikxitekoko:pi:l. Xwel tinenemi. \pea You are a slow-poke on your feet. You can't walk well. \psa Eres un lento para caminar (al tomar pasos chiquitos). No caminas bien. \xrb kxi \xrb ko:pi:l \nse Said of a person who is a slow-poke, who takes small and slow steps even though he is not ill. \qry Check incorporation of /te/, apparently word can appear with or without this incorporation. \mod There is an important question about how to translate words like this, as a noun or adjectival. Check and discuss with lexicographers. \ref 03958 \lxa tlanawi:tia \lxac kitlanawi:tia \lxo tlanawi:tia \lxoc kitlanawi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make extremely, even terminally, ill (so that the person who is ill is bed-ridden and virtually unable to move, e.g., one disease that follows upon another) \ss hacer enfermar gravamente, y hasta terminalmente, (para que el enfermo estépostrado en la cama sin casi poder moverse, p. ej., una enfermedad que le sigue a otra) \xrb tlana \xvbao tlanawi \ref 03959 \lxa kwetla:ni \lxac kwetla:ni \lxo kwetla:ni \lxoc kwetla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to hang down loosely or dangle in the air, fixed from a single point (e.g., a strap hanging off a saddle, a tongue hanging out of a dog's mouth) \ss colgarse libremente en el aire, suspendido por un solo punto (p. ej., un tirante colgado de una silla, la lengua de un perro) \pna Xtlakali morria:tah ipan ikechpan, ma kwetla:ni nepa ipan ima:wa:n. \pea Toss your lasso on its back (i.e., of a bull in order to rope it) so that it hangs down in front of its forelegs (thus when the bull steps forward into the loop, it can be pulled tight and the bulls legs pulled up, throwing it to the ground). \psa Aviéntale tu riata sobre su lomo (esto es, de un toro para lanzarlo) para que cuelgue abajo hacia sus patas delanteras (así, cuando avanze el toro meterálas patas en la riata que se puede apretar y jalar, deribando el toro al suelo). ] \pna Nika:n kwetla:ntiw. \pea It's going along dangling down here (i.e., a loose strap tied onto a burro, or hanging from ones shoulders, etc.). \psa Aquíva colgado (p. ej., un tirante suelto atado a un burro, o colgado de los hombros de uno). \pna Kwe:kwetla:ntiw mota:blah. \pea Your board (in this case one that your are transporting on your shoulder) is flopping up and down. \psa Tu tabla (en este caso una que vas cargando sobre el hombre) se va pandeando para arriba y abajo. \se to snap back; to suddenly jerk back (from the sudden jerking motion of an animal, a motor vehicle, etc.) \ss irse bruscamente hacia atrás; sacudirse con un tirón (de un moviemiento brusco de un animal, un vehículo, etc.) \pna O:nikwetla:n, o:ne:cha:wiltih. \pea I suddenly snapped back, it (a brusk movement) jerked me. \psa Me fui bruscamente hacia atrás, me aventó(p. ej., una parada violenta). \cfa kwetla:tsiwi \xrb kwetla: \xvka kukwetlaka \xvko kwekwetlaka \ref 03960 \lxa tlapa:ni \lxac tlapa:ni \lxo tlapa:ni \lxoc tlapa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to break (sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic bowl or plate, etc., that either fissures or has a piece break off) \ss romperse (algo duro como un plato de cerámica, etc., al salirle una fisura o caersele un pedazo) \pna Ma:ka tikwa:ltlakalis, yewa wel tetlapa:ni! \pea Don't drop it (or knock it down) to the ground, it can break into pieces! \psa ¡No lo vayas a dejar caer (o a tumbar) al suelo, se puede romper en muchos pedazos. \pna Tlapa:nis to:toltetl, ma:ka xtla:li ompú:n! \pea The eggs are going to break, don't put them down there! \psa ¡Los huevos se van a romper, no los pongas allá ! \pna O:xi:niko, o:tlapa:ntekok. \pea It fell out (e.g., from a container) onto the ground, it broke when it hit. \psa Se cayó(p. ej., desde un recipiente) al suelo, se rompió al impacto. \se to have offspring (a female member of a species) \ss producir progenie (la hembra de cualquier especie) \pna Ba:kah wel tlapa:ni. \pea A cow (as opposed to a bull) can have offspring. \psa Una vaca (y no, p. ej., un toro) puede producir progenie. \xrb tlapa: \ono tlapa:ni; posteki; tsaya:ni \nse In its most basic sense <na>tlapa:ni</na> refers to the breaking apart in two pieces, and the reduplicated form to more extreme cases of breaking, such as shattering. \grm Directionals; aspectuals: Note the use of the intraverse directional and aspectual in the following: /O:xi:niko, o:tlapa:ntekok/ 'It fell out onto the ground, it broke when it hit.' \ref 03961 \lxa a:kawtli \lxac a:kawtli \lxo ákawtlí \lxoc ákawtlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se general name for several weeds of the Asteraceae family still not identified \ss nombre genérico para varias malezas de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificadas \se specific weed of those called <na>a:kwawtli</na> (Am) or <no>ákawtlí</no> (Oa), still not identified \ss tipo específico de maleza de las que se llaman <na>a:kwawtli</na> (Am) o <no>ákawtlí</no> (Oa), todavía no identificada \pna A:kawtli | Xiwtli, pero xok xiwtli kwa:k yo:wekapaniak. Tikihli:s xiwtli kwa:k pitentsi:n. \pea <na>A:kawtli</na> : It is a 'weed,' but it is not (called) a 'weed' when it has become tall. You call it a 'weed' (i.e., <nla>xiwtli</nla>) when it is small. \psa <na>A:kawtli</na> : Es una maleza, pero no se llama asícuando ya creció. Le dices 'maleza' (esto es, <nla>xiwtli</nla>) cuando es pequeño. \sem plant \sem herb \xrb ahkaw \nse This is a type of light reed that is often found in fields that have been previously planted, although it is also common elsewhere; it is often used in fencing.There are two types of <na>a:kawtli</na> : <na>a:kawtli</na> and <nla>a:kawtomitl</nla>. Note the change of category with growth, as indicated in the associated text. \nae The length of the initial /a/ in the Ameyaltepec form needs to be rechecked. The lengths of initial vowels are often difficult to determine. \cpl Not listed in Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). See discussion under <nla>a:kawtomitl</nla>. It is considered <nla>tlasohli</nla> and is cleared from fields before they are planted. \vl Link second male token. \nct xiwtli \ref 03962 \lxa tlachi:chi:wilia \lxac kitlachi:chi:wilia \lxo tlachi:chi:wilia \lxoc kitlachi:chi:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to be picky with \ss ser quisquilloso con; ponerse exigente con \pna Mistlachi:chi:wilia. O:tkowilih wan xkiselia; ma:ski ma kwaltsi:n. xkwelita. \pea He is being picky with you. You bought it for him and he won't accept it; even though it's pretty he doesn't like it. \psa Es quisquilloso contigo. Compraste algo para el y no lo recibe; aunque estébonito. no le gustó. \xrb chi:wa \xbtla chi:wilia \ref 03963 \lxa tlimiktia \lxac kitlimiktia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to slightly cook (usually things such as meat that are place on a <na>koma:hli</na>, though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun) \ssa cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego (para evitar que se eche a perder con el calor, p. ej., carne) \sem cook \equivo tlipili:naltia \xrb tli \xrb mik \xvaa tlimiktilia \qry Check to see if /tlimiki/ exists in Am. I imagine that it does. FM thinks she has heard /tlimiki/ and /tlimiktia/ but is not sure of the meaning. This should be checked. \ref 03964 \lxa yekapitsowa \lxac kiyekapitsowa \lxo yekapitsowa \lxoc kiyekapitsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to sharpen the end of \ss sacarle filo al cabo de; hacer que sea puntiagudo \pna O:kiyekapitsokeh. O:kiyekaxixi:nkeh para o:yekapitsiw. \pea They sharpened its end (in this case a stake). They shaved off its end so that it would get a sharp point. \psa Le sacaron filo a su cabo (en este caso a una estaca). Le cepillaron su cabo para que fuera puntiagudo. \xrb yeka \xrb pits \qry See problem or question of vowel length under /yekapi:tsiwi/, to wit: Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects. \pqry Based on my elicitation I had a long vowel in the headword here; and in the AM example. However, I have changed it to short temporarily pending study of the tapes. \vl For some reason Inocencio Jimenez rejected his first token and requested that we start again. I can't hear why he wanted to restart. Thus there is a female and male (then another beep, which might have been segmented) and then the normal four-token sequence. Link the female and male tokens from one of the final two tokens for each speaker. The initial"false start"can be tagged as an"a"file, but then make sure to link a"b"or"c." \ref 03965 \lxa ye:lo:chapolin \lxac ye:lo:chapolin \lxo ye:lo:chapolin \lxoc ye:lo:chapolin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se type of edible grasshopper as yet unidentified \ss tipo de chapolín comestible hasta ahora no identificado \sem lifeform \sem animal \sem insect \xrb ye:lo: \xrb chapol \encyctmp chapolin \pqry It seems that long /e:/ preceded by epenthetic /y/ is shortened, so that the entire /ye/ sequence has the duration of a long vowel, but that the /e/ itself is short. This should be checked. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 03966 \lxa ikxipil bie:joh \lxac i:kxipil bie:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>viejo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea big toe \ssa dedo de pie grande \equiva ikxipil we:i \equivao ixipil we:i \sem body \syna ikxipil we:i \syno ixipil we:i \xrb kxi \xrb pil \ref 03967 \lxa tio:tlaki:ltia \lxac kitio:tlaki:ltia \lxo tio:tlaki:ltia \lxoc kitio:tlaki:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to keep (e.g., a worker) until late in the afternoon \ss detener o retener (p. ej., un trabajador) hasta muy avanzada la tarde \pna O:ne:xtio:tlaki:ltih, ye tlaiwa o:ne:chma:ka:w. \pea He kept me till late in the afternoon, it was already dark when he let me go (released me from work). \psa Me detuvo hasta ya avanzada la tarde, ya era noche cuando me dejósalir (me dejósalir de un trabajo). \xrb tio: \xrl -tlak \grm Causative; applicative: There are few cases that seem to indicate a causative construction on an applicative. Yet at the same time, one question in Nahuatl morphosyntax \pqry The vowel length of the /o:/, which I was unsure of, here seems long for Oapan. The measurements are 93, 103, and 96 ms for the 3 tokens of Florencia Marcelino, and 86 and 85 ms. for the two of Inocencio Jiménez. \vl The first male token (of 3) is mispronounced and should not be tagged. \ref 03968 \lxa pare:jah \lxac pare:jah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pareja \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea (<na>i:pan</na> ~) in a race (foot or horserace) \ssa (<na>i:pan</na> ~) en una carrera (de pie o de caballo) \pna I:wa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah! Tihkwenti:s. \pea Race against him (e.g., in a foot race, horse race, etc.)! You will beat him. \psa ¡Echate una carrera contraél (corriendo o montado sobre caballo, etc.)! Le vas a ganar. \ref 03969 \lxa teono:xtli \lxac teono:xtli \lxo tekono:xtli \lxoc tekono:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \seao inside fibers of the <nla>ó:rganoh</nla> cactus that remain when its fleshy exterior dries away \ssao fibras interiores del cactus conocido como <nla>ó:rganoh</nla> que se quedan cuando la parte carnosa de la planta se seca \cfao to:to:tla:wilowa \syna no:xtli \xrb teo \xrb no:ch \nae The Oapan acoustic data analyzed clearly indicates a short /o/; original notes from Ameyaltepec also had a short /o/. Moreover, the lack of pitch accent in Oapan indicates that the root is not ? <n>tekoh</n>. For this reason the root has been given as <nr>teo</nr> ; whether or not it is related to <n>teo:</n> 'divinity' or 'real' is not clear. \qry Check for /h/ in /teono:xtli/ either in S. Juan or Oapan dialects. \pqry Check length of first /o/ in Am as in the elicitation with C. Flores I seemed to have heard it long. \cpl <na>Teono:xtli</na> refers to the inside only of the <na>ó:rganoh</na> cactus, and not the inside rods of the cacti known as <nla>tlapextli</nla> or <nla>to:motsotsohli</nla>. The <na>teono:xtli</na> consists of dried sticks that may be used as a torch for hunting birds at night. \sj teono:xtli? \ref 03970 \lxa tsi:nchi:kwepo:ni \lxac tsi:nchi:kwepo:ni \lxo tsi:nchi:kopo:ni \lxoc tsi:nchi:kopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for the anus to flare open with its edges folding over and turning outward \ss ensancharse o expanderse mucho en ano, con la orilla abriéndose y doblándose hacia afuera \pna Tsi:nchi:kwepo:ni burroh kwa:k noxi:xa. \pea A burro's anus flares open when it defecates. \psa El ano de un burro se abre ensanchándose cuando defeca. \xrb tsi:n \xrb chi: \xrb kwepo: \qry Check which, if any, transitive form exists. Check also whether /tsi:nkwepo:ni/ exists, without /chi:-/. \vl Link second female form. \ref 03971 \lxa ma:olo:chowa \lxac kima:olo:chowa \lxo ma:o:lo:chowa \lxoc kima:o:lo:chowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to scoop up (sth scattered on the ground such as beans, maize, earth, etc.) with both ones hands \ss juntar (algo que está esparcido sobre el suelo como frijoles, maíz, tierra, etc.) con las dos manos \pna Ma:ka xpepena, xma:olo:cho! \pea Don't pick them up one by one (i.e., grain or other small things scattered on the ground), scoop them up in your hands (i.e., scooping them up in both hands in a sweeping motion, bringing both hands together)! \psa ¡No vayas a recogerlos uno por uno (p. ej., maíz, frijoles u otras cosas pequeñas regadas por el suelo), júntalos en las dos manos (al arrimarlos con las dos manos en un gran movimiento circular, cerrando las manos enfrente). \dis sentla:lia \xrb ma: \xrb o:lo:ch \nse This word is the virtual equivalent of <na>olo:chowa</na>. It refers to the action of cupping of ones hands to scoop up large numbers of small items (such as grains) that are scattered about. \nae An acoustic analysis of Oapan <no>ma:o:lo:chowa</no> suggests that the first /o:/ is probably long. However, this should be checked against other data, and compared to the forms from Ameyaltepec. \pqry Check vowel length of the /o:/s of the stem. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan data suggests that both /o:/'s are long. The Ameyaltepec data needs to be checked. Check ref. 80. \ref 03972 \lxa tlikwi:ltia \lxac kitlikwi:ltia \lxo tlikwi:ltia \lxoc kitlikwi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to light (firewood, candle, griddle, etc.) \ss prender (leña, veladora, comal, etc.) \se to turn on (e.g., a light or electrical apparatus) \ss encender (p. ej., un foco o aparato eléctrico) \syno tlikwi:tia \xrb tli \xrb kwi \xvbao tlikwi \xvao tlikwi:ltilia \qry Check Oapan and Am forms for all these verbs. Also check all links. I originally had /tlikwi:ltia/ and /tlikwi:ltilia/ for both dialects, but entry 2330 was checked and Oa has /tlikwi:tilia/. Whatever the answer is, /-tia/ or /-ltia/ for the causative check, and discuss if there is a difference in one form. \ref 03973 \lxa tsi:nko:lah \lxac i:tsi:nko:lah \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cola</spn> \psm N \com N-N \infn N2 \sea tailbone (of a person) \ssa coxis (de una persona) \sea short tail (e.g., of a turtle) \ssa colita corta (p. ej., de una tortuga) \mod This was an entry for /tsi:nkoli:tah/ 'stinger (of particular insects)' but has been removed. I had an example: /Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika i:tsi:nkoli:tah. Ompa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki./ 'It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) gets detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes out, and then it dies right away.' The following animals have a stinger: <nla>chi:lpan</nla>, <nla>tetekomasol</nla>, <nla>obeji:tas,</nla> and the <nla>ko:lo:tl</nla>. \ref 03974 \lxa polowilia \lxac kipolowilia \lxo polowilia \lxoc kipolowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to lose (sth) of \ss perderle (algo a algn) \pna O:tine:chtlapolowilih. \pea You lost some things of mine. \psa Me perdiste algunas cosas. \pna Xnikwi:kas, kichi:was timitspolowili:s. \pea I won't take it, there's a good chance I'll lose it on you. \psa No me lo voy a llevar, es muy posible que te lo vaya a perder. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to gradually lose (or misspend, if money) for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) perderle (o malgastarle, si dinero, algo) poco a poco a \pna O:tine:chpo:polowilih notomi:n, wan xtlah o:tikwa:hkik. \pea You misspent my money bit by bit, and you didn't brink anything back. \psa Me malgastaste el dinero poco a poco, y no trajiste nada. \xrb pol \xvbao polowa \ref 03975 \lxa koma:letsi:n \lxac koma:letsi:n \lxo komá:retsí:n \lxoc komá:retsí:n; no:má:retsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan comadre \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \pa yes \se ritual co-parent (female) \ss comadre \pna Ka:n tiaw koma:letsi:n? \pea Where are you going <spn>comadre</spn> '? \psa ¿Dónde vas comadre? \sem kin \nse The suffix <n>-tsi:n</n> / is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and"de medida"being the major ones. However, the degree to which the kin term is extended to siblings and blood relations differs in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with the latter village greatly extending the group of individuals who ego calls by this term. \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>komá:retsí:n</no> derives from the fact that most loan words into Spanish had a final {h}; here this {h} would fall just to the left of the reverential suffix <n>-tsi:n</n>, leading to the observed pattern of <no>komá:retsí:n</no>. \vl Note that here there are two sets of two speech tokens each, as indicated by the semicolon. \ref 03976 \lxa yaw \lxac yaw \lxo yaw \lxoc yaw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>yaw</nlao> \seao to go \ssao ir \sem motion \xrb yaw \nae In Oapan the plural present form has the alternate pronunciations <no>yawih</no> and <no>yaweh</no>, with perhaps the former slightly more common. A similar variation is found with the verb <nlo>wa:hlaw</nlo>. \ref 03977 \lxa teteilpia \lxac teteilpia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to become tightly knotted \ssa quedar en un nudo apretado \pna O:nopilo:lo:k, a:man o:teteilpiak, xwel nototoma. \pea Someone has pulled down on it (e.g., a rope being knotted, to tighten it), now the knot has gotten really tight, it can't be undone. \psa Se jalófuerte, ahora quedó el nudo muy apretado, no se va a poder deshacer. \xrb lpi \nse The semantic relationship between a possible <na>ilpia</na> and <na>teteilpia</na> is not entirely clear. There are several nominalizations of <na>ilpia</na> (<nla>-ilpihlo</nla> and <nla>ilpikatl</nla>) that suggest that the verb <na>ilpia</na> was once basic, even though in the corpus to date all examples of verbal forms are with a reduplicated intensifying prefix (<n>tete-</n>). It is unclear at this time whether simple ? <na>teilpia</na> is correct. Another point for investigation is the transitivity of the form. This entry manifests <na>teteilpia</na> as an intransitive. \qry Check progressive form. Cf. /ilpia/ check as to whether this is also possible as intransitive /ilpia. \ref 03978 \lxa topo:naltilia \lxac kitopo:naltilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to burst (sth) and affect (sb, e.g., in bursting a ball that belongs to sb, or a pimple on sb's body, etc.) \ssa reventarle (algo) a (p. ej., una pelota, una ampolla, etc.) \src DT#8: 024 \pna O:tine:xtotopo:naltilih notso:tso:w. \pea You popped my pimple. \psa Me reventaste un granito. \equivao topo:nilia \xrb topo: \xvba topo:naltia \ref 03979 \lxa pitsoko:hke:tl \lxac pitsoko:hke:tl \lxo pitsoko:hke:tl \lxoc pitsoko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se pig-buyer \ss marranero \xrb pitso \xrb kowa \qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/. \ref 03980 \lxa testok \lxac testok \lxo testitok \lxoc testitok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be packed tightly, crammed, or stuffed full (e.g., a sack, box, etc.) \ss estar apretado o atestado (p. ej., un costal, caja, etc.) \se to be packed in (sth in a cavity or container) \ss estar apretado (algo en una cavidad o recipiente) \pna Testok noyekakwitl. \pea The mucous in my nose is packed in (i.e., my nose is full of mucous). \psa Los mocos de mi nariz están apretados (esto es, mi nariz está llena de mocos). \xtla tlatestok \xrb tes \nse Given that this stem has only been documented when followed by <na>-tok</na> it is unclear whether the underlying stem is <n>tes</n> or <n>tets</n>. No cognate forms that might clarify this issue have been found in other dialects. \qry Search for evidence of the stem in other words. In /Testok noyekakwitl/ recheck to determine whether this is metaphoric for, perhaps, /testok noyekatsol/. This will have a bearing on the meaning, i.e., whether /testok/ refers to the space/item that is stuffed, or to something that is packed it. \ref 03981 \lxa kwa:kuwtetepon \lxac kwa:kuwtetepon \lxo kwa:kohtetepon \lxoc kwa:kohtetepon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have one horn shorter than the other (an animal, usually cattle) \ss tener un cuerno más corto que el otro (un animal, generalmente ganado) \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb tepon \encystmp kwa:kuhtli \nse Note that the reduplication here is not due to pluralization (as in <na>kwa:kuwtetekestik</na>) but perhaps for lexical reasons. It appears that <na>tetepon</na> usually occurs in this"reduplicated"form. \ref 03982 \lxa to:na \lxac to:na \lxo to:na \lxoc to:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0(cop) \der V0-b \infv Copular \se to be hot \ss hacer calor \pna To:na fwe:rteh. \pea It is really hot. \psa Hace mucho calor. \pna Ya:lwa to:na katka. \pea Yesterday it was hot. \psa Ayer hacía calor. \sem weather \xrb to:na \nae With direct inflection (i.e., <na>ya:lwa o:to:nak</na>) this verb means 'to become hot (by the sun starting to shine)'; with copular infection it means 'to be hot.' Thus the form <na>o:to:nak</na> means 'the sun has started to shine causing it to become hot' whereas <na>to:na katka</na> refers to the temperature, i.e., 'it was hot.' \vl Link first male token. \ref 03983 \lxa tsi:npaxia:l \lxac tsi:npaxia:l \lxo tsi:npaxia:l \lxoc tsi:npaxia:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pasear</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-? \se rover; vagabond; person who travels a lot, or who goes around the village a lot visiting many people \ss vagabundo; tratamundos; persona que viaja mucho o que anda mucho en el pueblo de una casa a otra \pna Tsi:npaxia:l, ke:n kiki:ski. \pea He is a rover, he really gets around. \psa Es un vagabundo, sale a muchos lugares. \pna Nitsi:npaxia:l pa:mpa san nipano:tinemi, xwel nimose:witok. \pea I'm a vagabond because I just go around passing from one place to another, I can't stay in one place. \psa Soy un vagabundo porque solamente ando paseando de un lugar a otro, no me puedo descansar en un solo lugar. \apo tsi:npaxia:ltik \xrb tsi:n \xrb paxia:l \nse <na>Tsi:npaxia:l</na> has the sense of 'vagabond.' It is used to refer to individuals who go around a lot, not on jobs or working, but in visting, passing the time, etc. The person is never at home, is always out doing things, having fun. It is not used if the constant moving and traveling is part of a job. The roving may be within a single village, or it may take place around the world in general. \qry Determine part of speech? Should this be a noun or adjective. Probably the former \ref 03984 \lxa tlasa:lo:hli \lxac tlasa:lo:hli \lxo tlasa:lo:hli \lxoc tlasa:lo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se bundle that has been tied together \ss manojo que ha sido atado \pna Nana:wi tlasa:lo:hli xkwi:ka! \pea Take them in bundles of four each! \psa ¡Llévalos en manojos de cuatro cada uno! \se something tied together (e.g., fronds of palm so that they will be form a long enough strip to be used for tying maize leaves; or the crossbeams of a fence that have been tied to upright posts) \ss algo atado cabo a cabo (p. ej., las hojas de palma atada una con otra para que alcanzen lo suficiente largo para atar las hojas de maíz acumuladas durante el zacateo; o los travesaños de un corral que han sido atados a los postes) \pna So:ya:tl tlasa:lo:hli para iswatl. \pea It is palm that has been tied together for (bundling) the leaves of the maize plant. \psa Es palma que ha sido atada, una con otra, para amarrar las hojas de maíz (del zacateo). \se something put together with ties (e.g., a plow that has been put together and is ready to be used) \ss algo armado con ataduras (p. ej., un arado) \pna Xtikpia moara:doh tlasa:lo:hli? Niktlane:wtiwetsiskia. \pea Do you have your plow already put together (i.e., with the <spn>timón, mansera,</spn> etc.)? I was going to borrow it for a short time. \psa ¿Tienes tu arado ya armado (esto es, ya con timón, mansera, etc.)? Lo iba a pedir prestado por un ratito. \seo something put together (e.g., furniture or similar types of items; syn. Am. <nla>tlaye:kchi:wtli</nla>) \sso algo armado o ensamblado (p.ej., muebles u otras cosas parecidas; syn. Am. <nla>tlaye:kchi:wtli</nla>) \pno Kwaltsi:n tlasa:lo:ltih mome:sas. \peo Your tables are well put together. \pso Tus mesas están bien ensambladas (o armadas). \cfa tlasasa:lo:hli \cfo tlá:sa:ló:hli \xrb sa:l \nse In reference to things that are put or tied together, <nao>tlasa:lo:hli</nao> is often used with a modifier such as <nlao>kwahli</nlao> or <nao>xkwahli</nao>. \qry Check whether there is a difference between /tlasa:lo:hli/ and /tlasasa:lo:hli/. Perhaps the former can be used for sth tied and for sth sewn, whereas the latter for only sth sewn. \qry Check meaning of /tiwetsi/. Apparently it can mean 'for a short time.' /Xtikpia moara:doh tlasa:lo:hli? Niktlane:wtiwetsiskia/ 'Do you have your plow already put together (i.e., with the <spn>timón, mansera,</spn> etc.)? I was going to borrow it for a short time.' Check. \grm Check meaning of /tiwetsi/. Apparently it can mean 'for a short time.' /Xtikpia moara:doh tlasa:lo:hli? Niktlane:wtiwetsiskia/ 'Do you have your plow already put together (i.e., with the <spn>timón, mansera,</spn> etc.)? I was going to borrow it for a short time.' Check. \ref 03985 \lxa nenemi \lxac nenemi \lxo nénemí \lxop nenemi \lxoc nénemí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:nemí</no> \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to walk \ss caminar \pna O:nenenkeh. \pea They walked (e.g., as opposed to going on a beast of burden) \psa Caminaron (p. ej., y no fueron sobre una bestia) \se to follow up (e.g., a matter of concern) \ss perseguir (p. ej., algún asunto) \pna Nanenemiskeh para noyo:ltla:li:s. \pea You all will follow up (i.e., continue to pursue sth, in this case the soothing of an irate father whose daughter had eloped) so that he (the <na>novia</na> 's father) will calm down. \psa Vas a perseguir (p. ej., seguir tratando o tramitando algo, en este caso apaciguar un padre cuya hija se había fugado con su novio) para queél (el padre de la novia) se calme. \se (with long vowel reduplication, often in the imperative) to walk quickly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo en el imperativo) caminar rápidamente \pna Xne:nenemi! Weliwin xya! \pea Walk quickly! Hurry up! \psa ¡Camina rápido!¡Apúrate! \pna Xne:nenemi! Ma:ka yo:li:k! \pea Walk quickly! Don't go slowly! \psa ¡Camine rápido!¡No vayas despacio! } \sem motion \xrb nemi \nse Note that in <na>o:nenenkeh</na> the implication is that they walked 'there.' If one wanted to say 'they walked here' the form <na>o:wa:lnenenkeh</na> would be used. \grm Reduplication: long vowel reduplication with verbs of movement seem to indicate a rapidity of movement. Thus cf. /Xne:nenemi! Ma:ka yo:li:k!/ 'Walk quickly! Don't go slowly! The reason for this meaning in long vowel reduplication is unclear; nor am I aware that it is has been properly researched up to the present. There are other incidents of this usage: /xcho:cholo/. Also check /to:toka/ or /toto:ka/ (I don't remember which at present). \ref 03986 \lxa kuwasiwistli \lxac kuwasiwistli \lxo kówasiwístli \lxoc kówasiwístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes-lex \se pain in ones bones or joints, at times involving swelling (such as that which accompanies dengue, or bone-crushing disease) \ss dolor de los huesos y coyunturas, que a veces se hinchan (como es el efecto de dengue); casihuiscli (regional spanish heard in sta. teresa) \se witchcraft (that causes bone and joint pain) \ss brujería (que causa dolor de los huesos y coyunturas) \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \encyctmp kowasiwi \nse Note that although the bone and joint pain indicated by <na>kowasiwistli</na> can be caused by illness, and not witchcraft, the most common use of this deverbalized noun is to indicate the effects of witchcraft. Some consultants described it as something that can be thrown down on the ground or at someone, who is in this was"bewitched"and becomes ill with severe bone and muscle aches. It can, however, be used more generally to refer to bone and joint pain caused by such illnesses as dengue. Nevertheless, most often when a person is affected by a disease, the verbal form <na>kowasiwi</na> is used. \ref 03987 \lxa chi:wilia \lxac kichi:wilia \lxo chi:wilia \lxoc kichi:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to do to (sth to sb, e.g., to cause sth to befall sb) \ss hacerle (algo a algn, p. ej., causar que algo le pase a algn) \pna Tli:no:n o:tine:xchi:wilih? \pea What did you do to me? \psa ¿Quéme hiciste? \pna O:nikontak. O:pe:w tikchi:chi:wilia tekitl ka:n tito:ka. \pea I saw you over there. You started to do things here and there (to) where you plant (i.e., clear spots here and there, arrange the field for sowing, etc.). \psa Te víalli. Ya empezaste a hacerle trabajitos por acá y por allá donde vas a sembrar (p. ej., a limpiar el terreno en partes, a trabajar en las varias partes donde se necesita hacer algo). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to make (some produced object, or a food or dish) for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (una cosa fabricada o elaborada, una comida) para \pna Ne:chtlachichi:wilitok. \pea He is making something for me (i.e., producing sth such as ceramics, etc.). \psa Me está haciendo algo (p. ej., fabricando algo como cerámica, etc.). \pna O:nimochichi:wilih na:to:l. \pea I made (prepared) atole for myself. \psa Me hice atole. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to splatter on (i.e., some liquid, mud, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) salpicar; manchar (p. ej., con algún líquido, con lodo, etc.) \pna O:pe:w tine:xchi:chi:wilia ika sokitl. O:tine:chtla:tla:lilih. \pea You've started to splatter me with mud. You've gotten it on me in various places. \psa Me has empezado a salpicar con lodo. Me manchaste en varios lados. \pna O:nimochi:chi:wilih, o:ne:cha:asik ipan notlake:n. \pea I besplattered myself, it got on my clothes (e.g., chile, mud, paint, etc.). \psa Me salpiqué, me cayósobre la ropa (p. ej., chile, lodo, pintura, etc.). \se (<na>kichi:wilia luchah</na>) to struggle; to make a concerted effort (e.g., to make a living, to support ones family; to build a house; to sell merchandize) \ss (<na>kichi:wilia luchah</na>) hacerle la lucha; esforzarse mucho (p. ej., para mantenerse a si y a la familia; para fabricar una casa; para vender) \pna Xikchi:wili luchah! Ma:ka mistla:nis! \pea Give it a go! Don't let it defeat you! \psa ¡Hazle la lucha!¡No dejes que te venzca! \se (<na>chi:wilia kwe:ntah</na>) to pay attention to \ss (<na>chi:wilia kwe:ntah</na>) hacerle caso a \pna Xne:xchi:wilia kwe:ntah. \pea He doesn't pay attention to me. \psa No me hace caso (presta atención). \xrb chi:wa \xvba chi:wa \xv1a tlachichi:wilia \xv1o tlá:chi:wília \xv1ao tlachi:chi:wilia \ref 03988 \lxa nemi \lxac nemi \lxo nemi \lxoc nemi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-def \infv class-3a(m) \se (~ [adverb of place or locative]) to be located (at) \ss (~ [adverbio de lugar o locativo]) estar; estar ubicado (en) \pna Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo! \pea Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! \psa ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! \pna Xa:k. Nemi te:cha:n. \pea He's not around. He's visiting someone. \psa No está. Está en la casa de otra gente. \se (~ <na>ipan</na> + [noun]) to be occupied in [activity associated with noun] \ss (~ <na>ipan</na> + [sustantivo]) estar ocupado en [un actividad associado con sustantivo] \xrb nemi \nse In Oapan \nae The fact that <na>nemi</na> can occur with a separate copula inflected for tense suggests that it be analyzed as an adverbial particle indicating 'location at.' \qry Check for oblig. poss. form /nemia/. \ref 03989 \lxa tepachichi \lxac tepachichi \lxo tepachichi \lxoc tepachichi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se still unidentified insect, a type of grasshopper, that makes itself heard during the time of <spn>elotes</spn> \ss insecto todavía no identificado, un tipo de chapulin, que se hace escuchar durante la temporada de elotes \pna Tepachichi, nokwi:katia kwa:k u:nkah ye:lo:tl. \pea The <na>tepachichi</na>, it sings when there are <spn>elotes</spn> (i.e., mid- to late September). \psa El <na>tepachichi</na>, canta cuando hay elotes (de mediados a finales de septiembre). \pna Tepachichi, ke:n chapolin tlachia pero we:i. Xnokwa. Tlaki:ska:tlan tsatsi, pe:wa ipan San Miguel. \pea The <na>tepachichi</na>, it is like a grasshopper, but big. It isn't edible. It makes noise at the end of the rainy season, beginning on the fiesta of San Miguel (Sept. 29). \psa El <na>tepachichi</na> es como un chapulín, pero grande. No se come. Hace ruido al terminar la temporada de lluvias, empieza al tiempo de la fiesta de San Miguel (29 de septiembre). \seao to wear a lot of clothes (e.g., a shirt, sweatshirt and coat, e.g., because of the cold) \ssao vestirse con mucha ropa (p. ej., una camisa, sweter y chamarra, por el frío) \pno Ke:tla tepachichi yo:timotlá:kíh. \peo You've dressed yourself like a <no>tepachichi</no>. \pso Te has vestido como un <no>tepachichi</no>. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tepa \xrb chichi \nct chapolin \nse The etymology of <na>tepachichi</na> is uncertain. RS has, from Sahagún, <na>tepanchichi</na>, which is glossed as 'especie de ratón, llamado perrito de los muros.' According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female sexes of this animal. The female is very big and fat. The male is small and thin. Both are black and green in color. \cpl Some consultants mentioned that the <na>tepachichi</na> starts to make noise during August, when the green corn (<spn>elote</spn>) starts to appear. \ref 03990 \lxa katlewa \lxaa katlowa \lxac katlewa \lxo kátliwá \lxoa kátlewá \lxoa kátló \lxoa kátlió \lxop katliwa \lxop katlo \lxop katlio \lxoc kátliwá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \pa yes-lex \se which? which one? (used when there is a choice to be made) \ss ¿cuál? (empleado cuando hay algo que escoger) \pna Katlewa tikwelita? \pea Which one do you like? \psa ¿Cuál te gusta? \pna Katlewa tihkwis? \pea Which one will you take? \psa ¿Cuál vas a escoger? \pna Xnikmati katlewa kinekis, nochi nihkwis. \pea I don't know which one he will prefer, I'll take them all. \psa No sécual va a querer, me los llevo todos. \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb katlih \xrb yehwa \qry Note that I have this recorded with a short vowel /a/, cf. Karttunen who has a long /a:/, but does not give a source, perhaps she has simply assumed the vowel length. Nevertheless, vowel length should be checked. Also check how to say either and neither: 'Grab it with either hand' Neither horse is good.' \pqry Check vowel quality of Oapan and Am tokens with a phonetician. \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 5935. These might have better sound than the ones recorded at 3990, and perhaps the two linked sound tokens should come from these later recordings. \ref 03991 \lxa tio:pixki \lxac tio:pixki \lxo tio:pixki \lxoc tio:pixki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1/2; Aln(ag); pl. pl. <nao>tiopixka:meh</nao> \se priest \ss sacerdote; padre \xrb tio: \xrb pia \nae The plural of <na>tio:pixki</na> is irregular; ? <nao>tio:pixkeh</nao> is seldom if ever used (and may be incorrect). The singular form * <na>tio:pixke:tl</na> is also not documented. Thus the form <nao>tiopixki</nao> is one of the few agentives that have a final <n>-ki</n> instead of <n>-ke:tl</n> (cf. <nlao>tlaxtehki</nlao>). Note also that the vowel length of the /o/ appears short acoustically, and seems to have undergone some sort of shortening through a historical process. In several other words that appear to have the same root, historically * <n>teo:</n>, the vowel does appear long. A thorough comparison of this root across different words needs to be carried out. \pqry Check vowel length (first /o/) with phonetician. It appears short here. \ref 03992 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for elpo:tsa of Ameyaltepec. However, it has been shifted. There is now a single entry for Am /elpo:tsa/ and Oa /ípótsa/. Oapan does not have an e-initial form. Am /ilpo:tsa/ is simply x-referenced. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The words for this entry should be tagged with ref. number 2354 \ref 03993 \lxa yewalteki \lxac kiyewalteki \lxo yewalteki \lxoc kiyewalteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut going around and around (either to produce a circular piece of material or to produce a single long strip from a spiraling cut) \ss cortar yendo en círculos (o para producir una pieza circular o para producir un tirante largo resultado de ir cortando en forma de espiral) \pna Xikyewalteki, ki:sas yewaltik! \pea Cut it going around, a circular piece will result! \psa ¡Córtalo yendo en forma circular, una pieza circular va a salir! \pna Xikyewalteki nokwe:roh para noyuntah! \pea Cut my hide in a circular (and spiraling) motion for my team of oxen (i.e., to make the long leather straps that are used to tie the yoke to the oxen)! \psa ¡Corta mi pieza de piel curtida en una moción circular (y espiral) para mi yunta (esto es, para sacar las tiras largas que se utilizan para amarrar el yugo a los bueyes)! \xrb yewal \xrb teki \ref 03994 \lxa tlakwahli \lxac tlakwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas(?) \se worthless \ss no valer nada \pna Tlakwahli yewa, xtlah weli. \pea He's worthless, he can't do anything. \psa El no vale nada, no sabe hacer nada. \pna Tlakwahli mosuwa:w, xtlah weli. \pea Your wife is not worth a thing, she can't do anything. \psa No vale nada tu esposa, no puede hacer nada. \xrb kwa \nse Perhaps <na>tlakwahli</na> it should be divided into two words, <na>itlah kwahli</na>, although this appears somethat doubtful. I have also often heard simply <na>tlakwahli</na>. Everyone I asked gave the translation of <na>tlakwahli</na> as 'no vale nada' (worthless). However, Maurilio Jiménez was more specific, he said that the word/idiom is used for example when someone is bragging, talking about himself, how he will do things, has done things, is good at things, etc. Someone hearing this may simply say <na>ay tlakwahli!</na> to the effect of 'he's just shooting off at the mouth', 'there's nothing behind (or to) what he says' or, perhaps, 'no vale nada (lo que dice).' Maurilio Jiménez insisted that the pronunciation was simply <na>tlakwahli</na> or <na>ay tlakwahli</na> and not * <na>itlakwahli</na>. \qry The meaning of this word should be checked, as well as its etymology. Check final vowel length perhaps ??itlakwa:hli. Also, check Oapan pronunciation for irregular stress which would indicate underlying {h}; in Tetelcingo possibly {h} is not heard before consonant. \ref 03995 \lxa po:ktla:lilia \lxac kipo:ktla:lilia \lxo po:htla:lilia \lxoc kipo:htla:lilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to create smoke around (often with cow dung, and usually in order to keep away biting insects) \ss crear humo acerca de (a menudo con estiercol y por lo común para ahuyentar a los insectos que pican) \pna Nimopo:ktla:lili:s para ma:ka ne:chkwa:s sa:yo:lin. \pea I'm going to create smoke next to me so that I don't get bitten by mosquitos. \psa Me voy a echar humo para que no me muerdan los zancudos. \xrb po:k \xrb tla:l \nse Besides cow pies, the soft wood of certain trees is also used to create smoke. One of these is the <nba>tenexkuhsa:watl</nba>. \ref 03996 \lxa ma:to:ka \lxac kima:to:ka \lxo ma:to:ka \lxoc kima:to:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to plant by hand (i.e., with a digging stick, and not by plowing) \ss sembrar a mano (esto es, con un coa, y no con una yunta y arado) \pna San kima:to:kaya. \pea He just planted it with a digging stick. \psa Sólo lo sembrócon coa. \se to plant (the actual seed) by placing it in the ground with ones hand \ss sembrar (la semilla misma) por meterla en el suelo a mano \pna Nika:n san xma:to:ka pa:mpa ke:n teteyoh. \pea Here just use your hands to place the seed in the ground because it is very rocky (and the seed cannot just be dropped in the furrow and covered up with a sweep of the foot). \psa Aquínada más usa las manos para meter la semilla en la tierra, es demasiado piedroso (y no puedes simplemente dejar caer la semilla para taparla con un moviemiento del pie). \xrb ma: \xrb to:ka \nse <na>Ma:to:ka</na> often refers to planting with a <na>witso:ktli</na> on a tlacolole, not with a team of oxen. However, it can also be used to indicate the actual manual placing of the seed in the furrow. With rocky soil it is possible to use a plow, but often it is afterward impossible to simply drop the seed in the ground while walking behind the oxen, and then cover it with earth with a sweep of ones feet (kicking earth over the seed that had been dropped). In these cases the corn seed must be put into the ground with ones hands and covered up by earth manually as well. \qry Check to make sure that the two acceptations of /ma:to:ka/ are correct. Check to see if the verb accepts /tla-/, and if not, whether one can simply say, /ma:to:ka/; if /ki-/ must be used, then determine whether the object is the field planted, the type of seed dropped, or even the seed itself. \ref 03997 \lxa iswakuwtli \lxac iswakuwtli \lxo iswakohtli \lxoc iswakohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se tree (generally near the milpa) in whose branches the maize leaves, <nlao>iswatl</nlao>, used as fodder are stored, so that grazing animals cannot get at it \ss árbol (generalmente uno escogido cerca de la milpa) en cuyas ramas se guardan las hojas de maíz, <nlao>iswatl</nlao>, utilizadas para forraje para protegerlo de los animales sueltos \pna Xtete:ma noswaw ipan iswakuwtli! \pea Place my (bundles of) corn leaves down in rows on the tree used for storage (i.e., a tree whose branches are used to hold up stored bundles of <spn>zacate</spn>)! \psa ¡Coloca bien (los manojos de) mis hojas de maíz sobre elárbol utilizado como ramada! \xrb swa \xrb kow \ref 03998 \lxa tlakwa:kwa \lxac tlakwa:kwa \lxo tlakwa:kwa \lxoc tlakwa:kwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-1 \se to bark (a dog) \ss ladrar (un perro) \pna Tlakwa:kwatok -=tlayawatok- notskwin. \pea My dog is barking. \psa Estáladrando mi perro. \pna Kwa:k yekah panowa, pe:wa tlakwa:kwan, kikwa:kwan. \pea When someone passes by they (dogs) begin to bark, they bark at him. \psa Cuando alguien pasa, ellos (los perros) empiezan a ladrar, le ladran. \se to open and close ones mouth (e.g., a female donkey being mounted) \ss abrir y cerrar la boca (p. ej., una burra al ser montada por un burro) \pna Pe:wa tlakwa:kwa burrah kwa:k pani u:nkah burroh. \pea A female donkey begins to open and close her mouth when a burro is mounting her. \psa Una burra empieza a abrir y cerrar la boca cuando tiene un burro encima. \pna Sa: tlakwa:kwatok, ipan yo:tsikwin un burroh. \pea She (in this case a female donkey) is just opening and closing her mouth, a male burro has mounted her. \psa Ella (en este caso una burra) está nomás abriendo y cerrando la boca, un burro acaba de montarla. \se to yap; to yell (people yapping in an argument in which what they are saying can't be understood; cf. <na>tla:tlatowa</na>) \ss gritar (gente discutiendo cuando no se les entiende nada; cf. <na>tla:tlatowa</na>) \pna Tlakwa:kwatokeh -=tla:tlatowan-, nokwala:nitokeh. \pea They are yapping at each other, they are getting angry with each other. \psa Están gritándose, se están enojando. \xrb kwa \xbtlao kwa \pqry Check length of reduplicant vowel. It would have to be long given the absence of pitch-accent, but the duration seems shorter than expected (although this is difficult to judge after the labialized stop. \vl Link first male token and second female token. \ref 03999 \lxa i:xwilia \lxac ki:xwilia \lxo i:xwilia \lxoc ki:xwilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to give the evil eye to (the child or animal) of \ss echarle mal de ojo a (el hijo o animal) de \pna O:ne:chi:xwilih nopo:tsi:n. \pea He gave the evil eye to my baby girl. \psa Me echómal de ojo a mi bebecita. \xrb i:x \xvba i:xwia \xvbo i:xwiya \ref 04000 \lxa yepepenke:tl \lxac yepepenke:tl \lxo yé:penké:tl \lxoc yé:penké:tl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \seo person who gathers up beans (scattered on the ground in the area where they have been shelled) \sso persona que pepena frijoles (regados por la tierra en el lugar donde se desvainaron) \xrb e \xrb pena \nse The term <no>yé:penké:tl</no> is used to refer to the action of picking up beans scattered during threshing; for harvesting or picking beans the term <nlo>yé:tekí</nlo> is used. \ref 04001 \lxa xo:lo:tl* \lxac xo:lo:tl \lxo xo:lo:tl* \lxoc xo:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao male turkey \ssao guajolote macho \sem animal \sem bird \equiva wexo:lo:tl \equivo wéxó:lo:tl \xrb xo:lo: \nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that <na>xo:lo:tl</na> is the equivalent of <nla>wexo:lo:tl</nla> while others mentioned that it referred to a younger specimen. At any rate, <na>xo:lo:tl</na> is seldom used, at least in Ameyaltepec. \ref 04002 \lxa tsakwa:nki \lxac tsakwa:nki \lxo tsakwa:nki \lxoc tsakwa:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to be thick or viscous (a liquid such as glue, atole, etc., that is often somewhat gooey or sticky as well) \ss ser espeso; ser viscoso (un líquido como pegamento, atole, etc. que es a menudo pegagoso también) \sem consist \xrb tsakwa:n \nde Molina has <n>tetzauac</n> and, for other words in this paradigm <n>tetzaua</n> as both intransitive and transitive, with the variation in perfective formation typical of such verbs. In Ameyaltepec the pattern of the adjectival and verbal forms seems similar to that found in other words such as <nla>yema:nki</nla>, <nla>yema:nia</nla>, and <nla>yema:nilia</nla>. It is for this reason that the root has been analyzed as <nr>tsakwa:n</nr>. \rt Classical Nahuatl has a root <nr>tetsa:</nr> as in <nr>tetzauac</nr>. \ref 04003 \lxa ichpo:chka:wahli \lxac ichpo:chka:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se girl who has married and then was either abandoned or wound up a widow soon afterward \ss muchacha que se casó y poco después o la dejósu esposo o se murió \sea girl who has had part with a man but was then abandoned \ssa una joven que ha tenido relaciones con un hombre que después la dejó \xrb chpo:ch \xrb ka:wa \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \nse The term <na>ichpo:chka:wahli</na> refers to a girl who has either been taken away (eloped) by a boyfriend who didn't marry her and then left her, or to an unmarried girl who has been deflowered by a man, or had a baby, but did not get married. \ref 04004 \lxa pa:nchi:hke:tl \lxac pa:nchi:hke:tl \lxo pa:nchi:hke:tl \lxoc pa:nchi:hke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pa:n \psm N \com N-Ag(V2) \der N-ag-ke:tl \se baker \ss panadero \equiva panade:roh \equivo semí:tachí:hke:tl \xrb chi:wa \nse <na>Pa:nchi:hke:tl</na> is now rarely used, having given way to the Spanish loan <na>panade:roh</na>. Apparently * <na>pa:nchi:hki</na> is not acceptable. \ref 04005 \lxa tlalka:wa \lxac tlalka:wa \lxo tlá:lká:wa \lxoc tlalka:wa; tlá:lká:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-3a(w) \se (reduplicated with short vowel, <no>tlá:lká:wa</no> (Oa) to forget (things in general) \ss (reduplicado con vocal corta, <no>tlá:lká:wa</no>, (Oa)) olvidar (cosas en general) \seo to neglect or abandon ones village \sso olvidarse del pueblo de donde proviene \xrb el \xrb ka:wa \xbtla elka:wa \nae The two Oapan forms, <no>tlalka:wa</no> and <no>tlá:lká:wa</no> are distinct in meaning. The first means to forget ones village: <no>de nocha:n, o:nitlalka:w, deke xkaman niaw</no> 'my village, I abandoned, if I never go. The second form, <no>tlá:lká:wa</no>, refers to general acts of forgetfulness, of forgetting material objects, tasks, chores, etc. The pitch accent seems to derive from a reduplicant reduced on the underlying short vowel of the nonspecific object prefix; vowel duration is not overly long, but does seem to fall within the range of phonologically long vowels. The times of the first /a/ for <no>tlalka:wa</no> are 67 and 58 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 71 and 59 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For the form <no>tlá:lká:wa</no> the times are (for five tokens) between 90 and 94 ms for Florencia Marcelino and between 83 and 89 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. It would appear, then, that the best explanation would be that there are two forms of this verb in O apan: <no>tlalka:wa</no> {tla + lka:wa} and <no>tlá:lká:wa</no> {tla + rdps + lka:wa} (with the reduplicant being realized as lengthening and pitch accent on the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Moreover, there is a semantic difference between the two (unreduplicated and reduplicated) forms, that is perhaps not present in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (at least it needs to be documented). The unreduplicated form in Oapan refers to forgetting ones place of origin (home village) by not returning, of having his place fall out of memory. The reduced reduplicated form <no>tlá:lká:wa</no> refers to the forgetting of objects or tasks, i.e., a type of forgetting that is recurring. It appears that this sense is covered in Ameyaltepec by the nonreduplicated form. Note that in Ameyaltepec the reduplicated form is <na>tlatlalka:wa</na>. \vl Note that the first four tokens (two female and two male) are of /tlalka:wa/. There is no pitch accent marked and the first /a/ is short. There then follows an alternate pattern of 5 female tokens (the first is nitlá:lká:wa, the other 4 are tlá:lká:wa) and 4 male tokens. All these are of /tlá:lká:wa/, with a longer first vowel and marked pitch accent. All 11 tokens should be coded with 04005. The final sound file should have two tokens (one male and one female) of /tlalka:wa/ and then two tokens of /tlá:lká:wa/ (make sure not to link /nitlá:lká:wa/). \ref 04006 \lxa tsokwile:wtok \lxac tsokwile:wtok \lxo tsókwilé:htok \lxop tsokwile:htok \lxoc tsókwilé:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be filthy; to be disgustingly dirty (e.g., a plate left for a good bit of time with food on it) \ss ser mugriento; ser asqueroso por sucio (p. ej., un plato dejado por un buen tiempo con comida) \pna San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwakayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka. \pea It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed. \psa Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava. \xrb tsohkwil \ref 04007 \lxa tsi:nxi:pe:wi \lxac tsi:nxi:pe:wi \lxo tsi:nxi:pe:wi \lxoc tsi:nxi:pe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>tsi:ntexi:pe:wi</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape, abrade, or chafe ones rear end \ss raspar o excoriar las nalgas \pna O:nitsi:ntexixi:pe:w, ne:chamana. \pea I badly scraped my rear end (over an extended area), it bothers me. \psa Me excoriémucho las nalgas, me molesta. \seo to have its bottom surface scrape off (e.g., a pot losing its paint) \sso rasgarsele la parte inferior y exterior de (p. ej., a una olla que está perdiendo la pintura) \xrb tsi:n \xrb xi:p \dis xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi \nde According to Florencia Marcelino <no>tsi:nxi:pe:wi</no> would not be applied to a human who scrapes his rear; rather <no>tsi:na:la:wi</no> would be used. \ref 04008 \lxa chitapetlatl \lxac chitapetlatl \lxo chítapétlatl \lxoc chítapétlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se small petate used in cribs \ss petate pequeño utilizado en las cuñas \cfa chitatli \cfo chítatlí \xrb chitah \xrb petla \ilustmp illustrate, cf. illustration for /chitatli/. \ref 04009 \lxa i:xtew peri:koh \lxac i:xtew peri:koh \lxo i:xtepe:rikoh \lxoc i:xtepe:rikoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>perico</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \se flowering weed of the Asteraceae family having a small yellow flower with a black center \ss maleza de la familia Asteraceae que tiene una flor amarilla con un centro negro \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb i:x \xrb te \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Compositae and the genus/species <i>Molampodium perfoliatum</i>. Both Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>ojo del perioco</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list any plant of this genus. \nct xiwtli \qry Pronunciation has been heard with and without final /h/, check. Check grammar question: of this weed I was told: /kipia ixo:chitsitsi:wan, kokostiktsitsi:nteh/. Check whether this should be /kipia ixo:chiotsitsi:wan/ \pqry Check final /w/ in /i:xtew peri:koh/ in Am pronunciation. During the session I seemed to hear [h]. \grm Check grammar question: of this weed I was told: /kipia ixo:chitsitsi:wan, kokostiktsitsi:nteh/. Check whether this should be /kipia ixo:chiotsitsi:wan/. \ref 04010 \lxa yekayeski:xtia \lxac kiyekayeski:xtia \lxo yekayeski:xtia \lxoc kiyekayeski:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give a bloody nose to; to bloody the nose of \ss sacarle sangre por la nariz a \xrb yeka \xrb es \xrb ki:sa \xvbao yekayeski:sa \dis yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia \vl Note that Inocencio Jiménez mispronounces most of his utterances (I believe that there are four tokens from him). Link the last one to the dictionary, it is the only one that seems slightly useful. \ref 04011 \lxa a:mana \lxac ka:mana \lxo a:mana \lxoc ka:mana \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to place in water \ss colocar en agua \pna O:tika:man para ma:ka pili:nis niman. \pea You placed them (e.g., flowers) in water so that they don't shrivel up right away. \psa Las colocaste (p. ej., flores) en agua para que no se marchitaran luego luego. \xrb a: \xrb man \qry Check definition/significance of word, i.e. to place"in"or"on"water. Also cf. if the intransitive form exists. \mod Determine proper codification and root forms for /mani/, etc., which differ from other /V:ni/ verbs. \grm Word order; predicate modification: /O:tika:man para ma:ka pili:nis niman/ 'You placed them (e.g., flowers) in water so that they don't shrivel up right away.' Note the word order with the /niman/ at the end. This should be commented on. \vl The first token of Florencia Marcelino is /kámaná/, with pitch accent on the first and last syllables. This should be tagged with reference 4456. The remaning four tokens are correct utterances of /ka:mana/. \ref 04012 \lxa arrie:raú:jah \lxac arrie:raú:jah \lxo arrie:roh \lxoc arrie:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan arriero + aguja \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se muleteer's needle (i.e., a thick, sturdy needle for piercing thick material such as blankets and leather) \ss aguja de arriero (esto es, una aguja gruesa y fuerte que se utiliza para punzar cosas gruesas tales como cobijas y cuero) \nse Apparently in Oapan this item is referred to simply as <no>arrie:roh</no>, whereas the Ameyaltepec form has <na>aújah</na> (Sp. for 'needle') as well. \ref 04013 \lxa tlatlasi \lxac tlatlasi \lxo tlatlasi \lxoc tlatlasi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \se to cough; to have a cough \ss toser; tener tos \pna Nitlatlastok \pea I'm coughing. \psa Estoy tosiendo. \xrb tlasi \xvcao tlatlaxi:ltia \qry Check all tense and aspect inflections \ref 04014 \lxa tlapahlowa \lxac tlapahlowa \lxo tlapahlowa \lxoc tlapahlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to get stained with paint; to have spots of paint \ss mancharse de pintura \xrb pa: \ref 04015 \lxa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \lxac i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \lxo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \lxoc i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ss tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb temets \xrb a:yo: \xrb ko:m \cfa i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \nse There are many words in Nahuatl, playing and teasing words, that refer to a balding forehead. Besides <nao>i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n</nao> one finds to <na>i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal(tik)</na>, <na>i:xkwa:tsotsoltik</na> and <na>i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl</na>, among perhaps many others. \nae The etymology of the lexeme <na>i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon</na> is uncertain. Obviously it contains the compound <na>i:xkwa:</na> 'forehead,' but little else is certain. The sequence <na>a:yo:</na> might refer to a tortoise (which has a shiny and smooth shell, perhpas like a balding forehead). The duration of the penultimate /o:/ is difficult to determine, given that it follows the /y/ semivowel. Indeed, it appears to be short in duration. However, given that the only etymology that seems possible involves <n>a:yo:tl</n>, provisionally this vowel has been marked long. \qry Note that perhaps this is related to an adjectival in -tik (e.g., -ko:ntik) referring to the flattened, shiny curve of the forehead. Vowel length should be checked. Cf and try to elicit other words with /temets-/ in them, (or, /temestik/, etc.). \pqry Check length of first /o/ in syllable sequence /-a:yo:ko:n/. \ref 04016 \lxa chichinawi \lxac chichinawi \lxo chichinawi \lxoc chichinawi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(w) \se to get seared and blackened from being close to a fire \ss chamuscarse y tiznarse por estar cerca a una flama \pna O:chichinaw un ko:ntli, yenkwik katka. \pea That pot got seared, it used to be new. \psa Se chamuscó esa olla, era nueva. \cfa tlachinawi \cfo tláchináwi \encystmp chinowa \xrb china \nae The unreduplicated form ? <na>chinawi</na> has not been documented in the corpus although it does occur with the indefinite null complement <n>tla-</n> : <nla>tlachinawi</nla> (Am) and <nlo>tláchináwi</nlo> (Oa). However, in this latter form the stem is preceded by an underlying {h}, that surfaces as pitch accent in Oapan <nlo>tláchináwi</nlo>. Note also that the intransitive/transitive alternation is between <n>chinawi</n> and <n>chinowa</n> a rather unusual combination. Finally, in Oapan there is a reduplicated form <no>chí:chináwi</no>, which refers, as is the case in such reduplicative patterns, to a searing that is spaced out on a surface. \qry Check to see if one says /o:chinaw notla:l/, /o:tlachinaw ipan nomi:l/, etc. Check to see if /chinawi/ can refer to a campo becoming burned (e.g., as fire spreads to it). \ref 04017 \lxa mapiltopo:ni \lxac mapiltopo:ni \lxo mápiltopó:ni \lxop mapiltopo:ni \lxoc mápiltopó:ni; mápiltótopó:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to have ones finger split or burst open (e.g., after a rock or sth heavy falls on it; see <nlo>mápiltekwe:chíwi</nlo>) \ss reventarsele o abrirsele el dedo (p. ej., después de que se le cayó encima una piedra u otro objeto pesado; vé ase <nlo>mápiltekwe:chíwi</nlo>) \seao (often with short vowel reduplication as <na>mapiltotopo:ni</na> (Am)) for ones knuckle(s) to crack \ssao (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta como <na>mapiltotopo:ni</na>) tronarse el dedo (los dedos) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb topo: \qry Make sure that this verb can refer both to the bursting open of a finger from a hard blow, and to the cracking of knuckles. \vl Link two sets of words: as indicated, with female + male speaker for each. \grm Oapan reduplication; lexicalization: Note that it appears, from my recollection, that /tótopó:ni/ does not reduce, i.e., the reduplicant is not realized as \ref 04018 \lxa totatsi:n \lxac totatsi:n \lxo totá:tatsí:n \lxoc totá:tatsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \pa yes-lex \se male patron saint of a village (as referred to by village residents and, often, by outsiders) \ss santo patrón de un pueblo (llamado asípor los miembros de la comunidad y, a menudo, por otros de pueblos circunvecinos) \cfao tona:ntsi:n \cfo tahtsi:n \xrb tah \nae The pitch accent in the Oapan form <no>totá:tatsí:n</no> derives from the coda {h} of {tah} and not the reduplication. \ref 04019 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /tlayewa/, which is alternate form for /tlayawa/. See latter. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the Oapan forms here with 2305. \ref 04020 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tla:lchipa:wi/ but was removed as incorrect. See the impersonal /tlatla:lchipa:wi/ and /tlachipa:wi/. \mod This entry should probably be removed as it is not used with this sense. However, the impersonal form /tlatla:lchipa:wi/ is used in Ameyaltepec with the sense of 'to dawn' and should be kept in the dictionary. \qry In the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlatla:lchipa:wi, yo:tlane:s/ 'The countryside has started to become illuminated, it has dawned.' check whether the first /tla/ is a reduplicated /tla-/, in which case it would be underlyingly {tlah}, or whether it is the impersonal /tla-/, in which case it would be underlyingly {tla-}. The difference in analysis has a significant impact on grammatical analysis. For if the /tla-/ is reduplication, then the question arises of why reduplication of the incorporated noun. If the /tla-/ is the /tla-/ of impersonal passives, then this means that the incorporated /tla:l-/ does not create an impersonal. Rather, it is more like a semantic patient/syntactic subject incorporation (as in /a:molo:nia/ and other /a:/ incorporations). The /tlal-/ would be similar to N-V1 incorporation leading to a V1 compound, except in these cases the incorporated noun is seldom a subject/thematic patient but rather has some other role, such as an instrumental. Oapan Nahuatl should reveal what is happening; if not adialect with {h} on the surface. Check whether meaning of 'to become clean of earth (e.g., clothes that are washed)' is correct. NO: i is not. \vl There are two extra tokens at 4410. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04021 \lxa suwa:chichi \lxac suwa:chichi \lxo siwa:chichi \lxoc siwa:chichi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se bitch; female dog \ss perra \sem animal \sem domes \xrb sowa: \xrb chichi \ref 04022 \lxa kwi:tsmiki \lxac kwi:tsmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S(iwi)-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to be overcome by boredom and annoyance (e.g., from having to do a given task or job, from listening to a long and boring speech or presentation) \ssa sentir mucho aburrimiento y fastidio (p. ej., al tener que hacer alguna tarea o trabajo, escuchar un discurso largo y aburrido) \xrb kwi:ts \xrb miki \mod Check how to code such V-V compounds. Note that in general /-iwi/ verbs in Ameyaltepec lose the final /iwi/ in composition. \ref 04023 \lxa mekawtia \lxac kimekawtia \lxo mekahtia \lxoc kimekahtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to impute a lover to (a woman); to accuse (a woman) of having a lover \ss acusarle o imputarle (a una mujer) de tener un amante \pna O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian. \pea They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it. \psa Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello. \xrb me:ka \pqry Check with phonetician difference between w-to-h and k-to-h in Oapan. Is this the same. I would imagine there is a difference and perhaps this should be represented in the orthography: /o:kikahkeh/ 'they heard it' vs. /o:kika:hkeh/ 'they left it.' \ref 04024 \lxa tsotsoltetl \lxac tsotsoltetl \lxo te:tsoltetl \lxoc te:tsoltetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te); Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \se naked person (fully or partially) \ss persona desnuda o semidesnuda \pna Titsotsoltetl, xkalaki kali! \pea You are naked, get inside the house! \psa Estás desnuda,¡vete adentro de la casa! \xrb tsol \xrb te \nae The Oapan form <no>te:tsoltetl</no> has the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n> onto which the reduplicant is reduced to vowel lengthening. There is no pitch accent given that the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no coda {h}. \ref 04025 \lxa iswakwe:xtli \lxac iswakwe:xtli \lxo iswakwe:xtli \lxoc iswakwe:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn Stem 1(ch) \se small pieces of <nlao>iswatl</nlao> that have broken off in small pieces from the leaf and are left on the ground \ss pequeños pedazos de <nlao>iswatl</nlao> que se caen de la hoja y se dejan tirados por el suelo \syno iswamo:xo:hli \xrb swa \xrb kwe:ch \ref 04026 \lxa moyo:ni \lxac moyo:ni \lxo moyo:ni \lxoc moyo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to swarm (small insects) \ss enjambrar (insectos pequeños) \pna Yo:pe:w moyo:nin, mitskwa:skeh. \pea They've started to swarm about (e.g., wasps after being disturbed), they're going to bite you. \psa Ya empezaron a enjambrar (p. ej., avispas al ser molestadas), te van a morder. \xrb moyo: \xvcao moyo:naltia \xvkao momoyoka \nse The verb <na>moyo:ni</na> refers to the swarming action of animals such as ants, bees, mosquitos, moyotes, wasps, etc. that starts to move about and swarm after being disturbed and before calming down. This verb can also be used to refer to people who are bustling about, as when they are busy doing a job. \ref 04027 \lxa ma:kwi:hli \lxac ma:kwi:hli \lxo ma:kwi:hli \lxoc ma:kwi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der N-dvb-pas \se five \ss cinco \pna Nochipa ika ma:kwi:hli \pea (It is done) all the time with five. \psa (se hace) todo el tiempo con cinco. \sem num \xrb mah \xrb kwi \nae The length of the first /i/ in Oapan seems short in the recording, but Roberto Mauricio asserted that the vowel is long (as it seems to be in Ameyaltepec). Data from other dialects varies. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the reflex of a long vowel. Pipil has a short vowel. Carochi seems to vary in this regard. The recordings need to be checked, although it may be that Ameyaltepec has a long vowel and Oapan a short vowel. \qry In neighboring dialects it will be able to check for the presence of /h/. It may also be that the /a/ is long; I have recorded it as short although FK gives /ma:cuilli/. Note that in one entry I have recorded /ma:kwi:hli/, thus vowel length should defnitely be checked. \pqry During recording I seemed to hear C. Flores with a long /i/. Check and cf to Oapan. \ref 04028 \lxa wexiwtli \lxac wexiwtli \lxo wéxihtlí \lxoc wéxihtlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes-lex \se parent-in-law of ones child \ss consuegro o consuegra \sem kin \xrb wehxiw \nse In Ameyaltepec it is customary to refer to the parents of ones child's spouse as <spn>compadre</spn> and <spn>comadre</spn>. That is, the ritual kinship term is extended to these individuals. Thus consultants will often translate <na>wexiwtli</na> as simply <na>kompa:letsi:n</na>. \sj Check SJ for /h/ in /wehxiwtle/. \ref 04029 \lxa chachaktli \lxac chachaktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \se spit \ss escupido; saliva escupida \cfo kwalahtli \xrb chacha \ref 04030 \lxa xakah \lxaa xekah \lxac xakah \lxo xikah \lxoa xi'ah \lxoa xekah \lxoa xe'ah \lxoa xakah \lxoa xa'ah \lxoc xikah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se no one \ss nadie \pna Xakah kineki. \pea No one wants (to do) it. \psa Nadie lo quiere (hacer). \src DT #1: 108 \pna Xakah kimakas. \pea He won't give it to anyone. \psa No se lo va a dar a nadie. \xrb ak \cfa yekah \qry Determine precise and proper category for /xakah/; indefinite pronoun? \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 04031 \lxa tepe:tlekuwa \lxac tepe:tlekuwa \lxo tepé:tlakówa \lxop tepe:tlakowa \lxoc tepé:tlakówa \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(tlekuwa) \pa yes-lex \sea to climb a hill or mountain \ssa subir un cerro o montaña \seo to reside in the hills away from the village (during the summer to be near ones corn field; Am. syn. <nla>mi:lcha:nti</nla>) \sso residir en los cerros lejos del pueblo (durante el verano para estar cerca de la milpa; Am. sinón. <nla>mi:lcha:nti</nla>) \xrb tepe: \xrb tlehko: \grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that the long vowel of /tepe:/ attracts the stress shift leftward. The noncompounded verb is /tlákowá/. \ref 04032 \lxa kaltia \lxac kikaltia \lxo kaltia \lxoc kikaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to build a house for (sb) \ss construir una casa para (algn) \pna Nihkalti:s nokone:w. \pea I'm going to build a house for my child. \psa Voy a construirle una casa a mi hijo. \pna Nimokalti:s, yo:hnemilih. \pea I'm going to build a house for myself, I've already thought about it. \psa Me voy a construir una casa, ya lo pensé. \se (refl.) to have a ring form around it (the moon) \ss (refl.) tener un anillo que se forma a su alrededor (la luna) \pna Deke nokaltia me:stli, xiska:n kiawis. \pea If the moon has a ring form around it, it will be a while before it rains. \psa Si se forma un anillo de luz alrededor de la luna, va a tardar hasta que llueve. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to shelter or protect (an animal from the sun, often those that are injured and exposed, or a candle from the wind, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) albergar o protejer (un animal del sol, a menudo los que se han lastimado y quedan expuestos; una vela del viento, etc.) \pna Xkakalti mobe:lah. \pea Shield your candle (from the wind, e.g., by cupping your hand around it). \psa Protege tu vela (del viento, p. ej., utilizando la mano como escudo). \pna Xkakalti un topitso, tla:mo to:nalwi:lo:s! \pea Shelter our pig there (e.g., placing a small covering or making shade for it), if you don't it'll get beaten down on by the sun! \psa ¡Ponle una protección a nuestro marrano, si no lo haces, va a estar pegándose por el sol! \pna Nikontkakalti:s noba:kah. O:postek. \pea I will go build something to shelter my cow (from the sun). It broke its leg. \psa Voy a ir a construirle algo para proteger a mi vaca (del sol). Se le rompió una pierna. \xrb kal \mod For the significance of a ring around the moon, cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1. \ref 04033 \lxa ma:tetena:wia \lxac noma:tetena:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan matetena \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to play jacks \ssa (refl.) jugar matetena \nse Apparently this verb is used only in the reflexive, <na>timomatetena:wia</na> 'you play jacks. \mod For a description of this game cf. DT #8 783 ff. and DT #7 001 ff., which has been misnumbered and immediately follows #8. \ref 04034 \lxa chichinaka \lxac chichinaka \lxo chichinaka \lxoc chichinaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to get itchy; for ones body to burn and itch (particularly from the small prickly hairs, <na>a:watl</na>, and other small particles of certain plants) \ss escocer o tener comezón; arder el cuerpo (particularmente por causa de los aguates y otras partículas de ciertas plantas) \pna Tichichinakas ika toniswate:kas. \pea You will get itchy and uncomfortable from working in the <na>zacateo</na>. \psa Vas a sentir comezón por ir a zacatear. \xrb china \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the unmarked (nonreduplicated) form <no>chichinaka</no> refers to a general itching that one feels all over the body. However, when stripping corn leaves from the stem during the <spn>zacateo</spn>, the reduplicated form <no>chí:chináka</no> is used, as one only itches here and there, over only parts of the body. \nae The verb <na>chichinaka</na> has the form of frequentative verbs derived from a basic verb ending in -V:ni. However, * <na>china:ni</na> has not been found to exist. Nevertheless; the root <na>chin</na> is found in other verbs and their derivatives, cf. <na>chinowa</na> that all appear to be related to the concept of burning. \grm Note the form /chichinaka/, which would seem to imply *china:ni (which doesn't exist). Thus it seems that the form rdp-s+stem+ka is not always derived from a -V:ni verb. Check Launey on this. \rt Perhaps root should be /china:/; if the verb /china:wi/ exists, then the root here should definitely be changed. \ref 04035 \lxa tlatska:kwi \lxac tlatska:kwi \lxo tlatska:kwi \lxoc tlatska:kwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to feel lazy; to be overcome by laziness \ss sentirse flojo; estar agarrado de flojera \xrb tlats \xrb kwi \grm Participles: Note that the verbs ending in /iwi/ have participial forms in which the entire verbal ending /-iwi/ is dropped. \ref 04036 \lxa kuwa:yakaxtli \lxaa kuwa:yekaxtli \lxacpend kuwayakaxtli \lxo koha:yakaxtsi:n \lxocpend @koha:yakaxtsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se type of tree still not collected nor identified \ss tipo deárbol todavía no colectado ni identificado \pna Kuwa:yakaxtli | Kipia itla:kihlo boboli:tas. Xwe:lik. So:lo tikinwa:lkwi:li:s mokone:tsitsiwa:n para ka:wilti:skeh. \pea <na>Kuwa:yakaxtli</na> : Its fruit is little balls. It's not tasty. You just bring them back for you children so that they can play with them. \psa <na>Kuwa:yakaxtli</na> : Su fruta son bolitas. Sólo se las traes a tus niños para que puedan jugar con ellas. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb a:yakach \nct kohtli \qry C. Flores did not know of this tree and suggested that it was the /kuwtekomatl/. Check. \ref 04037 \lxa mimiltik \lxac mimiltik \lxo mimiltik \lxoc mimiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be cylindrical \ss ser cilíndrico \se to have a solid and stout body \ss tener el cuerpo sólido y macizo \pna Timimiltik, san yumpa, xtitoma:wak. \pea You have a solid, stout body. It's just right, you aren't too fat. \psa Tienes un cuerpo sólido y macizo. Estájustamente bien, no estás gordo. \xrb mil \qry Check to see if te- can be prefixed as an intensifier. No: according to C. Flores this cannot take the intensifier /te-/. \ref 04038 \lxa tekikweskomatl \lxac tekikweskomatl \lxo tekikweskomatl \lxoc tekikweskomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se granary used for storing communal maize \ss troje para guardar maíz comunal (del pueblo) \flao kweskomatl \xrb teki \xrb kweskoma \ref 04039 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohyestli \lxoc kohyestli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo tree with red-colored sap of the Euphorbiaceae family, still not identified \sso árbol con savia de color rojo de la familia Euphorbiaceae, todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva yeskuwtli \xrb es \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 04040 \lxa ma:nekwiliwi \lxac ma:nekwiliwi \lxo ma:nekwiliwi \lxoc ma:nekwiliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones arm become crooked (e.g., from a disease, from getting dislocated, etc.) \ss quedarsele torcido el brazo (p. ej., por enfermedad, a causa de una luxación, etc. \xrb ma: \xrb nekwil \rt Check etymology of /nekwil/ and possible further analysis. \ref 04041 \lxa tsohma \lxac tsohma \lxo tsómá \lxoc tsómá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao type of buzzard or zopilote, apparently the Black Vulture, <l>Coragyps atratus</l> \ssao tipo de zopilote, aparentemente el <l>Coragyps atratus</l> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174 \sem animal \sem bird \equiva tsopi:lo:tl \equivo tsópiló:tl \xrb tsohma \nae Consultants gave <na>tsohma</na>, seldom used in Ameyaltepec, as synonymous with <nla>tsopi:lo:tl</nla>. The word-internal /h/ is unusual in Ameyaltepec and in this case probably represents the fact that this word is"borrowed"San Juan Tetelcingo where underlying {h} is conserved. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give <n>tsoma</n>, which they identify as the 'zopilote.' \mod Cf. Gram 1984-04-30.1 \ref 04042 \lxa pro:betilia \lxac kipro:betilia \lxo pró:wetília \lxop pro:wetilia \lxoc kipró:wetília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pobre \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to make (sb) become impoverised or go broke \ss hacer empobecer \pna O:timitspro:betilih. \pea I made you go broke. \psa Te hice empobrecer. \xvba plo:wetia \xvbo pró:wetiá \mod Here, in general, get a list of all the variants for /pro:weh/, /plo:weh/, etc. and consolidate into a single entry with alternates, perhaps with cross references. \mod Note that C. Flores said that /plo:weh/ is a word used when one takes pity on sb old and poor; pro:beh is used to refer to actual poverty. \ref 04043 \lxa tlate:tektli \lxac tlate:tektli \lxo tlate:tehtli \lxoc tlate:tehtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-l \se raised ridges on certain fruits (e.g., cantaloupe, squash, etc.) \ss lomitas y canalitos sobre la superficie de algunas frutas (p. ej., melón, calabaza, etc.) \se slice \ss rebanada \pna Xikte:teki ye:i tlate:tektli! \pea Cut three slices (e.g., of a watermelon, bread, etc.)! \psa ¡Córtale tres rebanadas (p. ej., de una sandía, pan, etc.)! \cfa tlatektli \cfo tlatehtli \xrb teki \qry C. Flores denied that the word /tlate:tektli/ was used for 'slice'; rather the borrowing /taja:dah/ is used in this circumstance. \vl Florencia Marcelino starts out with a word /tlá:te:téhtli/ which I am unsure of. It is not the headword here (which is /tlate:tehtli/) and I do not know its meaning, nor where it should be placed. For now, then, let's create a pool of unidentified words that will be high numbers, e.g., 99 or thereabouts. Then code them for the original location and speaker. Thus this might be 99_04043_OF1a.wav I think with the extra two digits in front these will drop out at the end. The _04043 will tell me later where it comes from. \ref 04044 \lxa i:xte:ntomatsi:n \lxaa i:xte:ntomatl \lxac i:xte:ntomatsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \se eyeball \ss globo ocular \sem body \sem human \equivo i:xteyo:hli \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb toma \qry Determine whether nondiminutive form exist: ?i:xte:ntomatl, etc. \ref 04045 \lxa tlikechilia \lxac kitlikechilia \lxo tlikechilia \lxoc kitlikechilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to set light to (sth) for; to light (e.g., a cigarrette, with a match, another cigarrette, etc.) for \ss encender (p. ej., un cigarro, etc., tal vez con un cerillo) para \pna Xne:cha:ltlikechili, nipo:ki:sneki! \pea Reach over and light it (e.g., my cigarrette) for me, I want to smoke! \psa ¡Enciéndamelo (p. ej., mi cigarro, al extender tu brazo con el fuego hacia acá), quiero fumar! \pna O:ne:xtlikechilikeh nokal. \pea They set fire to my house. \psa Me encendieron la casa. \xrb tli \xrb kechi \xvbao tlikechia \vl The tokens here are confusing. Apparently the first two male tokens (of four) are perhaps for 03160, /tlakechilia/, but the pronunciation is more of /tlekechilia/. For now this should be considered an unidentified word, and these first two male tokens should be tagged 99_04045_OM1a and b. The final two male speech tokens are correct for 04045, /tlikechilia/. The last one should be linked. Given that the first two tokens are unclear as to whether they are actually an alternate pronunciation of 3160 /tlakechilia/ or not, they should be tagged with 99 numbers: 99_04045_OM1a and 99_04045_OM1b. For the four female tokens: they are all 04045, /kitlikechilia/ (this entry). They should be thus tagged 04045_OF1a through d. The 3rd of the 4 tokens should be linked. \ref 04046 \lxa tlatsotsonahli \lxac tlatsotsonahli \lxo tla:tsonahli \lxoc tla:tsonahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Reduced rdp-s*(pref) \se music \ss música \pna O:ne:chnakaskokoh motlatsotsonal, ke:n chika:wak tiktsotsona. \pea Your music hurt my ears, you really played it loud. \psa Tu música me hizo doler los oidos, de veras lo tocas fuerte. \xrb tsona \ref 04047 \lxa tlaka:wa \lxac tlaka:wa \lxo tlaka:wa \lxoc tlaka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se (usually with a directional affix) to let out to pasture; to take out to graze (usually overnight) \ss (generalmente con un afijo direccional) dejar apacentar (generalmente por la noche) \pna O:nitlaka:wato. \pea I went to leave (my) animals out to graze. \psa Fui a dejar (mis) animales a apacentar. \pna Tlaka:walo:s. \pea People will leave their animals out to pasture. \psa Se van a dejar los animales sueltos para apacentar. \pna Ne: tontlaka:was, melá:k xoxo:hki sakayoh, xe kose:wi. \pea We will leave off animals to graze there, the grass is really green, it hasn't yet turned dry and yellow. \psa Vamos a dejar animales a apacentar allá, el pasto está muy verde, todavía no se pone seco y amarillo \seo to leave ones things or possessions behind \sso dejar posesiones en un lugar \pno Nitlaka:hte:wa mocha:n no i niaw ne:ika. \peo I will leave my things behind in your house, I'm going on a trip. \pso Antes de salir voy a dejar mis cosas en tu casa, voy de viaje. \cfao tlama:ka:wa \xrb ka:wa \xbtlao ka:wa \revised 5/08/04 \dis tlaka:wa; tlama:ka:wa \nse Apparently <na>tlaka:wa</na> refers to the action of letting animals out to graze (perhaps is a recently harvested field) for one or two days, maybe a little longer, and then bringing them back to the village. If longer periods are involved the word <nlao>tlama:ka:wa</nlao> is used. \ref 04048 \lxa tekitla:hli \lxac tekitla:hli \lxo tekitla:hli \lxoc tekitla:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se communal land (the more distant land is annually leased at a low rent to village members for planting, the land within the urban zone is given permanently for house sites) \ss terreno comunal (los terrenos más distantes se prestan a miembros de la comunidad por una renta baja para sembrar por un año, la tierra dentro de la zona del pueblo se cede permanentemente para solares) \pna Tekitla:hli katka, a:man ye te:a:xka -=te:wa:xka-. \pea It used to be communal land, now it is private. \psa Era terreno comunal, ahora ya es de particulares. \xrb teki \xrb tla:l \ref 04049 \lxa to:hla:n \lxac to:hla:n \lxo to:hla:n \lxoc to:hla:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1 \se (for there to be a) crowd (of people) \ss (haber una) muchedumbre \pna To:hla:n, miák ge:nteh! \pea There is a crowd, there are many people! \psa ¡Hay una muchedumbre, hay mucha gente! \xrb to:l \xrl -tla:n \nse The etymology of <nao>to:hla:n</nao> is unclear, although the possible relation to <n>to:hli</n> 'tule' should not be discounted. It is only used to refer to a crowd of people, such as that which gathers in a church, at a rodeo, etc. It is often uttered as a simple comment on a situation: <na>To:hla:n!</na> 'There are a lot of people.' A plural form, <na>to:hla:meh</na> also exists but is used much more rarely than <na>to:hla:n</na>. It has been documented, however, in the situation where people are working in the fields weeding or <spn>zacateando</spn>. In this case the form <na>to:hla:meh</na> has been documented (perhaps here in reference to the fact that many different fields and groups of people are working. A verbal form, <nlao>to:hla:nti</nlao>, also exists. \nae It is interesting that what is essentially a toponymic form (given the long vowel in the suffix <n>-tla:n</n> should be used in a figurative sense to mean 'crowd.' Note that, at least historically, there were two suffixes: <n>-tlan</n> used with nominal stems as a relational and <n>-tla:n</n> used in locative constructions. The present word, <nao>to:hla:n</nao> manifests the long vowel of <n>-tla:n</n>. Whether or not the placename <n>To:hla:n</n> has been given a figurative meaning of 'crowd' is unclear, or whether the form is more"directly"related to the word for 'tule.' Acoustically, the duration of the two vowels in this word are unusually long. The stem vowels of Florencia Marcelino's two pronunciations are 148 and 191, and then 141 and 165 ms. For Inocencio Jiménez the corresponding figures are 121 and 166 for the first token, and 136 and 234 for the second. \pqry Note the extremely long duration of the vowels in /to:hla:n/: The stem vowels of Florencia Marcelino's two pronunciations are 148 and 191, and then 141 and 165 ms. For Inocencio Jiménez the corresponding figures are 121 and 166 for the first token, and 136 and 234 for the second. \ref 04050 \lxa kechko:lah \lxac i:kechko:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cola</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se hair that goes down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to a characteristic of men) \ss pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse al pelo de un hombre) \pna Kipia ikechko:lah. \pea He has hair down to the nape of his neck (i.e., like a tail). \psa Tiene el pelo colgado hasta la nuca del cuello. \syno kechkwitlapi:hli \xrb kech \qry Check to see if this only refers to a man, given that woman of the region all have long hair. C. Flores was uncertain of this word. \ref 04051 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be an alternative pronunciation e.g., /mlá:k/. It has been deleted and all tokens should be tagged 4587. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04052 \lxa matilowilia \lxac kimatilowilia \lxo matilowilia \lxoc kimatilowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to twist for or on (i.e., affecting sb in some way) \ss torcerle a (o para, etc., afectando la persona involucrada) \pna O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chmatilowilih noma. \pea He made my arm crooked, he twisted my arm. \psa Me enchuecó el brazo, me torciómi brazo. \xrb matil \xvbao matilowa \nse The applicative <na>matilowilia</na> can be used, with an added applicative sense, for all the senses listed under <nao>matilowa</nao>. \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. Although I did record in my original filecards /ma:ka xne:chmatilowili noma/, this should be checked. I mention in the original notes that also possible is /o:kimatilokeh ima/ 'they twisted his arm'. However, I wonder if the more common expression would be with"possessor raising"/o:ne:chma:matilokeh/. This should be checked. Also, determine more uses for /matilowilia/. \mod In general in the discussion of how to use the dictionary, mention that applicative senses are generally less complete than the original verb, and that one should consult the base verb for the full range of senses. \grm Incoporation and possessor raising. /O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chmatilowilih noma/ 'He made my arm crooked, he twisted my arm' Note the preceding phrase and how the incorporation/possessor raising is contrasted to non-incorporation. It would seem that this is a good example of parallel structures in which there is little difference in meaning; perhpas this pair simply reflects a rhetorical device to repeat propositional meaning without repeating formal structure. One imagines that the speaker could say /o:kimatiloh noma/. Check all possibilities and meanings. \grm Applicative: Can be /kimatilowilia/ with a human object that is the benefactive or malefactive; or it can be /kimatilowilia/ with a material object such as barrilla onto which alambre is twisted. \ref 04053 \lxa interi:noh \lxac interi:noh \lxo interi:noh \lxoc interi:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan interino \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se interim village mayor (<nlao>komisa:rioh</nlao>) and second officer chosed to fulfill the social obligations of this office during the village fiesta in December \ss alcalde (<nlao>komisa:rioh</nlao>) y segundo interino del pueblo, escogidos para cumplir con las obligaciones sociales de estos oficios durante la fiesta del pueblo en diciembre \nse In Ameyaltepec, during the two days of the fiesta of the village patron saint, starting on the night previous to the very day of the fiesta, two elders are chosen to act as village judge and second. They are responsible for giving food and drink to the visiting musicians and authorities and in other ways entertain them at a table set up in the <spn>comisaría</spn> that the musicians approach playing and with their own gifts. The status of the <no>interi:noh</no> in Oapan has not yet been determined. \ref 04054 \lxa yo:ltilia \lxac noyo:ltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to resuscitate; to come back to life \ssa (refl.) resuscitar; volver a vivir \pna O:noyo:ltilih tlitl. \pea The fire started up again (after ostensibly having gotten extinguished). \psa Se resuscitó el fuego (después de aparentemente haberse extinguido). \pna Xkonta un kowatl! Yo:hmiktika iwa:n oksepa o:noyo:ltilih, oksepa o:tlachi:x. \pea Look at that snake! I had (thought I had) killed it and it's come back to life, once again it's come to. \psa ¡Mira esa culebra! Lo había (pensado que lo había) matado y otra vez está con vida, otra vez resuscitó. \sea (refl.) to form (part of a plant such as the peanut) \ssa (refl.) formarse (parte de una planta, como el cacahuate) \pna Umpa noyo:ltilia tla:lkakawatl para we:iyas. Kipia tli:n wel tihkwali:s. \pea There (in the ground) the peanut is germinated and grows. It has a part that you can eat. \psa Allí(dentro de la tierra) se germina el cacahuate para que crezca. Tiene una parte que le puedes comer. \sea (with short vowel reduplication) to tap (a watermelon) on a hard surface (to soften and sweeten it) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar (una sandía) golpecitos contra una superficie dura (para ablandarla y endulczarla) \pna Xyoyo:ltili i:n sá:ndiah para ma yema:nia, ma tsope:lia! \pea Tap this watermelon (in this case against a stone) so that it gets soft, so that it gets sweet! \psa Dale golpecitos a esta sandía (en este caso contra una piedra) para que se ablande, para que se endulce! \xrb yo:l \dis yo:ltia; noyo:ltilia; noyo:li:tia \nse In the reduplicated form <na>yoyo:ltilia</na> potential subjects seem only to be watermelons, which may be tapped all around against a hard surface to sweeten them up. Consultants mentioned, for example, that other fruits such as cantoloupe and melon are not so treated, and if they are tapped they only become more bitter. \qry Check meaning of /noyo:ltilia/ in regards to the peanut; for what other plants may this form be used. \ref 04055 \lxa tlachichikotektli \lxac tlachichikotektli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \sea see <nla>kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli</nla> \cfo tlaí:lakastéhtli \xrb chiko \xrb teki \ref 04056 \lxa te:kalpo:wtinemi \lxac te:kalpo:wtinemi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to go around house to house (without any particular purpose); to go around like a vagabond (with nothing better to do) \ssa andar de vago, de casa a casa (sin tener nada mejor que hacer)l; vagabundear \xrb kal \xrb po:w \grm Note the metaphor here: the person does not of course"count"(/powa/) houses. \ref 04057 \lxa parie:nteh \lxac i:parie:nteh \lxo parie:nteh \lxoc i:parie:nteh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pariente \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (alienable possession) relative of \ss (posesión enajenable) pariente de \se (vocative) address term for distant relatives whose tie is not overtly coded in a specific lexeme (e.g., <na>pri:moh</na>) \ss (vocativo) término de dirigirse o saludo a parientes lejanos cuyas relaciones no se cubren por un término específico (p. ej., <na>pri:moh</na>) \pna Ka:n tiaw parie:nteh? \pea Where are you going relative? \psa ¿A dónde vas pariente? \nse An alternate way of expressing a kinship relation between two individuals is through the transitive verbal construction <nao>ke:n -ita</nao> as in <na>yewa xke:n nikita</na> 'I'm not related to him.' \ref 04058 \lxa ma:chiko \lxac ma:chiko \lxo ma:chiko \lxoc ma:chiko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo to have (a woman) a way of grinding <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> charactized by the fact that when the subject grinds corn on a metate, she pushes one side of the <nlo>metlapihli</nlo>, or roller, harder and faster than the other, causing it to move crookedly over the surface of the metate, one side faster than the other \sso caracterizarse (una mujer) por el hecho de que, al moler maíz sobre el metate, pone más presión sobre un lado de la mano de metate que al otro, causando que baje chueco sobre la superficie del metate, un lado más rápido que el otro \equiva ma:chiko:tl \xrb ma: \xrb chiko \cfa chiko \ref 04059 \lxa te:ntso:tso:ti \lxac te:ntso:tso:ti \lxo te:ntso:tso:ti \lxoc te:ntso:tso:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get or have a rash around ones mouth \ss salirsele granos por la boca a; tener granos por la boca \pna Xte:nsalo mokone:w, te:ntso:tso:ti! \pea Tie a protective cloth around your child's mouth, he has sores there! \psa ¡Amárrale una tela protectiva por la boca de tu niño, allítiene granitos! \xrb te:n \xrb tso:tso: \ref 04060 \lxa pexte:ka \lxac kipexte:ka \lxo pexte:ka \lxoc nopexte:ka \dt 03/May/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans (Oa) \infv class-4a \sea to tilt horizontally and parallel to the ground (e.g., a machete in chopping at the base of a thorn bush; see <nlo>peya:wilia</nlo>) \ssa inclinar horizontalmente y paralelo a la tierra (p. ej., una machete al cortar arbustos de espinas en el campo; vé ase <nlo>peya:wilia</nlo>) \sea to knock down partway to the ground (e.g., a boxer fighting another, but not a knockdown) \ssa tumbar a un lado (p. ej., un peleador a otro, pero no hasta tumbarlo) \pna O:tine:chpexte:kak kwa:k o:tine:chkwateloh. \pea You laid me down flat on the ground when yoo punched me in the head. \psa Me pusiste horizontal por el suelo cuando me pegaste en la cabeza. \se (refl.) to lean over to the side (e.g., to peer around a tree) \ss (refl.) inclinarse a un lado (p. ej., para ver a un lado de algo que estorba) \seo (refl.) to gallop (an animal such as horse, mule, or donkey) \sso (refl.) galopear (un animal como caballo, mula o burro) \xrb pech \xrb te:ka \xvaa pexte:kilia \xvco pexte:ki:ltia \nse Although the forms in Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl are identical, there use differs. Ameyaltepec <na>pexte:ka</na> is a transitive verb that can be used reflexively with the usual implications (e.g., a reflexive act of inclining oneself, a passive formation, etc.). In Oapan the same verb <no>pexte:ka</no> can only be used reflexively and refers specifically to the act of galloping (e.g., a mule, horse, etc.). Apparently because it refers to a reflexive verb of movement, in Oapan there is a causative form, which does not exist in Ameyaltepec. In this sense the Oapan form parallels other reflexive verbs of movement (e.g., <no>tlalowa</no>) that have a morphological causative whereas the Ameyaltepec form parallels basic transitive verbs that generally do not have a causative form. \qry Check whether /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ is correct. Note that I have 'machete' as the object of the applicative. These should be checked as well as the difference. Perhpas a sort of 'leismo' in Nahuatl? \ref 04061 \lxa tio:pan \lxaa tio:pantli \lxac tio:pan \lxo tio:pan \lxoa tio:pantli \lxoc tio:pan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se church \ss iglesia \pna Tia:skeh tio:pan. \pea We are going to church. \psa Vamos a la iglesia. \pna Kwaltsi:n totio:pan. \pea Our church (i.e., the village church) is beautiful. \psa Nuestra iglesia (esto es, la del pueblo) es bonita. \xrb tio: \xrl -pan \nse Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec the only form is without the absolutive ending, in Oapan apparently both forms, <na>tio:pan</na> and <na>tio:pantli</na> are used. \nae The length of the /o/ is highly problematical. The Oapan speech tokens examined so far reveal a significant difference in both duration and in the time it takes the initial front vowel /i/ to reach a target position more or less of a mid-central vowel. Much work will need to be done on forms with <n>tio-</n> but for now the vowel has been documented as long. This determination also reflects the judgements of native speakers in the literacy workshop, most of whom considered the /o:/ of all words containing /tio:/ 'divine' as having a long vowel in this position. \pqry Check /o/: Note: The length of the /o/ is highly problematical. The Oapan speech tokens examined so far reveal a significant difference in both duration and in the time it takes the initial front vowel /i/ to reach a target position more or less of a mid-central vowel. Much work will need to be done on forms with <n>tio-</n> but for now the vowel has been documented as long. CHECK: I hear C. Flores pronunciation with a long /o:/. Check. \ref 04062 \lxa nakastetepon \lxac nakastetepon \lxo nakastetepon \lxoc nakastetepon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have one ear shorter than the other (e.g., a donkey, dog, etc.); to have two short (cut) ears \ss tener una orjea más corta que la otra (p. ej., un burro, un perro, etc.); tener las dos orejas cortadas \xrb nakas \xrb tepon \nae The differences in the surface manifestation of final nasals in Oapan Nahuatl is apparent here. \qry Note the /tetepon/ seems to be lexicalized with reduplication; I do not recall having ever heard the nonreduplicated form ?tepon. \pqry Analyze the difference in final consonant of the two speakers. \vl Link second female and first male token. \ref 04063 \lxa tlaxkalpacho:hli \lxac tlaxkalpacho:hli \lxo tlaxkalpacho:hli \lxoc tlaxkalpacho:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se type of toasted tortilla, similar in some ways to an <nla>itakatl</nla> (Am) \ss tipo de tortilla tostada, parecida en alguna manera al <nla>itakatl</nla> (Am) \sem food-tortillas \xrb xka \xrb pach \nse A <nao>tlaxkalpacho:hli</nao> is made as follows. The <nla>nextamahli</nla> is washed and let drip dry (<nla>ixi:ka</nla> (Am)). After the water <nla>nexa:yo:tl</nla>) has all seeped out the <na>nextamahli</na> is ground into dry dough (<nla>tixtli</nla>). If this is not dry enough it is further let to dry in the tray at the foot of the metate. The <na>tixtli</na>, now like <nla>pino:hli</nla>, is sprinkled on the clay griddle (<nla>koma:hli</nla>) and pressed down, often with a plate, so that it sticks together (<na>noki:tskia</na>). It is then toasted on both sides. \qry Cf. entry under /patlachowa/. \ref 04064 \lxa yo:li:xkotlekuwa \lxac yo:li:xkotlekuwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(tlekuwa) \sem disease \sea to have a pain in ones abdomen from lack of food \ssa sentir un dolor en el estómago por falta de comer \xrb yo:l \xrb tlehko: \qry Check for causative transitive form. \ref 04065 \lxa tla:lpitsotsi:n \lxac tla:lpitsotsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \syn a:yo:to:chin \se armadillo, i.e., the nine-banded armadillo found in Mexico (<i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>) \ss armadillo (el especie <i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>) \sem animal \sem mammal \equivo a:yo:to:chin \xrb tla:l \xrb pitso \nse Often used in the diminutive: <na>tla:lpitsotsi:n</na>. The synonym <nla>a:yo:to:chin</nla> is known by Ameyaltepequeños but apparently from contact with neighboring villages. In Oapan some individuals have heard of this, but most are unfamiliar with this term. It was been recorded during a taping session by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, but Inocencio in particular was unfamiliar with the meaning, first interpreting it to refer to the clay figures of pigs that are sometimes made or painted in Oapan. \cpl Information on the species name taken from Leopold (1959). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \vl Although this term is elicited, do not link it to the dictionary. Florencia and Inocenio pronounced /tla:lpitso/ but were not familiar with its meaning. It is a word from Ameyaltepec. \ref 04066 \lxa chaya:wi \lxac chaya:wi \lxo choya:wi \lxoc choya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to get distributed; to be lent out (among people) \ss distribuirse (entre gente); prestarse (a varias personas) \pna Te:pan ma chaya:wi! Nikte:ma:makas. \pea It should be distributed among people! I'll give it out to people (bit by bit, in portions). \psa ¡Quése distribuya entre la gente! Voy a darle a la gente (poco a poco, en porciones). \pna Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. \pea I have maize but it is distributed (with portions in several people's houses). \psa Tengo maíz pero está esparcido (algunas porciones en las casas de varias personas). \pna Cachaya:wtok notomi:n; miahka:n o:nikte:ma:ma:k. \pea My money is spread out all over; I lent it out to a lot of people (each separately, in a diferent place). \psa Mi dinero está regada; se lo presté a gente en muchos lados (a cada uno aparte, en un lugar distinto). \se to get scattered or dispersed (clouds in the sky; objects such as seed stacked in heaps) \ss desparramarse; esparcirse; disiparse (nubes en el cielo; objetos amontonados, p. ej. semillas) \pna Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w. \pea The sky was thick with clouds, now they have scattered. \psa El cielo estaba cubierta con una gruesa capa de nubes, ahora ya se dispersaron. \se to spread out (sth that was piled up); to dissipate (sth that had been concentrated in a particular place) \ss esparcirse; desparramarse (algo que estaba amontonado); disipar (algo que se concentraba en algún lugar) \pna Xok tili:ntok moma. O:chaya:w ika tili:ntoya. \pea Your arm is no longer swollen. That which caused the swelling has dissipated. \psa Tu brazo ya no está hinchado. Se disipólo que causaba la inflamación. \xrb chaya: \nse There are two general senses of words such as <na>chachaya:wtok</na>. The first refers to something, such as grain, that has been piled up and then knocked and spread out. The second refers to objects that have been dispersed or lent out among many people in different places. \ref 04067 \lxa tlatio:chi:wtli \lxac tlatio:chi:wtli \lxo tlatio:chi:htli \lxoc tlatio:chi:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \se material or animate object that has been blessed or consecrated \ss objeto material o animado que ha sido bendicho o consagrado \pna Ma:ka san ke:n ihki xikihli un tio:pixki, yewa tlatio:chi:wtli! \pea Don't tell it to that priest disrespectfully, he's been consecrated! \psa ¡No le vayas a decir comoquiera a ese sacerdote,él está consagrado. \synao tlatio:chi:wahli \xrb tio: \xrb chi:wa \ref 04068 \lxa suwa:ka:wa \lxac suwa:ka:wa \lxo siwa:ka:wa \lxoc siwa:ka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to leave ones wife; to get divorced from ones wife \ss dejar la esposa; divorciar a la esposa \xrb sowa: \xrb ka:wa \qry Check whether /tla:kaka:wa/ exists. \pqry The duration of the two long vowels in the Oa form seems quite high. Check with phonetician. \ref 04069 \lxa wa:xin de chikimolin \lxac wa:xin de chikimolin \lxo wa:xi de chikomolin \lxop wa:xin de chikomolin \lxoc wa:xin de chikomolin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \se <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., type of <spn>guaje</spn>, a tree of the Leguminoseae family \ss <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae \sem lifeform \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine \equivao chikimolin \xrb wa:x \xrb chikimol \encyctmp wa:xin \nct kohtli \ref 04070 \lxa tla:nka \lxac i:tla:nka \lxo tla:nka \lxoc i:tla:nka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \se interest (of money lent or invested, of grain, etc.) \ss interés (de dinero prestado o invertido, de semilla, etc.) \pna Nikneki ika itla:nka. \pea I want it (in this case money) with its interest. \psa Lo quiero (en este caso dinero) con su interés. \xrb tla:ni \ref 04071 \lxa witspatlaxtli \lxac witspatlaxtli \lxo witspatlaxtli \lxoc witspatlaxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn Stem 1(ch) \se generic name for two species of Acacias: <nao>witspatlaxtli</nao> (Am and Oa) and <na>witspatlaxtli de tepe:k</na> (Am) \ss nombre genérico para dos especies de Acacias: <nao>witspatlaxtli</nao> (Am and Oa) y <na>witspatlaxtli de tepe:k</na> (Am) \se <l>Acacia cochliacantha</l> Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., small tree of the Acacia family called <spn>cubata negra</spn> or <spn>cubata</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Acacia cochliacantha</l> Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., arbusto de la familia Acacia llamado <spn>cubata negra</spn> or <spn>cubata</spn> in Spanish \pna Witspatlaxtli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli noso para timoyewaltsakwas. \pea <na>Witspatlaxtli</na> : It is good for firewood or for enclosing your compound. \psa <na>Witspatlaxtli</na> : Es bueno para leña o para cercar tu solar. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva witskuwtli \equivo witskohtli \xrb wits \xrb patla:ch \nse According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for <na>china:ntli</na>, apparently of the type known as <na>tlawi:kpantli</na>. The tree called simply as <nao>witspatlaxtli</nao> is known in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the tree called <nla>witspatlaxtli de tepe:k</nla> has not been documented in Oapan. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as a plant called <spn>cubata</spn> of the family Leguminosae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this in Spanish as <spn>espino ancho</spn>, which reflects the literal translation of Nahuatl. Schoenhals (1988) does not have anything as <spn>espino ancho</spn> but does have a listing for <spn>cubata</spn> :"1. (<l>Acacia</l> spp.) 'acacia' Various acacias with large thorns. Also called subín. 2. (<i>Acacia cymbispina</i>) 'boat-thorn acacia' See cucharitas."And under cucharitas:"(<i>Acacia cymbispina</i>) 'boat-thorn acacia.' Canoe-shaped shells on bare branches resemble empty pods but in reality are thorns. An unmistakable acacia. Also called cubata. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:96-100) list four types of <spn>acacia</spn>, all in the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> : <i>Acacia bilimekii</i> (known as <spn>tehuixtle</spn>), <spn>Acacia cochliacantha</spn> (known as <spn>cubata negra</spn> or <spn>cubata</spn>), <i>Acacia coulteri</i> (known as <spn>pa lo blanco</spn>), <i>Acacia pennatula</i> (known as <i>cubata blanca</i> or <i>cenizo</i>, and <i>Acacia farnesiana</i> (known as <spn>huizache</spn>). \nct kohtli \ref 04072 \lxa te:no:tski \lxac te:no:tski \lxo te:no:tski \lxoc te:no:tski \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be talkative; to be friendly and pleasant (i.e., sb who is very expressive, always conversing with people, speaking with them, etc.) \ss ser placticador; ser amigable; ser alguien que conversa mucho (esto es, algn que es amigable, que siempre conversa, que es muy expresiva) \xrb no:tsa \ref 04073 \lxa xió:tl \lxac xió:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se fruit or grain having a skin (that should have peeled away) \ss fruta o grano que todavía tiene su cáscara (que se hubiera pelado) \pna Xió:tl nonextamal, xkwahli o:xi:pe:w, xkwahli tenextli, xte:kokoh. \pea (The maize of) my <nla>nextamahli</nla> still has its skin, it hasn't peeled off well, the lime is no good, it's not strong. \psa (El maíz de) mi nixtamal todavía tiene su cáscara, no se ha pelado, la cal no está bien, no está fuerte. \cfo xi:pe:hki \xrb xi: \qry Check meaning and vowel length. Note that in one mention of this word I had recorded final-syllable stress: [sió:tl]. \ref 04074 \lxa po:ktli \lxac po:ktli \lxo po:htli \lxoc po:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \se smoke \ss humo \pna ipo:kio \pea its smoke (the smoke that sth gives off) \psa Su humo (el humo que algo echa) \se smog; pollution (e.g., from a bus, train, car, etc.) \ss esmog; contaminación (p. ej., de un camión, tren, coche, etc.) \qry Check, but I think that the possessed form of this noun is only found with /-yo/. But if both /ipo:k/ and /ipo:kio/ exist, check the difference between the two. \xrb po:k \ref 04075 \lxa tepe:wa:xin \lxac tepe:wa:xin \lxo tepe:wa:xin \lxoc tepe:wa:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se <l>Lysiloma acapulcense</l> (Kunth) Benth., guaje tree of the Leguminoseae family with unedible fruit, called <spn>tepehuaje</spn> or <spn>tlahuitole negro</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Lysiloma acapulcense</l> (Kunth) Benth., guaje de la familia Leguminoseae cuya fruta no es comestible, llamado tepehuaje y tlahuitole negro en español \pna Tepe:wa:xin, bwe:noh para tra:nkah. \src Luis Lucena \pea The <spn>tepehuaje</spn> is good for making gates. \psa El tepehuaje es bueno para hacer trancas. \pna Deke o:mitsmi:nkeh, tihkwe:cho:s ikakawayo tepe:wa:xin ipan tetl. Tikoni:s ika a:tl. Mitsiso:tlalti:s, ki:sas tli:n xkwahli. \src Florenciana Reyna \pea If you've been attacked with food-poisoning sorcery, you grind up the bark of the <spn>tepehuaje</spn> on a stone. You drink it (the ground-up bark) with water. It will make you vomit, all that which is bad will come out. \psa Si te hicieron brujería para envenonarte, vas a moler la cáscara del tepehuaje sobre una piedra. Lo vas a beber con agua. Te va a hacer vomitar, sale todo lo malo. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-med \equiva tepe:wa:xkuwtli \equivo tepe:wa:xkohtli \xrb tepe: \xrb wa:x \cpl The medicinal use of <na>tepehuaje</na> was reported by Florenciana Reyna, although Luis Lucena denied knowledge of this use. Schoenhals (1988) mentions in regard to the tepeguaje"1. (<i>Lysiloma</i> spp. e.g., <i>L. divaricata</i> 'borderpod acacia tree' Resembles the acacias but with ridges along the seed pods and no thorns. Also called mauto, palo de arco. 2. (<i>Lysiloma microphylla</i>) 'little-leaf lysiloma' white, puffball flowers. Also called quiebrahacha. 3. (<i>Leucaena</i> spp. e.g., <i>L. pulverulenta</i>) 'great lead tree' A tree of up to 18 meters that may be half a meter in diameter near the base. Wood is strong and heavy. White flowers are fragrant; fruit is a pod. Also called lilac, quiebrahacha."Guizar Nolazco and Sánchez Velez (1991:103) illustrate and describe <i>Lysiloma acapulcensis</i> (Kunth) Benth. of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i>. They give the common name as"tepehuaje"and"tlahuitole negro."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>huaje de cerro</spn>. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \ref 04076 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /tlanne:nepantik/ has been removed. \vl Give the four words here the ref. # \dt 16/Mar/2002 \ref 04077 \lxa i:xpepextia \lxac ki:xpepextia \lxo í:xpepéxtia \lxop i:xpepextia \lxoc kí:xpepéxtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[wi] \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \sea to patch or put a patch on (particularly clothes) \ssa ponerle parche a algo (particularmente ropa) \pna Xki:xpepexti nopá:ntalon! \pea Put a patch on my pants! \psa ¡Ponle un parche a mis pantalones! \seo to place a cover on the surface of (e.g., corn stored on the ground so that it doesn't get full of earth) \sso tapar (con una tela o nilon, p. ej., mazorcas guardadas sobre el suelo para que no se llenen de tierra) \xrb i:x \xrb pech \dis tlamamanilia \nse In regard to clothing, <nao>i:xpepextia</nao> refers to the action of placing a patch on something, resulting in two layers of cloth. It differs from <na>tlamamanilia</na>, which is used to refer to cutting away a wornout area, e.g. on ones clothes, and replacing it with another piece of material, which is joined to the original around the border of the cutout section. \qry Determine if there is an applicative, ?i:xpepextilia. \grm Note that the relationship of causatives to verbs ending in /-owa/ or /-iwi/ is not clear. Thus one has /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/ (the difference in meaning between these should be checked, but apparently the second refers to bringing together an animate object with other (e.g."acercar") while the first refers to the action of pasting one thing on another. Note, however, that RS has entries for both ixpechoa, nitla 'poner algo sobre el vestido, esconder, cubrir la parte de arriba de un objeto' and ixpechtia, nitla 'bajar una cosa para poner otra por encima'. It will be necessary to determine whether /i:x(pe)pechowa/ exists in Ameyaltepec. \ref 04078 \lxa a:pachiwi \lxac a:pachiwi \lxo a:pachiwi \lxoc a:pachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get covered with water (e.g., sth that falls into a bucket, pool, pond, etc.) \ss cubrirse con agua (algo, p. ej., que se ha caido en una cubeta, charca, laguna, etc.) \pna O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. \pea It got covered with water. It fell off into a place where the water was deep. \psa Se tapócon agua. Cayó en una parte profunda del agua. \pna O:a:pachiw mosombre:roh, o:tma:niyew itik a:tl. \pea Your hat got covered with water, you let it slip out of your hands into the water. \psa Se cubriótu sombrero con agua, se te fue de la mano al agua. \se to soak in water \ss remojarse en agua \pna A:pachiwtok. \pea The palm is soaking in water (e.g., palm to be softened, clothes that will be cleaned). \psa Estáremojandose en agua (palma para suavizarse, ropa que se va a lavar, etc.). \se to become innundated (a field or section of land) \ss inundarse; cubrirse con agua (un terreno).Está inundado (un campo o sembradío) \pna Yo:pe:w a:pachiwi nomi:l, kalaki a:te:ntli. \pea My cornfield has started to get flooded, the (rising) river has expanded into it. \psa Ya se empezó a inundar mi milpa, el río (crecido) le está entrando. \xrb a: \xrb pach \mod Use phrase with /ma:niyewa/ with entry under /ma:niyewa/. Check vowel length. \grm Locatives; /-ka:n/: O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. Note the use of /ka:n/ with a"locative." \ref 04079 \lxa tlaitlanke:tl \lxac tlaitlanke:tl \lxo tláitlánke:tl \lxoc tláitlánke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seao elder male villager who formally requests a bride on behalf of the bridegroom and his family \ssao hombre, generalmente de edad avanzada, que va a pedir una novia en matrimonio como representante del novio y su familia \seo young man who is engaged in the formal process of asking for a bride \sso joven que está en el proceso de pedir novia \xrb htlani \nae <na>Tlai:tlanke:tl</na> is by far the most usual form although I have also documented <na>tlaitlanki</na> in Ameyaltepec. <na>Tlaitlani</na> is derived from the verbal base <nr>htlani</nr>, the same base that is found in the transitive Ameyaltepec verb <nla>tlatlani</nla> (which is undoubtedly underlyingly {tla + htlani}. \qry Check. \ref 04080 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /umpa/ xref'd to /ompa/. It has been deleted. In the general phonology make the observation that /ompa/ is often pronounced as /umpa/. \grm Adverbs: Note that the adverbial /ompa/ from Ameyaltepec is not found in Oapan. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04081 \lxa tlane:wia \lxac kinotlane:wia \lxo tlane:wia \lxof [tla ne: 'wi a] \lxoc notlane:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to borrow for oneself \sso (refl.) pedir prestado para si mismo \pno Kinotlane:wi:s tomi:n. \peo He will borrow some money for himself. \pso Va a pedir presentado algo de dinero para si mismo. \xrb tlane: \xvbo tlane:wi \nae Apparently this is an applicative of the transitive <no>tlane:wi</no> ; the difference between <no>tlane:wiya</no> and <no>tlane:wilia</no> still needs to be explored. Note that in Ameyaltepec (and Oapan, but much less so) it is quite common for the ditransitives used reflexively to not mark the secondary object on the verb. This was not always the case in Classical. Thus Molina has <n>tlaneuia. nino</n> 'tomar algo prestado para bolverlo en la mesma especie, o arrendar viña.' Whether he used a different source is not clear, but RS has under <n>tlaneuia</n> <n>ninotla</n> o <n>nicno</n> 'tomar una cosa en préstamo, arrendar un campo. In Ameyaltepec, apparently, the applicative is more common, e.g., <na>nimotlane:wilia</na>. \qry Check if this is only used reflexively. Check difference with /tlane:wilia/, if both exist in Oapan. Perhaps there is a difference in that /tlane:wilia/ (at least in Ameyaltepec) might be used to mean 'to borrow from' and /tlane:wia/ is used for 'to borrow for.' \ref 04082 \lxa tlatsiwilia \lxac kitlatsiwilia \lxo tlatsiwilia \lxoc kitlatsiwilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to have a lack of desire to (do sth); to view with lack of excitement or desire (e.g., a given task or chore) \ss darle flojera a; tener pocas ganas de (hacer algo) \pna Niktlatsiwilia para niá:s pa:mpa weka. \pea I don't have much of a desire to go because it is so far. \psa Me da flojera ir porque está lejos. \cfao tlatska:kwi:tia \xrb tlats \xvbao tlatsiwi \nse The basis of the meaning of this verb is that one views doing a given activity with reluctance (an activity that requires some level of exertion, e.g., for the distance or difficulty involved). <na>Tlatsiwilia</na> and <na>tlatska:kwitia</na> are in some ways similar, with the task being the grammatical object of the former and the grammatical subject of the latter. \grm Applicative: Note the meaning of the applicative of the intransitive /tlatsiwi/: /tlatsiwilia/ : 'to have a lack of desire to (do sth); to view with lack of excitement or desire (e.g., a given task or chore)'. The example: /Niktlatsiwilia para niá:s pa:mpa weka./ 'I don't have much of a desire to go because it is so far.' \ref 04083 \lxa sakamexkahli \lxac sakamexkahli \lxo sakamexkahli \lxoc sakamexkahli \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of agave still not identified, used to make mescal \ss tipo de agave todavía no identificado, utilizado en la fabricación de mezcal \pna Sakamexkahli, iichio, yewa sakaixtli. \pea The fibers of the <na>sakamexkahli</na> maguey, they are called <nla>sakaixtli</nla>. \psa Las fibras del maguey <na>sakamexkahli</na> se llaman <nla>sakaixtli</nla>. \equiva mexkahli de sakaixtli \equivo mexkahli de sakayextli \xrb saka \xrb mexkal \nse This type of <na>mexkahli</na> is used to tie up sesame. My notes originally indicated that there were two types of this agave, but I have been unable reconstruction which two were being referred to. Note that one Ameyaltepec consultant, I believe Inocencio Díaz, mentioned that it was identical to the agave known as <na>kokohtitlantsi:n</na>. \cpl There is no documentation of this in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The 1932 article by Bravo on cactus in the Cañon del Zopilote (see entry under <nla>mexkahli</nla>) provides a preliminary list. Of the two types of <na>sakamexkahli</na> only the <na>sakamexkahli</na> itself is used in making mescal. The other type, <nla>mexkahli de sakaixtli</nla> is used for string. Only Silvestre Pantaleón knew of this type of maguey but said that there is none in this area; it is found near Alsesecan. \qry Make sure that this agave is the type used to make mescal. \ref 04084 \lxa a:tete:mowilia \lxac ka:tete:mowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to divine about (sth) for, using copal and maize thrown in a bowl of water \ssa adivinar o echar suerte (acerca de algo) para, echando maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua \pna Xne:cha:tete:mowili ka:n o:wetsito! \pea Divine for me about where it fell off (e.g., an animal off a cliff) by using copal and maize thrown in a <spn>jícara</spn> filled with water! \psa ¡Adivíname la suerte de donde se fue a caer, echando copal y maíz en una jícara con agua! \xrb a: \xrb te:mo \xvba a:tete:mowa \qry Check correctness of /xne:cha:tete:mowili ka:n o:wetsito/, a phrase that I have slightly changed from the original. Make sure how the secondary object can be expressed. \ref 04085 \lxa toma:wi \lxac toma:wi \lxo toma:wi \lxoc toma:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become fat; to fill out or become filled out (an animal or human that eats well, fruits as they become ripe, etc.) \ss engordarse; llenarse (un animal o humano que come bien, fruta que llegan a estar a sazón) \pna Yo:pe:w toma:wi un suwa:tl, kas ye o:stli, tewa:hkitsi:n katka. \pea That woman has started to fill out (i.e., look like she's gained weight), perhaps she's gotten pregnant, she used to be quite thin. \psa Esa mujer ya empezó a llenarse (esto es, parecer más gorda), quizá está embarazada, estaba bastante delgada. \xrb to:ma \qry Check for other meanings. \ref 04086 \lxa techichiko:tl \lxac techichiko:tl \lxo té:chikó:tl \lxoc té:chikó:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \sea type of edible greenish lizard, sometimes having a red throat, used as a remedy for <na>mihka:tlatlaxistli</na> \ssa tipo de lagartija comestible, algo verde de color, ocasionalmente con la garganta rojo que se usa para remedio de <na>mihka:tlatlaxistli</na> \sem animal \sem lizard \sem edible \xrb te \xrb chiko \encyctmp kowi:xin \nse The etymology of <na>techichiko:tl</na> is uncertain. RS (based on Hernández) states that it is an"especie de lagarto"and identifies it as <i>Stellio Novae Hispaniae</i>. One consultant identified this as <spn>chintete</spn> in Spanish. Schoenhals (1988:324) has two entries under chintete. The first is simply chintete:"1. '[long-tailed] lizard' A green lizard with a very long tail. Probably not a very specific term. Also called lagartija verde. 2. In Oaxaca, used in a generic sense for all lizards."Then, under chintete rabón:"A lizard wihich has lost its tail."In Ameyaltepec although many elders do recognize this animal as the <na>techichiko:tl</na> (the name was given by both Cristino Flores and Francisco Ramírez) others (e.g., Inocencio Díaz) do not distinguish this lizard from the <nba>kuwi:xtataka</nba>. \nct kowi:xin \ref 04087 \lxa wekatlan \lxac wekatlan \lxo wákatlán \lxoc wákatlán \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \pa yes-lex \se place that is deep (e.g., a gorge, a river, a hole in the ground, etc.) \ss lugar profundo (p. ej., una barranca, río, hoyo en la tierra, etc.) \pna O:nontlachi:x y melá:k wekatlan, a:sta nisesepoka. \pea I took a glimpse over (in this case off the edge of a cliff) and it was really far down, I even got the shivers. \psa Me eché una mirada (en este caso por un risco alto) y era mucha distancia al fondo, hasta sentí escalofríos. \pna O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. \pea It got covered with water. It fell into a place where the water was deep. \psa Se tapócon agua. Cayó en una parte profunda del agua. \pna Pe:ltik pa:mpa xteko:ntik, xwekatlan. \pea It is described as <na>pe:ltik</na> because it is not concave, it is not deep (a bowl or tray). \psa Se le dice <na>pe:ltik</na> porque no es concavo, no está profundo (un plato hondo o charola). \pna Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan. \pea His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long. \psa Su cabello está trasquilado, está disparejo. En algunos lugares lele cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares lo dejaron largo. \xrb wehka \xrl -tlan \xtla tlawekatlan \ref 04088 \lxa tesontik \lxac tesontik \lxo tesontik \lxoc tesontik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be rough (such as a stone good for shelling corn or sharpending knives, the surface of stones used for <spn>metates</spn>, or the grater used for making ice snowballs \ss seráspero (como una piedra buena para desgranar maíz o afilar cuchillos, la superficie de cosas como metates o manos de metate, o el cepillo para hacer raspados de hielo) \se to be uneven and bumpy (such as the surface of an unsmoothed bowl, thick and bumpy in some places) \ss ser desparejo (como la superficie de una olla no pulida que está más gruesa en ciertas partes) \sem texture \xrb teson \dis chakayoltik \ref 04089 \lxa ika o:kpa we:wentsi:n \lxac ika o:kpa iwe:wentsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N/2 \sea second husband of \ssa segundo esposo of \pna Yewa ika o:kpa nowe:wentsi:n. \pea He is my second husband. \psa El es mi segundo esposo. \sem kin \xrb o:k \xrb we:n \xrl -pa \cfa o:kpa \nse The expressions <na>noo:kpawe:we:ntsi:n</na> and <na>ika o:kpa nowe:we:ntsi:n</na> are equivalent. Note that <na>o:kpawe:wentsi:n</na> is rarely found in unpossessed form. In Oapan the form would be <no>ya o:hpa nowe:wentsi:n</no>. \ref 04090 \lxa tla:ltoto:nka:listli \lxac tla:ltoto:nka:listli \lxo tla:lto:nka:listli \lxoc tla:lto:nka:listli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(n) \seo heating of the ground by continual exposure to the sun \sso calentamiento del suelo a causa de ser expuesto continuamente al sol \cfa toto:nka:wi:lo \xrb tla:l \xrb to:n \grm Deverbal nouns: /tla:ltoto:nka:listli/. In general note that deverbal nouns ending in /-istli/ or /-listli/ are derived from the present indicative of the verb, occasionally with vowel reduplication. Thus one has /nemilistli/, /cho:kistli/, etc. In this present case, however, /tla:ltoto:nka:listli/ manifests a participial form of a verb ?tla:ltoto:na. The question mark indicates that it is uncertain whether the verb exists by itself. The words /tla:ltoto:nka:n/ and /tla:ltoto:nka:miki/ have been documented; but the independent or free-standing verb have not been recorded. An effort should be made to determine all cases of /-(l)istli/ preceded by the participial form /ka:-/. \ref 04091 \lxa chakalin \lxac chakalin \lxo chakalin \lxoc chakalin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se type of water animal, red in color, still not identified, smaller than the <spn>acamaya</spn>), apparently a type of shrimp-like animal \ss tipo de animal acuático, rojo de color, todavía no identificado, parecido al <spn>acamaya</spn> pero más pequeño, aparentemente algo como un camarón \sem animal \sem marine \xrb chakal \ref 04092 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /sokipolaki/ but was removed when it was not documented and C. Flores denied its correctness. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04093 \lxa panwetsi:ltia \lxac kipanwetsi:ltia \lxo powetsi:ltia \lxoc kipowetsi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to bring to the top; extract (by bringing to the top) \ss hacer que llegue arriba; sacar (al poner arriba) \pna Kipanwetsi:ltia a:tl, kontila:na itik po:soh. \pea He brings the water to the top (as he draws water from the well), he pulls it up from the inside of the well. \psa Sube el agua hasta arriba (al sacar agua del pozo), lo jala desde adentro del pozo. \pna A:man ma kalaki oksépara kipanwetsi:lti:s un tla:hli! \pea Now let another person get in (in this case to a trench being dug) so that he can take out the soil (pitching it up to the ground)! \psa Ahora que entre otra persona (en este caso en una zanja que se está excavando), para que pueda sacar la tierra (echándola con la pala hacia la superficie). \equiva panwetsi:tia \equivo powetsi:tia \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \nae The first vowel of Oapan <no>powetsi:ltia</no> is between an /o/ and /u/. Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation [o] is somewhat lower and further back than that of her husband Inocencio Jiménez [u]. Nevertheless, it has been transribed as /u/. \qry Apparently /panwetsi:ltia/ and /panwetsi:tia/ are equivalent, though this needs to be thoroughly checked. \ref 04094 \lxa sandiaxiwtli \lxac sandiaxiwtli \lxo sándiaxíhtli \lxoc sándiaxíhtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>sandía</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes \se vine of the watermelon plant \ss tallo rastrero y hojas de la sandía \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb xiw \nae The Oapan form <no>sá:ndiaxíhtli</no> has been written with a /d/ for orthographic convenience. However, when followed by /ia/, the voiced stop [d] undergoes the same palatalization to the voiceless affricate [ch] that affects [t]. The form might have been written /sá:ndiaxíhtli/, /sá:ntiaxíhtli/, or /sá:nchiaxíhtli/. In order to preserve the underlying Spanish root, the /d/ has been maintained. \nfc xo:chitl \ref 04095 \lxa tekamak \lxac tekamak \lxo tekamak \lxoc tekamak \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N(loc) \se opening between two large rocks or boulders where people can pass \ss espacio entre dos rocas grandes donde gente puede pasar \xrb te \xrb kama \xrl -ko \ref 04096 \lxa sese:ktsi:n \lxac sese:ktsi:n \lxo sese:htsi:n \lxoc sese:htsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \se name used for a variety of plants including two that are used as remedies; one is employed in a cure in which a person drinks a herbal potion or concoction (see <nla>pai</nla>), the other is used in curing aches by placing its leaves on the sore parts of the body \ss nombre de una variedad de plantas que incluye dos que se utilizan como remedios; una se utiliza en un brebaje que el enfermo bebe (vé ase <nla>pai</nla>), la segunda se utiliza contra los dolores del cuerpo al poner las hojas de la planta sobre la parte doliente del cuerpo \pna Sese:ktsi:n, ika pai:lo. Tihkwe:cho:s san ixiwyo. \pea In regard to the plant named <na>sese:ktsi:n</na>, it is used in the drinks that people take as a cure. You just grind up its leaves. \psa En cuanto a la planta llamada <na>sese:ktsi:n</na>, se emplea en los brebajes que se toma para remedio. solamente mueles sus hojas. \pna Deke o:mitsmi:nkeh, noso o:mitsma:keh kuwasiwistli, tikwalo, mitskukwa mitik, yewa ika tikoni:s sese:ktsi:n. Kikwe:chowan san ixiwyo, ihkón tikoni:s. Mitsisotlati:s, mitsi:xiwi:nti:s, welis mitssotla:wi:s, pero ki:sas tli:n mitik tikpia. Te:muwtih, pero ihkí:n te:patia. \src Christino Flores and Emilio Ramírez \pea If you've been bewitched with food poisoning (see <nla>mi:na</nla>), or if you've been given <nla>kowasiwistli</nla>, (and) you are ill, your belly hurts you, for this reason you will drink <na>sese:ktsi:n</na>. They grind up only its leaves, that's how you are to drink it. It will make you vomit, it will get you drunk, it might make you faint, but whatever you had inside your belly will be expelled. It is fierce, but this is how it cures people. \psa Si te echaron brujería metiendo animalitos en tu barriga (vé ase <nla>mi:na</nla>), o si te dieron <na>kowasiwistli</na>, (y) te enfermas, te duele la barriga, por esta razón vas a tomar <na>sese:ktsi:n</na>. Muelen solamente sus hojitas, asíte lo tomas. te hace vomitar, te emborracha, hasta te puede hacer desmayar, pero sale lo que tienes adentro. Es bravo, pero de esta manera alivia a la gente. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \xrb se:k \nse This name seems much more common in Ameyaltepec than in Oapan. In the former village it is applied to several plants with large leaves noted for their coolness, that can be applied to the skin to mitigate pain. For example, the plant known in Oapan as <nlo>to:xnakaxo:chitl</nlo> (a plant still unidentified) was said to be called <na>sese:ktsi:n</na> by Inocencio Díaz, an Ameyaltepec consultant. The most well known plant named <na>sese:ktsi:n</na> (Am) is apparently hallucinogenic and used in curing ceremonies. It still has not been collected. It grows in the area around Xochicuetla, just south of Xalitla. According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as <nlo>Margari:tah</nlo>. It is thus like the <nbo>tenexyetl</nbo> (<nlo>Sa:n Pe:droh</nlo>) and <nbo>chikomolin</nbo> (<nlo>Sa:n Martí:n</nlo>), which also have alternate human or saints names. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this plant as of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. Both she and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish name of this plant as <na>purísima</na>. Check the fact that my notes indicate that there are two plants of this same name. \nct xiwtli \qry Recheck verb form /mitssotla:wi:s/. Make sure in dictionary. But it may be in error; /sotla:wa/ might be both intransitive and transitive as it was in classical. \pqry Check with phonetician nature of {k} sound before /-tsi:n/. \ref 04097 \lxa kaxa:ntok \lxac kaxa:ntok \lxo kaxa:ntok \lxoa kaxa:ntikah \lxoc kaxa:ntok \dt 19/May/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be loose (a knot, a saddle strapped on a beast of burden, earth that is not tightly packed, hair braids, etc.) \ss estar flojo (un nudo, una silla amarrada a una bestia, la tierra suelta y no muy apretada, trenzas de cabello, etc.) \pna Kaxa:ntok. Xtili:ni, tla:mo tiwetsis! \pea It is loose (in this case a saddle). Tighten it, if you don't you'll fall! \psa Estáflojo (en este caso una silla sobre una mula).¡Aprétalo, si no te vas a caer! \pna Xtepi:tso i:n tla:hli! Ma tili:ni! Kaxa:ntok. \pea Make this ground hard (e.g., by poudning on it)! It should get tightly packed! It's loose (right now). \psa ¡Haz que esta tierra se ponga maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)!¡Quése macice! Está algo suelto (ahora)! \xrb kaxa: \fl kaxa:ni \ref 04098 \lxa yekoka:tia \lxac noyekoka:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to have a visitor or visitors (arrive at ones house from another village) \ssa (refl.) tener una visita o visitas (en la casa, de otro pueblo) \pna O:timoyekoka:tikeh, xok tikaxilian. \pea We have visitors, we no longer have time. \psa Tenemos visitas, ya no tenemos tiempo. \pna Segi:doh nekoka:tia, san yekolo:tok icha:n. \pea He is always having visitors, people are always arriving at his home. \psa Siempre tiene visitas, gente siempre está llegando a su hogar. \xrb yehko \ref 04099 \lxa temo:ltia \lxac kitemo:ltia \lxo temo:ltia \lxoc kitemo:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take down; to lower (a physical object, such as sth hanging); to unload (e.g., sacks and other similar items off a beast of burden, the back of a truck, etc.) \ss bajar (un objeto material, como algo colgado); descargar (p. ej., bultos de una bestia, una camioneta, etc.) \se to lower (a price) \ss reducir (un precio) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to roll down; to lower (e.g., pant legs that have been rolled up, etc.) \ss (con redupicación de vocal corta) bajar; desenrollar (p. ej., los pantalones arremangadas) \pna Niktetemo:lti:s nopantalón, xohkó:n nipantalontetekwixtos. \pea I'm going to roll down my trousers, I won't have them rolled up like that anymore. \psa Voy a desenrollar mis pantalones, ya no los voy a tener arremangados así. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to lower (material objects) one after another \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) bajar (objetos materiales) una cosa tras otra \pna Nikte:temo:lti:s tlayo:hli. \pea I will take down the sacks of maize (one after the other, e.g., off a truck or train of mules). \psa Voy a bajar los costales de maíz (uno tras otro, p. ej., de una camionete o recua de mulas). \sem motion \equiva temowia \xrb temo: \xvaa temo:ltilia \xvba temowa \nse Apparently <nla>temowia</nla> is a synonym of <na>temo:ltia</na> although the former seems much less common. \ref 04100 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikaso:ntepailihtok \lxoc ixikaso:ntepailihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to have ones trousers rolled up \sso estar con los pantalones arremangados \equiva pantalontetekwixtok \equivo pantaló:ntekwíxtok \equivo ixikasó:ntekwixtok \equivo ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok \equivo ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb payol \pqry The length of the sequence /pai:/ in Oapan /tepai:lowa/ and all derivatives and associated words is in question. It definitely seems from this example here that one of the two vowels, either the /a/ or the /i/ has a long duration. This is because Florencia Marcelino's vowel sequence is 196 and 212 ms. and Inocencio Jiménez has sequences of 183 and 163 ms. For now I have considered the /i/ long, although this should be checked across all stems with this root. \ref 04101 \lxa sasa:lik \lxac sasa:lik \lxo sasa:lik \lxoc sasa:lik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be sticky \ss ser pegajoso \xrb sa:l \nae The derivational process for <nao>sasa:lik</nao> is fairly unusual. It is obviously related to the <n>-iwi</n> verb <nlao>sa:liwi</nlao>, but has become adjectivalized in a manner that is not common. In addition, <nao>sasa:lik</nao> participates in the paradigmatic sequence of adjectivals, inchoatives, and causatives that includes such adjecitvals as <nlao>yema:nki</nlao>, <nlao>yenkwik</nlao> among many others. Molina gives this form as equivalent to <n>çaçasaltic</n>, which would be the expected construction (cf. Ameyaltepec and Oapan <nlao>mimiltik</nlao>). \ref 04102 \lxa yewaltik \lxac yewaltik \lxo yewaltik \lxoc yewaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to be circular (in a flat plane, not round and three-dimensional) \ss ser circular (en un plano, no redondo y de tres dimensiones) \encystmp shape: e.g., yewaltik; tepayoltik \xrb yewal \nse At least in Ameyaltepec, <na>yewaltik</na> is often present in the corpus in the diminutive <na>yewaltsi:n</na>. \rt In Classical the corresponding form was <n>youaltic</n>. \ref 04103 \lxa Siye:tah \lxac Siye:tah \lxo Silye:teh \lxoc Silye:teh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan silleta \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se constellation of stars still not identified \ss constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada \sem heavens \encyctmp si:tlalin \ref 04104 \lxa o:kpawia \lxac ko:kpawia \lxo o:hpawia \lxof [o:h pa 'wi a] \lxoc ko:hpawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der V2-d-wia \seao see <nla>-pawia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>-pawia</nla> \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \ref 04105 \lxa mapilwilia \lxac kimapilwilia \lxo 'mapilwília \lxop mapilwilia \lxoc kímapilwília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to point (sth) out with ones finger to \ss señalarle (algo) con el dedo a \xrb mah \xrb pi:l \xvba mapilwia \xvbo 'mapi:lwía \nae Although the high pitch is on the object prefix of <no>'mapilwilia</no> (the same occurs with <nlo>'mapilwia</nlo>), pitch rises mostly through the course of the nasal /m/. Here as in other cases (e.g., <nlo>'tlasótla</nlo>) the placement of pitch accent on the prefix suggests that the basic pattern for pitch assignment is on the penultimate syllable before the syllable having coda {h}. As with other examples, it is easier to account for an initial placement on the prefix than account for leftward shift/reassignment, which in this case would not be motivated by either clash avoidance or a long vowel. \pqry Syllable structure; pitch accent: Note that in a pitch contour of /kímapi:lwília/ the initial pitch accent reaches its peak at the end of the nasal (not so much its middle, it seems). This perhaps suggests that the syllable division of Nahuatl is not unambiguously ki-ma-pi:l-wi-ya, but perhaps kim-(m)a-pi:l-wi-ya. The question of syllable division needs further research, but the pitch evidence here suggests that the nucleus is not simply vocalic. Check vowel length in Am and Oa forms. \vl The sequence begins with Florencia utters /kímapi:lwília/. Inocencio Jiménez then follows with /kímapi:lwíya/. Florencia follows again with /kímapilwília/. There then follow 2 tokens each of the headword /kímapilwília/. Thus in total there are 4 female tokens of the headword, 2 male tokens of the headword, and one male token (the first of three) of /kímapi:lwíya/. This should be tagged with #3847. \grm Orthography: Note in the text that an apostrophe is used before a consonant initial transitive verb to indicate that pitch always falls on the prefix, never on the first syllable of the stem. Make sure this is clear. \grmx Although the high pitch is on the object prefix of <no>'mapilwilia</no> (the same occurs with <nlo>'mapilwia</nlo>), pitch rises mostly through the course of the nasal /m/. Here as in other cases (e.g., <nlo>'tlasótla</nlo>) the placement of pitch accent on the prefix suggests that the basic pattern for pitch assignment is on the penultimate syllable before the syllable having coda {h}. As with other examples, it is easier to account for an initial placement on the prefix than account for leftward shift/reassignment, which in this case would not be motivated by either clash avoidance or a long vowel. \grm Syllable structure; pitch accent: Note that in a pitch contour of /kímapi:lwília/ the initial pitch accent reaches its peak at the end of the nasal (not so much its middle, it seems). This perhaps suggests that the syllable division of Nahuatl is not unambiguously ki-ma-pi:l-wi-ya, but perhaps kim-(m)a-pi:l-wi-ya. The question of syllable division needs further research, but the pitch evidence here suggests that the nucleus is not simply vocalic. \ref 04106 \lxa tlamontilia \lxac tlamontilia \lxo tlamontilia \lxoc tlamontilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to bring (a recently married woman [S]) a husband to live with her family in lieu of bridewealth \ss traer (una mujer recién casada [S]) el esposo para vivir con sus suegros en lugar de recibir un animal u otro tipo de compensación \pna Juana o:tlamontilih, tlayowia iwe:wentsi:n. \pea Juana had her husband live with her family as a son-in-law (giving service to the household), her husband is very poor. \psa Juana trajo su esposo para la casa de sus papás (para hacer servicio de yerno), su esposo es muy pobre. \cfao monti \xrb mon \nse Apparently this can refer to a woman who brings a husband to live with her family even if he has paid bridewealth. The fact that a man accepts such an arrangement is usually considered a sign of his limited wealth. \nae This word has not been documented without the nonspecific object prefix (i.e., there is no record as yet of ? <na>montilia</na>). Thus it is not clear whether the object slot would be occupied by the spouse who is brought to live with his in-laws, or the bride's parents, into whose household the husband is brought. The verb has been classified as a causative even though it could well be classified as <i>V1-tla</i> indicating the use of <n>tla-</n> as a nonspecific null complement. \ref 04107 \lxa a:totsowa \lxac ka:totsowa \lxo a:totsowa \lxoc ka:totsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to water down or make watery (a mixture that normally would have some water added to it) \ss echarle agua para hacer más aguado (una mezcala a que normalmente se le agrega agua) \pna Xka:totso un sokitl para titlai:xmanaskeh. \pea Add water to that mud so that we can spread cover a surface (e.g., a floor, with it). \psa Echale agua al barro para que podamos cubir una superficie (como un piso, con ello) \xrb a: \xrb tots \qry See note under /a:totsiwi/. \ref 04108 \lxa tsontekwitlatl \lxac tsontekwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \sea type of earthy material carried by the <nla>tsontetl</nla> (carrier) ant; it is used as fertilizer (particularly for onions, corriander, etc.) \ssa tipo de tierra o despercidio llevado por la hormiga llamada <na>tsontetl</na> y utilizado como fertilizante (particularmente para cebollas, cilantro, etc.) \equivo tsi:yakwitlatl \xrb tson \xrb te \xrb kwitla \nse The precise makeup of <na>tsontekwitlatl</na> needs to be determined. It might be earth, or it might be some sort of rotted organic material \qry Apparently some type of remnant or excrement-type item associated with the type of ant called /tsontetl/. Check. \ref 04109 \lxa pai:tia \lxac kipai:tia \lxo 'paí:tia \lxoc kípaí:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give a drink of a medicinal herbal to \ss dar una bebida de una yerba medicinal a \pna A:man ne:chpai:ti:skeh. \pea Now they are going to give me a herbal medicine to drink. \psa Ahora me van a dar un yerba medicinal para tomar. \fl pai:hli \xrb pah \xrb i: \xvba pai \xvbo páí \pqry The sequence [paí:] is underlyingly {pah + i:}. The underlying coda {h} has its reflex in the high pitch of the nucleus to which it is a coda. Thus the sequence would have a short /a/. However, acoustic measurements of the vowel sequence /ái:/ suggest that the duration is in accord with two long vowels (e.g., one of Inocencio Jiménez's tokens has this syllable with 239 ms). This suggests that perhaps a combination of factors (pitch accent and a following long vowel) might affect the duration of short vowels. This is relevant to the question of the length of /a/ in /tepai:liwi/. All /ai/ sequences should thus be checked and, if possible, a phonological rule for Oapan Nahuatl that write V>V: / ___ [+pitch]V (or sth equivalent). Then the question is one of orthography, i.e., should it be written /pai:/ or /pa:i:/. My opinion is that in general an effort should be made to preserve a morphological/morphophonemic spelling for vowel length, except perhaps in certain cases (e.g., frequentati ves, /xokotl/ and /xoko:ya/, etc.). Ask SG to analyze this. \grmx Vowel length; orthography; Oapan phonology: The sequence [paí:] is underlyingly {pah + i:}. The underlying coda {h} has its reflex in the high pitch of the nucleus to which it is a coda. Thus the sequence would have a short /a/. However, acoustic measurements of the vowel sequence /ái:/ suggest that the duration is in accord with two long vowels (e.g., one of Inocencio Jiménez's tokens has this syllable with 239 ms). This suggests that perhaps a combination of factors (pitch accent and a following long vowel) might affect the duration of short vowels. This is relevant to the question of the length of /a/ in /tepai:liwi/. All /ai/ sequences should thus be checked and, if possible, a phonological rule for Oapan Nahuatl that write V>V: / ___ [+pitch]V (or sth equivalent). Then the question is one of orthography, i.e., should it be written /pai:/ or /pa:i:/. My opinion is that in general an effort should be made to preserve a morphological/morphophonemic spelling for vowel l ength, except perhaps in certain cases (e.g., frequentatives, /xokotl/ and /xoko:ya/, etc.) \ref 04110 \lxa kalmi:hli \lxac kalmi:hli \lxo kalmi:hli \lxoc kalmi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se cornfield adjacent to a house within a village \ss milpa situada junto a una casa, dentro del pueblo \se temporary house built for the plowing season at a milpa that lies a considerable distance from the village \ss casa temporal construida cerca de una milpa que queda a una distancia considerable del pueblo y que sirve como residencia a los que allísiembran durante la temporada \xrb kal \xrb mi:l \qry Check the correctness of the meaning given that refers to a field where people who plant have gone to live for the planting season. \ref 04111 \lxa xi:lo:motsontli \lxac xi:lo:motsontli \lxo xi:lo:motsontli \lxoa xi:lo:mo:tsontli \lxoc xi:lo:mo:tsontli, xi:lo:motsontli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se corn tassles \ss pelos o cabello de elote \pna Te:tsotsopits xi:lo:motsontli. \pea Corn tassles are prickly (e.g., when they enter ones eyes). \psa Los pelos de elote causan picor (p. ej., al entrar en los ojos). \encystmp mi:hli stages/parts \xrb xi:lo: \xrb mo \xrb tson \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Classical Nahuatl has <n>xilotzontli</n> ; Tetelcingo, Morelos, has <n>xi:lo:motsontli</n>. In Oapan there appears to be a variation in vowel length of /mo(:)/ between two consultants, Florencia Marcelino (who has a long vowel) and Inocencio Jiménez (who has a short vowel). That is, even though some variation in duration is to be expected, the differences here are great enough to posit different orthographies for the two forms. To compound this problem, no obvious etymological basis for the <n>mo-</n>, or <n>mo:-</n>, syllable has been found. \qry Check to make sure possessed is with /-yo/. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04112 \lxa tlape:lotok \lxac tlape:lotok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to have ones legs spread apart and wide open \ss tener las piernas muy abiertas \pna A:sta tlape:lotok un tla:wa:nke:tl. \pea That drunk is just there with his legs spread wide open. \psa Ese borracho está hasta con sus piernas muy abiertas. \syna tlachikipe:lotok \syno tlachikipé:lotók \xrb pe:l \ref 04113 \lxa tlaixpan \lxac tlaixpan \lxo tlai:xpan \lxoc tlai:xpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1[tla] \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se altar (of a church or private household; lit., 'in front') \ss altar (de una iglesia o de una casa particular; lit., 'en frente') \pna Xto:naltsatsili nokoko:l tlaixpan! Ma kalaki! \pea Call to the soul of your grandfather from before the altar! Have him come eat (i.e., during the All Saints festivities)! \psa ¡Lláma a la alma de tu abuelo desde el altar!¡Quévenga a comer (durante las ofrendas de todos santos)! \pna Niktla:li:s notlaixpan. \pea I will place it on my altar. \psa Lo voy a colocar en mi altar. \xrl -i:xpan \nse For private altars this is a place in a house where the family keeps its religious objects, usually photographic images of a saint, flowers, and a candle that is often kept continuously burning. \qry Note discussion by C. Flores of the difference between /tlai:xpan/ and /tla i:xpan/. CHECK. Inocencio Diaz insisted that in Ameyaltepec this has a short /i/. This needs to be checked. \ref 04114 \lxa teteltik \lxac teteltik \lxo teteltik \lxoc teteltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-? \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a sharp or tart taste, one that leaves ones mouth slightly puckered or numb (such as occurs with green bananas, persimmons, green plums such as <nla>a:waxokotl</nla> and <nba>xa:xokotl</nba>, and <spn>nanches</spn>) \ss se agarroso, con un sabor que deja la boca con menos sensibilidad (como ocurre con plátanos verdes, ciruelos verdes como el <nba>a:waxokotl</nba> y <nla>xa:xokotl</nla>, o nanches) \pna Xteteltik a:tl, tsopeltik. \pea The water is not tart tasting, it is sweet. \psa El agua no está agarrosa, está dulce. \se to be a braggart; loud-mouth (particularly about money) \ss ser fanfarrón; ser bocón (particularmente acerca de dinero) \pna Teteltikeh pa:mpa tsatsin kwa:k kipian tomi:n. \pea They are braggarts because they shout (about it) when they have money. \psa Son fanfarrones porque gritan (sobre ello) cuando tienen dinero. \pna Titeteltik wan xmelá:k. \pea You are a braggart (about money), and it isn't even true. \psa Eres un fanfarrón (en cuanto a dinero), y ni es verdad. \xrb tel \nse The most common description of the taste signified by <n>teteltik</n> is that of an unripe <nba>a:waxokotl</nba>, although consultants also refer to the taste of a green banana. The relationship between the two acceptations of <nao>teteltik</nao> (the sense of 'braggart' may be typical only of Ameyaltepec, this needs to be checked) is not clear and should be investigated (but cf. <nla>xokono:tsa</nla>. The sense of"braggart"refers to the fact that a person who has something good or valuable, such as money, immediately lets everyone know about it, either shouting it out or showing it off to others. \nde Molina has <n>tetelquic</n> 'cosaáspera al gusto.' Zacapoaxtla has <n>tete:lic</n> 'agarroso' (which refers to a taste, as does the Balsas cognate <nao>teteltik</nao>). There is no obvious nominal or verbal base for this derived adjectival. \qry Note that FK has /tete:lik/ with a similar meaning. Recheck vowel length. Check to see that both meanings are in fact of the same word. Perhaps /teteltik/ as 'braggart' is related to /xokono:tsa/. Cf. entry under /tsopeltik/ re: /Xteteltik a:tl, tsopeltik./ \ref 04115 \lxa tla:lilia \lxac kitla:lilia \lxo tla:lilia \lxoc kitla:lilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to put (sth) on (e.g., a saddle [SO] on a horse [PO], a brand [SO] on cattle [PO], a hat [SO] on a man [PO], etc.) \ss ponerle (algo) sobre (p. ej., una silla [OS] sobre un caballo [OP], un hierro [OS] a un ganado [OP], un sombrero [OS] a un hombre [OP], etc.) \pna Yo:htla:lilih itepos mowa:kax. \pea You've already branded your cattle. \psa Ya le pusiste una marca de fierro a tu ganado. \pna A:man xtla:lili kolo:res! \pea Now put (paint) colores on it (e.g., in putting the finishing touches on sth)! \psa Ahora ponle colores (p. ej., en darle un acabado a algo)! \se to serve (food, by placing it on a plate) \ss servir (comida, al ponerla sobre un plato) \pna San se: tlaxtekwtli o:tine:xtla:lilih. \pea You just served me (e.g., on a plate) a tiny morsel. \psa Me pusiste (p. ej., sobre un plato) solamente un poquito. \se (refl.) to set aside (sth) for oneself; to pack (e.g., clothes [SO]) for oneself \ss (refl.) apartar y colocar (algo) para si mismo; empacar o guardar (algo [OS]) para si mismo \pna Yo:notlatlatla:lilih, tli:n kimastok kwi:kas. \pea She's already packed what she knows she will take with her (in this case a girl about to elope with her boyfriend). \psa Ya se guardótodo lo que sabe que se va a llevar (en este caso una muchacha a punto de fugarse con su novio). \se to do it to (a man [S] having sexual relations with a woman [O]) \ss hacérselo (en el sentido sexual, un hombre [S] que tiene relaciones sexuales con una mujer [O]) \pna On toba:leh kitla:lilia un ne:nkah ichpokawah. \pea That friend of ours does that young girl there. \psa Ese amigo se lo hace a esa muchacha allí. \xrb tla:l \xvbao tla:lia \qry Check for final /h/ in /ichpokawa/. I have one sentence on a filecard that is unclear and should be checked: /milá:k o:tili:n ilo:moh moburroh, yo:notla:lih. Topo:nis, kipias te:mahli/. This was translated as"The back of your burro has gotten swollen, something got on it. It will burst, it will get pus."The meaning of /notla:lih/ is not altogether clear. Check the meaning of /yo:notlatlatlalilih/, particularly for the location of the underlying /h/. Perhaps ?/yo:notlatlahtla:lilih/, where the middle /tlah-/ is from short vowel reduplication and the first /tla-/ is the nonspecific object. However, the problem here is that it seems like there is a specific object in the NP /tli:n kimastok kwi:kas/. This should be checked. \grm Reduplication; /tla-/: Note the following phrase: /Yo:notlatlatla:lilih, tli:n kimastok kwi:kas/ 'She's already packed what she knows she will take with her (in this case a girl about to elope with her boyfriend)' The difficulty, or question, is the morphology of /yo:notlatlatla:lilih/ and the relationship of the following subordinate clause. The verb /tla:lilia/ is a ditransitive. One argument slot is represented by the reflexive and the other by a /tla/. However, it is unclear where each of the first two /tla-/'s comes from. Perhaps the underlying form is {tla+tlah+tla:lilia} in which the middle /tlah-/ is from reduplication and the first /tla-/ is the object marker for nonspecific objects. \ref 04116 \lxa osto:te:ntli \lxac osto:te:ntli \lxo osto:te:ntli \lxoc osto:te:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se edge of a cliff \ss orilla de un precipicio \pna Ma:ka timoteketsas pon itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis. \pea Don't stand right there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off. \psa No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar. \xrb osto: \xrb te:n \qry Note use of /tla:mo/ in the example sentence. This should be checked. If the usage is incorrect this phrase should be deleted from the entry for /tla:mo/. \ref 04117 \lxa tla:ltepo:so:lin \lxac tla:ltepo:so:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 4 \se bulbous root of the plant called <nba>tla:lto:ntsi:n</nba> \ss raíz bulbosa de la planta llamada <nla>tla:lto:ntsi:n</nla> \pna Tla:ltontsi:n kipia inelwayo ke:n po:cho:ko:niah, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:hli. \pea The <na>tla:lto:ntsi:n</na> has its roots like a <nla>po:cho:ko:niah</nla>, it is called <na>tla:ltepo:so:hli</na>. \psa El <na>tla:ltontsi:n</na> tiene sus raices como un <nla>po:cho:ko:niah</nla>, se llama <na>tla:lteposo:hli</na>. \pna Tla:ltepo:so:lin | Ke:itlah tlako:tl. Xtotoma:wi. Ihkón kihlian inelwayo tla:lto:ntsi:n. Nokwa. \pea <na>Tla:ltepo:so:lin</na> : Its like a rod. It doesn't get thick. This is what they call the root of the <na>tla:lto:ntsi:n</na>. It is edible. \psa <na>Tla:ltepo:so:lin</na> : Es como una vara. No crece grueso. Esto es lo que le llaman a la raíz del <nla>tla:lto:ntsi:n</nla>. Es comestible. \equiva tla:lto:ntsi:n \equivo tla:ltepisolin \xrb tla:l \xrb te \xrb po:so:l \nae The etymology of <na>tla:lteposo:hli</na> is still uncertain. It is possible that there is a relationship to the verbal root <nr>poso:</nr> and that an explanation by a native speaker of the meaning of <na>tla:ltepo:so:hli</na> would shed some light on thsi subject. Both <na>tla:ltepo:so:hli</na> and <na>tla:ltepo:so:lin</na> are pronunciations that have been documented in the corpus. \nct kohtli \pqry Accoustic measurements have been used to determine the vowel length indicated in the headword entry. [Perhaps from the plant recordings?] \ref 04118 \lxa ikxipan \lxac i:kxipan \lxo ixipan \lxoc tlaxipan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-pan \infn N2(rel) \se on foot \ss a pie \pna Tokxipan tia:skeh. \pea We will go on foot. \psa Vamos a ir a pie. \pno San tlaxipan yaweh. \peo The are just going by foot. \pso Solamente van a pie. \xrb kxi \nse In Oapan Nahuatl the relational expression <n>ixipan</n> has only been documented with the nonspecific possessor <n>tla-</n> meaning, in general, 'on or by foot.' \qry Check for other possible meanings. \ref 04119 \lxa isatok \lxac isatok \lxo ísatók \lxop isatok \lxoc ísatók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be awake \ss estar despierto \pna Nisatok, xwel nikochi. \pea I am awake, I can't fall asleep. \psa Estoy despierto, no puedo dormir. \xrb hsa \ref 04120 \lxa pepextia \lxac kipepextia \lxo pépextiá \lxop pepextia \lxoc kí:pextiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s.h(pref): <no>kí:pextiá</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to pad or place a pad on (e.g., an animal before mounting it, ones shoulder before placing a heavy weight on it, etc.); to cushion \ss acolchonar o poner una colcha sobre (p. ej., a un animal antes de montarlo, o el hombro de uno antes de empezar a cargar algo pesado) \pna Mejó:r xmopepexti, tla:mo tito:ne:wis. \pea You should pad yourself (in this case placing a pad on your shoulder before starting to carry a sack of chile), if you don't your skin will burn. \psa Debes acolchonarte (en este caso al poner una colcha por el hombro antes de cargar un costal de chile), si no se te va a arder la piel. \se to place a flat covering on (e.g., putting a petate on top of maize of one color in a granery to separate it from maize of another color stored on top) \ss colocar algo plano directamente sobre (p. ej., poner un petate sobre maíz de un color que ha sido guardado en una troje para mantenerlo separado de maíz de otro color almacenado arriba) \pna O:kipepextih tlayo:hli, tlatsi:ntlah noka:wa ya:wtli. \pea He placed a flat separator (usually a petate) between the (layers of) maize (of different colors), on the bottom is the dark-colored maize. \psa Colocó algo (generalmente un petate) sobre el maíz (para separar sus dos tipos), abajo queda el maíz oscuro. \pno Xtlá:pextípara i:pan kochis! \peo Cover (the ground) with something laid down so that he can sleep on it! \pso ¡échale (algo al suelo) para que pueda dormir! \xrb pech \nde Molina has two entries for <n>pepechtia</n> : <n>pepechtia. nitla</n> 'enalbardar bestia, o cosa semejante, o fundar sobre alguna auctoridad el sermoño pláctica' and <n>pepechtia. nino</n> 'hacer la cama donde tengo de dormir, o aderezar y componer el lugar donde me tengo de asentar.' The meaning of 'to make the bed' is clearly a reference to the laying out of a mat or other type of cushion as a mattress. \mod Illustrate /o:kipepexti tlayo:hli/. See illustration on original file card. \ref 04121 \lxa tsatsayaka \lxac tsatsayaka \lxo tsatsayaka \lxoc tsatsayaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to rip apart (particularly lengthwise, or in a long line, e.g., cloth or similar material as it is torn apart) \ss rasgarse; desgarrarse (particularmente a lo largo, p. ej., tela o material parecido al romperse jalando) \pna Tsatsayakatia:s notlake:n de ka:mpa tomopilo:s. \pea My clothes will go ripping apart if you pull hard. \psa Mi ropa se va a ir desgarrandose si te jalas fuerte. \xrb tsaya: \xvnao tsaya:ni \dis tsatsayaka; tsotsomoka \nse At this point it is not clear whether <nao>tsatsayaka</nao> refers to the action itself of ripping, or to the sound made as it occurs. The notes for this word do mention, however, that <na>tsatsayaka</na>, along with <nlao>tsotsomoka</nlao>, refers to the sound made (e.g., of tearing cloth) and not to the action itself. Both words, <nao>tsatsayaka</nao> and <nao>tsotsomoka</nao> are often found with the aspectual marker <nao>-tiw</nao>. \ref 04122 \lxa xo:koyo:lin \lxac xo:koyo:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea red maize, of a deep soft marronish red \ssa maíz rojo, de un color rojo oscuro como marrón \encyctmp tlayo:hli. \sem food-maize \xrb xo:koyo: \nse <na>Xo:koyo:lin</na> refers to a specific color of maize; also known as <nla>chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli</nla>. \mod Note that previously I had here:"For a full list, see <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>."Since this will be a webpage, the connection should be \ref 04123 \lxa kaltso:nkokoyak \lxac kaltso:nkokoyak \lxo kaso:ntekoyak \lxoc kaso:ntekoyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kaltso:ntekokoyak</na> (Am) \se to have cotton pants, made of <spn>manta</spn>, that are loose-fitting and baggy, particularly around the rear \ss tener calzones holgados, particularmente por las nalgas \syna kaltso:nkokoxoktik \xrb koya: \dis tata:natik \qry For this entry note that I had /kaltso:nkokoyak/ and the /ts/ should be checked here as elsewhere. I have checked with Maurilio Jiménez (Dec. 1993) and he used /s/ not /ts/. \pqry Note that the first female token here seems to be a fairly good example of vowel devoicing before nasals, or is this a pre-aspirated nasal. Check with a phonetician. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04124 \lxa a:lma:mi:hli \lxac a:lma:mi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan alma \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea cornfield planted late in the season, about August 15 when teams of oxen are traditionally let out to graze, so that <spn>elotes</spn> are available for All Saints Day \ssa milpa sembrada hacia el final de la temporada de lluvias, aproximadamente el 15 de agosto cuando tradicionalmente se deja la yunta para apacentar, para que los elotes estén para Todos Santos \xrb mi:l \nse In Oapan there is no specific or single word equivalent of this Ameyaltepec term. Rather, one might just say <no>nito:kas i tlahpak para i:pan mihka:ilwitl onyes ye:lo:tl</no>. \qry Recheck vowel length on original filecard. Once recorded as /a:lma:mi:hli/, another time as /a:lmami:hli/. \ref 04125 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /Itsi:nkamak Lamatsi:n/, which has been eliminated and placed in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04126 \lxa si:matl \lxac si:matl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea <l>Ramirezella strobilophora</l> (B. L. Rob.) Rose, spectacularly flowering vine of the Leguminoseae family, also called <na>si:matl komekatl</na> \ssa <l>Ramirezella strobilophora</l> (B. L. Rob.) Rose, enredadera de la family Leguminoseae con flores llamativas, también llamado <na>si:matl komekatl</na> \pna Si:matl, yewa komekatl, kipia ixo:chio. \pea The <na>si:matl</na>, it is a vine, it has flowers. \psa El <na>si:matl</na>, es una enredadera, tiene sus flores \sea the purple flower of the <na>si:matl</na> (also <nla>so:chitl de si:matl</nla>) \ssa la flor morada del <na>si:matl</na> (también <nla>so:chitl de si:matl</nla>) \equiva xo:chitl de si:matl \equivo i:yexo:w masa:tl \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb si:ma \cpl According to Emidio Rosendo this is a tree that may be employed tomake"toritos"(carved wood bulls) for San Lucas. RS has <na>simatl</na> as"planta cuya raíz se usa en guisados." \nct komekatl \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check vowel length. Also check to determine whether this is the same as /simarró:n xo:chitl/. Finally, Emidio Rosendo stated this this is a tree called the"cimarrón"in Spanish; check. Note also that whereas in one entry I have recorded this as a vine, in another I have noted that Emidio Rosendo mentioned that this is a tree, the wood of which is used to make <na>tori:tos</na>. Thus check whether a vine or tree, and whether this is the same as <na>si:marró:n</na>. \ref 04127 \lxa mi:lyetl \lxac mi:lyetl \lxo mi:letl \lxoc mi:letl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of reddish bean grown on the cornplants in high lands \ss tipo de frijol rojizo que se enreda sobre la milpa y se siembra en terrenos altos \pna Mi:lyetl | Tla:ki ipan mi:hli iwa:n noto:ka. \pea <na>Mi:lyetl</na> : It bears fruit on the corn plant and it is planted with it. \psa <na>Mi:lyetl</na> : Rinde su fruta sobre las plantas de maíz y se siembra con ellas. \sem plant \sem domesticated \cfao yexo:tl \xrb mi:l \xrb ye \nct yetl \mod Determine all types of beans. \ref 04128 \lxa tlatlatia \lxac tlatlatia \lxo tlatlatia \lxoc tlatlatia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to start a cooking fire \ss prender un fuego para cocinar o calentar comida \pna Xtlatlati. Yo:asik tlakwalispan, titlakwa:skeh. \pea Start a fire! It's now noon, we are going to eat. \psa ¡Prende un fuego! Ya es mediodía, vamos a comer. \flao tlatia \xrb tla \xvaao tlatlatilia \xbtlao tlatia \ref 04129 \lxa ye:lpanpestik \lxac ye:lpanpestik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be flat-chested \ssa estar sin senos \pna Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik. \pea She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested. \psa Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos. \xrb ye:l \xrb pets \xrl -pan \grm Adjectivals; possessor raising: Note that /ye:lpanpestik/ has a subject that is the possessor of the /ye:lpan/ 'breast.' The construction is similar to possessor raising with verbs (e.g., ye:lpanpetsiwi, if such a word exists). \ref 04130 \lxa pachowilia \lxac kipachowilia \lxo pachowilia \lxoc kipachowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to press the button of (e.g., a botton [SO] on an electrical appliance [PO] so that it starts) \ss oprimirle (p. ej., un botón [OS] a una máquina [OP] para que prenda) \pna Xpachowili, ma tlikwi para tlatsotsonas. \pea Push down on it (e.g., a button on a radio) so that it turns on and plays. \psa Oprímeselo (p. ej. un botón a un radio) para que se prenda y suene. \se (~ [noun]) to overwhelm with [noun] (e.g., work, responsibilities, etc.) \ss (~ [sustantivo]) abrumar con [sustantivo] (p. ej., trabajo, responsabilidades, etc.) \pna Ne:xtekipachowan, ne:chpachowilian tekitl. \pea They heap work on me, they overwhelm me with work. \psa Me cargan mucho trabajo, me abruman con trabajo. \xrb pach \xvbao pachowa \qry What, if any (or are both correct?) is the difference between /ne:chpachowilia tekitl/ and /ne:chpachowa ika tekitl/. \grm Applicative; Noun Incorporation: The verb /pachowilia/ is a good example of the variation in the meaning of the applicative. In /Xpachowili, ma tlikwi para tlatsotsonas/ the affected, primary object is the radio or electronic gadget that is being turned on. However, it probably can also refer to the person, e.g., /xne:chpachowili/ 'press down on it (e.g., a button in an elevator) for me.' In /kipachowilia itlake:n/ the primary object is undoubtedly the benefactive, the person whose clothes are being ironed. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Kipachowilia itlake:n, kite:techikilia ika pla:nchah para ma petsiwi/ 'She irons her clothes for her, she rubs an iron back and forth on them so that they get smooth.' Note the long vowel reduplication which refers to the steady and slow complete repetition of the action. \ref 04131 \lxa tsi:nteyewaltik \lxac tsi:nteyewaltik \lxo tsi:nteyewaltik \lxoc tsi:nteyewaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo to have (a short) a type of cut on the bottom in which the edge goes straight around, with no inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side seams \sso tener (una camisa) un tipo de corte por la orilla inferior en el cual la orilla va recta alrededor de la camisa, sin ninguna sección en forma de"u"invertida sacada de los lados por la costura \sem clothing \equiva tsi:nteyewahli \xrb tsi:n \xrb yewal \mod See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \ref 04132 \lxa tlachikipe:lowa \lxac tlachikipe:lowa \lxo tlachikipe:lowa \lxoa tlaxikipe:lowa \lxoc tlachikipe:lowa \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to place oneself in a position with ones legs wide open \sso colocarse en una posición con las piernas muy abiertas \cfo pi:kia \equiva tlape:lowa \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Check ?tlape:lo:ltia? Also, check whether there is a reduplication in Oapan tlá:chikipe:lowa \ref 04133 \lxa ye:wah \lxac ye:wah \lxo ye:wah \lxoa ye:wan \lxoc ye:wah, ye:wan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan yegua \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); dimin. <nao>yewi:tah</nao> \se mare \ss yegua \sem animal \sem domes \vl Note difference in final consonant, /h/ vs. /n/ in female and male tokens. This entry should have F-M, one token from each, hence the comma in the /lxoc field. \ref 04134 \lxa a:xi:xtlami \lxac a:xi:xtlami \lxo a:xi:xtlami \lxoc a:xi:xtlami \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \infv class-3a(m) \seo to urinate completely (emptying ones bladder so that one does not immediately need to go again) \sso terminar con la necesidad de orinar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida) \equivo tlapia:stlami \xrb a: \xrb xi:x \xrb tlami \nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term <nlo>xi:xtlami</nlo>. \vl Link first female token and second male token. \ref 04135 \lxa tlakwaltekon \lxac i:tlakwaltekon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea favorite food \ssa comida favorita \pna Notlakwaltekon, melá:k nihkwa:ni, ke:n nikwe:lilia. \pea It is my favorite food, I really eat it often, I really like it. \psa Es mi comida favorita, me lo como seguido,¡cómo me gusta! \xrb kwa \xrb tekom \qry Check for other meanings not associated with food. This word might have been a"vacilada"by Don Luis Lucena, it might not be commonly used. Check. \ref 04136 \lxa iú:n \lxac nihkwis iú:n \lxo yo on \lxop yo on \lxoc yo on \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(dem) \der Pr-dem \se that one there; that very one \ss ese mismo; ese que está allí \pna Iú:n, ma:ka tikelka:was! \pea That thing, don't forget it! \psa Esa cosa,¡no se te vaya a olvidar! \pna Iú:n sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis. \pea That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up. \psa Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque. \xrb in \xrb on \qry The use of /in/, /iwí:n/, /un/ and /iún/ needs to be thoroughly explored. There might also be a demonstrative pronoun /i:n/, though this is not certain. Check the possibility of phrases such as /nikwi:kas i:n/. Is this correct or should it be /nikwi:kas iwí:n/. Check. \pqry Apparently all final /-on/ sequences in Oapan Nahuatl have a long duration (although this should be checked). This seems to definitely be the case with forms in which the final /-on/ represents. Certainly in the present case, the sequence /yo:on/ is extremely long. Measurements are approximately 417 and 402 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 354 and 358 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For now I have written this as /yó:ón/. If this orthography is maintained then perhaps a note should be added to the entry for /on/ and to the chapter on Oapan phonology that when final /-on/ represents the demonstrative it has a long duration (as occurs in /a:kinon/, /tli:non/, etc.). It will be important to check for the phonetic-accoustic difference between final /-on/ sequences from underlying {on} of the demonstrative, and from other sources of this sequence. \grm Oapan phonology: the question of the duration and length of final /-on/ is important and needs resolution. It seems definitely to be the case that when this represents the demonstrative the duration is long. This should be checked with other cases, e.g., when the final /on/ results from the perfective formation of certain verbs (although here distinguish between /-o:ni/ and /-oni/ final verbs (there may not be any of the latter, check. Also cf. to /miston/, etc. All other forms should be checked, e.g., /ka:non/, /tli:non/, /kamanon/, etc. \ref 04137 \lxa te:i:xmatka:w \lxac i:te:i:xmatka:w \lxo te:i:xmatka:w \lxoc i:te:i:xmatka:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N2 \se acquaintance; friend \ss conocido; amigo \pna Yewa note:i:xmatka:w. \pea He is my acquaintance. \psa Yo lo conozco. \xrb i:x \xrb mati \dis ba:leh; te:i:xmatka:w \qry Determine whether this means more 'friend' or 'acquaintance.' Also determine the difference between this and /ba:leh/. Finally, determine whether /te:i:xmatka:w/ can refer to both sexes. \ref 04138 \lxa segundoh \lxac segundoh \lxo sego:ndoh \lxoc sego:ndoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan segundo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se second highest secular official in the village, assisting the <nlao>komisa:rioh</nlao> \ss segundo oficial en importancia en el pueblo, ayudante del <nlao>komisa:rioh</nlao> \sem govern \encyctmp officials \ref 04139 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlakwa:chin/ and has been removed as Spanish. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04140 \lxa xo:pi:liwi \lxac xo:pi:liwi \lxo xo:pi:liwi \lxoc xo:pi:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to have the sides come toward the center (a circular object, such as a fishing net poorly thrown) \ss metersele los lados hacia en centro (un objeto circular, como una red de pescar mal aventada) \pna O:xo:pi:liwtasik notera:yah. \pea My <spn>atarraya</spn> (a woven circular fishing net) wound up oval-shaped as it hit the water. \psa Mi atarraya quedó en forma ovalda al entrar en el agua. \pna O:xo:pi:liw motepalkaw, xo:tiktla:lih ipan ko:ntli. Xok yewaltik. \pea Your ceramic bowl came in at the edges (i. e., as it shrunk from drying it lost its round shape and became slightly ovaloide), you didn't place it over a pot (as a mold while it was drying). It's no longer round. \psa Tu plato hondo de cerámica se sumiópor las orillas (al secarse con el calor y perder su forma olvada), no las colocaste sobre una olla (como molde, para que se preservara su forma original). Ya no está redondo. \pna Xkwahli mokomal, o:xo:pi:liw. \pea Your clay griddle is no good, its edges came in and up, leaving it oval-shaped (from being poorly or carelessly fired). \psa Tu comal no está bien, sus orillas se metieron y se alzaron, dejándolo ovaldo (como resultado de estar mal cocido). \xrb xo:pi:l \qry Directly compare this to /xopihli/ 'spoon'. \mod Illustrate (e.g., aterrayah poorly thrown). \vl The first pronunciation, which might have my"mm"(no) tacked on at the end, is /xopihli/. This should be coded with ref #3843. \ref 04141 \lxa maya:na \lxac kimaya:na \lxo maya:na \lxoc kimaya:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-3a \se (without an object prefix) to constantly suffer from hunger (generally as the result of a poor yield in maize) \ss (sin prefijo de objeto) sufrir constantement por falta de comer (generalmente como resultado de un bajo rendimiento de las milpas) \pna Nimaya:na, xnikpia tli:n nihkwa:s. \pea I continually suffer from hunger, I don't have what to eat. \psa Sufro continuamente por falta de comida, no tengo que comer. \se (with object prefix) to be longing for; to be wanting (some specific item to eat that was planted but didn't yield) \ss (con prefijo de objeto) desear o anhelar comer (algo específico que fue sembrado pero no rindió) \pna Kimaya:nan sá:ndiah pa:mpa xotla:k imi:hlan. \pea They are longing for watermelon because there was no yield of it in their field. \psa Anhelan sandía porque no rindió en su milpa. \pna Tewameh tikmaya:naskeh sá:ndiah pa:mpa xo:kiaw. \pea We will be wanting watermelon (later in the season) because it didn't rain. \psa Vamos a quedar deseando sandía porque no llovió. \pna Kimaya:na ye:lo:tl pa:mpa deke xo:to:kak. \pea He is wanting for some fresh corn because he didn't plant a maize field. \psa Está anhelando elotes porque no sembró. \xrb maya:na \nae As a transitive verb, <nao>maya:na</nao> takes only specific, 3rd-person, objects. An acoustic examination of the central vowel sequence of <no>maya:na</no> (Oa pronunciation) does not immediately reveal any major difference in the length of the first and second /a/. A more complete study of this root is needed to determine the phonological form. For now it has been maintained as /maya:na/, which is the phonology applicable to other reported dialects. \dis toli:na \qry Check for other dialects in which this verb is both transitive and intransitive. \pqry An acoustic examination of the central vowel sequence of <no>maya:na</no> (Oa pronunciation) does not immediately reveal any major difference in the length of the first and second /a/. A more complete study of this root is needed to determine the phonological form. For now it has been maintained as /maya:na/, which is the phonology applicable to other reported dialects. \mod Note that at times the verbs /-toli:na/ and /-maya:na/ are similar in meaning. However, /-maya:na/ is used only because a person didn't plant or a crop didn't yield, while /-toli:na/ may also and indeed usually refers to a craving that one has from being ill, or just recovering. \ref 04142 \lxa oli:nia \lxac koli:nia \lxo oli:nia \lxoc koli:nia; kó:lí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to rock (e.g., in a cradle or hammock) \ss mecer (p. ej., en una hamaca o cuna) \pna Ma timitsoli:ni! xkoxtiwetsi! \pea Let me rock you! Go to sleep quickly! \psa ¡Déjeme mecerte!¡Duérmete de una vez! \seo (refl.) to swing (as a child on a swing) \sso (refl.) columpiar (como a un niño por un columpio) \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to head out (e.g., to work) \ss (refl., con reduplicación de vocal corta) tomar camino (p. ej., al ir a trabajar) \xrb oli: \nse In Oapan Nahuatl the unreduplicated <no>koli:nia</no> is used to refer to the action of rocking a baby to sleep. The reduplicated <no>nó:lí:nia</no> refers to children playing on a swing (e.g., a rope hung from a tree). \vl Florencia Marcelino first says /kó:lí:nia/. She and Inocencio then give /koli:nia/ with no pitch accent and then /kó:lí:nia/, with pitch accent. The final sequence should have four tokens, F-M and F-M in the order given in the lxoc field. \mod Check vowel length of /oli:nia/. All consultants have confirmed that this is a short vowel. \ref 04143 \lxa kuwmimilohli \lxac kuwmimilohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea round, unplaned log \ssa tronco redondo, no cepillado \pna Tikneki de tlaxi:mahli, noso kuwmimilohli? \pea Do you want wood that has been planed, or just a round log (e.g., to make a sawhorse, <na>banco</na>, etc.)? \psa ¿Quieres madera cepillada, o solamente redonda (p. ej., para hacer un burro, banquito, etc.)? \xrb kow \xrb mil \ref 04144 \lxa -tok \lxac tlakwatok \lxo -tok \lxoc tlákwatók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Durative suffix \infv Irregular/durative imperf. <na>-toya</na> ; fut. <na>-tos</na> ; cond. <na>-toskia</na> ; modal <na>-to</na> \seao durative aspectual ending found in both progressives and statives/resultatives \ssao terminación aspectual durativa encontrada tanto en los progresivos como estativos/resultativos \equivo -tikah \ref 04145 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:nkokaxtli \lxoc tsi:nkokaxtli \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seo section of the rear end below the small of the back and about where the spine ends; small of the back \sso parte de las nalgas abajo de la región baja de la espalda y ubicada más o menos donde termina la columna vertebral; parte baja de la espalda \sem body \equiva tsi:nkwalkaxtli \xrb tsi:n \xrb kax \xrl -ko \qry Check precise location. In another file card I note simply"trasero." \ref 04146 \lxa ka:walti \lxac ka:walti \lxo ka:walti \lxoc ka:walti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to become widowed (said of either a man or a woman) \ss enviudarse (dicho de un hombre o una mujer) \xrb ka:wa \ref 04147 \lxa me:roh \lxac yewa me:roh \lxo me:ro \lxoc i me:ro; me:ro yáwá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan mero \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se function word referring to the fact that the following noun is indeed the one, the actual and real thing \ss palabra funcional que indica que el sustantivo es el indicado, lo más real \pna Me:ro yewa kichi:was. \pea He himself (and no one else) will do it. \psa Meroél (y no otro) lo va a hacer. \pna Nika:n me:ro! \pea Right here! \psa ¡Aquímero (mismo)! \seao (<na>ya</na> (Am) / <no>i</no> (Oa) ~) just about; nearly \ssao (<na>ya</na> (Am) / <no>i</no> (Oa) ~) ya mero \pna Ya me:ro tiaweh! \pea We're just about to set out! \psa ¡Ya mero nos vamos! \qry Check spelling pronounciation; perhaps this should be /meroh/, /me:ro/ or /me:roh/. Determine how best to analyze this as a part of speech. \pqry Note the pitch accent pattern in /me:ro yáwá/. The pitch accent does not shift left as it does in phrases such as /nopáyekó/. The reason for this is probably semantic, whereas /-pan yékó/ is a set phrase, /me:ro yáwá/ is not. More attention should be given to the shift of p-a over word boundaries. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: The question of shift or readjustment, clash avoidance, etc., across word boundaries is a topic that needs much analysis and study. In the present case we have both speakers (Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) uttering /me:ro yáwá/. There is no leftward shift. I have analyzed the first /á/ of /yáwá/ as short. This appears to be the case acoustically, although it should be checked. If this is true, then length cannot account for the retention. Perhaps the reason is morphological or semantic, i.e., the relationship of /me:ro/ as a predicate modifier. At any rate, much work needs to be done of p-a shift across word boundaries (and within words themselves). \ref 04148 \lxa nenepochiwi \lxac nenepochiwi \lxo nenepochiwi \lxoc nenepochiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to speak with a lisp; to pronounce poorly \ss sisear; malpronunciar las palabras \pna Ninenenpochiwi pa:mpa kaxa:ni notlan, xma:s wel nikpanki:xtia tlato:hli. \pea I have poor pronunciation because my teeth are loose, I can't pronounce words very well. \psa Malpronuncio porque tengo los dientes flojos, I can't pronounce words too well. \xrb nene \xrb poch \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form. \ref 04149 \lxa kexno:liwi \lxac kexno:liwi \lxo kexno:liwi \lxoc kexno:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones neck become twisted or crooked \ss torcersele el cuello \pna O:tikexno:liw pa:mpa o:tinekwilkoch. \pea Your neck got a crick in it because you slept twisted. \psa Tu cuello se te quedó algo torcido porque durmiste chueco. \pna O:kexno:liw un pio:tsi:n. Kwalo. \pea That chicken's neck got crooked. It's sick. \psa Se le quedótorcido el cuello a esa gallina. Está enferma. \xrb kech \xrb no:l \qry Check for transitive form. Check Am if /kechno:liwi/ or /kexno:liwi/ It seems that the combination form is /kex-/. Check throughout. \vl Link first male token. \ref 04150 \lxa tla:lkwe:hli \lxac tla:lkwe:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 3 \sea land surface that is uneven and undulating \ssa terreno que es ondulante, no parejo \pna Tla:lkwe:hli, xso:wtok itla:l. \pea The surface is undulating and uneven, his land is not flat and extended. \psa La superficie es algo ondulante, su tierra no está plana y extendida. \xrb tla:l \xrb kwe:l \nse <na>Tla:lkwe:hli</na> was described as land that is 'twisted,' with little hills, mounds, bumps, and ravines and, as such is difficult to plow (unlike land that is <nla>so:wtok</nla>). \grm Nominalizations: Note that like other verbs that end in /-iwi/ or /-owa/, the nominalizations and adjectivalizations of these verbs loses the entire ending /iwi/ or /owa/ as the case may be. \ref 04151 \lxa tepitsaktik \lxac tepitsaktik \lxo tepitsahtik \lxoc tepitsahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se see <nla>pitsaktik</nla> (Am) or <nlo>pitsahtik</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>pitsaktik</nla> o <nlo>pitsahtik</nlo> (Oa) \xrb pitsa: \ref 04152 \lxa kone:watia \lxac kikone:watia \lxo koné:watiá \lxop kone:watia \lxoc kikoné:watiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to impregnate (speaking of humans or animals) \ss empregnar (hablando de humanos o animales) \equivao o:stia \xrb kone: \nse Although propositionally equivalent to <na>o:stia</na>, it seems that <na>kone:watia</na> is more polite and more often used for humans, whereas <na>o:stia</na> is more common in reference to animals. \ref 04153 \lxa tla: \lxac tla: tikneki \lxo tla: \lxoc tla: tekitis \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \se if \ss si \pna Tla: kwahli, nihkowas. \pea If it is good, I will buy it. \psa Si está bien, lo voy a comprar. \xrb tla: \ref 04154 \lxa tlankikisi \lxac tlankikisi \lxo tlankisi \lxoa tlankesi \lxoc tlankesi, tlankisi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a \se to whistle (by puckering ones lips) \ss silbar (con los labios apretados) \cfa ma:pipichowa \cfo ma:pichowa \xrb tlan \xrb kisi \qry Check \vl Link second female token. \grm Reduplication: The comparative morphology and semantics is interesting; one of the more unstudied aspects of Nahuatl is comparative dialectology. In previous notes I have compared, for example, Oapan /tlaó:yá/ with Ameyaltepec /tlatlao:ya/. There are other cases, e.g., Am /tlalka:wa/ which seems to be equivalent to Oa /tlá:ká:wa/, whereas Oa /tlaka:wa/ has a more reduced or limited meaning of 'to forget/leave behind ones village of origin.' There is a similar variation with /-kuhtia/ as applied to body parts (if I remember correctly). Here we see the words for whistle that also vary. Am has reduplication (/tlankikisi/ and /ma:pipichowa/) whereas Oa does not (/tlankisi/ and /ma:pichowa/). Perhaps do a search for all entries that have an"rdp"in the /aff field and then (Am) or (Oa) there as well. \ref 04155 \lxa ixwi \lxac ixwi \lxo ixwi \lxoc ixwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to get full (from food); to be satisfied (from eating) \ss llenarse (de comida); estar satisfecho (de comer) \pna Deke yo:ixwik, nekwani:s, xok tlakwa:s. \pea If it has gotten full (in this case a grazing animal), it will move along, it won't eat anymore. \psa Si ya se llenóde comer (en este caso un animal apacentando), se va a cambiar de lugar, ya no va a comer. \pna Xnitlakwa:s, ke:n nixwitok. \pea I won't eat, I'm really stuffed. \psa No voy a comer, estoy bien lleno. \pna Burroh xkaman ixwi, nochipa kinektok tlakwa:s. \pea Donkeys never get full, they always want to eat. \psa Los burros nunca se llenan, siempre están queriendo comer. \pna Mlá:k kwahli o:ixwik, a:sta o:po:te:tiak. \pea It really got full (in this case an ox), its belly even got bloated. \psa De veras se llenóbien, hasta se hizo bola su barriga. \se to full up (an object or container, particularly as sth expands or increases in quantity inside of it) \ss llenarse (un objeto o recipiente, particularmente cuando se expande o se incrementa en número lo que está adentro) \pna Nonexko:n kwahli o:ixwik. \pea My pot for <na>nextamal</na> has filled up (i.e., the <na>nextamal</na> has expanded to fill it completely). \psa Mi olla para nextamal se llenóbien (esto es, el nextamal ha expandido con agua hasta llenarla). \xrb xwi \xvcao ixwitia \grm Generic; word order. It appears that when a singular subject precedes a verbal predicate it has a generic sense: /Burroh xkaman ixwi, nochipa kinektok tlakwa:s/ 'Donkeys never get full, they always want to eat.' \ref 04156 \lxa a:yawtok \lxac a:yawtok \lxo a:yahtok \lxoc a:yahtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V0-Stat \infv Durative \se to be foggy or misty \ss juntarse la neblina o brizna \pna A:yawtok. \pea It is foggy (or, becoming foggy). \psa Hay neblina (o, está poniéndose neblinoso). \sem weather \xrb a: \xrb yawi \xtla tlaa:yawtok \qry Check actual use in a phrase. Determine that no impersonal/detransitivizing marker can be used. Also check whether the stative or progressive interpretation is more common for /a:yawtok/, or whether the particle /ye/ must be used with the progressive, to wit /ye a:yawtok/ 'it is becoming foggy.' Check whether the intransitive can be used. Originally I had /a:yawi/ as an entry, but all examples are of the stative. \pqry For the determination of vowel length in words with /aya/ sequences, the pattern here in the spectrograms seems quite indicative (paradigmatic) for a /a:ya/ sequence. \rt Note problem of etymology here and in other words of climate, etc., i.e. should root be /a:yawi/ or simply /a:ya/; cf. /kiawi/, etc. For roots of /a:yawi/, /ce:payawi/, /kiawi/, etc. made a x-ref. note. \ref 04157 \lxa kwecha:wak \lxac kwecha:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be d & to be moist; to be humid \ss estar húmedo; estar ligeramente mojado \pna Kwecha:wak motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki. \pea Your clothes are damp, they still haven't dried well. \psa Estáhúmeda tu ropa, todavía no se seca bien. \se to be rare (e.g., meat that is lightly cooked, chicharrón not fully fried) \ss estar poco hecho o cocido (p. ej., carne, chicharrón no bien frito) \pna Ma:ka kwahli iksis, san kwecha:wak. \pea Don't let it get well-done, just rare. \psa No dejes que se cocine mucho (carne), que estépoco hecho. \equivo kwecha:htok \xrb kwecha: \nse In regards to cooking, <na>kwecha:wak</na> is often applied to meats, such as steak and chicharrón not fully fried. However, it is not used for tortillas not fully done (for which simply <na>xiksik</na> is used). \ref 04158 \lxa tla:ltekwtli \lxac tla:ltekwtli \lxo tla:lte:htli \lxoc tla:lte:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea dust (on a floor, furniture, etc.); dust or loose powdery earth (e.g., such as is found at times on top of hard ground) \ssa polvo (sobre un piso, muebles, etc., o bien la capa delgada de polvo y tierra que se extiende a veces sobre la tierra) \xrb tla:l \xrb tekw \dis tla:ltehtli; tla:ltemolohtli \nse In Oapan the difference between <no>tla:lte:htli</no> and <nlo>tla:ltemolohtli</nlo> is that the former refers to dust that is stirred up outside by the wind and the latter to dust that is within a space, such as a house. Thus in Oapan <no>tla:lte:htli</no> refers only to dust that is outside, while in Ameyaltepec there seems to be no difference in the types of dust (inside or outside). Note also that in Oapan before beginning to plow for the first time in a season one may address the earth in the following manner:"nona:n tla:lte:htli, ika molise:nsiah ma nikalaki"or"nona:n tla:lte:htli, xne:chpii:li pase:nsiah, sápáma nimitsté:xikolé:was." \pqry IMPORTANT: cf. 5524 to 4158 for final sound. Is there a difference between the /h/ that results from k>h and kw>h. However, it will also be necessary to determine if this is the same as /h/ from /w/. Check. \mod Record oration for beginning to work land in Oapan. \ref 04159 \lxa tsotso:yo:tik \lxac tsotso:yo:tik \lxo té:tso:yó:tik \lxoc té:tso:yó:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Op. prefix <n>te-</n> (Am) \se runty (an animal of a litter, or a child who is small and not well developed or healthy and who stays this way) \ss animal más pequeño de una camada; alfeñique, niño pequeño y poco robusto \pna San tsotso:yo:tok, xkipia iyesio. \pea He's just runty, he doesn't have any color (a child who even as he gets olders stays small and looks sickly). \psa Es pequeño y poco robusto, no tiene buena tez. \cfo techi:pa:lo \xrb tso:yo: \pqry Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyotik/. For Oapan I originally had a long /o:/, but have changed it based on an analysis of the present speech tokens. I have consistently wavered in my vowel length interpretation of these words. Note that according to Chen Díaz the /o:/ is long. In Oapan the retention of pitch accent in words such as /té:tsó:yo:tl/ is a clear indication of the length of this syllable. \ref 04160 \lxa xi:hkopalwia \lxac kixi:hkopalwia \lxo xi:hkopalwia \lxof [xi:h ko pal 'wi a] \lxoc kixi:hkopalwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to push and twist a piece of cloth with <spn>copal</spn> incense into the navel of (particularly to cure stomach pains) \ss empujar y torcer un pedazo de ropa con copal en el ombligo de (particularmente para curar dolor del estómago) \sem medicine \equiva xi:kmatilowa \equivo xi:hmatilowa \xrb xi:k \xrb kopal \nse This refers to the action of heating up a little <na>copal</na> until it beomes soft and sticky and then placing it on a small sqaure piece of cloth, which is then twisted into sb's belly-button, sticky side down. \ref 04161 \lxa kuwxi:ntli \lxac kuwxi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(m) \se wood shaving(s) \ss viruta(s) de madera \equivo kohxi:mahli \xrb kow \xrb xi:m \grm Nominalization; deverbal nouns: Note that scholars often talk of two types of verbal nouns, those derived from the shortened (perfective) stem (such as Am /kuhxi:ntli/ and those derived from a"passive"formation (e.g., Oapan /kohxi:mahli/). The fact that two neighboring villages each use a noun from a different derivational process with the same referent belies the suggestion that the two processes have distinct semantic correlates/implications. \ref 04162 \lxa tepotsotik \lxac tepotsotik \lxo tepótsotík \lxoc tepótsotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N; Adj \der N-ap \pa yes \seo hunchback (a person or an animal) \sso jorobado (una persona); tener joroba (un animal) \seo curved (as a curved stick) \sso tener una curva (p. ej., una vara) \equiva tepotso \xrb tepotso \qry Check for final /h/ as noted in FK. Ramírez and Dakin has simply /tepotso/, with no final /h/. In my notes I have"Note that this (i.e., /tepotso/) may also be used to refer to the part of a curved stick, etc. in metaphoric extension."This is not clear. I.e., is the use with a possessive: /itepotso un tlakotl/, or is it /tepotso un tlakotl/ 'that stick is curved.' Check. \ref 04163 \lxa tlane:xtilia \lxac tlane:xtilia \lxo tlane:xtilia \lxoc tlane:xtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-lia \infv class-2a \se to stay awake to dawn of (e.g., after spending the night in a vigil); to remain sleepless for the entire night \ss estar despierto al amanecer (p. ej., después de haber pasado toda la noche en un vigilio); desvelar \pna O:nitlane:xtilih. Xo:nikoch, nimito:tia:ya. \pea I stayed awake till dawn. I didn't go to sleep, I was dancing. \psa Me desvelé. No dormí, estaba bailando. \pna San a:man ma nitlane:xtili! \pea Just let me stay up all night today! \psa ¡Déjame amanecer aquíhoy nada más! \xrb ne:si \nae <na>Tlane:xtilia</na> is clearly derived from the lexicalized meaning of <na>tlane:si</na> as 'to dawn.' Given the derivational process (a <n>-lia</n> causative ending on an underlying inchoative ending in <n>-ti</n>), one would expect <na>tlane:xtilia</na> to be a transitive (divalent) verb. This is not the case as syntactically it behaves as an intransitive. Note that another derivational process is of <nao>ne:xtilia</nao> as an applicative (benefactive) of the causative <nao>ne:xtia</nao> 'to find.' In this analysis, which is not applicable here, <nao>ne:xtilia</nao> would be a ditransitive having a primary and secondary object. In this case <n>tla-</n> would be the nonspecific secondary object and another object (specific or nonspecific <n>te:-</n>) would be the primary object. This derivation does exist as the ditransitive <nlao>ne:xtilia</nlao>. \nde This is used in Oapan in particular to refer to 'seeing the light of a new day,' e.g., an extremely ill person who might have died in the night. \qry Check valency; check for reflexive, etc. Also check sense 'to be awake at the dawn of the day (e.g., after spending the night in a vigil)' which is from memory. \grm Verbalization: Note that the compound ending /-lia/ (often /-tilia/) is apparently used with 'times of the day' to indicate an action that continues to that time of day. One example is /tlane:xtilia/ 'desvelarse'; another example is /tlakwalispantilia/ 'to continue to do sth to midday' and /tio:tlakilia/ 'to continue (to do sth) till late in the afternoon'. \ref 04164 \lxa tla:lsa:wayowa \lxac tla:lsa:wayowa \lxo tla:ltsa:wayowa \lxoc tla:ltsa:wayowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj/-Trans \infv class-4a \se to get covered with the bites of the <na>tla:lsa:watl</na> \ss cubrirse con piquetes del <na>tla:lsa:watl</na> \xrb tla:l \xrb sa:wa \grm Oapan phonology: Note that the rule s>ts operates here, apparently conditioned by the preceding /l. \ref 04165 \lxa tekwi:ni \lxac tekwi:ni \lxo tekwi:ni \lxoc tekwi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to flare up (a fire) \ss llamear (un fuego) \pna O:tekwi:n, o:nakokw tlitl. \pea It flared up, the flames rose up. \psa Llameó, se alzaron las llamas. \pna Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. \pea The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. \psa Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. \se (reduplication with short vowel plus <n>-tiw</n>) to go along bouncing in an agitated way \ss (reduplicación con vocal corta más <n>-tiw</n>) ir agitandose, o brincando en forma agitada \pna Tetekwi:ntiw, tlato:tolopochka:n. \pea It goes bouncing along (in this case a wheelbarrow on bumpy ground), there are bumps all over. \psa Va brincando (en este caso una carretilla sobre un terreno disparejo), está todo disparejo con topes por dondequier. \se (fig.) to suddenly feel extremely hot (as if on fire) \ss (fig.) de repente sentirse con mucho calor (como si estuviera ardiendo) \pna A:sta hmati ye nitekwi:ntok, nito:nalmiki. \pea I even feel like I'm on fire, I'm suffering from the heat. \psa Hasta me siento ardiendo, estoy sufriendo por el calor. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to beat (the heart); to tick (a watch) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) latir (el corazón) hacer tictac (un relój, etc.) \pna Te:tekwi:ni toyo:ltsi:n. \pea Our heart beats strongly and continually (e.g., after hard exercise). \psa Nuestro corazón late fuerte y continuamente (p. ej., después de hacer ejercicio). \pna Cho te:tekwi:ntok moreló:k, tekipanotok. \pea Your watch is really ticking, it's working. \psa Tu relój está haciendo tictac, está trabajando. \xrb tekwi: \xvcao tekwi:naltia \xvkao tetekwika \ref 04166 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tsa:tsa:stilia/ but has been removed as C. Flores did not recognize it. The definition was 'to make an open weave or mesh on (e.g., an <nla>a:ya:tl</nla>, <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>, or hammock)' And I had the following notes: 'Although the adjectival <nao>tsa:tsa:stik</nao> is documented in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan, Florencia Marcelino (a consultant from Oapna) stated that a transitive verbal form is not acceptable. The reason she gave was that the adjectival refers to things such as sacks and <spn>ayates</spn> that are old and have an open, wornout weave, or to cheap plastic sacks used to store chile, and that one would not want to create a material object with these characteristics.' 'The original meaning I had here was in reference to a fine, closed weave, but this is probably in error. FM indicated that the adjectival /tsa:tsa:stik/ refers to things such as sacks and ayates that are old and have an open weave; or to cheap plastic sacks for chile. She wo uld n ot accept a verbal form, since one would not want to create something with this type of weave.' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04167 \lxa weka:wi \lxac weka:wi \lxo wíká:wi \lxoa wéká:wi \lxop wika:wi \lxoc wíká:wi, wéká:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to take or be a long time (in doing sth) \ss dilatar o demorar mucho (en hacer algo) \pna Niweka:wis, xiska:n nekos. \pea I will take a long time, I won't arrive back here right away. \psa Voy a dilatar, no voy a estar de regreso pronto. \se to last a long time (e.g, a tool, a given amount of grain or food, etc.) \ss durar mucho tiempo (p. ej., una herramienta, una cantidad dada de granos o comida, etc.) \pna Weka:wis nowe:rach. \pea My sandals will last a long time. \psa Mis huaraches van a durar mucho tiempo. \se (<na>ye</na> (Am) or <no>i</no> (Oa) ~) a long time ago \ss (<na>ye</na> (Am) o <no>i</no> (Oa) ~) hace mucho \pna Ye weka:wi, tomi:n kitla:lto:kayan ika ko:ntli. \pea A long time ago they used to bury money in the ground inside a pot. \psa Hace mucho tiempo enterraban dinero dentro de una olla. \xrb wehka: \xvca wekawi:tia \grm Discuss forms such as nisiwi, weka:wi, etc. \vl Link first male token. Note that the 2nd male token is a mispronunciation and should not be tagged. \ref 04168 \lxa poliwtok \lxac poliwtok \lxo polihtok \lxoc polihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be amiss \ss estar mal o fuera de lo normal \pna Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka! \pea Feel around it for where there is something amiss (in this case a dislocated bone) so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place! \psa ¡Tanté ale por donde algo anda mal (en este caso un hueso luxado) para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba. \se to be missing \ss faltar \xrb pol \ref 04169 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the obligatory possessed word /kuwmi:n/ meaning 'semen' (i.e., /nokuwmi:n/). It has been removed as offensive. My original notes: 'The etymology of this word probably involves <na>mi:tl</na>, although this is not certain. I have never been able to elicit the absolutive form. Thus although the <na>-w</na> is probably the possessed marker on a stem <na>mi:</na>, this is not completely certain.' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04170 \lxanotes zzz \mod Although I had documented /tlapechxomilin/ as equivalent to /kalxomilin/ C. Flores did not confirm this, although he immediately stated that it was equivalent to /kalxomilin/ he stated that it was a Oapan word, which it isn't. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04171 \lxa chichipika \lxac chichipika \lxo chichipika \lxoc chichipika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to be dripping (e.g., sth left out to dry) \ss estar escurriendo (p. ej., algo dejado a secar) \pna Chichipikatok notlake:n. \pea My clothes are dripping. \psa Se le está escurriendo agua de mi ropa. \xrb chipi: \xvnao chipi:ni \qry Check for /tlachichipika/ and cf. to /tlachipi:ni/. Also check for /chichipitsa/ \ref 04172 \lxa tsi:nketsa \lxac kitsi:nketsa \lxo tsi:nketsa \lxoc nó:tsi:nkétsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Caus (Am) \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa) \infv class-3a(ts) \se to tilt upside-down (e.g., a bucket, basket, bottle, sack, etc., in order to empty it) \ss voltear o poner cabeza abajo (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, botella, costal, etc., para vaciarla) \pna Xtsi:nketsa unálmo:n. \pea Turn that basket upside-down (e.g., in order to empty it)! \psa ¡Voltea esa canasta boca abajo (p. ej., para vaciarla)! \se (refl.) to buck (an animal such as a horse, bull, donkey, etc.); to jolt up and down (e.g., a motor vehicle on a bumpy road) \ss (refl.) recabritar (un animal como un caballo, toro, burro, etc.); traquitear (p. ej., un vehículo sobre un camino con baches) \pna O:notsi:nkekets, o:ne:cha:ltlakal. \pea It bucked a lot, it tossed me to the ground. \psa Recabritómucho, me aventó a la tierra. \pna Notsi:nkestia:s fle:chah. \pea The bus will go along jolting up and down (on a bumpy road). \psa El camión va a ir traquiteando (sobre un camino con muchos baches). \pna Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah, tla:lto:tolopochka:n. \pea The bus goes along bouncing along up and down, the earth is full of bumps. \psa El camión va traquiteando, la tierra está llena de baches y topecitos. \sem motion \xrb tsi:n \xrb ketsa \xvca tsi:nketsaltia \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana. Apparently /tsonketsa/ is used for turing upside-down containers that hold some sort of liquid. \nse There are two entries for the verb <na>tsi:nketsa</na> as a reflection of the different argument structure. As a transitive verb <na>tsi:nketsa</na> takes a grammatical object as patient, the item that is placed upside-down (such as a bucket, bottle, etc.). This usage has prototypical transitive semantics. However, as in this entry, <na>tsi:nketsa</na> can also express a one-person event in which the reflexive marker functions to communicate middle voice, in a manner similar to that which occurs with <nla>tlalowa</nla>. And as with <na>tlalowa</na> transitivization is achieved with a causative construction; as <na>tlalo:xtia</na> is the transitive causative of <na>tlalowa</na>, so is <nla>tsi:nketsaltia</nla> the causative transitive of <na>tsi:nketsa</na> as a reflexively marked middle. \nae The pattern for reduplication of <na>tsi:nketsa</na> needs to be further explored. Although an illustrative sentence from Ameyaltepec has <na>O:notsi:nkekets, o:ne:chwa:ltlakal</na> another had <na>Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah</na>. In comments on one filecard I recorded that the most common reduplicated form is <na>notsitsi:nketsa</na>. Finally, another illustrative sentence had no reduplication in the verbal stem even though the action was repeated once and again: <na>notsi:nkestia:s</na>. In Oapan it appears that the only accepted reduplicative form is <no>nó:tsi:nkétsa</no>, which reflects underlying {no + tsih + tsi:nketsa}. \qry The pattern for reduplication of <na>tsi:nketsa</na> needs to be further explored. Although an illustrative sentence had <na>O:notsi:nkekets, o:ne:chwa:ltlakal</na> another had <na>Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah</na>. In notes to one entry I recorded that the most common reduplicated form is <na>notsitsi:nketsa</na>. Finally, another illustrative sentence had no reduplication in the verbal stem even though the action was repeated once and again: <na>notsi:nkestia:s</na>. \nae The causative <nla>tsi:nketsaltia</nla> is a causative of the reflexive not transitive meaning of this verb. \qry Note that in one entry I had the reduplicated /notsitsi:nketsa/ and in another card /notsi:nkeketsa/. Check if both are correct and equivalent. \grm Reflexive; causative; middle: re: /tsi:nketsa/ and /tsi:nketsaltia/: There are two entries for the verb <na>tsi:nketsa</na> as a reflection of the different argument structure. As a transitive verb <na>tsi:nketsa</na> takes a grammatical object as patient, the item that is placed upside-down (such as a bucket, bottle, etc.). This usage has prototypical transitive semantics. However, as in this entry, <na>tsi:nketsa</na> can also express a one-person event in which the reflexive marker functions to communicate middle voice, in a manner similar to that which occurs with <nla>tlalowa</nla>. And as with <na>tlalowa</na> transitivization is achieved with a causative construction; as <na>tlalo:xtia</na> is the transitive causative of <na>tlalowa</na>, so is <nla>tsi:nketsaltia</nla> the causative transitive of <na>tsi:nketsa</na> as a reflexively marked middle. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in the following it is the IN that reduplicates: /nó:tsi:nkétsa/. \vl There are four tokens of /kitsi:nketsa/ at 5045. These should be tagged with 4172 and the final sound file for 4172 should contain female-male kitsi:nketsa; female-male nó:tsi:nkétsa. \ref 04173 \lxa chika \lxac chika \lxo chikas \lxoa chekas \lxoc chekas, chikas \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \se that's right (I, as speaker, stand corrected) \ss así es de veras (yo, como hablante, lo reconozco aunque pensaba lo contrario) \pna Chika -=tlakachikas- yewa! \pea That's right, it is him (I had forgotten or been mistaken)! \psa ¡Así es, esél (se me había olvidado o me había equivocado)! \pna Chika ke:mah! \pea Yes indeed! \psa ¡De veras que si! \pno O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pa:kásiah! \peo He reminded me that indeed I should have washed the dishes! \pso Me acordóque de veras pues, hubiera lavado los platos! \se (~ <na>sa:</na> ~) always indeed; indeed incessantly or all the time (used to indicate an element of surprise or marvel on the part of the speaker that a certain event occurs once and again) \ss (~ <na>sa:</na> ~) de veras en seguida o a cada rato, sin cesar (indica un elemento de sorpresa o maravilla por parte del hablante que un evento ocurra repetidas veces) \pna Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli. \pea Your burro is indeed always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. That's no good. \psa En seguida se le cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno. \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \pna Sa: chika tine:chihlia timitswi:kilia. Bah! timistlaxtla:wili:s! \pea Really, you don't stop mentioning that I owe you money. Hey! I'm going to pay you! \psa No dejas de mencionar que te debo dinero.¡Híjole!¡Te voy a pagar! \synao tlakah; tlakachikas \cfa ka: chika \colao sa: \xrb chika \nse This word is used in the following manner. For example, if one identifies a person as so-and-so and then either remembers or is reminded that it was someone else, one may say <na>chika yewa</na> or the equivalent <na>tlakachikas yewa</na> with a meaning something like,"I stand corrected, it is him,"or"Indeed (you're right), it is him."A phrase such as <na>chika ke:mah</na> indicates that the speaker had thought to say no, but then changed his or her mind. The etimology of <na>tlakachikas</na> and <na>chika</na> remains uncertain, perhaps they are related to <na>chika:wi</na>. See further account under <nla>tlaka</nla>. In the phrase <no>O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pá:kasiah!</no> the use of <no>chikas</no> is because the responsibility had been forgotten. \qry Get meaning of /san chika/ (Oa) and /sa: chika/ (Am). \vl Link first female token (chekas) and first male token (chikas). \immod Note that chika as in sa: chika, is different from chikas or chekas. \ref 04174 \lxa xakwachiwi \lxac xakwachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get or become crumpled or wrinked (e.g., clothes) \ssa quedarse o llegar a estar arrugado (p. ej., la ropa) \xrb xakwach \qry Note that the adjectival /xaxakwaxtik/ is entered in reduplicated form; check to see if the verb (and adjective) can occur non-reduplicated. \ref 04175 \lxa tsonwe:weyak \lxac tsonwe:weyak \lxo tsonwe:weyak \lxoc tsonwe:weyak; tsontewe:weyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(pred) \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \se long-haired \ss con el pelo largo \xrb tson \xrb weya \qry Check for verbal forms. \nae In Oapan the use of the intensifier <no>te-</no> marks a difference between men and women with long air. The unmarked form <no>tsonwe:weyak</no> indicates a woman with long hair. The undertanding is that it is a description and that women should have long hair. The form <no>tsontewe:weyak</no>, on the other hand, is used for men with long hair. The implication is that men should not have long hair; hence the use of <n>te-</n>. \grm Intensifier /te-/: In Oapan the use of the intensifier <no>te-</no> marks a difference between men and women with long air. The unmarked form <no>tsonwe:weyak</no> indicates a woman with long hair. The undertanding is that it is a description and that women should have long hair. The form <no>tsontewe:weyak</no>, on the other hand, is used for men with long hair. The implication is that men should not have long hair; hence the use of <n>te-</n>. \pqry As in all cases with words containing /weweyak/, recheck length of reduplicant vowel. \vl Tag all with 04175 ref #. Then link two tokens of female and two tokens of male, for each pronunciation. \ref 04176 \lxa a:chichi:n \lxac a:chichi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se teeny-weeny bit \ss poquitito \pna San a:chichi:n, noyo:lchi:n. \pea Just a teeny-weeny bit, my honey-bunch. \psa Sólo un poquitito, mi corazóncito. \syna a:chitsi:n \syno á:chitsí:n \xrb a:chi \nse <na>Achichi:n</na> is an alternative palatalized pronunciation of <nla>achitsi:n</nla> that is used most commonly by children or in talking to children. However, it is also used to emphasize that what is wanted is a very, very little (and less than would be indicated by <na>achitsi:n</na>. \qry I made a final check of /achichi:n/ in June 1986 and determined a vowel sequence of /a:chichi:n/. However, though apparently the second vowel, /i/, is definitely short, my recording of a long /a:/ is questionable and should be rechecked, as in all other entries I have a short /a/. \ref 04177 \lxa awa \lxac kawa \lxo áwá \lxop awa \lxoc káwá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to scold \ss regañar \pna Nona:n ne:chawaya. \pea My mother used to scold me. \psa Mi mamáme regañaba. \pna Te:awa. \pea He scolds people. \psa Regaña a la gente. \xrb ahwa-1- \nae When preceded by the nonspecific object marker <n>te:-</n> an epenthetic /y/ is often inserted between the verb root and the object prefix: <na>te:yawa</na> (Am) / <no>té:yawá</no> (Oa). \qry Confirm shortness of final /a/, cf. imperfect. \ref 04178 \lxa xonakatl \lxac xonakatl \lxo xonakatl \lxoc xonakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se onion \ss cebolla \se (intrinsic possession) onion-like part (of a plant) \ss (posesión intrínseca) parte (de una planta) que es como una cebolla \pna Tla:ltekpiolin, se: xiwtli kipia ixonakayo. We:lik. Nokwa. \pea The <nba>tla:ltekpiolin</nba>, it is a plant that has an onion-like part. It is tasty. It is edible. \psa El <nba>tla:ltekpiolin</nba>, es una planta que tiene su"cebolla."Es sabroso. Se come. \cfo kámotlí \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb xonaka \nse In Oapan the bulbous portion of the <nlo>tla:ltepisolih</nlo> is referred to as <no>i:kámoyó</no>. \nae In Ameyaltepec the possessed form of <na>xonakatl</na> is <na>noxonak</na> with the expected loss of the stem-final vowel. In Oapan this loss does not usually occur (e.g., <no>noxonakaw</no>) although some speakers do drop the stem-final vowel in the possessed form. \ref 04179 \lxa ma:kakapa:nia \lxac kima:kakapa:nia \lxo má:kapá:nia \lxop má:kapa:nia \lxoc kimá:kapá:nia; kimá:kakapá:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se (for an animal) to rear up and hit (sb) with its front legs \ss encabritar (un animal) y golpear con las piernas a \pna O:ne:chma:kakapa:nih noburroh. Tlawe:leh. \pea My donkey reared up and hit me with its forelegs. It is fierce. \psa Se encabritómi burro y me golpeócon las piernas de adelante. Es bravo. \sem contact \xrb ma: \xrb kapa: \nse Note that there is a difference between Oapan <no>kimá:kapá:nia</no> and <no>kimá:kakapá:nia</no>. The first refers to the action of an animal that hits with its front legs. Thus <no>kimá:kapá:nia i:burroh</no>. But if someone holds a child's hand and then slaps it repeatedly: <no>kimá:kakapá:nia i:kone:w</no> 'he repeatedly slaps his childs hand.' Equivalent is <no>ma:té:tlatsí:nia</no> or <no>má:tlátlatsí:nia</no>. Note the variation in patterns of reduplication. \nae The pitch accent on the two Oapan forms is of problematical analysis. <no>Kapa:nia</no> has not underlying {h}, therefore one would not expect two high-pitched syllables on <no>má:kapá:nia</no> unless there were a reduplicant with coda {h}. This would be perfectly reasonable as reduplicants do occasionally reduce onto heavy (long-voweled) syllables, particularly when they refer to incorporated body parts. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {ma: + kah + kapa:nia}. Also, given the Ameyaltepec cognate <na>kima:kakapa:nia</na>, it would appear that the reduplicant (the first <no>ka-</no> syllable) has been"reduced"on the long vowel of the incorporated noun <no>ma:-</no>, an slightly unusual although fully documented process. The only reflex of the reduplicant in this context is the pitch accent on the nominal stem <no>má:-</no>, and there is no lengthening. Thus one has underlying {ki + ma: +kah +kapa:nia} surfacing as <no>kimá:kapá:nia</no>. This would make se nse phonologi cally, although the semantics of a reduplicated verb are not entirely transparent in this case. More problematical is the form <no>má:kákapá:nia</no>. There is obviously a rising high pitch on the syllable <no>má:</no>. It also appears quite certain that there is a high pitch on the first <no>ká-</no> syllable. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, it certainly appears that the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is at the same level as that of the preceding syllable <no>má:-</no> and the penultimate syllable <no>pá:-</no>. However, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is about half-way between the high pitch of <no>má:-</no> and <no>pá:-</no> on the one hand, and <no>ka-</no> (the 1st syllable of the stem). This is difficult to interpret. One possibility is that the high pitch on <no>ká-</no> is simply a result of a preceding high pitch on <no>má:-</no>. In this ca se the high pitch on <no>má:-</no> would represent reassig nment (leftward shift) from the following syllable {kah}. This is possible, but brings out additional problems. Most importantly, it would mean that there is a semantic difference between a fully expressed reduplicant and a reduced reduplicant. There is no evidence that this occurs elsewhere and it would be highly unusual. Another possibility is that the form <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> has two reduplicants, what in other contexts results in"triplication"with the sense of 'here and there'. Thus one would have a reduplicated <no>má:kapá:nia</no> and a"triplicated" <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> (the parallel forms would be, for example, <no>mimiliwi</no> and <no>mí:milíwa</no> with the notable exception that with <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> the two reduplicants are separately realized, one is reduced onto the incorporated noun <no>ma:-</no> and the other is prefixed to the verb stem. For the present, given that the underlying form of this reduplicant syllable probably has {h} as a coda, it is assume d that one pitch accent derives from this overtly expressed reduplicant. Thus it appears that in addition to the reduced reduplicant on <no>ma:-</no>, there is a further reduplication (i.e.,"triplication") that yields <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> (or perhaps <no>má:kakapá:nia</no>). Note that there is another complication, and this relates to the role of the incorporated noun stem <nr>ma:</nr> in the two verbs. In the former, Oapan <no>má:kapá:nia</no> the arm or leg is the"instrument"with which the animal hits the person. Perhaps it would be best to consider the nominal stem fused into a new single verbal compound. With <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> the nominal stem is the place at which the event (slapping) takes place. It should be determined whether Ameyaltepec Nahuatl makes a difference between these two forms or meanings. It might well be that the different meanings or functions of the incorporated noun (as the means of carrying out the verbal action, in <no>má:kapá:nia</no>, or as the loc ation where the verbal action is effected, in <no>má:kakapá:nia</no> - \qry Check whether /má:tlátlasí:nia/ has an accent on /tlá/ as indicated. \pqry Check with a phonetician whether or not there is high pitch on the /ká/ of /má:kákapá:nia/. Find this word in the corpus; it is not online, and check p-a patterns. \grm NOTE: sound file not on internet: obtain and upload.Oapan reduplication; triplication The pitch accent on the two Oapan forms is not entirely clear. Obviously in both words there is a high pitch on the first syllable, <no>má:</no> and on the penultimate syllable <no>pá:</no>. The question is in regard to the pitch pattern on the reduplicated syllable <no>ka-</no> in the second word, <no>kimá:kákapá:nia</no> (or perhaps <no>kimá:kákapá:nia</no>). In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, it certainly appears that the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is at the same level as that of the preceding syllable <no>má:-</no> and the penultimate syllable <no>pá:-</no>. However, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is about half-way between the high pitch of <no>má:-</no> and <no>pá:-</no> on the one hand, and <no>ka-</no> (the 1st syllable of the stem). For the present given that the un derlying form of this reduplicant syllable proba bly has {h} as a coda. The next question concerns the motivation for pitch accent in the two parallel forms: <no>kimá:kapá:nia</no> and <no>kimá:kákapá:nia</no>. In the former, and given the Ameyaltepec cognate <na>kima:kakapa:nia</na> it would appear that the reduplicant (the first <no>ka-</no> syllable) has been"reduced"on the long vowel of the incorporated noun <no>ma:-</no>, an unusual although documented process. The only reflex of the reduplicant in this context is the pitch accent on the nominal stem <no>má:-</no>. Thus one has underlying {ki + ma: +kah +kapa:nia} surfacing as <no>kimá:kapá:nia</no>. In the second case, one that is not documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, it appears that in addition to the reduced reduplicant, there is a further reduplication (i.e.,"triplication") that yields <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> (or perhaps <no>má:kakapá:nia</no>). Note that there is another com plication, and this relates to the role of the incorporated noun stem <nr>ma:</nr> in the two verb s. In the former, Oapan <no>má:kapá:nia</no> the arm or leg is the"instrument"with which the animal hits the person. Perhaps it would be best to consider the nominal stem fused into a new single verbal compound. With <no>má:kákapá:nia</no> the nominal stem is the place at which the event (slapping) takes place. It should be determined whether Ameyaltepec Nahuatl makes a difference between these two forms or meanings. \ref 04180 \lxa ma:ktilia \lxac kima:ktilia \lxo ma:htilia \lxoc kima:htilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to give legal possession (of sth such as a plot of land, an animal, etc.) to \ss dar a posesión legal (de algo como un terreno, un animal, etc.) a \pna O:kima:ktilih tomi:n. \pea He turned the money over to him (legally, so that it would always be his). \psa Le entregó el dinero (legalmente, para que siempre fuera suyo). \xrb ma: \xrl -ko \nae The presence of a slight aspiration, the reflex of /k/, is difficult to discern in the Oapan variant <no>kima:htilia</no> and should be studied in more acoustic detail. \qry Here and elsewhere check for the vowel length in /tomin/. In the above phrase I had it recorded as long, but I have now changed it provisionally to short, based on what I have recorded elsewhere. Note /O:kima:ktilih tomin/ which seems to have a primary and secondary object: he gave legal possession to him (the marked object with the prefix) of money. But is this is a ditransitive, then what is the transitive. Is there /imaktia/ or even /imaktla/? Check. \pqry The presence of \grm Note /O:kima:ktilih tomin/ which seems to have a primary and secondary object: he gave legal possession to him (the marked object with the prefix) of money. But is this is a ditransitive, then what is the transitive. Is there /imaktia/ or even /imaktla/? Check. \ref 04181 \lxa tlatlaxtla:wa:ni \lxac tlatlaxtla:wa:ni \lxo tlatlaxtla:wa:ni \lxoa tlatlaxtla:wa:ne \lxoc tlatlaxtla:wa:ne, tlatlaxtla:wa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se person (e.g., itinerant buyer or bulker of rural goods) who pays a good price \ss persona (p. ej., comprador que anda en las comunidades) que paga un buen precio \se person who pays up debts \ss persona que sus deudas \pna Asta ihkón o:tiktlane:wtih! Mitsi:xpolo:s, xtlatlaxtla:wa:ni. \pea You lent him that much! He will ruin you, he isn't one to pay up. \psa ¡Le prestaste hasta esa cantidad! Te va a arruinar, no es de los que pagan. \xrb xtla \ref 04182 \lxa tlayo:wi:ltia \lxac kitlayo:wi:ltia \lxo tláyo:wí:ltia \lxop tlayo:wi:ltia \lxoc kitláyo:wí:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to make suffer; to cause suffering to \ss hacer sufrir \xrb hyo: \xvba iyo:wia \xvbo íyo:wíya \nae The verbal form without <n>tla-</n> ? <n>iyo:wiltia</n> has not yet been documented in the corpus. \ref 04183 \lxa totoma \lxac kitotoma \lxo tótomá \lxop totoma \lxoc kí:tomá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran Compl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:tomá</no> \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se see <nlao>toma</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>toma</nlao> \xrb tom \ref 04184 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /Ia:pan Koyo:tl/, which is now in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04185 \lxa kwa:petsiwtok \lxac kwa:petsiwtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to have hair well combed and arranged (i.e., smooth and not disheveled) \ssa tener el cabello bien peinado y arreglado (esto es, liso y no desgreñado) \sem distort-surface \xrb kwa:, pets \dis kwa:petsiwtok; kwa:pestik \qry Recheck the distinction between /kwa:petsiwtok/ 'well combed' (bien peinado) and /kwa:pestik/ ' \ref 04186 \lxa yo:ltitlan \lxac iyo:ltitlan \lxo yo:ltitlan \lxoc i:yo:ltitlan \dt 10/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N2 \se solar plexus \ss solar plexus \sem body \equivao yo:li:xko \xrb yo:l \xrl -titlan \vl Link second female token. \ref 04187 \lxa yesa:tli \lxac yesa:tli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[N-V1] \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \sea to drink blood \ssa chupar o beber sangre \pna O:ne:chkwah sa:yo:lin. Kwahli o:yesa:tli:k, pero a:man yohmiktih. \pea A mosquito bit me. It drank a lot of blood, but now I've killed it. \psa Me picó un mosquito. Chupómucha sangre, pero ahora lo maté. \xrb es \xrb a: \xrb i: \ref 04188 \lxa bie:joh \lxac bie:joh \lxo bie:joh \lxocpend bie:joh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan viejo \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea big (in size) \ssa grande (in size) \sea old (in age) \ssa viejo (en edad) \seo nominal suffix meaning big, e.g., <nlo>michbie:joh</nlo> (or <nlo>michwe:weh</nlo>) 'big fish' \sso sufijo nominal que significa 'grande', p. ej., <nlo>michbie:joh</nlo> (or <nlo>michwe:weh</nlo>) 'pez grande' \nse This word is usually found with the Spanish augmentative <spn>biejo:teh</spn>. It also varies according to the gender of the modified noun, e.g., <na>biejo:tah</na>. This term is more common in Ameyaltepec than in Oapan. \ref 04189 \lxa tlakwalpachowa \lxac kitlakwalpachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to give a hearty meal to; to feed well \ss dar harta comida a \pna Ne:chtlakwalpachowan Ame:yaltepe:k. \pea They feed me well in Ameyaltepec. \psa Me dan harta comida en Ameyaltepec. \cfo pachowilia \xrb kwa \xrb pach \nse In Oapan one might use a phrasal equivalent, e.g., <no>ne:chpachowilian tlakwahli</no> 'they offer me a huge amount of food.' \ref 04190 \lxa chia \lxac kichia \lxo chia \lxoc kichia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(chia) \irregv In Oapan <no>chia</no> is a class-4; in Ameyaltepec it is class 3c(long). \se to wait for \ss esperar \pna Ma tikinchiaka:n. \pea Let's wait for them! \psa ¡Vamos a esperarlos! \pna Xne:xchia. \pea Wait for me! \psa ¡Espérame! \pna San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa! Ke:n tiyo:li:k! \pea I just go along constantly having to stop and wait for you (i.e., to catch up). Get a move on! Oh how slow you are! \psa Solamente voy yendo, parándome a esperarte constantement (esto es, para que me alcanzes).¡Apúrate!,¡Quélento eres! \xrb chiya \xv1ao tlachia \xvcao chialtia \nae Occasionally in Ameyaltepec in the plural imperative the sequence /ia/ is fronted almost to /e/ (with a slight glide) as in <na>ma tikcheka:n</na>. Note that in Ameyaltepec this is a class 3 verb, with loss of final vowel and underlying {y} surfacing as final /x/ (and with vowel lengthening): <na>o:kichi:x</na> 'he waited for him.' In Oapan this verb is a class 4 verb, with the aggregation of /k/ in the perfective: <no>o:kichiak</no>. This also applies to other forms such as the progressives: Ameyaltepec <na>kichi:xtok</na> and Oapan <no>kichiatok</no>. Roberto Mauricio (Oa) accepted <no>o:kichi:x</no> as an alternate form, though he said it was rarely used. Finally, note that in other derivatives of this verb in Oapan the Ameyaltepec pattern is followed: <nao>o:tlachi:x</nao> 'he came to,' is used both in Ameyaltepec and in Oapan. \qry In this verb, in all forms, including noun and other derivates, the /i:/ is definitely long ansd should be recorded as such in all cases: /okichi:x/, /kichi:xtok/, etc. In this manner it differs from the /i/ in <na>pia</na>, i.e., <na>kipixtok</na>, which is definitely short. \ref 04191 \lxa poye:k a:to:hli \lxac poye:k a:to:hli \lxo poye:h a:to:hli \lxoc poye:h a:to:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se type of atole \ss tipo de atole \sem food \xrb poye: \xrb a:to:l \encyctmp a:to:hli \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 04192 \lxa sentemani \lxac sentemani \lxo sentemani \lxoc sentemani \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Mod-V1 \der N-dvb-0 \se single, basic monetary unit (at one time equivalent to one peso, then 100, and now 1,000) \ss una unidad básica de dinero (antes equivalente a un peso, después 100, y ahora 1,000) \se big bill (i.e., as opposed to change) \ss billete grande (esto es, sin cambio) \pna San se: sentemani nikpia, xtlah tei:nki. \pea I just have one big bill, there's no change. \psa Nada más tengo un billete grande, no hay cambio. \xrb sem \xrb te \xrb man \nse <nao>Sentemani</nao> constrasts to <no>tei:nki</no>, which refers to smaller denominations of money and to change. \qry Determine whether this only refers to money and nothing else. \ref 04193 \lxa tli:nono:n \lxac tli:nono:n? \lxo tli:no:no:n \lxoc tli:no:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se what is it? \ss ¿qué es? \pna Ne: ontlachi:xtok.¡Ahwa tli:nonon! \pea He is gazing out over there. Who knows what it is! \psa Estámirando hacia allá.¡Quién sabe que es! \pna O:nikonkak milá:k xixitika tli:nonon, kas notekorral. \pea I heard something (that I wasn't sure what it was) fall down, perhaps it was my fence of lose stones. \psa Escuché algo (que no estaba seguro que) desbaratándose, quizá era mi cerca de piedras apiladas. \fla a:kinono:n \xrb tli:n \pqry It is unavoidable to conclude that words like /tli:no:no:n/, at least in Oapan, have all long vowels. There seems to be no reason not to record this as such. A thorough review should be conducted on Am and Oa forms! Including the demonstratives. \ref 04194 \lxa tlasolte:mi \lxac tlasolte:mi \lxo tlásolté:mi \lxop tlasolte:mi \lxoc tlásolté:mi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \se to become (or be) flowing or full of garbage (a place or space) \ss tener mucha basura (un lugar o espacio) \pna Wa:ltlasolte:mi itech kahli. \pea There is garbage right up next to the house. \psa Hay basura hasta pegado a la casa. \xrb hsol \xrb te:m \ref 04195 \lxa tlate:milia \lxac kitlate:milia \lxo tlate:milia \lxoc kitlate:milia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to lay eggs in (the wound) of (a fly or other insect [S] in the wound of an animal [O]) \ss dejarle o ponerle huevos en (la herida) a (una mosca u otro insecto [s] en la herida de un animal [o]) \pna Xiwsa:yo:lin o:kitlate:milikeh. \pea Flies filled its wound with eggs (which turned into larvae). \psa Moscas le llenaron la herida con sus huevecitos (que se convirtieron en gusanitos) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to explain to \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) explicar a \pna Xtla:ke:wa, yewa kimastok ke:no:n mistlatete:mili:s, ke:no:n yes, ke:no:n tikchi:was. Mitsakas otli. \pea Hire him, he knows how he will explain it to you, how it will be, what you will do it. He will show you the way. \psa Contrátolo aél,él sabe como te lo va a explicar, como va a ser, como lo vas a hacer. El te enseñarála manera de hacerlo. \xrb te:m \xbtlao te:milia \nse The form <nao>tlate:milia</nao> refers to the action whereby insects, particularly flies, lay their eggs in the wound of an animal, causing maggots to form. In this case <n>tla-</n> conventionally refers to the eggs that are laid. However, in the context of <na>kimastok ke:non mistlatete:mili:s</na> the implicit"object"signified by <n>tla-</n> is the ideas or thoughts of the subject, what he wants to say to someone. \qry Check whether both uses of /tla-/ Both involve indefinite null complementation (with <n>tla-</n> as the null complement) of the verb <nla>te:milia</nla>. \ref 04196 \lxa no:chilia \lxac kino:chilia \lxo no:chilia \lxoc kino:chilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to speak to (sb [SO]) in representation of or for (sb [PO]); to speak to (sb [PO]) about (sb or sth) \ss hablar o placticar a (algn [OS]) de parte de [algn [OP]; hablar a (algn [OP]) sobre (algn o algo) \pna Xne:chno:chili un suwa:tl, newa xwel nikno:tsa! \pea Speak to that woman for me (in this case in order to court her), I can't speak to her myself! \psa ¡Háblale a esa mujer de mi parte (en este caso para cortejarla), yo no le puedo hablar! \se (refl. with <n>te:-</n> prefix) to speak (to people) about oneself or ones affairs \ss (refl. con el prefijo <n>te:-</n>) hablar (a la gente) acerca de si mismo o los asuntos de si mismo \pna Yo:nimote:no:chilih para ne:chpalewi:skeh ika i:n tekitl. \pea I've already spoken to people about this matter of mine so that they will help me with this job. \psa Ya he hablado con gente acerca de este asunto mío para que me ayuden con este trabajo. \pna Timote:no:chili:s para ma mitspale:wi:kan. \pea You will tell people about yourself (in this case a particular problem) so that they help you. \psa Vas a hablar a la gente acerca de tí(en este caso sobre un problema en particular) para que te ayuden. \xrb no:tsa \xvbao no:tsa \grm Impersonal; nonspecific subjects and specific objects: Note the following phrase: /Yo:nimote:no:chilih para ne:chpalewi:skeh ika in tekitl/. 'I've already spoken to people about this matter of mine so that they will help me with this job.' The interesting thing in this phrase is the interaction between specific and nonspecific subjects and objects. In /nimote:no:chilia/ there is a specific (1st person) Agent, a nonspecific Goal/Addressee (/te:-/) and a specific (first person) theme (the reflexive). The structure of this word reflects the possibility of having a specific Subject (Agent) with a nonspecific Primary Object (Goal/Addressee). However, in the following clause the situation is reversed: the specific Subject becomes the specific Object of the transitive /pale:wia/. However, since the object is specific, it is not possible to have a nonspecific Subject, at least not marked by the nonspecific suffix /-lo/. One could perhaps have used /te:pale:wi:lo:s/ or /tlapale:wi:lo:s/, but he re the 3rd person is used with an impersonal, nonspecific significance. In Classical perhaps one would have had a passive construction here: /nipale:wi:lo:s/ (e.g., with a full meaning of both phrases something like 'I've given word so that I get help with this task'). \ref 04197 \lxa te:tlatki \lxac te:tlatki \lxo te:tlatki \lxoc te:tlatki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se see <nlao>tlatkitl</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tlatkitl</nlao> \xrb tki \ref 04198 \lxa na:nah \lxac na:nah \lxo na:nah \lxoc na:nah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rpd-l \infn N0 \se (vocative) mother-in-law \ss (vocativo) suegra \se (vocative; rare) mother \ss (vocativo; raro) mamá \xrb na:n \nse <na>Na:nah</na> is used to address one's mother and, out of respect, it is usually extended to one's mother-in-law. The failure to do so is considered to show lack of respect for one's spouse's mother. According to the documentation to date, the possessive form * <nao>nona:nah</nao> is not acceptable. However, this needs to be rechecked. \qry Recheck etymology and final /h/. Also check to see if this term is used in addressing any other real or fictive kin. \ref 04199 \lxa i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \lxac i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \sea (sarc.) to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ssa (sarc.) tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te:n \xrb te \cfa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \nse The reference of <na>i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl</na> is to the forehead being like the large, flat, and somewhat polished stones, often found along the river, used for sharpening machetes and knives. \ref 04200 \lxa tla:wa:ntia \lxac kitla:wa:ntia \lxo tla:wa:ntia \lxoc kitla:wa:ntia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make drunk (an alcoholic beverage, or a person who invites one to drink) \ss emborrachar; hacer emborrachar (una bebida alcohólica, o una persona que le invita a uno tomar) \pna San serbe:sah xne:chtla:wa:ntia. \pea Beer alone does not get me drunk. \psa Sólo cerveza no me hace emborrachar. \pna Timitstla:wa:nti:s, xkoni! \pea I'm going to get you drunk, drink it! \psa Te voy a hacer emborrachar,¡Tómalo! \xrb tla:wa: \xvbao tla:wa:ni \ref 04201 \lxa kalneko:xtli \lxac kalneko:xtli \lxo kalneko:xtli \lxoc kal neko:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se wooden rivet that is passed through the <na>kabe:sas</na> where they come together in a thatched-roof house (at the part of the house called <na>kaltsonko</na> ; also called simply <nlao>neko:xtli</nlao>) \ss el remate de madera que atraviesa las cabezas donde se juntan (en el lugar llamado <na>kaltsonko</na>) en una casa de palma o zacate (también llamado simplemente <nlao>neko:xtli</nlao>) \sem construct-part \equivao neko:xtli \xrb kal \xrb ne \xrb ko:ch \encyctmp kahli \nse Some people refer to the <nao>kalneko:xtli</nao> as simply <nao>neko:xtli</nao> although it would appear that <nao>neko:xtli</nao> is the more generic word for 'rivet' or <spn>clavija</spn> and that <nao>kalneko:xtli</nao> is used specifically to refer to the rivet used in the house. \qry Check possessed to see if /x/ is underlying /ch/. \mod Cf. words listed in Fld 1984-04-29.1. Cf. drawing with /neko:xtli/ in original filecards. \ref 04202 \lxa Dió:s \lxac Dió:s \lxo Dió:s \lxoc Dió:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Dió:s \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se God \ss Diós \pna Xkineltoka Dió:s. \pea He doesn't believe in God. \psa No cree en Diós. \pna Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi! \pea Cheers (said to sb about to take a drink of hard alcohol)! \psa ¡Salud (dicho a una persona a punto de tomar un trago de una bebida fuerte)! \pna Ma Dió:s mitswi:ka! \pea May God be with you (said to sb about to embark on a journey)! \psa ¡QuéDió:s te acompañe! \nse The first example phrase is said in drinking rounds, and is said by those not drinking to one who is about to take a swig of <na>picado</na> (pure alcohol mixed with soda, juice, etc.), who himself first says <na>ika molise:nsiah</na>. \mod Add /ika molise:nsiah/ \ref 04203 \lxa tlawe:ltepo:xa \lxac tlawe:ltepo:xa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bolsa</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \sea to be very fierce; to be full of hate \ssa estar lleno de odio \xrb tlawe:l \nse <na>Tlawe:ltepo:xah</na> is apparently derived from the nominal root <nr>tlawe:l</nr> and the Nahuatlized loan <na>(te)po:xah</na>. Literally it would mean something like"sack of hate." \qry Check to determine whether the form without /te-/ exists. \ref 04204 \lxa komo:ntok \lxac komo:ntok \lxo komo:ntok \lxoc tekomo:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se see <nlao>tekomo:ntok</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tekomo:ntok</nlao> \xrb komo: \ref 04205 \lxa ya:lwa \lxac ya:lwa \lxo ya:lwa \lxoc ya:lwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se yesterday \ss ayer \xrb ya:lwa \ref 04206 \lxa ma:tla:ni \lxac kima:tla:ni \lxo ma:tla:ni \lxoc kima:tla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se (often with nonspecific prefix <n>tla-</n>) to earn the rights to use (a yunta) in exchange for working them in the field of the owner (lit. 'to earn with ones hand/labor') \ss (a menudo con el prefijo no específico <n>tla-</n>) ganar el derecho a usar (una yunta) en cambio de trabajar con ellos en la milpa del dueño (lit. 'ganar con la mano/trabajo') \pna Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki. \pea I will gain rights to use your oxen to plow my fields by working them in your fields too. I also want to plant. \psa Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes en mi milpa al trabajarlos también en la tuya. también quiero sembrar. \pna Nitlama:tla:nis motech -=mona:k-. \pea I will work with you to earn rights (usually to a team of oxen) in a labor exchange relationship (specifically, earning the right to use your oxen in my field after having first used them to plow your field) \psa Voy a trabajar contigo en un arreglo de intercambio para ganar derechos (por lo común a una yunta; más específicamente, voy a trabajar tu yunta en tu milpa para ganar el derecho a utilizarla en la mía). \se to overcome the grip of; to wrench from the grasp of; to make (sb) loose control (over sth held in the hand); to win out over (particularly in regard to sth one does with ones hands) \ss vencer (como algn tiene algo agarrado, causándole a soltarlo); hacer perder el control (sobre algo agarrado en la mano, guiado por la mano, etc.) \pna Ne:chma:tla:ni ara:doh. \pea The plow gets out of my control (i.e., my arm isn't strong enough to hold it steady, as a result the furrows are crookedly laid down). \psa El arado me vence (esto es, mi brazo no es lo suficiente fuerte para controlarlo bien, y por esta razón los surcos no salen derechos). \pna O:tsokwe:liw mosurkoh, o:mitsma:tla:n kwahli, xok mela:wtok. \pea Your furrow came out slightly crooked, (the plow) got out of your control, (the furrow) is not straight anymore. \psa El surco se te salió un poquito chueco, (el arado) te ganó, (el surco) ya no está derecho. \pna O:kima:tla:n iko:chin, o:ye:wito itech tepa:ntli. \pea He lost control over his car, it wound up against a wall. \psa Perdió el control de su coche, fue a dar contra una pared. \pna Ontepe:w un tlayo:hli, o:ne:chma:tla:n. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh! \pea I spilled that maize on the ground, it slipped out of my hand (e.g., it was in a heavy sack that got the upper hand on me). Now gather it up, children! \psa Tiré el maíz por el suelo, se me fue de la mano (p. ej., estaba en un costal pesado que me venció).¡Ahora niños, a recogerlo! \se to be better (quicker, stronger, etc.) with ones hands than; to beat (particularly in reference to sth done with the hands) \ss ser mejor (más rápido, más fuerte, etc.) con las manos que; ganar (particularmente en referencia a algo que se hace con las manos) \pna Ne:chma:tla:ni para tiswate:kan, un toba:leh ke:n ma:isiwi. \pea He has quicker hands than me in stripping corn leaves off the stalk, our buddy over there is really quick with his hands. \psa Me gana en el zacateo, ese cuate es muy rápido con las manos. \pna Se: nobwe:yeh kima:tla:nin, yewa ma:s yo:li:k. \pea One of my oxen always lags behind, he is slower (i.e., the other ox in the team has stronger legs and moves ahead). \psa Un de mis bueyes siempre sale rezagado, es más lento (esto es, el otro buey es más fuerte y camina más rápido). \pna A:man xok nikpapaxo:s, ne:si ne:chma:tla:ni. \pea I won't massage him anymore, it (in this case an illness that one hopes to cure with massage) appears to have gotten the better of me (in this case uttered by a person who uses massage to extract illnesses when realizing that the illness will not be beaten this way). \psa Ya no le voy a dar masaje, parece que me ganó(en este caso una enfermedad; dicho por un masajista que absorbe las enfermedades en sus manos al darse cuenta que la enfermedad no se deja vencer). \xrb ma: \xrb tla:ni \nse The word <nao>ma:tla:ni</nao> has two basically distinct acceptations. The first treats <na>ma:</na> as a metaphor for labor and refers to earning something (<nao>kitla:ni</nao>) with ones labor (most often the right to use a yunta, although other resources might be acquired by labor exchange). The usual arrangement, which may vary, is for the laborers to worked the team of oxen at alternate fields every week (the field of the owner, and then his own). In the other case it is the 'hand' or 'arm' that is itself"beaten"; here the translation might be 'to hand-beat' or 'to win out over the hand of.' This is more akin to"possessor raising"than the former, in which <na>ma:</na> represents the"instrument"with which earning is achieved. \qry Check to see if only a yunta can be"earned"in the activity referred to by /ma:tla:ni/, i.e., question what else one can /ma:tla:ni/. \grm Nouns: /Ne:chma:tla:ni para tiswate:kan, un toba:leh ke:n ma:isiwi/ 'He has quicker hands than me in stripping corn leaves off the stalk, our buddy over there is really quick with his hands.' Note how the the /para tiswate:kan/ is used in the above. It indicates an activity with specific participants. In Spanish one might say 'me gana en el zacateo'. In English perhaps 'he beats me when we"zacateamos"Perhaps also correct would be ?ne:chma:tla:ni ipan iswatekilistli Check. \grm Nonspecific object: /Ontepe:w un tlayo:hli, o:ne:chma:tla:n. A:man xtlapepenakan ko:koneh!/ 'I spilled that maize on the ground, it slipped out of my hand (e.g., it was in a heavy sack that got the upper hand on me). Now gather it up, children!' Note how in the Nahuatl /tlayo:hli/ is the object of the first verb /tepe:wa/ and the subject/agent of the second /ma:tla:ni/. But then it"disappears"from the /tlapepenakan/ although clearly what is being picked up is the corn that had been spilled onto the ground. It is obvious, then, that the"object"of /pepena/ is the maize, but by using the /tla-/ prefix it is the action of picking up that is emphasized, with no direct reference to what is being picked up (clearly the maize). \grm Noun incorporation: Note that role of /ma:/ in /ma:tla:ni/ varies greatly. In one meaning /ma:/ is the thing that is 'earned' (/-tla:ni/). Literally the sense of /nikma:tla:ni/ as 'I hand(labor)-earn it.' In this structure 'it' refers to the object, that which is 'earned' by the labor (hand/arm) or the subject. In a second construction /ma:/ represents the location at which the 'beating' takes place, e.g., /ne:chma:tla:ni/ meaning 'it hand-beats me,' As the examples indicate this may refer to the fact that the force (subject) of the verbal complex is that which gets the better of subject's hand. This can be a force such as that in the wheel of a car (/ne:chma:tla:ni noko:cheh/) or it may refer to a disease that overcomes the efforts of a curandero's hands. \ref 04207 \lxa ka:no:n \lxac ka:no:n \lxo ka:no:n \lxoc ka:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adv-int \se where? \ss ¿dónde?¿a dónde? \pna Ka:no:n tiá:s? \pea Where will you go? \psa ¿Dónde vas a ir? \pna Ka:no:n onkah? \pea Where are there some? \psa ¿Dónde hay? \pna Ka:no:n niktla:li:s? --Ma:san ka:no:n! \pea Where should I place it? --Wherever (you want)! \psa ¿Dónde lo pongo? --¡Dondequiera! \se (<na>pero</na> ~) but how? by what right? \ss (<na>pero</na> ~)¿pero cómo?¿con quéderecho? \pna Yo:lchika:wiya. Pero ka:no:n? Xumpa icha:n. \pea He acted in a very self-assured manner (as if he were in his house and was the boss). But how can that be? It isn't his house there (i.e., he has no right to impose himself). \psa Actuaba en una forma tenaz (como si estuviera en su casa yél fuera el jefe).¿Pero cómo es posible? Alláno es su casa. \cola ma:san \colo ma:si sa:n \xrb ka:n \nse The difference between <na>ka:non tiá:s?</na> and <na>ka:n tiyáw?</na> appears to be that the latter is more of a greeting between two individuals passing each other in the street (and probably an apocope for <na>ka:non tiyaw</na>) and asks where is the addressee going in the precise moment of utterance. The second refers to a future event, an event that will begin in the future. \ref 04208 \lxa iyo:tsakwa \lxac kiyo:tsakwa \lxo íyo:tsákwa \lxop iyo:tsakwa \lxoc kíyo:tsákwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \se to cut off the breath of and keep from breathing; to suffocate \ss cortarle el aire o respiración a, haciendo que no puede respirar \pna O:niknekw chi:hli, o:ne:chiyo:tsakw. \pea I breathed in chile (alcohol would have the same effect), it cut off my breath. \psa Inhaléchile (alcohol haría lo mismo), me cortóla respiración. \xrb hyo: \xrb tsakwa \pqry Check with a phonetician on the phonetics of this word. Note that there is a devoicing of the palatal fricative between the two vowels. I have simply written this as /kíyo:tsákwa/. \ref 04209 \lxa a:toktia \lxac ka:toktia \lxo a:tohtia \lxoa a:toltia \lxoc ka:tohtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to allow to be swept away by the current (sth let loose in moving water, such as a river) \ss dejar que se lleve por el agua (algo soltado en la corriente, p. ej., de un río) \pna O:nika:toktih. \pea I let it get swept away by the river. \psa Dejéque el río se lo llevara. \pna O:nitla:toktih. \pea I let things (e.g., that I was holding) get swept away by the river. \psa Dejéque el río se llevera algunas cosas. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to let or make dissolve (e.g., salt in a salt dish by putting water in it) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) disolver o hacer disolver en agua (p. ej., sal al agregar agua al salero) \xrb a: \xrb toka \xvbao a:tokowa \qry Determine whether this only refers to accidently letting something get swept away, for whether it might be intentional. Thus, for example, cf. R. Siméon who gives: atoctia, nite- arrojar a alquien al agua and nitla- tirar una cosa a una corriente de agua para que se la lleve. \grm Causatives: Note that this is apparently a causative of a passive; and it has the meaning or significance, at least in some senses, of"let"or"allow that."Cf. Comrie's and others' discussion of causatives. Add this word to the chapter on causatives. \ref 04210 \lxa tsopi:lo:tl \lxac tsopi:lo:tl \lxo tsópí:lo:tl \lxoc tsópí:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao (rarely used in Oapan) zopilote; buzzard (equivalent to <nba>tsohma</nba> (Am) and <nbo>tsómá</nbo> (Oa)); apparently the Black Vulture, <l>Coragyps atratus</l> \ssao (raramente se usa en Oapan) zopilote (equivalente a <nba>tsohma</nba> (Am) y <nbo>tsómkó:ltsi:n</nbo> (Oa)); aparentemente el"Black Vulture," <l>Coragyps atratus</l> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174 \sea <l>Swietenia humilis</l> Zucc.; type of tree of the Meliaceae family; equivalent to <nba>tsopi:lo:kuwtli</nba> (Am) and <nbo>tsopi:lo:kohtli</nbo> o <nbo>tsopi:lo:tl</nbo> (Oa)) \ssa <l>Swietenia humilis</l> Zucc.; tipo deárbol de la familia Meliaceae; equivalente a <nba>tsopi:lo:kuwtli</nba> (Am) y <nbo>tsopi:lo:kohtli</nbo> o <nbo>tsopi:lo:tl</nbo> (Oa)) \apa tsopi:lo:kuwtli \equivo tsómá \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tsopi:lo: \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>tsopi:lo:tl</na> refers to both a large buzzard (occasionally although rarely called <na>tsohma</na>) and to a type of tree, more completely called <na>tsopi:lo:kuhtli</na>. In Oapan the use of <no>tsópí:lo:tl</no> to refer to a buzzard is extremely rare. In fact during the elicitation there was a discussion between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez about the term. It appears that Florencia Marcelino was familiar with its use as equivalent to <no>tsómakó:ltsi:n</no> and stated that some people from Oapan used the former term. Her husband disagreed, even though he had repeated Florencia's utterance of <no>tsópí:lo:tl</no>, and stated that this was a word used in Ameyaltepec. They both agreed, however, that <nlo>tsopi:lo:tl</nlo>, without pitch accent, was an alternative word for the tree also called <no>tsopi:lo:kohtli</no>. \nae The Oapan pronunciation of <no>tsópí:ló:tl</no> with pitch accent is interesting, given that there is no underlying {h} in this lexeme. Apparently this word is very rare in Oapan and not in the basic lexicon of the two consultants. They did know the word <nlo>tsopi:lo:kohtli</nlo> as the name of the tree of the Meliaceae family, and stated that <no>tsopi:lo:tl</no>, without pitch accent, is a common short term for this same tree. The common word is <nlo>tsómá</nlo>. \cpl To date the following types of buzzards have been identified: <na>tsopi:lo:tl</na>, <nla>ko:le:tl</nla> (a type of buzzard with a red head), and <nla>tsomakwi:xin</nla> \vl Extra tokens are found from word 919. \ref 04211 \lxa suwa:ikni:wtli \lxac i:suwa:ikni:w \lxo siwa:ihni:htli \lxoc i:siwa:ihni:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se fellow woman \ss compañera (empleada para indicar una relación entre una mujer y otra) \xrb sowa: \xrb kni:w \cfa ikni:wtli; tla:kaikni:w \nse Usually <na>sowa:ikni:wtli</na> (Am) and <no>siwa:ihni:wtli</no> (Oa) is found in possessed form, although it appears that it, like <nla>ikni:wtli</nla> (Am) can occur in the plural unpossessed (i.e., <na>sowa:ikni:wteh</na> 'they are fellow women,' perhaps members of the same <spn>hermandad</spn>). \qry Make sure or check that the plural is correct, i.e., /sowa:ikniwteh/. If so, change the entry to the unpossessed form /sowa:ikniwtli/ and do the same for /tla:kaikniw/. Finally, check the precise meaning and use of these terms. Also determine how to enter headwords that only exist in plural and possessed. Perhaps simply indicate in /inf field"Oblig. poss. or plural" \ref 04212 \lxa kalte:ntitiw \lxac kalte:ntitiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N \der V1-d-ti \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \sea to expand outward in a ring (e.g., certain scalp infections such as ringworm) \ssa expander hacia afuera en forma de círculo (p. ej., algunas infecciones como la tiña) \pna Kalte:ntitiw, xok ma:s kipia itson. \pea It goes along expanding outwards in a circle, she no longer has much hair left. \psa Se va expandiendo en forma de círculo, ya no le queda mucho cabello. \xrb kal \xrb te:n \qry However, note that /kwa:tenextli/ is 'ringworm'. \ref 04213 \lxa tlato:hli \lxac tlato:hli \lxo tlátó:hli \lxoc tlátó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se language \ss lengua \pna Xtimotlato:lkakin, nokse: motlato:l. \pea We don't understand each other, you speak a different language. \psa No nos entendemos, tu hablas otra lengua. \pna Niweli ye:i tlato:hli. \pea I know three languages. \psa Hablo tres lenguas. \se word \ss palabra \pna Nika:n o:notla:lih nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh. \pea All the words that we have talked about have been put down here. \psa Todas las palabras que hemos discutidos están anotados aquí. \se ([verb of communication] ~) to exchange or say unpleasant words to \ss ([verbo de comunicación] ~) intercambiar palabras poco agradables con (quizá, p. ej., palabras insultantes o injuriosas) \pna Ma:ka tia:s, mitsihli:s tlato:hli! \pea Don't go, he's have some unpleasant words to say to you! \psa ¡No te vayas, te va a decir unas palabras poco agradables! \xrb hto \vl The first two pronunciations are of /tlátó:leh/. These should be given number 7683 and linked to that word. \ref 04214 \lxa tewameh \lxac tewameh \lxo tó:méh \lxop to:meh \lxoc tó:méh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \se we \ss nosotros \xrb tehwa \nse Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [towameh]; see <nla>newa</nla>. \ref 04215 \lxa ikxiko:tsi:liwi \lxac ikxiko:tsi:liwi \lxo ixiko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ixiko:tsi:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get or have cramps in ones leg \ss tener calambres en la pierna \xrb kxi \xrb ko:tsil \qry Also check existence of transitive cognate and possible usage. \rt Perhaps further analysis will yield roots of /ko:/ and /tsilV/. Check. \ref 04216 \lxa pa:pah \lxac pa:pah \lxo pa:pah \lxoc pa:pah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-bb \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se tortilla \ss tortilla \pna Ma tihkwa:ka:n se: topa:pah! \pea Let's eat one or our tortillas! \psa ¡Vamos a comer una de nuestras tortillas! \sem baby \nse The etymology of <na>pa:pah</na> is uncertain, but is also found in other dialects. The term is used mostly in talking to babies during feeding. \qry Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 04217 \lxa nana:ntsi:nkuwtli \lxac nana:ntsi:nkuwtli \lxo nána:ntsi:nkóhtli \lxoc nána:ntsi:nkóhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se <l>Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth</l>, tree of the Malpighiacea family; see <nla>nana:ntsi:n</nla> (Am) / <nlo>náná:ntsi:n</nlo> (Oa) \ss <l>Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth</l>,árbol de la familia Malpighiacea; vé ase <nlao>nana:ntsi:n</nlao> (Am) / <nlo>náná:ntsi:n</nlo> (Oa) \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb na:n \xrb kow \ref 04218 \lxa panawia \lxaa panowia \lxac kipanawia \lxo panawia \lxof [pa na 'wi a] \lxoc kipanawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to pass; to overtake (e.g., in walking, driving, running, etc.) \ss rebasar (p. ej., en caminar, correr, manejar, etc.) \pna Tikpanawi:skeh, yo:li:k nenemi. \pea We will pass him, he walks slow. \psa Lo vamos a rebasar, camina despacio. \pna San tine:chpa:panawia. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. Xtine:chno:tsa. \pea You just pass back and forth in front of me. Is it possible that you hate me? You don't speak to me. \psa Sólo pasas enfrente de mí, una y otra vez.¿Quizáme odias? No me hablas. \se to supercede; to overtake (e.g., in wealth, in age, etc.) \ss superar; rebasar; adelantarse a; tomarle la delantera a (p. ej., en cuanto a riqueza, edad, tamaño) \pna Se: ri:koh miák kipia wa:kax. O:kitakeh un okse: tla:katl xma:s kipiaya, pero sana:man o:ri:kot. O:kipanawitiki:s, o:kipanawih un se: ma:s kipiaya, o:noka:wtiki:s, o:noka:w. \pea A rich person, he had a lot of cattle. They saw another man who didn't have very many, but he (the latter man) got rich quickly. He passed right by him (the first man), he overtook that one who had more, he got left behind in the process, he stayed behind. \psa Un hombre rico tenía mucho ganado. Vieron a otro que no tenía más, pero luego luego se enriqueció(este segundo), rebasó al otro en el camino (de enriquecerse), rebasó al que tenía más. El (el primero) se quedó atrás (durante este proceso), quedórezagado. \se to cross (a river) \ss atravesar (un río) \pna Tikpanawi:s a:te:ntli -= ta:pano:s- para tasis imi:hlan. \pea You will (have to) cross the river to arrive at his cornfield. \psa Vas a (tener que) cruzar el río para llegar a su milpa. \se (recripr.) to pass each other (e.g., two people walking in opposite directions); to intersect; to cross (e.g., two perpendicular streets) \ss (recirp.) rebasarse (p. ej., dos personas caminando en direcciones contrarias); cruzarse (p. ej., dos calles perpendiculares) \pna Ne: ka:n nopanawian ka:yes. \pea There where the streets cross. \psa Allídonde se cruzan las calles. \xrb pana \nse <na>Panawia</na> (Am) / <no>panawiya</no> (Oa) obviously is related to the same root as <nao>panowa</nao> and its causative <nao>pano:ltia</nao>. However, it is not clear if this is because of a historical association or some derivational process not understood. For now the root here is analyzed as <nr>pana</nr>. \nae According to Chen Díaz the majority of Ameyaltepequeños pronounce this word with an /o/: <na>panowia</na>. \grm Reduplication with long vowel. Note the following case: /San tine:chpa:panawia. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. Xtine:chno:tsa./ 'You just pass back and forth in front of me. Is it possible that you hate me. You don't speak to me.' Note how the long vowel reduplication is used here; and in many other cases, to indicate motions that repeat themselves in their entirety and in a measured manner. \ref 04219 \lxa kwe:momoloka \lxac kwe:momoloka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to have a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet) \ssa tener una falda la tela de la cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo) \cfo kwe:pacho:n \cfo kwe:pacho:ntik \xrb kwe: \xrb molo: \xvna molo:nia \nse At this point I have only heard <na>kwe:momoloka</na> in reference to a velvet dress. Thus <na>nikwe:momoloka</na> is effectively 'I have a dress made of velvet.' Note that in Classical Nahuatl <na>momoloka</na> was used to indicate the bubbling up of water or the swirling about of clouds. Apparently the difference relates to two different meanings of the base, <na>molo:ni</na>, which can refer to the springing forth of water, and <na>molo:nia</na>, which can refer to such things as carding wool or pulling apart feathers. The latter definition is apparently related to the Ameyaltepec use of <na>momoloka</na> to refer to (the texture of) velvet. \ref 04220 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /I:tlampa To:pi:ltepe:k/, which is now in the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04221 \lxa a:chika:wi \lxac a:chika:wi \lxo a:chika:wi \lxoc a:chika:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become hardened by having been immersed in water, or having been used to hold water for a long time (ceramics and other similar materials) \ss macizarse a causa de haber sido sumergida en agua o haber sido llenado con agua por mucho tiempo (particularmente la cerámica o materiales parecidas) \pna Xte:kili a:tl un tso:tsokohli, ma a:chika:wi! \pea Pour water into that water jug so that it hardens! \psa ¡Viértele agua a ese cántaro para que se macice! \xrb a: \xrb chika: \nse Once hardened as such, a ceramic container will no longer allow water to leak or filter out. \pqry Note that the initial vowel in this word is 95 and 99 ms for Florencia and 81 ms for both tokens of Inocencio. A question will be to compare the initial /a:/ of several words that would seem to have a long /a:/ in the incorporated noun stem with other words in which the /a/ should be short. Is there a difference? \grm Orthography: The tension between a deep and shallow orthography should be thoroughly discussed in the introduction. One question concerns vowel length. It seems clear that in certain contexts, particularly initial and final vowels (including final vowels followed by the absolutive) there might be some predictable vowel shortening. The question is, if length is found to be neutralized in initial position, should it not be marked. My feeling at this time is that in regard to vowel length, perhaps an effort should be made to mark underlying form (i.e., length) despite the lack of clarity as to whether length is continually maintained across positions in words. Certainly in /a:chika:wi/ it is not clear that the initial vowel has a long duration. But it should probably be written. \ref 04222 \lxa tlatla:katik \lxac tlatla:katik \lxo tlátla:kátik \lxoc tlátla:kátik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:tla:kátik</no> \pa yes-rdp \se to be man-like; to have male or masculine tendencies (a woman, e.g., one who likes women as opposed to men, or a woman who wears mens clothes, drinks, etc.) \ss ser marimacho; ser una mujer con algunas características de hombre (p. ej., a quien le gustan las mujeres y no los hombres, o una mujer que se viste como hombre, bebe, etc.) \pna San tlatla:katik, xkineki nona:mikti:s. \pea She has masculine tendencies, she doesn't want to get married. \psa Es algo marimacho, no quiere casarse. \sem emotions \xrb tla:ka \cfa susuwa:tik \grm Reduplication: As FM stated: /tlátla:kátik pampa xmilá:k tla:katl/. \ref 04223 \lxa si:marro:n xo:chitl \lxac si:marro:n xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cimarrón</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \sea flower of the vine with red flowers called simply <na>si:marró:n</na> \ssa flor roja del bejucco llamado simplemente <na>si:marró:n</na> \pna Kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik. No: kwi:kan tio:pan ke:n a:man xo:pantlah. Xok notekin, nochi wa:le:wa Iguala. \src Luis Lucena \pea It has red flowers. They are also taken to the church (as part of an offering) such as now, during the summer. They are no longer picked (in the wild), all come from Iguala (i.e., are bought in the market). \psa tiene flores rojas. también se llevan a la iglesia (como parte de una ofrenda) en momentos como ahora, durante el verano. Ya no se cortan (como flores silvestres), todas vienen de Iguala (esto es, del mercado). \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-fl(pend) \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check to determine whether /si:marrón xo:chitl/ is the same as /si:marró:n/ or whether it refers only to the flower. \pqry Check vowel length. \grm Adjectives: attributive. Note the following: /Kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik/ 'It has red flowers' (lit. 'it has its flower, it is red'). It appears, based on my intuition, that the order of N and Adj shift depending on whether the noun is S or O (nominative or accusative) and the adjective is predicative or attributive. A simple statement such as 'Its flowers are red' is expressed by /chi:chi:ltik ixo:chio/ in which the prenominal position of the adjective indicates that it is a predicate (and the noun is subject). A sequence such as N Adj would be used with generic nouns /a:tl xtsope:lik/ 'water is not sweet'. However, note that in /kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik/ the noun is an object and the adjective modifies. Check to determine whether one can say ?kipia chi:chi:ltik ixo:chio, and, if one can say this, whether it is more or less common that the order given in this entry. \ref 04224 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntla:ltextia \lxoc tsi:ntla:ltextia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to have the bottom get close to the ground (e.g., a car that is heavily laden) \sso acercarse a la tierra o suelo la parte baja o inferior de (p. ej., un coche con una carga pesada) \equiva tsi:ntla:ltechiwi \xrb tsi:n \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \ref 04225 \lxa tlatekontetso:tsona* \lxac tlatekontetso:tsona \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \sea type of bird still not identified, apparently quite similar to the <nla>tekoch</nla> or woodpecker \ssa tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado, aparentemente muy parecido al <nla>tekoch</nla> o pájaro carpintero \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tekoma \xrb tsona \qry This entry is only on my original file cards, not the ones that were reviewed in the field. Thus it did not have vowel length recorded and may, in fact, be in error. Check all! \ref 04226 \lxa selkaya:ktik \lxac selkaya:ktik \lxo sélkayá:htik \lxoc sélkayá:htik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \pa yes-lex \se to have an unpleasant smell because of unripeness (certain fruits such as watermelons) \ss tener un olor poco agradable por ser verde (varias frutas como la sandía) \pna Selkaya:ktik, xma:s tikwe:lili:s. \pea It is unripe and unpleasant smelling, you won't like the taste of it much. \psa Es verde y de un olor poco agradble, no te va a gustar. \sem smell \xrb sel \xrb hya \nse <na>Selkaya:ktik</na> seems to clearly contain the stems <nr>sel</nr>, found in such words as <nla>selik</nla> 'to be green or unripe (e.g., a fruit or vegetable)' and <nr>hya</nr> 'to be foul or unpleasant smelling.' The Ameyaltepec stem <na>selkaya:k</na> is a participial adjectival (much like <nla>awiá:k</nla>) to which the adjectival derivative <na>-tik</na> has been added. The reason for the short first /a/ in <na>selkaya:ktik</na> is unclear; it seems to be an element used to join Nahuatl roots and is probably related to <na>ka:</na> found in participial compounds such as <nla>kwala:nka:no:tsa</nla>. \qry Check for verbal form ?/selkaya:ya/ and adjectival /selkaya:k/. Further clarify meaning. \grm Ligature /-ka-/: <na>Selkaya:ktik</na> seems to clearly contain the stems <nr>sel</nr>, found in such words as <nla>selik</nla> 'to be green or unripe (e.g., a fruit or vegetable)' and <nr>hya</nr> 'to be foul or unpleasant smelling.' The stem <na>selkaya:k</na> is a participial adjectival (much like <nla>awiá:k</nla>) to which the adjectival derivative <na>-tik</na> has been added. The reason for the short first /a/ in <na>selkaya:ktik</na> is unclear; it seems to be an element used to join Nahuatl roots and is probably related to <na>ka:</na> found in participial compounds such as <nla>kwala:nka:no:tsa</nla>. \ref 04227 \lxa montilia \lxac kimontilia \lxo montilia \lxoc kimontilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to work hard (a son-in-law at the house of his wife´s family) \ss trabajar duro (un yerno en la casa de la familia de su esposa) \vl Link first male token. \ref 04228 \lxa ompú:n \lxac ompú:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se right there (in the sight of speaker) \ss allímero; allímismo (en la vista del hablante) \pna Ompú:n xtla:li! \pea Place it right over there! \psa ¡Pónlo allímero! \equiva pon \equivo páo:n \xrb on- \xrb on \xrl -pa \cfa pon \nse Apparently <na>ompón</na> is a contraction of <na>ompa</na> and <na>on</na>. The difference between <na>ompón</na> and <na>omponkah</na> on the one hand, and <na>ompa</na> and <na>ompakah</na> on the other is not entirely clear at this point. Apparently the former refer to a more precise location, within sight of the speaker who is indicating the place either directly or indirectly. On the other hand, <na>ompa</na> and <na>ompakah</na> seem to indicate a more general direction or place away from speaker. \qry Compare this and /ompún/ to /ompa/ and /ompakah/. In general the difference between /ompa(kah)/ and /ompún(kah)/ should be determined, as should the precise meaning of many of these deictics. See entry under /ompa/. Apparently /ompunkah/ refers to a place within the sight of the speaker who is looking or otherwise indicating it. \vl The Oapan entry here has been removed as a duplicate of a previous entry for this word. The 4 tokens here at 4228 should be tagged with number 1924. \ref 04229 \lxa mansa:nah \lxaa mamansani:tah \lxac mansa:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan manzana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small tree still not identified \ssa tipo deárbol pequeño todavía no identificado \pna Mansani:tah | Wel nokwa itla:kihlo, tsotsope:lik. Istá:k itla:kihlo, kwe:xtik. \pea <na>Mansani:tah</na> : It's fruit is edible, it is sweet. Its fruit is white, it is very small. \psa <na>Mansani:tah</na> : Su fruta es comestible, es dulce. Su fruta es blanca, muy fina. \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check dif. (see example sentence) between /tsope:lik/ and /tsotsope:lik/. \ref 04230 \lxa okse: bi:dah \lxaa se: bi:dah \lxac okse: bi:dah \lxo se: bi:dah \lxoc se: bi:dah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>vida</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se (in the) afterlife \ss (en la) vida después de la muerte \pna Okse: bi:dah -=se: bi:dah- nikchi:was. \pea I'll do it in the afterlife. \psa Lo harédespués de la muerte. \pna Timitsmakas se: bi:dah. \pea I'll give it to you in the afterlife. \psa Te lo voy a dar en la otra vida. \qry Check to see if use is /se: bi:dah/ or /okse: bi:dah/. Recheck the correctness of /timitsmakas se: bi:dah/ 'I'll give it to you in the afterlife.' \ref 04231 \lxa to:kilistli \lxac to:kilistli \lxo to:kilistli \lxoc to:kilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \seo planting (of a maize field) \sso siembra (de una milpa) \encyctmp mi:lpa \xrb to:ka \qry Check whether Am has /to:kilistli/ or /to:kistli/ or both. \ref 04232 \lxa sintli de kuwatl \lxac sintli de kuwatl \lxo sentli yón kowatsi:n \lxoc sentli yón kowatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea deformed <spn>mazorca</spn> with one side flat and smooth, without kernels, and often twisted toward the end; see <nlo>sentli yón de metlatsi:ntli</nlo> \ssa mazorca (o elote) deformada, con un lado plano y liso, sin granos, y a menudo torcido hacia la parte de arriba; vé ase <nlo>sentli yón de metlatsi:ntli</nlo> \pna Sintli de kowatl pa:mpa pepestik itlampa, iwa:n wewe:i, seki nomamatilowa. \pea [It is called]"a snake corncob"because they are flat and smooth underneath, and they are big, some get twisted. \psa [se llama]"mazorca de culebra"porque su parte inferior es plano y liso, y son grandes, algunos son retorcidos. \seo deformed <spn>mazorca</spn> with a bifurcated end like a snake's tongue; see <nla>sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl</nla> \sso mazorca (o elote) deformada, con el rabo bifurcado como la lengua de una serpiente; vé ase <nla>sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl</nla> \equivo sentli yón de metlatsi:ntli \xrb sin \xrb kowa \nse At least according to my original documentation there is a mismatch in the terms and meanings of the headwords for this entry. Ameyaltepec <na>sintli de kowatl</na> refers to a type of flattened <spn>mazorca</spn> that is called <no>sentli yon de metlatsi:ntli</no> in Oapan. And the Oapan term <no>sentli yon kowatsi:n</no> is called <na>sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl</na> in Ameyaltepec. \nde In Oapan the <no>sentli yún kowa:tsi:n</no> are placed in their entirety inside a granary to keep the maize safe from robbers. \mod Illustrate both this and previous entry. \grm Length of /kowatsi:n/. \ref 04233 \lxa isolowa \lxac kisolowa \lxo ísolówa \lxop isolowa \lxoc kísolówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \se to wear out (e.g., clothes [O] by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.) \ss desgastar (p. ej., ropa o tela [O], en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) \xrb hsol \xvaa isolowilia \xvao ísolowília \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6221, which was mistakenly elicited. \ref 04234 \lxa a:tli \lxac a:tli \lxo a:tli \lxoc a:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink water or, by extension, any other liquid \ss beber agua o, por extensión, cualquier otro líquido \pna Ma na:tli. Na:miki. \pea Let me take a drink! I'm thirsty. \psa ¡Déjame tomar agua! tengo sed. \xrb a: \xrb i: \xvcao a:tli:tia \nae Although reduplication of vowel initial stems in Oapan almost always involves the aggregation of a fixed pitch accent and (if possible, i.e., with short initial vowels) length to the initial vowel, there are exceptions. For <no>a:tli</no> the reduplication is realized on a preceding vowel: <no>ó:ná:tli</no> and not * <no>oná:tlí</no>. Also, note that if there is no preceding short vowel, then the initial vowel is overtly reduplicated: <no>áá:tli</no>. If the use of the verb is transitive, then the 3rd person object prefix is used: <no>ka:tli</no> then it is reduplicated with the reduplicant: <no>káká:tli</no>. The precise conditions under which this type of reduplication occurs is not clear; however, it does seem to be related to cases (e.g., <nlo>a:wiltia</nlo>) in which a transitive verb is reduplicated with the 3rd-person object marker <n>k-</n> : <no>káká:wiltiá</no>. Note, moreover, that at least according to the pronunciation of Roberto M auricio the lexicalized incorporated prefix assumes the quality of the consonant of the prefix. Thus one finds: <no>káká:wiltiá</no> as well as <no>mitsátsá:wiltiá</no> and <no>né:chachá:wiltiá</no>. \grm Reduplication: Although reduplication of vowel initial stems in Oapan almost always involves the aggregation of a fixed pitch accent and (if possible, i.e., with short initial vowels) length to the initial vowel, there are exceptions. For <no>a:tli</no> the reduplication is realized on a preceding vowel: <no>ó:ná:tli</no> and not * <no>oná:tlí</no>. Also, note that if there is no preceding short vowel, then the initial vowel is overtly reduplicated: <no>áá:tli</no>. If the use of the verb is transitive, then the 3rd person object prefix is used: <no>ka:tli</no> then it is reduplicated with the reduplicant: <no>káká:tli</no>. The precise conditions under which this type of reduplication occurs is not clear; however, it does seem to be related to cases (e.g., <nlo>a:wiltia</nlo>) in which a transitive verb is reduplicated with the 3rd-person object marker <n>k-</n> : <no>káká:wiltiá</no>. \vl The first female token is /a:tl/. This should be given ref. 1657. Then she makes another mistake and the next token is /a:ti/. This should be tagged as 7685. Finally there is the correct form, /a:tli/. \ref 04235 \lxa paika \lxac paika \lxo payá: \lxoa paika \lxoc payá; paika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \pa yes-irregular \se over there; over in that direction; over that way \ss para o hacia allá ; por allí en esa dirección; por ese rumbo \pna Paika iye:wtok, ka:n timitsihlia. \pea It's stored over there, where I'm telling you. \psa Por allá está guardado, donde te digo. \pna Kipiaikal paika. \pea He has his house over there in that direction. \psa Tiene su casa por ese rumbo. \xrb pa \xrb ika \encystmp Adverbs of place \nse The difference between <nla>nepaika</nla> and <na>paika</na> is unclear, as is the difference of these two words with <na>paikón</na>. It seems to be that <na>nepaika</na> indicate a place that is across some sort of spatial boundary, whereas <na>paika</na> involves no such crossing. The precise and distinct meaning of <nla>paikón</nla> (Am) is unclear. Note that in Oapan one finds the forms <no>payá:</no> and <no>payá: on</no>. The difference is not yet clear. The former, however, is seldom used by itself while the second can be commonly used in response to a question: <no>¿ka:no:n nihtla:li:s?</no> and in response <no>payá: on</no> 'por allí'. But in response to a question: <no>¿ka:no:n tekiti?</no> one can say <no>payá: on tlakomolko, payá: tekiti</no>. More research needs to be done on this subject. \vl There are extra speech tokens of this word, the variant pronunciation /paika/ from entry 6068, which has been deleted. The original sound tokens recorded at 6068 should be tagged as 4235 and then two of each pronunciation selected for linking (4 total). \ref 04236 \lxa pa:tsowa \lxac kipa:tsowa \lxo pa:tsowa \lxoc kipa:tsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make wet (particularly by soaking) \ss mojar; empapar (particularmente al colocar un objeto dentro del agua) \pna Deke xo:kipa:tsokeh, pe:wa xixi:pe:wi. \pea If they didn't soak it (in this case a newly fired ceramic), it's surface will begin to flake off. \psa Si no lo mojaron (en este caso una cerámica recién cocida), se va a empezar a descascarar. \xrb pa:ts \qry Check for applicative. \ref 04237 \lxa tlankwi:ts \lxac tlankwi:ts \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \sea to be missing part of the upper lip so that some teeth are always bared \ssa hacerle falta parte del labio superior (a algn, o a un animal) dejando algunos dientes siempre visibles \se to be (a person or animal) buck-toothed \ss tener (una persona o animal) los dientes salidos, con dientes de conejo \se to be always snarling (i.e., person or animal that is always snarling) \ss ser gruñón (esto es, persona o animal que siempre está gruñiendo) \equivo tlankwi:stik \xrb tlan \xrb kwi:ts \nse <na>Tlankwi:ts</na> refers to a person with buck teeth who cannot close his mouth over his teeth. Occasionally the pronunciation <na>tlankwí:ts</na>, with final-syllable stress, has been noted. The plural form is <na>tlankwi:tsmeh</na> \apa tlakwi:stik \equivo tlakwi:stik \xrb tlan \xrb kwi:ts \ref 04238 \lxa mo:to \lxac mo:to \lxo mo:to \lxoc mo:to \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. <nao>mo:tomeh</nao> \se squirrel \ss ardilla; tuza \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb mo:to \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \cpl Various consultants gave the Spanish name <spn>tuza</spn>. \qry Check for final /h/ as in Molina one finds /mototli/, which suggests /h/. \ref 04239 \lxa popo:chko:ntli \lxac popo:chko:ntli \lxo po:chko:ni \lxoc po:chko:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se incense burner (essentially a round pot that is held with <spn>alambre recocido</spn>) \ss sahumerio (esencialmente una ollita que se sostiene con alambre recocido) \sem tool \equiva popo:chkahli \xrb po:ch \xrb ko:m \cfo po:chkaxitl \nse Ameyaltepec <na>Popo:chko:ntli</na> and <na>popo:chkahli</na> are synonyms. The incense burners of Ameyaltepec are bowlshaped and are held with a wire of <spn>alambre retorcido</spn>, a type of wire such as that used in fencing, from which the clay pot is hung. In Oapan, as well as the <no>po:chko:ni</no> there are also incense burners called <nla>kante:lah</nla>. They have three legs, one of which is extended like a long pot handle and which is grabbed by the person holding the pot. \nae The Oapan form <no>po:chko:ni</no> is not reduplicated. As Florencia Marcelino indicated, the reduplicated form, <no>pópo:chkó:ni</no> would indicate that it is not really an incense burner, that it is a sort of toy. The reason for the absence of the absolutive <n>-tli</n> ending and the presence of a final <n>i</n> is not clear. \nde Florencia Marcelino noted that <na>popo:chko:ntli</na> indicates (i.e., because of the reduplication) that it is not really an incense burner. \mod Illustration \ref 04240 \lxa te:nkaki \lxac kite:nkaki \lxo te:nkaki \lxoc kite:nkaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to recognize the voice of \ss reconocer la voz de \pna O:kite:nkak iburroh. \pea He recognized the sound (voice) of his donkey. \psa Reconocióla voz de su burro. \pna Xo:nikte:nkak a:kino:n. \pea I didn't recognize the voice of who it was. \psa No reconocíde quien era la voz. \xrb te:n \xrb kaki \grm Akinon: Note the use of /akinon/ in /Xo:nikte:nkak akinon/ 'I didn't recognize the voice of who it was.' Determine the grammatical description of such use. \ref 04241 \lxa to:nalika:xiw \lxac i:to:nalika:xiw \lxo to:náleká:xiw \lxoc i:to:náleká:xiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-posr-eh)-xiw \der N-xiw \infn N2 \pa yes \se close and good friend of or bossom-buddy of [possessor] \ss amigo bueno y cercano de [poseedor] \pna Yewa noto:nalika:xiw. \pea He is my close and good friend. \psa Es mi buen y cercano amigo. \se little child (boy or girl) that [possessor] likes \ss niño (o niña) chiquito que cae bien o es el consentido [al poseedor] \xrb to:na \nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants indicate that <na>to:nalika:xiw</na> refers to a relationship of close confidentiality between two adults. Others maintained that <na>to:nalika:xiw</na> references a child that the possessor likes and is attracted to, and wants to hold and play with. Finally, some speakers accepted both definitions. \nae The etymology of this term, which is not apparent from the Ameyaltepec form <na>to:nalika:xiw</na> is clarified by Oapan Nahuatl <no>to:náleká:xiw</no>. The pitch accent derives from an underlying coda {h}, in the possessor suffix <n>-eh</n> ; the <n>-ka:</n> syllable is the possessed ending for nominal constructions ending in <n>-wah</n> or <n>-eh</n> (e.g., <n>i:to:pi:lehka:w</n>). Thus in Ameyaltepec surface /i/ represents underlying {eh}. \ref 04242 \lxa teto:kioh \lxac teto:kioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \sea to be full of embedded rocks (e.g., a field) \ssa estar lleno de piedras enterradas (p. ej., un terreno) \pna Teto:kioh motla:l, pani xne:si tetl, kipia tlaitik. \pea Your land is full of embedded rock, on the surface the rocks can't be seen, they are inside (of the earth). \psa Tu terreno está lleno de piedras enterradas, no aparecen en la superficie, las tienen adentro (de la tierra). \xrb te \xrb to:ka \ref 04243 \lxa tla:lto:ka \lxac kitla:lto:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to place or bury in the ground \ss enterrar; meter abajo de la tierra \pna Niktla:lto:kas notomi:n ika ko:ntli. \pea I'll bury my money in a pot in the ground. \psa Voy a enterrar mi dinero en una olla. \pna Ye weka:wi, tomi:n kitla:lto:kayan ika ko:ntli. \pea A long time ago they used to bury money in the ground inside a pot. \psa Hace mucho tiempo enterraban dinero dentro de una olla. \se (refl.) to go deep into the ground (e.g., a plow) \ss (refl.) enterrarse, meterse por abajo de la tierra, tapándose (p. ej., la reja de un arado) \pna Notla:lto:ka moara:doh. Xkwahli tlasa:lohli, ke:n tlakpak notsi:nteketsa. \pea Your plowshare goes deep into the ground. It's not tied properly, it (the back) goes bucking up into the air (causing the point to enter too deeply into the earth). \psa La reja de tu arado se mete por debajo de la tierra. No está bien amarrada, la parte posterior va brincando (haciendo que la punta se vaya adentro de la tierra). \synao tla:lpachowa \xrb tla:l \xrb to:ka \dis to:ka; tla:lto:ka; tla:laktia \nse Apparently <nla>to:ka</nla> is restricted to planting and burying animate beings. For the action of placing something in the ground various other words are used. <na>Tla:lto:ka</na> is 'to bury,' in the sense of 'to cover (a material object) with earth.' And <nla>tla:laktia</nla> is apparently used for the placing of objects in the ground that at the same time appear above ground, such as posts or plants being transplanted. Thus the key differences seem to be as follows. <na>To:ka</na> is used for seeds (and animates) that are placed completely underground and that then sprout or germinate. <na>Tla:lto:ka</na> is used for material (inanimate) objects that are buried definitively in the ground. And <na>tla:laktia</na> is used for plants or material objects that are placed partially in the ground and partially above. \ref 04244 \lxa weyakia \lxac weyakia \lxo wiyakia \lxoa weyakia \lxof [wi ya 'ki a] \lxoc wiyakia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to grow long (e.g. hair); to get long (e.g., rope that is stretched) \ss crecer (haciéndose más largo, p. ej., cabello); alargarse (p. ej., un laso que se estira) \pna Oksepa weyakias motson. \pea Your hair will grow back long again. \psa Otra vez tu cabello va a quedar largo. \pna Yo:pe:w weyakia, ma:s weyakixtiw un i:loh. \pea It's started to get longer, that string is getting longer. \psa Ya empezó a hacerse más largo, ese hilo ya va alargándose. \xrb weya \ref 04245 \lxa tlatemachi:wtli \lxac tlatemachi:wtli \lxo tlatemachi:htli \lxoc tlatemachi:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \se measure (e.g., cloth, rope, a measured amount of an alcoholic drink being passed around in a bottle) \ss medida (p. ej., ropa, un laso, una cantidad medida de una bebida alcohólica que se bebe de la botella) \pna Xkoni se: tlatemachi:wtli! \pea Drink one measure! \psa ¡Tómate una medida! \se (<na>ye</na> (Am) / <no>i</no> (Oa) ~) measured (e.g., a particular area or material object) \ss (<na>ye</na> (Am) / <no>i</no> (Oa) ~) medido (p. ej. unaárea en particular o un objeto material) \pna Ye tlatemachi:wtli nosi:tioh. \pea My house lot is already measured. \psa Mi sitio ya está medido. \xrb tema \xrb chi:wa \vl Link second male token. \ref 04246 \lxa kwa:naka \lxac kwa:naka \lxo kwa:naka \lxoc kwa:naka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com V2-N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2);.dim. <nao>nokwa:nakatsi:n</nao> \se large hen that is of egg-laying age and ready to eat \ss gallina madura que está poniendo y se puede comer \cfa ichpo:chpió \cfo ichpo:chpiyo \encyctmp hens \xrb kwa: \xrb naka \ono pió(ichpo:chpió; ichpochpiótsi:n, kwa:naka; ichpo:chkwa:naka) \cpl The terms <na>pió</na> and <na>kwa:naka</na> refer to the same animal although the latter refers to a chicken ready to be eaten, already fattened, while the former is more generic and refers to hens in general. A young hen is also called <na>/ichpochpiotsi:n</na>. \qry Check plural. \ref 04247 \lxa tlawe:lki:xtia \lxac notlawe:lki:xtia \lxo tlawe:lki:xtia \lxoc notlawe:lki:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl. + <n>-pan</n>) to take ones rage or anger out on \ss (refl. + <n>-pan</n>) descargarse la ira contra \pna Mopan nimotlawe:lki:xti:s. San tli:mach yo:tikiitoh. \pea I'm going to take out my anger on you. You just said whatever thing occurred to you. \psa Voy a descarga mi ira en tí. Nada más dijiste cualquier cosa que se te ocurriera. \pna Kitsi:ntlatlatsi:ni:s ikone:w. Ke:n cho:kani, ipan notlawe:lki:sti:s. \pea He's going to give his child a spanking. He really cries a lot, he's going to take out his anger on him. \psa Le va a dar unas nalgadas a su hijo. Es un llorón, se va a descargar (el padre) su ira enél. \xrb tlawe:l \xrb ki:sa \ref 04248 \lxa mo:tla \lxac kimo:tla \lxo mo:tla \lxoc kimo:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to shoot (with a gun, arrow, etc.); to throw at or against, or to hit with (sth thrown such as a stone, plate, etc., that can be mentioned obliquely in an adjunct clause introduced by <nla>ika</nla>) \ss tirar (con un rifle, flecha, etc.); tirar a o aventar contra (con algo como una piedra, plato, etc., que puede mencionarse en una claúsula adjunta introducida por <nla>ika</nla>) \pna Timitsmo:tlas ika tetl. \pea I will throw a rock at you. \psa Te voy a tirar una piedra. \pna O:kimo:tlakeh un masa:tl. \pea They shot that deer. \psa Le tiraron a ese venado. \cfao tetlamo:tla \sem motion \sem contact \xrb mo:tla \xv1ao tlamo:tla \xvaao mo:chilia \nse In composition, i.e., with an incorporated noun stem, the verb <nao>mo:tla</nao> is usually found with a <n>te-</n> prefixed, e.g. <na>kwa:temo:tla</na>. \qry It will be important to use this as a test, i.e., the difference between /nitlatlamo:tlas/ and /nitlamomo:tlas/. In a notebook from Oapan I had the word /motlatok/ with no explanation. Check. \grm Reduplication; antipassive: /Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k (ika) wi:lo:meh/ 'I'm going to go hunting <na>huilotas</na> ' Note several things here. The first is that the reduplication is of the nonspecific prefix, and not the verbal stem. It will be important to use this as a test, i.e., the difference between /nitlatlamo:tlas/ and /nitlamomo:tlas/. Also important to note is the antipassive formation here: /nontlatlamo:tlas i:na:k/ika wi:lo:tl/. Here perhaps the problem with specific objects is clearer than other cases. Thus one may compare: /nikonmomo:tlas wi:lo:tl/ and /nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k/ika wi:lo:tl/. Note that in my notes I have written that either /ina:k/ or /ika/ is correct here to introduce the oblique. \ref 04249 \lxa yeleh \lxac yeleh \lxo yeleh \lxoc yeleh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se person who farts a lot \ss pedorro \pna On toba:leh ke:n yeleh. \pea Our friend really farts a lot. \psa Nuestro amigo es muy pedorro. \se something that causes farting \ss algo que causa pedos \xrb yel \ref 04250 \lxa í:dolos \lxac í:dolos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ídolo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se prehispanic figurine \ss figura prehispánica \pna O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya. \pea The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be poor. \psa Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No lo vas a creer, pero antes estaba muy pobre. \equivo temunye:kos \ref 04251 \lxa kuw \lxac kuw \lxo koh \lxoc koh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \se shit! \ss ¡chin! \pna Ka:n tiaw ma:noh Jo:seh, kuw! \pea Where're you going bud? Shit! \psa ¿A dónde vas, hermano? !chin¡ \sem Gender: male \xrb kow \nse This word or interjection is not from Ameyaltepec but rather Oapan. Each village has its own type of interjection. In San Juan <na>kwitl</na>, in Oapan <no>kow</no> for men, and <no>pi</no> or <no>se</no>, which are used by women. In Ameyaltepec the most common words are <na>a:rah</na> or <na>ara:joh</na>, in San Miguel <n>bah</n>, and in Ahuehuepan <n>awe:boh</n>. Ameyaltepequeños will use <na>kuh</na> when passing a Oapaneco on the road, adding <na>ma:noh</na> ('señor,' originally from Spanish <spn>hermano</spn>) and <na>jo:seh</na> ('buddy,' given that Ameyaltepequeños joke that all Oapan men are named Joséand the women María). Literally <na>kuh</na> is the apocopated form of <na>kuhtli</na>, 'penis.' Note that in general interjections are used without the absolutive ending, cf. San Juan Tetelcingo <n>kwitl</n> for <n>kwitlatl</n>, 'excrement.' \pqry Get precise phonetics of Oapan /kow!/ and Am. \ref 04252 \lxa tetontia \lxac kitetontia \lxo tetontia \lxoc kitetontia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to place a prop or support (such as a bundle of cloth or a blanket) at the side of (to prevent movement) \ss colocar algo (como una bola de tela o una cobija) al lado de (para evitar movimiento) \pna Xtetonti, ma:ka wa:lwetsis! \pea Place something at its side (e.g., a sleeping child, a drunk) so that he doesn't fall off (e.g., the bed) onto the ground! \psa ¡Colócale algo a su lado (p. ej., un niño durmiendo, un borracho) para que no se caiga (p. ej., de la cama) al suelo! \xrb te \xrb ton \nse The only documented use of <na>tetontia</na> is in the illustrative phrase of this entry. Both the etymology and the precise meaning are still not certain. Thus it is not clear whether only cloth or similar objects can be used to effect the action, or whether any type of prop is acceptable. \nae The etymology of <nao>tetontia</nao> is not entirely clear, but it may derive from what in Classical Nahuatl was <n>tetontli</n> 'piedra pequeña' (Molina), having been metaphorically extended to include proppings of all types, not simply of small stones. \ref 04253 \lxa kwalka:ntipan \lxac kwalka:ntipan \lxo kwalka:ntipan \lxoa kwalka:ntipah \lxoc kwalka:ntipah, kwalka:ntipan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1(loc) \se the following day in the morning; in the early morning \ss el día siguiente en la mañana; a buen hora \pna Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:ntipan. \pea You will help me tomorrow in the morning. \psa Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. \cfao kwa:lka:n \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n; -tipan \nse In many respects <na>kwalka:n</na> and <na>kwalka:ntipan</na> are synonyms. However, it seems that the latter is used more exclusively to refer to 'tomorrow in the morning' whereas the former can be used more generally to refer simply to 'in the morning'. Thus <nao>kwalka:n</nao> has a more adverbial function whereas <nao>kwalka:ntipan</nao> is perhaps more nominal. However, the two forms need to be further checked. \qry The above notes might be an erroneous assumption; check the possibility of /momo:stla kwalka:ntipan tekiti/, etc. In general check the meaning of /-tipan/ forms. Apparently /kwalka:ntipan/ refers to the time, i.e., 'during the early morning of tomorrow.' Cf. /kwalka:n/. \vl Link the female form where the aspiration is clearest, I think this is the second token. \ref 04254 \lxa pepecho:ltia \lxac kipepecho:ltia \lxo pepecho:ltia \lxoc kipepecho:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[wi] \tran from nondirected alternation \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to bring together (one animate being to another, as a male donkey brought to impregnate a female donkey) \ss juntar; acercar (un ser animado a otro, como un burro llevado a impregnar a una burra) \pna Un ne:nkah toba:leh kipepecho:lti:s noburri:toh itech iburrah, ma chi:chi iwa:n iburri:toh. \pea That friend of ours over there will take my little donkey over to his female donkey (who is nursing) so that it (my donkey) will nurse alongside his. \psa Este amigo va a acerca a mi burrito a su burra para que amamante con el suyo. \xrb pech \qry Determine the difference between the nondirected transitive /-pepechowa/ and the causative formation /-pepecho:ltia/. My first inclination is to suggest that the first is used with inanimate and the second with animates that can have a will or volitionality of their own. This should be checked. \grm Transitivity: There are several verbs, very few however, that manifest a difference between nondirected alternation for transitivity and morphologically marked causativity. One is /a:poso:ni/, which seems to have /a:poso:nia/ and /a:poso:naltia/, apparently with no difference in meaning (though this should be checked). Another is /pepechiwi/, which has both /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/. I have not directly inquired of speakers the difference between /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/, but I have only heard /pepecho:ltia/ used in reference to placing an animate being close to another (even though forms such as /xmopepechokan/ can be used for animates (e.g., in this phrase 'place yourself close together'). Thus a strict animate vs. inanimate distinction is not entirely (if at all) correct. Note, finally, that if the use of /-ltia/ involves animates, this would explain forms sch as /-tsikwi:naltia/, etc. \ref 04255 \lxa yo:lka:tsi:n \lxac yo:lka:tsi:n \lxo yo:lka:tsi:n \lxoc yo:lka:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se small animal (such as insects and small lizards) \ss animalito (como insectos y lagartijas) \cfao yo:lki \xrb yo:l \qry Check all possible referents of /yo:lka:tsi:n/. \ref 04256 \lxa chikino:lowa \lxac kichikino:lowa \lxo chikino:lowa \lxoc kichikino:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to bend (e.g., a strip of metal in a circle to mold cheese; wood for a round cradle, <na>chitatli</na> (Am)); to make crooked \ss doblar; encorvar (p. ej., una tira de metal en un círculo para moldear queso; una varita para hacer una cuña, <na>chitatli</na>); enchuecar \se (refl.) to bend over backwards, arching the back \ss (refl.) doblarse hacia atrás, haciendo un arco con la espalda \pna Xmochikino:lo -=xmono:lo-! \pea Bend over backwards arching your back! \psa ¡Dóblate hacia atrás, haciendo una curva con la espalda! \pna Ma:ka xmochikino:lo para mokwitlapan! \pea Don't arch your back! \psa ¡No te arquees por la espalda! \syna chikitolowa \encystmp body positions \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \nse Whereas <na>chikino:lowa</na> is used for the action of bending backwards, for that of bending over forward <na>pachowa</na> is used: <na>Xmopacho</na>. \mod See illustration; illustration /chikino:ltik/, etc. \ref 04257 \lxa teteilpi \lxac teteilpi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea see <nla>teteilpia</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>teteilpia</nla> \syno tesa:liwi \xrb lpi \links2 teteilpia: link to intransitive form 3977 \ref 04258 \lxa tla:lwa:hka:pan \lxac tla:lwa:hka:pan \lxo tla:lwa:hka:pan \lxoa tla:lwa:hka:pah \lxoc tla:lwa:hka:pah, tla:lwa:hka:pan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-Rel \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1 \se dry earth; land (as opposed to sea) \ss tierra seca; (tierra, y no mar) \pna Xi:pan tla:lwa:hka:pan. \pea It isn't on dry earth. \psa No está sobre tierra seca. \xrb tla:l \xrb wa: \xrl -pan \vl Check, female token ends in /h/, male in /n/. \ref 04259 \lxa tlako:wtli \lxac tlako:wtli \lxo tlako:htli \lxoc tlako:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \se something bought \ss algo comprado \pna Tla:hli tlako:wtli. \pea It is land that is bought (i.e., not inherited). \psa Es terreno comprado (esto es, no legado). \xrb ko:wa \ref 04260 \lxa tlate:ma \lxac tlate:ma \lxo tlate:ma \lxoc tlate:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \se to fill up (containers, usually <spn>peroles</spn> or water jugs with water, o racks of soda, exchanging empty bottles for full ones) \ss llenar (recipientes como peroles o cántaros con agua, o rejas de refresco, cambiando envases vacíos por unos llenos) \xrb te:m \xbtlao te:ma \vl Repeated several times, all tokens are valid expressions of this word. \ref 04261 \lxa a:ltika:yoh \lxac xna:ltika:yoh \lxo á:ltiká:yoh \lxoc xná:ltiká:yoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl.) \aff Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) \se (<n>x</n> + refl.) unbathed \ss (<n>x</n> + refl.) no bañado \pna Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh. \pea You (pl) are not cleanly bathed. You have dirty heads. \psa No están ustedes bien bañados. Tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras. \xrb a: \qry Although I have not checked in this present case, in other similar words ending in /ka:yoh/ apparently there is a tendency for them to be used in the negative; check to see if this is a necessary condition. Cf. also forms such as /xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh/ or similar phrases. \grm Mention this form in the grammar. Also all should be coded and an explanation given in the coding manual that these are listed in the basic affirmative form. Note also that from /xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh/ that the negative marker is phrasal and may not occur next to the participial form. Note that it may take a reflexive morphology. \ref 04262 \lxa nakatl \lxac nakatl \lxo nakatl \lxoc nakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se (alienable possession) meat \ss (posesión enajenable) carne \se (intrinsic possession) flesh (of ones body) \ss (posesión intrínseca) carne del cuerpo \pna Kipiainakayo. \pea It has flesh (e.g., a bone that still has flesh). \psa Tiene carne (p. ej., un hueso que todavía tiene carne, que es carnoso). \xrb naka \ref 04263 \lxa te:nweyak \lxac te:nweyak \lxo te:nwiyak \lxoc te:nwiyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \se to have a long narrow snout (various animals such as pigs, dogs, etc.) \ss tener el hocico largo y angosto (varios tipos de animales como marranos, perros, etc.) \pna Te:nweyak un pitso. \pea That pig has a long, narrow snout. \psa Ese marrano tiene el hocico largo y angosto. \se to have a long jaw (e.g., the <na>Pila:toh</na> mask for <na>Mo:ros Chi:nos</na>) \ss tener la mandíbula larga (p. ej., la máscara de <na>pila:toh</na> para <na>Mo:ros chi:nos</na>) \cfao te:nyekapistik \xrb te:n \xrb weya \nse Even though the <na>Pila:toh</na> mask has a long beard, <na>te:nweyak</na> and not <na>te:ntsonweyak</na> is used, apparently because the beard is of wood and hangs down in one piece. \mod Illustrate Pila:toh mask or connect to. \grm Plural; deadjectival adjectives: /-tik/: There is a long discussion of what the plural of this form would be. Inocencio Jiménez first gives /te:nwe:weyakeh/. I believe that the first vowel of the modifier is long, but this is not entirely clear. But Florencia Marcelino then states that /xniweli/, basically meaning 'I'm not familiar with it (this form)'. And /xma:s kaman 'kaki/ 'I haven't heard it much.' She then offers /te:nteweweyaktikeh/. Note the use of the adjectivalizing /-tik/ on top of an adjectival form. \ref 04264 \lxa teposkakayo:tl \lxac teposkakayo:tl \lxo teposkakayo:tl \lxoc teposkakayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se type of small flying insect still unidentified \ss tipo de insecto pequeño que vuela, todavía no identificado \pna Teposkakayo:tl, tsatsi ne:, ipan sie:rrah. Na:nika kwa:k xkiawi, no: tsatsi kama:ntika, pero kwa:kon, ye kiawis. \pea The <na>teposkakayo:tl</na>, it makes its noise there, in the sierra. Here (around the village), when it doesn't rain it is also occasionally heard, but then it is about to rain. \psa El <na>teposkakayo:tl</na>, hace su ruido allá, en la sierra. Acá (cerca del pueblo), cuando no llueve también a veces grita, pero entonces ya va a llover. \sem animal \sem insect \cfao kakayo:tl \xrb tepos \xrb kayo: \cpl There is another named insect, the <nla>kakayo:tl</nla> that seems to have many of the characteristics of the <na>teposkakayo:tl</na>. They might be variants of the same species, or even different names for the same animal. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 04265 \lxa sa: \lxac sa: koxtok \lxo sa: \lxoc sa: koxtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se just (usually in reference to sth that is in a waning or reduced state: sb's health, an event drawing to a close, etc.) \ss nomás (generalmente en referencia a un estado decayendo o en decadencia: la salud de algn, un evento que llega a su término, etc.) \pna Sa: tepe:ixko u:nkah to:nahli. \pea The sun is now just above horizon (at dusk and about to disappear). \psa El sol está nomás justamente arriba del horizonte (al atardecer y a punto de ponerse). \pna Sa: pa:pastiw, yo:tla:wa:n. \pea He is just going along with small, uneven steps, he's gotten drunk. \psa Ya no más anda con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya se emborrachó. \pna Sa: tepapa:totik, xok wel nenemi, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea He is just barely able to walk (with slow, deliberate steps), he can't walk anymore, he's already an old man. \psa Ya camina con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya no puede caminar (bien), ya es viejo. \pna Nomi:l sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, yo:ne:chtlan, yo:wa:k. \pea My cornfield is just turning reddish, it got the better of me, it's dried up. \psa Mi milpa se está quedando rojizo, me ganó, se secó. \pna Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok. \pea Go take a look at your milpa! It's just turning all red, it's already drying up. \psa ¡Ve a ver tu milpa! Estánomás quedándose rojo, ya se está secando. \pna Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh. \pea Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come. \psa Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden (en este caso los ladrones) venir. \pna Sa: noltektok, xok weli tlato:hli. \pea He's reduced to just wheezing, he can't talk anymore. \psa Estáreducido a resollar, ya no puede con palabras. \pna Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok. \pea My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power). \psa Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás da una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas) \se just (in reference to an incipient state or a state or action that the speaker minimizes, through the use of <nao>sa:</nao>) \ss apenas; simplemente (en referencia a un estado incipiente o un estado o acción que el hablante desea minimizar al utilizar <nao>sa:</nao>) \pna Newa naxtopa, yewa sa: tlatoka. \pea I'm the firstborn, he just follows (though he is not necessarily the last born) \psa Soy el primogénito,él nomás sigue (aunque no es necesariamente elúltimo en nacer). \pna Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh. \pea He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group). \psa Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte). \pna Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol. \pea It's clear that you don't have anything, you are in ruin (i.e., so don't brag or talk big). \psa Es claro que no tienes nada, estás en la ruina (por eso, no debes andar jactando). \pna Puro sa: ika chi:hli de wa:ktli tihkwa:s. \pea You will eat it just with chile huajillo. \psa Te lo vas a comer nada más con chile huajillo. \pna Niá:s Xa:litlah sa: ipan burroh. \pea I'm going to Xalitla just on donkey. \psa Voy a Xalitla en burro nada más. \pna Ma:ka sa: ihkón xne:chto:ka:yo:ti! \src DT 8:281 \pea Don't call me by that name anymore! \psa ¡No me llames así! \se only (in reference to an event that rarely occurs) \ss solamente; nada más (en referencia a un evento que sucede nada más de vez en cuando) \pna Sa: ipan yeko. \pea It only affects him every once in a while (in this case fits of madness that come upon and affect a particular individual) \psa Solamente le afecta de vez en cuando (en este caso la locura que a ratos llega a afectar una persona en particular) \se (~ [with impersonal verb]) all over; completely (<nao>sa:</nao> in this context is used to indicate that the impersonal event is occurring all over, that it is generalized) \ss (~ [con verbo impersonal]) completamente; por todos lados (<nao>sa:</nao> se utiliza en este contexto para indicar que el evento impersonal sucede en todos lados, que es generalizado) \pna Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl. \pea The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot. The water has been left very shallow. \psa Estábrincando con peces por todos lados. Hay muchos. El agua se quedómuy poca profunda. \se (~ <na>chika</na>) always indeed; indeed incessantly or all the time (used to indicate an element of surprise or marvel on the part of the speaker that a certain event occurs once and again) \ss (~ <na>chika</na>) de veras en seguida o a cada rato, sin cesar (indica un elemento de sorpresa o maravilla por parte del hablante que un evento ocurra repetidas veces) \pna Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli. \pea Your burro is indeed always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. That's no good. \psa En seguida se le cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno. \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \pna Sa: chika tine:chihlia timitswi:kilia. Bah! timistlaxtla:wili:s! \pea Really, you don't stop mentioning that I owe you money. Hey! I'm going to pay you! \psa No dejas de mencionar que te debo dinero.¡Híjole!¡Te voy a pagar! \se (<na>ma:s sa: mela:k</na>) straighter; more direct \ss (<na>ma:s sa: mela:k</na>) más derecho \pna Ma:s sa: mela:k ka:n tiaweh. \pea The way we are going is more direct. \psa Es más derecho por donde vamos. \se (<na>ma:s sa: kimich</na>) more recent \ss (<na>ma:s sa: mela:k</na>) más reciente \pna Yewa ma:s sa: kemech. \pea That is more recent. \psa Ese es más reciente. \se (~ <na>ke:n</na>) without a doubt (generally in response to an assertion) \ss (~ <na>ke:n</na>) sin duda (generalmente en respuesta a una aseveración) \seo (~ <no>i ya:</no>) the last time \sso (~ <no>i ya:</no>) laúltima vez \pno ¿Kamano:n sa: i ya: o:tieka? \peo When was the last time that you went? \pso ¿Cuándo fue laúltima vez que te fuiste? \cfao san \xrb sa: \nse Note that the meaning of <na>sa:</na> as something that is near the end is made clear by comparing <na>sa: tepe:ixko onkah to:nahli</na>, which refers only to dusk, to <na>kimich tepe:ixko onkah to:nahli</na>, which refers only to dawn. For a fuller explanation of the meaning and use of this word, see the entry under <nlao>san</nlao>. \qry Note, i.e., check that /sa: ihkón/ contrasts with /sayhkón/. \qry Recheck /ma:s sa: mela:k/ and /ma:s sa: kimich/ for the correctness of /sa:/ rather than ?/san/. \grm Antipassive; impersonal: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl/ 'The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot. The water has been left very shallow.' Note that in many previous notes I have discussed the antipassive form in Nahuatl. In these cases the /tla-/ prefix is used with a transitive verb in order to detransitivize and omit the patient, which is still, given the nature of the verb, implied. Thus /tlakwa/ does imply a patient: that which is eaten. In such cases the patient may be obliquely expressed: /nitlakwa ika yetl/. Parallel to this construction is one in which the subject is backgrounded or eliminated through the use of the /tla-/ (or -lo) impersonal. Again in these cases it is possible to express the subject obliquely, as in the example phrase: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl/ has a backgrounded subject in this impersonal passive; the clause /ika michin/ in effect re presents the subject obliquelely. \ref 04266 \lxa masa:nakatl \lxac masa:nakatl \lxo masa:nakatl \lxoc masa:nakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se venison; deer meat \ss carne de venado \pna Yaw ne: ipan, ipan pwe:bloh. Konamaka un masa:nakatl. \src LLGT \pea He would go there to, to the village. There he would sell venison. \psa Iba allá para, para el pueblo. Allívendía carne de venado. \xrb masa: \xrb naka \ref 04267 \lxa akopilowa \lxac kakopilowa \lxo ákopilówa \lxop akopilowa \lxoc kákopilówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to hang up (by the feet or neck) \ss colgar (por los pies o el cuello) \pna Ne: xkonakopilo, ma yestemo! \pea Go hang it up there so that the blood flows down (in this case a chicken hung up upside-down, to be eaten later, so that the blood flows to its head)! \psa ¡Ve a colgarlo, que se baje la sangre (en este caso una gallina colgada arriba-abajo para que la sangre baje a su cabeza para que después se coma)! \pna Yo:nikakopiloh se: un tópio para tihkwa:skeh. \pea I've hung up (upside-down in this case) one of our hens (after breaking its neck) so that we can eat it. \psa He colgado una de nuestra gallinas (cabeza abajo, después de haberle roto el cuello) para que la podemos comer. \seao (refl.) to hang upside down (e.g., a bat, whip-poor-will, a monkey, children in playing, etc.) \ssao (refl.) colgar boca abajo (p. ej., un muciélago, poxacuate, un chango, niños al jugar, etc.) \sea to tie upright and in a stretched out vertical position (an animal such as a dog by the neck, with its feet on the ground so that it can't lie down) \ssa colgar o amarrar en posición vertical (un animal como un perro por el cuello, estirado hacia arriba con los pies en el suelo para que estéparado en puntas) \pna Nikimakopilowa:ya nokone:wa:n. Xkipia itlakakilis. \pea I used to tie my children up by their necks. They aren't obedient. \psa Solía amarrar a mis hijos del cuello. No obedecen. \pna Xkakopilo motskwin! \pea Tie your dog up high (by the neck so that it can't lie down; for example, near a milpa so that the dogs barking scares off animals)! \psa ¡Amarra a tu perro estirándolo para arriba (por el cuello para que no se pueda acostar; por ejemplo, a la orilla de una milpa para que ladre y ahuyente a los animales). \pna O:nika:piloh notskwin para ma tlayawato. Ke:n ne:xtlakwa:lia yo:lka:tsi:n. \pea I tied my dog up by the neck (so that he couldn't lie down) so that he would be barking. Animals have really eaten my milpa. \psa Amarré a mi perro por el cuello (para que no se pudiera acostar) para que estuviera ladrando. Los animales me han comido la milpa. \xrb ahko \xrb pil \dis ahkopilowa; pilowa \pqry This and other words beginning with /ahko/ at times have been recorded with a long vowel, and at times with a short vowel. They should all be rechecked: /a:koita/, /a:koki:sa/, /a:kopilowa/, /a:kotlachia/ and /a:kotoka/. However, all words with the root /ahko/ should be checked for initial vowel length. Also, cf. cognates in San Juan Tetelcingo and Oapan for /h/ and unusual stresIndeed, all have at least occasionally been recorded with a long initial /a:/ except /akukwi/ which is consistently short. For /a:kopilowa/ I have rechecked and determined that the initial /a:/ is indeed long. Note that the variation between /ako/ and /a:ko/ perhaps indicates a suppletive process similar to derivatives with /mah/ and /ma:/. Check and perhaps rewrite canonical head entries. The length of the first vowel in the Oapan Nahuatl tokens are 69 and 78 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 79 and 81 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. \mod Add entry under /yestemowa/ and /tlakakilistli/. \grm Note lack of number agreement in the example: /Nikima:kopilowa:ya nokone:wan. Xkipia itlakakilis/. This is a common occurrence and this particular one should be commented on re: number agreement. \ref 04268 \lxa tsopilote:rah \lxac tsopilote:rah \lxo tsopilote:rah \lxoc tsopilote:rah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>tsopi:lo:</n> \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao part of a house with a ceramic tile roof, the main beam that runs alongside the <nla>kabaye:teh</nla> \ssao parte de una casa con techo de teja, la viga principal que corre por donde está el <nla>kabaye:teh</nla> \seo tie beam: in a zacate or palm-roofed house, the small"beam,"usually made of rods from the inside of the cactus called <nla>tlapextli</nla>, that are bundled together in a roll and placed so that they run along at the very top of the house, above the part called <nla>kaltsonko</nla> \sso caballete, en una casa de palma o zacate la"viga", a menudo hecho de una racima de varas de lo interior de un tipo de cactus llamado <na>tlapextli</na>, que corre por donde los dos lados del techo se juntan, arriba de la parte conocida como <nla>kaltsonko</nla> \sem construct-part \encyctmp kahli \xrb tsopi:lo: \nse The meaning of this term and <nla>kabaye:teh</nla> is unclear. According to Ameyaltepec consultants the <na>tsopilote:rah</na> is the beam that in a house with a tile roof runs alongside the <spn>caballete</spn>. In turn, the <na>kabaye:teh</na> (a borrowing from Spanish) is, for Ameyaltepequeños consulted, only found alone in a thatched roof hut or along with the <na>tsopilote:rah</na> in a tile roof house. However, according to the Oapanecos consulted, the only term used (for both the thatched and tile roofed houses) is <no>tsopilote:rah</no>. However, this all needs to be more carefully investigated. \nae The vowel length on this word does not follow that expected from Nahuatl, probably because it is a reborrowing from Spanish, perhaps regionalized Spanish. \qry The file card with this term did not have vowel length marked, so it should be checked, as the partial borrowing might alter the Nahuatl vowels. Also question why this name, and get Spanish equivalent. Perhpas this is so called because it is where the /tsopi:lo:tl/ might alight? Cf. illustration under /kahli/ and Fld 1984-04-29.1 \pqry Recheck the vowel length of the Ameyaltepec forms. It might be that vowel length is added through analogy to the Sp. or Nahuatl forms of this word. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of Oapan /tsopilote:rah/ from 6267 that should be tagged here. \ref 04269 \lxa tlanekilistli \lxac tlanekilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \sea (<na>ika -tlanekilis</na>) desire; will \ssa (<na>ika -tlanekilis</na>) voluntad; deseo \pna Un suwa:tl umpa tlaka:wtli, yewa itekiw, ika itlanekilis. \pea That woman is that way, it's her character, it's her will (e.g., to do sth like she does). \psa Así es esa mujer, es su caracter, es con su voluntad (p. ej., que lo hace así). \pna Nopan yo:yekok tlanekilistli, nikwelita un ne:nkah suwa:tl. \pea Desire has overtaken me, I like the looks of that woman. \psa El deseo me ha llegado, me gusta esa mujer. \pna Xo:kichi:w ika itlanekilis. \pea He didn't do it voluntarily. \psa No lo hizo voluntariamente. \xrb neki \qry For the problems with this phrase and definition, see /tlaka:wtli/. \ref 04270 \lxa matsa:nkihli \lxaa matsa:nkihli \lxac matsa:nkihli \lxo mátsa:nkíhli \lxoc mátsa:nkíhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-S \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes \se generic name for a weed of the Asteraceae family, which includes two species: <na>matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio</na> (Am) and <na>matsa:nkihli de kostik i:xo:chio</na> \ss nombre genérico de una maleza de la familia Asteraceae, que incluye dos especies: <na>matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio</na> (Am) and <na>matsa:nkihli de kostik i:xo:chio</na> (Am) \pna <na>Matsa:nkihli</na> | Xiwtli, kikwa burroh, pitso. \src Gabriel de la Cruz \pea <na>Matsa:nkihli</na> : It is a plant, burros and pigs eat it. \psa <na>Matsa:nkihli</na> : Es una planta, la come los burros y los marranos. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb matsa:n \xrb kil \nct xiwtli \mod Determine how to classify the root /-kihli/ as well as the morphology (i.e. is /-kihli/ a N or a S. Also, for the above word determine the meaning of /matsan/ and its morphological status. \ref 04271 \lxa a:xi:xpal \lxac a:xi:xpal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-N-pal \der N-loc-2 \sea to be a person who urinates a lot \ssa ser un meón; ser alguien que orina mucho \syna a:xi:xaleh \syno a:xi:xtewe:i \syno a:xi:xte:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrl -pal \ref 04272 \lxa wiwiyoka \lxaa uwiyoka \lxac wiwiyoka \lxo wiwiyoka \lxoc wiwiyoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to tremble rapidly (e.g., the leg of a person bearing a heavy weight, ones body from the cold, etc.) \ss temblarse rapidamente (p. ej., la pierna de algn que está soportando algo muy pesado, el cuerpo por el frío, etc.) \pna Uwiyoka fle:chah kwa:k tlikwi imoto:r. \pea The bus trembles when its engine is turned on. \psa Tiembla el camión cuando se prende su motor. \xrb wiyo: \xvnao wiyo:ni \nse <na>Uwiyoka</na> refers only to a very rapid shaking or trembling, not to the movement back and form of things such as tables and chairs that have legs of uneven length. For this, the reduplicated form of <nla>wiyo:ni</nla> is used. \dis wiwiyoka; kwekwetlaka; momoyoka; tsitsilka \qry Cf. Gram 1985 06-10.1 \ref 04273 \lxa tsatsati \lxac tsatsati \lxo tsatsati \lxoc tsatsati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become deaf; to become poor of hearing \ss quedar sordo; ensordecer; quedar medio sordo \pna O:nitsatsatka. \pea I had lost my hearing (but this is no longer the case). \psa Había dejado de poder oír (pero ya no es así). \xrb tsa \xvcao tsatsatilia \qry For all V1-d-ti verbs, check for causatives. Also, for all 4b verbs, check tense/aspect for Am and Oa. \vl Florencia Marcelino first says /tsatsatik/. She then starts correctly the sequence of 4 tokens of /tsatsati/. Link /tsatsatik/ to ref. 7687. Link second male token. \ref 04274 \lxa tlatlatsi:naltia \lxac tlatlatsi:naltia \lxo tlatlatsi:naltia \lxoc tlatlatsi:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \se to incubate (a fowl or bird its chicks) \ss empollar; incubar (un ave o pájaro, hasta hacer nacer su cría) \pna Yo:pe:w tlatlatsi:naltia no pió. \pea My hen has started to hatch her eggs (i.e., she has been incubating them for some time y now they are being born). \psa Mi gallina ya empezó a empollar a su cría (esto es, empezó y ahora están naciendo) \xrb tlatsi: \xbtlao tlatsi:naltia \nse It is not clear whether <na>tlatlatsi:naltia</na> refers to the entire process of incubating eggs, from laying them till hatching, or only to the final stage during which they hatch. The verb is a causative of <nao>tlatsi:ni</nao> 'to hatch' with a null complement <n>tla-</n> that refers to the understood, or culturally specified, object: the eggs of a fowl or lizard. \ono fowl/birth \qry Check to determine whether form with specific object occurs, /kitlatsi:naltia/. Also, do a page on birds and hatching. \ref 04275 \lxa tsotsokolowa \lxac kitsotsokolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to pockmark the surface of \ss llenar la superficie de con pequeños agujeros y depresiones poco profundos \pna Kitetsotsokolowa imetlapil para sana:man tlapaya:nas. Yo:petsiw. \pea She pockmarks the surface of her <nla>metlapihli</nla> so that it grinds up (the <nla>nextamahli</nla>) right away. It's gotten smooth. \psa Marca la superficie de su metlapile con pequeños agujeros y depresiones para que luego luego muela (al nixtamal). Se había quedado liso. \sem distort-surface \cfo koyo:nia \xrb tsokol \nde To date no cognate forms have been documented from other dialects. \qry Check for intransitive. \ref 04276 \lxa chaya:wa \lxac kichaya:wa \lxo choya:wa \lxoc kichoya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to disperse or distribute (things among people) \ss distribuir (cosas entre gente) \pna Nikchaya:was, nikte:ma:makas. Te:pan chaya:wis. \pea I'm going to disperse it, I'm going to give it out to people bit by bit. It will get distributed among people. \psa Lo voy a distribuir, se lo voy a dar a la gente parte por parte. Serádistribuido entre la gente. \pna Xikchaya:wa! Xikte:ma:maka! \pea Distribute it! Give it out to people (e.g., in portions given separately perhaps bread given to friends and relatives, house by house)! \psa ¡Distribúyelo!¡Dáselo a la gente (p. ej., en porciones dadas separadamente, como pan distribuido a amigos y parientes, casa por casa). \pna Nikchaya:was notlayo:l. \pea I will distribute my maize (giving a little to various people). \psa Voy a distribuir mi maíz (dando un poquito a varias personas). \se to dissipate (smoke or other similar substances) \ss disipar; hacer desvanecer (humo u otras substancias parecidas) \pna Yo:kichaya:w yeyekatl un po:ktli. \pea The wind dissipated the smoke. \psa El viento dispersó ese humo. \se to scatter or spread out (items on the ground) \ss extender o desparramar (cosas que están sobre el suelo) \se (<na>wa:lchaya:wa</na> (Am) / <no>wa:hchaya:wa</no> (Oa) to scatter or spill from a height to the ground (objects, not liquids, that are spilled without any particular order) \ss (<na>wa:lchaya:wa</na> (Am) / <no>wa:hchaya:wa</no> (Oa) regar o tirar de arriba hacia el suelo (objetos materiales, no líquidos, que están tirados sin ningún orden) \pna O:pe:w notsi:nketsa, o:pe:w tlauwelowa. Kwa:lchachaya:wtiw notlikow. \pea It's started to buck (e.g., a mule), it's started to make things come apart (in this case a load of firewood tied onto the animal). It's coming along scattering my firewood onto the ground. \psa Ya empezó a encabritar, ya empezó a deshacer las cosas (en este caso la atadura o la carga de leña). Viene regando mi leña al suelo. \xrb chaya: \nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz (Am) <na>chaya:wa</na> differs from <na>tepe:wa</na> in that the former, besides referring to the distribution of things in several places and among various individuals, is used to refer to something that is piled on the ground, e.g. seeds piled up, and then knocked over and spread. However, <na>tepe:wi</na> is used to refer to refer to scattering with more of a purpose, e.g., someone taking seeds in their hand and scattering them on the ground. \mod In /ono distinguish: /chaya:wa/, /toya:wa/, /moya:wa/, /tepe:wia/, /chapa:nia/ and other similar words \ref 04277 \lxa tlatetso:lowa \lxac tlatetso:lowa \lxo tlatetso:lowa \lxoc tlatetso:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to spread or put fruit out to dry in the sun \ss poner o extender fruta en el sol para que se reseque \flao tso:liwi \xrb tso:l \xbtla tso:lowa \vl Note that first Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez give four tokens (two each) of /tlate:tsolowa/ (the /e:/ is long and the /o/ is short). This was a mistaken in the elicitation and should be assigned number 7688. Then they give the correct form /tlatetso:lowa/ (short /e/ and long /o:/). These is the final set of 4 tokens. These are the ones that should be numbered 4277. \ref 04278 \lxa pi:si:ltik \lxac pi:si:ltik \lxo pi:si:ltik \lxoc pi:si:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be finely knit or woven; to be tightly stiched; to be close together (e.g., stiching on cloth, the mesh of a net) \ss ser fino; estar apretado; estar cerrado (p. ej., una puntada de algo cosido, el tejido de una red) \pna Pi:si:ltik moa:yaw. \pea Your <nla>a:ya:tl</nla> is finely woven (with small openings between the strands). \psa Tu ayate está tejido muy finamente (con aperturas muy pequeñas). \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik! \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching! \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, necesitas hacerlo con puntadas finas. \pna Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik! \pea Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch! \psa ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta! \pna Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos! \pea Sew it for me finely, don't just baste it! \psa ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada, no lo vayas a simplemente hilvanar! \se to be highly detailed (e.g., a painting, particularly an ink drawing, with the lines drawn close together) \ss ser muy detallado (p. ej., un dibujo, particularmente de tinta china, con las líneas muy finas y cerradas) \se to be light or fine (e.g., a drizzle, mist, etc.) \ss ser ligero (p. ej., una llovizna, bruma, etc.) \se to be finely ground (particularly referring to <spn>masa</spn> ground very fine by placing the <nla>metlapihli</nla> down with each stroke very close to the previous one, and near the end of the metate) \ss estar molida muy fina (particularmente masa molida muy finamente al bajar la mano del metate sobre el metate cada vez muy cerca a donde tocó el metate la vez anterior, colocando cada empujón casi al final del metate) \pna Pi:si:ltik xkasi para kwahli ki:sas totopoxtli! \pea Grind it (<spn>masa</spn>) very finely so that the <nla>totopoxtli</nla> comes out well! \psa ¡Muélela (la masa) muy fina para que los totopos salgan bien! \xrb pi:si:l \nse In the phrase <na>Pi:si:ltik xkasi para kwahli ki:sas totopoxtli</na>, the action referred to is one of placing the <na>metlapihli</na> near the edge of the metate and pushing off the <spn>masa</spn> in very small and fine strips so that the <na>totopoxtli</na> is thin and has ridges close together as they come off the metate. \nde Classical Nahuatl has several lexemes with this root. Thus Molina has the following: <n>piciliui</n> 'hacerse menudo lo que era gruesso y redondo'; <n>piciloa. nitla</n> 'desbastar o achicar cosas grandes y redondas'; and <n>piciltic</n> 'cosas menudas, assi como chinas o aljosar.' \qry Check to determine if verb /pi:si:liwi/ exists; it does in Classical. Recheck first vowel lenght. FK has short vowels reported in Tetelcingo and Zacapoaxtla. Check final vowel length in /tikso:sos/. \vl The dynamic range of the female tokens are very low, apparently under 5,000. For this reason they may not have segmented and need to be segmented by hand. I have extracted these sound files and can give them to you. \ref 04279 \lxa yo:kolia \lxac kiyo:kolia \lxo yo:kilia \lxoc kiyo:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \infv class-2a \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \se to provoke (an event or occurrence); to cause to happen; to do on purpose \ss provocar; causar (que algo sucede); hacer al propósito \pna O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh. \pea He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it. \psa Dejóque (su milpa) se llenara de maleza. Le sembrómucho;él lo provocó, no lo limpió. \pna O:tikyo:kolih, o:tikwa:ltlakal. \pea You caused it to happen, you knocked it to the ground. \psa Tu lo causaste, lo tiraste al suelo. \pna O:wetsiko, pero san o:tikyo:kolih. O:tikma:niye:w. \pea It fell to the ground but you caused it to happen. You let it slip out of your hand. \psa Se cayó al suelo pero tu lo causaste. Dejaste que se te fuera de la mano. \pna O:tikyo:kolih wan yewa melá:k o:misteloh. \pea You provoked him and he really socked you one. \psa Lo provocaste yél de veras te golpeó. \pna O:mistlaxtekilikeh pero o:tikyo:kolih. O:tka:w motomi:n ka:n nochimeh o:kitakeh. \pea You got robbed but you brought it about. You left your money where they all saw it. \psa Te robaron pero lo provocaste. Dejaste tu dinero donde todos lo vieron. \pna O:kichinoh sakayoh, o:kiyo:kolih. \pea He set the field of grass ablaze, he did it on purpose (i.e., the blaze did not start accidently, as it sometimes does). \psa Incendió el campo de zacate, lo hizo a propósito (esto es, el incendio no se prendiópor accidente, como a veces sucede). \pna Gri:ngas melá:k mitsyo:kolian. Tla:kanekin. \pea American women (<spn>gringas</spn>) really provoke you. They desire men (as sexual partners, i.e., they are sexually aggressive). \psa Gringas de veras te provokan. Quieren a los hombres (como parejas sexuales, esto es, son agresivas sexualmente). \pna On toba:leh yewa te:yo:kolia. \pea Our friend there provokes people (i.e., he starts or instigates things, picking fights, insulting people, etc.). \psa Nuestro amigo provoca a la gente (esto es, empieza los problemas al buscar pleitos, insultar gente, etc.). \se (refl.) to bring (sth) upon oneself \ss (refl.) traer a si mismo (una desgracia) \pna Pero o:timoyo:kolih. Tle:ka a:sta ihkón o:titlai:k. \pea But you brought it upon yourself. Why did you drink that much alcohol? \psa Pero tu mismo te buscaste esta desgracia.¿Por quétomaste tanto alcohol? \xrb yo:ko \xv2a tlayo:kolia \xv2o tlayo:kilia \nae The argument structure of <na>yo:kolia</na> is not entirely certain given the existence of monovalent <nla>tlayo:koya</nla> and divalent <nla>tlayo:kilia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlayo:kolia</nlo> (Oa), which suggest that <nao>yo:kolia</nao> might be a semantically ditransitive verb that takes a complement, i.e., the event that takes places (in the example <na>O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh</na> this would be the overgrowing of the field, with the primary object being the field itself). \ref 04280 \lxa yekapanawia \lxac kiyekapanawia \lxo yekapanawia \lxof [ye ka pa na 'wi a] \lxoc kiyekapanawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to take the lead (in terms of leading the way in decisions) \ss tomar la delantera (en cuanto a las decisiones) \pna Kiyekapanawia ikone:w, yewa kineki kimatis. \pea His child is taking the lead, he wants to make the decisions. \psa Su hijo toma la delantera,él quere hacer las decisiones. \xrb yeka \xrb pana \nse Luis Lucena indicated that <na>yekapanawia</na> is not used in the physical sense of passing by someone rapidly as they walk or run. \qry Check to determine if the figurative sense given here is the only one for /yekapanawia/. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04281 \lxa nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \lxac nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \lxo nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \lxoc nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3d(ti) \se to have or get pimples on one's tongue \ss salirsele granitos en la lengua a uno \xrb nene \xrb pi:l \xrb tso:tso: \nse <nao>Nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</nao> refers, in particular, to the pimples that form on ones tongue from eating certain foods, such as things that are very sweet. \nae The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem <nao>nenepi:l</nao> is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of <no>nenepi:l</no> in <no>nenepi:hli</no> and in <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no> for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for <no>nenepi:hli</no> and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for <no>nenepi:hli</no> and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for <no>nenepi:hli</no>) and 251 and 229 (for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for <no>nenepi:hli</no>) and 223 and 217 for (for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>). Of course this represents the figu res for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of"compressing"of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages. \pqry The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem <nao>nenepi:l</nao> is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of <no>nenepi:l</no> in <no>nenepi:hli</no> and in <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no> for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for <no>nenepi:hli</no> and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for <no>nenepi:hli</no> and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for <no>nenepi:hli</no>) and 251 and 229 (for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for <no>nenepi:hli</no>) and 223 and 217 for (for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>). Of course this represents the figu res for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of"compressing"of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages. \grm Phonetics; vowel duration: The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem <nao>nenepi:l</nao> is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of <no>nenepi:l</no> in <no>nenepi:hli</no> and in <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no> for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for <no>nenepi:hli</no> and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for <no>nenepi:hli</no> and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for <no>nenepi:hli</no>) and 251 and 229 (for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for <no>nenepi:hli</no>) and 223 and 217 for (for <no>nenepi:ltso:tso:ti</no>). Of cour se this repr esents the figures for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of"compressing"of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages. \ref 04282 \lxa tlawe:hloh \lxac tlawe:hloh \lxo tlawe:hloh \lxoc tlawe:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se place that is full of contention or dispute (a situation or action that can lead to eavy disputes); place in which hatred and malicious feelings abound \ss lugar contencioso (una situación o acción que puede causar problemas); lugar donde se provoca odio y sentimientos maliciosos \pna Tewa xkitili. Deke tikpe:walti:s para tihkwi:li:s tli:n kitlasotlatok, yewa tlawe:hloh. \pea Consider carefully if you are going to initiate action to take away from him something that he cares for a lot. It is an issue that can be highly contentious \psa ¡Considéralo bien si vas a iniciar acción para quitarle lo que estima mucho. Es algo muy contencioso (que puede causar muchos problemas y enojo). \xrb tlawe:l \qry Check if this applies only to situations, or to people (or animals) also. \ref 04283 \lxa temana \lxac temana \lxo temana \lxoc temana \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \tran +Spec \infv class-3a \se to set stones in a line (particularly the action of removing stones from the plow's path and placing them between the maize plants so that they aren't thrown up against the plants as the plow passes along the furrow) \ss poner piedras en línea (particularmente la acción de quitar las piedras de donde va a pasar el arado y ponerlas entre las matas de maíz para que al pasar el arado no se avienten contra las plantas) \pna Mo:stla temanalo:s. \pea Tomorrow people will set the stones in piles between the corn plants. \psa Mañana la gente va a amontonar las piedras entre las matas de maíz. \pna A:man o:niktemanato nomi:ltsi:n. \pea Today I went to set the stones in piles between my maize plants. \psa Hoy fui a amontonar las piedras entre las matas de maíz de mi milpa. \pna Temanalo, kitla:tla:lian tetl ipan surkoh. \pea Stones are being set in a row, they are placing stones one by one on the mound between the maize plants. \psa Se están colocando piedras en fila, están poniendo piedras una por una en el surco (entre las matas de maíz). \xrb te \xrb man \nse My notes for Ameyaltepec indicate that <na>temana</na> refers only to the setting of stones in-between the corn plants of a field. The intransitive is used to refer to the act itself; the transitive when one wishes to indicate a specific field where the activity was carried out. \qry Check other contexts in which /temana/ can be used. \ref 04284 \lxa xoya:wi \lxac xoya:wi \lxo choya:wi \lxoc choya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to die down; to become reduced (swelling); to become disinflamed (skin inflation or swelling) \ss desinflamar; bajar (parte de la piel hinchada, la barriga llena, etc.) \pna A:man yo:xoya:w ka:n tili:ntoya, xok a:sta ihkón tili:ntok. \pea Now the swelling has gone down, it's no longer as swollen as it was. \psa Ahora ha bajado la inflamación, ya no está tan hinchado. \se to diminish (the quantity of sth, particularly sth that literally or figuratively can be piled up, like sth swollen) \ss disminuir (la cantidad de algo, particularmente algo que puede ser, literal o figurativeamente amontonado, como algo hinchado) \pna Yo:xoya:w itomi:n. \pea His wealth has been diminished. \psa Ya se disminuyósu riqueza. \se to have ones belly cave in (from not having eaten, i.e., to be famished) \ss quedarsele eléstomago vacío y disminuido en tamaño (por no haber comido) \pna Yo:nixoya:w, oksepa ye na:pismiki. \pea My belly's caved in, I'm hungry again. \psa Se me quedó el estómago vacío, ya tengo hambre otra vez. \xrb xoya: \nse <na>Xoya:wi</na> refers to the reduction in the physical the size of things, such as swelling that goes down or ones belly as it caves in from hunger. It can also refer to a water level that decreases, or to tasks that are reduced as they get done. Thus the general significance seems to be the reduction in size of things that are swollen or, literally or figuratively, piled up. When the subject is an animate it refers to the sinking in of the flanks or belly from hunger. \nae Although Oapan Nahuatl does show some interesting phonological changes (e.g., <nlo>komitetl</nlo> for Ameyaltepec <nla>omitl</nla> and <nlo>tla:ltsa:watl</nlo> for Ameyaltepec <nla>tla:lsa:watl</nla>), some of which are predictable by general phonological rule, the change of /x/ to /ch/ at the beginning of <no>choya:wi</no> is not predictable. \pqry Note x>ch in the form /choya:wi/. This is not a general process for /x/-initial words. \grm Oapan phonology: changes from fricatives to affricates in Oapan is not unusual. Although Oapan Nahuatl does show some interesting phonological changes (e.g., <nlo>komitetl</nlo> for Ameyaltepec <nla>omitl</nla> and <nlo>tla:ltsa:watl</nlo> for Ameyaltepec <nla>tla:lsa:watl</nla>), some of which are predictable by general phonological rule, the change of /x/ to /ch/ at the beginning of <no>choya:wi</no> is not predictable. \ref 04285 \lxa te:tlayo:koli:hli \lxac te:tlayo:koli:hli \lxo te:tlayo:kili:hli \lxoc te:tlayo:kili:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se gift \ss regalo \pna San te:tlayo:koli:hli. \pea It is just a gift. \psa Es solamente un regalo. \xrb yo:koya \pqry My original notes have a long penultimate /i:/. The acoustic data from Oapan seems to confirm this. Also check the fact that the verbal form is /tlayo:kilia/ in Ameyaltepec (but /tlayo:kolia/ in Oapan) whereas the nominalization has the /o/. \ref 04286 \lxa i:xpa:lakachiwi \lxac i:xpa:lakachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to have ones head wobble, bob, or droop (literally and physically) \ssa tambalearsele la cabeza (a algn, físicamente) \pna Yo:pe:w i:xpa:lakachiwtok. Ye tla:wa:ntok. \pea His head has started to wobble around. He's already drunk. \psa Ya se le empezó a tambalear la cabeza. Ya está borracho. \sea for ones head to spin or reel \ssa tener la cabeza dando vueltas; estar atarantado \sem motion \xrb i:x \xrb palakach \qry Elicit other words with /palaka-/. \rt It would seem that this root is divisible. Note that neither /palakachiwi/ nor any similar sounding word is in RS. But cf. words such as /malakatl/, /ilakatsiwi/, /wi:laka/, etc. that all seem to have something to do with twisting, turning, going off to the side, etc. \ref 04287 \lxa ikwech kuwatl \lxac ikwech kuwatl \lxo i:wech kowatl \lxoc i:wech kowatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se snake's rattle \ss cascabel de serpiente \se design of woven palm in the shape of a snake's rattle, used on Palm Sunday \ss diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el cascabel de serpiente, para Domingo de Ramos \pna Wel kichichi:wa so:ya:tl ke:n ikwech kuwatl. \pea He can weave palm like the rattle of a snake. \psa Puede tejer palma como la cascabel de una serpiente. \equivo i:a:yakach kowatl \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \xrb kwech \xrb kowa \mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. \pqry Check the phonetics of the second female token, particularly the final /a/. \ref 04288 \lxa tsaya:nia \lxac kitsaya:nia \lxo tsaya:nia \lxoc kitsaya:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \tran Compl \se to fracture; to split (e.g., wood) \ss rajar; partir; fracturar \pna Kitsaya:nia itlikuw ika a:chah. \pea He splits his firewood with an axe. \psa Parte su leña con una hacha. \dis tlapa:na; tsaya:nia \xrb tsaya: \qry Note that although in other entries I have noted that /tsaya:ni/ refers to a fissure or crack that does not go all the way through an object, here, in /kitsaya:nia itlikuh/ the implication is of totally splitting the wood. Cf. /kitlapa:na itlikuh/ from /kitsaya:na itlikuh/. \ref 04289 \lxa kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \lxac kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \sea type of grain storage bin made from upright rods covered with mud \ssa tipo de troje hecha de varas colocadas verticalmente y cubiertas con lodo \encyctmp kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \xrb akaw \xrb pi:l \nse The <na>kweskomatl de a:kawtla:lpi:hli</na> are usually small, and sometimes may even be built inside a house. For making a <na>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</na>, see entry under <nla>sokimatilowa</nla>. This is also called <na>kweskomatl de a:kwatlapi:stli</na>. \pqry Check length of first /a/ of /a:kwatli/. If short correct here and in all entries with /a:kawtli/. \ref 04290 \lxa ka:soliwi \lxac ka:soliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to be hunched over (often from illness), with ones arms tight to ones side \ss estar encogido (a menudo de una enfermedad), con los brazos pegados al cuerpo \pna Sa: tika:soliwtok. Tikwa:lo. \pea You are just hunched over with your arms tight to your side. You are sick. \psa Estás nomás encogido con los brazos pegados al cuerpo. Estás enfermo. \pna Sa: ka:ka:soliwtiw un wi:lo:tl pa:mpa o:kimo:tlakeh. \pea That <spn>huilota</spn> is going along in pain with its wings hunched up because it got hit (e.g., by sb shooting a slighshot). \psa Esa huilota va encogido de dolor con sus alas arqueadas porque lo tiraron (p. ej., con una resortera). \xrb ka:sol \nse <na>Ka:soliwi</na> is used to indicate that the subject is stiff and hurting, with the superior limps (or wings) slightly raised and extended out from the body. With people it indicates a position with the shoulders raised and the arms slightly raised and bowed out from the side of the body. \mod Apparently the wrong word was recorded here. /kakasoliwi/. Recheck and if necessary make a separate recording. \qry This verb should be rechecked. In my original entry I had /ka:soliwi/ with a long /a:/ and next to /tika:soliwtok/ I had written"=tika:kasoliwtok"Thus check whether root /a/ is short. Cf. to /kakasoliwi/ entry meaning 'to be light.' Cf. also /ka:ka:liwi/. Also, comparative dialect study is necessary in order to determine whether there is an underlying {h}. \vl It seems like I made an error here. The tokens are definitely /kakasoliwi/, which is ref. 6121. Thus the four tokens here should be tagged as 06121,"c"and"d"tokens for each speaker. \ref 04291 \lxa a:wiska:n \lxaa a:uska:n \lxac a:wiska:n \lxo á:wiská:n \lxoc á:wiská:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \pss Adv \der Adv-pl \infn N1(loc) \se everywhere; in all places and directions \ss por todos lados o lugares; en todas direcciones \pna A:wiska:n nemi \pea He's all over the place (i.e., he can't stay put, in one place). \psa Estápor todos lados (esto es, no puede quedarse en un solo lugar). \pna A:wiska:n tlatlachia. \pea He glances all over the place. \psa Mira por todos lados. \xrb a:wis \xrl -ka:n \nse This word is used, it seems, to indicate actions such as that of a child who goes from one place to another, or a person who, scared (or perhaps looking for something to rob) looks all around <na>a:wiska:n tlatlachia</na>. Some pronounce this word <na>a:uska:n</na>. \nae The pitch accent in the Oapan headword is apparently from reduplication of the initial syllable (reflective of the semantics of this lexeme). Since a surface pitch accented long vowel might result from reduplication on any of a series of underlying sequences, {a:}, {a}, or {ah}, it is not clear that the underlying vowel is simply from Oapan Nahuatl phonology. For now (20 March 2002) the underlying vowel has been considered to be long (based in part on the fact that my original notes from Ameyaltepec, which must be checked, indicate a long initial vowel). \qry Check in the phrase <na>a:wiska:n tlatlachia</na> whether the first /a/ in /tlatlachia/ should be long: /tla:tlachia/. \sj Check /a:wiska:n/ for /h/. \ref 04292 \lxa chi:ltlako:lo:hli \lxac chi:ltlako:lo:hli \lxo chi:ltlako:lo:hli \lxoc chi:ltlako:lo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se a <nlao>tlako:lo:hli</nlao> (inclined hill of poor terrain to steep to be plowed) hand-planted with chile \ss un tlacolol sembrado a mano con chile \encyctmp tla:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb tlako:l \ref 04293 \lxa koyotsa \lxac kikoyotsa \lxo tékoyótsa \lxop tekoyotsa \lxoc kitékoyótsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> (Am); Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes \se to drag and pull along, scraping along the ground (both animates and material objects, although with animates the implication is that it is forcibly done) \ss arrastrar y jalar sobre la tierra, para que se vaya raspando (se aplica tanto a objetos materiales y a seres animados, aunque con losúltimos implica que se hace involuntariamente) \pna Mistekoyotsas. \pea He's going to pull and drag you along. \psa Va a irte arrastrando. \pna Kikoyotsa wistli para tlakorra:lti:s. \pea He is dragging along branches of thorns to make fencing. \psa Está arrastrando varas de espinas para hacer una cerca. \pna Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika! Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k! \pea Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk who has lost consciousness)! Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun! \psa ¡Jálalo para acá (en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento)!¡Trá elo acá donde hay sombra, ya quedómuy pegado por el sol! \cfo tékoyóka \dis koyotsa; techwila:na \xrb koyo -?- \nae Although the vowel length of <nao>koyotsa</nao> is distinct from that of <nao>koyo:tl</nao> there might be a relation. There remains a difficulty in determining the underlyng form and the root of this lexeme. It would seem that the initial <n>té-</n> syllable of the Oapan form represents a lexicalized <n>te-</n> ; the pitch accent that it carries, however, is apparently not the reflex of reduplication, given that the /é/ is definitely short. The only other possible explanation for the pitch accent, other than reduplication, is a coda {h} in the verbal stem. If this were the case, the stem would have to be either {kohyo} or {koyoh}. From the information at hand there is no way to determine which is the case and no relevant cognate forms have been found in other dialects. However, information from San Juan Tetelcingo might clarify the matter. \qry The verb refers to the action of pulling (apparently only a person or animal, check to see if it can also apply to things) along, dragging; if a person or animal, the implication is that this occurs against the person or animal's will, forcefully. \sj Check for presence of /h/ which would explain the pitch accent. \ref 04294 \lxa to:to:lasi:toh \lxac to:to:lasi:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>lasito</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea thin fibrous twine of <nla>rrea:lixtli</nla> used in snares for catching <nla>wi:lo:tl</nla> \ssa delgado cordón de fibra hecha de <nla>rrea:lixtli</nla> que se emplea en trampas para <nla>wi:lo:tl</nla> \sem tool \xrb to:to: \ilustmp Make and photograph. \ref 04295 \lxa tsatsa \lxac tsatsa \lxo tsatsa \lxoc tsatsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be deaf \ss ser sordo \pna Titsatsa, xtlah tihkaki. \pea You are deaf, you don't hear anything. \psa Eres sordo, no escuchas nada. \xrb tsa \ref 04296 \lxa te:na:miki \lxac kite:na:miki \lxo te:na:miki \lxoc kite:na:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to bring ones lips to an object (such as a saint or cross), bowing in a reverential kiss \ss acercar los labios a un objeto (como a un santo o una cruz), inclinándose ligeramente en un beso reverencial \se to be a good fit (a top or stopper, i.e., sth that goes in or on the"lips"of an object) \ss quedar justamente bien de tamaño (un tapón, esto es, algo que se mete o se pone sobre los"labios"de un objeto) \pna San kwahli kite:na:miki ite:ntsahka. \pea It's top fits in perfectly. \psa Su tapón le queda justo. \xrb te:n \xrb na:miki \xv1ao tlate:na:miki \nse In the sense of"to bring ones lips to an object, bowing in a reverential kiss,"one does not necessarily make ones lips actually kiss or even meet the object. Rather, the action is one of reverence and devotion, the lowering of the head and bringing ones lips close to the revered object. \pqry Note that acoustically the [n] does not seem longer than one would expect from a single /n/, even though underlyingly there is an {nn} sequence. However, the following long /a:/ seems to have an unusually long duration, much longer than I would have expected. The duration of the same /a:/ in other cases of /na:miki/ should be researched. \grm Phonetics; phonology: Note re: Oapan /te:na:miki/: Note that acoustically the [n] does not seem longer than one would expect from a single /n/, even though underlyingly there is an {nn} sequence. However, the following long /a:/ seems to have an unusually long duration, much longer than I would have expected. The duration of the same /a:/ in other cases of /na:miki/ should be researched. The /e:/ and /a:/ have the following durations. For Florencia Marcelino 122 + 142, 117 + 147. For Inocencio Jiménez: 104 + 113, 91 + 125. \ref 04297 \lxa kamatlatlata \lxac kikamatlatlata \lxo kamá:tlatá \lxop kamá:tlata \lxoc kikamá:tlatá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se to observe carefully, to stare intently at (sb) while (he or she is) eating \ss observar detenidamente a (sb) mientras que (él o ella) come \pna Ne:chkamatlatlastok, no: kikwa:sneki. \pea He's staring at me while I'm eating, he also wants to eat it. \psa Se está fijando en lo que estoy comiendo, también se lo quiere comer. \cfa tlatlata \cfo tlátlatá \xrb kama \xrb hta \nse The verb <na>kamatlatlata</na> (Am) represents the incorporation of a nominal stem on the verb <na>tlatlata</na>, underlyingly {tlah + tla + (i)ta}. The middle <n>tla-</n> is the nonspecific object prefix in a modifying (i.e., non-valency reducing) function. This incorporated prefix is then reduplicated (the reduplicant is <n>tlah-</n>). In Oapan Nahuatl the reduplicant is realized as vowel lengthening and pitch accent on the final light (short-voweled) syllable of the preceding incorporated noun. This is the nominal root <nr>kama-</nr> in a further non-valency reducing incorporation, indicating the place at which the action (staring) occurs: the mouth. This verb may refer to watching a person eat, watching very carefully in order to see that the other person does not eat too much, or because one is interested in what the person is consuming. \grm Noun incorporation: /kamatlatlata/: The verb <na>kamatlatlata</na> (Am) represents the incorporation of a nominal stem on the verb <na>tlatlata</na>, underlyingly {tlah + tla + (i)ta}. The middle <n>tla-</n> is the nonspecific object prefix in a modifying (i.e., non-valency reducing) function. This incorporated prefix is then reduplicated (the reduplicant is <n>tlah-</n>). Then, the nominal root <nr>kama-</nr> in a further non-valency reducing incorporation, indicating the place at which the action (staring) occurs: the mouth. This verb may refer to watching a person eat, watching very carefully in order to see that the other person does not eat too much, or because one is interested in what the person is consuming. \ref 04298 \lxa kone:tl \lxac kone:tl \lxo kone:tl \lxoc kone:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se child; offspring (of a person or animal) \ss niño; cría (de una persona o animal) \pna Nankitaskeh nokone:wa:n. \pea You will see it, my children. \psa Lo van a ver, mis hijos. \seo offshoot (of a tree, i.e,. that which gives birth to the offshoots) \sso retoño (de unárbol, esto es, de donde nacen los retoños) \pno Yon na:nkah san te:kone:w, me:ro na:ntli katka yo:ntsontek. \peo The ones that are here are just offshoots, the trunk itself (of a tree) I have already chopped down. \pso Los que aquíestán son puros retoños, el que era el mero tronco, ya lo tumbé. \seao (possessed in reference to a metate) pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate \ssao (poseído referencia a un metate) la mano de metate \se (<nao>kone:tsi:ntli</nao>) very small and young child, recently born \ss (<nao>kone:tsi:ntli</nao>) niñito o cría muy pequeño, recién nacido \se (<nao>kone:tsi:ntli</nao>) fetus \ss (<nao>kone:tsi:ntli</nao>) fetu \cfa suwa:kone:tl; kichkone:tl \sem age \xrb kone: \nse <nao>Kone:tl</nao> is unmarked for gender. Although the plural of <nao>kone:tl</nao> is irregular: <nao>ko:koneh</nao> a very few times in Ameyaltepec I have heard <na>kone:meh</na>. The"rolling pin"of the metate is referred to, more so in Oapan than Ameyaltepec, as <no>i:kone:w</no> Oa, as for instance in <no>toma:wak i:kone:w</no> 'its"rolling pin"is thick (and thus, e.g., no good for making <nlo>totopoxtli</nlo>) \nae In Oapan Nahuatl, at least, the length of the final vowel, /e:/, is of unusually long duration. \pqry Check lengths of long vowels in final closed syllable sequences: CV:C. Here the /e:/ is quite long. Florencia Marcelino has a vowel of 213 and 192 ms in her two tokens. Inocencio Jiménez has vowels that are 176 and 175 ms. \qry Check to see what else might be referred to by /kone:tl/. \grm Phonology: The problem of measuring vowel length in final CVC syllables needs to be explored. In /kone:tl/, however, the two tokens of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest lengths of 213 and 192 ms for the former, and 176 and 175 ms for the latter. \ref 04299 \lxa tsi:nwekaliwi \lxac tsi:nwekaliwi \lxo tsí:nwakalíwi \lxop tsi:nwakaliwi \lxoc tsí:nwakalíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se for a hollow to form in the bottom or lower section (of something like a ledge constantly battered by water, etc.) \ss formarse un hueco en la parte inferior (de algo como un risco que se golpea constantemente por el agua) \src DT #7: 564 \pna Yo:yah a:sta ne:. Yo:tsi:nwekaliw pa:mpa koyo:ntiw, xiti:ntiw. Xiti:ntiw ya na:n ke:itlah kaltsi:ntli o:noka:w. \pea It went (was formed) up to there (i.e., a given depth). A hollow was formed at the bottom as it went along over time getting opened up, over time it crumbled down. It went crumbling along and here something like a little hollowed-out shelter was left behind. \psa Se fue hasta allá (p. ej., de profundidad). Se hizo un hueco en la parte inferior porque se iba agujereando, se iba desmorronando. Se iba desmorronando y aquíse quedó algo como una casita (esto es, un hueco como un alberguecito). \xrb tsi:n \xrb wahkal \ref 04300 \lxa tamaliswatl \lxac tamaliswatl \lxo tamaliswatl \lxoc tamaliswatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo green corn leaves used to wrap tamals \sso verdes hojas de maíz utilizadas para envolver tamales \equiva iswatamahli \xrb swa \xrb tamal \nse In Ameyaltepec the cognate is <na>iswatamahli</na>, which interestingly reverses the order of the noun roots. \grm In Oapan the cognate is <na>tamaliswatl</na>, which interestingly reverses the order of the noun roots. Note also that instead of <na>teki</na> with an analytically expressed patient, in Oapan the compound <na>tamaliswapi(s(k)eh)</na> is used. (The vowel length of the final /i/ in the Oapan form is uncertain (<na>-pis(k)eh</na> or <na>-pi:s(k)eh</na>), but it may be long from the verb /-pi:/. Re: the order of /tamal/ and /iswa/, the point might be made that this confirms Mithune's observation that the meaning of compounding is entirely determined by convention (her example of 'alligator shoes'). This is a good reason for multidialect studies. \ref 04301 \lxa tli:mach \lxac tli:mach \lxo tli:mach \lxoc tli:mach \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se (<na>san</na> ~) just whatever thing \ss (<na>san</na> ~) cualquier cosa \pna O:ne:chamanka:kwi:tih, san tli:mach o:ne:chihlih \pea He annoyed me, he just said whatever he felt like to me. \psa Me hizo enfadar, me dijo cualquier cosa que se le ocurriera. \pna San tli:mach yo:kichi:w. \pea He just did whatever (occurred to him). \psa Hizo cualquier cosa (que se le ocurrió). \pna Mopan nimotlawe:lki:xti:s, san tli:mach yo:tikiitoh. \pea I'm going to take out my anger on you, you just said whatever thing occurred to you. \psa Me voy a descarga mi ira en tí, nada más dijiste cualquier cosa que se te ocurriera. \se (<nao>san</nao> <na>tli:maxtsitsi:n</na> (Am) or <no>tlátlamáxtsi:n</no> (Oa)) odds and ends; small things of little value (e.g., goods such as fruit, candies, candles, etc., being sold by an itinerant merchant) \ss (<nao>san</nao> <na>tli:maxtsitsi:n</na> (Am) o <no>tlátlamáxtsi:n</no> (Oa)) cositas sueltas sin mucho valor (p. ej., fruta, dulces, velitas, etc., vendidos por un vendedor ambulante); chucherías \pna Kipia miák tli:maxtsitsi:n. \pea He has a lot of little odds and ends. \psa Tiene muchas chucherías. \xrb tli:n \xrb mach \nse <nao>Tli:mach</nao> is usually found following <nao>san</nao>. It implies a series of things or actions that have little value or positive effect. Florencia Marcelino gave the etymology of this word as <no>tli:non</no> plus the borrowing <no>ma:s</no>, as in <no>tli:non mas</no>, though the roots seem to be clearly prehispanic and Nahuatl in their entirety. It is documented three times in Carochi: <n>Inìqua:c mochi:uhticàMissa,àmo ninoteo:chi:hua,ça:çan tleinmach niquìilnamiqui</n> 'en tiempo de Missa no reço, sino que me diuierto en mil disparatadas imaginaciones' (Lockhart, p. 422); <n>tleinmach tiquìtoa?</n> 'que es lo que suele dezir el Español: quéDiablos dizes?' (Lockhart, p. 424); and <n>Tleinmào:tinechmìtlanililìin màcamo niman o:nintitznotl camachtî?</n> 'quécosa me ha pedido V. m. en que yo no le aya obedecido al punto?' (Lockhart, p. 452). The Classical reference or use that is closest to Guerrero Nahuatl is that in the first two utterances. Thus the translation 'qué Diablos dizes?' seems to refer to the fact that the spoken words in question are without"rhyme or reason' that they are just whatever comes to mind or, as the previous sentence indicates 'mil disparatadas' (a thousand foolish things). In the example sentences phrases like <na>san tli:mach yo:tikiitoh</na> are very close to Carochi's documented usages. \nae The word <nao>tli:mach</nao> is often found reduplicated. However, it is interesting that the pattern of reduplication is quite distinct in the two dialects. Thus Ameyaltepec reduplicates the diminutive ending, yielding <na>tli:maxtsitsi:n</na>. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the stem that is reduplicated, with a change in the stem vowel, yielding <no>tlátlamáxtsi:n</no>. The motive for this variation is unclear, yet it reveals that any simple blanket statement of a"Nahuatl"grammar of reduplication faces the problems of interdialect variation. \qry Check Oapan whether /tlátlamáxtsi:n/ is possible as /tlítli:máxtsi:n/. If the equivalence is correct, then create a separate"pointing entry"for Oa /tlátlamáxtsi:n/. \grm Reduplication: The word <nao>tli:mach</nao> is often found reduplicated. However, it is interesting that the pattern of reduplication is quite distinct in the two dialects. Thus Ameyaltepec reduplicates the diminutive ending, yielding <na>tli:maxtsitsi:n</na>. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the stem that is reduplicated, yielding <no>tlátlamáxtsi:n</no>. The motive for this variation is unclear, yet it reveals that any simple blanket statement of a"Nahuatl"grammar of reduplication faces the problems of interdialect variation. \vl Check vowel /i/ in /tli:mach/ and cf. to 3256 where Oapan has /tlamach/. \ref 04302 \lxa machistia \lxac kimachistia \lxo machistia \lxoc kimachistia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to make known to \ss hacer saber a \pna O:kite:machistih, nochi kite:ihlia. \pea He made it known, he tells everything. \psa Se lo hizo saber a la gente, todo lo plactica. \nse In Oapan, at least, this verb is used most often used to indicate the conveyance of information about the elopement of a daughter: <no>o:kimachistikeh ya: o:choloh i:chpo:ch</no>. \nae The form <no>machistilia</no> was not accepted by several Oapan speakers and is apparently not a correct form, at least in this village. Cf. <nlao>kakistilia</nlao>. \xrb mati \ref 04303 \lxa teki:xkitl \lxac teki:xkitl \lxo tei:xkitl \lxoc tei:xkitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-? \infn Stem 2 \seao tequesquite, a naturally occurring carbonate of soda that, ground up, is added to atole, beans, and other foods to help them cook faster \ssao tequesquite; un mineral natural con carbonato sódico que, hecha polvo, se agrega a atole, frijoles y otros guisados para ayudar a que se cuezcan más rápido \sem stone \xrb teki:xki \nse When found in nature, <na>teki:xkitl</na> is a powdery rock that can be easily crumbled. \rt The etymology of <na>teki:xkitl</na> is not altogether clear; FK suggests a derivation from <n>te-</n> 'stone' and a nominalized participial of <na>ki:sa</na>. For now the root <na>teki:xki</na> has been left undivided. \vl The recording level was so low for the female that it will probably have to be corrected by hand. \ref 04304 \lxa nenepoch \lxac nenepoch \lxo nenepoch \lxoc nenepoch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have a lisp, or a speech impediment that impedes good pronounciation \ss tener un siseo, hasta que sea difícil hablar y pronunciar bien \apao nenepoxtik \equiva kamanenepoch \equiva kamanenepoxtik \equivo kamanenepoch \equivo tláto:lnenépoch \xrb nene \xrb poch \nse The plural of <nao>nenepoch</nao> is <nao>nenepochmeh</nao>, which perhaps suggests an analysis as a nominal. \nae The etymology of <na>nenepoch</na> is unclear, but it probably includes the same element <na>nene</na> that is found in <na>nenepi:hli</na> 'tongue,' and perhaps <na>poch</na>, which would be related to the same sequence in verbs like <na>pochi:ni</na> 'to become fuzzy (like cotton).' \ref 04305 \lxa te:ka \lxac kite:ka \lxo te:ka \lxoc kite:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to pour (a liquid); to serve by pouring (e.g., soup) \ss verter (un líquido); servir (vírtiendo un líquido como caldo). \src DT1:328 \pna Umpa kite:kan a:tl \pea They pour water into it over there. \psa Allále echan agua adentro. \pna Xte:ka ka:ldoh! \pea Serve the clear soup! \psa ¡Sirve el caldo! \pna Xte:ka -=xikxelo- a:tl ipan a:ko:ntli! \pea Pour water into that large earthenware water vessel! \psa ¡Echale agua a esa tinaja de barro! \se (refl.) to lie down (particularly animals, in order to rest or sleep) \ss (refl.) echarse (particularmente animales, para descansar o dormir) \pna Xwel note:ka un chichi. \pea That dog can't lie down. \psa Ese perro no se puede echar. \pna Note:katiki:sa moburroh. O:kiyeti:ka:mat tli:n o:tma:maltih. \pea In the middle of the route, your burro has lied down on the ground to rest. Whatever you loaded was too heavy for him. \psa A medio camino se echa tu burro en el suelo. Sintiópesado lo que le cargaste encima. \pna Yo:note:kak, ye kochi. \pea He has already lied down, he is already asleep. \psa Ya se acostó, ya duerme. \se to lay or hold horizontally; to place in a flat horizontal position (e.g., a machete when cutting down bushes) \ss inclinar horizontalmente (p. ej., un machete al cortar arbustos) \pna Ma:ka xteketsa, xte:ka -=xpexte:ka- mowitso:k! \pea Don't hold your <nla>witso:ktli</nla> upright, incline it horizontally (e.g., when weeding, so that the blade enters the ground at a low angle)! \psa No mantengas tu espátula (<nla>witso:ktli</nla>) en posición vertical, acuéstalo horizontalmente (p. ej., al limpiar la milpa de hierba, colocándola para que la hoja entre la tierra a unángulo muy cerrado)! \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <nla>tarabi:yah</nla> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo (en este caso al no jalar fuerte a una tarabilla)!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \se (refl.) to give birth (to lie down to give birth and recuperate afterward) \ss (refl.) dar a luz (acostarse para dar a luz y recuperar después) \pna Yo:note:kak, yo:tla:kat ikone:tsi:n. \pea She has given birth, her child has already been born. \psa Dio a luz, ya naciósu niñito. \se (refl.) to overflow and spread out over low-lying ground (a swollen river) \ss (refl.) rebasar su cauce y extenderse sobre un terreno plano (un río crecido) \pna Yo:note:kak a:tentli, ye we:ixtiw, yo:we:iyak. \pea The river has overflowed its banks and inundated the adjoining land, it's swelling, it's gotten big (e.g., from the summer rains). \psa El río ha rebasado su cauce e inundado el terreno colindante, va creciendo, ya se hizo grande (p. ej., de la lluvia del verano). \sem motion \xrb te:ka \xvaao te:kilia \dis note:ka; nomela:wa; nokoxte:ka \nse In the sense of pouring liquid into a container, in Ameyaltepec it is more common to use <nla>xelowa</nla> than <na>te:ka</na>, although both are correct. Used reflexively in the sense of 'to lie (oneself) down' the most common subject is an animal, such as a dog. Used with humans (except women who are about to give birth) the word <na>te:ka</na> has a slightly aggressive or insulting sense. Thus, said to a person <na>Nika:n xmote:ka</na> ! 'Lie down here!, is somewhat insulting or joking (like Spanish 'échate aquí' would be); the more correct and usual statement would be <na>Nika:n xmomela:wa</na> ! However, the reflexive use with humans is fully acceptable in reference to women about to give birth. \ref 04306 \lxa ximiki \lxac ximiki \lxo xihmiki \lxoc xihmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to get overgrown with weeds (a plant, garden, field, etc.) \ss ahogarse, cubrirse o llenarse de maleza o hierba (una planta, jardín o milpa, etc.) \pna We:i o:tito:kak. Ximikis momi:l, xok wel nowapa:wa. \pea You planted a lot of land. Your field will get overgrown with weeds, it won't grow high. \psa Sembraste mucho. Tu milpa se va a ahogar con hierba, no va a crecer muy alto. \pna Yo:ximik, xo:tikma:te:kak. \pea It got overgrown with weeds (in this case a planted field), you didn't weed it. \psa Se ahogócon maleza (en este caso un campo sembrado), no lo deshierbaste. \xrb xiw \xrb miki \xvca ximiktia \xvco xihmihtia \qry Check whether Ameyaltepec also has remnants of /w/. \pqry Ask phonetician for acoustic analysis of {xihmiki}. \ref 04307 \lxa tepe:wa \lxac kitepe:wa \lxo tepe:wa \lxoc kitepe:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to (intentionally) sprinkle or scatter on the ground (e.g., seeds or other small, solid objects) \ss regar o esparcir (intencionalmente) sobre la tierra (p. ej., semillas u otros objetos pequeños y sólidos) \pna Tikte:tepe:was sempwalxo:chitl para ixwas. \pea You will slowly scatter the marigold seeds on the ground so that they sprout. \psa Va a regar las semillas del cempualxochitl despacio sobre el suelo para que germinen. \se to (accidentally) spill onto the ground (objects such as grains, beans, coins) \ss desparramar (objetos sólidos como granos y semillas, sin intención) \pna O:ntepe:w un tlayo:hli. O:ne:chma:tlan. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh! \pea I spilled the maize onto the ground (by accident, e.g., by carelessly carrying an open sack). It (e.g., a sack) slipped out of my hand. Now children, gather it all up! \psa Desparramé el maíz sobre el suelo (sin propósito, p. ej., al llevar sin cuidado un costal abierto). se me fue de la mano.¡Ahora niños, a recoger! \xrb tepe:-2- \ref 04308 \lxa ni:siwtsi:n \lxac ni:siwtsi:n \lxo ni:sihtsi:n \lxoc ni:sihtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl-tsi:n \se very close \ss muy cerca, pegaditos \xrb ni:siw \nse <na>Ni:siwtsi:n</na> indicates a distance that is less than that indicated by <na>ni:siw</na>. \mod Note that it is unclear whether these diminutives should have separate entries; the same would apply to /wekatsi:n/. But since it is hard to predict which adverbs accept the diminutive, perhaps it is best to give them separate entries. Note that /ni:siwtsi:n/ is closer than /ni:siw/. \ref 04309 \lxa tla:lwa:xin \lxac tla:lwa:xin \lxo tla:lwa:xin \lxoc tla:lwa:xin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao <l>Desmanthus sp.</l> Willd., type of small guaje whose fruit is eaten in September, a member of the Leguminoseae family \ssao <l>Desmanthus sp.</l> Willd., tipo de guaje pequeño cuyo fruta se come en septiembre, miembro de la familia Leguminoseae \sem plant \sem edible \apa tla:lwa:xinkuwtli \apo tla:lwa:xinkohtli \xrb tla:l \xrb wa:x \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>ahuaje</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has nothing by this name. Nor do Guizar and Sánchez (1991), perhaps because this is more of a bush than a tree. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \ref 04310 \lxa tlakwa:mpets \lxac tlakwa:mpets \lxo tlankwa:pets \lxoc tlankwa:pets \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se folk generic name for a group that includes two folk species: <na>tlakwa:mpets istá:k</na> (Am) or <no>tlankwa:pets ista:k</no> (Oa); and <na>tlakwa:mpets tli:ltik</na> (Am) or <no>tlankwa:pets mora:doh</no> (Oa); both are of the genus <l>Cordia</l> in the Boraginaceae family \ss nombre genérico foklórico de un grupo que incluye dos especies folk: <na>tlakwa:mpets istá:k</na> (Am) o <no>tlankwa:pets ista:k</no> (Oa); y <na>tlakwa:mpets de tli:ltik</na> (Am) o <no>tlankwa:pets mora:doh</no> (Oa); ambos son del género <l>Cordia</l> en la familia Boraginaceae \pna Tlakwa:mpets | San para tlikuwtli. \pea <na>Tlakwa:mpets</na> : It's just for firewood. \psa <na>Tlakwa:mpets</na> : Solamente es para leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tlakwa:m \xrb pets \nse Local consultants (in Feb. 2001) consistently gave the Spanish name of this tree as <spn>palo prieto</spn>. \cpl Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan (Feb. 2001) stated that there were types of <na>tlakwa:mpets</na> among which he gave <na>tlakwa:mpets moradi:toh</na>, probably a variety or form of the <na>tlakwa:mpets</na> (perhaps with purple flowers). Ramírez (1991) identifies the <na>tlakwa:mpets</na>. as the <spn>palo prieto</spn>, a tree of the <i>Boraginaceae</i> family and the genus/species <i>Cordia alliodora</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) also give this as <spn>palo prieto</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:176) give one tree of this family, the <i>Cordia morelosana</i>, which they mention has various names in Spanish: <spn>palo del muerto, macahuite, palo prieto, flor de anacahuite,</spn> and <spn>nacahuite</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has several trees of this genus. Under siricote, for example, she states:"1. (<i>Cordia</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. dodecandra</i>) 'orange cordia,' starbell.' Vivid flowering tree with leaves that can be used as sandpaper. Orange tube-flowers; edible, rather acid fruit. F lo wers and fruit are used in cough syrup; wood is used for furniture. Also called anacahuite, copté, cupape. 2. (<i>Cordia boissieri</i>) 'anacahuita.' See anacahuite."And the <i>Cordia alliodora</i> is mentioned under hormiguillo:"1. (<i>Platymiscium dimorphandrum</i>) '[family] pea.' See palo de marimba. 2. (<i>Cordia alliodora</i>) 'onion cordia.' A hardwood tree used in construction because the wood splits nicely. The tree houses nests of stinging ants. Also called bojón. 3. (<i>Pithecolobium</i> spp., e.g., <i>P. dulce</i>) 'ape's earing,' blackbead bush.' See guamúchil." \nct kohtli \qry Etymology uncertain, check. \ref 04311 \lxa kochma:tlatl \lxac kochma:tlatl \lxo kochma:tlatl \lxoc kochma:tlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se hammock \ss hamaca \xrb kochi \xrb ma:tla \nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and appears to be a borrowing from nearby villages such as Oapan or even more probably Copalillo, where hammocks are made. More common in Ameyaltepec is the Spanish borrowing <na>ama:kah</na>. \ref 04312 \lxa tsotsoyoktli \lxac i:tsotsoyokio \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni-k \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(:) \sem plant \sem part \sea sap of firewood that bubbles out as it is burning \ssa savia que sale al quemarse leña \xrb tsoyo: \nae Whether <na>tsotsoyoktli</na>, which to date has only been documented in possessed form with <n>-yo</n>, should be considered derived from <na>tsoyo:ni</na> or <na>tsotsoyoka</na> is not clear. There are cases in which a nominal ending in /-ktli/ is derived from a verb ending in /-ni/ (e.g., <nla>kwalaktli</nla>) although in most cases the verbal stem is reduplicated, thus suggesting that the derivation might be based on the frequentative stem. Yet given the previous classification of nominals ending in /-ktli/, <na>tsotsoyokio</na> has been so classified, with the observation that this word has only been documented in the inalienably possessed form marked by <n>-yo</n> ; there is no documented abstract noun ? <n>tsotsoyokio:tl</n>. In Oapan the term used for sap that comes out of firewood as it is burned is <no>tlikuhtli i:a:yo</no>. \qry For all -yo obligatorily possessed nouns, check for abstract form. Here that would be /tsotsoyokio:tl/. \grm Inalienable possessoin; /-yo/: Whether <na>tsotsoyoktli</na>, which to date has only been documented in possessed form with <n>-yo</n>, should be considered derived from <na>tsoyo:ni</na> or <na>tsotsoyoka</na> is not clear. There are cases in which a nominal ending in /-ktli/ is derived from a verb ending in /-ni/ (e.g., <nla>kwalaktli</nla>) although in most cases the verbal stem is reduplicated, thus suggesting that the derivation might be based on the frequentative stem. Yet given the previous classification of nominals ending in /-ktli/, <na>tsotsoyokio</na> has been so classified, with the observation that this word has only been documented in the inalienably possessed form marked by <n>-yo</n> ; there is no documented abstract noun ? <n>tsotsoyokio:tl</n>. \ref 04313 \lxa tlatska:yo:tl \lxac i:tlatska:yo \lxo tlatska:yo:tl \lxoc i:tlatska:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-? \infn Stem 2 \seo laziness \sso flojera \pno Sayái:tlatska:yo tlakwalchi:wa. \peo She's preparing food without any desire at all. \pso Estáhaciendo comida sin nada de ganas. \ref 04314 \lxa ipan \lxac ipan \lxo i:pan \lxoc i:pan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \se (~ [noun]) on [noun] \ss (~ [noun]) sobre o por encima de [sustantivo] \pna O:kistekw ipan ima. \pea He pinched him on the arm. \psa Lo pellizcópor el brazo. \pna Xkontla:li ipan me:sah! \pea Go put in there on the table! \psa ¡Pónlo allá sobre la mesa! \pna Nitsikwinis ipan un tepantli. \pea I will jump up on that wall. \psa Voy a brincar sobre esa pared. \pna I:pan tia:skeh un ne:nkah ko:chin. \pea We will go in that there car. \psa Vamos en ese coche allí. \se (~ [noun]) from [noun] \ss (~ [noun]) desde o de [sustantivo] \pna O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok. O:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh. O:ne:cha:ltlakal. \pea I fell to the ground with a resounding thud. I fell off my mule. It thew me down. \psa Caícon estrépito a la tierra. Caíde mi macho. Me aventó a la tierra. \se (~ [noun indicating an area]) at, on, within [the area indicated by the noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo indicando unaárea]) a, en, hacia, entre [laárea indicada por el sustantivo] \pna Xontlachia ipan nomi:l deke xkalaki wa:kax! \pea Go take a look at my milpa to see if cattle are getting in! \psa ¡Vete a asomar a mi milpa a ver si han entrado ganado! \pna I:tik kuwyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl. \pea People live in the woods, in the hills. \psa Se vive en el bosque, en los cerros. \pna Ne: ipan otli o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s noburroh. \pea I left my burro tied up there on the path behind me (as I was coming this way). \psa Allí en el sendero atrás dejé amarrado mi burro (mientras que venía en esta dirección). \se (~ [noun indicating an open space]) through; out through (e.g., a door, a window) \ss (~ [sustantivo indicando un espacio abierto]) a través; por (p. ej., una puerta, una ventana) \pna Xontlachia ipan benta:nah. \pea Take a look (peek) out the window. \psa Asómate por la ventana. \se (~ <na>tsikwini</na>) to mount (one animal with another); (vulg.) to screw (i.e., have sexual intercourse with a woman [O]) \ss (~ <na>tsikwini</na>) montar (sexualmente, un animal a otro); (vulg.) coger (esto es, tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer [O]) \pna Tewa ipan o:titsikwin un ne:nkah suwa:tl? \pea Did you screw that woman there? \psa ¿Cogiste esa chava allá ? \se (~ [noun (phrase) indicating a time period]) during, within (e.g, a week, etc.) \ss (~ [sustantivo (frase sustantival) indicando un periodo de tiempo) dentro de, durante (p. ej., una semana) \pna I:pan sema:nah sa:ntah yes kamotli. \pea There will be sweet potatoes during Holy Week. \psa Durante semana santa habrácamotes. \pna I:pan ye:i to:nahli tia:skeh. \pea We will go in three days. \psa Vamos en tres días. \se (~ [noun indicating a productive activity or an object that is produced or the focus of a particular activity]) to engage in (a given productive task) \ss (~ [sustantivo indicando una actividad productiva o un objeto que se produce o que es el foco de una actividad productiva]) trabajar en (una actividad) \pna O:nkak timote:ne:waya ipan iswatl. \pea I heard that you think you were good at stripping dried corn leaves from the stalk (during the <na>zacateo</na>). \psa Escuchéque te jactaba que eres bueno para el zacateo. \pna Tli:no:n ipan tekiti? \pea What does he work at (do, i.e., as a job)? \psa ¿En quétrabaja? \se (~ [number]) the [ordinal] time \ss (~ [número]) el [ordinal] tiempo o vez \pna I:pan ye:i to:ka. \pea He plants on the third time (he runs the plow over the field). \psa Siembra la tercera vez (que ara el terreno). \pna I:pan na:wi to:ka. \pea He plants on the third time (he runs the plow over the field). \psa Siembra la tercera vez (que ara el terreno). \xrl -pan \cfa -pan \nse For an illustration of the different ways one plows depending on whether one plants on the third or fourth pass, see diagram with <na>o:melia</na> filecard. \ref 04315 \lxa teiksi \lxac teiksi \lxo teisi \lxoc teisi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to get hard-boiled (an egg) \ss cocer hasta que se ponga duro (un huevo) \pna Ma:ka kwahli teiksis, san niktlapalo:s! \pea Don't let it (an egg) get real hard-boiled, I'll just scoop it up to eat it! \psa ¡No vayas a dejar que se ponga duro (un huevo), voy a sopearlo nada más! \cfa iksi \cfo isi \xrb te \xrb ksi \nae It is not clear whether the <nao>te</nao> element is the nominal root for 'stone' (<nao>tetl</nao>) or the intensifier <n>te-</n>. For now I have analyzed it as derived from the nominal root since this word is used only in referece to eggs that become hardboiled. \qry In the original phrase/filecard I had /Ma:ka kwahli teiksis, san tiktepalo:s/. Since I do not remember having heard /tepalowa/ at all, and /tlapalowa/ has a sense matching that of the translation I had written down '... I'll just scoop it to eat it' I have changed the Nahuatl to /tlapalowa/. However, the correctness of the original /tepalowa/ should be checked. Check for causative; I originally had /teikxitia/ and /teixitia/ here xref'd. But perhaps these aren't word. \ref 04316 \lxa kwelpachowa \lxac kikwelpachowa \lxo kwelpachowa \lxoc kikwelpachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to fold, to fold up or over (paper, clothes, and other items that are flat and can be folded up) \ss plegar; doblar (papel, tela o ropa y otros objetos planos que se pueden doblar) \pna Xkwelpacho mopilisa:l, xte:tekwia! \pea Double up your blanket, fold it up half by half! \psa ¡Dobla tu cobija, dóblala mitad por mitad! \pna Xkwe:kwelpacho mopilisa:l! \pea Fold up your blanket, half by half! \psa ¡Dobla tu cobija, mitad por mitad! \pna Xkwelpacho un la:soh! Xkwi:teki un burroh! \pea Double up that lasso! Whip that donkey! \psa ¡Dóblale a esa riata!¡Azota ese burro! \pna Xkwe:kwelpacho mola:soh! \pea Fold your lasso over and over itself (e.g., to store or carry it)! \psa ¡Dobla tu laso una y otra vez (p. ej., para guardarlo o cargarlo)! \se to double over; to bend (a stick or rod, sth long so that it is almost doubled back on itself) \ss doblar (una vara, algo largo hasta que casi se dobla sobre si mismo) \pna Xkwelpacho para tiksa:lo:s para chi:tatli! \pea Bend it around (in this case a rod) so that you can tie its ends for a hanging basket! \psa ¡Dóblala (en este caso una vara) para que lo puedas atar para una cuña! \pna Xkwelpacho, ma no:liwi para un a:roh de tambo:rah. \pea Bend it over (a rod) so that it curves around and can be used for the ring of the big bass drum. \psa Dóblalo (una vara) para que se encorva y se puede utilizar para el aro del tambor. \xrb kwel \xrb pach \xv1ao tlakwelpachowa \nse <nao>Kwelpachowa</nao> is used to indicate bending something flexible, such as a rod, or to folding over something like cloth or even something hard (e.g., a <spn>petate</spn>) and creasing it. \rt Recheck analysis of root /kwel/ for possible further derivation; perhaps related to /kwep/. \ref 04317 \lxa pitsa:wak \lxac pitsa:wak \lxo pitsa:wak \lxoc pitsa:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se narrow (sth long such as a stick, strips of leather, or rope, as well as a person or animal's waist) \ss delgado (algo largo como una vara, tirantes de cuero, o una soga, como también la cintura de una persona o animal) \pna Nipitsa:wak, xwe:i nitlakwa. \pea I'm thin (i.e., have a thin waistline), I don't eat a lot. \psa Soy delgado (esto es, con una pequeña cintura), no como mucho. \se (with short vowel reduplication) close together (in reference to the space between rows of items or, particularly, the furrows in a field) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) juntos (en referencia al espacio entre hileras de cosas o, particularmente, los surcos de un terreno para sembrar) \pna Pipitsa:wak -=pipi:stik- kwentli. \pea The furrows are close togther (i.e., the mounds between them are narrow). \psa Los surcos están muy apretados (esto es, los montículos entre ellos son angostos). \se high-pitched (as a voice or sound) \ss agudo (una voz o sonido) \pna Pitsa:wak tlatowa. \pea He speaks in a high voice. \psa Habla con una voz alta y aguda. \sem shape \sem sound \dis pitsa:wak; tewahki \xrb pitsa: \qry Distinguish meaning of /nipitsa:wak/ and /nitewahki/. \ref 04318 \lxa ma:tetekwia \lxac noma:tetekwia \lxo má:tekwía \lxop ma:tekwia \lxof ['ma: te 'kwi a] \lxoc kima:té:tekwía, kima:tétekwía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to roll up ones shirt sleeves \ss (refl.) arremangarse la camisa \pna Xmoma:tetekwia para timomateki:s! \pea Roll up your sleeves so that you can wash your hands! \psa ¡Arremángate la camisa para que te puedas lavar las manos! \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nae The verbal stem has an underlying {h} that, as expected, is lost in surface Ameyaltepec form and is realized as pitch accent in Oapan. The elicitation form for Oapan Nahuatl has a definite long vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. Measurement of the two /e/ vowels in her speech tokens yields 104:74 and 97:66. The first vowel in each sequence is well within the range of long vowels. The speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez yield patterns of 74:52 ms and 66:39 ms. Here the ration is similar to that of Florencia, but the absolute duration is quite a bit shorter. It might also well be that in Oapan (and Ameyaltepec as well) the verb <no>tékwiyá</no> (Oa) has two reduplicative patterns, one with a long vowel and another with a short vowel. This was found to be the case with a verb such as <nao>miliwi</nao>. Short vowel reduplication referenced a rolling up movement that occurs in one place, as a petate that is rolled up (or rolls up). Long vowel reduplication (e.g., <nao>mi: miliwi</nao>) is used to represent the action of rolling over an extended surface or space, as when a rock is rolled (or rolls) over the ground. However, the absence of an additional pitch accent on the syllable <no>má:</no> in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez suggests that his reduplicant might indeed have a long vowel. If this were the case, then the action referred to would perhaps be the rolling up of ones sleeves, neatly one time over another. In general all compounds with <na>tekwia</na> (Am) / <no>tékwiyá</no> (Oa) should be analyzed for possible reduplicative patterns and their meanings. \qry Check to determine possibility of transitive, non-reflexive, use. Check all the words that might have /tetekwia/; also fully determine the inflectional paradigm. Check /pa:ntalontetekwia/, which I have as a non-reflexive. Cf. /ikxitekwia/ which I have recorded without reduplication of the verb stem, and /ma:tetekwia/ which is entered with reduplication. \ref 04319 \lxa sentekone:tl \lxac sentekone:tl \lxo sentekone:tl \lxoc sentekone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se beloved child \ss niño muy querido \pna Yewameh nosentekone:wa:n. \pea They are my beloved children. \psa Son mis niños queridos. \xrb sem \xrb te \xrb kone: \qry Determine all other forms that begin with /sente-/, which seems to have the meaning of 'totality,' 'completeness,' etc. \ref 04320 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:xohtli \lxoc kwa:xohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo <l>Parkinsonia praecox</l> (Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins, tree of the Leguminoseae family, characterized by its green bark and apparently called <spn>paloverde</spn> in Spanish \sso <l>Parkinsonia praecox</l> (Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae caracterizado por su cáscara verde y aparentemente llamado 'palo verde' en español \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kuwxoxoktli \xrb kow \xrb xo \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this trees as"palo verde"but gives no further identification. However, Schoenhals (1988) does discuss the palo verde:"(<i>Cercidium</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. praecox, C. microphyllum</i>) 'paloverde,' 'foothill paloverde,' 'yellow paloverde' Low spiny, deciduous tree in central, arid areas. Has 4-10 pairs of yellowish-grean leaflets per side of the branch. Pale green bark and yellow flowers. Also called palo brea. 2. (<na>Cercidium floridum</na>) 'blue paloverde' Similar to the foothil paloverde but has a bluish bark and bluish-green leftlets. Has 1-4 pairs of leaflets per side of this branch. Blooms earlier than the foothill paloverde. Flowers appear in masses covering the tree. 3. (<i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i>) 'yello paloverde,' Jerusalem thorn,' 'Mexican paloverde' Yellowish-green twigs and yellow flowers. Also called bagota, espinillo, mezquite verde, retama."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) describe the <spn>retama</spn>, or <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i>. It do es not seem to correspond to the <na>kuhxoxoktli</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 04321 \lxa iksan kayo:tl \lxac iksan kayo:tl \lxo isan kayo:tl \lxoa isen kayo:tl \lxoa iksan kayo:tl \lxoc isan kayo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se sth from a long time ago; ancient \ss algo de hace muchos años; antiguo \xrb iksan \xrb kayo: \nse The word <nlo>isan</nlo> or <nlo>iksan</nlo> is not commonly used in Oapan. Thus there is quite a variation in how the initial vowel is realized. The common term is <nlo>i weka:w kayo:tl</nlo>. \nae There is a possibility that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez have different vowel quantities in the initial /i/ of <no>isan kayo:tl</no>. The two speech tokens of Inocencio have a duration well within the range of long vowels: 96 ms. However, those of Florencia are considerably shorter, just under 80 ms. Initial vowels seem to vary considerably in duration, so it might simply be a natural variation. More examples would be needed to make any definitive statement; for now the word and its root have been written with a long initial vowel. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male token. \ref 04322 \lxa panwetsi \lxac panwetsi \lxo powetsi \lxoc powetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to arrive at the top (e.g., of a hill); to overflow (a river its banks) \ss llegar a la cima (p. ej., de un cerro); desbordarse (un río su lecho) \pna Xwel nipanwetsi, yo:nisiaw, we:i tlakaltech. \pea I can't make it to the top (in this case of a hill), it is a long steep slope. \psa No puedo llegar a la cima (en este caso de un cerro), es una larga subida muy inclinada. \pna Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli! \pea Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground! \psa ¡Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a ese pedazo saliente de tierra! \pna Yo:panwets a:tl itik nomi:l. \pea The water (of a river) overflowed into my milpa. \psa El agua (de un río) desbordó entrando mi milpa. \pna Xwel nipanwetsi, ke:n tlakpak. Xne:cha:ltila:na! \pea I can't make it to the top (in this case of a high wall), it's really high. Reach down and pull me up! \psa No puedo llegar arriba (en este caso de una pared alta), es muy alta.¡Estírate hacia acá para jalarme arriba! \se (fig.) to make it to the top (in terms of wealth, professional standing, etc.); to become wealthy; to emerge from poverty \ss (fig.) llegar a la cima (en cuanto a riqueza, posición profesional, etc.); salir de la pobreza; hacerse rico \pna Sana:man o:panwets. Xka:wa, melá:k tlayo:wia:ya, a:man miák iyo:lka:wa:n. \pea He got rich in a hurry. Who would have thought it, he used to really suffer, now he has a lot of animals. \psa Se hizo rico rápido.¿Quién lo iba a creer? sufría mucho, ahora tiene muchos animales. \se to show up on the surface (e.g., pimples from a rash, foam on water, etc.) \ss manifestarse sobre la superficie (p. ej., granitos de una alergia que aparecen sobre la piel, espuma en el agua, etc.) \pna Yo:panwets tso:tso:tl, tlaxwistli. \pea Sores, boils, have appeared on my skin. \psa Granos, furúnculos salieron sobre mi piel. \pna Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki. \pea Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface, come and skim it off the top! \psa ¡Ve tu olla! su espuma ya salió a la superficie,¡ven a espumarlo (esto es, el líquido que está adentro)! \pna Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water. \psa Espuma saliópor la superficie de este torrente de agua. \se (often with an intraverse directional) to come up (a seedling); to come out or break the surface; to appear on the surface (sth from underwater or underground) \ss (a menudo con una direccional intraversa) brotar o germinar (una semilla saliendo a la superficie de la tierra); salir a flote (algo que aparece en la superficie del agua o la tierra) \pna Xewa:lpanwetsi mi:hli, kemech ixwa, seki o:panwetsiko. \pea The corn plants have not sprouted yet, they are about to, (yet) some have broken through the surface. \psa Las plantas de maíz no han salido, apenas van a germinar, (sin embargo) algunos ya salieron a la superficie. \pna Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon -=yo:panwetskeh-! \pea Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (after having used a <spn>máquina</spn> to fish, stunning them so they float to the surface)! \psa ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua!¡Ve que tantos peces ya salieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una"máquina"para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)! \pna Yo:panwets noara:doh, xok tla:laki, melá:k chika:wak tla:hli. \pea My plow has come up to the surface, it's no longer (going along) in the earth, the ground is really hard. \psa Saliómi arado por la superficie, ya no va dentro de la tierra, el suelo es de veras muy duro. \pna Xkitati, yo:polak! Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes! Ka, yo:panwetsiko. \pea Take a look, he's gone underwater! Maybe he's drowned! No, he's come up to the surface. \psa ¡Ve, ya se metió abajo del agua! A lo mejor se ahogó! No, ya salió a flote. \xrb -pan; wetsi \xvca panwetsi:tia \xvca panwetsi:ltia \xvco powetsi:tia \xvco powetsi:ltia \grm Future; copula; modal Note the use of the future copula with a perfective formation to indicate doubt: /Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes!/ \grm Directional: /Xwel nipanwetsi, ke:n tlakpak. Xne:chwa:ltila:na!/ 'I can't make it to the top (in this case of a high wall), it's really high. Reach down and pull me up!' In this example the /wa:l-/ indicates that the action is taking place toward a deictic reference point, but does not involve subject movement. The action that occurs is that of the A (already at the top of the wall) reaching toward the O (also down to the ground) and pulling him up to the top of the wall. Note another use of directionals; here intraverse directionals to indicate the piercing of a plane, and the passing from one side to another. Cf. /Xewa:lpanwetsi mi:hli, kimich ixwa, seki o:panwetsiko/ 'The corn plants have not sprouted yet, they are about to, (yet) some have broken through the surface.' Here the maize plants break the surface of the ground, as the seedlings come up. This same use of directionals is found in /chichipini/, /peti/, etc. It is very obvious is sth like /pilkatok/ 'to be hanging down' vs. /wa:lpilkatok/ 'to be hanging down through.' Nevertheless, perhaps it will be good to further explore the difference between /o:panwetsiko/ and /o:panwets/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in /powetsi/ apparently the etymology is /pon/ with loss of /n/. This loss of /n/ is not uncommon in Oapan. \ref 04323 \lxa a:xi:xkwalo \lxac a:xi:xkwalo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(pass) \se to feel pain when urinating \ss sentir dolor al orinar \pna Na:xi:xkwalo. Toto:nki nikpia nitik. \pea It hurts when I urinate. I am hot inside. \psa Me duele al orinar. siento caliente adentro. \equivo tlapia:skwalo \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb kwa \nse In Ameyaltepec it is said that if one goes to burn the fields (<spn>monte</spn>), one will as a result feel a burning pain when urinating (<na>a:xi:xkwalo:s</na>) as a result of being near the heat of the burning field. \ref 04324 \lxa panowa \lxac kipanowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4c(pano) \sea to be at a given place (during a fiesta or holiday) \ssa pasar (una fiesta o dia festivo) \pna O:kipano:k fie:stah nika:n. \pea He was here during the fiesta. \psa Pasóla fiesta aquí. \sea to pass a moment (either well or poorly, depending on the context); to have a (hard or easy) time of it \ssa pasarselas (bien o mal, según el contexto) \pna Xmi:xkwi:ti ina:k un ne:nkah tla:katl, ke:n kichi:wtok! A:man kipano:tok xkwahli. \pea Take example (or warning) from how that that there man is doing it! Now he is having a hard time of it. \psa ¡Toma ejemplo (o toma aviso) de como lo está haciendo ese hombre! Ahora se la está pasando mal. \xrb pano: \nse In Oapan one would say, for example, <no>nika:n nipano:s fie:stah</no> \ref 04325 \lxa tla:lomitl \lxac tla:lomitl \lxo tla:lomitl \lxoc tla:lomitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of small, worm-like animal that lives in the ground \ss tipo de animalito pequeño, como gusano, que vive en la tierra \pna Tla:lomitl, ke:itlah kwilintsitsi:nteh. Cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel kikwa itsi:nelwayo:tsi:n mi:hli. \pea The <na>tla:lomitl</na>, they are like little worms. They live in the ground, they can eat the bottom of the roots of maize plants. \psa El <na>tla:lomitl</na>, son como gusanitos. Viven en la tierra, pueden comer las partes inferiores de las raíces del maíz. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tla:l \xrb omi \nae Although as an independent word Oapan Nahuatl has <nlo>komitetl</nlo> for 'bone,' here in a compound the more expected form <no>omitl</no> appears. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 04326 \lxa a:to:hli \lxac a:to:hli \lxo a:to:hli \lxoc a:to:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se atole (in general, of which there are many types) \ss atole (en general, de que hay muchos tipos) \sem food-atole \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb a:to:l \nse There are the following types of atole documented in Ameyaltepec, perhaps not a complete list: <na>poyé:k a:to:hli</na>, <na>/tsope:lik a:tohli</na>, <na>/ye:lo:a:to:hli</na>, <na>/tlayo:la:to:hli</na>, <na>/i:skia:to:hli</na> or <na>/a:to:hli de i:skitl</na>, and <na>/a:to:hli de le:cheh</na> or <na>le:cheh a:to:hli</na>. \qry Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. \mod For onomasiological section, give a complete account of how atole is made, the types, etc. Note that one type uses /pi:pitik yetl/; check which one. \vl There is an additional female token from 4600. \ref 04327 \lxa miki xiwtli \lxac miki xiwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea <l>Mimosa pudica</l> L., small plant of the Leguminoseae family that closes up and droops when touched \ssa <l>Mimosa pudica</l> L., pequeña planta de la familia Leguminoseae que se cierra al ser tocado \pna Se: xiwtli, san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \src Gabriel de la Cruz \pea It (the <na>miki xiwtli</na>) is a plant that when you just move it, just brush by it, it falls over to the ground. It droops over like it (its leaves) just shrivels up and hangs down in a clump. \psa Es una planta (el <na>miki xiwtli</na>) que nada más la mueves, nada más le alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra. Duerme, es como síse encoge y se pone mustio. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva kokochi xiwtli \equiva xiwtli de kochi \equivo kochi xihtli \xrb miki \xrb xiw \nse The consultant who named this plant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that although he was not sure of its precise identification he was sure that it did exist: Another consultant, Luis Lucena, stated that he did not know of any plant by this name. It is almost certain that this is the plant also known as <nba>kokochi xiwtli</nba> or <na>xiwtli de kochi</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nbo>kochi xihtli</nbo> in Oapan. \nct xiwtli \ref 04328 \lxa xelwa:swia \lxac kixelwa:swia \lxo xalwa:swia \lxof [xal wa:s 'wi a] \lxoc kixalwa:swia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to comb the hair of (sb) with the type of maguey-fiber brush known as a <nlao>xelwa:stli</nlao> \ss peinar (a algn) con el tipo de cepillo hecho de fibra de maguey conocido como <nlao>xelwa:stli</nlao> \xrb xel \vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male ones. There is also one mispronounced male token that should not be tagged. \ref 04329 \lxa a:wihli \lxac a:wihli \lxo á:wihlí \lxoc á:wihlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes \se toy; game \ss juguete; juego \se Carnival \ss Carnaval \pna Ki:sas a:wihli. \pea The Carnival will take place. \psa Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval. \xrb a:wil \nse In Oapan the reduplicated form <no>á:wihlí</no> refers to toys whereas the unreduplicated form <no>a:wihli</no> only refers to Carnival. In Ameyaltepec the unreduplicated form can refer to either Carnival or a single toy. Reduplication is used to pluralize the latter (although the unreduplicated <na>a:wilteh</na> is also an acceptable plural form). \pqry Note that the pitch accent on the final syllable of Oapan <no>á:wihlí</no> does not seem to peak at the end of the syllable. For Florencia Marcelino it peaks about halfway through the /i/, while for Inocencio Jiménez it peaks at the end of the preceding /l/. Perhaps an acoustic study should be done of final syllable pitch accent to determine the pattern found. The pattern also seems to show devoicing of the final vowel before the glottal stop ending. Finally, a study of the duration of these final vowels should be conducted. Although"short", the final /i/ of /á:wihlí/ seems to measure well over 100 ms. In nonfinal contexts this would be within the range of a phonologically long vowel. It seems that this is a function/reflex of the final pitch accent. Thus a ramification, in this interpretation of final pitch accent is vowel lengthening. \ref 04330 \lxa tlanepano:hli \lxac tlanepano:hli \lxo tlanepano:hli \lxoc tlanepano:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se second or subsequent spouse, i.e., a member of the opposite sex that one takes as a partner without a formal marriage \ss segundo esposo, u otro después, esto es, un miembro del sexo opuesto que uno toma como compañero sin casarse formalmente \cfa tlawi:kahli \xrb nepan \dis tlawi:kahli; tlanepano:hli \nse Apparently this is synonymous, or nearly synonymous, to <nla>tlawi:kahli</nla>. \ref 04331 \lxa ma:xiw \lxac i:ma:xiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \sea person with an arm or hands like [possessor] \ssa persona con el brazo o la mano como [poseedor] \pna Ma tlakwilo moma:xiw! \pea Let the person write who has a hand like mine (e.g. also left-handed, or who is as good or well trained a writer as me, etc.)! \psa ¡Deja que escribaél que tiene la mano como yo (p. ej., que también es surdo, o que también escribe tan bonito, o que es tan proficiente como yo). \pna Yewa ima:xiw, nochimeh tlatskeh. \pea He's just the same as him with his hands, they are both lazy. \psa Es comoél con las manos, los dos son unos flojos. \pna Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. \pea He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. \psa Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. \pna Moma:xiw, no: tlakwilowa ika ma:poxtli ke:n tewa. \pea He's your counterpart with his hand, he also writes with his left hand like you. \psa Es tu compañero de mano, también escribe con la izquierda como tú. \cfa ma:tli \xrb ma: \xrl -xiw \qry C. Flores did not accept thsi word at first but later changd his mind. \ref 04332 \lxa kuwxi:nki \lxac kuwxi:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \se carpinter; one who carves wooden tools (making yokes, wooden gates, sawhorses for beds, parts of plows, etc.) \ss carpintero, persona que talla madera (haciendo yugos, bancos para sostener camas, timones de arados, etc.) \equiva kuwxi:nke:tl \equivo kohxi:nke:tl \xrb kow \xrb xi:ma \vl Note that the Oapan words here should be tagged as additional tokens of 3623. \ref 04333 \lxa kone:wetsi \lxac kone:wetsi \lxo kone:wetsi \lxoc kone:wetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to suffer a miscarriage; to abort (naturally) \ss sufrir un aborto espontáneo o no provocado \pna O:kone:wets, xo:tla:kat kwahli ikone:w. \pea She had a miscarriage, her child wasn't born properly. \psa Sufrió un aborto no provocado, no nacióbien su hijo. \xrb kone: \xrb wetsi \vl Link first female token. \grm For a good set of examples of the nature of noun incorporation, use N-V where the N is /kone:tl/. \grm Vowel length: the tokens for Oapan, this word, are particularly good example of a long vowel. The /e:/ has a duration of about 150 ms in the examples I measured. \ref 04334 \lxa i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \lxac i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \lxo i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \lxoa i:xkwa:te:tsoltik \lxoc i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <n>i:xkwa:te:tsoltik</n> \se to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ss estar con la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \dis i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; probably all these terms should be linked to a single entry afterwards. Certainly such terms that make fun of a physical aspect should be carefully checked and those that are considered offensive removed. It is certainly the case that from my hanging out in Am with young boys I obtained a lot of these words. \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \qry Check vowel length. Perhaps should be long. \ref 04335 \lxa ma:se:walxiw \lxac moma:se:walxiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \sea to be an indigenous person like [possessor]; to be a country bumpkin like [possessor] \ssa ser una persona indígena com [poseedor]; ser un rústico como [poseedor] \pna Moma:se:walxiw. \pea He's a country bumpkin like you. \psa Es un rústico como tú. \xrb ma:se:wal \nse It might well be that <na>ma:se:wahli</na>, the stem of <na>ma:se:walxiw</na> is a reborrowing into Nahuatl from the Spanish. The vowel length of this term is not definite. <na>Ma:se:wahli</na> is used in a sort of joking self-deprecative genre, much the same as <na>i:ndioh</na> is used by Nahuatl speakers when referring to themselves. \ref 04336 \lxa i:xelka:wa \lxac ki:xelka:wa \lxo i:xilka:wa \lxoc ki:xilka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to forget the appearance of; to forget the looks of \ss olvidarse de la apariencia de \pna Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih. \pea He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been. \psa Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido. \pna Niki:xelka:wa, xok nikmati ke:no:n tlachia. \pea I forget how he looks, I don't know how he looks anymore. \psa Se me olvida como se ve, ya no sécomo es su apariencia. \xrb i:x \xrb elka:wa \qry Check precise meaning of /i:xelka:wa/, whether it only refers to forgetting the layout of a terrain, or whether it can refer to any surface, appearance, etc. Check as to whether this can refer to the appearance of things or animals and not simply to humans. Check also root, i.e. whether the more standard /(i)l/ should be recorded. \rt Discuss the meaning of words that begin with /il-/ or /el-/. Perhaps reanalyze as /+ka:wa/. \ref 04337 \lxa a:wilto:ka:yo:tl \lxac i:a:wilto:ka:yo \lxo a:wilto:ka:yo:tl \lxoc i:a:wilto:ka:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se (rare) nickname \ss (raro) apodo \pna Kipia ia:wilto:ka:yo. \pea He has a nickname. \psa Tiene su apodo. \xrb a:wil \xrb to:ka: \pqry The spectrogram of the final sequence /a:yo/ provides a good illustration of vowel length before /y/. \ref 04338 \lxa temonexiwi \lxac temonexiwi \lxo témonexíwi \lxop temonexiwi \lxoc témonexíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>monexe:wi</nla> / <nlo>mónexé:wi</nlo> \ss vé ase <nla>monexe:wi</nla> / <nlo>mónexé:wi</nlo> \xrb mohnex \nse C. Flores denied that <na>temonexiwi</na> was a word in Ameyaltepec, accepting only <na>temonexe:wi</na>. He did, however, state that this word was used in other villages of the region. \qry Make sure that /temonexe:wi/ is synonymous with /monexe:wi/, with perhaps the /te-/ being an intensifier. \ref 04339 \lxa tekwixtok \lxac tekwixtok \lxo tékwixtók \lxop tekwixtok \lxoc tékwixtók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seao (often with long vowel reduplication) rolled up (e.g., a straw mat, tortillas, a blanket, toilet paper, clothes in a bundle, etc.) \ssao (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) enrollado (p. ej., un petate, tortillas, una cobija, papel higénico, ropa amarrada, etc.) \seao covered, wrapped up (e.g., furniture that has been protected by wrapping a sheet around it) \ssao envuelto, cubierto, tapado (p. ej., un mueble que tiene una protección por ejemplo de plástico) \cfa tekwia \cfo tékwiá \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nse The form without a reflexive is used more for objects (e.g, a laso). It refers to things that are rolled up. A further discussion is under <nla>tekwia</nla>. \revised 7/28/04 \ref 04340 \lxa yekakwitlatl \lxac yekakwitlatl \lxo yekakwitlatl \lxoc yekakwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se snot; mucous from ones nose \ss mocos \sem body \sem human \xrb yeka \xrb kwitla \ref 04341 \lxa tla:lmo:motsi:ni \lxac tla:lmo:motsi:ni \lxo tla:lmo:motsi:ni \lxoc tla:lmo:motsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l; Op. inflix <n>te-</n> ; <nao>tla:lte:mo:motsi:ni</nao> \infv class-3a \se for the earth to crack (from becoming wet from rain and then drying in the hot summer sun) \ss agrietarse la tierra (al mojarse por la lluvia y después secarse por el sol) \pna O:tla:ltemo:motsi:n. O:kiaw, a:man yo:tlawa:k. O:pe:w mo:motsi:ni tla:hli. \pea The ground got many cracks in it. It rained and now everything has dried. The surface of the earth started to crack. \psa La tierra se agrietó en muchos lugares. Llovió y ahora todo se secó. La superficie de la tierra empezó a agrietarse. \se for the dirt and earth on ones skin to crack (because of drying and getting caked on ones body) \ss agrietarsele la tierra y mugre que se seca y se endurece sobre la piel \pna O:nitla:lmo:motsi:n. \pea The dirt caked on my skin became cracked. \psa Se agrietóla tierra y mugre que quedósecado y endurecido por mi piel. \xrb tla:l \xrb motsi: \nse The documented cases of this verb are all with long vowel reduplication, and those that refer to the cracking of the earth's surface (as opposed to dirt on ones skin) all manifested the incorporation of the intensifier <n>te-</n>. \nae The two acceptations of <na>tla:lmo:motsi:ni</na> reflect two different roles of noun incorporation that are themselves dependent on verbal semantics. In signifying 'for the earth to crack' the incorporation is that of a semantic patient to an unaccusative verb. When nouns incorporate into intransitives, this seems to be one of the most common roles of the incorporated element. The other meaning, 'for the dirt and earth on ones skin to crack' reflects an incorporative process akin to"possessor raising"in which the grammatical subject is the possessor of the incorporated noun. Although nouns that so incorporate are very often body parts (e.g., <na>nima:tlatla</na> 'My hand get burned') they may well be other objects that are intrinsically related to the subject (e.g., <na>nikoma:ltlapa:ni</na> 'My <spn>comal</spn> broke'). In the present case it is the earth or dirt, caked on the body, that is intrinsically possessed and the grammatical subject that is a possessor. \grm Noun incorporation: The two acceptations of <na>tla:lmo:motsi:ni</na> reflect two different roles of noun incorporation that are themselves dependent on verbal semantics. In signifying 'for the earth to crack' the incorporation is that of a semantic patient to an unaccusative verb. When nouns incorporate into intransitives, this seems to be one of the most common roles of the incorporated element. The other meaning, 'for the dirt and earth on ones skin to crack' reflects an incorporative process akin to"possessor raising"in which the grammatical subject is the possessor of the incorporated noun. Although nouns that so incorporate are very often body parts (e.g., <na>nima:tlatla</na> 'My hand get burned') they may well be other objects that are intrinsically related to the subject (e.g., <na>nikoma:ltlapa:ni</na> 'My <spn>comal</spn> broke'). In the present case it is the earth or dirt, caked on the body, that is intrinsically possessed and the grammatical subject that is a possessor. Note als o that the documented cases of this verb are all with long vowel reduplication, and those that refer to the cracking of the earth's surface (as opposed to dirt on ones skin) all manifested the incorporation of the intensifier <n>te-</n>. \ref 04342 \lxa kosahka \lxac i:kosahka \lxo kosahka \lxoc i:kosahka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \se yolk (of an egg) \ss yema (de un huevo) \pna Xkaman nihkwa ikosahka to:toltetl \pea I never eat the yolk of an egg. \psa Nunca como el yema de un huevo \xrb kos \nse The only documentation of <nao>kosahka</nao> is possessed and meaning 'yolk.' \pqry The tokens are good examples of the long /i:/ of the possessor prefix. \ref 04343 \lxa nakasteteketsa \lxac nonakasteteketsa \lxo naká:stekétsa \lxop naká:steketsa \lxoc nonaká:stekétsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-tran \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to prick up ones ears to listen carefully (a person or animal) \ss (refl.) poner atención para escuchar bien (una persona o animal) \pna O:nonakastetekets, kikakisneki. \pea He pricked up his ears to listen carefully, he wants to hear it. \psa Puso atención para escuchar bien, lo queire escuchar. \xrb nakas \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nse Given that this action always involves both ears the verbal stem is reduplicated (in Oapan Nahuatl this results in pitch accent and lengthening on the final short vowel of the incorporated nominal stem). In addition, this is always a"one-person"event, hence only the reflexive forms have been documented. \ref 04344 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /Osto:kalko/, which is now in the toponymic database \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04345 \lxa ke:n \lxac ke:n we:yak \lxo ke:n \lxoc ke:n tlachia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord; Adv-man \se how \ss como; que \pna Ke:n iwa:n nimowi:ka! \pea How I really get along with him! \psa ¡Cómo me llevo bien conél! \pna Ke:n tiwe:i! \pea How big you are! \psa ¡Quégrande eres! \seao (~ <nao>-ita</nao>) to be related to \ssao (~ <nao>-ita</nao>) ser pariente de \pna Ke:n nikita. \pea He is a relative of mine (lit., 'it is how I see him') \psa Es pariente mio (lit., 'es como lo veo') \cola ihki \xrb ke:n \vl Link middle of 3 female tokens, link first male token. \ref 04346 \lxa tlakpamontatli \lxac tlakpamontatli \lxo tlahpamóntatlí \lxoc tlahpamóntatlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se stepfather of ones spouse (wife or husband) \ss padrastro del esposo (mujer o hombre) de uno \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb mon \xrb tah \vl First Florencia Marcelino utters /tlahpamontli/. This should be tagged with #5507. \ref 04347 \lxa i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \lxac i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \lxo i:xte:mpa:chika:ti \lxoc i:xte:mpa:chika:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become blind in an eye as it shrivels up from disease or injury (from a blow perhaps, or disease, that causes the eye to go bad and dry up) \ss quedarse ciego por secarsele los ojos de enfermedad o una herida (de un golpe o de una enfermedad que hace que el ojo se eche a perder y se seca) \pna I:xte:mpa:chaka:titok, wa:kis i:xtew. \pea He is becoming blind (from a diseased or injured eye), his eye will dry up. \psa Se está quedando ciego (de un ojo enfermo o pudrido), se le va a secar el ojo. \sem disease \cfa pa:chaka:ti \cfo pa:chika:ti; i:xtemechiwi \encyctmp i:xtetl \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:chaka: \mod In an encyclopedic entry for /i:xtetl/ include everything about eyes: colors, shapes, eyelashes, diseases. \nse This refers to blindness in which there is an actual physical and observable problem with the eye. It differs from <na>siego:ti</na>, a derivation from a Spanish loan, which refers to blindness caused by something internal, such as a cataract. \rt Etymology and derivation of /pa:chaka:/ is uncertain. Cf. RS /papachca/ meaning 'cuajarse, congelarse, coagularse'. However, this is with a short vowel; thus check vowel length in /pa:chaka:tl/ words. Although possibility is a relationship to /pachiwi/, but here again the initial /a/ is short. Recheck /pa:chaka:tl/. \ref 04348 \lxa chakayolowa \lxac kichakayolowa \lxo chakailowa \lxoc kichakailowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to pockmark; to roughen (a hard surface such as clay or stone) \ss cacarañar (una superficie dura como de cerámica o piedra) \pna Kichakayolowan mo:lkaxitl ika arrie:raú:jah \pea They pockmark the surface of the mortar with a muleskinner's needle. \psa Cacarañan la superficie del molcajete con una aguja de arriero. \pna Kichakayolowa tepalkatl ika o:lo:tl, ma noka:wa tesontik. \pea He uses a corncob to roughen up the surface of a ceramic bowl so that it winds up roughly textured. \psa Con un olote dejaáspera la superficie de un plato hondo de cerámica, para que quedéáspero. \sem texture \xrb chakayol \nse A surface that has been altered in the process indicated by <na>chakayolowa</na> becomes <na>chakayoltik</na> or <na>tsotsokoltik</na>. In Oapan one would say, for example, <no>kitetsotsona para ma chakailiwi</no>. Thus in Oapan the transitive does not exist. \qry Perhaps related to /chachakwa:toh/; cf. /chachakwa/. Check for the existence of intr. /chakayoliwi/; if it does exist, delete [x] from code. \vl There are 4 tokens for this word at 6946. They should be tagged as 4348. \ref 04349 \lxa xo:chikupahli \lxac xo:chikupahli \lxo xo:chikopahli \lxoc xo:chikopahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seao <l>Bursera vejar-vazquezii</l> Miranda, tree of the Burseraceae family whose resin is used as incense \ssao <l>Bursera vejar-vazquezii</l> Miranda,árbol de la familia Burseraceae cuya savia se utiliza como incienso \se incense made from the resin of the tree of this name, used mostly during ceremonies such as Santa Cruz in September \ss incienso que es la savia delárbol de este nombre, que se utiliza durante ceremonias como la de Santa Cruz de septiembre \pna Xo:chikupahli | Tikonxi:mas. Bwe:noh para ika tontlapo:kwi:s kwa:k ye u:nkah ye:lo:tl ipan Sa:ntah Krus. \pea <na>Xo:chikupahli</na> : You shave it down. It is good for letting off smoke when there are <spn>elotes</spn> during Santa Cruz (the fiesta of September). \psa <na>Xo:chikupahli</na> : Lo cepillas. Es bueno para echar humo cuando hay elotes, durante la fiesta de Santa Cruz (de septiembre). \encyctmp Santa Cruz de septiembre \xrb xo:chi \xrb kopal \nct kohtli \qry Determine the precise identify of this incense, as well as other types. For the cultural encyclopedia, elaborate a page on the Santa Cruz ceremonies of May and September. \ref 04350 \lxa poxa:hka:suwa:tl \lxac poxa:hka:suwa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se sickly or weak woman, one who gets exhausted and ill easily (particularly from overwork) \ss mujer débil, que se agota y se enferma fácilmente (particularmente de un sobrecargo de trabajo) \pna Poxa:hka:suwa:tl, xtepistik itla:kayo. \pea She is a woman who weakens easily, her body isn't tough. \psa Es una mujer débil, su cuerpo no está duro. \dis kaxa:nka:sowa:tl; poxa:hka:sowa:tl \equiva kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \equivo kaxa:nka:siwa:tl \equivo tepi:tska:siwa:tl \xrb poxa: \xrb sowa: \ref 04351 \lxa tla:luwa:na \lxac tla:luwa:na \lxo tla:lwawa:na \lxoc tla:lwawa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to hoof or paw the earth, scraping it (an animal such as a horse, donkey, mule, etc.); to scratch the earth (e.g., a chicken) \ss raspar la tierra con la pata o mano (un animal como caballo, burro, mula, gallina, etc.); piafar; escarbar la tierra (p. ej., una gallina) \pna Tla:luwa:na un to:roh, kwala:ni. \pea That bull is hoofing the earth, it is mad. \psa Ese toro está raspando la tierra, está enojado. \xrb tla:l \xrb wawa: \dis tla:luwa:na; tla:ltekomolowa \nse Given the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the reduction of the first reduplication syllable to /u/ is entirely predictable (cf., <na>uwetska</na>, <na>uwe:i</na>, etc.). As is often the case with w-initial words, the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. The verb <na>tla:luwa:na</na> refers to the scraping and scratching of the earth generally, it seems, by animals. It differs from <nla>tla:ltekomolowa</nla> in that the latter refers to the actual creation of a small hole or cavity, whereas <na>tla:luwa:na</na> refers simply to the scraping and scratching of the surface. \qry Check final vowel length. Check which animals engage in this activity. \ref 04352 \lxa xomo:lko \lxac xomo:lko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \sea in the corner \ssa en la esquina \cfao tlaxomo:lko \xrb xomo:l \xrl -ko \xtla tlaxomo:lko \ref 04353 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlama:yo/ and it has been removed as a vulgar word. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04354 \lxa mama:xtlatsi:n \lxac mama:xtlatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea <l>Passiflora sp.</l> L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers) \ssa <l>Passiflora sp.</l> L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, asíllamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de hombre) \pna Mama:xtlatsi:n | Ixiwyo ihkón onkah, ke:n ka:ltson. \pea <na>Mama:xtlatsi:n</na> : It's leaves are like that, like traditional cotton pants. \psa <na>Mama:xtlatsi:n</na> : Asíson sus hojas, como calzones. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva papa:ntalo:ntsi:n \equiva kakaltso:ntsi:n \equivo pápantaló:ntsi:n \equivo kákasó:ntsi:n \xrb ma:xtla \nct komekatl \qry In one entry I have recorded this as /ma:ma:xtlatsi:n/: the length of the first /a/ should be rechecked. \ref 04355 \lxa a:ya:tl \lxac a:ya:tl \lxo a:ya:tl \lxoc a:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se cloth type of woven square (or slightly rectangular) meshed fiber cloth, two ends of which are tied to make a sling (used in harvesting corn and other similar activities) \ss ayate, tela tejida o malla de fibra en forma cuadrangular (o algo rectangular) que se ata en las dos esquinas para formar un tipo de bolsa (utilizado paracosechar mazorca u otros objetos parecidos) \pna O:hka:n nosa:lowa a:ya:tl kwa:k tipixkas. \pea An <na>ayate</na> is tied in two places when you are going to (use it to) harvest. \psa Un ayate se amarra en dos partes cuando vas a (utilizarlo para) cosechar. \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp ma:tlatl \xrb a:ya: \cfa tema:tlatl \nse The <na>tema:tlatl</na>, like the <na>a:ya:tl</na>, is also used to harvest, but the former is a net bag with straps. \qry Check for possibility of /na:ya:w/ as possessed form. \ilustmp Illustrate. In ono field give a discussion of different types of nets, how they are made, and what they are used for. \ref 04356 \lxa se:wahlo:tl \lxac se:wahlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se shade (e.g., of a tree, <spn>ramada</spn>, etc.) \ss sombra (esto es, de unárbol, ramada, etc.) \pna Tikateh ipan te:se:wahlo -=i:pan se:wahlo:tl-. \pea We are in the shade of someone's house (i.e., resting under the <spn>ramada</spn> of the"porch"). \psa Estamos en la sombra en la casa de alguien (esto es, en la sombra abajo de su ramada). \equivo tlase:wihlo:tl \xrb se:wa \nse Although <na>se:wahli</na> is not found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl it is found in Classical, hence the categorization of <na>se:wahlo:tl</na> as a derived abstract noun. \qry Note that the possessed form of /-yo:tl/ verbs is often simply /-yo/. The fact that I recorded /te:se:wahlo:w/ might reflect the fact that the possessed form is seldom used and was overcorrected. I seem to remember that it is more common simply to say /se:wahlo:tl/. This should be checked. \ref 04357 \lxa ma:maltia \lxac kima:maltia \lxo ma:maltia \lxoc kima:maltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to load onto (e.g., a beast of burden [PO] with firewood [SO], a pick-up truck [PO] with merchandise [SO], etc.) \ss cargar (p. ej., una bestia [OP] con leña [OS], una camionete pick-up [OP] con mercancía [OS], etc.) \pna Xkimpepecho un burros! Ma tikintlama:malti:kan, ye tio:tlak! \pea Round up those donkeys! Let's load them up, it's already late in the afternoon! \psa ¡Arríma a estos burros!¡Vamos a cargarlos, ya es tarde! \pna Xkwahli titlatlama:maltitok, titlauwelo:s. \pea You aren't loading things up right (e.g., firewood on a donkey or mule), you're going to make everything come apart (i.e., the knots, the firewood, etc., so that it all falls to the ground). \psa No estás poniendo bien la carga (p. ej., leña a un burro o mula), todo se te va a derrumbar. \se to blame or hold responsible for; to accuse of (e.g., a person for a crime, often with a sense of unjustness) \ss responsabilizar; culpar; echar la culpa a; acusar (p. ej., una persona por un crimen, a menudo con el sentido de una acusación injusta) \pna O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian. \pea They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it. \psa Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello. \pna Kima:maltian deke tlaxtehki. \pea They accuse him of being a theif. \psa Lo acusan de ser un ladrón. \pna Mitsma:maltian tewa o:tikmiktih. \pea They charge you with being the one who killed him. \psa Te imputan que fuiste túel que lo mató. \se to credit (a person with able to do sth, usually a task that others do not wish to perform); to ascribe (a certain skill or talent to sb) \ss imputar; cargar (a una persona, en que puede hacer algo, fabricar algo, generalmente algo que otras personas no quieren hacer) \pna Ne:chma:maltian newa wel nikchi:was. \pea They claim that I (am the one who) will do it. \psa Me cargan con esto de que yo soyél que lo va a hacer. \xrb ma:ma \xvbao ma:ma \qry Check to see whether with both objects expressed the secondary is oblique, or direct: /kima:maltia o:te:miktih/ or /kima:maltian ika (or deke) o:te:miktih/. Check to determine whether this is used only for unfounded accusations. Check for correctness of /tlatlama:malti:lo/ or /tlama:malti:lo/. Add as indefinite null complement entry. Perhaps (and check) /tlama:maltia/ shuld be a separate entry. Cf. /tlama:ma/ \ref 04358 \lxa tlate:nko \lxac tlate:nko \lxo tlate:nko \lxoc tlate:nko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1[tla-] \infn N1(loc) \sea on the edge or outskirts (of a village; for Oapan, see <nlo>kalte:mpan</nlo> ; <nlo>tlate:mpan</nlo>) \ssa en la orilla o afueras (de un pueblo; para Oapan vé ase <nlo>kalte:mpan</nlo> ; <nlo>tlate:mpan</nlo>) \pna Cha:nti tlate:nko. \pea He lives at the edge of the village. \psa Vive por la orilla del pueblo. \pna San tlatlate:nko xikto:kili un yetsi:ntli! \pea Plant the beans just around the edge (e.g., of the milpa)! \psa ¡Siembra los frijoles solamente por la orilla (p. ej., de la milpa)! \seao (<nao>yaw</nao> ~) to go to the bathroom (whether in the fields or in a modern facility) \ssao (<nao>yaw</nao> ~) ir al baño (o en el campo o en una facilidad moderna) \pna O:yah tlate:nko. \pea He went to the bathroom. \psa Fue al baño. \xrl -te:nko \nse In Oapan <no>tlate:nko</no> is used in <no>yaw tlate:nko</no> to refer to going to the bathroom. However, the edge of the village is referred to as <nlo>tlate:mpan</nlo> or <nlo>kalte:nko</nlo>. \grm Reduplication with short vowel: /San tlatlate:nko xikto:kili un yetsi:ntli!/ 'Plant the beans just around the edge (e.g., of the milpa)!' Reduplication is here used with a locative to indicate a repetition of places. /tlate:nko/ means 'the edge' and thus /tlatlate:nko/ means 'all around the edge,' i.e., at various points along the edge. \ref 04359 \lxa xi:ktlapowa \lxac kixi:ktlapowa \lxo xi:htlapowa \lxoc kixi:htlapowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \irregv The progressive is as expected, <na>kixi:ktlapotok</na>. \se to unclog (sth such as a faucet, the narrow opening of a tube, the barrel of a gun, a hose, or similar object, etc.) \ss destapar; desatascar (algo como una llave de agua, la apertura de una troje, el cañon de un rifle o pistola, un tubo, manguera u otro objeto parecido, etc.) \xrb xi:k \xrb tlapo \xrb tlapo \nse <na>Xi:ktlapowi</na> and its transitive form refer to the unclogging up of things that have narrow openings, such as the spigot-like opening of a granery (which is stopped up with a corncob) that can get clogged with maize. This seems to be the primary meaning, and the relationship to"navel"is clear. But in Ameyaltepec <na>xi:ktlapowi</na> can also refer to any narrow opening that is clogged, although simple <na>tlapowa</na> is more often used in such cases. In Oapan <no>tlapowa</no> is used in these latter cases and <no>xi:htlapowa</no> is limited to opening up the"spigot"of a granary which is said to have its"belly"(hence the metaphoric use of <nlo>xi:htli</nlo>). \ref 04360 \lxa i:xakamana \lxac ki:xakamana \lxo i:xakamana \lxoc ki:xakamana \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to lay face down (a person, an object such as a bucket, plate, or cup that as a clear"mouth"or"face") \ss acostar boca abajo (una persona, un objeto como una cubeta, plato o taza con una"boca"o"cara") \pna Xmi:xakamana! \pea Lie face down! \psa ¡Acuéstate boca abajo! \pna Xki:xakamanaka:n para ma:ka ya:s a:kin o:kimiktite:w! \pea Place him face down (in this case sb recently killed) so that the person who killed him and left does not get away! \psa ¡Pónlo boca abajo (en este caso algn recién matado) para que la persona quien lo mató y huyóno escape! \pna Xki:akamana! Ma:ka neltsimi:s ika ikwalak! \pea Lay him (place him) face down (in this case a drunk)! Don't let him choke on his saliva! \psa ¡Pónlo boca abajo (en este caso a un borracho)!¡No dejes que se ahoge en su saliva! \pna Xki:xakamana ma:ka ihkón a:kesto! \pea Place it upside down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket, etc.), don't leave it face up! \psa ¡Pónlo boca abajo (p. ej., un plato, plato hondo, barrica, etc.), no dejes que se quede boca arriba! \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \ref 04361 \lxa rrea:l ixtli \lxac rrea:l ixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>real</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea see <nla>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nla> \xrb ich \qry For now, see entry under /ka:ka:lo:te:ntli/, pending further analysis of this type of hemp. \ref 04362 \lxa nekwiliwi \lxac nekwiliwi \lxo nekwiliwi \lxoc nekwiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent; to become crooked or twisted (as in a long object that is bent in one direction or another) \ss torcerse; enchuecarse (como objetos largos que se tuercen o se doblan por un lado) \pna O:nekwiliw noma, o:nima:kelo:n. \pea My arm got crooked (from being out of joint), I severely sprained my arm. \psa Se enchuecómi brazo, se me destendió. \dis patiliwi \xrb nekwil \qry My feeling is that /ma:-/ is more likely to be stated in a nonincorporated form from /nekwiliwi/ than from /kelo:ni/, although of course the form /ma:nekwiliwi/ exists and has been entered in the dictionary. Probably /nekwilowa/ should be added to the dictionary. \grm /O:nekwiliw noma, o:nima:kelo:n/ 'My arm got crooked (from being out of joint), I dislocated my arm.' Note here how there are two verbs, and the topic is introduced in a nonincorporated form and then reexpressed as incorporated. This is a good example of the shift from non-incorporated to incorporated patient. Cf. to and check to see whether possible or highly marked: /o:nima:nekwiliw, o:kelo:n noma/? check with a speaker. \vl Link second token of each speaker. \ref 04363 \lxa kwa:tepochik \lxac kwa:tepochik \lxo kwa:tepochik \lxoc kwa:tepochik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik(ap) \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infn N0 \se to have disheveled hair; to have hair that is in a mess (from not being combed) \ss tener el cabello en greñas (por no peinarse) \dis kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \nae The lexeme <nao>kwa:tepochik</nao> is basically an apocopated deverbal adjectival ? <nao>pochiktik</nao> (from <nlao>pochi:ni</nlao>). The derivational process whereby verbs ending in <n>-o:ni</n> or <n>-V:wi</n> form adjectival derivatives ending in <n>oktik</n> or <n>Vktik</n>, with a shortened vowel, is not unusual. Here this same process has occurred although the attributive adjectival has been apocopated, losing the final <n>-tik</n>. \grm Note re: apocopated nouns: kwa:tepochik. Apparently this is related to the transparent deverbal adjectival /pochiktik/, a normal derivational process. The ellision of /-tik/ is common and apparently gives the form a more nominal quality, although the precise meaning of these forms should be studied in context. Certainly at times they seem to function as naming terms, i.e. like a vocative, and thus have some relationship to general shortening processes that affect hypocorism. Add a section on hypocorism in grammar. \ref 04364 \lxa ma:xi:nia \lxac kima:xi:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (with directional prefix <na>wa:l-</na>) to cut the branches down of (a tree) \ss (con direccional prefijo <na>wa:l-</na>) cortarle las ramas de (unárbol) \pna Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kohtli, a:man nikwa:lma:xin:is. \pea That tree (at the edge of a my planted field) radiate heat onto my milpa, now I'm going to come cut its branches down. \psa Eseárbol (por la orilla de mi milpa) le irradia calor a mi milpa, ahora le voy a cortar las ramas. \syno ma:chapa:nia \xrb ma: \xrb xi: \mod This should be changed in elicitation to /kwa:lma:xi:nia/. \ref 04365 \lxa Pasto:res \lxac Pasto:res \lxo Pasto:ra:s \lxoc Pasto:ra:s \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pastor \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se little girls who dress up as shepherds during the Christmas season and carry a <nla>ka:ka:xtli</nla> on their backs \ss niñas que se visten como pastoras durante las fiestas navideñas y llevan un <nla>ka:ka:xtli</nla> a cuestas \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 04366 \lxa a:xi:xmiki \lxac a:xi:xmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to need to urinate badly \ss tener muchas ganas de o necesitar orinar \pna Na:xi:xmiki, xok nikxi:kowa. \pea I have to urinate badly, I can't bear it anymore. \psa Tengo muchas ganas de (necesidad de) orinar, ya no lo aguanto. \equivo tlapia:smiki \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb miki \ono miki \mod Add onomasiological entry discussing /miki/ as a compound verb. \ref 04367 \lxa sakayoh \lxac sakayoh \lxo sakayoh \lxoc sakayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be covered or full of grass (a field or area); to be an area with pasture (i.e., covered with grass used as pasture) \ss estar cubierto de zacate (un terreno, campo oárea); ser un lugar con mucho pasto (bueno para apacentar a los animales) \pna O:pe:w kitlima:wa un sakayoh. Xmotlalo. Xikse:wi:ti! \pea The fire has spread to that grass-covered field. Run! Go put it out! \psa El fuego se ha extendido a estaárea cubierta.¡Córrele!¡Ve a apagarlo! \xrb saka \ref 04368 \lxa tlakwalispantilia \lxac tlakwalispantilia \lxo tlakwalispantilia \lxoc tlakwalispantilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-lia \infv class-2a \se to arrive at a place nearly at nearly midday (when one had thought of finishing earlier) \ss llegar a un lugar sino hasta mediodía (p. ej., al salir a trabajar muy tarde) \pna O:nitlakwalispantilih. \pea I was late (i.e., working until close to midday when I had imagined finishing sooner). \psa Me tardéhasta mediodía (p. ej., trabajando hasta entonces cuando originalmente penséterminar luego). \syno tlakoka:tilia \xrb kwa \xrl -pan \qry Check with /tiotlakilia/ and /tlayowilia/; make sure the /ti-/ and /-lia/ is still an intransitive. \ref 04369 \lxa akoki:sa \lxac akoki:sa \lxo ákokí:sa \lxop akoki:sa \lxoc ákokí:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to move or slide upward (e.g., from a horizontal position, such as from the foot to the head of a bed) \ss deslizarse hacia arriba (desde una posición horizontal, p. ej., desde el pie a la cabeza de una cama) \pna Akoki:stok mokone:w. Xkonta, tla:mo wa:lwetsis! \pea Your child (while lying down) is moving up to the top of the bed. Go take care of him, if you don't he will fall to the ground! \psa Tu hijo (acostado sobre la cama) se está deslizando hacia arriba. Vélo, porque si no lo hagas se va a caer. \xrb ahko \xrb ki:sa \nae The length of initial vowels is often difficult to determine, as the range of variation between long and short vowels is not as great as it is in other phonological contexts. Acoustic measurements of the Oapan speech tokens reveals durations in the upper range of that for short vowels. \qry As with several other compounds beginning with the root /ahko/ this has been recorded with a long /a:/. Cf. extended note under /akopilowa/. For both /a:koita/ any /a:koki:sa/ I have one recorded example of each, both with an initial long /a:/ which should, nevertheless, be checked. \pqry Here as elsewhere check for all /ako/ morphemes. \ref 04370 \lxa tlatoto:nka:n \lxac tlatoto:nka:n \lxo tlatoto:nka:n \lxoa tlatoto:nka:h \lxoc tlatoto:nka:h, tlatoto:nka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se place or area that is very hot \ss lugar oárea donde hace mucho calor \pna Melá:k tlatoto:nka:n mokali. \pea The inside of your house is extremely hot. \psa Hace muchísimo calor en el interior de tu casa. \xrb to:n \qry Check for /tla:ltoto:nka:n/ and /tla:ltoto:nka:miki/, etc. \pqry Check with a phonetician for the final sound of Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation here. \ref 04371 \lxa o:stia \lxac ko:stia \lxo o:stia \lxocpend @ko:stia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to impregnate; to get or make pregnant (a female animal) \ss empregnar (a una hembra de cualquier animal) \equiva kone:watia \equivo koné:watiá \xrb o:ts \dis kone:watia \vl I think there is a mistake here. Both speakers give /kostia/. This might well be a different word as I hear the vowel short whereas in the nominal /o:stli/ it is clearly long. Therefore, for now tag the four tokens here with 7736. \nse Although the propositional content of <na>o:stia</na> and <na>kone:watia</na> appears to be the same, the latter is considered more decent and is more frequently used for humans. In Oapan, in fact, it seems that <no>o:stia</no> is reserved for reference to animals and <nlo>koné:watiá</nlo> for humans. Perhaps one might say that <na>o:stia</na> is more equivalent to English 'impregnate' and <na>kone:watia</na> to 'to get pregnant.' \nae Comparative evidence reveals that the underlying final consonant of the stem is {ts}. The length of the first vowel seems clearly long from the nominal form <nlao>o:stli</nlao>. \nde Pipil (Campbell, p. 555) has the equivalent of a short initial vowel but Tetelcingo, Morelos, reports it long. \ref 04372 \lxa a:tintli \lxac a:tintli \lxo a:tintli \lxoc a:tintli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(t) \seao louse or lice \ssao piojo(s) \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:t \nse There are said to be the following types of <na>a:tintli</na> : <na>i:a:tin pitso</na>, <na>i:a:tin burroh</na>, <na>i:a:tin mulah</na>, <na>i:a:tin pio</na>, <na>kalwa:wtli</na> (which is found on fowl, perhaps the same as <na>i:a:tin pio</na>). However, consultants stated that despite its name <nla>te:tsa:wa:tintli</nla> is not a type of <na>a:tintli</na>. \nae The duration of the initial vowel in four speech tokens from Oapan shows some variation: Florencia Marcelino has an initial vowel of 93 and 87 ms; her husband Inocencio Jiménez had an initial vowel that measured 135 and 127 ms. \qry There are said to be the following types of <na>a:tintli</na> : <na>ia:tin pitso</na>, <na>ia:tin burroh</na>, <na>ia:tin mulah</na>, <na>ia:tin pio</na>, <na>kalwa:wtli</na> (which is found on fowl, perhaps the same as <na>ia:tin pio</na>). Note, however, that consultants stated that despite its name <nla>te:tsa:wa:tintli</nla> is not a type of <na>a:tintli</na>. Check all this and determine whether each form should be given a separate entry, and whether each animal's lice are different species in Western classification. \rt Note that the root has been given as <na>a:t</na> in part because of the word <na>a:tpatli</na>. The root has also been analyzed at <na>a:t</na> based on the hypothesis that the final form is related to those types of nouns ending in <na>-in</na> (e.g., <na>michin</na>). \ref 04373 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxo í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n \lxoc í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \se person having bad eyesight or blurry vision (but not blind) \ss persona con la visión mala, borrosa o nublosa (pero no ciego) \equiva i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \equivo i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \nse Generally the diminutive <na>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</na> is used, although <na>i:xpapa:ya:tl</na> is also heard. \qry Check for the correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n/ (or /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/); the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. \pqry All forms with /papa:ya:tsi:n/ need to be checked for vowel length. It is extremely unclear whether there is a short or long vowel in the penultimate syllable. \ref 04374 \lxa axto:pa \lxaa xto:pa \lxac axto:pa \lxo xto:pa \lxoc xto:pa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \pss PM; Pred \der Adv \se (predicate) first (one in order, e.g., in a race; noun sg) \ss (predicado) el primero en orden; (p. ej., en una carrera; sustantivo sg) \pna Ma timotla:nika:n a:kin xto:pa. \pea Let's race (or bet) to see who's first (e.g., arrives first). \psa Vamos a echar una carrera (o bien, apostar) para ver quien es (llegue) primero. \pna Newa niaxtopa. \pea I am the first (e.g., firstborn, etc.). \psa Yo soy el primero (p. ej., en nacer). \se (adjectival) the first or earliest (in speaking of a noun) \ss (adjectival) el primero o más temprano (en cuanto a un sustantivo) \pna Xtopa itsontsitsi:wa:n yo:tsomik. \pea Its first hairs (of a maize plant) have already dried up. \psa Sus primeros pelos (de una planta de maíz) ya se han secado. \se (predicate modifier) first (in doing sth, in occurring, etc.) \ss (modificador de predicado) el primero (en hacer algo, en suceder, etc.) \pna A:man tikitaskeh a:kin xtopa yekos. \pea Now we will see who arrives here first. \psa Ahora vamos a ver quien llega aquíprimero. \pna Axtopa o:nemiko. \pea He was born first. \psa El nacióprimero. \se in the beginning; at first \ss al principio; primero \pna Axtopa nia:ya. A:man xok niaw, ne:si ne:chtlawe:litan. \pea In the beginning I used to go. Nowadays I no longer go, it appears that they despise me. \psa Al principio solía ir. Estos dás ya no voy, parece que me detestan. \xrb achto \xrl -pa \nse The more usual pronunciation is <na>xto:pa</na>. In Oapan this is the only pronunciation accepted. The precise part of speech of this headword still needs to be further explored. It seems definitely to function at times as a predicate, but it is also commonly a predicate modifier. Its use as a term modifier (adjectival) is also documented. Obviously more research needs to be conducted. \nae The question of vowel length is still unclear. In the Oapan speech tokens for this entry (2 each of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) the /o:/ seems to be consistently long. However, in their pronunciation of <no>xtopa kayo:tl</no> (reference #3564) the same /o/ is definitely short. I have written the present entry with a long /o:/ although there is no clear motive for vowel lengthening. Apparently in other dialects the \qry Check length of long /o:/. Cf. also discussion in notes under /asta:man/. Check whether meaning is more adjectival or adverbial. Finally, check whether the phrase /newa niaxto:pa/ is correct, or whether one can only say /niaxto:pakayo:tl/. \qry In /A:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we will see who arrives here first' I would have expected perhaps /akinon/. However, there might be an explanation. Perhaps /A:man tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/ would refer to someone not known, someone not present, whereas /A:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ would refer to one of the people referenced by the subject if /ita/. Check. \ref 04375 \lxa tlayo:ltla:like:tl \lxac tlayo:ltla:like:tl \lxo tlayo:ltlá:liké:tl \lxoa te:yo:ltlá:liké:tl \lxoc tlayo:ltlá:liké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se representative of the bridgegroom and his father who goes to appease the father of a girl who has eloped, going to the girl's father's house and asking permission for the marriage while calming his ire \ss representante dell novio y su padre quien va a calmar al padre de la novia que había fugada, yendo a la casa del padre de la novia para tranquilizarlo y pedirle su consentimiento para la boda \xrb yo:l \xrb tla:l \ref 04376 \lxa to:ntomo:hli \lxac to:ntomo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>tonto</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea type of meatless mole, so-called because it is"foolish"or simple in that it has no meat \ssa tipo de mole sin carne, asíllamado porque es"tonto"o sencillo en que no tiene carne \pna To:ntomo:hli, a:yowextli kisekin wan nokwe:chowa ika chi:ltsi:ntli, chi:lwa:ktli, ipan metatl. Ma kwe:xtia. Deke yo:kwe:xtiak, konxi:nian itik se: ko:ntli ika a:poso:nki. A:man kixi:nilian xonakatl, sila:ntroh, wan istatl. Saihkón. Kito:ka:yo:tian to:ntomo:hli pa:mpa xkipia ni:m pióni:m michin ni:n yetl. Xtlah. To:ntoh. \pea <na>To:ntomo:hli</na> (is made in the following way): squash seeds are toasted on a clay griddle and ground up with chile, with chile huajillo, on a metate. It should become finely ground. Once so ground, it (the mixture) is thrown into a pot of boiling water. Then onion, silantro, and salt is added. That's it. It is called <na>to:ntomo:hli</na> because it doesn't have either chicken, or fish, or beans. Northing. It is"foolish." \psa <na>to:ntomo:hli</na> (se hace en la siguiente manera): se muelen semillas de calabaza con chile, con chile huajillo sobre un metate. se debe quedar finamente molido. si ya se molióbien, le echan a una olla de agua hervida. Ahora le echan cebolla, cilantro y sal. Asínada más. Le dicen <na>to:ntomo:hli</na> porque ni tiene pollo, ni pescado ni frijol. Nada. Es"tonto". \sem food-mole \xrb mo:l \ono mo:hli \ref 04377 \lxa te:ntsonki:sa \lxac te:ntsonki:sa \lxo te:ntsonki:sa \lxoc te:ntsonki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to grow a beard; to become bearded \ss salirsele o crecersele la barba a \pna O:tite:ntsonki:s, xok pestik moxa:yak. \pea You grew a beard, your face is no longer smooth \psa Se te crecióla barba, ya no tienes la cara lisa. \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb ki:sa \dis te:ntsonki:sa; te:ntsonyowa \ref 04378 \lxa iksan tla:katl \lxac iksan tla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea ancestor \ssa antepasado \xrb iksan \xrb tla:ka \qry Check to see if this should be recorded as one word /i:ksantla:katl/. Perhaps one manner of telling is the position of pronominal prefixes. However, since prefixes are in Ameyaltepec at the left of a clause and since /i:ksan/ is or would not be pluralized, it might be difficult to assert that /ti iksan tla:kah/ is definitely one or two words. Check to see where plural markers might go: /ti iksan tla:kameh/ or ?/iksan titla:kameh/. Perhaps a better test of word boundaries is velarization of /n/. \ref 04379 \lxa tlaxi:mahli \lxac tlaxi:mahli \lxo tlaxi:mahli \lxoc tlaxi:mahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \sea wood (or other objects such as stone) that has been planed \ssa madera (u otros materiales como cantera) cepillada \pna Tikneki de tlaxi:mahli, noso kuwmimilohli? \pea Do you want wood that has been planed, or just a round log (e.g., to make a sawhorse, <spn>banco</spn>, etc.) \psa ¿Quieres de madera cepillada, o solamente redonda (p. ej., para hacer un burro, banquito, etc.)? \seo logs that have had their bark removed \sso troncos a que se les han quitado la cáscara \cfo tlaxi:ntli \xrb xi:ma \nse In Oapan <no>tlaxi:mahli</no> is used to refer to beams from which the bark has been stripped (e.g., for <spn>morillos</spn> of houses). <nlo>Tlaxi:ntli</nlo> can also be so used, though it is also used for things that have been squared off, such as large thick pieces of wood, or stones for building. However, for planed wood <nlo>kohxi:mahli</nlo> is used. \qry Check this last statement as in the entry for /kohxi:mahli/ I had first recorded that it only refers to wood shavings. \ref 04380 \lxa te:nka:wa \lxac kite:nka:wa \lxo te:nka:wa \lxoc kite:nka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to leave uneaten; to leave on the plate \ss dejar sin comer; dejar en el plato \xrb te:n \xrb ka:wa \qry Can anything but food be the object; can subjects be inanimate. \ref 04381 \lxa kwa:tsotsoltik \lxac kwa:tsotsoltik \lxo kwa:tsotsoltik \lxoa kwa:te:tsoltik \lxoc kwa:tsotsoltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwa:tetsotsoltik</na> (Am); <no>kwa:te:tsoltik</no> (Oa) \se to be bald \ss ser calvo \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \nae When the infix intensifier <n>te-</n> is used in the Oapan form, the reduplicated first syllable of the stem reduces onto the intensifier, lengthening the /e/. \qry Check to see if it can also mean having simply thinning or thin hair, or to be bare-headed. Check vowel length. \ref 04382 \lxa tlakpa- \lxac tlakpakone:tl \lxo tlahpa- \lxoc tlahpakone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \se step- (as in stepmother, stepfather, etc.) \ss -astro(a) (como en madrastra, hermanastro, etc.) \sem kin \equiva tlakpawi:tek \xrb tlakpa \nse <na>Tlakpa-</na> (Am) / <no>tlahpa-</no> (Oa) is a prefix used with kin terms to indicate 'step-' as in <na>tlakpana:ntli</na> (Am) 'stepmother.' \qry Determine precise meaning of 'step' in Nahuatl. \ref 04383 \lxa a:temia \lxac ka:temia \lxo a:temia \lxoc ka:temia \dt 25/May/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-? \infv class-2a \se to delouse; to pick the lice out of the hair of \ss despiojar \xrb a:t \qry Check length of initial /a/. In other dialects one finds /a:tintli/. \mod Modify /cat field coding as the nature of /-ia/ here is determined. \grm The nature of this grammatical construction should be determined. Cf. whether there are other similar forms with other nominal roots. \rt Note that here the root seems the"classical"form for louse: /atemitl/; but in Ameyaltepec the word for louse itself has changed to /a:tintli/. Thus we seem to have {a:tim} and {a:tem} as suppletive roots. \ref 04384 \lxa yo:ltla:lia \lxac kiyo:ltla:lia \lxo yo:ltla:lia \lxoc kiyo:ltla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to appease; to calm down; to console; to soothe the hurt feelings of (particularly a father [O] after the elopement of his daughter) \ss calmar; tranquilizar; consolar; aplacar (particularmente a un padre [O] después de la fuga de su hija) \pna Nikyo:ltla:li:s notah, ma:ka sa: kwala:nto. \pea I will appease my father so that he is not just brooding (e.g., because his daughter ran off with her boyfriend). \psa Voy a consolar a mi papápara que no esténomás enojado (p. ej., porque su hija se había fugado). \pna O:mitsyo:ltla:likeh, o:tla:k momi:l. \pea You have been consoled (in this case, by God), your cornfield has proferred a good yield. \psa Fuiste consolado (en este caso, por Diós), tu milpa rindióbien. \se (refl.) to calm down \ss (refl.) tranquilizarse; calmarse \pna O:pe:w noyo:ltla:lia. \pea He's started to calm down. \psa Ya empezó a tranquilizarse. \xrb yo:l \xrb tla:l \grm Passive: Note that in Nahuatl the 3rd person plural marker with a transitive verb functions as a passive, with an unspecified agent. Thus in /o::mitsyo:ltla:likeh, o:tla:k momi:l/ the translation is 'You have been consoled (i.e., by God), your cornfield has proferred a good yield.' The 3rd person plural is use even though from the context and the cultural basis for this, all speakers know intuitively who the agent is. That is, context establishes the agent. \ref 04385 \lxa ikxipiltewia \lxac nokxipiltewia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to stub ones toe or foot \ss (refl.) darse en el dedo de pie o en el pie \pna O:nimokxipiltewih, te:kokoh. \pea I stubbed my toe, it hurts. \psa Me di (me golpeé) en el dedo de pie, duele. \equivo ixipiltechakwa:nia \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb te \qry I have only heard this used in the reflexive, check to see if other forms exist. I also have never heard an intransitive cognative; probably this is because the derivation is from the noun stem /te/ 'rock' with the verbalizer /-wia/. Finally, recheck vowel length as in one instance I have /ikxipilte:wia/ and in another /ikxipiltewia/. \ref 04386 \lxa ne:ne:wia \lxac kine:ne:wia \lxo ne:ne:wi \lxoc kine:ne:wi \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia (Am) \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to be just like (sb or sth else) \ss ser tal como; ser parecido o igual a (otra persona o cosa) \pna I:n na:nkah kine:ne:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón. \pea This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it. \psa Este que está aquí es similar al otro allí, es parecido aél (es de la misma manera). \xrb ne: \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but the form <n>nenewilia</n> is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos and in Classical (perhaps as <n>ne:newilia</n>, cf. the discussion in FK). It appears that the applicative formation involves a human agent who is comparing one thing to another; the form <na>ne:ne:wia</na> (Am) / <no>ne:ne:wi</no> (Oa) has one of the two items being compared as subject. This verb is used, for example, to refer to one animal that is lame like another, a person who, like another, is learning a task, a person who is the same age as another, a house that is as ugly or nice as another, etc. \qry Recheck vowel length. Check to see if /nene:wilia/ also exists. \ref 04387 \lxa pa:tla \lxac kipa:tla \lxo pa:tla \lxoc kipa:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tla \infv class-4a \se to melt down (wax, lead, etc.) \ss fundir (cera, plomo, etc.) \pna Nika:n nikpa:tlatok nose:rah para nitla:lti:s. \pea I'm melting down my wax here in order to make candles. \psa Aquí estoy derritiendo mi cera para hacer velas. \se to mix (with water and other ingredients, as in making cement or mortar, adobe, etc.) \ss mezclar o revolver (con agua y otros ingredientes, como en hacer mezcla o cemento, lodo para adobe, etc.) \pna Kipa:tla sokitl para xa:ntli. \pea He is mixing up mud (with water and zacate) to make adobe. \psa Estárevolviendo lodo (con agua y zacate) para hacer adobe. \se (refl.) to dissolve \ss (refl.) disolvers \pna San nopa:tla. \pea It just dissolves. \psa Solamente se disuelve. \se to stir in (various ingredients into a watery mixture) \ss agregar y revolver (varios ingredientes a una mezcla aguada) \pna Nikpa:tlas nolimo:na:tl. \pea I will mix up my lemonade (i.e., stir in sugar and ice). \psa Voy a revolver mi limonada (esto es, agregando azúcar y hielo). \xrb pa: \nse Whereas <nao>pa:ti</nao> refers to things that melt, such as ice, the anticausative <nao>nopa:tla</nao> refers to things that dissolve, such as sugar in coffee. \qry Check the difference between /san nopa:tla/ and, if it is correct, /san pa:ti/. I.e., what happens to sugar, for example, in coffee: /pa:ti/ or /nopa:tla/. \mod Although I originally categorized the alternation /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ as a nondirectional alternation, with a /-ti/ ~ /-tla/ alternation (/pa:ti/ and /-pa:tla/), I have since changed this to a denominal verb, even though the original nominal stem is now archaic (/pa:/). Note that <na>nopa:tla</na> seems, therefore, to be an anticausative (like /notsakwa/). \vl Tag all 3 female and 2 male tokens, but don't link the first female token. \grm Anticausative Whereas <na>pa:ti</na> refers to thinks that melt, such as ice, <na>nopa:tla</na> refers to things that dissolve, such as sugar in coffee. Note the apparently the form <na>nopa:tla</na> is an anticausative. It is important to keep this difference in mind and perhaps use it as an example in the grammar. \ref 04388 \lxa kompa:lna:ntli \lxac kompa:lna:ntli \lxo kompa:hla:ntli \lxoc kompa:hla:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan compadre \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se godmother \ss madrina \xrb na:n \nse Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, this is used only in reference, and not as a vocative, for which <na>ma:mali:nah</na> is employed in Ameyaltepec. Note however, that in this village. both <na>nokompa:lna:n</na> and <na>noma:mali:nah</na> are correct and used. \nae Note the shift in the initial /n/ of <nlo>na:ntli</nlo> to /l/ and then the shift to /h/ of the initial consonant of the geminate pair. The plural possessed also manifests the typical loss of /n/ before /w/: <no>nokompa:hla:wa:n</no>, the same change that occurs with the diminutive: <no>nokaltsitsi:nwa:n</no>. \grm Orthography: Note the shift in the initial /n/ of <nlo>na:ntli</nlo> to /l/ and then the shift to /h/ of the initial consonant of the geminate pair. The plural possessed also manifests the typical loss of /n/ before /w/: <no>nokompa:hla:wa:n</no>, the same change that occurs with the diminutive: <no>nokaltsitsi:nwa:n</no>. \qry Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:lna:ntli/. Check vocative form of godmother in Oapan. \grm Oapan phonology: Note the phonological process n>0 /l ___. It seems that several interesting phonological changes (e.g., s>ts) occur in the post-/l/ environment. \ref 04389 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tla:lte po:cho:ko:niah/; it was removed when not recognized at all by Cirstino Flores.24/Jun/2002 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04390 \lxa kelo:ni \lxac kelo:ni \lxo kelo:ni \lxoc kelo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se to suffer a severe strain \ss sufrir muy duramente \nse Like verbs that affect a body part (e.g., <na>posteki</na>), <na>kelo:ni</na> may take as a subject either the precise bone that is dislocated, or the animate being that has suffered this injury. Thus one may have a general statement <na>o:nikelo:n</na>, a more specific <na>o:kelo:n noma</na>. A"possessor raising"construction, <na>o:nima:kelo:n</na>, may also be used. Note, however, that Florencia Marcelino (Oa) asserted that the meaning of <nao>kelo:ni</nao> is more like 'to sprain'; the bone is neither dislocated nor broken. Moreover, given that this action can only occur accidentally, she denied that a transitive form exists. Obviously this discrepancy in meaning needs to be checked. \qry Check for NI forms, and add. \ref 04391 \lxa tla:ltekwtlan \lxac tla:ltekwtlan \lxo tla:ltehtlah \lxoa tla:ltehtlan \lxoc tla:ltehtlah, tla:ltehtlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \se place with a lot of dust (because of the wind, sb sweeping, etc.) \ss lugar donde se levanta mucho polvo (a causa del viento, de algn que barre, etc.) \xrb tla:l \xrb tekw \xrl -tlan \qry Check this entry since on some filecards I had /tla:ltekwtlan/ and on others /tla:ltektlan/. \vl Link second male token. \ref 04392 \lxa chialtia \lxac kichialtia \lxo chialtia \lxoc kichialtia \dt 24/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to save for \ss guardar para \src DT1:106 \pna Ne:chsentla:lilia: un a:tl, wan ne:xchialtia a:sta ma nasi. \pea He accumulates the water there for me and saves it until I arrive. \psa Me junta el agua allá y me la guarda hasta que llegue. \cfa a:chialtia \xrb chiya \xvbao chia \qry Check meaning to make sure meaning is not 'to make someone wait for something'. \ref 04393 \lxa te:kakaya:wani \lxac te:kakaya:wani \lxo té:kakaya:wáni \lxoc té:kakaya:wáni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se person who deceives, misleads, or fools others (e.g., often promising to do sth and then not doing it); person who doesn't keep his word \ss persona que engaña (p. ej., a menudo prometiendo hacer algo y después no cumpliendo con la promesa); persona que no respeta su palabra \pna Xkukwalteh. ke:n te:kakaya:wanimeh. Mitsna:nkilian para mitsompale:wi:skeh, pero xmlá:k yaweh. \pea They're no good, they really deceive people. They'll agree to go help you, but they won't really go. \psa Son malos, engañan a la gente. Te responden que te van a ir a ayudar, pero no van de veras. \xrb kaya: \nse <na>Te:kakaya:wani</na> (Am) / <no>té:kakaya:wáni</no> (Oa) in general refers to individuals who don't keep their word, who make promises and assertions that they fail to follow. Thus it may apply to people who ask for a loan and never return it, or to those who tell people that something is not what it is, who are prone to state what in Spanish are called 'vaciladas' (e.g., one might say that a certain person is the husband of someone when this is not true). \ref 04394 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a separate entry for Am /sakapepextli/, whereas another entry had already existed for Ameyaltepec. In this entry, 4394, the Oapan word for the grass, i.e., /saká:pextlí/ was entered. This has been moved to the other entry, 652. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The recording here of /saká:pextlí/ should be assigned number 652. \ref 04395 \lxa ite:ntson chi:boh \lxac ite:ntson chi:boh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>chivo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea grass, a member of the Poaceae family, not yet identified \ssa zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfa ite:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli \xrb te:n \xrb tson \cpl Although I have heard this plant mentioned repeatedly, when asked L. Lucena responded that he did not know its identity. However, Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <na>te:ntzonchivo</na>, which identify as the <spn>barba de chivo</spn>. \nct xiwtli \ref 04396 \lxa nenemintsi:n \lxac nenemintsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n; N-bb \infn N0 \sea little walker (vocative used in speaking to babies) \ssa caminantito (vocativo empleado en hablar a bebés) \sem baby \xrb nemi \nse The use of <na>-ntsi:n</na> to indicate a child agentive is not uncommon (cf. <na>a:tlakwintsi:n</na>) and this use here seems to parallel the agentive. Yet at the same time is reflects the occasional use of <na>-tsi:n</na> with verbs (cf. <na>poliwitsi:n</na>). Apparently, then, <na>nenemi:ntsi:n</na> is a type of vocative used to address little children who are just beginning to walk; the presence of /n/ before <na>-tsi:n</na> suggests that at some level this is a nominal and not verbal form. \qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. \mod See and add Gram 1984-10-16.1 \grm Oapan baby talk; reduplication: Note the form /ne:nentsi:n/; here it appears that the long vowel reduplication. It would appear that this is related to forms such as /che:ncheh/, etc. in which a long vowel reduplication is used in baby talk. \vl The first female and male token is /ne:ne:tsi:n/ (all long vowels). These two tokens (one female and one male) should be tagged with #7697 and linked there. Then there follow 4 tokens of /ne:ne:ntsi:n/. I am not sure if this is a different term or not. It should be tagged to 7698. I will have to determine whether this is the same as /ne:ne:tsi:n/, or Am /nenemi:ntsi:n/. Do not confuse /ne:ne:tsi:n/>7697 with /ne:ne:ntsi:n/ 7698. \ref 04397 \lxa panoche:ros \lxaa tsikatl de panoche:ros \lxac panoche:ros \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan panochero \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of dark-colored ant, of those known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \ssa tipo de hormiga color oscuro, de los que se conocen como <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tsi:ka \ono hypo tsi:katl \cpl The <na>tsi:katl panoche:roh</na> is not red but dark, <nla>poyaktik</nla>. \ref 04398 \lxa pi:tso:yo \lxac i:pi:tso:yo \lxo pi:tso:yo \lxoc i:pi:tso:yo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N2 \se younger, recently born sibling who follows another closely in the birth order \ss hermano menor recién nacido que muy de cerca le sigue a otro en el orden de nacer \pna A:man kipia ipi:tso:yo, yo:nemiko oksé. \pea Now he has his young sibling, another (child) has been born. \psa Ya tiene su chípil, otro (niño) ya nació. \xrb pi:tso: \nse Apparently an expression such as <na>i:pi:tso:yo</na> is used only to refer to a younger child who has been born, not one that is still in the womb. \qry Determine whether unpossessed form can be used; if not the headword should be /pi:tso:yo/ and the /cat field should be N-poss. Also recheck cat field. Check whether /ipi:tso:yo/ can refer to any younger sibling or only to one that is the source of chipil. It appears that the former is the case. \ref 04399 \lxa yewalwia \lxac kiyewalwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to do (an activity or task, at times implicitly sex) during the night \ssa hacer (una actividad o tarea, a veces implicitamente el amor) durante la noche \pna Tikyewalwi:s kamantika, xniman kalaki masa:tl, san kwalka:n kalaki. \pea Sometimes you'll spend the whole night at it (in this case deerhunting), the deer doesn't always come back in (e.g., to where they live) right away, it's just in the early morning they come in. \psa A veces pasas toda la noche haciéndolo (en este caso cazando venado), no siempre vuelve a entrar el venado (p. ej., a donde habita) luego, solamente es temprano en la mañana que entran. \pna A:mantsi:n me:roh nanye:nkwikeh, nankito:nalwian wan nankiyewalwian. \pea You are newlyweds, you got at it during the day and you go at it during the night. \psa Son ustedes recién casados, lo hacen (el amor) durante el día y lo hacen durante la noche. \xrb yowa \cfa to:nalwia \nse For comparative purposes the root has been entered as <nr>yowa</nr>. \ref 04400 \lxa iseki \lxac kiseki \lxo ísekí \lxop iseki \lxoc kísekí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \se to toast on a griddle (<spn>comal</spn> ; e.g. guaje seeds, corn kernels, beans, etc.) \ss tostar sobre un comal (p. ej., guajes, maíz, frijoles, etc.) \pna Xkiseki un a:yowextli! \pea Toast those squash seeds on a griddle! \psa ¡Tuesta la semilla (de calabaza) sobre el comal! \xrb hseki \xvaa isekilia \xvao ísekília \nse Check root. \nae The initial /i/ is epenthetic and lost after the reflexive and nonspecific <n>tla-</n>. \ref 04401 \lxa ye:kpowa \lxac kiye:kpowa \lxo yé:hpowá \lxop ye:hpowa \lxoc kiyé:hpowá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-2b \pa yes \se to replant with new seed (particularly maize) where the original seeds did not sprout \ss volver a sembrar con semilla nueva (particularmente de maíz) donde la semilla original no germinó \pna A:mantsi:n nia:s nomi:hlan, san nonye:kpo:s. \pea In a moment I'm going to go to my corn field, I'm just going to replant where the seeds I originally planted did not sprout. \psa Ahorita voy a ir a mi milpa, solamente voy a volver a sembrar donde no germinaron las semillas que sembré originalmente. \xrb ye:k \xrb po \nae The etymology of <na>ye:kpowa</na> needs further clarification. If it were related to the root <nr>powa</nr> of the transitive 'to count' then one would expect an underlyingly long {o:} and a perfective form such as <na>o:ye:kpo:w</na> (Am). But the perfective is a"class 2"form, <na>o:ye:kpoh</na>. If the etymology included the stem <nla>tlapowa</nla> 'to open' then the inflectional paradigm would be consistent but the missing element <n>tla-</n> unexplainable. In a certain sense, in terms of meaning either 'to count' or 'to open' would be appropriate stems yet neither seems to offer a precise fit: the inflectional pattern of <na>ye:kpowa</na> argues against <na>powa</na> 'to count' and the lack of the <n>tla</n> syllable argues against an etymology deriving from <nao>tlapowa</nao>, since root for 'open' appears to be <nr>tlapo</nr> and not simply <nr>po</nr> as it would have to be in this case given the perfective form. Finally, there is the question or problem of pitch accent. It m ight be that the Oapan pitch accent derives from a reduplicant, like in <no>kéwá</no> 'he stores it' (Am has <na>kiyewa</na>) but the difference here is that the Ameyaltepec form <na>ye:kpowa</na> does not manifest any reduplicant. Thus the original of Oapan pitch accent remains a mystery at present. \qry Check the perfective and make sure it is /o:ye:kpoh/ and not /o:ye:kpo:w/. If the latter this would confirms relation to /powa/. Also check future, is it /ye:kpo:s/ of /ye:kpowas/. Check the presence of /h/ in San Juan. The reason for the lack of leftward shift of the pitch accent in Oapan is not clear. Apparently, however, it is because this is reduplicated and with an initial glide the reduplication does not shift leftward. However, note that in drawing blood one states: /o:kí:nyeskí:xtih/ in which the reduplication is applied to the prefix. \sj ye:kpowa; find explanation for p-a \ref 04402 \lxa a:xi:xtemi:na \lxac ka:xi:xtemi:na \lxo a:xi:xtemi:ni \lxoc ka:xi:xtemi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to urinate on (dogs and other animals that mark territory with urine) \ss orinar sobre (perros y otros animals que marcan su territorio con orines) \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to urinate by shooting ones urine a great distance (e.g., males yo hold their penises and urinate up in the air, causing the stream to go a great distance) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) orinar echando la orina lejos (p. ej., un hombre que agarra su pene y orina hacia arriba, echando su orina lejos) \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb mi: \nse This verb may be used with a reflexive marker as a reciprocal to indicate events such as when young boys play and try to urinate on one another. \ref 04403 \lxa tla:ltoto:nka:miki \lxac tla:ltoto:nka:miki \lxo tla:lto:nka:miki \lxoa tla:ltoto:nka:miki \lxoc tla:lto:nka:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-miki \der V1-b \aff Lex. rpd-s (Am) \infv class-3a(k) \se to suffer (a burning sensation at ones feet) from steppping on earth or sand that has been heavily heated up by the sun \ss sufrir (una sensación de quemarse los pies) por pisar sobre tierra o arena que ha sido muy calentada por el sol \pna Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wan xtikpia mowe:rach. \pea Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals. \psa Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches. \xrb tla:l \xrb to:n \xrb miki \nae The Oapan form <no>tla:lto:nka:miki</no> is interesting in that the expected reduplication, <no>toto:nki</no>, is not present. The same situation is noted with the locative <nlo>tla:lto:nka:n</nlo>, which is discussed there. It seems best to analyze <no>tla:lto:nka:miki</no> as simply the nominal locative <nlo>tla:lto:nka:n</nlo> compounded with <no>miki</no>. \ref 04404 \lxa a:chi:wiltepalkatl \lxac a:chi:wiltepalkatl \lxo a:chi:wiltepalkatl \lxoc a:chi:wiltepalkatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se little bowl used to hold water that is mixed with something being ground or kneaded (particularly <nla>nextamahli</nla> being ground on a metate) \ss recipiente pequeño que contiene agua que se mezcla con algo para suavizarlo mientras que se muela o se amase (particularmente nixtamal al molerlo sobre un metate) \fla a:chi:wia \xrb a: \xrb chi:wa \xrb tepalka \nae The question of vowel length here is problematical. In the four Oapan speech tokens (of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) the duration of the initial /a:/, in the range of 60 to 80 ms, is not what one would expect from a long vowel (even though standard parameters for measurement have not yet been set). Yet the short vowels in <nao>tepalkatl</nao> seem to be singificantly reduced (e.g., 43 to 53 ms for /te/ and 47 to 73 ms for /pal/). It might be the case that the duration of long vowels in this case is reduced because of the overall length of the word. For now the orthographic representation of this word has been left at <nao>a:chi:wihli</nao>. A complete comparison of all tokens (in isolated, possessed and incorporated forms) will need to be carried out). Note, finally, that comparative data exists for Tetelcingo (cf. <n>a:chi:wahli</n> 'agua que se ocupa para moler') and Pipil (cf. <n>a:chiwal</n> 'bowl of water for making tortillas'; note that in Pipil the word <n>chiwa</n> al so has a short /i/). \pqry Re /a:chi:wiltepalkatl/: note problem of vowel length, cf. question of reduction in duration of individual vowels as words get longer. Perhaps do a study on this. \ilustmp Make illustratation \ref 04405 \lxa potohki:sa \lxac potohki:sa \lxo potohki:sa \lxoc potohki:sa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to emit vapor or steam (a hot food, sth cooking, a hot drink, etc.) \ss echar vapor (una comida caliente, algo cocinándose, una bebida caliente, etc.) \cfao po:hki:sa \cfo ítipotohkí:sa \xrb potok \xrb ki:sa \nse In Oapan <nlo>po:hki:sa</nlo> is used for hot foods that emit steam whereas <nlo>ítipotohkí:sa</nlo> is used for pots that emit vapor from within. The form <no>potohki:sa</no> is apparently acceptable but not often used. \mod Perhaps remove this Oapan entry since FM later said that eeryone uses /itipotohki:sa/. \ref 04406 \lxa tsi:npo:naltia \lxac kitsi:npo:naltia \lxo tsi:npo:naltia \lxoc kitsi:npo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b(ni/altia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to position so that the posterior part is raised in the air (e.g., a bucket or other type of container propped up in this manner so that any water might drip out) \ss colocar con la parte posterior alzada hacia arriba (p. ej., una cubeta u otro tipo de recipiente apuntalada o apoyada asípara que salga un líquido que estaba adentro) \se to bend over (a lover [O], either while standing or kneeling) so that the rear end is exposed and jutting out into the air (particularly used to refer to a sexual position in which the woman is placed in such a posture) \ss hacer agachar (a una amante [O], en posición parada o sobre las manos y rodillas)) con las nalgas alzadas (particularmente empleada para referirse a una posición sexual tomada por una mujer) \pna O:kitsi:npo:naltih imo:sah. \pea He placed his lover with her rear end raised up (for sexual intercourse from behind). \psa Posicionó a su amante con sus nalgas expuestas y alzadas (para tener relaciones sexuales). \xrb tsi:n \xrb po: \xvbao tsi:npo:ni \nae In regards to the sexual position, several male speakers mentioned that this is a position that one does not engage in with ones wife ("because one respects her") but rather with a lover who is <na>arre:ychah</na> 'playfully sexual' or a 'feisty lover.' \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04407 \lxa a:xi:xtekiwia \lxac na:xi:xtekiwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-refl[ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to make an effort to urinate \ss (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo para orinar \pna Xma:xi:xtekiwi! \pea Make an effort to urinate (so that afterwards you do not want to)! \psa ¡Haz un esfuerzo para orinar (para que después no te den ganas de orinar)! \equivo a:xi:xtekimaka \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb teki \qry Determine whether only reflexive is used. Also, cf. use of /tekiwia/ in other contexts to indicate making an effort. Question Launey re: use of /-tekiwia/ to indicate making an effort to do sth. Check if there is a causative form. \ref 04408 \lxa koto:ntekoch \lxac koto:ntekoch \lxo koto:ntekoch \lxoc koto:ntekoch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>algodón</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2/Adj \se checkered or plaid shirt or blouse \ss camisa o blusa de cuadros \pna Tikpia mokoto:ntekoch. \pea You have a checkered shirt. \psa Tienes tu camisa de cuadritos. \se to be wearing a checkered shirt \ss estar vestido con una camisa de cuadritos \pna Tikoto:ntekoch. \pea You are wearing a checkered shirt. \psa Estás vestido con una camisa de cuadritos. \fl tekoch \nse The loan word <nla>koto:ntli</nla> is combined here with <nla>tekoch</nla>, a word that refers to the woodpecker and, by extension, to its coloring, which is said to be checkered. <na>Koto:ntekoch</na> is either obligatorily possessed or a predicate, with a subject prefix. \ref 04409 \lxa ne:si \lxac ne:si \lxo ne:si \lxoc ne:si \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Aux \se it seems; it appears that \ss parece \pna Ne:si xok te:cha:lpale:wi:s. \pea It appears that he will no longer come to help us. \psa Parece que ya no viene a ayudarnos. \xrb ne:si \ref 04410 \lxa tlachipa:wi \lxac tlachipa:wi \lxo tlachipa:wi \lxoc tlachipa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se for the sky to become clear of clouds \ss depegarse de nubes el cielo \pna O:tlachipa:w; xok tlamoxte:ntok. \pea The sky has cleared, it is no longer cloud-covered. \psa Se despejó el cielo, ya no está tapado de nubes. \xrb chipa: \xbtlao chipa:wi \vl The first female and first male tokens are /tla:lchipa:wi/. These should be tagged as 4020. \ref 04411 \lxa tla:kato:naleh \lxac tla:kato:naleh \lxo tla:kato:naleh \lxoa tla:kato:nalih \lxoc tla:kato:naleh, tla:kato:nalin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se (woman who is) attractive to men \ss (mujer que es) atractiva a los hombres \pna Miák tla:katl kwelita. Tla:kato:naleh. \pea A lot of men like the way she looks. She is attractive to men. \psa A muchos hombres les gusta su apariencia. Es atractiva para los hombres. \xrb tla:ka \xrb to:na \nse In Oapan this refers to a woman who after becoming widowed finds a man and gets married right away. The implication is that the woman's 'to:nal' is to have a man. \nae The variation in pronunciation between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is interesting. His final vowel is higher, and in at least one pronunciation he has a final nasal, where his wife has a light aspiration. \qry Determine any other words ending in /to:naleh/, e.g., ?/sowa:to:naleh/. \pqry Check acoustics of final /h/ vs. /n/; note vowel raising: in /tla:kato:naleh/. The variation in pronunciation between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is interesting. His final vowel is higher, and in at least one pronunciation he has a final nasal, where his wife has a light aspiration. \vl Link second male token. \ref 04412 \lxa tlatso:mia \lxac tlatso:mia \lxo tlátso:mía \lxop tlatso:mia \lxoc tlátso:mía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-refl[tla] \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to snort (through the nose, e.g., a donkey, horse, mule, goat, bull, etc.) \ss bufar; resoplar (p. ej., un burro, caballo, mula, chivo, toro, etc.) \pna Tlatso:mitok. \pea It is snorting. \psa Estábufando. \se to slurp ones food (said often to young children who eat sloppily, slurping up the food and making noises as if blowing air through the nose into the plate) \ss sorber o comer (cosas líquidas como caldo o chile) haciendo ruido (utilizado mucho como advertencia a niños que comen sin cuidado, sorbiendo la comida y haciendo mucho ruido como si estuvieran echando aire por la nariz) \pna Ma:ka ihkón xtlakwa! Titlatso:mitok itik mopla:toh. \pea Don't eat like that! You're slurping up your food and snorting into your plate. \psa ¡No vayas a comer así! Estás haciendo mucho ruido como si estuvieras bufando hacia el plato. \xrb htso:mi \xbtla itso:mia \xbtlo ítso:míya \nde Molina has <n>tlatzomia. nitla</n> 'bufar el gato, o cosa semejante.' The <n>tla-</n> here is undoubtedly from reduplication, not the object prefix. \qry Check etymology. Also for interlinearization, it is unclear how to parse this word. For now the root is given as /tlatso:mi/. \ref 04413 \lxa i:xiwinti \lxac i:xiwinti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to feel dizzy \ss sentirse mareado \equivao kwa:i:xiwinti \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. \ref 04414 \lxa te:nkwepa \lxac kite:nkwepa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to turn the head of (e.g., an animal such as a donkey, mule, or horse, by pulling on its reins) \ssa voltear la cabeza de (p. ej., un animal como un burro, mula o caballo, al jalar las riendas por un lado) \pna Ma:ka sam paika xya! Xte:nkwepa un burroh! \pea Don't go off in that direction! Turn the head of the donkey (by pulling in the reins on one side)! \psa ¡No vayas hacia allá !¡Volté ale la cabeza al burro (al jalar las riendas por un lado)! \equivo xa:ya:kopa \xrb te:n \xrb kwepa \ref 04415 \lxa tlachwa \lxac tlachwa \lxo tlachwa \lxoc tlachwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to excavate (particularly when using a pick ax); to dig into the earth \ss excavar (particularmente cuando se usa un pico) \pna O:te:mpostek mopi:koh, xok wel titlachwas. \pea The end of your pick broke off, you won't be able to dig anymore. \psa La punta de tu pico se rompió, ya no vas a poder escarbar. \xrb chwa \ref 04416 \lxa te:h \lxac Ma nia te:h! \lxo te:n \lxoa te:h \lxoc xtlakwa te:n! \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \se well then! \ss pues \cfa xte:h \xrb teh \nse <nao>Te:n</nao> or <nao>te:h</nao> is a phrase-final term that is perhaps best translated by Spanish phrase-final <spn>pues!</spn> or perhaps English phrase-initial. It often follows an imperative and serves to mitigate its force. Thus <nao>Xtlakwa!</nao> 'Eat!' as compared to <nao>Xtlakwa te:h!</nao> 'Well eat then!' or 'Just eat then!' or other similar forms. After propositional phrases, <nao>te:h</nao> serves to indicate that the speaker is asserting the communicated situation or event is true, perhaps despite hearer or addressee doubt. Thus, <nao>O:te:pale:wi:to te:h!</nao> 'Well he went to help out, y'know!' In this regard <nao>te:h</nao> functions somewhat like an evidential. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec, but not in Oapan, the negative form <na>xte:h?</na> is quite common. It is used to indicate something to the effect of 'Isn't that true?' Once I was present when a small group of people from Ameyaltepec and Oapan were arguing whether I spoke more like those from Ameyaltepec or from Oapan. One of the arguments that I spoke like an Ameyaltepequeño was that I used the term <na>xte:h</na>. \pqry Determine nature of final vowel, nasalized, or with closing nasal, etc. \ref 04417 \lxa yexo:xiwtli \lxac yexo:xiwtli \lxo yexo:xihtli \lxoc yexo:xihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se vine of any bean plant \ss enrededera de cualquier planta de frijól \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ye \xrb xo: xiw \nfc xo:chitl \nct yetl \qry Check definition. \ref 04418 \lxa nana:ntsi:n \lxac nana:ntsi:n \lxo náná:ntsi:n \lxoc náná:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se <l>Byrsonima crassifolia</l> (L.) Kunth, tree of the family Malpighiaceae; some consultants from Ameyaltepec distinguish two types: <na>nana:ntsi:n de kokostik</na> and <na>nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi</na> \ss <l>Byrsonima crassifolia</l> (L.) Kunth,árbol de la familia Malpighiaceae; algunos consultantes de Ameyaltepec distinguen entre dos tipos: <na>nana:ntsi:n de kokostik</na> and <na>nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi</na> \se fruit of the <l>Byrsonima crassifolia</l> (L.) Kunth \ss fruta del <l>Byrsonima crassifolia</l> (L.) Kunth \pna Nana:ntsi:n | Nokwaitla:kihlo. Bwe:noh paraitsontekon burrosi:yah noso kaba:yosi:yah, no: para trase:rah. \pea <na>Nana:ntsi:n</na> : Its fruit is eaten. It is good for the horn of a saddle for donkeys or for horses, also for its back. \psa <na>Nana:ntsi:n</na> : Se come su fruta. Es bueno para la parte de la silla de burro o caballo donde se agarra la riata, también para la parte de atrás donde el jinete se recarga. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \xrb na:n \nse Honorio de la Rosa (Am) distinguished two types of <na>nana:ntsi:n</na> : <na>nana:ntsi:n de kokostik</na> and <na>nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi</na>, something which consultants from other villages did not do. They have both tentatively been identified as <l>Byrsonima crassifolia</l>. According to Hoyo de la Rosa, however, the <na>nana:ntsi:n de kokostik</na> has fruit which turns yellow and becomes edible on the tree; the <na>nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi</na>, however, falls off while still green (and this is how it is eaten). This is indeed the case, though whether these represent two distinct Latin species is not clear. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Malpighiaceae and genus/species <i>Byrsonina crassifolia</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:148) identify this as the"nanche amarillo."They also give two other members of the Malpighiaceae family: <i>Malpighia mexicana</i>, the 'nanche rojo' or 'guajocote' and the <i>Bunchosia lanceolata</i>, the 'nanche de coyote' or 'nanche de zorra.' Schoenhals (1988) lists only the <i>Byrsonina crassifolia</i> (under nance and nanche) and the <i>Bunchosia lanceolata</i> (under capulincillo). Under nance:"(<i>Byrsonima crassifolia</i>) 'nanche,' 'pickle tree.' A tre with small, acid, red or yellow berries which are edible."Under capulincillo:"1. The term is used for bushes and trees of at least eight genera; most, if not all, have small berry-like fruits. 2. (<i>Ribes</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. ciliatum</i>) 'gooseberry.' A shrub with greenish-white, fragrant flowers and a berry-like fruit with several seeds. 3. (<i>Rhamnus</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. serrata</i>) 'b uckthorn.' See capulín cimarrón. 4. (<i>Pernettya cilata</i>) '[family] heath.' A shrub of mountain savannas and meadows. The fruit resembles a blueberry and is very juicy. Also called arrayán, capiroto, lengua de vaca, lolito, tecapulín, tesguate. 5. (<i>Conostegia xalapensis</i>) 'tropical blueberry.' A small fruit with a good blueberry flavor. Also called conostegia, pupu. 6. (<i>Karwinskia humboldtiana</i>) 'Humboldt coyotillo.' See tullidora. 7. (<i>Bunchosia lanceolata</i>) '[family] malpighia.' A bush with climbing tendencies. Yellow flowers; fruit has one seed. Also called zapotillo de San Juan. 8. (<i>Belotia</i> spp., e.g., <i>B. mexicana</i>) '[family] basswood.' Tree is up to 30 m. tall. Violet flowers; fruit is a capsule covered with rigid hairs. Also called cerza, corcho colorado, cotomate, cuapetate, guacimilla, yaco de venado." \nct kohtli \qry Note that Ramírez (1991) has /nana:ntsi:n/. On my filecard I have simply /na:ntsi:n/, but on a list of trees I had /nanantsinkuhtli/. Since I seem to remember the reduplication this is how I have entered it for now. But it should be checked. Perhaps enter /burrosi:yah/ and /kaba:yosi:yah/ as headwords. Definitely determine what /itsontekon burrosi:yah/ refers to, and what the /trase:rah/ is. \ref 04419 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was Am /tlanpatla/ which has been eliminated and given as an alternate spelling of /tlamptla/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04420 \lxa tepe:chi:pilin \lxac tepe:chi:pilin \lxo tepe:chi:pi:lin \lxoc tepe:chi:pi:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se <l>Crotalaria sp.</l>, herbaceous nonedible wild plant of the Leguminoseae family \ss <l>Crotalaria sp.</l>, planta herbáceae silvestre no comestible de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Tepe:chi:pilin | Ke:n chi:pilin pero ma:s wekapania. Xnokwa, san burroh wel kikwa. \pea <na>Tepe:chi:pilin</na> : It is like the <nla>chi:pilin</nla> but it grows higher. It isn't eaten, just donkeys are able to eat it. \psa <na>Tepe:chi:pilin</na> : Es como el <nla>chi:pilin</nla> pero crece más algo. No se come, solamente los burros pueden comerselo. \xrb tepe: \xrb chi:pi:l \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nct xiwtli \qry Check whether this is classified as a"type"of /chipilin/. Note that in one entry I had a long /i:/ as in /tepe:chi:pi:lin/. Check. \ref 04421 \lxa so:ya:rrea:l \lxac *so:ya:rrea:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part.) real \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of palm with very long leaves, not indigenous to the Balsas region \ssa tipo de palma con hojas largas, no indígena a la región del Balsas \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb so:ya: \nct so:yo:tl \qry Check where this palm is found. \ref 04422 \lxa kuwtik \lxac kuwtik \lxo kohtik \lxoc kohtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se strong; powerful (a human or animal) \ss fuerte (una persona o animal) \se stiff; sturdy; resistent to physical alteration (an object or material such as cardboard) \ss macizo; difícil de doblar o alterar físicamente (un objeto o materia como cartón) \pna Tiktepa:xo:s, xkuwtik. \pea You will crush it (e.g., a carton box by sitting on it), it is not sturdy. \psa Lo vas a aplastar (p. ej., una caja de cartón al sentarte sobre ello), no está fuerte. \xrb kow \nse In reference to objects, <na>kuhtik</na> refers to something that resists being doubled or bent. For example, it may be used to refer to something like a tough rubbery tube that can't be bent, or a hardened material that is also difficult to manipulate and mold. \ref 04423 \lxa tsaya:ni \lxac tsaya:ni \lxo tsaya:ni \lxoc tsaya:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to crack; to split open; to become fissured (sth hard such as a stone, wall, ceramics, a wooden post that splits lengthwise, clothes that are ripped in a straight line, etc.) \ss rajarse; partirse; agrietarse (algo duro como una piedra, una pared, cerámica, un horcón o pedazo de madera que se raja a lo largo, tela que se rasga en una línea recta, etc.) \pna Kwa:k kiawi wan pe:wa tlawa:ki, pe:wa tsaya:ni, tsa:tsaya:ni -= tso:tsomo:ni- tla:hli \pea When it rains and then the ground starts to dry, it begins to crack, cracks open up here and there over the land's surface. \psa Cuando llueve and el suelo se empieza a secar, empieza a agrietarse, en varias partes se abren fisuras en la tierra. \pna O:tsaya:n ikal, o:tla:loli:n. \pea His house (wall) cracked, there was an earthquake. \psa Se partió(la pared de) su casa, hubo un temblor (o terremoto). \pna Yo:pe:w tsaya:ni un tetl, kitlapa:na ika kunyah. \pea That rock has started to split, he is breaking it up with a wedge. \psa Esa piedra ya empezó a partirse, lo está rompiendo con una cuña. \sem distort-fissure \dis tsaya:ni; tsomo:ni; posteki; motsi:ni; tsaya:ni; siotomi \xrb tsaya: \xvkao tsatsayaka \nse <na>Tsaya:ni</na> refers to the objects that become fissured or cracked; the motion is one that occurs lengthwise, splitting a hard surface. It usually refers to a crack that does not go fully through from one side to the other. For example, it is often used to refer to the cracks that form in the wood of posts as they get older and drier, or to plastered walls. Nevertheless, as the phrase <na>kitsaya:nia itlikuh</na> indicates, it can refer to the splitting of objects completely, though it always seems to be the case that this splitting or fissuring occurs lengthwise. <nla>Tsomo:ni</nla>, on the other hand, refers to a deeper split, often all the way from one side to another. <na>Tsaya:ni</na> also differs from <nla>tlapa:ni</nla> and words with this root, which do not seem to indicate any particular direction to the breaking or splitting. \qry In a filecard for /tsaya:ni/ reference is made to see Gram 1985-10-01.1. \ref 04424 \lxa teo:lo:cho:hli \lxac teo:lo:cho:hli \lxo teo:lo:cho:hli \lxoc teo:lo:cho:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se boundary marker of made of loosely piled stones \ss lindero hecho que piedras apiladas \se boundary marker (in general) \ss lindero (en general) \xrb te \xrb o:lo:ch \nae The only sequence of sound tokens that have been analyzed acoustically are those of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, both of Oapan. In their speech the first /o:/ is definitely long. It might well be long in Ameyaltepec as well, my original filecard data and transcriptions were uncertain on this point. \pqry For now I have written the Am form with a long initial vowel, following the information from Oapan. \ref 04425 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /tsi:tsikiliwi/ and has been deleted as a duplicate of 6010. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the 4 tokens here as 06010; this record is a duplicate of 6010. \ref 04426 \lxa tlankoxtli \lxac tlankoxtli \lxo tlankoxtli \lxoc tlankoxtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se molar \ss muela \pna Ne:chkukwa notlankoch. \pea A molar hurts me. \psa Me duele una muela. \xrb tlan \xrb koch \ref 04427 \lxa tlatska:tekiti \lxac tlatska:tekiti \lxo tlatska:tekiti \lxoc tlatska:tekiti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to work lazily and carelessly, without much desire \ss trabajar con flojera y sin cuidado, sin mucho deseo \pna Tlatska:tekiti, xkwahli ke:n kichi:wtok tekitl, xtikwelitas. \pea He works lazily, he's not doing his job well, you won't like it (e.g., the results). \psa Trabaja con flojera (e.g., de mala gana), no está haciendo bien su trabajo, no te va a gustar (p. ej., los resultados). \xrb tlats \xrb teki \ref 04428 \lxa tsi:nki:xtia \lxac kitsi:nki:xtia \lxo tsi:nki:xtia \lxoc kitsi:nki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to move back (e.g., to keep sb away from sth; to remove sth from a given location, etc.) \ss sacar; hacer echarse o moverse hacia atrás (p. ej., para que algn no entre en algún lugar, o mover un objeto de donde estaba, etc.) \pna Kitsi:nki:xtitok iko:chin. \pea He's backing up his car. \psa Estáhaciendo su coche para atrás. \pna Xtsi:nki:xti nokone:w, ma:ka san ke:n ihki kichi:chi:wa! \pea Pull your child back so that he doesn't go around just doing whatever occurs to him! \psa ¡Saca a tu hijo para que no estéhaciendo cosas como se le de la gana! \pna Xtsi:nki:xti, ma:ka te:wa:n nomaili:s! \pea Pull him back, don't let him get into a fight! \psa ¡Sácalo para atrás, no dejes que se pelee! \pna Xtsi:nki:xti, xkekwani! \pea Move it back, move it away (from where it is)! \psa ¡Retíralo, muévelo (de donde está)! \se to back up; to rewind (a tape on a recorder, or similar object) \ss regresar (una cinta de una grabadora, etc.) \pna Xtsi:nki:xti, ma tikitaka:n oksepa! \pea Rewind it (e.g., a tape), let's see it again! \psa ¡Regrésalo (p. ej., una cinta), vamos a verlo otra vez! \se (refl.) to shy away from (an obligation); to get cold feet (and avoid doing sth); to renege (on carrying out a certain activity); to remove oneself (from a situation) \ss (refl.) echarse hacia atrás (de una obligación o trabajo); sacarse o rajarse (de una situación u obligación); retirarse \pna Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s a:sta ma titlamikan! \pea Don't take yourself away (i.e., don't take off from what we're doing) until we've finished! \psa ¡No te retires (p. ej., de lo que estamos haciendo) hasta que acabemos! \pna Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s, sie:mpreh tika:nas mono:biah! Ke:n timitswelitilia. \pea Don't back out, you'll wind up marrying your girlfriend! I really envy you her good looks. \psa ¡No te reniegues, siempre te vas a casar con tu novia! De veras te tengo envidia por la guapa que se te ve contigo. \xrb tsi:n \xrb ki:sa \xvbao tsi:nki:sa \ref 04429 \lxa teki \lxac kiteki \lxo teki \lxoc kiteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut (once, with sth sharp) \ss cortar (una vez, con algo cortante) \pna O:nimotek. \pea I cut myself \psa Me corté. \se to eat (as a moth does clothes) \ss comer (como la polilla a la ropa) \pna Ma:malintsi:n kiteki tlake:ntli. \pea The <nba>ma:malintsi:n</nba> (a type of grasshopper) eats cloth. \psa El <nba>ma:malintsi:n</nba> (un tipo de chapulín) come la tela. \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to pull off; to pick (e.g., flowers, beans, fruit from its stem or tree, etc.) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) arrancar; cortar; piscar (p. ej., flores, frijoles, fruta de su tallo oárbol, etc.) \pna O:tla:tlapayaw. Pipi:nki un iswatl, xwel nikteki. \pea It drizzled intermittently. The corn leaves are tough, I can't pull them off (the stem). \psa Lloviznópor ratos (intermitentemente). Las hojas de maíz son resistentes, no las puedo arrancar (de los tallos). \pna Kontetekis yetl imi:hlan. \pea He will go pick beans in his corn field. \psa Va a ir a cortar frijoles en su milpa. \se to erode (e.g., water of the earth) \ss erosionar (p. ej., el agua a la tierra) \pna O:i:xpoliw motla:l. We:i o:kitek a:tl, we:i o:xi:kopi:n. \pea Your land has been ruined. Water has eroded a lot of it away, a lot of the surface soil has been swept away. \psa Se echó a perder tu terreno. Lo erosionómucho el agua, se deslavómucho la capa superior del suelo. \pna A:tepe:ya:tl o:kitetek notla:l, chika:wak o:kiaw. \pea Flash flood waters cut gullies in my land, it rained hard. \psa Aguas torrenciales cortaron mi terreno, lloviófuerte. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to cut (repeatedly, such as occurs when scissors are used on cloth, paper, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortar (repetidamente, como ocurre cuando se usan tijeras para cortar tela, papel, etc.) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to slice (e.g., fruit such as watermelon and cantaloupe, bread, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) rebanar (p. ej., fruta como sandía y melón, pan, etc.) \pna Xte:teki, ma:s tiweli! \pea Slice it, you are better at it! \psa ¡Rebánalo, lo haces mejor! \sea (with long vowel reduplication) to work the land with a plow for the first time in a season (in Oapan with short vowel reduplication: <no>tétekí</no>, as in <no>tlá:tekí</no>) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) trabajar la tierra por la primera vez durante una temporada; (en Oapan con reduplicación de vocal corta: <no>tétekí</no>, como en <no>tlá:tekí</no>) \pna Kemech kite:tekis itla:l. \pea He is just going to plow over his field for the first time of the season. \psa Apenas va a surcar su terreno por la primera vez de la temporada. \pna Tlate:tekis, ye pe:wa kiawi. \pea He will plow the land up for the first time this season, it's started to rain. \psa Va a arar la tierra por la primera vez de la temporada, ya empezóla lluvia. \cfa tlatektli; tlate:tektli \cfo tlatehtli; tlate:tehtli \xrb teki \xvaao tekilia \xv0ao tlateki \ono Note that /tlate:teki/ is part of a sequence including /o:melia/, /ye:ilia/, /surka:rowa/, and /barbe:chowa/. \nse In regard to plowing land, the verb <na>te:teki</na> refers to the first time plowing a field at the beginning of the rainy season. In these cases the land had, however, been previously worked. <nla>Sakamowa</nla>, on the other hand, refers to breaking in the land for the first time ever, often at the end of the rainy season in preparation for the coming year. This is necessary because the first time that land is ever planted it is very hard. Finally, note the difference between <na>te:teki</na> and <nla>barbe:chowa</nla>. With <na>te:teki</na> the furrows are laid down with relatively large spaces between them, perhaps a meter or so. The field is then plowed a second (<nla>o:melia</nla> (Am) and <nlo>ó:ntetília</nlo> (Oa)), and sometimes third time (<nla>ye:ilia</nla> (Am) and <nlo>yéye:tilia</nlo>, as in <no>tlá:ye:tília</no> (Oa)) before the maize seeds are planted. With <na>barbe:chowa</na> the furrows are plowed very close together, and the land is then planted immediately. Appare ntly in Oapan and Ameyaltepec the term <nlo>xopo:nia</nlo> is used generically to refer to the action of plowing the land for the first time at the beginning of the planting season, in mid June. However, according to Roberto Mauricio, it more precisely refers to the action of plowing lines close together so that one can then <no>tlasurka:rowa</no> and plant the seeds upon this second pass of the plow. After the maize has sprouted, peasants can pass over the land twice with the plow, to weed the field and throw earth onto the base of the maize plants. In Ameyaltepec the first time over the sprouted field is called <nla>xihki:xtia</nla>, as in <na>tlaxihki:xtia</na>, whereas in Oapan the equivalent term is <nlo>ó:meliá</nlo>, as in <no>tlaó:meliá</no>. According to Roberto Mauricio the term <nlo>tla:lwia</nlo> may also be used with the same meaning. The second time over the sprouted field is mostly to throw earth onto the base of the maize plants. In Ameyaltepec the te rm <nla>tla:lwia</nla> is used, as in <nla>tlatla:lwia</nla>. In Oapan the equivalent term is <nlo>ma:ka:wa</nlo>, as in <no>tlama:ka:wa</no>. Note that in Oapan the term <nlo>xihki:xtia</nlo> is also used, but this refers to weeding a field by hand; it is the equivalent of <nlo>má:kwí</nlo>. In Ameyaltepec the term for 'to weed by hand' is <nla>ma:te:ka</nla>. \nae With an indefinite null complement, the reduplicated <na>te:teki</na> indicates the activity of plowing a field for the first time during a planting season. With an object recoverable from context, <na>tlate:teki</na> can mean 'to slice.' \qry In the impersonal there is a short final /i/: /tlatekilo/. \ref 04430 \lxa tlantli \lxac tlantli \lxo tlantli \lxoc tlantli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se tooth \ss diente \se (<na>i:tlan a:joh</na> (Am); <no>ajos i:tlan</no> (Oa)) clove of garlic \ss (<na>i:tlan a:joh</na> (Am); <no>ajos i:tlan</no> (Oa)) diente de ajo \cfao kwilin \sem body \xrb tlan \qry Check what other fruits/vegetables have /itlanwan/ \ref 04431 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo u:ch \lxocpend @u:ch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Call \der Onom \seo call used to encourage a burro to come along \sso grito empleado para llamar un burro para que se acerque \cfo uch \ref 04432 \lxa tsa:walkaxtsi:n \lxac *i:tsa:walkaxtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \sea (rare) knee-cap \ssa (raro) rótula \sem body \sem human \xrb tsa:wal \xrb kax \nse This word was uttered by Joaquín de la Rosa and his wife, María Venancia, both elders of Ameyaltepec in the mid-1980s. It has not been documented with other speakers. The etymology of <na>tsa:walkaxtsi:n</na> is also problematic. The first element <na>tsa:wal</na> is unclear; the final element <nr>kax</nr> might be related to the root found in <nla>mo:lkaxitl</nla> among other words, and which refers to a hard bowl made of stone. \qry Obtain words for all body parts. \ref 04433 \lxa tsili:nia \lxac kitsili:nia \lxo tsili:nia \lxoc kitsili:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to ring (e.g., bell, doorbell, etc.); to cause a ringing or hollow metalic sound (e.g., in striking a machete against a rock, etc.) \ss tocar (p. ej., campanas u objetos similares); timbrar (ciertos timbres de puertas); hacer sonar (objetos planos de metal como un machete bien hecho al golpearlo contra algo duro, etc.) \sem sound-material \xrb tsili: \xv1ao tlatsili:nia \ref 04434 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was /kitlaxtla:wia/, a defective applicative that is already cited in 02818. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04435 \lxa chikola:tl \lxac chikola:tl \lxo chikola:tl \lxoc chikola:tl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se chocolate beverage \ss bebida de chocolate \sem food-drink \xrb chikol \xrb a: \nse <nao>Chicola:tl</nao> is a beverage made of ground chocolate beans, sugar, cinnamon and water; for the hard candy chocolate the back-borrowings <nla>chikola:teh</nla> (Am) and <nlo>chokola:teh</nlo> (Oa) are used. Note that in the purely Nahuatl form both Oapan and Ameyaltepec show the initial sequence <n>chiko-</n> whereas in the reborrowing Oapan switches to the Spanish <n>choko-</n>. \pqry Note length of final /a:/, which is definitely long. This should be compared to short /a/ in the same position (e.g., before /tl/). It might be taht /siwa:tl/ is in fact"short"and appears long only in compounds. This would be a nice discovery of phonetic variation. \vl Link first male token. \rt For a discussion of this word, see Dakin's article (check citation). \ref 04436 \lxa tlaiwatok \lxac tlaiwatok \lxo tlaíwatíkak \lxop tlaiwatikak \lxoc tlaíwatíkak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.) \ss estar oscuro (p. ej., afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.) \pna Tlaiwatok, ma ntla:wi:lo! \pea It is dark, let me shine some light! \psa Es oscuro,¡déjame echar algo de luz! \flao tlaiwa \xrb yowa \nae Note the use of the ending <no>-'tikák</no> in Oapan. Apparently this is the cause of the lexical pitch accent, though the reason for the shift is not clear. \vl The first male token (of 3) is /tlaíwatíkatl/ is erroneous and should not be tagged at all. For links to the dictionary chose, first female token and second (first correct) male token. \grm Aspecuals; Oapan: Note the use of /-tikak/ in /tlaiwatikak/. This has not been documented elsewhere, at least not to my recollection. The reason for /-tikak/ here, instead of /-tikah/ is not clear. In general the cognate form for /-tok/ is /-tikak/. Check and then ask for the difference, if /-tikak/ can be used anywhere else, etc. (e.g., /tlane:stok/<?%gt;/tlane:stikah/ or /tlane:stikak/). Note the use of the ending <no>-'tikák</no> in Oapan. Apparently this is the cause of the lexical pitch accent, though the reason for the shift is not clear. \ref 04437 \lxa tlayo:ltoto:nia \lxac tlayo:ltoto:nia \lxo tlayo:ltoto:nia \lxoc tlayo:ltoto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to spread maize out in the sun (to kill the vermin) \ss extender el maíz en el sol (para matar los animalitos que le infestan) \pna Nitlayo:ltoto:ni:s para ma mikika:n tlakwa:nimeh. \pea I'm going to spread the maize out in the son so that the bugs that are eating it die. \psa Voy a poner el maíz extendido en el sol para que se mueran los animalitos que lo están picando. \xrb o:ya \xrb to:n \xvaao tlayo:ltoto:nilia \ref 04438 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tla:la:la:wa/ but it has been removed as it was never confirmed. I had originally thought that /tla:la:wa/ was a shortened form of /tla:la:la:wa/, but this might not be the case. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04439 \lxa kuwtepol \lxac ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \sea lesbian (lit. 'short-penis') \ssa lesbiana (lit. 'pene-corto') \xrb kow \xrb tepol \nde In Tetelcingo, Morelos, <na>tepolli</na> in compounds means something like short, or stumpy (cf. FK, p. 231). In Ameyaltepec note the use of <na>tepontsi:n</na> to mean short, as in <na>tsi:ntetepontsi:n</na> "short-skirted"and the body part <na>tetepon</na> "knee."According to one consultant, <na>kuhtepol</na> refers to a penis that does not have its <na>sombre:roh</na>, i.e. its"head"; it is like a stump. Note that in Tetelcingo, Morelos, <n>kwa:tepoltik</n> (spelling standardized), means 'sin sombrero,árbol sin follaje, cosa que no tiene punta.' Allegedly, in Ameyaltepec lesbians are referred to by <n>kuhtepol</n> because they are supposed to have a"stumpy"penis that, neverthless (and here, apparently, like a penis), makes them want women. \ref 04440 \lxa kuwpistik \lxac kuwpistik \lxo kohpistik \lxoc kohpistik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be stiffened or hardened; to be brittle (e.g., certain types of plastic, tortillas that have become hard, and even clothes that have not been washed for a long time and are stiff from dirt and sweat) \ss ser tieso o duro; ser quebradizo (p. ej., ciertos tipos de plástico, tortillas viejas que se han endurecido, y hasta ropa que por no haber sido lavada por mucho tiempo ha quedado algo tieso por polvo y sudor) \xrb kow \xrb pits \mod Adjectives: get paradigms of plural formations and add a field. \qry The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. \ref 04441 \lxa pihli \lxac pihli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea (rare) child \ssa (raro) hijo \pna Miák ipilwa:n. \pea She has a lot of children. \psa Tiene muchos niños. \cfa piltsi:n \xrb pil \nse This word has only been documented in possessed form, e.g., <na>i:pilwa:n</na>. \ref 04442 \lxa tei:nki \lxac tei:nki \lxo tei:nki \lxoc tei:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ki \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \se change; coins \ss cambio (en cuanto a monedas) \pna San se: sentemani nikpia, xtlah tei:nki. \pea I just have one big bill, there's no change. \psa Nada más tengo un billete grande, no hay cambio. \pna Xnikpia tei:nki. \pea I don't have any change. \psa No tengo cambio. \sem mass \xrb te:i \ref 04443 \lxa komalakawistli \lxac komalakawistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea still unidentified thorny bush of the Rosaceae family with small orange edible fruit, \ssa arbusto con púas de la familia Rosaceae con fruta comestible, pequeña anaranjada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kow \xrb malaka \xrb wits \cpl Neither Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991) mention this plant. \rt Perhaps etymology of /malaka(tl)/ includes the root /mal/ as in /mali:na/, etc. Check all words with /mal/. \ref 04444 \lxa i:xmonme:melaktik \lxac i:xmonme:melaktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have long straight eyelashes \ssa tener las pestañas largas y derechas \apa i:xmonme:melak \equivo i:xmópepeyá:stik \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb mela: \vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. \ref 04445 \lxa itipa:tsmiki \lxac itipa:tsmiki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[S-V] \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to have a heavy stomach (particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work or has difficulty working) \ssa sentir el estómago pesado (particularmente por comer demasiado, hasta que no se puede trabajar, o que llega a ser difícil) \syno íyo:míki \xrb hti \xrb pa:ts \xrb miki \nse To have a heavy stomach, particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work, or has difficulty working. Recheck meaning and possible other uses. Note also problem of morphology; check for other apparent verb roots without /ka:/. \ref 04446 \lxa popo:xa \lxac popo:xa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan bolsa (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea see <nla>xokotl tsope:lik de popoxa</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>xokotl tsope:lik de popoxa</nla> \nse <na>Popo:xah</na> might be a reduplicated form of the loanword <na>po:xah</na>, from Spanish <spn>bolsa.</spn>. \qry Check the meaning of /popo:xah/ and see if interpretation as a loan from Sp. 'bolsa' fits. \pqry Recheck vowel length. Cf. to other entry with this lexeme. \ref 04447 \lxa a:xi:xaleh \lxac a:xi:xaleh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \sea to be a person who urinates a lot \ssa ser un meón; ser alguien que orina mucho \syna a:xi:xpal \syno a:xi:xtewe:i \syno a:xi:xte:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nae With an overtly marked subject, there is usually no realization of the /i/, e.g., <na>na:xi:xaleh</na> \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \ref 04448 \lxa kamakoxo:nia \lxac nokamakoxo:nia \lxo kamakoxo:nia \lxoc nokamakoxo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-2a \se to rinse out ones mouth \ss enjuagarse la boca \pna Timokamakoxo:nia ika a:tl. \pea You rinse your mouth out with water. \psa Te enjuagas la boca con agua. \xrb kama \xrb koxo: \nae To date <nao>kamakoxo:nia</nao> has only been documented in the \qry Check for intransitive form. Also make sure that the verb stem is not usually reduplicated in this usage, since it would seem likely that it would be. \ref 04449 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /Xokotekpa:ni/, which has been deleted and placed on the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04450 \lxa ma:kwilowa \lxac kima:kwilowa \lxo má:ikwilówa \lxop ma:ikwilowa \lxoc kimá:ikwilówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to write by hand; to write out in script (e.g., a letter, a sign, etc.) \ss escribir (algo como una carta, etc.) a mano \cfa tlatepospacho:hli \cfa tlama:kwilo:hli \cfo tlamá:ikwiló:hli \xrb ma: \xrb hkwil \nse Preliminary notes suggest that this refers specifically to writing in script, not block letters. \qry Check to see whether this refers to all types of writing (script and block). \ref 04451 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be lxa chabukoh and lxo a:wistli. The latter was a duplicate and chabukoh has been eliminated as a loan. The information is now under /a:wistli/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl This entry has been eliminated; /a:wistli/, the word given should be tagged with # 624 \ref 04452 \lxa kwetlaxiwi \lxac kwetlaxiwi \lxo kwetlaxiwi \lxoc kwetlaxiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become soft and floppy, losing firmness (cloth, leather that is old and broken in, etc.) \ss ponerse suave y blando (una tela vieja, cuero desgastado, etc.) \pna O:kukwetlaxiw -=o:kwetlaxiw- nosombre:roh. \pea My hat got floppy (i.e., because of rain and wear, its brim has lost its stiffness and has started to droop). \psa Mi sombrero perdiósu rigidez (esto es, por la lluvia y el desgaste sus alas ya perdieron su forma y están caídos). \se to become weak and exhausted (particularly from overwork) \ss quedarse débil; quedarse sin fuerzas; debiltarse (una persona, particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo) \pna Yo:pe:w nikwetlaxiwi -=nikukwetlaxiwi-, a:man xe nitlakwa. \pea I've started to feel weak and exhausted, I haven't eaten yet today. \psa He empezado a sentirme débil, hoy todavía no he comido. \xrb kwetlax \nse Check for transitive form. \ref 04453 \lxa xoto:ntetla:lia \lxac kixoto:ntetla:lia \lxo xoto:ntetla:lia \lxoc kixoto:ntetla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Stem-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to push into a heap or pile; to place in a heap or pile \ss amontonar al empujar o bien al verter y apilar (algo) \pna Xikxoto:ntetla:li motlayo:l! \pea Put (or pile up) your shelled maize into a heap! \psa ¡Empuja tu maíz en un montón! \pna Xikxoto:ntetla:li, ma xoto:nto! \pea Push it all up into a pile (e.g. corn cobs), let them be just piled up in a heap! \psa ¡Empújalo todo en un montón (p. ej., mazorcas), qué estén todos amontonados! \xrb xoto:n \xrb te \xrb tla:l \dis se:sentla:lia; olo:chowa \nse Often <na>xoto:ntetla:lia</na> refers to the pushing of objects that are scattered about so that they form a heap. It can thus be used to refer to this action carried out on corn, beans, squash seeds, sesame, etc. \grm Compounds; incorporation; modification: Note /xoto:ntetla:lia/ 'to push into a heap or pile; to place in a heap or pile' The combination is not participial but rather a perfective or shortened form of the verb /xoto:ni/, which itself seems to include a root (xoto:) and a verbalizer (-ni). It seems interesting that the participial form is not used ?/xoto:nka:tetla:lia/ and the reason for this should be explored. Perhaps one is that incorporation with participial endings is used for predicate modification. In general this should be explored since not all V+V compounds have a /ka:/"ligature." \ref 04454 \lxa ikxitemotso:liwtok \lxac ikxitemotso:liwtok \lxo ixitemotso:lihtok \lxoc ixitemotso:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be in a position with ones legs drawn up close to the body \ss estar en una posición con las piernas encogidas y pegadas al cuerpo \pna Yo:nikxikokohtiak, san nikxitemotso:liwtok. \pea My legs have gotten sore, I've just been sitting with my legs pulled up close to my body. \psa Se me agarrotaron las piernas, he estado nada más sentado con mis piernas encogidas. \xrb kxi \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \qry Discuss difference between /ikxitemotso:liwtok/ and /nokxitemotso:lotok/ \qry Determine whether form ?/ikximotso:liwi/ exists; I do not believe that I have heard it. \qry Again, as with several other verbs, problem of etymology. In this case two possible divisions should be checked: temo+tso:lV and te+motso:lV. The first would contain the same root as in /tso:ltik/ (check vowel length) whereas the second would manifest the *te intensifier, and perhaps be related to a root /motso:/, as in /momotsowa/. \rt Under /temotso:l/ root, connect and analyze in connection of /temotsoliwi/ and other forms with /tsol/. \ref 04455 \lxa tia:chka:w \lxac tia:chka:w \lxo tia:chka:w \lxoc tia:chka:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-uncl \infn N1 \se word used to refer to the powerful inhabitants of <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla>, the world above \ss palabra utilizada a referirse a los señores poderosos que habitan <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla>, el mundo sobre nosotros \pna Tia:chka:wa:n chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh. \pea (They are) the powerful lords who inhabit <na>chikna:wtikpan</na>. \psa (son) los señores poderosos que habitan <na>chikna:wtikpan</na>. \seo the Devil \sso el diablo \pno Tia:chka:w chikna:wtipan ye:i krus, tia:chka:w chikna:wtipan si:tlalkwe:yoh, tia:chka:w chikna:wtipan si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl.... \src DT #8: 604 \peo The lord of <na>chikna:wtipan</na> called <na>ye:i krus</na> (three crosses), the lord of <na>chikna:wtipan</na> called <na>si:tlalkwe:yoh</na> (star-skirted, i.e., the Milky Way), the lord of <na>chikna:wtipan</na> called <na>si:tlalkosama:lo:tl</na> (rainbow of stars, i.e., the Milky Way)... \pso El señor de <na>chikna:wtipan</na> llamado <na>ye:i krus</na> (tres cruces), el señor de <na>chikna:wtipan</na> llamado <na>si:tlalkwe:yoh</na> (falda de estrellas, esto es, la Vía Láctea), el señor de <na>chikna:wtipan</na> llamado <na>si:tlalkosama:lo:tl</na> (arcoiris de estrellas, esto es, la Vía Láctea) ... \sea respected person (i.e., within a village) \ssa persona respetada (p. ej., dentro de un pueblo) \pna "Tia:chka:w"kito:sneki se: ye we:i. \pea <na>Tia:chka:w</na> means (i.e., is applied to) someone who is an elder (i.e., a principal, advanced in age and respected). \psa <na>tia:chka:w</na> quiere decir que (esto es, se le dice a) uno que ya es de edad (un principal, respetado). \seo important person (i.e., holding a high or important position, such as a politician or lawyer); big man \sso persona o personaje importante (esto es, con un puesto alto, como un político o un abogado); pez gordo \pno Newa nitia:chka:w. \peo I'm an important person. \pso Soy una persona importante. \pno Tia:chka:w pa:mpa yewa we:ixtok. \src DT #8:592 \peo He is (called) a <na>tia:chka:w</na> because he is a big shot. \pso Es (o, se le llama) un <na>tia:chka:w</na> porque es un pez gordo. \seo (<no>San Miguel</no> ~) the Devil under San Miguel Archangel \sso (<no>San Miguel</no> ~) el diablo sobre que pisa San Miguel Arcangel \syna ta:chka:w \xrb a:chka: \nse Apparently this is derived from <na>a:chka:wtli</na>, 'elder brother,' a word no longer used in Ameyaltepec. Although <na>tia:chka:w</na> is occasionally heard in reference to elites, such as lawyers and politicians, or to village elders as a sign of respect, it is most often heard in petitions to the <na>yeyekameh</na>, the <spn>aires</spn> who inhabit <na>chikna:wtipan</na> and cause harm to earthly mortals. Cristino Flores (see Flk 1984-07-29.1) stated that the <spn>rey de yeyekatl</spn> was a personage called <na>miktlan tia:chka:w yeyekatl</na>. Apparently, however, all residents of <na>chikna:wtipan</na> are referred to as <na>tia:chka:wan</na>. Thus Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned several constellations (besides those in the illustrative phrase above, he included <na>ikxinekwil</na> and <na>si:tlalmankwe:rnah</na>. In Oapan, however, there is a difference between <no>tia:chka:w</no>, which is used to refer to the devil and <nlo>ta:chka:w</nlo>, which is used to refer to an elderly man, or even, if possessed, ones father; see <nlo>ta:chka:w</nlo>. \mod Elicit texts on the /tia:chka:wan/, on /chikna:wtipan/, etc. \qry Check plural: /tiachka:wan/ for long final /a:/, i.e., /tiachka:wa:n/. On one file card I have /niachka:wa:n chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh/ 'Mis señores, los habitantes de 'chicnauhtipan.' I note then that /niachka:w/ is a word that is used when one talks with respect during the ceremonia known as /tlakaka:wa/. However, this should be rechecked, and for now I have not entered into the database/lexicon /achka:w/ or whatever the stem should be. \ref 04456 \lxa amana \lxac kamana \lxo ámaná \lxop amana \lxoc kámaná \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to bother, annoy, or irritate \ss molestar o enfadar \pna Ne:chamantok. \pea It is bothering me (causing me to get worked up). \psa Me está molestando. \pna Ke:n timitsamana! \pea Oh! how I bother (irriate) you! \psa ¡Como te molesto! \pna Ne:chamana, ke:n te:rkoh para kalakis. \pea It (e.g., an animal) bothers me, its really stubborn about trying to get in (e.g., to my patio or house site). \psa Me enfada (p. ej., un animal), es muy terco para entrar (p. ej., a mi patio o solar). \se to get in the way (an object that hinders movement); to block ones view \ss estorbar el movimiento (algún objeto); estorbar la vista (a algn) \pna Ne:chamana, xwel nitekiti. \pea It gets in my way, I can't work. \psa Me estorba, no puedo trabajar. \se (refl.) to be worried, bothered, disturbed, or perturbed (by sth that is not right and causes worry) \ss (refl.) preocuparse, molestarse (por algo que no está bien) \pna Nimamana. \pea I am worried. \psa Estoy preocupado. \se (refl.) to be grieved or saddened (e.g., by the death of sb, so that one is not able to be at peace) \ss (refl.) estar triste (p. ej., por la muerte de algn, hasta que no puede uno estar en paz) \pno Xtimámanáya: o:mik? \peo Are you grieved by his death? \pso ¿Estás triste con su muerte? \xrb ahmana \nse When used reflexively the prefix always loses the /o/: <na>namana</na> and not * <na>noamana</na>. \qry Ask for /ne:chamana/ in Oa and check where p-a falls. \grm In general the /no-/ of the reflexive loses /o/ before vowel-initial stems. However, the /no-/ of the possessive 1st person marker is often retained, though not always: /na:w/. \vl There is an additional token from 4011. \ref 04457 \lxa kochpal \lxac kochpal \lxo kochpal \lxoc kochpal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-2 \infn N1 \se sleepy-head \ss un durmilón \pna Ke:n kochpal! \pea He's a real sleepy-head! \psa ¡Es un durmilón! \dis koxtetl \xrb kochi \xrl -pal \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04458 \lxa tati:tah \lxac tati:tah \lxo tati:tah \lxoc tati:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>tahtli</n> \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln \se (vocative) sir (generally used to address elder men from Oapan) \ss (vocativo) señor (utilizado generalmente para dirigirse a hombres de edad avanzada de Papan) \se (<nao>totati:tah</nao>) elder man from Oapan \ss (<nao>totati:tah</nao>) señor de Oapan \pna Se: totati:tah wi:ts. \pea An elder man from Oapan will come here. \psa Un señor de Oapan va a venir aquí. \cfao na:ni:tah; ma:noh \xrb tah \nse <na>Tati:tah</na> derives from the Nahuatl root <nr>tah</nr> 'father' and the Spanish diminutive. Both <nao>tati:tah</nao> and <nao>na:ni:tah</nao> are terms for elders in Oapan and have been adopted into the lexicon of Ameyaltepec when referring to or directly addressing older men and women from Oapan. When possessed, both terms are found only with the 1st-person plural possessor <n>to-</n>. \ref 04459 \lxa tlapila:nke:tl \lxac tlapila:nke:tl \lxo tlapila:nke:tl \lxoc tlapila:nke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se nanny; baby-sitter; person (female or male) who takes care of a child (rocking it to sleep, feeding it when necessary, etc.) \ss niñera; persona (mujer o hombre) que cuida a un niño (meciéndolo, dándole de comer cuando se necesita, etc.) \se female animal that cares for the offspring of another animal \ss hembra que cuida el progénito de otro animal \pna On ne:nkah noba:kah, yewa tlapila:nke:tl. Okse nobeserri:toh o:mik ina:n ya a:man kitokatinemi. \pea That there cow of mine, it's raising some other cows offspring. That the mother of that calf of mine died and now it follows (the first cow) around. \psa Esa vaca mía, está de niñera. Se murióla madre de uno de mis becerros y ahora le sigue a la primera. \xrb pila: \qry Although one consultant, Luis Lucena, stated that <na>tlapila:nki</na> was also correct, it has never been documented in natural conversation. \ref 04460 \lxa tlampa:pa:xowa \lxac kitlampa:pa:xowa \lxo tlampa:pa:xowa \lxoc kitlampa:pa:xowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to bite down on (sth) trying to crush or grind (it) in ones teeth \ss morder en la boca, tratando de moler (algo) en una manera gruesa \pna Niktlampa:pa:xotok i:n nextamahli para nopio:tsitsi:wa:n. \pea I'm crushing up this <nla>nextamahli</nla> with my teeth for my chicks. \psa Estoy masticando y moliendo este nixtamal en mi boca para mis pollitos. \xrb tlan \xrb pa:x \nse <na>Tlampa:pa:xowa</na> is equivalent or close in meaning to <nla>tlampapaya:na</nla>, meaning to grind something up coarsely in ones mouth. I have only heard <na>tlampa:pa:xowa</na> used in reference to grinding <spn>nixtamal</spn> for chicks. \dis tlampa:pa:xowa; pa:ixowa \qry Check to see if /tlampa:paya:na/ exists and, if so, the difference with the present entry. This should be discussed generally, i.e., if such variants are common. If both /tlampapaya:na/ and /tlampa:pa:xowa/ have the same meaning and the vowel length is correct as recorded, this should be commented on in the grammar (i.e., how long and short vowel reduplication with different stems have a similar meaning). \ref 04461 \lxa te:nkwala:ni \lxac te:nkwala:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to get or have an angry look on ones face \ssa tener o ponerse cara de enojado \pna San tite:nkwala:ntok, san tite:mposa:wtok. \pea You just have an angry look on your face, you are just pouting. \psa Solamente tienes cara de enojado, tienes cara de berrinche. \pna Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa. \pea He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work. \psa Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar. \xrb te:n \xrb kwala: \ref 04462 \lxa koma:lko \lxac koma:lko \lxo koma:lko \lxoc koma:lko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1/2; Aln \se on the griddle \ss sobre el comal \pna Xkontla:li ne: koma:lko! Ma toto:nixto! \pea Place it there, on the griddle! Let it heat up! \psa ¡Póngalo allá sobre el comal!¡Deje que se estécalentando! \pna O:wetsiko nokoma:lko. \pea It fell down onto my griddle. \psa Se cayósobre mi comal. \xrb koma:l \xrl -ko \qry Check: if /nokomalko/ acceptable. If not, eliminate the example phrase, that I have added from memory, and adjust /cat field. \ref 04463 \lxa moya:wtok \lxac moya:wtok \lxo moya:htok \lxoc moya:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be spread out on a flat surface (e.g., grain on a petate to dry in the sun, merchandise on the ground or a table to sell in a market, etc.) \ss estar esparcido sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., granos para secarse sobre un petate, mercancía para vender sobre el suelo o una mesa, etc.) \pna Xtepayolo, ma:ka sayhkó:n moya:wtok! \pea Gather then together in a pile (e.g., beans), don't leave them just lying there spread out (e.g., to dry in the sun)! \psa ¡Júntalos en un montoncito (p. ej., frijoles), que no estén asínada más de regados (p. ej., para secarse en el sol)! \xrb moya: \qry Check to determine whether /moya:wi/ as an intransitive can have this sense of 'becoming spread out' (like grain or merchandise) as with the stative. Also, can water/river be /moya:wtok/, or is the perfective /o:moya:w/ more preferably used. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04464 \lxa siamiktia \lxac kisiamiktia \lxo siahmihtia \lxoc kisiahmihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to exhaust (particularly from overwork); to cause to suffer from exhaustion \ss cansar mucho; fatigar; dejar extenuado (principalmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo) \se to kill from overwork or exhaustion (particularly a beast of burden or animal worked in the field) \ss matar por un sobrecargo de trabajo, o de cansancio (particularmente una bestia de cargo o de trabajo) \pna O:tiksiamiktih noburroh. \pea You made my burro die from exhaustion. \psa Mataste mi burro por agotamiento. \xrb sia \xrb miki \xvba siamiki \xvbo siahmiki \pqry For 3846 I originally had Oapan written /siahmiki/. Indeed, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there seems to be something between the /a/ and the nasal. But it is hard to distinguish. Later, in the tokens for /siamihtia/ (4464) I could hear no aspiration at all. Hence both entries have been changed to /siam.../. This should be checked. \ref 04465 \lxa tlatete:mowilia \lxac kitlatete:mowilia \lxo tlá:te:mowília \lxop tlá:te:mowilia \lxoc kitlá:te:mowília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to divine for (e.g., in attempting to find lost animals, the source of an illness, etc.) \ss adivinar para; echar suertes para (p. ej., en tratar de encontrarle a algn sus animales perdidos, la fuente o origen de una enfermedad, etc.) \pna Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh. \pea Divine for me, I've lost my donkey! \psa ¡Adivina para mí, perdími burro! \cfao tlate:mowilia \xrb te:m-2- \xbtla tete:mowilia \xbtlo téte:mowília \nae The applicative <nao>te:mowilia</nao> can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Without this prefix the applicative takes two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., <na>ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh</na> 'he divines for me (to locate) my burro'). However, <n>tla-</n> may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g., <na>Xne:xtlate:mowili</na> 'Divine for me') and the <n>tla-</n> signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since <nao>tlate:mowilia</nao> cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a separate predication. In the example phrase <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!' each clause i s independent. T he first, <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili</na> simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative <na>tete:mowilia</na>. Then the background to the request is mentioned: <na>o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without <n>tla-</n> the object of the search would be directly mentioned: <na>Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh</na>. Here <na>tete:mowilia</na> is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine (for)' to 'to search for.' Thus <na>Ne:xtete:mowili:s</na> implies that the action or event indicated by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with <na>Ne:xontete:mowili:s</na> the directional indicates subject movement. Understanding that divination usually takes pla ce in the presence of the benef active, the significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the plains where the animal is located. \grm Applicative; directional: The applicative <na>te:mowilia</na> can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Without this prefix the applicative takes two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., <na>ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh</na> 'he divines for me (to locate) my burro'). However, <n>tla-</n> may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g., <na>Xne:xtlate:mowili</na> 'Divine for me') and the <na>tla-</na> signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since <na>tlate:mowilia</na> cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a separate predication. In the example phrase <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!' each clause it independent. The first, <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili</na> simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative <na>tete:mowilia</na>. Then the background to the request is mentioned: <na>o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without <n>tla-</n> the object of the search would be directly mentioned: <na>Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh</na>. Here <na>tete:mowilia</na> is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine (for)' to 'to search for.' Thus <na>Ne:xtete:mowili:s</na> implies that the action or event indicated by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with <na>Ne:xontete:mowili:s</na> the directional indicates subject movement. Understanding that divin ation usually takes place in t he presence of the benefactive, the significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the plains where the animal is located. \ref 04466 \lxa kwa:tso:tso:ti \lxac kwa:tso:tso:ti \lxo kwa:tso:tso:ti \lxoc kwa:tso:tso:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get sores or pimples on ones face \ss tenerúlceras, llagas o granos en la cara \xrb kwa: \xrb tso:tso: \qry The root /tso:tso:/ might have a lexicalized reduplication. Check analysis. \mod Determine whether lexicalized reduplication (as in /tso:tso:tl/), necessary reduplication (as in /i:xte:n +) should be differently coded. \ref 04467 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was originally a word /tiotlahka:nwia/. I seem to remember that it was given when I asked for the afternoon"equivalent"of /kwalka:nwia/. I have never heard this. C. Flores stated that Am's say instead /kimailia tiotlak/ or some equivalent form. My original definition was 'to go at or start (a task such as working in the field) in the afternoon (as opposed to at the beginning of the workday)' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04468 \lxa tepe:i:xkihli \lxac tepe:i:xkihli \lxo tepe:i:xkihli \lxoc tepe:i:xkihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \se <l>Coursetia sp.</l> DC., tree of the Leguminoseae family not yet fully identified \ss <l>Coursetia sp.</l> DC.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae todavía no identificado plenamente \pna Tepe:i:xkihli | San para tlikuwtli. Iksan notekia itlako:yo para titlamemekawi:s, tikasis wi:lo:tl. \pea <na>Tepe:i:xkihli</na> : It is just used for firewood. In the past its rods were cut for setting snare traps to catch <spn>huilotas</spn>. \psa <na>Tepe:i:xkihli</na> : Es solamente para leña. En el pasado se cortaba sus varas para tender trampas, para atrapar a las huilotas. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tepe: \xrb xkil \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>tepeixquil</spn> of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>tepeixquil</spn> also, stating that it is a medicinal tree of some 4 meters. There is no reference to a <spn>tepeixquil</spn> in Schoenhals (1988). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have quite a few <i>Leguminosae</i>, but the only one that seems similar in name is the <spn>tehuixtle</spn>, which is of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i>, and the genus/species <i>Acacia bilimekii</i>. According to Juan de la Rosa of Ameyaltepec, the branches of this tree can be used as switches; see <nla>tlako:tl</nla>. \nct kohtli \mod Illustrate how the /tepe:i:xkihli/ rods were used in setting snare traps. \pqry Check vowel length of /i/. \ref 04469 \lxa mawisowa \lxac kimawisowa \lxo mawisowa \lxoc kimawisowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to check out and observe (a person and his or her surroundings, with some ulterior motive in mind such as to later gossip maliciously about the wealth of the owner) \ss observar detalladamente a (una persona, y sus alrededores y posesiones, motivado por la posibilidad de notar algo y, quizácorrer chismes acerca de la persona observada) \pna Xkineki nose:wi:s, san te:chmawisowa. \pea He doesn't want to come in and rest, he is just checking us out (in this case said of sb who just stands in the doorway looking into a house and checking out what is inside). \psa No quiere descansar, solamente nos observa (en este caso dicho de algn que se queda parado en la entrada a una casa observando y mirando lo que hay adentro). \se to enjoy (sth such as a dance, a fireworks display, etc.) \ss disfrutar (algo como una danza, cohetes y castillos, un concierto, etc.) \pna Ma nikomawiso un nito:tikeh! \pea Let me go over and enjoy (watching) those dancers! \psa Deja que vaya a disfrutar a los danzantes! \xv1ao tlamawisowa \xrb mawis \ref 04470 \lxa mache:teh garaba:toh \lxac mache:teh garaba:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan machete; garabato \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea curved machete \ssa machete garabato \sem tool \encyctmp machete \ref 04471 \lxa a:xi:xaltia \lxac ka:xi:xaltia \lxo a:xi:xaltia \lxoc ka:xi:xaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \se to cause (sb) to urinate (e.g., a type of diuretic food or drug) \ss hacer orinar (a algn, una comida o droga con efectos diuréticos [S]) \pna Mitsa:xi:xalti:s. \pea It will make your urinate. \psa Te va a hacer orinar. \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xvbao a:xi:xa \ref 04472 \lxa sandiayo:hli \lxac sandiayo:hli \lxo sándiayó:hli \lxoc sándiayó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>sandía</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se watermelon seeds \ss semillas de sandía \sem plant \sem part \xrb yo:l \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 04473 \lxa te:ixtakakwa:ni \lxac te:ixtakakwa:ni \lxo te:í:xtakakwá:ni \lxoa te:í:xtakakwá:ne \lxoc te:í:xtakakwá:ne, te:i:xtakakwá:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com PM-N \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) (Oa) \se animal that bites without warning (e.g., a dog) \ss animal que muerde sin aviso (p. ej., un perro) \pna Te:ixtakakwa:ni, xtlayawa. \pea It bites without warning, it doesn't bark. \psa Muerde sin aviso, no ladra. \xrb i:xtaka \xrb kwa \nae The Oapan form <no>te:í:xtakakwá:ni</no> manifests pitch accent on the underlyingly short /i/, which has been lengthened and has acquired pitch accent. This is undoubtedly because animals that bite, and that are known for this, do it multiple times. Nevertheless, the Ameyaltepec form does not manifest reduplication, at least not in the data documented so far. \qry Check whether /ixtakakwa/ is a verb by itself. \ref 04474 \lxa malwilistli \lxac malwilistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se something needing to be handled with great care (e.g., a certain type of animal in a delicate state, or sth manufactured that is particularly easy to damage) \ss algo que require ser manejado o tratado con cuidado (p. ej., un animal que es algo delicado, o un objeto que necesita ser cuidado en su fabricación) \pna Yewa ma:s malwilistli. \pea That needs more care (in this case in reference to the making of a ceramic plate, as opposed to a bowl, given that plates need to be more carefully made to prevent their base from rising or curling up) \psa Eso necesita más cuidado (en este caso un plato plano de cerámica, en oposición a un plato hondo, dado que con el primero se necesita cuidad que no se alce o se combe la base) \syno malwi:hli \xrb malwi \qry Check etymology, i.e. for presence of /h/ and also possible derivation from /mah/. \ref 04475 \lxa tlankoyak \lxac tlankoyak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>tlantekoyak</na> \se to be lacking some front teeth \ss tener algunos dientes faltando \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak! \pea The hell with you, you toothless hag! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes! \apa tlankoyaktik \syno tlanwá:wakátik \syno tlankoyahtik \xrb tlan \xrb koya: \nse Because of its significance perhaps, <na>tlankoyak</na> is almost always used with the intensifier (i.e., <na>tlantekoyak</na>) although consultants did accept the form without <n>te-</n> as correct. It is an apocopated form of <na>tlankoyaktik</na>. Note that Oapan has the full adjectival form, but the shortened form has not yet been documented. \vl Tag the four tokens of /tlankoyahtik/ with #01634 \ref 04476 \lxa i:xtepopo:ni \lxac i:xtepopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se to be with ones eyes wide open and alert \ss estar con los ojos bien abiertos y alertos \pna Xi:xtepo:po:ni, ma:ka tiwetsis. \pea Open your eyes up wide (looking carefully, in this case in the dark), don't fall! \psa ¡Ten los ojos bien abiertos (fijándote cuidadosamente, en este caso en la oscuridad), no te vayas a caer! \se (fig.) to open ones eyes (in considering various possiblities) \ss (fig.) abrirse los ojos (en el sentido de reflexionar sobre varias posibilidades) \pna San a:man i:xtepo:po:ni, san a:man tla:tlachia ke:no:n kichi:was. \pea He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering how he will do it. \psa Apenas ahora está abriendo los ojos, apenas ahora está reflexionando cómo lo va a hacer. \syno i:xté:me:tsíwi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb po: \ref 04477 \lxa mo:yo:tlan \lxac mo:yo:tlan \lxo mo:yo:tlah \lxop mo:yo:tlan \lxoc mo:yo:tlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \se place infested with biting mosquitos (in Spanish <spn>zancudos</spn>) \ss lugar infestado de zancudos \xrb mo:yo: \xrl -tlan \ref 04478 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for /kuhxio:pa:pa:lo:tl/ and has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the 4 tokens here with ref 03743 \ref 04479 \lxa tlawi:kahli \lxac tlawi:kahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea second or subsequent spouse, i.e., a member of the opposite sex that one takes as a partner without a formal marriage \ssa segundo esposo, u otro después, esto es, un miembro del sexo opuesto que uno toma como compañero sin casarse formalmente \syno tlanepano:hli \dis tlawi:kahli; tlanepano:hli \xrb wi:ka \nse Apparently <na>tlawi:kahli</na> is synonymous, or nearly synonymous, with <nla>tlanepano:hli</nla>, although the former has a more joking implication. \qry Make sure that /tlawi:kahli/ refers to a second spouse, like /tlanepano:hli/. \ref 04480 \lxa tepoxaktik \lxac tepoxaktik \lxo tepoxahtik \lxoc tepoxahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se to be very crumbly or very loose (certain stones in regards to their consistency) \ss tener la característica de desmigajarse, desmenuzarse, desmoronarse muy fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras) \se to be very loose; to not be tight (e.g., a rope whose strands are not very tightly wound) \ss estar muy flojo; no estar apretado (p. ej., una soga con los hilos poco apretados) \cfao poxa:wak \xrb poxa: \qry Check difference between /tepoxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/; this should be discussed. Check whether simply /poxaktik/ is acceptable. Make sure both senses given above are correct, i.e., that /tepoxaktik/ applies to things such as ropes. Check collocations of this and all /-a:wak/ and /-ktik/ word pairs to determine if a general difference exists. Finally, generate all such forms and compare in each case checking for 1) difference (e.g., /pitsa:wak/ and /tepitsaktik/, or /pitsaktik/); and 2) whether /te-/ is obligatory in all of the latter categories (Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik). \vl There is another female token at 5626. \ref 04481 \lxa tla:kakochi \lxac tla:kakochi \lxo tla:kakochi \lxoc tla:kakochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep with a man or men \ss acostarse con un hombre o hombres \pna Ma tla:kakochika:n! \pea Let them sleep with men (in reference to a group of women)! \psa ¡Quése acuesten con hombres (en referencia a un grupo de mujeres)! \seo (joking) to sleep"like a man"(uttered occasionally by men, as a double entendre, who go into the hills and are not afraid to sleep there by themselves) \sso (joking) dormir"como hombre"(dicho ocasionalmente, con doble sentido, por los hombres que suben al cerro y allá no tienen miedo de dormir solo) \sem Gender: male \xrb tla:ka \xrb kochi \pqry The vowel length of the"long"first /a:/ seems conspicuously short, particularly the first token of two for each speaker, Florencia Marcelino adn Inocencio Jiménez. The times of the first two /a/s in her speech are 76:78 and 94:79, for Inocencio the times are 77:79 and 90:76. This should be looked into. There is no reason/context that I can think of that would lead to vowel shortening, but it would seem that in two of the four cases the first vowel has a shorter duration than the following phonologically short vowel. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 04482 \lxa suwa:mo:monteh \lxac suwa:mo:monteh \lxo siwa:mo:montih \lxoc siwa:mo:montih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao irregular pl., see <nla>sowa:montli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>siwa:montli</nlo> (Oa) \ssao pl., vé ase <nla>suwa:montli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>siwa:montli</nlo> (Oa) \pqry The first female token has vowel duration of 81:73:38 for the first three vowels. Note that the second vowel is phonologically long (her second token measures 90:97:31). This illustrate the problem of phonetic variation in duration. \grm Note this irregular form as one of the view with plural through reduplication. \ref 04483 \lxa sokitl \lxac sokitl \lxo sokitl \lxoc sokitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se mud (on the ground, e.g., after a heavy rain) \ss lodo (sobre la tierra, p. ej., después de una fuerte lluvia) \se certain mixtures based on mud or clay (such as the mixture of mud, grass, and donkey dung used to make adobe, or the clay and <nla>po:cho:ichkatl</nla> mixture used for ceramics, etc.) \ss ciertas mezclas de lodo o barro (como la mezcla de lodo, zacate y estiércol de que se hace adobe, o la mezcla de arcilla y <nla>po:cho:ichkatl</nla> empleada para la cerámica) \pna Kitlatskapa:naltia sokitl. \pea He makes the clay (used for ceramics) give off a wet, slapping sound (in slapping it down hard against a flat stone or wooden table to knead it). \psa Hace que el barro emita un fuerte sonido como de palmada (al azotarla duramente contra una piedra plana o tabla de madera para amasarlo). \sem soil \xrb soki \dis sokitl; tesokitl \ref 04484 \lxa kwa:chia:wa \lxac nokwa:chia:wa \lxo kwa:chia:wa \lxoc nokwa:chia:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to put oil or perfume on one's hair \ss (refl.) ponerle aceite, brillantina, o perfume en el cabello \xrb kwa: \xrb chiya: \qry Apparently the intransitive does not exist; but I believe that the transitive is mostly used reflexively. This should be checked. Also, determine whether a full transitive can be used and, also, if there is an applicative and its meaning. \ref 04485 \lxa kwa:tepasole:wtok \lxac kwa:pasole:wtok \lxo kwá:pasolé:htok \lxop kwa:pasole:htok \lxoc kwá:pasolé:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>kwa:tepasole:wtok</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwa:tépasolé:htok</nlo> \ss vé ase <nla>kwa:tepasole:wtok</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwa:tépasolé:htok</nlo> \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \ref 04486 \lxa tsina:kan kwitlatl \lxac tsina:kan kwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea bat dung \ssa estiercol de murciélago \syno pátlí \xrb tsina:kan \xrb kwitla \nse Used as fertilizer, along with /tsontekwitlatl/, particularly in fertilizing plants such as chile. Check full uses. \ref 04487 \lxa ia:xi:x si:tlalin \lxac ia:xi:x si:tlalin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \se small shooting star \ss pequeña estrella fugaz \sem heavens \cfao kabaye:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb si:tlal \ref 04488 \lxa patlaxtik \lxac patlaxtik \lxo patlaxtik \lxoc patlaxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be flat and wide (an <nla>itakatl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ítakátl</nlo> (Oa) or tortilla, a cockroach, certain types of bricks, and some ceramic canteens) \ss ser ancho y plano (un <nla>itakatl</nla> o tortilla, una cucaracha, ciertos tipos de tabiques y algunas cantimploras de cerámica) \xrb patlach \ref 04489 \lxa yekasosolka \lxac yekasosolka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss][freq.] \infv class-4a \sea to make a mucousy rumbling sound while inhaling (a person with a clogged nose, an ox that has been beaten hard on the snout and has difficulty breathing) \ssa hacer un sonido rasposo al inhalar (una persona con la nariz congestionada, un buey que ha sido golpeado por el hocico y que tiene dificultad en respirar) \sea to make a rushing or whirring sound (e.g., trees as a hard wind passes by) \ssa hacer un sonido como de zumbido o soplido (p. ej.,árboles al pasar un fuerte viento) \sem sound \xrb yeka \xrb solo: \qry Check to make sure this word in its second acceptation is /yekasosolka/ and not /yeyekasosolka/. Check to make sure that both acceptations are correct. \grm Noun incorporation: Note the debate on incorporation to one-place predicates. One argument is that the incorporation only takes place on certain types of intransitives (unaccusatives?). Check. Also cf. this incorporation to other ones such as /me:sto:na/, /tla:loli:ni/, etc., where a natural phenomenon is the incorporated noun. \ref 04490 \lxa tsi:npatiliwi \lxac tsi:npatiliwi \lxo tsi:npatiliwi \lxoc tsi:npatilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se for the hind part (of an animal [S]) to go off to one side \ss por la parte trasera (de un animal [S]) irse de lado \pna O:tsi:npatiliw noburroh, o:kipatiloh yeyekatl. \pea The hind part of my donkey went off to one side, the wind pushed it off course. \psa La parte trasera de mi burro se fue chueco, el viento lo empujó a un lado. \xrb tsi:n \xrb patil \ref 04491 \lxa xoko:lia \lxac kixoko:lia \lxo xoko:lia \lxoc kixoko:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \sea to make sour (e.g., a food, particularly by adding sth such as wild plums) \ssa hacer agrio (p. ej., una comida, particularmente al agregarle ciruelas silvestres) \pna Ti:roh o:kixoko:lih, miák o:kite:milih xokotl. \pea He really made it (a food) sour, he put a lot of wild plums into it. \psa De veras lo puso agrio, le metiómuchos ciruelos silvestres. \seao to let spoil (food that in the process becomes sour) \ssao dejar echarse a perder (comida que en el proceso se pone agrio) \pna O:tikxoko:lih un tlakwahli, xo:tiktoto:nih tlaiwa. \pea You let that food go bad, you didn't heat it up last night. \psa Dejaste que esa comida se echara a perder, no la calentaste anoche. \xrb xoko \pqry Recheck length of /o/. It is long in /xoko:ya/, but the transitive should be rechecked. Note the pattern in /sese:ya/ and transitive /seselia/. Perhaps /xoko:ya/ and /xokolia/ manifest the same pattern. \grm Causative: Note that /xoko:lia/ is a causative of the inchoative /xoko:ya/, in a regular pattern in Nahuatl. However, note that in the phrase /O:kixoko:lih un tlakwahli, xo:tiktoto:nih tlaiwa/ 'You let that food go bad, you didn't heat it up last night.' the meaning is 'to let go bad' not 'to make go bad.' This is clearly indicated by the following clause, for the subject, it is stated here, failed to do something (heat up the food), and it was this failure that caused the food to go sour. Thus the event was caused not by the volitional action of an agent, but by the neglect of the"agent"to do something. \ref 04492 \lxa te:nyema:nki \lxac te:nyema:nki \lxo te:nyema:nki \lxoc te:nyema:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \se to have a soft edge \ss con la borde o orilla suave \pna Te:nyema:nki momache:teh. Yo:te:nkwe:kwepaliw. \pea The edge of your machete is soft (i.e., not well forged, and easily dented). It's gotten bent in several places. \psa El filo de tu machete es poco duro (esto es, no bien forjada, y que se abolla fácilmente). se dobló en varios lugares. \seao sensitive to the bit (a horse or mule) \ssao sensible al freno (un caballo o mula) \pna Te:nyema:nki mokaba:yoh. Xkohtik, niman noteltia. \pea Your horse is senstive to the bit. It isn't strong, it stops right away (i.e., with any little bit of pressure on the bit). \psa Tu caballo es muy sensible al freno. No está fuerte, luego luego se detiene (esto es, con la más mínima presión al freno). \cfao te:nkohtik \xrb te:n \xrb yema:n \nse The opposite of <n>te:nyema:nki</n> in regard to a beast of burden is <nlao>te:nkohtik</nlao> \ref 04493 \lxa tsokwe:ltik \lxac tsokwe:ltik \lxo tsokwe:ltik \lxoc tsokwe:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \seao to be slightly curved at the end; to be slightly curled at the end (e.g. eyelashes) \ssao estar ligeramente encorvado al cabo; estar ligeramente rizado a un lado (p. ej., pestañas) \pna Tsotsokwe:ltik un surkos. \pea The furrows are curled in one direction at the end. \psa Los surcos están encorvados hacia donde terminan. \xrb tsokwe:l \nse This adjectival has only been documented with furrows and eyelashes as subjects. \mod Illustrate \ref 04494 \lxa chi:kwati \lxac chi:kwati \lxo chi:kwati \lxoc chi:kwati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get a rash (such as diaper rash); to break out in heat rash (or a similar condition) \ss escaldarse (un bebé); tener la piel lastimada por frotarse, saliendo un sarpullido rojo \pna Nichichi:kwati ipan nonakas. \pea I have a heat rash behind my ears. \psa Tengo escaldadora atrás mis orejas. \sem disease \encyctmp skin disease; kokolistli \xrb chi:kwa \nse <nao>Chi:kwati</nao> refers, in particular, to a type of rash affecting babies on the inside of joints: under their arms, on the inside of their thighs, etc. Consultants gave the translation as <spn>escaldadora</spn>. It is a a reddish sore rash that results from from heat and rubbing. The etimology is problematic, although vowel length is definitely correct. Perhaps <na>chi:kwati</na> is formed from the intensifier <nao>chi:</nao> and <nao>kwa</nao>, with the verbalizer <n>-ti</n>, although this would be an unusual construction. \ref 04495 \lxa ihki \lxac ihki weli \lxo hkíi:n \lxoa ihkíi:n \lxoa hki: \lxoa ki: \lxoc ki: weli; hkíi:n weli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adv-man \se in this manner \ss así, de esta manera \pna Ihki, ke:n tikonchi:wilian \pea This is the right way, the way we are doing it. \psa Esta es la manera, como lo estamos haciendo. \cfao ke:nihki \xrb iw \cfa no:hki \nse <na>Ihki</na> is more commonly found in the negative <na>xihki</na> which, at any rate, seems rarer than /xihkó:n/. However, cf the more common <na>ihkí:n</na> or <na>ihkó:n</na>, both of which are more common than <na>ihki</na>. \nae At least sometimes the /i/ of <no>ki:</no> (Oa) might be greatly extended in duration. However, this seems more a prosodic or pragmatic feature than a direct representation of the surface form. It is questionable whether the orthographic representation <no>hki:</no> (Oa) is correct. Several consultants indicated that there is always a preceding /h/. However, in some individuals speech the initial /h/ sound is not perceptible and thus the form <no>ki:</no> has been written as an alternative form. \qry Do a study of contextual use of all the /ihki/, /ihkí:n/, /ihkó:n/, etc. Check for Oapan equivalent of Am /san ke:n ihki/. \pqry Check carefully with a phonetician for all tokens that were originally here (some will have been renumbered to be at 3616, for initial /h/ or aspiration after /no:/. \qry During the elicitation of the tokens for this word, C. Flores suggested that /ihki/ was not used in Ameyaltepec. Rather, forms such as /ihkón/ and /ihkín/ are found, as well as /xihki/. Nevertheless, I seem to have documented /ihki/ and for now it has been maintained as a lexical entry. Its use and correctness in Am. should be rechecked. \vl There are a total of 6 female and 6 male tokens. They are basically divided into two groups: The set of three from each speaker that is /no: hki:i:n weli/, i.e., the final three of each speaker, should be tagged with re. #3616. For this present entry; 4495, there are therefore 3 tokens from each speaker. Link as follows: for /ki: weli/ use the 2nd female token and the 2nd male token. Then, for the sequence /ki:i:n weli/ link the first female token and the first male token. Thus the final sequence should be: 2nd female-2nd male-1st female-1st male. As with all other cases, the final joining here should be done manually. \ref 04496 \lxa totopotsa \lxac kitotopotsa \lxo totopotsa \lxoc kitotopotsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to cause (sth) to make a sputtering sound (an engine or mechanical device); to cause a crackling sound (e.g., in eating certain foods such as fried pork rinds or various types of tortilla-like foods such as <nla>tlaxkalsosohli</nla>, <nla>totopoxtli</nla>, and <nla>tlaxkaltetso:nontli</nla>) \ss hacer petardear; causar (que algo haga) un sonido como de pequeñas explosiones; hacer un sonido como chasquido (p. ej., al comer ciertas comidas como chicarrón y ciertos tipos de tortilla como <nla>tlaxkalsosohli</nla>, <nla>totopoxtli</nla>, and <nla>tlaxkaltetso:nontli</nla>) \pna Tlatotopotsa ika tlaxkalsosohli. \pea He causes a crackling sound to be made with old tortillas (that he is eating). \psa Hace que se escuche chasquidos con las tortillas viejas (que está comiendo). \sem sound \xrb topo: \xvnao topo:ni \dis kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling; see /itikukwalaka/ and check for /ititotopoka/). \grm Antipassive: /Tlatotopotsa ika tlaxkalsosohli/ 'He causes a crackling sound to be made with old tortillas (that he is eating).' Note again, as in many other cases, the presentation of a transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ followed by an oblique expression indicating the indirect cause of the sound (i.e., the demoted object of the transitive construction). \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note that */ki:topotsa/ is not acceptable. \ref 04497 \lxa kopaxokotik \lxac kopaxokotik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be a braggart; to be a big-talker (who promises things he doesn't have or actions that he cannot carry out); to be misleading (in ones words) \ssa ser fanfarrón; ser engañoso (que promete cosas que no tiene o acciones que no puede cumplir) \fl kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb kopa \xrb xoko \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <na>ciruelo berraco</na>. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the <na>ciruelo copajocote</na>, of the family <na>Rosaceae</na>. Schoenhals (1988) has a tree called <na>copalcojote</na> of which see says:"(<na>Cyrtocarpa procera</na>) '[family cashew]' see coco de cerro."And under this latter plant she states:"(<na>Cyrtocarpa procera</na>) '[family cashew]' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small, round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote." \qry Cf. Flk 1984-05-03.1. \ref 04498 \lxa tlakwe:chohli \lxac tlakwe:chohli \lxo tlakwe:cho:hli \lxoc tlakwe:cho:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se something ground up finely (such as powdered chile) \ss algo finamente molido (como chile en polvo) \xrb kwe:ch \ref 04499 \lxa o:lo:wia \lxac ko:lo:wia \lxo o:lo:wia \lxof [o: lo: 'wi a] \lxoc kó:lo:wía, ko:lo:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to use a corncob on (e.g., wet clay of a ceramic bowl to smooth it before firing) \ss aplicar un olote a (p. ej., para alisar la arcilla de una cerámica antes de cocerla) \pna Axtopa niko:lo:wi:s tepalkatl para petsiwis. \pea First I'll go over the bowl with a corncob so that it becomes smooth. \psa Primero voy a frotar un olote sobre la superficie del plato hondo para que se alise. \xrb o:lo: \nae Apparently the speech token of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) manifests pitch accent on the initial syllable. This is the result of reduplication, reduced onto the first vowel-initial syllable of the verbal stem. However, the speech token of Inocencio Jiménez does not seem to manifest this pitch pattern. It would seem, then, that the two have given different forms. Florencia gave a reduplicated form, undoubtedly because the action signified by <no>o:lo:wiya</no> is one that repeats itself constantly, as the agent rubs the cob back and forth over a surface. Nevertheless, Inocencio seems to have given an unreduplicated form (no pitch accent), a form that perhaps indicates a single application of the cob to a surface. This should be checked. \pqry Check the four tokens of this word for the correctness of my percent that Florencia has pitch accent/reduplication while Inocencio does not. \ref 04500 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ayó:penké:tl \lxoc ayó:penké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who gathers up squash during the harvest \sso persona que cosecha la calabaza \cfo ayusentla:lia \xrb ayoh \xrb pena \pqry Check vowel length of /ayutli/ again as always. The length of the first /a/ is hard to determine in initial position. Here it seems longer than the /o:/. There are other interesting things about this word. First, note that the compound is /áyotlí/. Here there is pitch accent from underlying {h}. The compound has additional pitch accent and lengthening on {o}. Thus one might expect two pitch accent marks, as in ?áyó:penké:tl. However, this is not the case. The reason is not clear as in other cases there are 3 pitch accents on a 4 syllable but 5 or 6 mora word. The second point of interest is that it seems that in Nahuatl in general there is a rule or constraint that limits vowel length in certain positions. That is, the sequence V:? (long vowel followed by glottal stop/h) does not exist. Yet at least underlyingly the {o} in {ayoh - tli} is followed by /h/. This should counterfeed vowel lengthening. It appears taht the /o/ is in fact not long, but this would be c ounter to the process doc umentedin all other cases of reduplicant reduction: the preceding vowel is lengthened (if it is underlyingly short) to compensate or account for the mora of the reduplicant. If vowel lengthening does not occur here (and it would be unusual if it doesn't) then it would provide a counter example to the process heretofore described. An effort should be made to research potential for vowel lengthening and pitch accent ascription on final short vowels of nominal stems when the short vowel is followed by underlying {h}. To do this cases of incorporation must be looked at where the incorporated noun ends in {(C)V?} and in which the following predicate stem has the potential (i.e., for semantic reasons) to reduplicate. A TEST SHOULD BE CONDUCTED FOR PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF + LENGTH + P-A IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES. \grmx Reduplication; Oapan phonology; vowel length: There are other interesting things about this word. First, note that the compound is /áyotlí/. Here there is pitch accent from underlying {h}. The compound has additional pitch accent and lengthening on {o}. Thus one might expect two pitch accent marks, as in ?áyó:penké:tl. However, this is not the case. The reason is not clear as in other cases there are 3 pitch accents on a 4 syllable but 5 or 6 mora word. The second point of interest is that it seems that in Nahuatl in general there is a rule or constraint that limits vowel length in certain positions. That is, the sequence V:? (long vowel followed by glottal stop/h) does not exist. Yet at least underlyingly the {o} in {ayoh - tli} is followed by /h/. This should counterfeed vowel lengthening. It appears taht the /o/ is in fact not long, but this would be counter to the process documented in all other cases of reduplicant reduction: the preceding vowel is lengthe ned (if it is underlyingl y short)to compensate or account for the mora of the reduplicant. If vowel lengthening does not occur here (and it would be unusual if it doesn't) then it would provide a counter example to the process heretofore described. An effort should be made to research potential for vowel lengthening and pitch accent ascription on final short vowels of nominal stems when the short vowel is followed by underlying {h}. To do this cases of incorporation must be looked at where the incorporated noun ends in {(C)V?} and in which the following predicate stem has the potential (i.e., for semantic reasons) to reduplicate. A TEST SHOULD BE CONDUCTED FOR PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF + LENGTH + P-A IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES. \ref 04501 \lxa ma:se:katsontli \lxac ma:se:katsontli \lxo ma:sia:tsontli \lxoa ma:se:katsontli \lxoc ma:sia:tsontli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se armpit hair \ss pelo de la axila \pna Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. \pea The <na>ma:se:kapochik</na>, it makes its home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered <na>tokatl</na>. \psa Los <na>ma:se:kapochik</na> viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran <na>tokatl</na>. \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrb tson \pqry NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length of this form and all related words. Third female token seems clearly to indicate /ma:sia:tsontli/. However, as is often the case, with glides vowel length is very hard to determine. Recheck. Also, it would be interesting if the form with /k/ has /ma:se:katsontli/ and without /k/ has /ma:sia:tsontli/. This shuld be carefully determined. \vl Link 3rd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 04502 \lxa wi:laka \lxac wi:laka \lxo welaka \lxoc welaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se tree snail; snail \ss caracol de monte \xrb wi:laka \nae The etymology of <na>wi:laka</na> (Am) / <no>welaka</no> (Oa) is uncertain. The vowel change from /i:/ in Ameylatepec to /e/ in Oapan is interesting, and reveals the problem of relying on any one village for information on historical vowel length. It appears that the alternation /i:/ ~ /e/ is not standard in Nahuatl. \pqry Check length of /e/ in Oapan and /i:/ in Ameyaltepec. Also, if the preliminary observation is confirmed (long /i:/ in Am and short /e/ in Oapan) other cases of similar alternation should be looked for. \ref 04503 \lxa mits- \lxac mitsa:polaktia \lxo mits- \lxoc mitsa:polahtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pref(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \se you (first person singular object) \ss a tí. (objeto de primera persona singular) \pqry The length of the /a:/ of /a:polahtia/ in this context (i.e., non word initial) should be compared to that of /a:polaki/ as an intransitive verb with initial vowel and zero morpheme subject. \ref 04504 \lxa kechki:tskia \lxac kikechki:tskia \lxo kechki:tsia \lxoc kikechki:tsia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to grab by the neck (a person or animal, bottle, or other type of container with a"neck") \ss agarrar por el cuello (a una persona o animal, o a una botella u otra cosa o recipiente que tiene algo como un cuello) \pna San xtlakechki:tski. \pea Just grab things by the neck. \psa Simplemente agarras las cosas por el cuello. \xrb kech \xrb ki:tski \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. There is one extra token of this at 6729. \ref 04505 \lxa pochawistli \lxac pochawistli \lxo pochawistli \lxoc pochawistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \se something from the previous year or one year old (particularly used in reference to maize but also applicable to other items) \ss algo del año anterior o de hace un año (particularmente usado en referencia al maíz, pero también aplicable a otras cosas también) \synao se:xkayo:tl \xrb pocha \qry The verbal base of this is unclear and should be checked. No cognate form is in RS or other Nahuatl sources. Also, precisely determine the meaning of /pochawistli/. My original notes give this as the same as /se:xkayo:tl/. Check the meaning and possible meaning differences. Check vowel length. \ref 04506 \lxa tlama:kweptli \lxac tlama:kweptli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(p) \sea type of sleeve cuff with buttons and sewn so that the opening is on the bottom and there are no pleats or ruffles where the cloth is taken in, as occurs with the cuff known as <nla>ma:xoloxtik</nla> \ssa tipo de puño con botones de la manga de una camisa; tiene la parte abierta por abajo y no tiene pliegues ni tablas como ocurre con el puño conocido como <nla>ma:xoloxtik</nla> \sem clothing \xrb ma: \xrb kwepa \ref 04507 \lxa mo:xkah \lxac i:mo:xkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan muesca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se notch (generally in wood) \ss muesca (generalmente en madera) \pna Xtla:li imo:xkah para tiktila:naskeh, tla:mo sahkó:n texi:kopi:nis! \pea Place a notch on it (in this case at the end of a log) so that we can drag it along (with a rope), if you don't do it, it will just slip out (the log from the rope's loop)! \psa ¡Pónle una muesca (en este caso a un tronco) para que lo podamos jalar, si no, se le va a zafar (el tronco de la soga)! \cfo mocha:rowa \nse <na>Mo:xkah</na> apparently refers only to the placing of a notch on wood, all the way around so that a rope can catch on it. \qry Determine whether the word can be used in both possessed and unpossessed constructions. \mod Cf. original filecard for illustration. \ref 04508 \lxa cha:wi:lo \lxac cha:wi:lo \lxo cha:wi:lo \lxoc cha:wi:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \se to become blighted (certain plants such as maize, wheat, watermelon, squash, etc.) \ss tener chahuistle, un tipo de enfermedad (ciertas plantas como el maíz, trigo, sandía, calabaza, etc.) \pna O:cha:wi:lo:k mi:hli, pe:wa tsi:ntlasolwa:ki. \pea The milpa got blighted, the bottom of the plant has begun to dry up. \psa La milpa agarróchahuistle, la raíz se empezó a secar. \xrb cha:wi \nse Most people attribute the state signified by <nao>cha:wi:lo</nao> to an overabundance of rain water. However, a few consultants have stated that it may be due to a lack of water. Other plants such as watermelon and squash may also become affected by the state known as <na>cha:wi:lo</na>. \qry Check how exactly the plants are affected, and whether with watermelon and squash it is the leaves, not root, that is affected. Determine all plants that can be so affected; also check for existence of /cha:wistli/ or similar form. \grm Passive: Note that this is a passive verb. FK has /cha:huistli/ from Zacapoaxtla and the definitio 'plaga, enfermedad (de plantas)' In a quick review I did not find it in Classical. The verbal form has also not been documented for other dialects. \ref 04509 \lxa ma:kwepo:ntok \lxac ma:kwepo:ntok \lxo ma:kopo:ntok \lxoc ma:kopo:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have ones cuffs folded back \ss tener los puños (de una camisa) doblados \pna Timakukwepo:ntok, ne:si ye pe:wa titekitis. \pea You have the cuffs of your shirt folded back, it seems that you are about to start working. \psa Tienes los puños (de la camisa) doblados, parece que ya vas a trabajar. \xrb ma: \xrb kwepo: \ref 04510 \lxa i:wia:ntik \lxac i:wia:ntik \lxo í:wiá:ntik \lxoc í:wiá:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-ap \se to be sharp, clever, intelligent \ss ser listo, abusado, inteligente \pna Xni:wia:ntik. \pea I'm not sharp. \psa No soy listo. \pna I:wia:ntik, lije:roh kichi:wtiwetsi itlah tli:no:n. \pea He's sharp, he does anything right away. \psa Es listo, luego luego hace cualquier cosa. \pna Xi:wia:ntik un tla:katl, xtlah weli. \pea That man is not sharp, he can't do anything. \psa Ese hombre no es abusado, no puede hacer nada. \xrb i:wia:n \nae The etymology of this word is unclear, but it would seemingly be related to words like Classical <n>iuian</n>, which Molina glosses as 'mansamente, o con tiento'; cf. <n>iuianyo</n> 'persona cuerda, atentada y reposada.' Carochi has this word listed several times (cf. Lockhart, pp. 400, 438) and although he is not entirely consistent, it seems reasonable to posit an initial long /i:/ and a long /a:/. However, there is no evidence of an underlying 'saltillo' (glottal stop) anywhere; if this is the case then the only origin for pitch accent in Oapan would be reduplication. The underlying Oapan form, therefore, would be {ih + i:wia:n + tik}. This seems possible. Evidence from other dialects, such as San Juan Tetelcingo, might confirm the reduplication although it should be kept in mind that villages might well vary in the presence or absence of a reduplicant. Finally, note that the length of the second /i/ is apparently short, but this is hard to document at present given the lack of esta bl ished criteria for determining length before and after glides. \qry Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check. \pqry Re: /í:wiá:ntik/ and /í:wiá:ntilia/. The etymology of this word is unclear, but it would seemingly be related to words like Classical <n>iuian</n>, which Molina glosses as 'mansamente, o con tiento'; cf. <n>iuianyo</n> 'persona cuerda, atentada y reposada.' Carochi has this word listed several times (cf. Lockhart, pp. 400, 438) and although he is not entirely consistent, it seems reasonable to posit an initial long /i:/ and a long /a:/. However, there is no evidence of an underlying 'saltillo' (glottal stop) anywhere; if this is the case then the only origin for pitch accent in Oapan would be reduplication. The underlying Oapan form, therefore, would be {ih + i:wia:n + tik}. This seems possible. Evidence from other dialects, such as San Juan Tetelcingo, might confirm the reduplication although it should be kept in mind that villages might well vary in the presence or absence of a reduplicant. Finally, note that the length of the second /i/ is apparently short, but this is hard to docum ent at present given the lack of established criteria for determining length before and after glides. \sj Check for presence of /h/. The motive for Oapan pitch accent is unclear. \ref 04511 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for Oapan /páon onkah/. It has been deleted and the word tokens linked at 1924. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag these tokens as 1924 and link as the second set of female-male tokens under the headword here. Thus there should be four linked words at 1924. \ref 04512 \lxa xa:nkahli \lxac xa:nkahli \lxo xa:nkahli \lxoc xa:nkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se house made of adobe \ss casa de adobe \xrb xa:m \xrb kal \ref 04513 \lxa kuwkakawatl \lxac kuwkakawatl \lxo kohkakawatl \lxoc kohkakawatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao bark (of a tree, used to refer to the bark that is scattered on the ground) \ssao cáscara (de unárbol, utilizado para referirse a la cáscara que está regada por el suelo) \se wood shavings (the wood shaved off from planing) \ss virutas de madera (la madera que sale después de aplanarse una tabla de madera) \pna Xpepenati un kuwkakawatl, 'ka tiktlatlati:skeh! \pea Go pick up some wood shavings, we will light them (to start a fire)! \psa ¡Ve a juntar unas virutas de madera, las vamos a quemar (para prender una fogata). \sea type of tree still not collected nor identified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no colectado ni identificado \pna Kuwkakawatl | Xtlah para, nochipa kipa itlase:wahlo. \pea <na>Kuwkakawatl</na> : It isn't used for anything, it always provides shade. \psa <na>Kuwkakawatl</na> : No se usa para nada, siembra da su sombra. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb kakawa \nse Apparently the meaning as 'wood shavings' is a metaphoric extension from its use to signify 'bark.' \qry Make sure that all uses and meanings above are correct (e.g., as a type of tree, bark in general, and wood shavings. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this tree as the <na>cacahuanache</na>. Neither Ramírez (1991) nor Schoenhals (1988) list this tree. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:95) identify the <na>cacahuananche</na> as of the Chrysobalanaceae family, <na>Licania arborea</na> Seemann. The tree, i.e., as a tree type, was not recognized by Cristino Flores. \nct kohtli \qry Apparently this is the same as the /kakakwana:nchih/. If it is add to the synonym field and xreference. \ref 04514 \lxa chikino:ltik \lxac chikino:ltik \lxo chikino:ltik \lxoc chikino:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be crooked or bent \ss ser chueco o torcido \pna Chi:chikino:ltik mori:yoh. \pea The beam is bent and crooked in several places. \psa La viga está chueca en varios lugares \se to be gnarled \ss ser nudoso (un palo lleno de nudos) \pna Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n. \pea That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a not of knots. \psa Ese palo de madera está nudoso, tiene muchos nudos. \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec, <na>chikino:ltik</na> is the semantic equivalent of <nla>chikitoltik</nla> \ref 04515 \lxa wa:xka:tia \lxac nowa:xka:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to take as ones own (the property of another) \ssa (refl.) adueñarse de (tomando la propiedad o pertenencias de otro) \pna O:kite:kwi:lih, o:nowa:xka:tih. \pea He took it from someone, he claimed it as rightfully his. \psa Se lo quitó a alguien, se adueñódeél. \equivao tlatkitia \xrb a:xka \nae The vowel length of this verb seems to include a short /a/, as indicated in the entry. However, this should be checked. The nominal form is not used except in the possessed form: <na>noa:xka</na>, with a short final vowel. This is a term used in Ameyaltepec only; Oapan has <no>tlatki</no> and <nlo>tlatkitia</nlo>. \ref 04516 \lxa wiyo:nia \lxac kwiyo:nia \lxo wiyo:nia \lxoc kiwiyo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \tran Compl \se to move slightly (e.g., sth that should be stable); to nudge; to shake slightly \ss mover o empujar ligeramente (p. ej., algo que debe estar estable); hacer tambalear \pna Ma:ka xne:chwiyo:ni, nitlakwilotok! \pea Don't shake (nudge) me, I'm writing! \psa ¡No me empujes, estoy escribiendo! \se (refl.-pas.) to wobble (a table, chair, etc.); to get moved slightly; to get shaken \ss (refl.-pas.) tambalearse (una mesa, silla, etc., que no se para bien sobre el piso); bailar (un objeto no estable que se mueve ligeramente de lado a lado); moverse ligeramente \xrb wiyo: \dis ekwania; wiyo:nia \nse The circumstances in which the reflexivized form of <nao>wiyo:nia</nao> is used as opposed to the intransitive <nlao>wiyo:ni</nlao> are not entirely clear. It appears that the reflexive form is used when something is inadvertently moved by an agent in the manner indicated by the verb, (something like the"get passive"in English). <na>Wiyo:ni</na>, on the other hand, would seem to be the result of a more involuntary movement, such as shaking from fear or the wind. \nae In Oapan the reduplicated <no>kiwiwiyo:nia</no> is acceptable but not the reduced form * <no>kí:wiyó:nia</no>. The precise meaning for this is unclear but it may be related to the fact that the reduplicated form is the most common and thus somewhat lexicalized. Note that frequentatives <nla>uwiyoka</nla> (Am) and <nlo>wiwiyoka</nlo> (Oa) also do not reduce onto a preceding short vowel. \qry Check: The circumstances in which the reflexivized form of <na>wiyo:nia</na> is used as opposed to the intransitive <nla>wiyo:ni</nla> are not entirely clear. It appears that the reflexive form is used when something is moved in the manner indicated by the verb, although this might be inadvertent (something like the"get passive"in English). <na>Wiyo:ni</na>, on the other hand, would seem to be the result of a more involuntary movement, such as shaking from fear or the wind. \grm Grammar Oapan: reduplication; Note that in Oapan the reduplicated <no>kiwiwiyo:nia</no> is acceptable but not * <no>ki:wiyo:nia</no>. It appears that the reduced forms are generally not acceptable, except in rare instances when eitther the reduplication is CV (and not CVh) or when the meaning of the reduplicated form is lexicalized. \ref 04517 \lxa a:ki:xtia \lxac ka:ki:xtia \lxo a:ki:xtia \lxoc ka:ki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to quickly put into water and take out (e.g., clothes to wash, without soap); to rinse or pour water over (e.g., to get the soap out of clothes that are being washed) \ss meter rápidamente en agua y sacarla; enjuagar (e.g., la ropa al lavarla para quitarle el jabón) \pna Xka:ki:xti motlake:n! \pea Pour water over your clothes (e.g., while washing, in order to get the soap out)! \psa ¡Vierte agua sobre tu ropa (p. ej., al lavarla, para quitarle el jabón)! \pna Nika:ki:xti:s notlake:n pa:mpa weyak, ma tso:liwi. \pea I'm dunk my clothes (in this case a shirt) quickly in water because they are long and I want it to shrink. \psa Voy a meter mi ropa (en este caso una camisa) rápidamente en el agua porque es larga y quiero que se encoja. \pna Xne:xchia, ma nika:ki:xti notlake:n! \pea Wait for me, let me rinse out my clothes! \psa ¡Espérame, déjame enjuagar mi ropa! \xrb a: \xrb ki:sa \nse <na>A:ki:xtia</na> signifies to wash clothes rapidly just with water, not with soap, or to rinse the soap out of ones clothes by pouring water over them. This verb also refers to the action of putting something, such as clothing, in water and then taking it out (in the case of clothes to hang up to dry). \grm Noun incorporation (semantics): Re: /a:ki:xtia/: Note that in this case the /a:/ seems to refer to the location at which the action takes place. That is, one is not"removing water"but rather"(putting in rapidly and) removing from water."The synthetic expression of /ka:ki:xtia/ would therefore be /kiki:xtia de itik a:tl/ or some such equivalent. \ref 04518 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepi:tka:siwa:tl \lxoc tepi:tka:siwa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se healthy woman; stout and sturdy woman (of body and health, who does not easily become sick) \ss mujer sana; mujer fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente) \equiva tepi:tska:suwa:tl \cfa kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \cfa poxa:hka:suwa:tl \cfo ka:xa:nka:siwa:tl \xrb tepi:ts \xrb sowa: \nse In general <nla>tepi:stik</nla> used in this sense refers to a person who is sturdy and not weak, who is healthy (<spn>sana</spn>) and doesn't get sick. \nae For a fuller explanation, cf. <nla>tepi:tska:sowa:tl</nla>. \grm Oapan phonology: ts>t: cf. /tepi:tka:siwa:tl/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the base of the modifier is the verb <nao>tepi:tsiwi</nao>. As with most verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> the participial form in the Balsas region is the verbal root (i.e., the stem minus <n>-iwi</n>) plus the participial ending <n>-ka:</n>. In Oapan the surface form is the result of the reduction of the final /ts/ affricate to a simple stop, /t/. This is perhaps the only case I have documented so far in which an affricate loses the fricative component in a particular environment. \ref 04519 \lxa a:yakaxtli \lxaa a:yekaxtli \lxac a:yakaxtli \lxo a:yakaxtli \lxoa a:yekaxtli \lxoc a:yakaxtli, a:yekaxtli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se rattle \ss sonaja \xrb a:yakach \nse The pronunciation <na>a:yakaxtli</na> is more common that <na>a:yekaxtli</na> although both are heard. Painted <na>a:yakaxteh</na> (Am) / <no>a:yakaxtih</no> (Oa) are made in the villages, particularly Oapan, and used in the dance called"danza de corona." \qry Check derivation and root structure. Check for verb /a:yakachowa/. \mod Illustrate \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \rt The word is essentially a type of squash. Note that the etymology might possible be /a:ya/ for /a:yotli/ and then /kaxtli/. Check. \ref 04520 \lxa teko:ntilia \lxac kiteko:ntilia \lxo teko:ntilia \lxoc kiteko:ntilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (sth) deep-dished or very concave \ss combar; hacer combada o muy concavo \pna O:kiteko:ntilih isurkoh, wekatlan o:kitla:laktih iara:doh. \pea He made his furrows steep-sided and deep, he forced his plow deep into the soil. \psa Hizo sus surcos muy inclinados y profundos, metiósu arado en la tierra muy hondo. \pna Xteteko:ntili mosombre:roh! Miaktsi:n mitsmakaskeh. \pea Make your hat into a deep-dished container (by pushing the brim down and turning it upside-down)! They are going to give you a lot (in this case of fruit). \psa ¡Convierte tu sombrero en un recipiente hondo (al bajar las alas y voltearlo arriba abajo)! te van a dar mucho (en este caso de fruta)! \pna Ma:ka san pe:ltik, xteko:ntili! \pea Don't let it be just flared out and shallow (in this case a bowl being made), make it deep-dished! \psa ¡Quéno sea poco profundo con los lados yendo hacia afuera (en este caso un frutero que se está formando), hazlo profundo con los lados inclinados! \se to make sag (e.g., a loosely strung hammock or soft bed by lying in it) \ss hundir en medio (p. ej., una hamaca muy floja o una cama suave al acostarse sobre ello) \xrb te \xrb ko:m \qry In some later notes I have /kiko:ntilia m...xi/ which is not clear. Check possible meanings of /ko:ntilia/. \ref 04521 \lxa tlapahli \lxac tlapahli \lxo tlapahli \lxoc tlapahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se paint \ss pintura \pna Ye kipia itlapahlo. \pea It already has its paint (i.e., is already painted). \psa Ya tiene su pintura (esto es, ya está pintado). \xrb tlapal \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04522 \lxa tekito:ka \lxac tekito:ka \lxo tekito:ka \lxoc tekito:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \se to plant communally \ss sembrar comunalmente \xrb teki \xrb to:ka \nae Object marking on <nao>tekito:ka</nao> is similar to that on <nlao>to:ka</nlao>. The verb has an indefinite null complement and no cross-referencing on the verb when the activity itself is referred to. However, when a specific field or parcel of land is being referred to, then the 3rd-person specific marker <n>ki-</n> is used yielding <nao>kitekito:ka</nao>, which is overtly transitive. The form * <nao>tlatekito:ka</nao> does not exist. \ref 04523 \lxa tlatepe:wtok \lxac tlatepe:wtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com tla-Stat \der V1-Stat \der Stat-tla \infv Durative \se to be covered all over with scattered things (an area or place covered by a plurality of things) \ss estar con todo regado, por todos lados (unaárea o lugar cubierto con una pluralidad de cosas) \pna Sa: tlatetepe:wtok ika chi:hli, o:kwihlowa itik, o:tlakose:w ipan tla:hli. \pea The ground is scattered all over with chile, it (the chile plant) got worms in it (causing the chile to fall off), the ground has turned yellow (from the chile that has fallen and turned yellow). \psa El suelo está regado con chiles, (la planta del chile) se agusanó adentro (haciendo que se cayera el chile), el suelo está todo amarillo (por el chile que se cayó y amarrillentó). \pna Nika:n tlatetepe:wtok. \pea Things are scattered all over on the ground here. \psa Aquí está todo regado. \xrb tepe:-2- \xbtla tepe:wtok \nae Although apparently <na>tlatetepe:wtok</na> refers most directly to an area over which things are scattered, the nature of the scattered objects can be introduced through an oblique construction, as in <na>tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli</na>. In Oapan the form used would be <no>nochi tepe:htok</no>, which refers directly to the object that is scattered, not to an area on covered by scattered things. \qry Note that I have /tlatetepe:wtok/ without any specific subject. Question whether this is possible. I.e., can one say /tlatetepe:wtok moyew/ 'your beans are scattered all over.' Or is /tlatetepe:wtok/"subjectless"? \grm Although apparently <na>tlatetepe:wtok</na> refers most directly to an area over which things are scattered, the nature of the scattered objects can be introduced through an oblique construction, as in <na>tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli</na>. It would appear, then, that the function of /tla-/ with statives ending in /-tok/ is the same as with unaccusatives: it indicates that there is no subject. In such cases what is being emphasized is the state or action, i.e., as /tlakoto:ni/ indicates that the action of snapping is happening, /tlatetepe:wtok/ indicates that the state of being scattered is happening (in many places). \ref 04524 \lxa tekipachowa \lxac kitekipachowa \lxo tekipachowa \lxoc kitekipachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to heap work on; to overwhelm with work or other tasks and chores \ss cargarle mucho trabajo a; abrumar con trabajo o con tareas \pna Ne:xtekipachowan, ne:chpachowilian tekitl. \pea They heap work on me, they overwhelm me with work. \psa Me cargan mucho trabajo, me abruman con trabajo. \pna Yo:nimotekipachoh, melá:k yo:nisiaw, we:i tekitl o:ne:chma:kan. \pea I've become overwhelmed with work, I really got tired, they gave me a lot of work to do. \psa Me abruméde trabajo, de veras me cansé, me habían dado mucho trabajo. \se to make worry \ss preocupar, causar preocupación a \se (relf.) to be worried about \ss (refl.) estar preocupado \pna Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa onkak ne:chkwi:li:skeh notla:l. \pea I am worried because I've heard that they will take my land away from me. \psa Estoy preocupado porque he escuchado que me van a quitar mi tierra. \pna Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian. \pea I am worried because I won't be able to do what they order me. \psa Estoy preocupado porque no voy a poder hacer lo que me ordenan. \xrb teki \xrb pach \nse Note that <nao>tekipachowa</nao> can have a literal sense of <nao>teki</nao> + <nao>pachowa</nao> 'to oppress with work' and a more figurative (and more common) sense of 'to worry' or 'to be worried.' \qry Check meaning of 'to worry' with specific nonreflexive object, e.g., /ne:chtekipachowa ika kwalo nokone:w/?? \ref 04525 \lxa onkawia \lxac konkawian \lxo onkawia \lxof [on ka 'wi a] \lxoc konkawiah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to gang up on; to jointly undertake (i.e., two people who join forces to complete a task such as carrying a heavy load between them, to attack a lone individual, etc.); to knock off (a task, together) \ss juntarse para (esto es, dos personas que reunen fuerzas para terminar una tarea como cargar con algo pesado, o para atacar un individuo solo, etc.); acabarse con \pna Se:pa:n tikonkawi:skeh pa:mpa yetí:k. \pea We will knock it off together (in this case carrying a heavy load) because it is heavy. \psa Nos lo vamos a caer juntos (en este caso la tarea de cargar algo pesado) porque está pesado. \pna Tikonkawi:skeh. \pea Together we two are going to take care of it. \psa Lo vamos a hacer nosotros dos juntos. \pna O:mitsonkawi:kon. \pea They came and ganged up on you (beating you up). \psa Juntos vinieron para caerte encima (golpeándote). \seao to take part (e.g., of a food) among many \ssao tomar (p. ej., comida) entre muchos \pna Ma tikonkawi:ka:n! Itekiw te:chasis. \pea Let's share it among us! It's bound to be enough for us. \psa ¡Vamos a compartirlo! De hecho nos va a alcanzar \cfa tlakowia \cfo tlákowía \xrb on- \xrb ka \nse The etymology of <na>onkawia</na> (Am) and <no>onkawiya</no> (Oa) is uncertain. One interpretation would have the directional <n>on-</n> as fully lexicalized into a verb. Thus other directionals can be used, e.g., <na>o:konkawi:ton</na> and and <na>kwa:lonkawi:skeh</na>. However, speakers tended to reject the use of <n>on-</n> : Pánfilo Lorenzo rejected *kononkawi:skeh. Luis Lucena first rejected but then accepted this form. It therefore appears that although <n>on-</n> has been incorporated into the verb there is a tendency not to accept the addition of a clearly directional <n>on-</n> even though the general acceptance of a form such as <na>o:konkawi:to</na> suggests that an extraverse directional is accepted as a suffix. Perhaps this reflects an unwillingness to have a sequence <na>onon</na>, or perhaps it indicates that <na>onkawia</na> contains some semantic elements of an extraverse directional (unlike forms such as <na>oni</na>). Note that RS has an entry for <n>oncaquixtia</n>, which he analyz es as <n>oncan</n> plus <n>quixtia</n> having the sense of 'doblar, poner una cosa en dos' (Molina defines this, given as two words, as 'duplicar cartas, o cosas semejantes'); RS also has <na>oncauitinemi</na>, analyzed as <na>cauia</na> and <na>nemi</na>, which is used reflexively and means 'ir o vivir juntos, hablando de dos personas.' Thus although the first vowel of <na>onkawia</na> is short, the meaning of this verb might be related to <na>o:me</na>, meaning 'two.' Yet it might also be related to forms such as <na>ompa</na>, etc. in which the initial <n>on-</n> or <na>om</na> appears to be a deictic signaling 'there.' \pqry Check vowel length. It is uncertain in Oapan and, probably in Am. Both dialects should be checked. \ref 04526 \lxa wi:kpla \lxaa wi:ptla \lxac wi:kpla \lxo wi:ptla \lxoc wi:ptla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-b \seao day after tomorrow \ssao pasado mañana \seao (<nao>ye</nao> ~) day before yesterday \ssao (<nao>ye</nao> ~) día de antier \xrb wi:ptla \vl The first word uttered is by Florencia: /mihtla:h/. It should be tagged as a token of 5853. Link 1st female and 1st male tokens to lexicon. \ref 04527 \lxa kwahli \lxac kwahli \lxo kwahli \lxoc kwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(at) \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se sth good \ss algo bueno \pna Kwahli onkah. \pea It is good (as it is). \psa Estábien (como está). \pna Melá:k suwa:to:naleh. Xka:wa, xkwahli tla:katsi:ntli. \pea Ladies are attracted to him (i.e., he is a ladies man because of his money, looks, etc.). But it's a wonder, he's a no-good little sort. \psa Es atractivo para las mujeres (por guapo, adinerado, etc.). pero es algo de maravillar, no es bueno el tipo. \pna Xkukwalteh. ke:n te:kakaya:wanimeh. Mitsna:nkilian para mitsompale:wi:skeh, pero xmlá:k yaweh. \pea They're no good, they really deceive people. They'll agree to go help you, but they won't really go. \psa Son malos, engañan a la gente. te responden que te van a ir a ayudar, pero no van de veras. \pna Xkwahli motlamachilis. \pea You don't have good thoughts. \psa No tienes buenos pensamientos. \pna Xkukwalteh! \pea They (particularly people) are no good (of character)! \psa No son buenos (en particular personas, de caracter)! \se (<na>san</na> ~) moderately; reasonably; just right; at a moderate level or pace \ss (<na>san</na> ~) con moderación; razonable; justamente bien; a un paso o nivel moderado \pna San kwahli xtlatsotsona! \pea Play it at a moderate level! \psa ¡Tócalo a un nivel moderado! \pna San kwahli xma:malti! \pea Load it with a reasonable weight! \psa ¡Cárgalo con un peso razonable! \pna Iwí:n xnihkwis, ke:n tekoyaktik. Nikneki a:chi san kwahli, san pi:stik. \pea I will not take this one here (a sack), it has a really wide opening. I want one that is not too wide, just narrow. \psa No me voy a llevar este (un costal), es muy ancho. Quiero uno que está justo, algo angosto. \pna San kwahli xyatiw, tla:mo tima:ntiki:sa! \pea Go along at a reasonable pace, if not you will trip yourself and fall! \psa ¡Vete yendo a un paso regular, si no, te vas a tropezar! \se very; well (as a modifier of a predicate) \ss mucho; bien (como modificador de un predicado) \pna O:ne:chkwah sa:yo:lin. Kwahli o:yesa:tli:k, pero a:man yohmiktih. \pea A mosquito bit me. It drank a lot of blood, but now I've killed it. \psa Me picó un mosquito. Chupómucha sangre, pero ahora lo maté. \seo (<no>i:pan</no> ~ plus negative verb) phrase said behind the back of and in reference to sb who acts in a selfish or dishonest way \sso (<no>i:pan</no> ~ más verbo en negativo) frase dicho sobre algn que actua en una manera egoísto o de mala fé \pno I:pan kwahli xtlah weli, tla:ma téh, ya: te:chi:xna:mikiskia deke yáwákitlaniskia tomi:n. \peo By himself he's can't do anything, if he could he might well (be justified) in denying us (e.g., money in a loan), (he could do it) if he were the one to earn money. \pso Por su cuenta no sabe nada, si no fuera así(esto es, si en este caso ganara el dinero por su cuenta) bien nos pudiera negar (un préstamo), si fueraél quien ganara el dinero. \pno I:pan kwahli xo:wa:hlah, tla: wa:hla:skia kiera na:n té:chkakahtó:skia. \peo He didn't come at all (but nevertheless gossips about us), if he had come he would have at least been able to hear what we say (and thus justify his gossip). \pso No vino para nada (pero sin embargo chismea), si hubiera venido por lo menos hubiera escuchado lo que decimos (y asíjustificicar sus chismes). \seo (<no>xtlah kwahli yes</no>) sorry \sso (<no>xtlah kwahli yes</no>) disculpa \pno Xtlah kwahli yes, xwel timitspale:wi:skeh a:mantsi:n. xkwahli \peo Sorry, we can't help you right now (e.g., with a loan of money). \pso Disculpa, ahora no te podemos ayudar (p. ej., con un préstamo de dinero). \seo (<no>tla: i kwahlitsi:n</no> or <no>tla: i kwahlitsi:n</no>) afterwards; in a while \sso (<no>tla: i kwahlitsi:n</no> o <no>tla: i kwahlitsi:n</no>) después; en un rato \cfao xkwahli \xrb kwal \cfa kwaltsi:n \nse Although morphosyntactically <na>kwahli</na> is clearly a noun, it is most often used adverbially, as a modifier of the predicate (<na>Xkwahli ke:kchi:wa</na> 'he doesn't fix it well') or attributively (<na>xkwahli tli:n kichi:wa</na> 'what he does is no good'). \grm Note the reduplication of the diminutive with certain nouns in Oapan: <no>kwalte:tsi:ntih</no> \grm Attribution; modification; nouns: Note that one way in which nouns act attributively is with incorporation to another noun. Thus in a N-N compound, the first noun is often attributive and the second is the head. This should be checked in all N-N compounds. With /kwahli/ note that it is often used, when in the singular, as a sentence modifier, with a verbal predicate. Thus /kwahli tekipanowa/. It may also be used as a predicate /kwahli mokal/ 'your house (S) is good (Pred).' In such use it follows other predicate adjectives and nouns. Note that one could interpret /kwahli tli:n tikitowa/ 'it is good what you say' as the same construction, a headless relative clause as subject of the predicate /kwahli/. 'That which you say is good.' Yet cf. also the difference between /kwahli nitla:katl/ where /kwahli/ is a sentence-level modifier, and /nikwahli tla:katl/ where /kwahli/ is attributive and the head is /tla:katl/. \ref 04528 \lxa ma:yawi \lxac ma:yawi \lxo ma:yawi \lxoc ma:yawi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to stick ones hand in a place or opening \ss meter la mano en un lugar \pna O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n. \pea He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole. \psa Metióla mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole. \pna Ma:ka toma:yawis! \pea Don't stick your hand in there (e.g., a closed place, such as one where money is kept)! \psa ¡No vayas a meter la mano allá (p. ej., un lugar cerrado, como uno por donde se guarda dinero)! \pna Xoma:yawi! \pea Stick your hand in there (e.g., to reach in and grab sth)! \psa ¡Mete la mano allá (p. ej., para agarrar algo)! \xrb ma: \xrb yaw \nse <nao>Ma:yawi</nao> refers to the action of sticking ones hand into a place, particularly a small area like the inside of a pot, in order to pull something out. \qry Check for {h} perhaps as {mahya:wi}. Provisionally, given the short vowel, I have hypothesized the stem as /mah/. Again, the presence of /ya:w/ is a guess. There is no comparative information available. RS have a completely different definition for /mayaui/, which is both intransitive and transitive. Thus ni- or nom- is glossed as 'recharzar, alejar, separar' Nite- and nonte- are glossed as 'hacer caer, empujar a alguien; tlalpan nitemayaui 'derribar, tirar al suelo a alguien.' The various meanings should be checked. \pqry Oapan seems to definitely show the vowel length pattern indicated above, <no>ma:yawi</no>. Ameyaltepec should be rechecked. \ref 04529 \lxa ma:nepaniwtok \lxac ma:nepaniwtok \lxo ma:nepanihtok \lxoc ma:nepanihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be with hands ones arms crossed (e.g., in waiting impatiently for sb) \ssa estar con los brazos cruzados (p. ej., en estar esperando a algn) \seo to be with ones hands clasped in front of oneself (as a corpse being buried) \sso con las manos entrelazadas por enfrente (como con una persona que está rezando) \xrb ma: \xrb nepan \nse The intransitive ? <na>ma:nepaniwi</na> has not been documented in the corpus. \ref 04530 \lxa a:skayowa \lxac a:skayowa \lxo a:skayowa \lxoc a:skayowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia[k] \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \se to become covered with ants \ss cubrirse de hormigas \xrb a:ska \nse Can refer to the process of becoming covered with any type of ant, not only those known as <nlao>a:skatl</nlao>. \qry Check for /a:skayoh/. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04531 \lxa oksé: \lxac oksé: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se a different one \ss uno diferente; uno distinto \pna Xne:chmaka oksé:! \pea Give me a different one! \psa ¡Dáme otro diferente! \pna Oksé: nikneki. \pea I want a different one. \psa Quiero otro diferente. \pna Momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n oksé:. Nikimpatlatok. \pea Every day I put on a different piece of clothing, I change them. \psa Cada día me pongo ropa diferente. La cambio. \equivo sápa sé: \xrb o:k \xrb se: \nae The final stress characteristic of <na>o:ksé</na> suggests that this"lexeme"is in fact two words that always occur in phrase-final position, thus motivating the stress on <na>sé:</na>, i.e., <na>o:k sé:</na>. In fact, the same two-word analysis could be applied to <na>o:k se:</na> and the absence of a stressed final element can be related to the fact that this pair of words modifies a nominal head that follows (and thus is assigned stress): <na>nikno:tsas o:kse tla:katl</na> 'I will speak to another man' (vs. <na>nikno:tsas o:ksé</na> 'I will speak to a different one (i.e., person)"). \qry Note that in at least one case I have recorded /o:ksé/ with stress on the final syllable. My understanding of the difference (which should parallel the difference between /no:kse:/ and /no:ksé:/ is that the first is adjectival and the second pronominal. This should, however, be checked. Certainly when pronounced alone the final syllable is stressed, which suggests an analysis of two words /o:k se:/ which would by general rule lead to stress on the final word. Moreover, when uttered in isolation this would seem to have a clear pronominal function. In the phrase /momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n o:kse:, nikimpatlatok/ note the placement of /o:kse:/. I did not originally record stress on /o:kse:/ in this occurrence, but have added it in the above phrase based on my understanding of the meaning of this word. This should be rechecked. Finally, I think that there might be a different between /o:kse: nikneki/"I want another one"and /o:ksé: nikneki/, or /nikneki o:ksé:/"I wan t a distinct/diff erent one."This too should be checked. \vl Tag /sápa sé:/ to 6268 \ref 04532 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kompa:lkone:tl \lxocpend @no:mpalkone:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>compadre</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo godchild \sso ahijado, ahijada \equiva aija:doh \nse In Oapan the modifiers <nlo>tla:katl</nlo> or <nlo>siwa:tl</nlo> are used after this term to indicate the sex of the child, e.g., <no>no:mpalkone:w tla:katl</no> 'god-son.' \qry Check whether this can be used as a vocative. \vl There are 4 tokens of /aija:doh/ these should be tagged with a high alternate number, e.g., 99987_aijaadoh. \ref 04533 \lxa i:xmontli \lxac i:xmontli \lxo í:xmotlí \lxop i:xmotli \lxoc í:xmotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \pa yes-lex \seao eyelashes \ssao las pestañas \seo eyebrows \sso cejas \sem body \sem human \xrb i:x \xrb mon \nse Consultants from Oapan gave <no>í:xmotlí</no> as meaning both 'eyelashes' and 'eyebrows.' My original notes from Ameyaltepec, however, had only the meaning 'eyelashes.' This should be checked. \nae Interestingly, but understanding given the frequent alternation between /n/ and /h/ in Oapan Nahuatl, in this village the stem of this word has been reanalyzed as <no>i:xmoh</no> as evidenced by the absolutive form and the pitch accent. \pqry The duration of the initial vowel /i:/ in the Oapan pronunciation is clearly that of a long vowel. Florencia Marcelino has durations of about 120 ms and Inocencio Jiménez has durations of 167 and 134 ms. This should be checked againt initial /i:/ without pitch accent. Since this is usually the case, this should not be hard to find. Indeed, perhaps 100 tokens of /í:xmotlí/ and 100 tokens of /i:xmahki/, or another word with similar syllable and prosodic structure, should provide a test case. \grmx Oapan phonology: Re /í:xmotlí/ Interestingly, but understanding given the frequent alternation between /n/ and /h/ in Oapan Nahuatl, the stem of this word has been reanalyzed as <no>i:xmoh</no> as evidenced by the absolutive form. This has lead to marked pitch accent. \rt Unclear if {mon} is separate root, although it would almost have to be, at least at some historical level, given the occurrence of /i:x/. \ref 04534 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao variety of the species <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the red variety is found only in housesite gardens and does not grow wild in the Balsas region; in Spanish <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> \ssao variedad o forma de la especie <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores rojas no es silvestre en la región del Balsas sino que se encuentra solamente en jardines caseros de los pueblos del valle \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \xrb sta \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \vl Just tag the examples that are not mistakes. Link the best one. \ref 04535 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /kwe:tla/. I have deleted it and placed it under an alternative pronunciation of /kwe:tlan/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04536 \lxa a:jos komekatl \lxac a:jos komekatl \lxo a:jos komekatl \lxoa a:jos kohmekatl \lxoc a:jos komekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (partial) ajos \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seao <l>Amphilopium paniculatum</l> (L.) Kunth var. <l>paniculatum</l>, vine of the family Bignoniaceae, it has purple flowers and is noted for its garlic-like smell (hence its name) \ssao <l>Amphilopium paniculatum</l> (L.) Kunth var. <l>paniculatum</l>, enredadera de la familia Bignoniaceae; tiene flores moradas y se nota por su olor a ajos (de eso su nombre) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \qry Obviously here it would seem safe to posit /meka/ as a stem, given the meaning. However, the meaning of /ko/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to /kwaw/. Check other dialects. \nct komekatl \ref 04537 \lxa mo- \lxac motekio \lxo mo- \lxoc motekiyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pref(sub) \der Pr-pre-poss \seao possessive prefix for 2nd person, your \ssao prefijo de posesión de 2a persona, tu \pna O:yah mocha:n. \pea He went to your house. \psa Fue a tu casa. \ref 04538 \lxa tlakakapachilia \lxac notlakakapachilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to flap ones wings against the body (a bird [S]); to beat ones arms against ones abdomen or body, making a flapping sound (a person [S]) \ssa (refl.) aletear, golpeando las alas contra el cuerpo (un ave [S]); golpetear los brazos contra el abdomen o el cuerpo, haciendo un sonido de aleteo (una persona [S]) \pna "Xmotlakakapachili!"Ihkón kitowa po:xakwatl. \pea "Make a flapping sound by beating your arms against your body!"That what the <nba>po:xakwatl</nba> says. \psa "¡Haz un sonido de alateo al golpearte los brazos contra el abdomen!"Asílo dice el poxacuate. \xrb kapa: \xvba tlakakapatsa \qry Check to determine whether /kakapachilia/ is acceptable as a ditransitive. Check whether /kitlakakapachilia/ is acceptable. To wit: Applicative; frequentative; reflexive; valency change: A transitive frequentative ending in /-tsa/ is not often heard in conversation but is a fully acceptable, perhaps even productive, derivation. Even less common, however, is an applicative. The present case /tlakakapachilia/ represents such as applicative. It is formed on the lexicalized /tlakakapatsa/ 'to flap ones wings.' As was discussed in a few other cases, what happens with /tlakakapachilia/ is that the valency is increased and decreased at the same time: increased through the applicative which adds another argument to the event (promoting a peripheral or oblique to core status) while at the same time (through the use of the reflexive) restricting the semantic range of the added object to the subject. These types of valency shift should be analyzed. The question here is whether /tlakakapachilia/ c an be used as a transitive, ?kitlakakapachilia. It seems that this would be an unusual construction. \grm Applicative; frequentative; reflexive; valency change: A transitive frequentative ending in /-tsa/ is not often heard in conversation but is a fully acceptable, perhaps even productive, derivation. Even less common, however, is an applicative. The present case /tlakakapachilia/ represents such as applicative. It is formed on the lexicalized /tlakakapatsa/ 'to flap ones wings.' As was discussed in a few other cases, what happens with /tlakakapachilia/ is that the valency is increased and decreased at the same time: increased through the applicative which adds another argument to the event (promoting a peripheral or oblique to core status) while at the same time (through the use of the reflexive) restricting the semantic range of the added object to the subject. These types of valency shift should be analyzed. The question here is whether /tlakakapachilia/ can be used as a transitive, ?kitlakakapachilia. It seems that this would be an unusual construction. \ref 04539 \lxa a:ketspalin \lxac a:ketspalin \lxo a:ketspalin \lxoc a:ketspalin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se alligator (species not identified) \ss lagarto \seo (<no>yo:yah</no> ~) there is no more water left in the water jug \sso (<no>yo:yah</no> ~) ya no hay agua en el cántaro \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb ketspal \nae The etymology of <nao>a:ketspalin</nao> seems clearly {a + ketspal + in} and it seems clearly to contain the root element <nr>a:</nr> 'water.' However, the acoustic duration of this root in word-initial position is at times quite reduced. One token of Florencia Marcelino measured 69 ms, well within the range of short vowels. Another token of Inocencio Jiménez, however, measured about 90 ms. The phonetics of word initial vowels (with no initial consonant) and of final vowels in closed syllables needs to be explored. There might be some neutralization process occurring. \pqry Vowel length: word initial and final vowels: The etymology of <nao>a:ketspalin</nao> seems clearly {a + ketspal + in} and it seems clearly to contain the root element <nr>a:</nr> 'water.' However, the acoustic duration of this root in word-initial position is at times quite reduced. One token of Florencia Marcelino measured 69 ms, well within the range of short vowels. Another token of Inocencio Jiménez, however, measured about 90 ms. The phonetics of word initial vowels (with no initial consonant) and of final vowels in closed syllables needs to be explored. There might be some neutralization process occurring. \mod Determine a way to include phrases in the dictionary, perhaps as sub/lexical entries. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04540 \lxa susuwa:tik \lxac susuwa:tik \lxo sísiwá:tik \lxoc sísiwá:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:siwá:tik</no> \pa yes-rdp \se effeminate (a man [S] who speaks in an affected manner, engages in activities culturally defined as female) \ss afeminado (un hombre [S] que habla en una manera afectada, lleva a cabo actividades definidas culturalmente como femininas, etc.) \cfa tlatla:katik \cfo siwa:tik \sem emotions \xrb sowa: \nae The length (or duration) of the final stem vowel /a/ of <na>sowa:tl</na> (Am) or <no>siwa:tl</no> (Oa) is still problematical. In many compounds it is clearly long; however, there are cases in which it does seem shortened, including the Oapan plural form <no>síwaméh</no>. \pqry Check vowel length of /siwa:tl/ by accessing and studying all cases in which the root is found and analyzing the length and quality of the stem-final /a/. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04541 \lxa kamaktli \lxac kamaktli \lxo kamahtli \lxoc kamahtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-2-k(o) \infn Stem 1(k) \seao mouth \ssao boca \seao mouth; mouth-like opening (e.g., of a bottle or other material objects) \ssao apertura como boca (de objetos materiales como botellas, etc.) \sem body \cfa kamatl \xrb kama \xrl -ko \nse The derivation of this word is <na>kama</na>, the stem for 'mouth' to which the locative <na>-k(o)</na> has been added, and then the entire form has been nominalized through the use of the absolutive. \qry Apparently /kamatl/ does not exist; check. Check /kikamakyo:tia/ in both dialects. \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 01423. These 1423 words should be tagged with the 4541 number, but the two linked words should be chosen from the 4541 tokens. NOTE: In general the later sounds are better than earlier ones (less echo). \ref 04542 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /tla:tlata/ but has been removed as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04543 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /ikxipil nepantlah/ but it was a duplicate and hence removed. \vl Tag these tokens \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04544 \lxa suwa:tlama \lxac suwa:tlama \lxo siwa:tlama \lxoc síwa:tlama \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to"catch"or"hunt"women (often with the implication that one is going where women customarily gather, such as a place to wash clothes by a stream or water hole) \ss "cazar"mujeres (a menudo con el sentido que uno va donde las mujeres tienden a juntarse, por ejemplo un pozo donde se lava la ropa) \pna Nonsuwa:tlama:s. \pea I'm going off to get a woman. \psa Voy a ir en busca de una mujer. \xrb sowa: \xrb ma \nse This is frequently said in jest by men who are going to a place where there are a lot of women. However, it may also be said, jokingly, by a man going out to work in a field where a group, including women, will be working, or even in visiting another village, for whatever reason. \pqry Note that the final vowel of the stem /siwa:/ is clearly long in this word. \ref 04545 \lxa tlaye:kchi:wtli \lxac tlaye:kchi:wtli \lxo tlaye:hchi:htli \lxoc tlaye:hchi:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(w) \se something fixed (that had been broken) \ss algo compuesto o arreglado (que había sido roto) \pna Ye tlaye:kchi:wtli. \pea It is already fixed. \psa Ya está arreglado. \se something put together or assembled \ss algo armado o ensamblado \pna Kwaltsi:n tlaye:kchi:wtli. \pea It is well made (p. ej., a chest for clothes). \psa Estábien ensamblado (p. ej., un baúl para ropa). \xrb ye:k \xrb chi:wa \ref 04546 \lxa pasoliwtok \lxac pasoliwtok \lxo pásolíhtok \lxop pasolihtok \lxoc pásolíhtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \pa yes \se to be tangled; to be knotted up (string, cord) \ss estar enredado; estar emmarañado (hilo, cuerda, pelo, etc.) \se to be disheveled (hair) \ss estar desarreglado; estar enmarañado (cabello) \se to be jumbled or mixed up together; to be a mess (e.g., dried corn husks lying on the ground) \ss estar revuelta; estar hecho un revoltijo (p. ej., hojas secas de la mazorca tiradas por el suelo) \xrb pahsol \qry Note meaning of 'all jumbled together' (apparently things lying on the ground in a mess) and check, e.g., can this be applied to clothes, ropes, etc. Check whether /pasoliwtok/ and /tepasoliwtok/ are different. \mod Change or insert Durative for all statives. \ref 04547 \lxa tlapa:nilia \lxac kitlapa:nilia \lxo tlapa:nilia \lxoc kitlapa:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to split or break for (e.g., firewood, seeds or nuts, etc. [SO]) \ss partir (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, etc. [OS]) para \pna Xne:xtlatlapa:nili notlikuw! \pea Split my firewood for me! \psa ¡Parteme mi leña! \xrb tlapa: \xvba tlapa:na \ref 04548 \lxa komo:chitl \lxac komo:chitl \lxo komo:chitl \lxoc komo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli \seao <l>Pithecellobium dulce</l> (Royb.) Benth., tree of the Leguminoseae family with edible fruit \ssao <l>Pithecellobium dulce</l> (Royb.) Benth.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae con fruta comestible \seao fruit of the tree of this name \ssao fruta delárbol del mismo nombre \apao komo:chikohtli \xrb ko \xrb mo:ch \nct kohtli \qry Here (/komo:chitl/) as in many cases it would appear possible to separate the initial /ko/ as a separate root. Check. \ref 04549 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ka:rrasal \lxocpend @ka:rrasal \lxt a:xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan carrizal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se <l>Asthianthus viminalis</l> (Kunth) Baill., tree of the Bignoniaceae family found principally at the river's edge, called <spn>asúchil</spn> or <spn>carrizal</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Asthianthus viminalis</l> (Kunth) Baill.,árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae que crece en la galería del río, llamado asúchil o carrizal en español \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva a:xo:chitl \cpl Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as <spn>asúchil</spn>. Ramírez (1991) also identifies this as the <spn>asúchil</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:179) list this as of the family <i>Bignoniaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Asianthus viminalis</i>. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \ref 04550 \lxa ito:toltew \lxac ito:toltew pio:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea design of woven palm in the shape of a chicken egg, made on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el huevo de gallina, para Domingo de Ramos \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili ito:toltew pio:tsi:n! Na:nkah noso:ya:w! \pea Weave me palm in the form of a chicken egg! Here is my palm! \psa ¡Téjeme palma en la forma de un huevo de gallina!¡Aquí está mi palma! \xrb to:tol \xrb te \ono so:ya:tl \ref 04551 \lxa tlamolo:nka:n \lxac tlamolo:nka:n \lxo tlamolo:nka:n \lxoc tlamolo:nka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se foul- or bad-smelling place \ss lugar de mal olor \pna O:nikinekw fie:roh, xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n. \pea I smelled something bad, it wasn't good, it was a really foul-smelling place. \psa Olíalgo mal, no estaba bien, era un lugar muy apestoso. \pna Tlamolo:nka:n mocha:n, yes o:mik kimichimeh. \pea Your house smells bad, probably some mice have died somewhere (and are rotting). \psa Tu casa tiene mal olor, a lo mejor algunos ratoncitos se murieron (y están pudriendo). \xrb molo: \xrl -ka:n \grm Locatives: Note that it appears that a construction such as /tlamolo:nka:n/ is used when an area smells bad, whereas /nekwisti/ is more used for specific material objects (e.g., a piece of meat). \grm Word order: note /Tlamolo:nka:n mocha:n, yes o:mik kimichimeh./ 'Your house smells bad, probably some mice have died somewhere (and are rotting).' \ref 04552 \lxa metlapihli \lxac metlapihli \lxo metlapihli \lxoc metlapihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate \ss mano de metate \se (reduplication with short vowel) play pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate \ss (reduplicación de vocal corta) mano de metate de juego o fantasía \pno Títisíi:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli. \peo She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile. \pso Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego. \xrb metla \xrb pil \nae The productivity of short vowel reduplication of nouns and verbs to indicate a play action is well illustrated by the Oapan phrase <no>Títisíi:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli.</no> 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The reduplication is placed on both verbs and nouns, with the same signification, that of something that is toy or pretense, either an object or an action. \qry I have repeatedly checked the length of the penultimate vowel, which is definitely short.It should be so recorded in all entries./Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli./ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The interesting occurrence here is the reduplication with short vowel for the verb. It is already clear that RDP with a short vowel for nouns can indicate a play object, or toy in the shape of the object referenced by the nominal stem. However, the occurrence of /titisi/ is unclear. It might mean sth like 'to play at grinding corn'; or it might simply refer to the short, repeated strokes of someone pretending to grind corn (and thus have no direct relationship to pretending). Thus an effort should be made to determine the meaning of /titisi/ in general. \vl Link 1st female token. \grm /Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli./ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The interesting occurrence here is the reduplication with short vowel for the verb. It is already clear that RDP with a short vowel for nouns can indicate a play object, or toy in the shape of the object referenced by the nominal stem. However, the occurrence of /titisi/ is unclear. It might mean sth like 'to play at grinding corn'; or it might simply refer to the short, repeated strokes of someone pretending to grind corn (and thus have no direct relationship to pretending). Thus an effort should be made to determine the meaning of /titisi/ in general. \grm Reduplication; toy: The productivity of short vowel reduplication of nouns and verbs to indicate a play action is well illustrated by the Oapan phrase <no>Títisíi:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli.</no> 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The reduplication is placed on both verbs and nouns, with the same signification, that of something that is toy or pretense, either an object or an action. \ref 04553 \lxa panowa \lxac panowa \lxo panowa \lxoc panowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus; +Appl/Caus \infv class-4c(pano) \se to pass by; to go through (usually an animate subject, but may also refer to a material object, such as a fence, that passes through a given location) \ss pasar; atravesar (usualmente en referencia a un ser animado, pero también puede referirse a un objeto, como una cerca, que pasa por un sitio dado) \pna Pano:lo! \pea Someone is passing by (e.g., in playing basketball in Ameyaltepec, when a woman walks near the court the players shout <na>Pano:lo</na>, a signal for everyone to stop playing while the woman walks by along the edge of the court)! \psa ¡Pasan (p. ej., en jugar basketból en Ameyaltepec, cuando una mujer pasa por la cancha, o por su orilla, los jugadores gritan <na>pano:lo</na>, un señal que todos deben parar y esperar hasta que pase la mujer)! \pna A: Yo:pano:k? B: Ka, xe panowa fle:chah, xne:xtla:ni! \pea A: Has it gone by yet? B: No, the bus hasn't yet gone by, I haven't missed it! \psa A:¿Ya pasó? B: No, todavía no pasa el camión,¡no me gana! \pna Xkitaki i:n, ke:n pano:tokeh miák tlapayawto:to:meh! \pea Come take a look at this, how a lot of swallows are flying by! \psa ¡Ven a ver este, como muchas golondrinas están pasando! \pna San tipa:panowa, xtine:chno:tsa. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. \pea You just pass back and forth (i.e., in front of me), you don't speak to me. Could it be that you despise me? \psa Simplemente pasas de un lado a otro (enfrente de mí), no me hablas.¿Puede ser que me odias? \pna San itlampa o:papano:k tla:lme:stli. \pea The <nla>tla:lme:stli</nla> just passed back and forth between his legs. \psa El <nla>tla:lme:stli</nla> pasaba entre sus piernas de un lado a otro. \pna Ye pano:tok kokolistli. \pea The epidemic is already passing. \psa Ya está pasando la epidemia. \pna Mo:stla nika:n pano:s tlayo:hli. Tihkowaskeh. \pea Tomorrow corn will pass by (i.e., a person selling corn). We're going to by some. \psa Mañana va a pasar el maíz (esto es, una persona vendiéndolo). Vamos a comprarlo. \pna Xte:chitati ke:n pa:panowa ipan notla:l. \pea Go to see us (in this case said to village officials, asking them to go to the location of a land dispute), how he is crossing over here and there onto my land! \psa ¡Ve a vernos (en este caso dicho a las autoridades del pueblo, pidiéndoles que fueran a ver el lugar de una disputa sobre tierra), como va pasando en varios lugares a mi terreno! \pna Yo:pano:k a:tl, ye tiaweh! \pea The rains have passed, let's go! \psa Pasaron las lluvias,¡ya nos vamos! \se to take place; to occur; to be over (e.g., an event or situation) \ss suceder; acaecer; pasar (p. ej., un evento o situación) \pna Yo:pano:k, xok tikitaskeh. \pea It's already taken place, we're not going to see it anymore. \psa Ya pasó, ya no lo vamos a ver. \pna Ma pano ilwitl, nia:s Te:jas. \pea After the fiesta is over, I'm going to Texas. \psa Pasando la fiesta, voy a Tejas. \pna Xokitlah ye:lo:tl, yo:pano:k. \pea There's no more fresh green corn left, it (the season for it) has gone by. \psa Ya no hay elotes, ya pasó(la temporada). \pna Yo:chika:w, yo:pano:k, xok xaxa:ltik un sándiah, yo:pala:n itik. \pea It's started to get past ripeness, it's passed the season, the watermelon is no longer crunchy, it is rotten inside. \psa Ya está muy madura, ya pasóde sazón, la sandía ya no está firme adentro, ya se pudrió. \pna Yo:pano:k, xok nona:mikti:s, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea It's too late (i.e., the opportunity has passed), he will no longer get married, he's already old. \psa Ya pasó(la oportunidad), ya no se va a casar, ya es viejo. \se to get by; to be making do or surviving (in terms of living) \ss arreglarselas; sobrevivir (en el sentido económico) \pna Xwel panowa, tlatski. Xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:no:n pano:s. \pea He can't get by, he's lazy. He can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by. \psa No puede arreglarselas, es flojo. No puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas. \pna San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh. \pea He is making do at my expense (i.e., living off me, sb poor, without money or maize), we are feeding him here. \psa Se la está pasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., viviendo con mi ayuda, algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz), le estamos dando de comer. \se (~ <na>de</na> [noun]) to have too much [noun] (e.g., of a spice added to a food) \ss (~ <na>de</na> [sustantivo]) pasar; tener demasiado [sustantivo] (p. ej., de una especie agregada a una comida) \pna A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:xos. \pea It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic. \psa Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo. \se (with a directional affix) to cross to the other side (e.g., of a river) \ss (con afijo direccional) pasar o ir al otro lado (p. ej., de un río) \pna Yo:pano:to. \pea He's already passed over to the other side (e.g., of a river). \psa Ya pasó al otro lado (p. ej., de un río). \sem motion \xrb pano: \nse <nao>Pano:tok</nao> seems to have a sense similar to Spanish <na>pasarselas</na> ; the sense is one of living, but on the margins, barely. Thus <na>nika:n nipano:tok</na> seems to have the sense of 'I'm here making do' or a near equivalent. With directional affixes there are potential contrasts between, for example, <na>o:wa:lpano:k</na> and <na>o:pano:ko</na>. See the grammar for a detailed explanation. \xrb pano: \xvcao pano:ltia \grm Directionals; deictics: Note the position of the deictic reference point in the following example sentence (from above): 'Xte:chitati ke:n pa:panowa ipan notla:l.'Go to see us (in this case said to village officials, asking them to go to the location of a land dispute), how he is crossing over here and there onto my land!' This is interesting in that the 'we' is not the present location of the speaker (talking to the village officials) but another location in which the speaker is involved in a dispute with a third party. This usage is not uncommon. \ref 04554 \lxa iswatl \lxac iswatl \lxo iswatl \lxoc iswatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se leaves of the maize plant (<na>mi:hli</na>), as well as certain other plants such as <na>a:katl</na>, <na>o:tlatl</na>, and <na>owatl</na> whose leaves are long and flat and come off of a central stem \ss hojas de la planta de maíz (<na>mi:hli</na>), y también de ciertas otras plantas como <na>a:katl</na>, <na>o:tlatl</na>, and <na>uwatl</na> cuyas hojas son largas y planas y salen de un solo tallo central \pna Sakatl no: kipia iswayo. \pea Grasses also have flat long single leaves that shoot off from the central stem. \psa Zacates también tienen sus largas hojas planas que salen del tallo. \encyctmp mi:hli \xrb swa \nse When the term <nao>iswatl</nao> is alienably possessed it refers to dried corn leaves that have been stripped off the stalk during harvest and that serves as fodder. However, when marked by intrinsic possession the possessor is the plant that has its leaves called <nao>iswatl</nao>. \ref 04555 \mod removed as duplicate of 06941 \dt 11/Jun/2005 \ref 04556 \lxa ko:tsnetech \lxac ko:tsnetech \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have (either a person or animal) legs such that one walks with them close together, often to such an extent that the knees or ankles knock against each other \ss tener (una persona o un animal) las piernas en una manera que camina con las piernas muy cerradas, y a menudo se golpean las rodillas o tobillos al caminar \equivo ko:snetextik \xrb ko:ts \xrl -netech \qry Apparently the /ne/ of 'mutually' and the /tech/ of 'close to'. Cf. entry under /ko:tsko/. Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one entry I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. \qry Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one original I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. Determine whether there is a form /ko:tsnetextik/ and a verb /ko:tsnetechiwi/ or /ko:tsnetechowa/. Also check for the existence of a verb /netechiwi/. There is probably an Am form /ko:tsnetextik/. Check. \grm This is not considered a locative, nor a noun with a relational. Rather, the derivation seems to be from the verb /netechiwi/ and an apocopated noun form. Check. \ref 04557 \lxa pipiya:ya \lxac pipiya:ya \lxo pípiyá:ya \lxop pipiya:ya \lxoc pípiyá:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:piyá:ya</no> \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to give off a foul smell (such as that given off by goats) \ss apestar; oler mal (como el olor de chivos) \sem smell \xrb pipi \xrb hya: \nde In Oapan the reduced form occurs with a preceding short vowel: <no>tí:piyá:yas</no>. \ref 04558 \lxa tsonto:katok \lxac notsonto:katok \lxo tsonto:katok \lxoc notsonto:katok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat-refl \infv Durative \se to be inclined and pointing downward (e.g., ones head that is inclined downward, a finger that is pointing to the ground, etc.) \ss estar cabizbajo; estar inclinado (o apuntado) hacia abajo (p. ej., una cabeza inclinada hacia abajo, un dedo colgado hacia abajo, etc.) \pna I:xmonmemelak, san pepeya:siwtok, notsotsonto:katok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots \pea He has long, straight eyelashes, they just go straight out, they point downward, he doesn't have upward-curling eyelashes. \psa Tiene las pestañas largos y derechitos, se van derechos, van hacia abajo, no las tiene rizadas. \se to be inclined or pointing downward (particularly part of the body, such as a persons head) \ss estar cabizabajo; estar inclinado o apuntando hacia abajo \pna Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsonto:katok para tlatsi:ntlah. \pea The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward. \psa Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo. \xrb tson \xrb toka \cfa tsontoka \nse There are a few transitive verbs that use the reflexive, rather than an intransitive form (although perhaps not manifested as a verb) to indicate a stative. Such is the case with the transitive <na>tsonto:ka</na>, which has <na>notsotsonto:ka</na> in the example phrase above. Note also that <na>mela:wa</na> has both <na>mela:wtok</na> (derived from <n>mela:wi</n>) and <na>nomela:wtok</na>. This verb, <na>notsonto:katok</na> can be also used to refer to <spn>surcos</spn> that slope downward. \vl The first token is /notsonto:ka/. It should be tagged with number 2103. \grm Statives: There are a few transitive verbs that use the reflexive, rather than an intransitive form (although perhaps not manifested as a verb) to indicate a stative. Such is the case with the transitive <na>tsontoka</na>, which has <na>notsotsontoka</na> in the example phrase above. Note also that <na>mela:wa</na> has both <na>mela:wtok</na> (derived from * <na>mela:wi</na>) and <na>nomela:wtok</na>. It will be necessary to determine the semantic difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. Also, note that there is /tsakwtok/ 'it is closed'; check to determine whether ?notsakwtok also exist. Perhaps the latter is interpreted as a progressive. Finally, also check whether /tsontokatok/ also exists. \ref 04559 \lxa tlatotopo:nilia \lxac kitlatotopo:nilia \lxo tlá:topo:nília \lxop tlá:topo:nilia \lxoc kitlá:topo:nília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to set off firecrackers during the marriage of (an ex-boyfriend [S] at his former girlfriend [O] who is getting married) \ssao echar cohetes a durante el matrimonio (un ex novio [s] a su ex novia durante la boda de esta) \pna On toba:leh o:kitlatotopo:nilih ino:biah pa:mpa o:kikakaya:w, xewa o:ka:n. \pea That friend of ours is setting off firecrackers at his girlfriend because she deceived him, it wasn't him that she married. \psa Ese amigo le está tirando cohetes a su novia porque lo decepcionó, no fueél con quien se casó. \xrb topo: \xbtlao topo:nilia \nse In Ameyaltepec it was previously the custom that a boy might set off firecrackers (<spn>cohetes</spn>) during a wedding in order to let the bridegroom and the party know that the girl had previously been the <spn>novia</spn> of another. The jilted boyfriend would hide in the hill just behind the village. If the marriage was one with bread and chocolate (i.e., of the type described by the verb form <na>xo:chitlai:lo</na> then the firecrackers would be thrown during the procession. If it were just a simple wedding then the firecrackers were thrown when the pigs were exchanged, the prayer ends, and fireworks are set off at the girl's house. This takes place in the early evening at the bride's house; at the same time the ex-novio sets off firecrackers at the edge of town, countering those at the bride's house. \grm Topicalization; focus: Note the following: /Un toba:leh o:kitlatotopo:nilih ino:biah pampa o:kikakaya:w, xewa o:ka:n/ 'That friend of ours is setting off firecrackers at his girlfriend because she deceived him, it wasn't him that she married.' Note that the subject and object of both /o:kikakaya:w/ and /o:ka:n/ are the same (S=novia; O='our friend,' i.e., the man). The use of /xewa o:ka:n/ is to contrast the man who was not married (the boyfriend who set off the firecrackers) with he who was married. \ref 04560 \lxa tre:s kosti:yah \lxaa tre:s kosti:yas \lxac tre:s kosti:yah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan tres costillas \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea name applies to various plants not yet fully categorized; preliminary notes have one plant called <na>tre:s kosti:yas de susuwa:tl</na> or <na>de istá:k</na> (and also known as <na>a>yekaxtsi:n</na> or <no>kakalakatsi:n</no> and another called <na>tre:s kosti:yas de tla:katl</na> ; the former has been identified as <l>Cardiospermum halicacabum</l> L. of the family Sapindaceae; the second is apparently also a member of the Sapindaceae family \ssa nombre que se aplica a varias plantas todavía no categorizadas definitivamente; las notas preliminares llaman a una planta <na>tre:s kosti:yas de susuwa:tl</na> o <na>de istá:k</na> (también conocida como <na>a>yekaxtsi:n</na> o <no>kakalakatsi:n</no>) y otra llamada <na>tre:s kosti:yas de tla:katl</na> ; la primera ha sido identificada como <l>Cardiospermum halicacabum</l> L. de la familia Sapindaceae; la segunda aparentemente es también miembro de la familia Sapindaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nct xiwtli \ref 04561 \lxa patio:tilia \lxac kipatio:tilia \lxo patio:tilia \lxoc kipatio:tilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to raise the price (of sth) on \ss encarecerle a; subirle el precio (de algo) a \pna O:ne:chpatio:tilih, xok nihkowas. \pea He raised the price of it on me, I'm not going to buy it anymore. \psa Me subió el precio de ello, ya no lo voy a comprar. \xrb pati \xvbao patio:tia \qry Determine whether the applicative listed here can be used with a /tla-/. I would imagine that /ne:chtlapatio:tilia/ is correct. Note also that I had /patio:tia/ and /patio:tilia/ originally with a short /o/ in my notes. I now think that this is in error and have changed it. \mod The applicative /patio:tilia/ is an applicative of the causative /patio:tia/, which is itself part of the paradigmatic set /patioh/, /patiowa/ and /patio:tia/. However, for now given that not all such paradigms"end"with an applicative, the applicatives have not been added to this set. Perhaps they should. In this even this and other similar cases should be changed to V-3-para-h/wa/tia \vl Link 2nd female token. \grm The applicative /patio:tilia/ is an applicative of the causative /patio:tia/, which is itself part of the paradigmatic set /patioh/, /patiowa/ and /patio:tia/. However, for now given that not all such paradigms"end"with an applicative, the applicatives have not been added to this set. Perhaps they should. In this even this and other similar cases should be changed to V-3-para-h/wa/tia. For the grammar, however, it will be important to note under this paradigm that the final form of a trivalent applicative is possible. \ref 04562 \lxa tepepextia \lxac kitepepextia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \se to lay flagstones (on the ground, e.g., in a yard to keep it from getting muddy); to cobblestone (a street) \ss colocar losa sobre la tierra (p. ej., en un patio para evitar un lodazal durante la temporada de lluvias); poner adoquines (en una calle) \syna tepepechyo:tia \syno té:pechyó:tia \xrb te \xrb pech \dis tepepechowa; tepepechyo:tia; tepepextia \qry Apparently /tepepechowa/, /tepepextia/, /tepepechyo:tia/ are equivalent. Check \ref 04563 \lxa kamakochi:noh \lxac kamakochi:noh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cochino</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \infa Gender: <na>kamakochi:nah</na> \sea to be foul-mouthed \ssa ser grosero(a) en la forma de hablar; ser mal hablado \xrb kama \nde Oapan would use a phrase such as <no>xkwahli ke:n tlátlatówa, san tli:n yo:kikamana:mik</no>. \ref 04564 \lxa kwi \lxac kikwi \lxo kwi \lxoc kikwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to use; to utilize (a tool, a medicine) \ss utilizar; emplear (una herramiento, un remedio, etc.) \pna Ka! Xwe:i a:tl tihkwis, san tika:ichwi:s. \pea No! You won't use up a lot of water, you'll just sprinkle some water on it. \psa ¡No! No vas a usar mucha agua, solamente le vas a regar un poquito. \pna San ihkón tihkwi. \pea You just use it like that (i.e., not in any other way). \psa Nada más asílo utilizas (esto es, y no de otra manera). \pna Ma:ka tikte:makas, itekiw nokwis! \pea Don't give it to anyone, it's certain to be used! \psa ¡No le vayas a dar a nadie, seguro se va a ocupar! \se to hold onto; to seize; to grab; to take for oneself \ss agarrar; asir; tomar en la mano; tomar \pna Xkwi kechika newa niatiwetsi te:cha:n! \pea Hold onto it while I quickly go to somone's house! \psa ¡Agárralo mientras yo vaya rápido a ver a alguien! \pna O:kikwik Fausto Juan. \pea Juan took Fausto in (his house, in this case to live as an adopted son). \psa Juan tomó a Fausto (para vivir en su casa, en este caso como hijo adoptivo). \se (with directional affix) to go/come and pick up (an inanimate object, one that can usually be physically carried; for animates, particularly humans, the verb <na>ana</na> is used, e.g., <na>xkanati</na>) \ss (con afijo direccional) ir/venir para recoger (un objeto no animado, uno que puede ser llevado fiscamente; para seres animados, particularmente humanos, se emplea el verbo <na>ana</na>, p. ej., <na>xkanati</na>) \pna Xkwiki! -=xkwa:hki- \pea Come and get it (pick it up)! \psa ¡Ven a recogerlo! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to pick (e.g., maize in harvesting); to gather (in repeated acts) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) piscar (p. ej., maíz en la cosecha); juntar (en actos repetidos) \pna Nikonkukwis tlikuwtli. \pea I'm going to go gather firewood (with a machete or by picking it up off the ground). \psa Voy a ir a recoger leña (con un machete o simplemente recogiéndola del suelo). \xvaao kwi:lia \xvcao kwi:tia \xrb kwi \nse Although <na>kwi</na> with an intraverse directional is used in the pluperfect, perfective, and imperative, in other tenses and aspects where one might expect * <na>wa:lkwi</na>, one instead finds the alternate form <na>kwa:hki</na>. Thus instead of, e.g., * <na>tikwa:lkwis</na> one finds <na>tikwa:hkis</na>, etc. However, under <na>kwi</na> plus a directional, which always means 'to go/come and pick up,' the form <na>xkwa:hki</na> is also used to mean 'to bring here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point). For example, <na>xkwa:hki</na> can mean both 'Come and get it (pick it up)! and 'Bring it here!' Note that the opposite of <na>wa:hki</na> with the meaning 'to bring here' is <na>onka:wa</na> meaning 'to drop off there.' \ref 04565 \lxa tsi:nkamak \lxac i:tsi:nkamak \lxo tsi:nkamak \lxoc i:tsi:nkamak \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-2-k(o) \infn N2 \se crack in the ass, where the two"cheeks"meet \ss sección de las nalgas donde se juntan las dos"mejillas" \sem body \sem human \xrb tsi:n \xrb kama \xrl -ko \qry Check Sp. term for 'crack in the ass.' \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04566 \lxa koxtlami \lxac koxtlami \lxo koxtlami \lxoc koxtlami \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \se to get enough sleep \ss dormir bastante para acabar con el sueño \pna Xe nikoxtlami. \pea I still haven't gotten enough sleep (i.e., I need some more sleep). \psa Todavía no he dormido bastante para acabar con el sueño. \xrb kochi \xrb tlam \qry Check for transitive form. \vl Florencia's first token is /kokoxtlami/. Tag this as 4566, but do not use it as the link. Link the next one (2 or 3) of hers. \ref 04567 \lxa tsonakatlakaltok \lxac tsonakatlakaltok \lxo tsonakatlákaltók \lxop tsonakatlakaltok \lxoc tsonakatlákaltók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com PM-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be lying on its side after having fallen or been thrown to the ground (where it often lies unnoticed or unattended, e.g., a material object that has been tossed away, a drunk who has collapsed in a heap, etc.) \ss estar tirado o acostado por el lado después de haber sido aventado por el suelo o haber caído (p. ej., un objeto material tirado que está sin cuidado en el suelo, un borracho que se cayó, etc.) \xrb tsonaka \xrb tlahkali \nse The meaning of <na>tsonakatlakaltok</na> involves two senses of <na>tlakali</na>, 'to throw down to the ground' and 'to toss away (as with garbage).' The fact that <na>tsonakatlakaltok</na> can refer to material objects that have been tossed to the ground and neglected, while lying on their sides (e.g., a bucket) derives from this meaning of the transitive verb <nla>tlakali</nla> as 'to toss away.' \qry Check for verbal, not stative, form: /tsonakatlakali/. Note that transitive forms are particularly good for noting compounding vs. two words, i.e., is it /kitsonakatlakali/ or /tsonaka kitlakali/. \grmx Oapan reduplication; pitch-accent Note taht /tsonakatlákaltók/ is correct but /tsonakátlakáltók/ isn't. This demonstrates the reluctance of shift across stem boundaries of pitch accent when the pitch-accent is the result of underlying {h} in a N-N compound. However, note that in forms such as /nopán yekó/ the stress does shift. This is apparently because lack of shift would result in a H-H sequence on two consecutive short syllables. Something to be avoided. This might also explain the tendency to favor long dummy morpheme vowels over Short-Short reduplication. Thus the problem of /nokalsósól/ is that the preservation of input-output identity maximization is at the expense of a highly infelicitious syllable structure/pitch-accent sequence. However, the dummy morpheme avoids this: /nokalté:sól/. That is, the dummy morpheme functions to avoid reduplicative sound sequences, which Oapan Nahuatl seems to wish to avoid. At the same time, it permits the preservation of identity. Thecost is a n extra mora and syllable. \ref 04568 \lxa tekiwia \lxac kitekiwia \lxo tekiwia \lxof [te ki 'wi a] \lxoc kitekiwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to apply a lot of energy to; to make a concerted effort in regard to (e.g., in order to carry out a particular task or chore that presents some difficulty or resistance) \ss aplicarse a; hacer un esfuerzo para (p. ej., para llevar a cabo o realizar una tarea que opone resistencia) \pna Yo:li:k kitekiwitok, ke:n chika:wak tla:hlli. \pea He slowly applies himself to it (in this case plowing the earth), the soil is really hard. \psa Despacio se aplica a hacerlo (en este caso arar la tierra), el suelo está muy duro. \pna Niktekiwitiw ma:ski chika:wak tla:hli. \pea I go along making a concerted effort (in this case to plowing a field) even though the soil is hard. \psa Me voy esforzando para hacerlo (en este caso arar un terreno) aunque el suelo está muy duro. \pna Yo:li:k niktekiwitiw ma:ski yo:nisiaw. \pea I slowly go along making every effort to do it even though I've gotten tired. \psa Despacio voy esforzándome hacerlo aunque ya me cansé. \pna Yo:li:k kitekiwia, kwalo. \pea He goes at it slowly (in this case eating), he is sick. \psa Lo va haciendo despacio y con gran esfuerzo (en este caso comer), está enfermo. \se to force down (food); to eat (sth) slowly and with great effort (e.g., when one is sick) \ss tragar (algo) a duras penas; comer despacio y con gran esfuerzo (p. ej., al estar enfermo) \pna Xtekiwi motlakwal! \pea Force yourself to eat your food! \psa ¡Esfuérzate a comer tu comida! \pna San niktekiwia, xnihkwa:sneki! \pea I'm just forcing it down, I don't want to eat it. \psa Solamente me lo estoy comiendo a duras penas, no me lo quiero comer. \xrb teki \xvcao tekiwi:ltia \nse The etymology of <na>tekiwia</na> is that of a denominal verb, comprising the root <nr>teki</nr> 'work' and the verbalizer <n>-wia</n>. The literal meaning of this derivation is something to the effect of 'to apply work/force to' in which the object is usually an activity that is in some way difficult (e.g., from the above examples, land that resists plowing because it is hard, or food that is difficult to eat because one is sick). It his this sense of"resistance"that makes Molina's definition, <n>tequiuia. nite</n> 'importunar algo a otro,' more transparent. Apparently this (<spn>importunar</spn> as 'inconvenience') refers to a case in which the person asked resists doing something, or is resistant to doing it. A similar implication is found in the example sentences, in which the object of the verb is in some way resistant (the ground by being hard, or food by being eaten by someone ill with little desire to eat). However, Molina's gloss of <n>tequiuia. nite.</n> 'importunar algo a otro' is mi sleading in that the 'algo' is not marked on the verb, as secondary objects are in true ditransitives. Rather, <n>tequiuia</n> is a transitive verb with one object, the task to which energy of force is applied. If this is a person, as it is in Molina's entry, then apparently it has the meaning of"to impose upon.' \ref 04569 \lxa no: sekneka \lxaa no:k sekneka \lxac no: sekneka \lxo no: sehneka \lxoc no: sehneka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \se different; another different \ss diferente; otro diferente \pna No: sekneka ito:ka. \pea He has a different name. \psa Tiene otro nombre diferente. \xrb no: \xrb o:k \xrb se: \cfa okse: \nse <na>No:kse:</na> functions as an adjective to modify or restrict a following noun, indicating that it is different than previously thought, than one already introduced in the discourse, etc. However, with a final stressed syllable, <na>no:ksé:</na> the grammatical category is pronominal and the meaning is a full predication: 'it is another one.' \qry Determine proper grammatical category. Note compounding, perhaps code as such. \pqry In my original Am notes I had /nokse:/ with a short /o/. However, I have changed this based on Oapan evidence and etymology. Nevertheless, it should be checked. Determine whether Oapan is /no: sehneka/ or /no:hsehneka/. Check again.- \vl Link 2nd female and first male token. \ref 04570 \lxa kimichin \lxac kimichin \lxo komichin \lxoc komichin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se mouse \ss ratoncito \sem animal \sem mammal \cfa wi:sako:tl \xrb kimich \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check to see if /kimichin/ is also a rat. \ref 04571 \lxa a:pise:wia \lxac na:pise:wia \lxo a:pise:wia \lxof [a: pi se: 'wi a] \lxoc na:pise:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have a small bite to allay ones hunger \ss (refl.) tomarse un refrigerio para mitigar o matar temporalmente el hambre \pna San o:nima:pise:wih. Xo:nixwik. \pea I just ate something to allay my hunger. I didn't get full. \psa Sólo tomé un refrigerio para matar el hambre. No me llené. \xrb a:pis \xrb se: \nse <na>A:pise:wia</na> is often used to refer to the action of eating something quickly in the field before returning home for a full meal. \qry Check to see if only used in the reflexive and if an intransitive exist. \mod Determine stems for /se:wia/ and use the same here. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04572 \lxa ye:lmoya:wi \lxac ye:lmoya:wi \lxo ye:lmoya:wi \lxoc ye:lmoya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become sick to ones stomach; to feel nauseous \ss sentir asco; sentir nausea \pna O:pe:w niye:lmoya:wi, xnikwelilia, xkaman 'kwa. \pea I've started to feel sick to my stomach, I don't like it, I never eat it. \psa Empecé a sentir asco, no me gusta, nunca lo como. \xrb e:l \xrb moya: \pqry Check to make sure that /l/ is not devoiced before /m/. If so, state as a general rule \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in the recording session I seemed to note that in /ye:lmoya:wi/ the /l/ is not devoiced. This is undoubtedly because of the following voiced (nasal) consonant. \ref 04573 \lxa siawi \lxac siawi \lxo siawi \lxoa siewi \lxoc siawi \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(w) \se to become tired \ss cansarse \pna Yo:nisiaw, xok wel ninenemi. \pea I've become tired, I can't walk anymore. \psa Ya me cansé, ya no puedo caminar. \dis siawi; siamiki \xrb siawi \xvbao siawi:tia \vl Link 1st male token. \mod Determine the proper link between intransitives and statives, e.g., \ref 04574 \lxa wentia \lxac kwentia \lxo wentia \lxoc kiwentia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to leave or make an offering to \ss dejar o poner como ofrenda; hacer una ofrenda de \pna Nikwenti:s notlayo:l para ma:s ma tla:ki. \pea I will give an offering to my maize so that is produces a good crop. \psa Voy a dejar una ofrenda a mi maíz para que rinda bien. \pna Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl. \pea I give an offering of my maize. During a fiesta I light a candle in an offering off all my seed. \psa Pongo mi maíz como ofrenda. Durante una fiesta le prendo una vela a una ofrenda de toda mi semilla. \se (refl.) to place an offering (such as flowers) in the church or to a saint \ss (refl.) hacer una ofrenda (como flores) en la iglesia o un santo \pna O:nimowenti:ko, niktlasotla tona:ntsi:n. \pea I came to give an offering (in the village church), I adore the villages patron saint. \psa Vine a dejar una ofrenda (en la iglesia del pueblo), amo a la santa patrona del pueblo. \xrb wen \nse The phrase <na>Nikwenti:s notlayo:l para ma:s ma tla:ki</na> refers to the action of taking some of the maize that will be used as seed the following year and placing it on the altar or in front of a cross in the village church. It thus becomes blessed and then is removed and stored for the following year. Sesame and animals may also be given in such offerings so that they produce a good yield or proliferate. When used reflexively, however, <nao>wentia</nao> apparently refers to the leaving of a permanent offering in the church, as when a villager returns from a trip and brings flowers from the Iguala marketplace to leave before the Virgin. \qry The phrase /Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl/ is highly problematic. I'm not sure what /wentia/ means, i.e., either 'to give in offering' (in which the object is the thing being offered) or 'to make an offering to' (in which the object is the destination of the offering). This should be checked. Also, my original filecard had /nochi nosemi:tas/ rather than /nochi nosemi:yas/. I assumed this was a typo, but it may have been correct and should be checked. Also, the precise meaning and use of /tlatlikwi:ltilia/ is not clear. Apparently it means 'to light (a candle in offering) for'; but this too should be checked. \ref 04575 \lxa toya:wilia \lxac kitoya:wilia \lxo toya:wilia \lxoc kitoya:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to spill (a liquid [SO]) of (sb, usually negatively affecting their interests) \ss tirar (un líquido [SO]) de (algn, generalmente afectando sus intereses negativamente) \pna O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih i:n burroh, ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh. \pea This burro spilled out something of mine, he really wanted to run. My clear soup (<spn>caldo</spn>) started sloshing back and forth (inside its container), it started to spill out. \psa Ese burro me tiró algo, quería correr. Mi caldo empezó a agitarse de lado a lado (en su recipiente), comenzó a tirarse. \se to pour out for (a spoiled beverage, soup, certain foods, etc.) \ss tirar para (una bebida, caldo, ciertas comidas, etc., que se han echado a perder) \pna Xne:xtoya:wili! Yo:itlakaw, xok tihkwa:skeh. \pea Pour it out for me! It's gotten spoiled, we're not going to eat it anymore. \psa ¡Tíralo para mí! Ya se echó a perder, ya no lo vamos a comer. \xrb toya: \xvbao toya:wa \ref 04576 \lxa patla:ni \lxac patla:ni \lxo patla:ni \lxoc patla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \sem motion \se to fly \ss volar \pna To:to:tl, wel patla:ni. \pea Birds are able to fly. \psa Los pájaros pueden volar. \se to be blown away by the wind \ss llevarse por el viento \pna O:patla:n, xo:tsa:loh. \pea It got blown away by the wind, you didn't tie it down. \psa Se llevópor el viento, no lo amarraste. \xrb patla: \xvcao patla:naltia \nse With the meaning 'to get blown away by the wind' <nao>patla:ni</nao> differs from <na>yeyekawi:lo</na> (Oa <no>yéye:kawí:lo</no>) in that the latter indicates a more devastating or harmful action to things such as crops wehreas the former can include almost any type of material object \ref 04577 \lxa nakaste:tsa:wia \lxac nonakaste:tsa:wia \dt 03/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-refl[ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to hear or think one hears (sth, particularly voices) that is not there; to be fooled by a sound; to think one hears something (that does not exist) \ss (refl.) oir o pensar oir (algo, particularmente voces) que no existe en realidad; engañarse por un sonido; creer escuchar algo (que no existe) \pna Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:no:n, wan xmelá:k. \pea He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other and it's not really there. \psa Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo y no es de a de veras. \pna O:nonakaste:tsa:wih. Xka:wa, xmelák. \pea He thought he heard something (i.e., sb talking to him, sb coming along the road, etc.). Forget it, it wasn't real. \psa Pensóque escuchó algo (p. ej., algn hablándole, algn viniendo por el camino, etc.). No era así, no era cierto. \cfa nakaskakaya:wa \cfo naká:skayá:wa \xrb nakas \xrb te:tsa:w \nse The verbal base of this word is related to <na>te:tsa:wtli</na>, an omen. \qry Check to see if such an occurrence is taken as an omen, and if this is a good or bad omen. Note that I have only heard /nakaste:tsa:wia/ in the reflexive; the possibility of a transitive should be investigated. Check /cat coding Check to determine if transitive use exists. Check to determine difference between /nakaskakaya:wa/ and /nakaste:tsa:wia/. \ref 04578 \lxa kwa:kon kayo:tl \lxaa no: ikwa:kon kayo:tl \lxac kwa:kon kayo:tl \lxo íkwa:kon káyo:tl \lxoc íkwa:kon káyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes \se something from around that time (a specific time, understood from the discourse situation) \ss algo de más o menos ese entonces o período (un tiempo específico, establecido previamente por el discurso) \pna No: kwa:kon kayo:tl. \pea It is also from around about that time. \psa También es de más o menos ese tiempo \xrb kwa:k \xrb -on; kayo: \mod Note that /-on/ should be considered in root analysis; perhaps separate bound morpheme list? Cf. its use with /akin/, /akinon/, etc. \ref 04579 \lxa tlaneltoktia \lxac kitlaneltoktia \lxo tlaneltoltia \lxoc kitlaneltoltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (sb) believe as true \ss hacer creer a \pna Melá:k kwahli te:tlaneltoktia san puro ika istlakatilis. \pea He is really good at making people believe things as true, just with his lies. \psa Es muy bueno para hacer la gente creer, solamente con sus mentiras. \xrb nel \xrb toka \xvbao neltoka \qry Check to determine whether /neltoktia/ exists as a ditransitive verb. If it does this should be entered and /tlaneltoktia/ either included under /neltoktia/ or given its own entry with a null complement coding. \grm Causative; valency reduction; /tla-/. Note that /neltoka/ means 'to believe'. The object can either be the person who is believed (or disbelieved). The causative /neltoktia/ is 'to make (sb) believe (sth).' It will be important to determine whether the verb exists as such, or only with the nonspecific /tla-/, which occupies the space of the secondary object. At any rate, this is one of the few cases in which a transitive verb forms a causative (even though this present entry of /tlaneltoktia/ is only a transitive. \grm Oapan phonology: \ref 04580 \lxa i:xtetl \lxac i:xtetl \lxo i:xtetl \lxoc i:xtetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se eye (apparently the entire eye area and not the eyeball proper; cf. <nlo>i:xteyo:hli</nlo>) \ss ojo (aparentemente laárea total del ojo y no simplemente la parte interior; conf. <nlo>i:xteyo:hli</nlo>) \se (with certain items of clothing) buttonhole \ss (con ciertos tipos de ropa) ojal \pna I:xtew notlake:n. \pea It is the buttonhole of my clothes. \psa Es el ojal de mi ropa. \se (vocative) gawker; one who stares \ss (vocativo) mirón \pna Mlá:k ti:xtetl! \pea You really are a gawker! \psa ¡Quémirón eres! \pna Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl! \pea He's really looking me over. He's all eyes! \psa Me está revisando de cabeza a pie.¡Es un mirón! \sem body \xrb i:x \xrb te \nse The term <na>i:xtetl</na> is used disparagingly in speaking directly to someone who is all eyes, who is staring or looking intently at someone (a <na>mirón</na>), for example at someone doing something unusual. \vl Link second female and 2nd male pronunciation. There is an additional female (plural) token /i:xtemeh/ at 7077. It should be tagged as 4580, but not linked. \ref 04581 \lxa tla:ltetewitska:n \lxac tla:ltetewitska:n \lxo tla:ltetewitska:n \lxoc tla:ltetewitska:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n \infn N1(N2-N) \se see <nla>tla:ltetewistika:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tla:ltetewistika:n</nla> \xrb tla:l \xrb tewits \vl Here as in all other cases of these forms, the length of the reduplicant is difficlt to determine and should be checked in all forms. \ref 04582 \lxa witsioh \lxac witsioh \lxo witsioh \lxoc witsioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se area characterized by an abundance of thorny plants \ss área caracterizada por una abundancia de plantas espinosas \se to be thorny (certain plants) \ss ser espinoso (ciertas plantas) \se to have rough scales (certain fish) \ss tener escamas rasposas (ciertos peces) \xrb wits \nae The reduplicated form with a short vowel commonly used to emphasize an abundance of thorns, is <na>uwitsioh</na>. This is used with single objects with this characeristic. \qry Check Oapan plural: ?/wítsiokéh/. Check. \ref 04583 \lxa tlankole:toh \lxac tlankole:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm Adj \der Adj-? \infa gender \sea to have some teeth missing \ssa tener algunos dientes faltantes \syno tlantra:nkah \xrb tlan \nse The etymology of <na>tlankole:toh</na> is uncertain, although most likely it is partially derived from a Spanish loan. Apparently this word refers to a persona missing only a few teeth, not all of them. \qry Check whether when referring to several teeth being gone, the reduplicated form might be used. \ref 04584 \lxa sakaixtli \lxac sakaixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea type of hemp (<nla>ixtli</nla>) made from the <nba>sakamexkahli</nba> plant \ssa tipo de ixtle (<nla>ixtli</nla>) hecho de la planta llamada <nla>sakamexkahli</nla> \pna Sakamexkahli iichio, yewa sakaixtli. \pea The fibers of the <na>sakamexkahli</na> maguey, they are called <nla>sakaixtli</nla>. \psa Las fibras del maguey <na>sakamexkahli</na> se llaman <nla>sakaixtli</nla>. \sem material \encyctmp ixtli \xrb saka \xrb ich \qry Determine the different types of /ixtli/ and the plants from which they are made (as well as how they are made). \ref 04585 \lxa barbe:chowa \lxac kibarbe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>barbechar</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to plow, placing the furrows close together so that the land can be immediately planted \ss arar con los surcos muy cercanos para que la tierra puede sembrarse inmediatamente \cfao xopo:nia \encyctmp tla:hli \ref 04586 \lxa tlawe:lita \lxac kitlawe:lita \lxo tlawe:lita \lxoc kitlawe:lita \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \seao to despise; to hate \ssao odiar \pna Techichikil, kito:sneki tiktlawe:lita. \pea (When you call someone) <na>techichikil</na>, it means that you despise them. \psa (Cuando le llamas a alguien) <na>techichikil</na>, quiere decir que lo desprecias mucho. \xrb tlawe:l \xrb ita \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04587 \lxa milá:k \lxaa melá:k \lxaa milá \lxaa mlá \lxac melá:k \lxo mila:k \lxoa mela:k \lxoa mélá:k \lxoa mílá:k \lxoc mélá:k, mílá:k; melá:h totó:nki; méla:h wé:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man; Modal-evid \pa yes \se very; really; very much so; a lot (in Ameyaltepec often <na>de melá:k</na>, particularly phrase finally) \ss muy; mucho (en Ameyaltepec a menudo <na>de melá:k</na>, particularmente a final de frase) \pna Ne:chaxilitok to:nahli. Melá:k to:na, yo:nitlatlak. \pea The sun is beating down on me. It is really hot, I got burnt. \psa El sol me está pegando. De veras hace mucho calor, ya me quemé. \pna Mlá:k o:te:cha:pachokeh. \pea They really plied us with drink. \psa Nos servieron mucha bebida. \pna Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl! \pea He's really looking me over. He's all eyes! \psa Me está revisando de cabeza a pie.¡Es un mirón! \pna Kakasoltik motlikoh. Ti:roh yo:weka:w, yo:wa:k de melá:k. \pea Your firewood is very light from having dried out so thoroughly. It's been around for a long time, it really dried out. \psa Tu leña está muy ligera por haberse secada tanto. Ha durado mucho tiempo, se secóde a deveras. \pna Kimahka:ita, de melá:k tlaksa. \pea He is awed by how fast he really is. \psa Está impresionado por lo rápido que es. \pna Yo:nimapilkokohtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwiloh. \pea My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot. \psa Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribímucho. \se to be true that; truly; indeed; really \ss es cierto que; ciertamente, de veras \pna Melá:k miák kalxomilimeh nocha:n, ipan notlapech. \pea There really are a lot of bedbugs in my house, in my bed. \psa De veras hay muchos chinches en mi casa, en mi cama. \pna Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia. \pea He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying. \psa Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice. \pna Mlá:k! \pea It's true! \psa ¡Es verdad! \cola wel \xrb mela: \nse In many cases, this word functions as a modal or evidential: 'It is true' or 'I believe that it is true.' In other cases it is best considered a simple adverbial with the sense of 'really' or 'very.' At times only context will distinguish: <na>Melá:k tlaksa</na> can be translated as either an adverbial 'He is very fast,' or a modal 'It is true that (I believe that) he is fast.' Finally, note that <na>melá:k</na> may be used in tag questions: <na>Tiá:s, melá:k?</na> 'You are going? Right?' One native speaker, Concepción de la Cruz, [source: DT#1:018] mentioned that the difference between <na>melá:</na> and <na>melá:k</na> is that the former expresses more surprise. She suggested that an exchange might be:" <na>o:nikitak Juan, mlá:k!</na> and the other person would answer <na>milá!</na>. However, this example is not altogether clear, and it appears that in many situations the two are equivalent. \nae There are alternative pronunications of this headword. The first vowel is extremely short, occasionally raised slightly, but usually best transcribed by /e/. Occasionally this vowel virtually disappears and a tight transcription would be <na>mlá</na> instead of <nao>melá:k</nao>. There is also the question of the final consonant. In Oapan the ultimate /k/ often goes to /h/. In Oapan when phrase final, the pronunciation is <no>mélá:w</no> or <no>mélá:k</no>, otherwise the final sound may vary between /k/, /h/, and zero. \nde In Oapan when phrase final, the pronunciation is <no>mélá:w</no> or <no>mélá:k</no>, otherwise the final sound may vary between /k/, /h/, and zero. \qry Note that on filecards I had very few example sentences. These should be collected from the illustrative phrases and texts. Note that there is never a final /h/ in /mlá/ even though in some instances I have so recorded it. And when there is a final /k/ the preceding /a:/ is long. \pqry Check Oapan /mélá:k/ and /mélá:w/ and determine if the two are equivalent. Also determine pitch accent on /mélá:w/. \vl There are four additional tokens from what was originally 4051. These are simply /mélá:k/ (female) and /mílá:k/ (male). The final sound file for this present entry should start off with the tokens that were originally at 4051. Since the first vowel of female and male are different, the sound file begins /mélá:k/, /mílá:k/ (the first female and the second male) The sound file should then continue with the files from the present citation. Note also that there are an additional 4 tokens at 5538. These two should be tagged as 4587. \grm Vowel length; vowel variation: Note that the tokens for /mélá:k/ that were originally at 4051 manifest very long /l/ and /a/. The times are 108:183 and 126:154 for Florencia, and then 139:161 and 128:132 for Inocencio. \ref 04588 \lxa ichkaxo:chitl \lxac ichkaxo:chitl \lxo ichkaxo:chitl \lxoc ichkaxo:chitl \lxt ichkama:satl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se the flower of the <na>ichkakuwtli</na> tree, <l>Gossypium hirsutum</l> L. of the Malvaceae family \ss la flor delárbol <na>ichkakuwtli</na>, <l>Gossypium hirsutum</l> L. de la familia Malvaceae \pna Ye weka:wi kontekiyan ichkaxo:chitl para kwi:kayan tio:pan. \pea A long time ago they would pick <na>ichkaxo:chitl</na> in order to take it to the church (for the altar). \psa Hace mucho tiempo cortaba el <na>ichkaxo:chitl</na> para llevarlo a la iglesia (y ponerlo en el altar). \se tree named <nbao>ichkakuwtli</nbao> (by extension) \ss árbol llamado <nbao>ichkakuwtli</nbao> (por extensión) \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb chka \xrb xo:chi \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check to see if this is a plant or tree, and if another meaning refers simply to the flower of the cotton plant. \ref 04589 \lxa kwa:tepasoliwi \lxac kwa:tepasoliwi \lxo kwa:tépasolíwi \lxop kwa:tepasoliwi \lxoc kwa:tépasolíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to get or have a disheveled, uncombed, or entangled head of hair \ss quedarsele el cabello despeinado, desarreglado o greñudo \pna O:tikwa:tepasoliw, skie:rah xmotsonchichi:wa -ximoxi:ma-. \pea Your hair has become a mess. Why don't you at least braid it (to a female, or get a haircut, to a male)? \psa Tu pelo te quedótodo desarreglado.¿Por quéno te lo arreglas? (a una mujer, o¿Por quéno te lo cortas? a un hombre). \pna Kwa:tepasoliwis deke xnoxi:mas. \pea His hair will get long and disheveled if he doesn't get a haircut. \psa Su pelo se creceráy quedarágreñudo si no lo corta. \equiva kwa:tepasole:wi \equivo kwa:tépasolé:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \nse Although I have always heard this uttered with <n>te-</n>, Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned that it is also correct to use this verb without <n>te-</n>. Nevertheless, it has not so been documented. \qry Check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. In one entry I have a note that"although I have always heard the form with /te/, Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned that it is also correct to use the form without /te-/. Recheck that /kwa:pasole:wi/ is also correct. \vl There is one female token /kwa:tépasolé:wi/. This should be tagged with #1377. It is the one that should be linked. \ref 04590 \lxa kwa:sebo:tia \lxac kwa:sebo:tia \dt 04/May/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cebo</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4d(tia) \sea to have dried soap remain in ones hair \ssa quedarse con jabón seco en el cabello \equiva kwa:sebo:ti \xrb kwa: \pqry Check the vowel length, particularly of /e/. \ref 04591 \lxa xixikwin \lxac xixikwintsi:n \lxo xíxikwín \lxoc xíxikwín \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn Stem 4 \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:xikwín</no> \pa yes-rdp \se (rare; often in diminutive <na>xixikwintsi:n</na>) glutton; person who eats whatever and all that is offered \ss (raro; a menudo en el diminutivo <na>xixikwintsi:n</na>) glotón; persona que come cualquier cosa y todo que se le ofrece \xrb xikwin \nse In Oapan the adjectival form <nlo>xíxikwíntik</nlo> is more common. \qry Check for verb /xixikwinoa/. \ref 04592 \lxa tla:wi:lpan \lxac tla:wi:lpan \lxo tla:wi:lpan \lxoc tla:wi:lpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \se place that is illuminated (by a lamp or other forms of artificial lighting, or by the sun, moon, etc.) \ss lugar iluminado, donde hay luz (por una lámpara u otras formas de luz artificial, o por el sol o la luna, etc.) \pna Nika:n tla:wi:lpan, wel nitlachia. \pea Here there is light, I can see well. \psa Aquíhay luz, puedo ver bien. \cfao tlane:span \xrb tla:wi:l \nse <na>Tla:wi:lpan</na> refers to any place that is illuminated, and is most often used to refer to the light shed by artificial sources. Thus the area under a street light might be mentioned as <na>tla:wi:lpan</na>. On the other hand, <nla>tlane:span</nla> is apparently used most often (if not exclusively) to refer to light that accompanies the dawn. \ref 04593 \lxa tlase:waya:n \lxac tlase:waya:n \lxo tlase:wia:n \lxoc tlase:wia:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n[tla] \infn N1(loc) \se place where there is some shade \ss lugar asombrado, donde hay sombra \pna Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika. Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k. \pea Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk you has lost consciousness). Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun. \psa Jálalo para acá (en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento). trá elo acá donde hay sombra, ya quedómuy pegado por el sol. \xrb se:wa \xrl -ya:n \nse Oapan has <no>tlase:wi-</no> where Ameyaltepec has <na>tlase:wa-</na>. Those in Oapan etymologize the word <no>tlase:wiya:n</no> as derived from the fact that this is where people rest (from the sun). However, it appears that in fact the difference between the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms is the result of a vowel quality change and not a distinct etymology. Both terms would seem to be derived from <nlao>se:wa</nlao> in reference to the coolness of shade. \qry Continue with note re: dif. between Ameyaltepec and Oapan in this form. \ref 04594 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kamatlapowa \lxoc kikamatlapowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to open a wedge in (e.g., a tree trunk, to fell a tree or chop up a trunk) \ssao abrir una cuña en (p. ej., un tronco, para tumbar unárbol o rajar un tronco) \xrb kama \xrb tlapo \nae The progressive form is <nao>kikamatlapotok</nao>. \qry Recheck progressive and perfective. I originally had this as a word from Am, which was confirmed by Florencia as a word from Oapan. However, C. Flores denied that it was a correct Am form and it has been removed. The original example or illustrative sentence was /Nihkamatlapotia:s un kuwtsontetl/´I'm going to go chopping a wedge around that trunk (in this case to later chop it up into sections).' \ref 04595 \lxa popo:yo:ti \lxac popo:yo:ti \lxo popoyo:ti \lxoa po:poyo:ti \lxoc po:poyo:ti, popoyo:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become covered with a rotten black decay (particularly that which forms on dried ears of corn that have gotten wet) \ss cubrirse con podredumbre, un tipo de moho negro (particularmente la que se forma sobre las mazorcas si se llegan a mojar) \pna O:popo:yo:t. O:ki:xtlapachoh to:naka:yo:tl. \pea It got rotten, it (a black rotten decay) covered the surface of the maize. \psa Su pudrió. Cubrió(la pudridumbre negra) la superficie del maíz. \xrb poyo: \nae The vowel length here is unclear, at least from the Oapan examples provided by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Her pronunciation suggests a long initial vowel, his definitely suggests a short vowel. Probably the vowel should be recorded as phonologically short, but given the doubt for now both forms have been entered. It could be that this is one of the cases in which speakers vary. \pqry Make sure that the Oapan tokens are for this word here and not for /popoyoti/ 'to become like a rooster' (i.e., for a young man to start chasing after women'). \vl First female token is /po:poyo:tik/ and should be tagged as /popoyo:tik/ #7701. Make sure to link the first female token of /po:poyo:ti/ (i.e, the second token overall given that a mistaken pronunciation of /po:poyo:tik/ is the first token) and the first male token. \ref 04596 \lxa te:malkwepa \lxac note:malkwepa \lxo te:malkopa \lxoc note:malkopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl-anticaus.) to get infected with pus \ss (refl-anticaus.) infectarse con pus \pna Ye note:malkwepa. \pea It's starting to get infected with pus. \psa Ya empieza a infectarse con pus. \syna te:maliwi \syno te:maltla:lia \xrb te:mal \xrb kwepa \dis te:maliwi; te:malki:sa \nae The reflexive form is essentially an anticausative, an inchoative formed by using the reflexive marker to decrease the valency of the verbal form, with no implied agent (i.e., not a passive). \qry Check to determine if a fully transitive form exists. Check for stative /-tok/. \mod Perhaps a coding for anticausative should be determined. The best way might be to simply write (refl-anticaus) instead of just (refl.). Indeed, it might be best to simply code all uses of the reflexive morpheme according to function: refl-recipr; refl-anticaus, refl-pas \ref 04597 \lxa tepetlayoh \lxac tepetlayoh \lxo tepetlayoh \lxoc tepetlayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be (an area) covered or full of limestone (<spn>tepetate</spn>) \ss estar (unaárea) cubierta de tepetate \pna Tepetlayoh. O:kine:xtih a:tl, kiawtli. San so:wtok. \pea There is exposed limestone all over. The water, the rain, made it appear. It extends over a large flat area. \psa Hay tepetate por todos lados. El agua, la lluvia lo hizo aparecer. Extiende por una granárea plana. \xrb te \xrb petla \vl Link 2nd of 3 female tokens and last male token. \ref 04598 \lxa petskuwi:xin \lxac petskuwi:xin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea black and shiny crawling animal, said to be poisonous, a type of <na>kowi:xin</na> \ssa animal negro y brilloso, que dicen ser venenoso, un tipo de <na>kowi:xin</na> \sem animal \sem lizard \encyctmp kowi:xin \xrb pets \xrb kowi:x \nct kowi:xin \qry See entry under /a:petskowi:xin/; also check whether these are two distinct animals, a mistaken entry, or perhaps alternative names for the same animal. Check of all types of /kowi:xin/. \ref 04599 \lxa tepostla:hli \lxac tepostla:hli \lxo tepostla:hli \lxoc tepostla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se rust \ss óxido \xrb tepos \xrb tla:l \ref 04600 \lxa a:to:li \lxac a:to:li \lxo a:to:li \lxoc a:to:li \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink atole \ss beber atole \pna Kemech a:to:li:tok. \pea He is just starting to drink his atole. \psa Apenas está empezando a tomar su atole. \xrb a:to:l \xrb i: \xvcao a:to:li:tia \vl The first female token is /a:to:hli/ (note the aspiration before /l/). This should be tagged as #4326. The second token is /a:to:lih/, the plural of /a:to:li/ (the present entry). This should be tagged as 4600, but not linked, since it has a plural subject. Link first male token. \ref 04601 \lxa tlatlaxistopok \lxac tlatlaxistopok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a very bad cough, dry and hard with phlegm or mucous dislodged with the cough \ss tener un tos muy fuerte, seco y duro con flema que sale al toser \pna Nitlatlaxistopok, chika:wak nitlatlasi. \pea I'm having a very bad cough, I cough real hard. \psa Tengo un tos muy duro, toso muy fuerte. \sem disease \equivo tlatlaxiskomok \xrb tlasi \xrb topo: \ref 04602 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /ikxipil weyak/ but it was deleted given that it was a duplicate entry. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04603 \lxa nepanowa \lxac kinepanowa \lxo nepanowa \lxoc kinepanowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to place on top of; to pile on top of \ss poner sobre; apilar sobre \pna Xne:nepanotiw! \pea Pile them up as you go along (e.g., dishes being dried, documents being written, etc.)! \psa ¡Vélos apilando (p. ej., platos que uno está secando, documentos producidos y escriitos, etc.)! \se to join up with (a man or woman with a another of the opposite sex) in forming a household without marrying (usually one or both are widowed or have had children out of wedlock; they do not marry but simply live together) \ss juntarse (una persona) con (otra del sexo contrario) para formar una familia (generalmente uno, o los dos, es un viudo o ha tenido un niño; no se casan sino simplemente se juntan) \xrb nepan \nse In the form <na>xne:nepanotiw</na> the reference is to one who goes along (either temporally or spatially) piling things up, e.g. in drying dishes, in writing on sheets of paper, etc. With the sense of <nao>nepanowa</nao> as 'to join up with to form a household' either the subject may be of either sex, although it is more common for the man to be the subject. \ref 04604 \lxa tlamachilispolo:ltia \lxac kitlamachilispolo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to take away the common sense of; to take away from the sense of good judgement, or ability to think clearly and reflect \ssa hacer perder el juicio a; hacer perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar a \pna Ne:xtlamachilispolo:ltia serbe:sah! \pea Beer makes me lose my ability to think clearly. \psa La cerveza me hace perder el sentido común. \synao tlamachilispolowa \syna tlamachilispolowi:tia \xrb mati \xrb pol \qry Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. FM did not accept the latter. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for /tlapolo:ltia/. It would seem, from /tlapolo:ltia/ that /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ is the causative of /tlamachilispolowa/. However, in my file cards I have the two with identical meaning and example sentences. This needs to be checked, as one might be in error. Or, one might be the result of"possessor raising"(tlamachilispolowa) and the other the result of"saturating"incorporation (tlamachilispolo:ltia). Check. \vl Tag the 4 Oapan tokens here with #670. \ref 04605 \lxa tlasiwi:tia \lxac kitlasiwi:tia \lxo tlásiwí:tia \lxop tlasiwi:tia \lxoc kitlásiwí:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to hurry up \ss (refl.) apurarse \pna O:nima:kakana:w, xwel nihki:tskia tlaxkahli toto:nki. O:nimotlasiwi:tih ika o:nitlakwiste:w. \pea My hands have gotten tender, I can't grab a hot tortilla. I worked myself hard and fast in straightening up the milpa behind the plow. \psa Mis manos quedaron sensibles, no puedo agarrar una tortilla caliente. Me apurédemasiado en enderezar la milpa atrás de la yunta. \pna Xomoi:wia:ntili! Xmotla:tlasiwi:ti! \pea Get it together! Get a move on! \psa ¡Ponte listo!¡Apúrate! \pna Xmotla:tlasiw:ti, ke:n tima:yo:li:k! \pea Hurry up there, (e.g., in doing a task), you are really slow with your hands! \psa ¡Apúrate (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo), eres muy lento con las manos! \se to do quickly; to hurry up (e.g., a task being carried out) \ss hacer (algo) rápido; apurar (p. ej., una tarea que se lleva a cabo) \pna Newa nikma:totoka, o:niktlasiwi:tih. \pea I pursued the matter in earnest, I hurried it up. \psa Proseguí el asunto, lo apuré. \pna Xtlasiwi:ti! Niman niá:s. \pea Hurry it up! I'm leaving soon. \psa ¡Apúrale! Ya mero me voy. \pna Ma kitlasiwi:ti motlake:n! \pea Let her hurry up with your clothes (e.g., in finishing sewing them)! \psa ¡Quése apure con tu ropa (p. ej., en terminar de coserla)! \xrb hsi \xvba isiwi \xvbo ísiwí \nse The use of <na>xtlasiwi:ti</na> perhaps reflects an influence from Spanish 'apurale.' \qry Check the valency of /tlasiwi:tia/. Also check whether /isiwi:tia/ is correct as a transitive verb. Note that /tlasiwi:tia/ is documented above with a reflexive. If /isiwi/ is intransitive and the causative /isiwi:tia/ is thus transitive, one would expect /tla-/ to lower the valency to an intransitive. But /xmotlasiwi:tia/ is a reflexive, though it might not be a transitive. From the phrase /Xtlasiwi:ti/ it is not possible to tell if there is a non-overt /ki-/ (i.e., /kitlasiwi:tia/). Check. Check re: transitive use, can it be /kitlasiwi:tia tekitl/ or /kitlasiwi:tia Juan/. Check. \ref 04606 \lxa a:kino:no:n \lxac a:kinono:n \lxo a:yno:no:n \lxoa a:kino:no:n \lxoc a:yno:no:n \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se who is it? \ss ¿quién es? \xrb a:kin \cfa tli:nono:n \nse Apparently the pronouns <nla>akinon</nla> and <nla>tli:non</nla>, and perhaps others, can take an additional and final <n>on-</n>. With this they become complete predicates, taking no other predicate. Thus one might have <na>Akinon o:wahlaw?</na> 'Who came?' but <na>Akinonon?</na> 'Who is it?' \qry Further determine the grammatical category of these terms. \ref 04607 \lxa chi:chiwalkukuwtik \lxac chi:chiwalkukuwtik \lxo chi:chiwalkókohtík \lxoc chi:chiwalkókohtík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have an udder that is hard and not pliable \ss tener el ubre duro y no flexible \pna Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh. \pea The cow's udder is rubbery. It is a tough udder, it is a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. \psa La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Es un ubre duro, es un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. \sem body-descript \xrb chi:chi \xrb kow \nae The length of the final vowel of the nominal stem <nao>chi:chiwal</nao> is difficult to determine. One piece of evidence that suggests a long vowel is the fact that in Oapan Nahuatl the reduplicant of <no>kókohtík</no> does not reduce to a lengthened pitch accented vowel on the nominal stem <no>chi:chiwal</no>. This might well reflect the fact that as a long vowel it does not accept the mora and pitch accent of the reduplicant. However, for now I have kept the vowel short given the fact that acoustically there seems to be a relatively short duration to this vowel. The reason that the reduplicant does not reduce to pitch accent and lengthening on the final /a/ of the nominal stem is, however, not immediately obvious. It may be related to the specific lexical meaning of the reduplicated form. Note that with <no>mápilkókohtiá</no> there is also no reduction on the final short vowel of the incorporated noun. \ref 04608 \lxa tlamachilisioh \lxac tlamachilisioh \lxo tlamachilisioh \lxocpend tlamachilisioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea to be intelligent, wise \ssa ser inteligente; sabio \equivo tlamachiliswah \equivo tlamachiliseh \xrb mati \qry Note that the file card on which this was recorded did not have vowel length specified. But given that /machi:lia/ has a long vowel (as do the cognates reported in FK), it is likely that /tlamachi:listli/ and /tlamachi:lisioh/ both have the long /i:/ as marked. Nevertheless, for now this has been kept short in the data entries. \ref 04609 \lxa a:watl \lxac a:watl \lxo á:wátl \lxoc á:wátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se small, thin prickly hairs found on certain plants (corn stalks, sugarcane, cactus fruit, etc.); prickles \ss aguates, pequeños vellitos o espinitas muy delgadas que se hallan en ciertas plantas (tallos de maíz, caña dulce, tunas, etc.) \pna Kipia ia:wayo. \pea It has prickly hairs. \psa Tiene aguates. \pna Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas. \pea The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you. \psa Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acá y por allá, te van a causar picor. \se (<na>kipia</na> ~) to be sharp; (<na>noka:wa</na> ~) to acquire sharpness; to be sharp \ss (<na>kipia</na> ~) tener filo; (<na>noka:wa</na> ~) adquirir un filo; tener filo \pna Yo:noka:w a:watl. O:tlatekitiak. \pea It got a razor sharp edge. It got sharp. \psa Agarró un filo de navaja. se puso cortante. \xrb a:wa \nae The length of the initial /a/ is problematical. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan forms show a relatively long duration and suggest a long vowel. However, it is also clear that the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl <no>á:wátl</no> derives from an underlying {h}; comparative evidence shows that the form was {ahwatl}. Perhaps the only explanation is that certain forms with historically initial *ah have developed both pitch accent and length (or only length, in Ameyaltepec). Certainly an entire comparative study of the present phonetics and phonology of forms that were initially {ah} should be undertaken. \qry In a final check of Sept. l986, in the speech of Luis Lucena, this was found to definitely have along initial /a:/; it was later checked with Gabriel de la Cruz and also found to definitely have a long initial vowel. Check with /kwatsonawatl/, where I have a short /a/. Nevertheless, the Oapan form has a pitch-accent and thus would seem to be by rule a short vowel. For this reason I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec entry, though this should be rechecked and rechecked. It might be that the two villages have different lengths here. \pqry Re: Oapan /á:wátl/: The length of the initial /a/ is problematical. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan forms show a relatively long duration and suggest a long vowel. However, it is also clear that the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl <no>á:wátl</no> derives from an underlying {h}; comparative evidence shows that the form was {ahwatl}. Perhaps the only explanation is that certain forms with historically initial *ah have developed both pitch accent and length (or only length, in Ameyaltepec). Certainly an entire comparative study of the present phonetics and phonology of forms that were initially {ah} should be undertaken. \mod Add /tlatekitia/ to vocabulary. Note how an adjective /tlateki/ can be verbalized. \rt In Classical Nahuatl this root was <na>ahwa</na>. \ref 04610 \lxa isi:kilistli \lxac isi:kilistli \lxo ísi:kilístli \lxoa ísi:ka:lístli \lxoc ísi:kilístli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes-lex \se lack of breath; panting \ss falta de respiración \pna O:mik de isi:kilistli. \pea He died from lack of breath (e.g., a child you died from pneumonia, who couldn't breathe). \psa Se murióde falta de respiración (p. ej., un niño que se murióde neumonía, quien no se podía respirar). \sem disease \xrb hsi:ka \ref 04611 \lxa sakapatlaxtli \lxac sakapatlaxtli \lxo sakapatlaxtli \lxoc sakapatlaxtli \lxt sakapatlaxtle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn Stem 1(ch) \se grass, member of the Poaceae family, still not identified \ss zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp sakatl \xrb saka \xrb patlach \cpl Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the <i>Gramineae</i> family, named in Spanish <spn>zacate ancho</spn>, the semantic equivalent of the Nahuatl term. Although one Am consultant stated that his type of zacate was good for roofing, this is not the case according to C. Flores. The originally statement was /Sakapatla:xtli | Bwe:noh para kahli tlakpak/ ' <na>Sakapatla:xtli</na> : It is good for houses, the top (i.e., thatched roofing).' I have temporarily removed this pending further study. \nct sakatl \ref 04612 \lxa kakaltso:ntsi:n \lxac kakaltso:ntsi:n \lxo kákasó:ntsi:n \lxoc kákasó:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan calzon \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \sea <l>Passiflora sp.</l> L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers) \ssa <l>Passiflora sp.</l> L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, asíllamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de hombre) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva mama:xtlatsi:n \equiva papa:ntalo:ntsi:n \equivo pápantaló:ntsi:n \qry Check etymology and roots, identification and uses. Although I have recorded /kakaltso:ntsi:n/ perhaps, given the explanation of its etymology, this should be /kakalso:ntsi:n/. Check vowel length. I checked with Maurilio Jiménez and he pronounced this with a /s/ not /ts/; I have changed the original /kakaltso:ntsi:n/ of my notes to /kakalso:ntsi:n/. However, the vowel length should be checked, as I noted that Maurilio Jiménez used a long /a:/ in /ka:lson/. Note that in one entry I have simply stated that this is a plant, i.e. not a vine. Check. \cpl One person said that this plant is so-called for the form of its leaves. According to María García and others, this is the same plant as that known as <na>mama:xtlatsi:n</na>. \nct xiwtli \ref 04613 \lxa tepe:tl \lxac tepe:tl \lxo tepe:tl \lxoc tepe:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se hill; mountain \ss cerro; montaña \xrb tepe: \ref 04614 \lxa pa:ki \lxac pa:ki \lxo pa:ki \lxoc pa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(k) \se to be happy; to be content \ss estar feliz; estar contento \pna Pa:ki, yo:yekok itah. \pea He is happy, his father has arrived. \psa Estáfeliz, ya llegósu papá. \pna Pa:ki mosuwa:w pa:mpa o:tekok. \pea Your wife is happy because you've arrived. \psa Tu esposa está feliz porque llegaste. \pna Nochipa nampa:ktokeh, xkaman namokwala:nian. \pea You all are always content, you never get angry with each other (in this case referring to a man and his wife). \psa Ustedes siempre están contentos, nunca se enojan (en este caso un hombre y su esposa). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to be excited; to be jubilant \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar emocionado \pna Papa:kinikone:wa:n, yo:kinwi:kak, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:no:n u:nkah mi:hli. Tla:ki. \pea His children are happy and excited, he (their father) took them, he took them to take a look at how the maize is. It is bearing fruit. \psa Sus hijos están emocionados, los llevó(su papá), los llevó a asomar como andaba el maíz. Estárindiendo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to start to feel better or recover, little by little (physically) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) empezar a recuperarse, aliviarse o mejorarse, poco a poco (físicamente) \pna Yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye tlachia, ye pati. \pea Little by little he's started to get somewhat better, he's already come above, he's already getting well. \psa Poco a poco se va mejorando, ya está conciente, ya se mejora. \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n. \pea He used to be ill. Now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better. \psa Estaba enfermo. Ahora poco a poco ya empezó a aliviarse, ya está un poquito mejor. \sem emotions \xrb pa:ki \xvca pa:ktia \xvco pa:htia \nse The verb <na>pa:ki</na> means, in difference contexts and different tenses and aspects, 'to be happy' and 'to be healthy.' Most generally, the form with a"progressive/stative"ending <na>-tok</na> indicates a state of healthiness: <na>nipa:ktok</na> 'I am healthy.' This applies to other tenses such as <na>nipa:ktos</na>, etc. On the other hand, this verb without a"progressive/stative"ending often means 'to become happy.' Thus <na>nipa:kis</na> is most often 'I will be happy.' Nevertheless, occasionally this division in meaning is not applicable. Thus with long vowel reduplication as in <na>Yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye tlachia, ye pati</na> the reference of <na>pa:pa:ki</na> is to health, as clearly established by the meaning of what follows, <na>ye tlachia, ye pati</na>. \qry Check to see if applicative exists: /nikpa:kilia notah/, etc. \vl There are 3 female tokens. Do not link the first, used 2nd or 3rd. \grm Tsi:-n diminutive: /Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n/ 'He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.' Note the case of /-tsi:n/ being used with a verb (apparently in its stative aceptation). Very few verbs take this endings (perhaps check), and the only one I can remember in the corpus is /poliwitsi:n/. \grm Causative; directional /Papa:kin ikone:wan, yo:kinwi:kak, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli, tla:ki./ 'His children are happy and excited, he (their father) took them, he took them too see how the maize is. It is bearing fruit.' This phrase is interesting for several reasons. The first concerns the use of /tlachialtia/, a causative of an intransitive /tlachia/. The latter means 'to take a peek at' when used with a directional, e.g., /xtlachiati/ 'go take a look' or /xontlachia/ 'take a peek out (e.g., of a window).' In the causative note that apparently the directional suffix continues to have this semantic sense of 'to take a look over there' 'to take a peek at,' etc. But now, with the causative, the directional suffix effectively indicates a movement of the object (patient), in this case the children being moved. This counters the idea that the suffix always indicates subject (at times called purposive) movement. Syntactically, the question here is the formal process of derivat ion. However, it seemsthat at least at some semantic level the reading is"cause to take a look at,"i.e., [tlachia+extraverse directional] + causativization. \ref 04615 \lxa pa:xtsatsi \lxac pa:xtsatsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \sea to squeal; to emit a high-piercing sound (particularly of animals) \ssa chillar; soltar un sonido alto y agudo (particularmente en cuanto a los animales) \pna Pa:xtsatsi un osto:tsi:n, ipan notlakwa:nkestok masa:tl. \pea That fox is squealing in a high piercing voice, a dear is kneeling on it. \psa Esa zorra está chillando en una voz alta y aguda, un venado está hincado sobre ella. \sea to squeak in a high, weak voice (like the sound made by a person grabbed by the throat who tries to shout) \ssa gritar en una voz alta y débil (como el sonido emitido por una persona agarrada por el cuelo que por eso no puede gritar bien) \pna San pa:xtsatsi, xtsatsi ke:n tla:katl. \pea He just squeaks in a high, piercing voice, he cannot shout like a man. \psa chilla con una voz alta y aguda, no puede gritar como hombre. \sem sound-animal \encystmp tsatsi and different types of sounds emitted by animals and humans \xrb pa:x \xrb tsahtsi \nse There are several variants of <na>tsatsi</na> that indicate a way in which the shouting occurs (e.g., <na>patlaktsatsi</na>), though the etymology of the first element (in the present case <na>pa:x</na>) is not entirely certain. In general it refers to a muffled type of shout. \qry In general check all verbs of"speaking"and the types of modifying incorporated elements that they may take. /paxtsatsi/ refers, in regards to humans, to the sound which is made by a person grabbed by the throat who can therefore not shout well and strongly. Determine the precise meaning of /pa:xtsatsi/ and the beings and situations to which it may apply. Record an example. \ref 04616 \lxa teketsiwi \lxac teketsiwi \lxo teketsiwi \lxoc téteketsíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \syn teketse:wi \se to form a bump or protuberance \ss salir como un tope o protuberancia \pna O:teketsiw mopla:toh. Xotiktla:lilih tetl. \pea A bump rose on (the base of) your plate (of clay, that was being made and drying in the sun). You didn't lay a stone on top of it (to keep it flat and from warping). \psa Le salió una protuberancia en (la base de) tu plato (de cerámica, que estabas haciendo). No le pusiste una piedra encima (para mantenerlo plano mientras que se secara en el sol). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to turn upward at the edges (e.g., a tortilla as it dries, the brim of a hat after having gotten wet and then dried and shrunk); to form a bump (by having a small section rise up, e.g., on a flat surface such paper or a sheet of clay being dried) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) subirle la orilla a (p. ej., una tortilla al secarse, las alas de un sombrero que se mojó al secarse y encojerse); salirle una protuberancia en (p. ej., sobre una superficie plana, como papel o una hoja de barro al secarse) \pna O:teteketsiw mosombre:roh, o:patsiw. \pea Your hat (i.e., its edge) has curled up, it got wet. \psa Tu sombrero (esto es, las alas) se encorvaron hacia arriba, se mojó. \equivao teketse:wi \xrb te \xrb kets \nae This verb is usually found in the reduplicated form. \qry Determine all potential subjects of /teketsiwi/; determine whether meaning is the same as /teketse:wi/. \mod see illustration \rt The root <nr>kets</nr>, isolated by the same determination used for all <na>-iwi</na> verbs (e.g., <nr>pol</nr> as the root of <nla>poliwi</nla>) is undoubtedly related to <nr>ketsa</nr>, historically at least although no derivational process is readily apparent. \ref 04617 \lxa koko:ktsi:n \lxac koko:ktsi:n \lxo koko:htsi:n \lxoc koko:htsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1 \se type of small insect, still not identified \ss tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado \pna Koko:ktsi:n | Deke tikasis wan tiktlampacho:s san yo:li:ktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. Inakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke:itlah chi:hli. Wel patla:ni. \pea <na>Koko:ktsi:n</na> : If you catch it and hold it between your teeth, slowly you'll feel that it tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as if it were chile. \psa <na>Koko:ktsi:n</na> : Si lo agarras y lo sostienes entre los dientes, poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. Wel patla:ni. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb koko: \qry I seem to remember this insect as edible; check. \ref 04618 \lxa tlampachowa \lxac kitlampachowa \lxo tlampachowa \lxoc kitlampachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \se to hold in ones mouth (between ones teeth or lips) \ss agarrar o sostener en la boca (entre los dientes o labios) \pna Xtlampacho moxo:chiw! \pea Hold your flower between your teeth (e.g., like some dancers do)! \psa ¡Agarra tu flor en la boca (esto es, entre los dientes como hacen algunos danzantes)! \xrb tlan \xrb pach \mod Illustrate \ref 04619 \lxa tepayolowa \lxaa tepayelowa \lxac kitepayolowa \lxo tepailowa \lxoc kitepailowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to gather into a pile (scattered things, such as beans, maize, etc., gathering the items together with both hands, which are used to push and sweep everything into a pile) \ss juntar en un montoncito (cosas regadas como frijoles, maíz, etc., se juntan las cosas con las dos manos que barren y empujan las cosas hacia un solo montículo) \pna Xtepayolo! Ma:ka sayhkó:n moya:wtok! \pea Push then together into a pile (e.g., beans)! Don't just leave them lying there spread out (e.g., to dry in the sun)! \psa ¡Júntalos en un montoncito (p. ej., frijoles)!¡Quéno estén asínada más de regados (p. ej., para secarse en el sol)! \se to gather up into a bunch (e.g., ones skirt while crossing a river so that it doesn't get wet) \ss subir, juntando en una bola (p. ej., la falda al cruzar un río para que no se moje) \pna Xtepayolo mokwe! \pea Gather up your skirt! \psa ¡Súbete la falta! \se to coil (a rope) \ss enrollar (un lazo) \pna Xtepayolo un la:soh! \pea Coil up that rope! \psa ¡Enrolla ese laso! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., sleeves or pant legs) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar; subir (p. ej., pantalones o mangas de camisas) \pna Xtetepayolo mokoto:n! \pea Roll up the sleeves of your shirt! \psa ¡Sube las mangas de tu camisa! \dis olo:chowa; sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa \dis tetepayolowa; tetekwia \xrb te \xrb payol \nde Classical Nahuatl has <n>tapayoloa. ni</n>, which Molina glosses as 'hacer pelota, o ovillo de hilo.' \qry Check to see if /moya:wtok/ should be /moya:wto/ in /Xtepayolo, ma:ka sayhkón moya:wtok!/. Also check whether unreduplicated is always used to gather up a skirt; and distinguish between /tetekwia/ used in reference to sleeves and /tetepayolowa/ for the same. \pqry The length of the /i/ is still uncertain in Oapan. If it is long, then the phonological rules/historical processes that led to this long vowel (where other dialects apparently don't have one) should be investigated. \ref 04620 \lxa tlaxtla:wi \lxac tlaxtla:wi \lxo tlaxtla:wi \lxoc tlaxtla:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \infv pl. <nao>tlaxtla:wi:kan</nao> \se thanks; thank you \ss gracias \cfao tlaxtla:wia \xrb xtla: \xvaa tlaxtla:wia lia \cfa tlaxtla:wia \dis tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mative. \qry Check length of final /i:/ in /tlaxtla:wi:kan/. \vl There are some additional tokens from 2818. Note that the linked sound file should be from the 4620 set, which should be better sound quality. \ref 04621 \lxa tepilowa \lxac kitepilowa \lxo tepilowa \lxoc kitepilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to tie a rock to (e.g., a rod to straighten it out by hanging it from a tree) \ssao atar una piedra a (p. ej., una vara <nlo>wítlátl</nlo> para enderezarla) \seao to tie a rock to and throw into the water (a person, either sb already dead in order to hide the corpse, or to kill sb still alive) \ssao amarrar una piedra a y aventar al agua (una persona, o algn ya muerto para esconder el cadaver, o para matar a algn todavía vivo) \xrb te \xrb pil \grm Incorporation; nondirected alternation: Perhaps carry out a brief study of all verbs of nondirected alternation that have incorporated nouns (such as /tepilowa/) and determine whether the majority are transitive. It seems, from my sense of Nahuatl, that it is much more common for transitive verbs of the intrans/transitive pairs to manifest incorporation (e.g., of instrument). Check. \ref 04622 \lxa kanasti:tah \lxac kanasti:tah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan canastita \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea design of woven palm, in the shape of a small basket, used on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, en la forma de una canastita, para Domingo de Ramos \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \nse Although the borrowing <no>kana:stah</no> exists in Oapan Nahuatl it is not used to reference the pattern of woven palm used on Palm Sunday, which is an Ameyaltepec tradition. \ref 04623 \lxa na:hka:n \lxac na:hka:n \lxo na:hka:n \lxoc na:hka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se in four places \ss en cuatro lugares \pna Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawi:pa:nahli motlapech. \pea You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (<nla>tlapextli</nla>) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places. \psa No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de <nla>tlapextli</nla>) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, está amarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en tres lugares. \xrb na:wi \xrl -ka:n \mod See illustration with file card. \qry Check here and elsewhere length of /i/ in /wipa:na/. It might be long. \ref 04624 \lxa ko:kocho:ka \lxac ko:kocho:ka \lxo a:kó:kochó:ka \lxoc a:kó:kochó:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to emit gulping sounds from the throat \ss salirle sonidos de tragar agua en la garganta \pna Deke tikoni:tiwetsis a:tl, tiko:kocho:kas. \pea If you drink (a lot of) water quickly, your will hear gulping sounds in your throat. \psa Si tomas (mucha) agua rápido, van a salir sonidos de tragar en tu garganta. \sem sound-human \xrb ko:koh \xrb cho:ka \qry Check length of initial vowel for this word. I initially had it short but it seems to be probably long. \ref 04625 \lxa pexo:ni \lxac pexo:ni \lxo pexo:ni \lxoc pexo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to become filled to the brim (a liquid inside a container); to overflow \ss llenarse hasta el tope (un líquido dentro de un recipiente); rebosarse; desbordarse \xrb pexo: \xvcao pexo:naltia \qry Although RS has both /pexonia/ and /pexonaltia/, Ameyaltepec has only had /pexo:naltia/ documented so far. FK mentions /pexo:ntia/, which is apparently from Zacapoaxtla although she is unclear on this point. Check whether this verb is 'to overflow' or 'to fill to the brim.' \ref 04626 \lxa yechi:boh \lxac yechi:boh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>chivo</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \se type of <nla>itakatl</nla> (Oapan equivalent <nlo>ítakachí:boh</nlo>) \ss tipo de <nla>itakatl</nla> (equivalente en Oapan <nlo>ítakachí:boh</nlo>) \se bean broth prepared with <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> \ss caldo de frijol preparado con <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> \pna Yechi:boh, nochichi:wa ika pi:pitikyetl. Kinelowan ika nextamahli iwa:n chi:hli iwa:n istatl para nokwepa de itakatl. \pea The food called <na>yechi:boh</na>, it is made with small black beans. They are mixed in the maize dough with chile and salt so that it becomes an <nla>itakatl</nla> (after being toasted on the clay griddle). \psa La comida llamada <na>yechi:boh</na> se hace con frijoles negros chiquitos. Se revuelven con masa y chile y sal para que se vuelve un <na>itakatl</na>. \pna Yechi:boh, ista:kyetl, nisekin ipan koma:hli iwa:n kikwe:kwe:chowan ipan metlatl. Xti:roh kwe:xtik, san kipa:paya:nan dya konxi:nian itik ko:ntli. Kitla:lian chi:hli, xkikwe:chowan chi:hli, san ente:roh iwa:n xonakatl, sila:ntroh iwa:n istatl. \pea For <na>yechi:boh</na>, white beans are toasted on a griddle and then slowly ground up on a metate. Not too fine, they are just coarsely ground up and then they are thrown into a pot. Chile is added, it isn't ground up, it is just (put in) as a whole piece with onion, cilantro, and salt. \psa For <na>yechi:boh</na>, frijoles blancos se tuestan sobre un comal y se muelen despacio sobre un metate. No muy fino, solamente la muelen burdamente y entonces los echan a una olla. Le ponen chile, no molido sino entero con cebolla, cilantro y sal. \sem food \sem food-maize \xrb ye \qry Check both recipes, i.e., make sure it is a broth and an itacate, also make sure that white beans are used in the broth. \ref 04627 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for I:cha:n Chi:bos; it has been removed and placed in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04628 \lxa ma:wi:teki \lxac noma:wi:teki \lxo ma:wi:teki \lxoc kima:wi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to hit or strike hard the hand of \ss golpear la mano duro a \pna Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek. \pea My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard. \psa Ya se me empezó a hinchar la mano, me la golpeéduro. \sem contact \xrb ma: \xrb wi:teki \nae This word is usually used in the reflexive to indicate the accidental striking of ones hand against a hard surface, as when one swings ones arms and inadvertently strikes ones hand against something, hurting it. \qry Determine whether the nonreflexive is used. \rt Determine how /wi:teki/ has been analyzed and listed in the root section. If as /wi:/ and /teki/, then add an extra element under xrc /wi:teki/. \ref 04629 \lxa komisió:n \lxac komisió:n \lxo komísio:n \lxoc komísio:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan comisión \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes \se town police force \ss fuerza policiaca del pueblo \pna Wa:hlaw komisió:n. \pea The town police are coming. \psa Viene la policía. \pna Newa nikpia nokomisió:n. \pea I (the town mayor) have my police force. \psa Yo (el alcalde del pueblo) tengo mi policía. \qry Check meaning as to whether this refers only to the police force, or whether one can also use the word to refer to any type of official 'commission' to do something. \ref 04630 \lxa pa:pankwi \lxac kipa:pankwi \lxo pa:pankwi \lxoc kipa:pankwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \se to pick over (sth, taking only what one wants); to do (a job) in bits and pieces or partially \ss rebuscar en (algo, para encontrar lo que uno quiere); hacer (un trabajo) poco a poco o parcialmente \pna San kipa:pankwi, mitsmaka tli:n kineki. \pea He just picks out things here and there, he gives you what he wants to. \psa Solamente escoge de aquíy de allá, te da lo que quiere. \pna Xkihlia tli:n o:kihlikeh, san kipa:pankwi. \pea He doesn't tell him what they told him, he just tells bits and pieces (i.e., chosing to tell only what he wishes). \psa No le dice lo que le dijeron, solamente revela partes escogidas. \se to do crassly or carelessly only hitting the right spots far apart (not paying the proper attention, e.g., in plowing a field and leaving the furrows spaced wide apart, in grinding <na>nixtamal</na> coarsely, pushing the <spn>mano de metate</spn> down on the <spn>nixtamal</spn> only at points spread wide apart) \ss hacer burdamente y sin cuidado atinándole muy de vez en cuando (no prestando la atención adecuada o apropiada, p. ej., en arar un terreno dejando los surcos muy abiertos, en moler maíz toscamente, colocando la mano de metate en puntos muy abiertos sobre el nixtamal) \pna San kipa:pankwi, totoma:wak un surkos. \pea He just plows the land crassly, the furrows are spaced far apart. \psa Solamente ara el terreno toscamente, los surcos están muy esparcidos. \pna San kipa:pankwi tixtli. Xkwe:xtik, papayextik. \pea She just coarsely grinds the <spn>nixtamal</spn>. It's not finely ground, it's coarse. \psa Solamente muele burdamente el nixtamal. No está bien molido, está muy gruesa. \equiva pa:pankwia \xrb -pan; kwi \nse <na>Pa:pankwi</na> and <na>pa:pankwia</na> have only been documented in reduplicated form with a long vowel. In general this verb refers to performing an action that consists, literally or figuratively, in coming down on some object at points widely dispersed. This is the unifying theme between actions such as picking and choosing what to tell or what to sell, and performing an action such as plowing and grinding at points far apart on the surface of the material (earth or <spn>nixtamal</spn>) being affected. In reference to grinding <spn>nixtamal</spn>, <na>pa:pankwi</na> refers to grinding with a <spn>metlapile</spn> in large, spaced out motions, grinding the <spn>nixtamal</spn> first in one place and then placing the <spn>metlapile</spn> down quite a bit above the original place, so that the dough remains coarse. And in the phrase <na>Xkihlia tli:n o:kihlikeh, san kipa:pankwi</na> the reference is to a situation in which a messenger is told to communicate something but then delivers only part of the message, telling perhaps only the part he wishes to. Or finally, in the phrase <na>san kipa:pankwi, mitsmaka tli:n kineki</na> the situation might be that someone has asked another to borrow wood and the potential lender picks through the pile just taking out the pieces he wants to give. \qry Check for short vowel reduplication /papankwi/ or no reduplication at all (pankwi). \pqry This is an excellent example of long vowel reduplication. A quick measure shows that the first two vowels are 143:66 and 141:68 for Florencia Marcelino, and 110:64 and 101:50 for Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 04631 \lxa yepakilkuwtli \lxac yepakilkuwtli \lxo yepakilkohtli \lxoc yepakilkohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao tree of the Leguminoseae family, found on lands of Ameyaltepec, with edible shoots that with the first rains emerge from the tips of its branches \ssao árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, localizado en los terrenos de Ameyaltepec, con retoños comestibles que con las primeras lluvias salen de las ramitas \apao yepakihli \xrb epa \xrb kil \xrb kow \cpl Also known simply as <nlao>yepakihli</nlao>, although this shortened form is also used to refer to the edible leaves themselves. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>quelite zorro</spn> (the literal meaning of the Nahuatl) of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>. There is no mention of <spn>quelite zorro</spn> in either Schoenhals (1988) or Guizar and Sánchez (1991). However, the latter do mention a tree of the <i>Leguminosae; faboideae</i> family identified as <i>Eysenhardtia polystachya</i> or, in Spanish <spn>palo dulce</spn> ; given the edible nature of the young shoots of this plant, perhaps this is the name. \ref 04632 \lxa xa:yakatl \lxac i:xa:yak \lxo xa:yakatl \lxoc i:xa:yak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se face (of a person or animal) \ss cara; rostro (de una persona o animal) \se face, surface (of an object) \ss superficie, cara (de un objeto) \sem body \xrb xa:yak \qry Obviously the combination form is /xa:yaka/; and Molina gives /xayacatl/. In my notes, however, I have recorded the absolutive form as /xa:yaktli/. This should be checked as I have heard this almost exclusively as a possessed noun. Check also other things/objects that may have a"xayak." \ref 04633 \lxa we:wetlato:hli \lxac we:wetlato:hli \lxo wé:wetlátó:hli \lxoc wé:wetlátó:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se speech presented by a representative of the groom and his family either to request a girl's hand in marriage or to calm the anger of parents whose daughter has eloped \ss discurso presentado por un representante del novio y su familia para pedir la mano de una muchacha en matrimonio o para calmar la ira de los padres de una muchacha que se fugócon su novio \xrb we:we: \xrb hto \nae The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl <no>wé:wetlátó:hli</no> is the result of two underlying syllables with {h} as coda, each of which creates pitch accent that is then reassigned in clash avoidance (the pitch accent of <no>wé</no> shifts left to <no>wé:</no>). The third pitch accented syllable is the result of phrasal (in this case limited to the word) intonation. \pqry The pitch accent pattern on /wé:wetlátó:hli/ is interesting. Note for article. \grm Oapan phonology: /wé:we:tlátó:hli/: Note that stress pattern and measure for article. \ref 04634 \lxa patilia \lxac kipatilia \lxo patilia \lxoc kipatilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to exchange (sth [SO]) for (sb [PO]); to switch (sth [SO]) for (sb [PO]) \ss trocarle (algo [OS]) a (algn [OP]); cambiarle (algo [OS]) a (algn [OP]) \pna O:ne:chpatilih. Xonikitak, a:man yo:kwi:kak. \pea He switched it on me. I didn't notice, now he's taken it away. \psa Me lo cambió. No lo vi, ahora ya se lo llevó. \se to replace (one part of sth for another) \ss remplazar (una parte de algo para otro) \pna Nikimpapatili:s imekayowa:n noburroh, yo:isolihkeh. \pea I'm going to switch the ropes (and tether) on my burro, they have gotten worn out. \psa Le voy a cambiar los lasos y sogas a mi burro, ya se desgastaron. \seao (recipr. + <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa) [noun]) to swap [noun] \ssao (recipr. + <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa) [sustantivo]) intercambiar [sustantivo] \pna Timotlapatili:skeh ika tosombre:ros. \pea We will swap hats. \psa Vamos a intercambiar sombreros. \se (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) to switch or exchange places with; to miss (sb e.g., as each person departs to see the other at the same time) \ss (refl + <n>-wa:n</n>) no encontrarse con; desencontrarse con (otra persona cuando cada uno sale a ver el otro); intercambiar lugares \pna I:wa:n o:timopatilih. Xo:tikitak, deke iwa:n timona:mikiskia, tikitaskia ipan otli. \pea You missed him (i.e., you came to see him here and he went to see you there). You didn't see him, if you had run into him you would have seen him on the road. \psa No lo encontraste (esto es, lo veniste a ver yél ya se había ido a verte allí). No lo viste, si lo hubieras encontrado, lo hubieras visto en el camino. \xrb pa \xvbao patla \qry Determine the difference between /titlapatlaskeh ika X/ and /timotlapatili:skeh ika X/, if there is one. \ref 04635 \lxa ikal chi:lpa:n \lxac ikal chi:lpa:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea wasp's nest \ssa panal de avispas \sea design of woven palm in the shape of a wasp's nest, used on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el panal de avispas, para Domingo de Ramos \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili ikal chi:lpan, na:nkah noso:ya:w! \pea Weave me palm in the form of a wasp's nest, here is my palm! \psa ¡Téjeme palma en la forma de un panal de avispas, aquí está mi palma! \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \xrb kal \xrb chi:l \xrl -pan \nse In Oapan the locution <no>i:kal chi:lpa:n</no> is used only for a wasps nest. \mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. \ref 04636 \lxa kakasolwa:ki \lxac kakasolwa:ki \lxo kakasolwa:ki \lxoc kakasolwa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(k) \se to dry up and become light \ss secarse y ponerse ligero \pna O:kakasolwa:hkeh nosandiawa:n, xo:nikinkwito. \pea My watermelons completely dried up, I didn't go to bring them in (from the field). \psa Se secaron por completo mis sandías, no los fui a traer (de la milpa). \pna Yo:kakasolwa:k, xok yo:ltias. \pea It's become completely dried up, it won't rejuvenate anymore (e.g., a branch of a tree that has died and dried up). \psa Se ha secado por completo, ya no va a reverdecer (p. ej., una rama de unárbol que se secó y se murió). \pna Yo:mik, xakah o:kitak, sampa o:kakasolwa:k. \pea He died and no one saw him, he just dried up to nothing right there (where he had fallen). \psa Se murió y nadie lo vió, nada más se secó y marchitó allímismo (donde se cayómuerto). \cfao kakasoliwi \xrb kasol \xrb wa: \nse The difference between <nla>kakasoliwi</nla> and <na>kakasolwa:ki</na> is not altogether clear. <na>Kakasolwa:ki</na> is often used to refer to watermelon or squash that gets left in the field and, instead of rotting, dries and shrivels up, becoming very light. It may also refer to these same fruits that are picked and left a long time in ones house. Squash, people say, is good for about three months before <na>pe:wa kakasolwa:ki</na> 'it begins to dry up.' Apparently <na>kakasolwa:ki</na> includes a specific reference to lightness being the result of drying, which <na>kakasoliwi</na> does not. \qry As with other entries beginning with /kakasol.../ check etymology. Check to see if transitive form exists. Check difference with /pili:ni/ and also cognates in Tetelcingo and Ozomatlán to determine whetherfirst /o/ is the result of vowel harmony. On one file card I have the phrase /kakasolwa:kis/ 'se va a demacrar.' Check to determine whether this verb can be used with human subjects. I had a note stating that"In Oapan the cognate form is <na>kosolwa:ki</na>, which refers to a green plant which drys from not being watered."However, I do not have /kosolwa:ki/ in the database. This should be checked. \mod Determine differences between /pili:ni/, /kakasoliwi/, /kakasolwa:ki/, and any other words that may reflect similar events. \ref 04637 \lxa pitsa:wi \lxac pitsa:wi \lxo pitsa:wi \lxoc pitsa:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to become thin (sth long, like a strap of leather, a rope, etc.) \ss adelgazarse (algo largo, como un tirante, un laso, etc.) \pna Xmopilo, ma pitsa:wi nola:soh! \pea Pull down hard so that my rope becomes thinner (from the force of having it pulled on)! \psa ¡Jálale fuerte, que se haga más delgado mi laso (por haber sido jalado)! \xrb pitsa: \ref 04638 \lxa sepatsi:n \lxac sepatsi:n \lxo sápatsí:n \lxoc sápatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm-tsi:n \pa yes \se once; one time \ss una vez \pna San sepatsi:n o:nyeka. \pea I only went once. \psa Fui solamente una vez. \xrb sepa \nae In Oapan Nahuatl all words that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl contain <na>sepa</na> have pitch accent. The reason for this is not entirely clear, but it might have something to do with the double consonant found in other dialects (e.g., Classical <n>ceppa</n>) in which the initial /p/ was realized as [h] that then feeds into a rule assigning pitch accent from underlying {h}. \qry Check to see if words like /sepa/, /sepan/, etc. are entered. Perhaps cross-reference all in one disambiguating entry. \pqry The reason for the pitch accent in Oapan is not clear. \sj Check for /h/. \ref 04639 \lxa deke \lxac deke tikneki \lxo deki \lxoa deke \lxoa diki \lxoa di \lxoc deke kinekis, deki kinekis \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan de que \psm Subord \der Subord-loan \se if; in the event that \ss si; en caso de que \pna Deki niá:s, timitsompale:wi:s. \pea If I go, I will help you. \psa Si voy, allá te ayudaré. \pna Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih. \pea It didn't smell as if he had slaughtered an animal. \psa No olia como si hubiera sacrificado un animal. \pno Xnikmati deke niá:s. \peo I don't know if I'm going to go. \pso No sési voy a ir. \mod Check use from taped conversations. Switch the sentence from dya: to this. \vl Note that there are 4 tokens of /deke kinekis/ (to be tagged as 4639) followed by four tokens of /deke:n/ or some similar form (which should also be tagged also as 04639). But the linked element to the lexical entry should be /deke kinekis/, one female and one male token. \ref 04640 \lxa ko:skatl \lxac ko:skatl \lxo ko:skatl \lxoc ko:skatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se necklace (of a person) \ss collar (de una persona) \se (intrinsic possession) necklace (e.g., painted on a ceramic or similar object) \ss (posesión intrínseca) collar (p. ej., pintado sobre una cerámica u objeto similar) \pna Kipia iko:skayo, kwaltsi:n. \pea It has its necklace (in this case a ceramic canteen painted as a woman), it is pretty. \psa Tiene su collar (en este caso una cantimplora pintada como una mujer), es bonita. \xrb ko:s \nae The two villages manifest slightly different possessed forms for alienable possession. In Ameyaltepec the final stem vowel /a/ is retained in the possessed form (i.e., <na>i:ko:skaw</na>), in Oapan the possessed form loses the stem-final vowel (i.e., <no>noko:s</no>). The intrinsically possessed form with <n>-yo</n> is rare, but has been documented in reference to a necklace painted on a ceramic canteen. This usage fits in well with an analysis of <n>-yo</n> as representing a part/whole relationship. \grm Possession with /-yo/: The use of /-yo/ is much more complex than most of the literature on the subject for Nahuatl. The present case, /Kipia iko:skayo, kwaltsi:n/ reveals this complicated relation. The previous phrase ('it has its necklace, it is pretty') was uttered by Marcelo Venancio when looking at a ceramic canteen in the book The Amate Tradition. The utterance was spontaneous and was probably not previously part of the lexicon of the area. That is, there is no word /ko:skayo:tl/, or anything similar. Indeed, I only heard this possessed form of /ko:skatl/ with /-yo/ once during five years in the region. The reason it is used is clear: the necklace is fully integrated (as painted on) in the ceramic. Although it is not a necessary part of the ceramic and if it could be erased the canteen would still be a canteen (and probably the female image would still be a female image, since there are still many other accouterments that would so identify it). In this sense the use of /-yo/ here differs from that in aconstruction such as /ikahlo/ 'its roof' since a house would not be a house without a roof, and therefore a roof is an integral part of the house. NOTE: the nature of lexical semantics should be studied to determine the different aspects of part-whole relations, etc. \ref 04641 \lxa chi:patla:wa \lxac kichi:patla:wa \lxo chi:patla:wa \lxoc kichi:patla:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to cut a long, wide swath in; to clear a large area (in the woods) \ss hacer una larga y ancha franja en; limpiar un claro (en un bosque) \pna Yo:titlako:lo:to. Mo:nteh katka, a:man yo:noka:w sa: tlapatla:hko, we:i o:tikchi:ipatla:w un kowyoh katka. \pea You went to clear the land. It was forest, now it's become nothing more than a wide clearing, you cleared a wide swath in what was once an area full of trees. \psa Fuiste a desmontar. Era monte, ahora no quedómás que un ancho claro, abriste una franja en un lugar donde había muchosárboles. \xrb chi: \xrb patla: \mod Add entry for /chi:patla:wi/. Also check for other uses. \ref 04642 \lxa tlachikipe:lotok \lxac tlachikipe:lotok \lxo tlachikipé:lotók \lxoa tlaxikipé:lotók \lxop tlaxikipe:lotok \lxoc tlachikipé:lotók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der (tla-V2)-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be (sitting or lying down) with ones legs spread out or open \ss estar (sentado o acostado) con las piernas abiertas \sem body position \syna ikxitlapo:wtok \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \nae The stative <na>tlachikipe:lotok</na> derives from a lexicalized meaning of <na>tlachikipe:lowa</na> as 'to open ones legs,' i.e., the transitive verb <na>chikipe:lowa</na> preceded by the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> which here has the understood meaning of 'ones legs/body.' The resulting verb is thereby detransitivized and with the durative element <n>-tok</n> acquires a stative, not progressive, meaning. Note the alternation in Oapan between <no>chiki</no> and <no>xiki</no>. Apparently the latter is more common. Finally, the Oapan term is frequently reduplicated, e.g., <no>tlá:xikipé:lotók</no>. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of the Oa word from 06256. These should also be tagged with 4642. \grm Statives; I think that perhaps statives/resultatives can be divided into teh followin main classes: 1) those derived from intransitive verbs that exist in the lexicon: /koto:ntok/; 2) those derived from intransitive verbs that have not been documented (e.g., /kweptok/); and 3) those derived from intransitive verbs that are detransitivized transitives (as in the present case). Note that this yields 3 patterns for the der field: V1-Stat; *V1-Stat; and (tla-V2)-Stat. This should be standardized. \ref 04643 \lxa komekatl \lxac komekatl \lxo kohmekatl \lxoc kohmekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se vine (generic term) \ss bejucco (término genérico) \se (intrinsic possession) vine (of certain plants such as watermelon, melon, squash, etc.) \ss (posesión intrínseca) enredadera de ciertas plantas (sandía, melón, calabaza) \pna S:andiah kipia ikomekayo. \pea Watermelon grows on (lit. 'has') a vine. \psa Sandía crece sobre (lit. 'tiene') un bejucco. \se (intrinsic possession) lineaje (either ones ancestors or descendants, i.e., lineal relatives) \ss (posesión intrínseca) lineaje (tanto los antepasados o ancestros como los descendientes de uno, esto es, los parientes lineales) \pna De umpa wa:hle:wa komekatl. \pea The ancestors (of a given person) are from there. \psa Los antepasados (de una persona en particular) vienen de allá. \pna Ne: Sá:n Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo -=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl-. Umpa nikomekatl. \pea My roots are in San Juan, that's where my ancestors come from. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there. \psa Allá en san Juan, de allá viene mis antepasados (mis raíces). De allá soy un retoño (descendiente). \pna Newa nokomekayo. \pea There are my offspring (or ancestors). \psa Son descendientes (o antepasados) míos. \pna Newa nonelwayo, newa nokomekayo. \pea He is my root, he is my vine (said of ones child who has gone to live in another pueblo). \psa Es mi raíz, es mi tallo (se dice del hijo de uno que ha ido a vivir en otro pueblo). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp botany: komekatl \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \cpl According to Luis Lucena there exist the following types of <na>komekatl</na> : <na>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</na>, <na>komalakawistli</na>, <na>a:jos komekatl</na> (a type of vine that smells like ajos), <na>ikuh chichi</na>, <na>nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl</na>, and <na>ikomekayo sa:ndiah</na> (<na>meló:n</na> :, etc.). \ref 04644 \lxa xo:chioh \lxac xo:chioh \lxo xo:chioh \lxoc xo:chioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \se to have flowers; to be covered with flowers (e.g., a design pattern on fabric, etc.) \ss tener flores; estar cubierto de flores (p. ej., un diseño sobre tela, etc.) \se (<nao>tlake:ntli de</nao> ~) flowered cloth; cloth with a flower pattern (in Oapan the reduplicated <no>xo:xo:chyoh</no> is often used) \ss (<nao>tlake:ntli de</nao> ~) tela floreada; tela con un diseño de flores (en Oapan a menudo la forma reduplicada <no>xo:xo:chyoh</no> se utiliza) \xrb xo:chi \ono tlake:ntli (perhaps divide into men's and women's clothing; technology of; patterns of cloth). \qry Get other uses of /xo:chioh/, can it refer simply to an area covered by flowers, etc. \ref 04645 \lxa te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl \lxac te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se see <nla>te:yekanono:chilike:tl</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>te:yekanono:chilike:tl</nla> \fla te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \qry Determine which is more common: /te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl/ or /te:yekanono:chilike:tl/. \vl The tokens here for Oapan, /té:yeyé:kano:chíliké:tl/ should be tagged with #00542. One of these present tokens (from 4645) should be the ones linked to the 542 entry. \ref 04646 \lxa cho:kwitl \lxaa cho:kwi:tl \lxac cho:kwitl \lxo cho:kwi:tl \lxoc cho:kwi:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \infn Stem 2 \seao cheapskate; miser \ssao codo; mezquino \pna Cho:kwitl, kicho:kilia itomi:n. \pea He's a cheapskate, he cries after his money. \psa Es mezquino, le llora a su dinero. \seo cry-baby \sso llorón \syno tla:kacho:kwi:tl \cfa cho:kwitla \xrb cho:ka \xrb kwi \nse <nao>Cho:kwi:tl</nao> refers to a person who although rich cries after his money (<na>kicho:ki:lia i:tomin</na>) and doesn't want to spend it on anything. The etimology of this form is uncertain, although the long /i:/ suggests the possibility of a derivation related to <na>kwi</na>. \nae The length of the final vowel in <nao>cho:kwi:tl</nao> is uncertain. In the plural, <nao>cho:kwi:meh</nao> it seems definitely long, but before the absolutive it is hard to determine the length of the /i/. It appears that in Ameyaltepec it is short (at least in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz) whereas in Oapan it is long. \qry Check dif. between this word and /cho:kwitla/. \vl Check vowel length. Originally in my notes (both Am filecards and Oa documentation of sound recordings) I had a long vowel /cho:kwi:tl/. I have maintained this even though /cho:kwitla/, which is perhaps related, has a short vowel in this position. Check all forms. \ref 04647 \lxa tla:lba:yoh \lxac tla:lba:yoh \lxo tla:lba:yoh \lxoc tla:lba:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bayo</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \infn N1 \se light, yellowish soil found near the river and that is noted for being poorly suited for agriculture given that it does not hold water \ss suelo algo amarilloso y de un color ligero que se encuentra por la orilla del río y se considera de baja calidad dado que no retiene agua \sem soil \xrb tla:l \qry Check color known as /bayo/; in Spanish this is a light, cream-colored tint, used particularly in referring to the color of horses and hair. \ref 04648 \lxa da:le te:h \lxac da:le te:h \lxo á:ndaleh téh \lxoc á:ndaleh téh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan ándale \psm Interj \der Interj \se OK then; get with it \ss ándale pues \qry Check final /h/ in /teh/, which appears to be variable. This is the same as /dale téh/ and entry under this latter should be checked, and gloss from /dale téh/ entered here for /andale téh/. \vl Link first female token and last (3rd) male token. \ref 04649 \lxa Si:tlalkrus \lxac Si:tlalkrus \lxo Si:tlalkoros \lxoa Si:talkoros, Si:tlalkrós \lxoc Si:talkoros, Si:tlalkrós \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cruz \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se constellation of stars, apparently the Southern Cross \ss constelación de estrellas, aparentemente la Cruz del sur \sem -es \encyctmp si:tlalin \nae The pronunciation by Florencia Marcelino (Oa) of <n>si:talkoros</n> is constant across her pronuncation of the Nahuatl word for 'star' (other speakers consistently give <n>si:tlalin</n> with the lateral release whereas she consistently gives <n>si:talin</n> with the absence of the lateral release. \vl Link the first female token (/si:talkoros/ and the final male token). \xrb si:tlal \ref 04650 \lxanotes zzz \mod This has been removed as a duplicate of /chia:wak chapolin/ \dt 17/Jun/2003 \ref 04651 \lxa o:ntetsi:n \lxac o:ntetsi:n \lxo ó:ntetsí:n \lxoc ó:ntetsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-num \se (<na>san</na> ~) just two \ss (<na>san</na> ~) sólo dos \pna Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:s san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! \pea Bring your pot of <nla>nextamahli</nla> to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to a couple of tamales! \psa Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más dos tamales. \cfa sentetl \dis o:me; o:ntetl (or o:ntetsi:n) \xrb o:me \xrb te \nse Although in the analysis of <na>sentetl</na> it was suggested that the numerical form ending in <na>-tetl</na> is a predicate and not a modifier, the present example with <na>o:ntetsi:n</na> demonstrates that such forms can also be modifiers. Thus the syntactic or semantic difference between <nla>o:me</nla> and <na>o:ntetl</na> and between <nla>se:</nla> and <na>sentetl</na> is still not completely clear. \qry Determine the difference between /o:ntetl/ and /o:me/. Check whether Oapan has /saó:ntetsí:n/ or /sanó:ntetsí:n/. If n>0 is correct, then the former should be the case. \pqry Try to determine the motive / basis for pitch accent \sj Get SJ form to see if there is an /h/ that could be the motive for Oapan p-a. \grm Numbers: Although in the analysis of <na>sentetl</na> it was suggested that the numerical form ending in <na>-tetl</na> is a predicate and not a modifier, the present example with <na>o:ntetsi:n</na> demonstrates that such forms can also be modifiers. Thus the syntactic or semantic difference between <nla>o:me</nla> and <na>o:ntetl</na> and between <nla>se:</nla> and <na>sentetl</na> is still not completely clear. \ref 04652 \lxa kwe:pani \lxac kwe:pani \lxo kwe:pani \lxoc kwe:pani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-PM \der PM \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se skirt that is worn over a slip (<nlao>ista:hkwe:tli</nlao>) \ss falda que se pone sobre el corpino (<nlao>ista:hkwe:tli</nlao>) \cfa tlake:npani \encyctmp clothes \xrb kwe: \xrb pani \nae The question of whether or not this lexeme, as well as <na>tlake:npani</na>, should be written as one or two words is not easily decided There seems to be no conclusive evidence either way, though a single-word orthography might be more heuristic. \vl Link first male token. \ref 04653 \lxa te:nsa:liwtok \lxac te:nsa:liwtok \lxo te:nsa:lihtok \lxoc te:nsa:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have a cloth covering around the mouth and chin \ss tener una tela protectora amarrada o colocada por la boca y mentón \pna O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:nsa:liwtok -=tite:ntlapachiwtok-. \pea You took the covering off the lower part of your face (e.g., in becoming cured of a particular problem or disease), you no longer have your mouth and chin covered by cloth. \psa Te descubriste la parte inferior de la cara (esto es, al aliviarse de un problema médico en particular), ya no estás con una tela sobre la boca y mentón. \xrb te:n \xrb sa:l \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens, or, check later tokens recorded at 5189 and decide if these are better. \ref 04654 \lxa tlasektli \lxac tlasektli \lxo tlásehtlí \lxoc tlásehtlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \pa yes-lex \se something (such as <spn>guaje</spn> seeds, chile, etc.) that has been dry roasted on top of a griddle \ss algo (como guajes, chile, etc.) que ha sido tostado sobre un comal \pna Chi:hli de tlasektli. \pea It is chile that has been roasted on a hot griddle (e.g., <spn>chile huajillo</spn>). \psa Es chile que ha sido tostado sobre un comal caliente (p. ej., chile huajillo). \xrb hseki \ref 04655 \lxa tla:lki:sa \lxac tla:lki:sa \lxo tla:lki:sa \lxoc tla:lki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to have the dirt come off ones body \ss quitarse la tierra y mugre que está sobre el cuerpo \pna Xo:nitla:lki:s, san o:nikxitemo:motsi:n. \pea All the dirt didn't come off, I was left with a crackled layer of dirt on my legs. \psa No se me quitótoda la tierra, se me quedaron las piernas con una capa resquebrada de mugre. \xrb tla:l \xrb ki:sa \nae The incorporation of <na>tla:l</na> in effect represents a case of"possessor raising,"in that the dirt is on the body of (and in a sense possessed by) the subject of the compound. \qry Here at one time I had /cfa kohtla:lki:xtia, but I did not have an entry for /kohtla:lki:xtia/. Given this I have removed the /cfa and just added this query, to check with native speakers for /kohtla:lki:xtia/ at some time in the future. \ref 04656 \lxa xo:pi:ltik \lxac xo:pi:ltik \lxo xo:pi:ltik \lxoc xo:pi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se ovaloide; with the sides pushed in and perhaps bent slightly up (e.g., a bowl or <spn>comal</spn> that improperly dries and has its edges come up and in, a fishing net poorly thrown, a hat with its brim pushed up, etc.) \ss ovaldo; tener los lados metidos y quizá algo alzados (p. ej., un plato hondo o comal que no se seca bien y se comba, una red de pescar mal aventada, un sombrero tener sus alas empujadas y algo subidas) \xrb xo:pi:l \qry Directly compare this to /xopihli/ 'spoon'. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04657 \lxa akestetla:lia \lxac *kakestetla:lia \lxo ákéstetlá:lia \lxoa ákístetlá:lia \lxop akestetla:lia \lxoc kákéstetlá:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to prop up the head of (sb or sth with a"head,"figuratively speaking) \ss apoyarle la cabeza a (algn o algo con una"cabeza", en sentido figurativo) \pna O:ne:chakestla:lih. Nakestoya. \pea He propped up my head (e.g., with a pillow). I was lying face-up on my back. \psa Me apoyóla cabeza (p. ej., con una almohada). Estaba acostado boca arriba. \pna Xkakestla:li, kichi:was xi:nis tli:n pakah itik. \pea Prop it up (e.g., a bottle or water jug), otherwise what is inside might spill out. \psa Recárgalo en posición más vertical (p. ej., una botella o cántaro), a lo mejor se va a tirar lo que tiene adentro. \seo to place face up (e.g., a bucket, basket, etc. that was upside down or on its side) \sso poner boca arriba (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, etc, que estaba boca abajo) \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb tla:l \nse According to Cristino Flores in Ameyaltepec the form <nla>akestete:ka</nla> is used, not ? <na>akestetla:lia</na>. Nevertheless, given that the latter was previously documented in Ameyaltepec it has not been removed, pending further analysis. \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Words with <n>tetla:lia</n> are not uncommon (e.g., <nlao>xoto:ntetla:lia</nlao>) and it would seem that intensifier <n>te-</n> has been lexicalized in combinatory forms of <nlao>tla:lia</nlao>. But it also appears that Oapan Nahuatl has two pitch accented syllables at the beginning of the word. This might be an error in my transcription and it should be checked. One pitch accent would apparently derive from underlying {h} of {ah}, referring to 'upward'. The other is not easily explained. \qry Check vowel length of first /a/ in /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/. Sometimes had been recorded long. Also, cf. and explain the difference between /akestla:lia/ and /akestete:ka/. \pqry Check pitch accent in Oapan form: The etymology of this word is unclear. Words with <n>tetla:lia</n> are not uncommon (e.g., <nlao>xoto:ntetla:lia</nlao>) and it would seem that intensifier <n>te-</n> has been lexicalized in combinatory forms of <nlao>tla:lia</nlao>. But it also appears that Oapan Nahuatl has two pitch accented syllables at the beginning of the word. This might be an error in my transcription and it should be checked. One pitch accent would apparently derive from underlying {h} of {ah}, referring to 'upward'. The other is not easily explained. \sj Check /akestetla:lia/. Oapan has two pitch accented syllables (plus the word intonation high pitch). \vl I hear Florencia as /kákéstetlá:lia/ and Inocencio with a higher vowel /kákístetlá:lia/. Hence the different forms (let me know what you hear). \ref 04658 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tlasema:nki/. However, this is probably not acceptable. Recheck when possible, but I do not remember hearing it. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04659 \lxa pe:wia \lxac kipe:wia \lxo pe:wia \lxof [pe: 'wi a] \lxoc kipe:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (often with a directional prefix) to scare away (an animal or group of animals, particularly with a shout or by throwing an object) \ss (a menudo con un prefijo direccional) espantar; hacer huir; ahuyentar (un animal o grupo de animales, particularmente al espantarlos con un grito u objeto tirado) \pna O:kwa:lpe:wi:to. \pea He went to chase it (an animal) over this way. \psa Fue a ahuyentarlo (un animal) hacia acá. \xrb pe:wa \xv1a tlape:wia \xv1o tlape:wiya \xvaao pe:wilia \nse The intransitive verb <na>pe:wia</na> differs in meaning and use from the detransitivized <na>tlape:wia</na>. The former is used to indicate the chasing away of an animal, for example one that is trying to enter into a kitchen, irrigated garden, etc. <na>Tlape:wia</na>, on the other hand, is used to indicate the action of hurrying up an animal (in Spanish, <spn>arrear</spn>). The referent may be evident from context. Thus when one person shouts to another, both riding on their respective animals, ' <na>Xtlape:wi!</na>, it is evident that the animal to be hurried along is the one being riden by the addressee. \nae It is unclear whether this should be considered a basic verb or the transitive member of nondirected alternation. FK notes that in Classical Nahuatl the intransitive <n>pe:wa</n> with the directional prefix <n>on-</n> means 'to go forth, to depart, to take ones leave.' However, to date an intransitive form such as <nao>ompe:wa</nao> 'to depart' (or even <nao>wa:lpe:wa</nao> 'to depart toward here') has not been documented in either Ameyaltepec or Oapan. Nevertheless, it would not be much of a stretch to relate a transitive form ending in <n>-wia</n> to a meaning such as 'to drive along' or 'to scare away' derived from intransitive <n>pe:wa</n> with the sense of 'to depart.' Even so, for now the verb <na>pe:wia</na> has been provisionally categorized as manifesting nondirected alternation. \nde Tetelcingo, Morelos has <n>pe:hua</n> with the same sense of <spn>arrear</spn> as Balsas region <na>pe:wia</na> /. \mod See Gram 1984-04-27.1 for notes on this verb. Note also the question of how to analysis/categorize these verbs. I have decided for now to consider this part of nondirected alternation. \grm Directionals: /O:kwa:lpe:wi:to/ 'He went to chase it (an animal) over this way.' Note that this is an unusual case in which two directionals are included on one verb. One, the prefix, relates to object movement; the other, the suffix, relates to subject (and"purposive") movement. In a sense, then, the directional prefix /wa:l-/ may be considered somewhat fused to the verb, much as occurs with /one:wa/ (cf. /one:wi:tia/) \ref 04660 \lxa to:ktok \lxac to:ktok \lxo to:htok \lxoc to:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be buried (e.g., a corpse, money hidden in the ground, etc.) \ss estar enterrado (p. ej., un cadaver, dinero escondido bajo la tierra, etc.) \pna O:kixo:chite:nkeh ka:n to:ktok. \pea They placed flowers over the grave. \psa Le colocaron flores sobre donde está enterrado. \xrb to:ka \qry Check the difference between /to:ktok/, /to:katok/ and /tlato:ktli/, if all exist. Check whether /noto:ktok/ is acceptable. \ref 04661 \lxa i:xte:nka:la:tl \lxac i:xte:nka:la:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of eyelashes that have black roots \ssa tipo de pestañas con raices negras \pna Segi:dos ti:xte:nkekexkia. Tikpia i:xte:nka:la:tl, ma mitskokopi:nili:ka:n! \pea Your eyes are always itching. You have <na>i:xte:nka:la:tl</na>. Let them (sb) pull them out! \psa Siempre se te escocen los ojos. Tienes <na>i:xte:nka:la:tl</na>.¡Quéte los arranquen! \pna Xne:chkopi:nili ni:xte:nka:la:w! Mláni:xte:nkekexkia. \pea Pull out my <na>i:xte:nka:la:tl</na> ! My eyes really itch. \psa ¡Arráncame los <na>i:xte:nka:la:tl</na> ! De veras se me escocen los ojos. \encyctmp perhaps a text on this. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ka:la: \nse This word reflects a belief that certain eyelashes are <na>i:xte:nka:la:tl, tsi:ntlitli:ltiktsitsi:nteh</na>, i.e., that these eyelashes have black roots. Some say that the roots of these eyelashes are shaped like little shoes <na>tsi:nsapati:tos</na> (feet-like roots) and that the <na>i:xte:nka:latl</na> cause itching and should be pulled out by someone who can identify and recognize them, something not many people can do. One person said that one can get these <na>i:xte:nka:la:tl</na> when one is ill. \qry Recheck definition and, particularly, vowel length as derivation from /kalaki/ may be possible. The final sequence /a:tl/ is unusual. \ref 04662 \lxa a:po:ktli \lxac a:po:ktli \lxo a:po:htli \lxoc a:po:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \se driving rain and mist (particularly in reference to the smokelike mist of rainwater that precedes a tempest) \ss aguaviento (particularlmente en referencia a la brizna de lluvia que precede una tempestad) \pna Wa:hlaw chika:wak a:tl, a:sta ika a:po:ktli. \pea A strong storm is coming, it's so bad it's bringing along a driving rain and mist. \psa Se viene una lluvia fuerte, hasta trae consigo un aguaviento. \pna Asta ika a:po:ktli wa:hlaw kiawtli \pea The rain is coming along with a driving rain and mist. \psa La lluvia viene hasta trayendo consigo un aguaviento. \xrb a: \xrb po:ka \mod Here as elsewhere, check /astah/ and correct as necessary (i.e., in regard to vowel length or final /h/). \ref 04663 \lxa mako:pi:lowa \lxac kima:ko:pi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to bunch together the branches of (e.g., <nba>tepe:tomatl</nba>) \ssa juntar en un montón las ramas de (p. ej., de una planta de <nba>tepe:tomatl</nba>) \xrb ma: \xrb ko:pi:l \xrb pil \qry I originally had an entry /mapilowa/ as 'to point one finger at'; but this appears to be in error. \qry Vowel length uncertain. See the note with /mapi:lwia/ in which it is said that although /mapihli/ has a short vowel, /mapi:lwia/ has been found to have a long vowel (actually, this should be checked once all the sound files are complete). \ref 04664 \lxa kwa:kokoloxtik \lxac kwa:kokoloxtik \lxo kwá:kokolóxtik \lxoc kwá:kokolóxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be curly-haired \ss ser chino; tener el cabello enrizado \pna Tikwa:kokoloxtik. \pea You are curly-haired. \psa Eres chino. \pna Kwa:k timoxi:ma petse:wi motsontekon. Xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. \pea When you get your hair cut head becomes smooth (as the hair that is left is short and straight). You no longer have curly hair. But when it starts to grow back, once again it starts (to get curly). \psa Cuando te cortas el pelo te queda lisa la cabeza (porque el pelo que se queda es corto y derecho). Ya no tienes rizos. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los rizos). \apa kwa:kokoloch \apo kwá:kokóloch \xrb kwa: \xrb koloch \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04665 \lxa to:natia \lxac to:natia \lxo to:natia \lxoc to:natia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sem weather \se for there to be sunshine and a strong sun; for the sun to clearly appear \ss hacer sol (que brilla y pega, haciendo calor) \pna Moxpachiwtoya to:nahli, a:man yo:chaya:w moxtli, yo:to:natiak. \pea The sun was covered by clouds, now the clouds have dispersed, the sun has come out and shone. \psa El sol estaba tapado por nubes, ahora se han dispersado las nubes, ya se hizo sol. \pna To:natia nika:n kalitik pa:mpa o:isoliw nokal. \pea There is sunshine here inside the house because my house (i.e., the roof) has gotten worn out. \psa Hace sol aquídentro de la casa porque mi casa (esto es, su techo) se ha desgastado. \equivao to:nati \xrb to:na \qry Check inflection. \grm Verbalization with /-tia/. \ref 04666 \lxa tewila:na \lxac kitewila:na \lxo tewila:na \lxoc kitewila:na \dt 11/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to drag along the ground (e.g., a log with a donkey or mule, a rope as one carelessly walks, etc.) \ss jalar o arrastrar por el suelo (p. ej., un tronco por una mula o burro, un laso al caminar sin cuidado, etc.) \pna Notewila:na komaxahli. \pea The <spn>horcón</spn> is being dragged along the ground. \psa El horcón está siendo arrastrado por el suelo. \pna Kwa:ltewila:ntiw wistli. \pea He is dragging thorns along toward here (in this case a bunch of thorn branches that cannot be carried). \psa Viene arrastrando púas hacia acá (en este caso ramas de espinas que no se pueden cargar). \se to pull along (e.g., a person who is reluctant to go) \ss jalar (p. ej., a una persona sin ganas de ir) \pna Xkasi noburroh! Xkwa:ltewila:ntiw! \pea Grab my donkey (by its tether)! Pull it along in this direction! \psa ¡Agarra mi burro (por su mecate)!¡Jálalo hacia acá! \se to stretch (items made of material such as rubber, stretchy cloth, etc.); to pull \ss estirar (objetos hechos de material como el hule, cierto tipo de tela, etc.); jalar \pna Wel notewi:lana. \pea It (in this case a slingshot) can be stretched. \psa Se puede estirar (en este caso un resorte para tirar). \se to take down or off (e.g., sth hanging high up on a hook, nail, etc.) \ss bajar; tomar (p. ej., algo colgado alto por un gancho, clavo, etc.) \pna Xkontewi:lana! Ne:nkah, ne: pilkatok. \pea Reach over and take it down! It's over there, it's hanging over there. \psa ¡Extiéndate para bajarlo! Allí está, allá está colgado. \se (with the directional prefix <n>wa:l-</n>) to pull over toward oneself (e.g., to pull a chair over toward oneself to sit on); to take (for oneself) \ss (con el prefijo direccional <n>wa:l-</n>) jalar hacia uno mismo; acercar (algo) a uno (p. ej., jalar una silla para asentarse); tomar (por si mismo) \pna Xkwa:ltewila:na! \pea Reach over and take this (sth that one is handing over to another person)! \psa ¡Agarra este (algo que uno está ofreciendo o dando a otro)! \se (refl.) to grow along the ground (a plant or vine) \ss (refl.) crecer cerca o pegado al suelo (una planta) \pna Yo:pe:w notewila:na ma:yokil. \pea The vines of your squash plants have started to grow out along the ground. \psa Las hojas de tu calabaza han empezado a crecer sobre la tierra. \dis koyo:tsa; tewila:na; tila:na \xrb wila: \xvaao tewila:nilia \qry In reference to the meaning of 'to drag along the ground,' cf. the difference between /(te)koyo:tsa/, /tewila:na/. Check to see if /wila:na/ is correct as well as /techwila:na/, which is mentioned on one notecard. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 04667 \lxa koyo:cho:ka \lxac koyo:cho:ka \lxo koyo:cho:ka \lxoc koyo:cho:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to howl like a coyote \ss aullar como coyote \pna Koyo:cho:ka motskwi:n pa:mpa miste:tsa:wia. Timikis. \pea Your dog is howling like a coyote because he has an evil foreboding about you. You will die. \psa Tu perro aulla como coyote porque te tiene un mal agüero. te vas a morir. \sem sound-animal \xrb koyo:-2-; cho:ka \qry Get a list of all mal agueros, tetsawtli. \ref 04668 \lxa kabaye:roh \lxac kabaye:roh \lxo kabaye:roh \lxoc kabaye:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan caballero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; Gender \se aperson who has two senses (<na>tlamachilistli</na>), one within his or her body on earth and the other in the heavens; this person is said to have certain powers, particularly concerned with finding water. Occasionally the <na>kabaye:ros</na> fight and one is thrown down from the heavens and killed. This is seen as a bright meteor and is taken to indicate that the corporeal manifestation, the earthly body, will also die. \ss una persona que tiene dos"sentidos"(<na>tlamachilistli</na>), uno en su cuerpo corporeal sobre la tierra y el otro en el cielo; se dice que esta persona tiene ciertos poderes, en particular algunos asociados con encontrar agua. ocasionalmente los <na>kabaye:ros</na> se pelean y uno es aventado hacia la tierra y matado. Esto se ve con una brillante estrella fugaz que se entiende como el <na>kabaye:roh</na> que se cae e indica que que la manifestación corporeal se va a morir. \encyctmp obtain texts. \nse A woman notes that her child will be a <na>kabaye:roh</na> when she is pregnant and wakes up at night to find her womb empty. She must return to sleep and the child will return, but will by that time have acquired another sense (<na>tlamachilistli</na>) above in the sky (<na>chikna:wtipan</na>). A <na>kabaye:roh</na> is so called, I believe, because of the idea is that the meteor represents a person on a horse. Note also that Saint James is called"Santiago Caballero,"indicating again the definite association of a horseman with a warrior. <na>Kabaye:ros</na> are said to be powerful and dangerous, although often helpful. One story was told to me by someone who had once gone walking with a <na>kabaye:roh</na> in the sierra. The two ran out of water and the <na>kabaye:roh</na> turned over a rock, under which was water, in a place where according to the person relating the story there had never been water. Another friend told me of someone who was a <na>kabaye:roh</na> who had once opene d up his hand; in his palm was a tiny"pool"of water with a small fish swimming in it. In Ameyaltepec one priest was said to have been a <na>kabaye:roh</na> and have helped that it rained when needed. Finally, note that a falling meteor is the <nla>tlamachilistli</nla> of a <na>kabaye:roh</na> who has been struck by others and falls to earth. When a meteor is seen, therefore, it means that on the earth the <na>kabaye:roh</na>, i.e., the other <na>tlamachilistli</na>, will die. \qry A <na>kabaye:roh</na> is so called, I believe, because of the idea is that the meteor represents a person on a horse. This should be checked although I do believe that there is a definite relationship to a horse ("caballo"). \mod Perhaps in an appendix a text on this should be added, in Nahuatl with translation into English and Spanish. \ref 04669 \lxa kokó:k \lxac kokó:k \lxo koko:k \lxoc koko:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \se spicy; hot (in terms of spicy) \ss picoso \pna Koko:k chi:hli. \pea The chile is hot. \psa El chile pica. \xrb koko: \qry Recheck to make sure final syllable is not accented as I have entered it without accent. \pqry One question that needs to be resolved is the nature of what seem to be vowels with overly long durations. One example might be the present case. Florencia's vowels are 172 and 159 ms; Inocencio's are much less, 136 and 115. These are very approximate measurements. \vl Florencia first says /ko:koh/. As I'm not completely sure where this should be tagged (it is probably 1643), just tag it with an advanced number (e.g., 99995_OF1a) for later sorting, etc. \ref 04670 \lxa tlatla:katl \lxac tlatla:katl \lxo tlátlá:katl \lxoc í:tlatlá:kaw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \sea scarecrow (Oapan equivalent: <nlo>tlá:mohti:ló:ni</nlo>) \ssa espantapájaros (equivalente de Oapan: <nlo>tlá:mohti:ló:ni</nlo>) \seo woman who is masculine (in terms of voice, strength, activities, etc.) \sso mujer que tiene características de hombre (en términos de voz, fuerza, actividades, etc.) \sem material \xrb tla:ka \nse Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan use short vowel reduplication to signify a metaphoric extension of the base noun <nlao>tla:katl</nlao> 'man.' In Ameyaltepec the extension is into the domain of make-believe or toy figures, the sense of <na>tlatla:katl</na> is a scarecrow, a figure that has human shape but that is not alive, it simply looks like a man. Note that in Ameyaltepec scarecrows are usually quite rudimentary, as opposed to Oapan where they might be fully clothed, including a hat, bag, machete, sandals, shirt, and pants. In Ameyaltepec a scarecrow might be as elaborate as a shirt hung up on sticks, but it might just be a piece of cloth hung out in a field to keep the crows from eating the maize.Oapan has <no>tlamohtilo:ni</no> as scarecrow, a deverbal noun that names the function of the object: 'to scare' (cf. <nlo>muhtia</nlo>). Nevertheless, Oapan also does have a reduplicated form of <no>tla:katl</no> that has a metaphoric sense: <no>tlátla:kátl</no>. Here it refers to a masculine woman, the metaphor is here in the direction of a non-man who has 'man-like' qualities. Thus is two neighboring villages the same grammatical device is used with the same nominal base to achieve two distinct semantic results. \mod Cf. Gram 1985-04-23.1 \grm Reduplication; metaphor: Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan use short vowel reduplication to signify a metaphoric extension of the base noun <nlao>tla:katl</nlao> 'man.' In Ameyaltepec the extension is into the domain of make-believe or toy figures, the sense of <na>tlatla:katl</na> is a scarecrow, a figure that has human shape but that is not alive, it simply looks like a man. Note that in Ameyaltepec scarecrows are usually quite rudimentary, as opposed to Oapan where they might be fully clothed, including a hat, bag, machete, sandals, shirt, and pants. In Ameyaltepec a scarecrow might be as elaborate as a shirt hung up on sticks, but it might just be a piece of cloth hung out in a field to keep the crows from eating the maize.Oapan has <no>tlamohtilo:ni</no> as scarecrow, a deverbal noun that names the function of the object: 'to scare' (cf. <nlo>muhtia</nlo>). Nevertheless, Oapan also does have a reduplicated form of <no>tla:katl</no> that has a metaphoric sense: <no>tlátla:kátl</no>. Here it refers to a masculine woman, the metaphor is here in the direction of a non-man who has 'man-like' qualities. Thus is two neighboring villages the same grammatical device is used with the same nominal base to achieve two distinct semantic results. \ref 04671 \lxa ka:iweh \lxac ka:iweh \lxo ka:yoweh \lxoa ka:yowih \lxoc ka:yoweh, ka:yowih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der Neg \se no; no indeed (in response) \ss no; de veras que no (en respuesta) \flao ka \equiva ka \equivo a:nyaweh \xrb ka: \nse <na>Ka:iweh</na> is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although it is the standard form in Oapan (for Ameyaltepec <na>ka:</na>). However, I have documented it twice in Ameyaltepec in unsolicited situations, once by Juan de la Rosa and once by Constantino Monterrey. Those of Oapan, in addition to <no>ka:yoweh</no> often say <na>a:nyaweh</na>. \qry It appears that the /a:/ of /kâyoweh/ is long although this should be checked, as should presence or absence of final /h/ vs. glottal stop although I have recorded specifically that there is a final /h/. I have also recorded that there is stress on the first syllable; this should be rechecked. Perhaps it is stressed in Ameyaltepec and not so stressed in Oapan. \pqry Check the pronunciation of Florencia and Inocencio with a phonetician. \ref 04672 \lxa kweya:wa \lxac nokweya:wa \lxo kweya:wa \lxoc nokweya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to squirm; to twist and turn; to wriggle back and forth; to undulate or snake \ss (refl.) retorcerse; arquear; ondular, corcovear (un animal, como un toro montado); torcerse y moverse de un lado a otro \pna Timokwe:kweya:wtok pa:mpa tikekexkia. \pea You are twisting back and forth because you itch. \psa Estás retorciendo porque tienes comezón. \pna Nokwe:kweya:wtiw un kowatl. \pea That snakes is going undulating along. \psa Esa serpiente va yendo ondulando. \pna Seki nokweya:wa ikochipan. \pea Some people twist back and forth in their sleep. \psa Alguna gente se retuercen cuando están dormidos. \pna Xko:li:ni un kichkone:tl! Yo:isak, o:pe:w nokweya:wa. \pea Rock that little boy (in his hammock)! He woke up and seems agitated (wriggling back and forth in his hammock). \psa ¡Mece ese niñito (en su hamaca)! Ya se despertó y se está agitando (meneando de un lado a otro en su hamaca). \sem motion \xrb kweya: \dis kweya:ya; kweya:wa; kwelowa; kwetlatsowa, etc. \qry Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had /kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that"cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T."Vowel length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked. \sem motion \ref 04673 \lxa ikxitia \lxac kikxitia \lxo ixitia \lxoc kixitia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cook (food) \ss cocinar \se to fire (ceramics) \ss cocer (cerámica) \pna Nitlakxiti:s ika notepalkawa:n. \pea I'm going to fire my ceramic bowls. \psa Voy a cocer mi platos hondos de barro. \xrb ksi \xvba iksi \xvbo isi \nae This verb often occurs with the loss of the 3rd-person object prefix after an overt subject marker. Whether this contraction is best written as <no>n'ixitia</no> (cf. <no>n'ilka:wa</no>) or <no>ni'ixitia</no> (cf. <no>ni'ita</no> is still to be determined. \grm Antipassive: /Nitlakxiti:s ika notepalkawan/, 'I'm going to fire my ceramic bowls.' Note here another example of the use of the /tla-/ prefix with an oblique. \ref 04674 \lxa pana:les \lxac pana:les \lxo pana:les \lxoc pana:les \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan panal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of honey-making insect still unidentified \ss tipo de insecto que hace miel todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp nekwtli \nse <na>Pana:les</na>, which is only documented in the plural, build large nests in thorn bushes; they bite and make honey. In size <nao>pana:les</nao> are like the <na>tetekomasol</na> (Am) / <no>tekómasólih</no> (Oa), but fatter, <nao>boboli:tas</nao>. \ref 04675 \lxa poposoktli \lxac poposoktli \lxo poposohtli \lxoc poposohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni-k \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(:) \se froth; foam (e.g., of beer or soda; or of soapy water) \ss espuma (p. ej., de cerveza o un refresco que ha sido agitado; o de agua enjabonada) \pna Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki. \pea Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface. Come and skim it off the top! \psa ¡Ve tu olla! Su espuma ya salió a la superficie.¡Ven a espumarlo (esto es, quitarle la espuma al líquido que está adentro)! \pna Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water. \psa Espuma saliópor la superficie del torrente de agua. \seo part of the interior organs of cattle, as yet unidentified \sso parte de losórganos interiores de un ganado, todavía no identificado \xrb poso: \qry Check the precise name of this word in reference to cattle. \pqry Note in general that it will be necessary to determine whether there is a difference in /h/ derived from {k} or {w}, etc. Final /-htli/ might be a good way to determine this. \grm Perhaps generate a list of all nouns are found with an absolutive not ending in /-yo:tl/, but which only form one possessive, that with /-yo/, e.g., /po:ktli/, /poposoktli/, etc. \ref 04676 \lxa wa:xtompitskuwtsi:ntli \lxac wa:xtompitskuwtsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se see <nla>wa:xtompihtsi:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>wa:xtompihtsi:n</nla> \equivo wa:xtompistli \xrb wa:x \xrb tompis \xrb kow \nse Florencia Marcelino mentioned that this is not a tree and hence the ending <no>kuhtli</no> would not be correct. \vl Tag /wa:xtompistli/, the word uttered here for Oapan, with ref. #3816. \ref 04677 \lxa tlakaltok \lxac tlakaltok \lxo tlákaltók \lxoa tlákaltíkah \lxoa tlákaltótok \lxoa tlákaltotíkah \lxop tlakaltok \lxop tlakaltikah \lxop tlakaltotok \lxoc tlákaltók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be tossed on the ground (sth tossed away or left and neglected) \ss estar tirado al suelo (algo deshecho y tirado como si fuera basura, algo que ha sido aventado, etc.) \se to be lying on the ground (e.g., a person who has fallen asleep in a place not meant for sleeping) \ss estar acostado por el suelo (p. ej., una persona que se quedódormido sin querer y en un lugar no indicado para tal propósito) \cfo ya:watok \xrb tlahkali \nse <na>Tlakaltok</na> has a sense that is applied to things that have fallen or been tossed to the ground. It might refer to something that has fallen off a table, been tossed out of a window and left lying on the ground, or, in regard to a person, someone who has just fallen onto the ground and remained there, such as a drunk. It contrasts with other verbal forms such as <nla>westok</nla>, <nla>mela:wtok</nla>, and others that have no implication of things tossed and neglected. Thus, like a resultative, <na>tlakaltok</na> often indicates a prior action to the state described. \nae In Oapan both <no>tlákaltók</no> and <no>tlákaltótok</no> are used, though apparently the latter is more common. Note that in Oapan statives of lexicalized statives manifest the <no>-to</no> of the first durative followed by a second. Thus <no>westotok</no> (Oa), cf. Ameyaltepec <na>westok</na> and nd <no>tlákaltótok</no> for Ameyaltepec nd <na>tlakaltok</na>. The form <no>westok</no> in Oapan is more often used as a progressive with <no>i</no>, e.g., <no>i wa:lwestok</no> 'it is about to fall down.' However, note that <no>yékatók</no> does not take the doble durative. \grm Stative; durative: In Oapan both <no>tlákaltók</no> and <no>tlákaltótok</no> are used, though apparently the latter is more common. Note that in Oapan statives of lexicalized statives manifest the <no>-to</no> of the first durative followed by a second. Thus <no>westotok</no> (Oa), cf. Ameyaltepec <na>westok</na> and nd <no>tlákaltótok</no> for Ameyaltepec nd <na>tlakaltok</na>. The form <no>westok</no> in Oapan is more often used as a progressive with <no>i</no>, e.g., <no>i wa:lwestok</no> 'it is about to fall down.' However, note that <no>yékatók</no> does not take the doble durative. \ref 04678 \lxa itikukwalaka \lxac itikukwalaka \lxo ítikwakwaláka \lxoa íti:kwaláka \lxop iti:kwalaka \lxoc ítikwakwaláka;íti:kwaláka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se for one's stomach to growl \ss gruñirle el estómago \pna Nitikukwalaka, xkwahli tli:n o:nkwah. \pea My stomach growls, I ate something that was not good. \psa Me gruñe el estómago, comíalgo que no estaba bien. \dis kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling) \encyctmp disease: bodily functions? \xrb hti \xrb kwala: \nae The pitch accent of Oapan <no>ítikwakwaláka</no> is not from the reduplicant (the reduplicants of frequentatives do not have coda {h}) but from the underlying {h} of {ihtitl}. The frequentative <no>kwakwalaka</no> is one of the few that manifest reduction of the reduplicant onto a preceding short vowel, as occurs in the present compound in which the final short vowel of the incorporated noun stem <no>íhti</no> lengthens as a reflex of the mora of the reduplicant. It does not acquire pitch accent given that the reduplicant of frequentatives does not have a coda {h}. \qry Apparently the compound base for (/itikwala:ni/) does not exist. \pqry Check p-a pattern with a phonetician. Note how the first syllabe in /íti:kwaláka/ has a rising pitch and the second syllable a falling pitch. It seems that the first is the reflex of the underlying {h} closing the first syllable, {ih}. Check pattern again. \vl There are two pronunciations, there should be a female and male token for each. For the first pronunciation, /ítikwakwaláka/ link the first female and second male token. For the second pronunciation, /ítí:kwaláka/ link the 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04679 \lxa teteknowa \lxac teteknowa \lxo tétehnówa \lxop tetehnowa \lxoc tétehnówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:tehnówa</no> \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to hiccup \ss tener hipo \pna Nitetekno:s. \pea I'm going to hiccup (repeatedly). \psa Me va a dar hipo (repetidas veces). \sem functions \xrb tekno \nde The Classical cognate was <n>tzicunoa</n>, which in the orthography used here would be <n>tsikwnowa</n>. Northern Puebla; and Tetelcingo, Morelos have <n>tsiknowa</n> ; Pipil has <n>tsukunawi</n>. \qry Check that Oapan <no>ní:tehnówa</no> is correct. \ref 04680 \lxa tsonchichi:wtok \lxac tsonchichi:wtok \lxo tsó:nchí:htok \lxop tsó:nchi:htok \lxoc tsó:nchí:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv Durative \pa yes-rdp \se to have ones hair done up (a woman, particularly in reference to having braids) \ss tener el pelo arreglado (una mujer, particularmente en referencia a tener trenzas) \pna O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok. \pea The wind messed up her hair, her hair wasn't done up (in braids that would have protected it). \psa El viento le desarregló el cabello, no estaba arreglada (en trenzas que lo hubiera protejido del viento). \pno Nikwelita yon ma:s kwaltsi:n tsó:nchí:htok. \peo I like the one (of several) who has her hair more nicely arranged. \pso Me gusta la que (de varias) que tiene el cabello arreglado más bonito. \xrb tson \xrb chi:wa \grm Durative; progressive: During a recording session when I asked Cristino Flores whether one says /tsonchichi:wtok/ or /notsonchichi:wtok/ he said that the former was used when one sees a woman in this state, the second is used when the woman is in the process of doing it. This comment (recorded on the CD here) is excellent exegetical evidence of the difference between progressive and stative/resultative. \ref 04681 \lxa tamahli de telolo:tsi:n \lxac tamahli de telolo:tsi:n \lxo tamaltelolo:tsi:n \lxoc tamaltelolo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N (Oa) \der N-complex (Am); N-tsi:n (Oa) \se tamal made of balls of <nla>tixtli</nla> (6 in Ameyaltepec, 8 in Oapan) and wrapped in <nla>iswatamahli</nla> ; often these are eaten with mole, broths, and other dishes in which they are dipped; they do not have chile, meat, or anything else inside but are simple cooked balls of <na>tixtli</na> \ss tamal hecho de bolas de masa (6 en Ameyaltepec, 8 en oapan) y envueltos en <nla>iswatamahli</nla> ; a menudo se comen con mole, caldo y otros guisados en que se meten para absorber el caldo; no tienen chile, carne, ni otra cosa sino que son simples bolas de masa \pna Tamahli de telolo:tsi:n, notepayelowa ika iswatl, san kipia tixtli. \pea The <na>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</na>, it is wrapped up in green corn leaves, it is just made of <nla>tixtli</nla>. \psa El <na>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</na>, se envuelve con hojas verdes de maíz, se hace solamente de masa. \sem food \xrb tamal \xrb te \xrb olo: \ono hypo tamahli \nse To make the <na>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</na> (Am) / <no>tamaltelolo:tsi:n</no> (Oa), first maize is boiled in lime water. This is not the same process as that used to make <nlao>nextamahli</nlao>, for which the lime water is boiled and then taken off the fire before the maize is added. In the case of the dough for the <na>tamahli de telolotsi:n</na> the maize is placed in water that is actually boiling. Moreover, not only lime, but lime and ashes (<nla>tlikonextli</nla>) are added to the water. In Ameyaltepec these tamals are made with 6 balls, wrapped in <nlao>iswatl</nlao> ; in Oapan 8 balls are used. \pqry Note that in one filecard I had /telolo:tsi:n/ with a long final /o:/; this should be checked. I first changed this to a short /o/ and have since changed back to long /o:/ based on evidence from Oapan, acoustic analysis of /telolo:tsi:n/, #3029. \ref 04682 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /A:pantipan/, which is now on the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04683 \lxa poxa:hka:tla:katl \lxac poxa:hka:tla:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea sickly or weak man, one who easily gets exhausted and ill (particularly from overwork) \ssa hombre débil, que se agota y se enferma fácilmente (particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo) \equivo kaxa:nka:tla:katl \dis kaxa:nka:tla:katl; poxa:hka:tla:katl \xrb poxa: \xrb tla:ka \qry Determine the difference between /yema:nki itla:kayo/, /kaxa:nka:tla:katl/, and /poxa:hka:tla:katl/, etc. \ref 04684 \lxa tlatia \lxac kitlatia \lxo tlatia \lxoc kitlatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to set afire; to burn (paper, clothes, firewood, etc.) \ss prender fuego a; quemar; incendiar (papel, tela, leña, etc.) \xrb tla \xvaao tlatilia \xv1ao tlatlatia \xvbao tlatla \nae Although <na>tlatia</na> occurs in non-reduplicated form, the corresponding intransitive is always found reduplicated: <nlao>tlatla</nlao>. The reason for this seems to be that the action of setting something afire is a single act that is extremely limited in duration. However, the act, or event, of burning is continuous. In other words, while <na>tlatia</na> seems to indicate 'to set on fire,' <na>tlatla</na> seems primarily to signify 'to burn,' which is of longer duration. Note that <nlao>tlatlatia</nlao> 'to set a cooking fire,' is not the simple causative of <nao>tlatla</nao> but rather the transitive verb <nao>tlatia</nao> with the object prefix <n>tla-</n> as an indefinite null complement. \grm Reduplication; causative: Although <na>tlatia</na> occurs in non-reduplicated form, the corresponding intransitive is always found reduplicated: <nlao>tlatla</nlao>. The reason for this seems to be that the action of setting something afire is a single act that is extremely limited in duration. However, the act, or event, of burning is continuous. In other words, while <na>tlatia</na> seems to indicate 'to set on fire,' <na>tlatla</na> seems primarily to signify 'to burn,' which is of longer duration. Note that <nlao>tlatlatia</nlao> 'to set a cooking fire,' is not the simple causative of <nao>tlatla</nao> but rather the transitive verb <nao>tlatia</nao> with the object prefix <n>tla-</n> as an indefinite null complement. \ref 04685 \lxa wa:le:wa \lxac wa:le:wa \lxo wa:le:wa \lxoc wa:le:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V1-b \aff <n>wa:l-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to come from (heading toward a deictic reference point) \ss venir de (partiendo hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Mo:stla wa:le:was, a:man ye tio:tlak. \pea He will head toward here tomorrow, today it's already afternoon. \psa Mañana va a partir hacia acá, hoy ya es tarde. \pna Yo:wa:le:w motah, mitschi:xtok. \pea Your father has already arrived (having left from somewhere else), he is waiting for you. \psa Tu papáya vino (habiendo partido de otro lugar), te está esperando. \pna I:pan moma ma wa:le:wa! \pea Let it come from your hand! (said in drinking as a bottle is passed around and one person insists that another drink first, saying that the bottle should come from that person's hand) \psa ¡Quévenga de tu mano! (dicho cuando varias personas están bebiendo y uno quiere que otro tome primero y, así, que la botella venga de su mano) \se (~ [in present tense with a toponym or adverb of place]) to come from [a given place] (in the sense of to be from) \ss (~ en tiempo presente con un topónimo o un adverbio de lugar) ser de [un lugar en particular] \pna Newa niwa:le:wa Wa:pan,¿Tewa de ka:no:n tiwa:le:wa? \pea I come from Oapan. And you, where are you from? \psa Vengo de Oapan. Y tú,¿de dónde vienes? \se to occur occasionally or at times \ss suceder ocasionalmente o a veces \pna Wa:le:wa o:li:ni. \pea At times it flares up (e.g., a pain or sickness, an old wound, dislocation or other injury). \psa De vez en cuando recrudece (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad, una vieja herida, dislocación, etc.). \pna Wa:le:wa nia:sneki. \pea Every now and then I have the urge to go. \psa Cada vez en cuando me da las ganas de ir. \sem motion \cfao one:wa \xrb e:wa \xvcao wa:le:wi:tia \xvca wa:le:wiltia \nse The verb <na>e:wa</na> as an intransitive occurs only with a directional prefix, which can be either <n>on-</n> or <n>wa:l-</n>, depending on the spatial arrangement of the actors and speakers. <na>One:wa</na> indicates movement away from a particular point of reference; <na>wa:le:wa</na> indicates movement toward a particular point of reference. \nae To have the sense of 'to be from' \ref 04686 \lxa kaxa:nki \lxac kaxa:nki \lxo kaxa:nki \lxoc kaxa:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be loose (a knot, braids, a saddle, a rope) land that is loose, etc.) and, by extension, an animal with loose trappings; \ss flojo (un nudo, trenzas, una silla de un animal, un lazo, tierra suelta, etc.) y, por extensión, se le aplica al animal con aperos aflojados \se to be loose; to be soft (e.g., land that is not tightly packed down) \ss estar suelta; estar floja (p. ej., tierra que no está dura ni maciza) \pna Xwel timoteketsas, kaxa:nki un tla:hli, tla:la:wa. \pea You can't stand up (i.e., on a slope), the land is soft, it slips down. \psa No te puedes parar (p. ej., en una cuesta muy inclinada), la tierra es suelta, se desliza. \se (by extension) to have loose trappings or load (a beast of burden) \ss (por extensión) tener los arreos o jaeces sueltos o el cargo flojo (un animal de carga) \pna Nokwe:kwepa. Kaxa:nki moburroh. \pea It slides from one side to the other (e.g., a load tied on both sides of a burro, which wobbles first to one side then to the other). The load on your burro is loose. \psa Se va por un lado y otro (p. ej., una carga atada a ambos lados de un burro, que se desliza primero a un lado y después al otro). La carga de tu burro está floja. \se not resistant (a person); physically weak (particularly in the lower back or waist) \ss sin mucha resistencia (una persona); débil físicamente (particularmente por la espalda inferior o cintura) \pna Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. \pea It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. \psa Hace que se le arden las manos. No puede moler chile, o quizásu cuerpo no aguanta. \xrb kaxa: \qry The precise difference between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/ needs to be determined and thoroughly investigated, in this and other similar pairs. \grm Stative; Resultative: There is a good discussion in the tape for this word by C. Flores of the difference between /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:ntok/. Apparently the latter is used more with animates and, in particular, more as a resultative. The recording needs to be listened to and analyzed, and the difference explored. It also seems that the /-tok/ form is more likely to be used if the condition is not considered permanent. CHECK. \ref 04687 \lxa sese:lia \lxac kisese:lia \lxo sese:lia \lxoc kisese:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to cool (e.g., a liquid, fruit or vegetable, by placing it in a cooler or refrigerator, etc.) \sso enfriar (p. ej., un líquido, verdura o fruta al ponerlo con hielo, en un refrigerador, etc.) \se (refl.) to cool oneself off (e.g., by drinking sth refreshing like a cool drink, or eating a watermelon, by bathing, etc.) \ss (refl.) refrescarse (p. ej., al beber algo refrescante como una bebida fría, o al comerse una sandía, al bañarse, etc.) \pna Xmosese:li, milá:k to:na! \pea Refresh yourself (e.g., by drinking a soda), it is scorching! \psa ¡Refréscate (p. ej., al tomar un refresco), hace mucho calor! \xrb se: \revised 3/08/04 \nse Although reduplicated, the sense of <na>seselia</na> is very distinct from <na>selia</na>. \qry Originally I had a long second /e/ in Am /seselia/. But evidence from Oapan shows a clear short vowel and I have temporarily changed the Am form to /seselia/ pending a study of Am acoustics. \grm Vowel lengthening: Cf. /seselia/ as a transtivie verb and /sese:ya/ as an intransitive. Note that change that seems well documented. In general discuss these vowel length changes (cf. /xoko:ya/ and, this should be checked, /xokolia/). \ref 04688 \lxa tekupahli \lxac tekupahli \lxo tekopahli \lxoc tekopahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of incense \ss tipo de incienso \sem medicine \cfo yéyé:ka tekopahli \xrb te \xrb kopal \nse This incense is found on stones and, according to consultants, is left here by some unknown animal, who gathers this incense together and places it on stones, where it is found. The <nao>tekopahli</nao> is used to help a woman give birth. When a woman is having difficulty during birth, this incense is burned so that the smoke surrounds her body. It is also used, according to some consultants, as incense that is burned in the presence of people (<na>kipo:kwian</na> (Am)) who have been frightened and are in danger of losing their <na>to:nal</na> to the <spn>aires</spn> (cf. <nlao>yeyekawi:lo</nlao>). Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that besides using this as incense, it can be ground and drunk by anyone who is ill, accompanied by a person who fasts. She also added that this is gathered together by wasps. It is considered a <nlo>tlanechikohli</nlo> because it is gathered together by a wasp from many places. RS lists under <n>tecopalli</n> : 'Resina, especie de incienso parecido al de Arabi a (Clav.). ' As indicated, he derived this definition from Clavijero. \ref 04689 \lxa itikwitlatl \lxac itikwitlatl \lxo ítikwítlatl \lxoc ítikwítlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se meaty inside of certain fruits (such as watermelon, melon, etc., fruits that have an outside rind and an inside) \ss la carne o parte comestible dentro de ciertas frutas (como la sandía y melón, que tienen una cáscara dura) \sem body-plant \xrb hti \xrb kwitla \qry Check what other plants have their /itikwitlatl/. \ref 04690 \lxa tlatlatilia \lxac kitlatlatilia \lxo tlatlatilia \lxoc kitlatlatilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to start a cooking fire under (a pot or pan, a food being cooked, etc.) \ss prender un fuego para cocinar o calentar a (una comida, olla o sarten, etc.) \pna Xtlatlatili ko:ntli para iksis ye:lo:tl! \pea Start a cooking fire under the pot so that the green corn gets cooked! \psa ¡Préndele un fuego para cocinar abajo de la olla para que se cuezcan los elotes! \se to court (a boy [S] of a girl [O]) \ss cortejar (un muchacho [S]) \pna Yo:pe:w tiktlatlatilia un ichpokawah? \pea Have you started to court that girl? \psa ¿Ya empezasate a cortejar a esa muchacha? \xrb tla \xvbao tlatlatia \nse The object of the applicative verb <na>tlatlatilia</na> in the sense of 'to light a cooking fire"to"' is the cooking pot and not the potential human benefactive. \qry Check. If /tlatlatilia/ is the applicative of /tlatlatia/ then the meaning should be 'to start a cooking fire for'. Check if this is possible. However, /tlatlatilia/ might also be the applicative of /tlatia/ with reduplication. \vl There are 8 tokens here. The first four (2 female and 2 male) are for /kitla:tlatilia/. This apparently reflects long vowel reduplication of /tlatilia/ although I am not completely positive. It should be tagged with 7704. The next four tokens (2 female and 2 male) are /kitlatlatilia/. This is probably the applicative of /tlatlatia/ 'to start a cooking fire'; however, there migth also be another meaning/etymology of /tlatlatilia/ that would be an applicative of the causative /tlatlatia/. This should be checked. At any rate, the last four tokens for this entry are /kitlatlatilia/ and they should all be tagged at 4690. Two (one female and one male) should be linked to the lexicon at entry 4690. \grm Oapan phonology; minimal pairs; reduplication. Note that the original sound files elicited here contain 8 tokens. Four are /kitla:tlatilia/ and four are /kitlatlatilia/. Note the following vowel durations: Florencia Marcelino: /kitla:tlatilia/ 96:62 and 98:79; /kitlatlatilia/ 62:56 and 52:57. Inocencio Jiménez: /kitla:tlatilia/ 88:54 and 88:67; /kitlatlatilia/: 60:48 and 55:44. These will make a good set for minimal pairs. \ref 04691 \lxa yo:leh \lxac yo:leh \lxo yo:leh \lxoc yo:leh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \sea something showing signs of life (particularly used to refer to nits, the eggs of lices that move as they are gestating) \ssa algo que muestra señales de vida (particularmente aplicado a liendres, los huevecitos de piojos que muestran signos de vida antes de nacer) \seo sharp (in intelligence); smart; bright \sso abusado; vivo \xrb yo:l \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>yo:leh</na> is used in reference to lice that move back and forth. The eggs are at this time slightly black and have the larvae inside of them that move back and forth. When the lice have been born (<na>kwa:k o:tlatsi:n</na>) the word <na>yo:leh</na> is no longer applied. Thus it would seem that <na>yo:leh</na> in this sense is not applied to something that is living (i.e., it would not be applied to an animal such as an insect, mammal, fish, etc.) but rather to organic material that shows signs of life but cannot properly be described as an <nla>yo:ltok</nla> 'alive.' In Oapan <no>yo:leh</no> has been documented with a distinct meaning: 'sharp (in intelligence)' clearly a calque from the Spanish 'vivo' with the same sense. \qry Check what other animals or things can be called /yo:leh/. \ref 04692 \lxa -sosohli \lxac kalsosohli \lxo -té:sohlí \lxoc kalté:sohlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Suf-adjval \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \se adjectival ending used to indicate that a noun is no good, old, worn out, etc. \ss terminación adjectival utilizada para indicar que un sustantivo es viejo, acabado, no bueno, etc. \pna Nikpia nokalsosol. \pea I have a worn-out house. \psa Tengo mi casucha. \xrb hsol \nae Interestingly there is no underlying {h} in the form <na>-sosohli</na> in San Juan Tetelcingo (the surface /h/ is from an underlying geminate {ll}), nor is there any indication that such would have been the case in Classical Nahuatl. Nevertheless, Oapan nominals that end in <no>sósohlí</no> always manifest pitch accent. This suggests underlying {-sohsolli} in which the coda {h} closing the first (apparently reduplicated) syllable motivates pitch accent in Oapan. Thus there may have at one time been an underlying {h}. Nevertheless, comparative evidence (from Classical which has simply <n>-sol</n> and other dialects, e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo which has <n>-sosohle</n>) manifests no {h} or 'saltillo' in this position. It might therefore be that Oapan has reinterpreted the surface <n>-sosohli</n> sequence as either derived from reduplication with a fixed {h} element as coda or that the verbal base is derived from <nr>hsol</nr>, as in <no>ísolíwi</no>. It is also extremely common (it is not only the principal form, but according to Florencia Marcelino the only form) to have the intensifier <n>te-</n> preceding the ending. In Ameyaltepec this is simply <na>-tesosohli</na> ; in Oapan, however, the <n>te-</n> element accepts the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus in Oapan one finds <no>-té:sohlí</no> (although <no>-tésosóhli</no> is also correct; note that although some individuals do accept simply <no>-sósohlí</no>, Florencia Marcelino denied that this form ? <no>kalsósohlí</no> is used in Oapan.). In Oapan the <n>te-</n> therefore acts as a sort of"dummy morpheme"onto which the reduplicant can be reduced to vowel lengthening and pitch accent. It also serves to indicate that the noun is in an"unexpected"or"deviant"state. \grmx /te-/: Interestingly there is no underlying {h} in the form <na>-sosohli</na> in San Juan Tetelcingo (the surface /h/ is from an underlying geminate {ll}), nor is there any indication that such would have been the case in Classical Nahuatl. Nevertheless, Oapan nominals that end in <no>sósohlí</no> always manifest pitch accent. This suggests underlying {-sohsolli} in which the coda {h} closing the first (apparently reduplicated) syllable motivates pitch accent in Oapan. Thus there may have at one time been an underlying {h}. Nevertheless, comparative evidence (from Classical which has simply <n>-sol</n> and other dialects, e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo which has <n>-sosohle</n>) manifests no {h} or 'saltillo' in this position. It might therefore be that Oapan has reinterpreted the surface <n>-sosohli</n> sequence as either derived from reduplication with a fixed {h} element as coda or that the verbal base is derived from <nr>hsol</nr>, as in <no>ísolíwi</no>. It is also extremely c ommon (it is not only the principal form, but according to Florencia Marcelino the only form) to have the intensifier <n>te-</n> preceding the ending. In Ameyaltepec this is simply <na>-tesosohli</na> ; in Oapan, however, the <n>te-</n> element accepts the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus in Oapan one finds <no>-té:sohlí</no> (although <no>-tésosóhli</no> is also correct; note that although some individuals do accept simply <no>-sósohlí</no>, Florencia Marcelino denied that this form ? <no>kalsósohlí</no> is used in Oapan.). In Oapan the <n>te-</n> therefore acts as a sort of"dummy morpheme"onto which the reduplicant can be reduced to vowel lengthening and pitch accent. It also serves to indicate that the noun is in an"unexpected"or"deviant"state. \sj San Juan kalsosohle.... h? \ref 04693 \lxa kama:wi \lxac kama:wi \lxo kama:wi \lxoc kama:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become partially dried (a fruit that dries, particularly used to refer to maize that begins to dry and achieves a state between <nao>ye:lo:tl</nao>, green corn, and <na>sintli</na> (Am), the dried mazorca; it can also be used to refer to cow dung and bricks) \ss secarse parcialmente (una fruta que se seca, particularmente utilizado para referirse al maíz al empezar a secarse y llegar a un estado entre elote y mazorca; también se utiliza para referirse al estiércol del ganado y a cosas fabricadas como ladrillos) \pna Yo:kama:w noye:lo:w. Xe wa:ki wan xok pa:stik. \pea My elotes have become somewhat dried (on the stalk, right after the end of the rainy season). It still hasn't dried and it's no longer moist (ripe). \psa Mis elotes ya empezaron a secarse (en la milpa, inmediatamente después de la terminación de la temporada de lluvias). Todavía no se seca bien y ya no es verde. \xrb kama: \nse <na>Kama:wi</na> refers to a fruit (such as maize or beans) that will eventually dry but has not yet reached this point. Thus the adjectival <nla>kama:wak</nla> can refer to firewood that has been cut while green; after a few weeks it is <na>kama:wak</na>, somewhat dry but still moist enough so that it doesn't burn properly. Often maize starts to achieve this state in the field, before harvest but after the corn leaves have been stripped from the plants (i.e., after the <nla>iswate:kilistli</nla>). Although maize that is <na>kama:wak</na> is no longer <na>ye:lo:tl</na> and cannot be eaten as such, it can still be used in preparing <na>ye:lo:tlaxkahli</na>. It is possible that that <nlao>kakamaktsi:n</nlao> is probably derived from this root, with the vowel shortening that occurs before /-k/, although this word might be derived from <nr>kama</nr> 'mouth.' Note, finally, that although an adjectival form <nao>kama:wak</nao> is documented, there is no transitive ? <n>kama:wa</n>. This is pr obably because the nature of the process is such that it is perforce nonagentive. \qry Apparently the transitive form ?/kama:wa/ does not exist, but this should be checked. \ref 04694 \lxa ko:o:lo:tl \lxac ko:o:lo:tl \lxo kó:ó:lo:tl \lxoc kó:ó:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 2 \seo folk generic name for a type of tree that includes two folk species: <no>kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik</no> and <no>kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik</no> \sso nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol que incluye dos especies: <no>kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik</no> y <no>kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik</no> \equiva kapolin \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nae At least acoustically, the length of all vowels is long. The vowel length of the initial double-vowel sequence is approximately 288 and 294 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 290 and 324 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Other indications (e.g., pitch and amplitude patterns) seem to indicate a sequence of two long vowels. If this is the case then the pitch accent can come only from a reduplicant. Or, it may be that despite the long acoustic duration of the first vowel, it is underlying short, perhaps even {koh}. This should be checked in neighboring dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) that conserve {h}. \pqry Check vowel length and determine the source of the pitch accent. \cpl Of the <na>capulín</na>, Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (<i>Muntingia calabura</i> '[family] linden,' 'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de mayo. 3. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, <i>Celtis</i> spp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo, pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (<i>Rhamnus</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. serrata</i>) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>capulincillo</spn> of the family <i>Rosaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Prunus capuli</i>. For the Spanish <spn>capulincito</spn> Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family <i>Rhamnaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Ziziphus amole</i>. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for <spn>kapolin</spn> is <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no>. \nct kohtli \sj Check for /h/ \ref 04695 \lxa nechikowa \lxac kinechikowa \lxo nechikowa \lxoc kinechikowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to collect (e.g., money, grain, etc., in a cooperative community venture) \ss juntar, hacer una colección (p. ej., de dinero, maíz, etc., en un proyecto o empresa comunal) \pna To:pi:lekeh kimina:watian ma tlanechiko:ka:n ika tlayo:hli, dya kinechikowan. \pea The topiles, they are ordered to take up a collection of maize, and then they collect it. \psa Los topiles, se les ordenan hacer una colección de maíz, y luego lo juntan. \pna Tlanechiko:lo:tok jusga:doh ika tomi:n. \pea A collection of money is being taken up in the village meeting hall (i.e., to pay for a community expenditure). \psa Se está haciendo una colecta de dinero en el jusgado del pueblo (para pagar un gasto de la comunidad). \se (<na>tlanenechikowa</na>) to collect things and place them together (e.g., certain insects such as <na>po:yo:limeh</na>, wasps, etc.) \ss (<na>tlanenechikowa</na>) juntar cosas y ponerlas en un solo lugar (p. ej., ciertos insectos como <na>po:yo:limeh</na>, avispas, etc.) \xrb nechik \xvaa nechikowilia \nse This verb has been documented only in relation to things such as money and maize that are collected as part of a communal, village-wide project. It is common to final <nao>nechikowa</nao> used with the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> (i.e., <nao>tlanechikowa</nao>) with a following oblique reference to the object or material collected. \qry Determine whether reflexive use exists in reference to persons (as it did in Classical) and if specific +human transitive objects are acceptable: ?te:chnechikowa. \mod Note that this word is classified as a basic transitive and not"nondirected"; a scheme should be developed for distinguishing basic from words that for semantic reasons are missing one part of the nondirected pair. \grm Nondirected alternation: Re /nechikowa/. Note that this word is classified as a basic transitive and not"nondirected"; a scheme should be developed for distinguishing basic from words that for semantic reasons are missing one part of the nondirected pairs. \ref 04696 \lxa tsotsona \lxac kitsotsona \lxo tsotsona \lxoc kitsotsona \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \se to play (a musical instrument, particularly string instruments such as a guitar or violin, or a musical apparatus such as a radio or record player) \ss tocar (un instrumento musical, particularmente los con cuerdas como guitarra o violín, o un aparato musical como un radio o tocadiscos) \xrb tsona \xv0a tlatsotsona \xv0o tla:tsona \xvaao tsotsonilia \nde In Oapan the reduced * <no>ki:tsona</no> is not acceptable even though in the form with a nonspecific object the reduction does occur: <nlo>tla:tsona</nlo> as it does in the nominalized <nlo>tla:tsonalistli</nlo>. The reason for the lack of reduction with a specific object is not immediately apparent although it may have something to do with the lexicalization of the form with <n>tla-</n>. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: In Oapan the reduced * <no>ki:tsona</no> is not acceptable even though in the form with a nonspecific object the reduction does occur: <nlo>tla:tsona</nlo> as it does in the nominalized <nlo>tla:tsonalistli</nlo>. The reason for the lack of reduction with a specific object is not immediately apparent although it may have something to do with the lexicalization of the form with <n>tla-</n>. \ref 04697 \lxa kaki \lxac kikaki \lxo kaki \lxoc kikaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to hear (sth) \ss oir; escuchar \pna Tlakakilo. \pea People are listening (e.g., during a town meeting). \psa La gente escucha (p. ej., durante una junta). \pna I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh. \pea It was heard it from their own lips (i.e., if the parents of a couple in courtship ask the children if they indeed want to marry and they respond affirmatively, then it can be said <na>I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh</na>). \psa Se escuchóde sus propios labios (p. ej., si los padres de los novios les preguntan si quieren casarse y dicen que si, entonces se dice <na>I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh</na>). \se to understand (sth said) \ss entender (algo dicho) \pna San popoloxtik, xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa. \pea He just mumbles, he doesn't pronounce his words well, you won't understand what he comes out with. \psa Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia sus palabras, no vas a entender lo que le sale. \pna Xnihkaki un tlato:hli. \pea I don't understand that word. \psa No entiendo esa palabra. \pna Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkowia. \pea A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. \psa Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. \se to listen to; to obey (sb who gives orders, who says that certain things must be done) \ss obedecer; escuchar a (algn que daórdenes, que dice que ciertas cosas se deben hacer) \pna Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin. \pea I will arrange it so that you take someone's place, they pay attention to (listen to) me. \psa Yo las arreglo para que le tomes el lugar de alguien, a míme escuchan (prestan atención). \cfa tlakakilistli; xaki \xrb kaki \xvcao kaki:tia \xvaao kaki:lia \xv1ao tlakaki \nse <nao>Kaki</nao> often takes a complement. However, it is not entirely clear whether it can take both a headless relative clause introduced by a relativizer (e.g., <nao>tli:n</nao>) or whether a clause introduced by a complementizer. \qry Check: if the object is inanimate, it often refers to something audible, or something being said, e.g., <na>kikaki tli:n o:nikihlih</na> 'he heard what I said to him.' However, when the object is a human, the interpretation is usually one of 'to obey,' e.g., <na>xne:chkaki, kichi:wa san tli:n kineki</na> 'he doesn't listen to (obey) me, he just does what he wants.' \qry Definitely the /i/ is short before the impersonal /lo/. Determine whether the applicative exists, /kakilia/ and what it means, since apparently /kaki/ can take as an object either the person (as in 'obey') or the thing said (as in 'hear'). \ref 04698 \lxa tepi:tsowa \lxac kitepi:tsowa \lxo tepi:tsowa \lxoc kitepi:tsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make hard (in general by pushing together or crushing, such as the earth by pounding) \ss macizar; endurecer (en general al apretar algo, como la tierra al golpearla fuerte) \pna Xtepi:tso i:n tla:hli!. Ma tili:ni, kaxa:ntok. \pea Make this ground hard (e.g., by poudning on it)! It should get tightly packed, it's loose (right now). \psa ¡Haz que esta tierra se ponga maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)! \sea (refl.) to tighten (ones body, or a muscle in tensing it) \ssa (refl.) apretar (el cuerpo, o un músculo al tensarlo) \pna Xtepi:tso motla:kayo. Ma:ka timokaxa:ni:s! \pea Tighten up (tense) your body (e.g., just before lifting a heavy weight)! Don't relax! \psa ¡Apriétate el cuerpo (p. ej., al estar por levantar una cosa pesada)!¡No te vayas a aflojar! \seao (refl.) to gather ones strength to bear up (e.g., under a tragedy such as the loss of a dear one, or in enduring pain) \ssao (refl.) aguantarse (del dolor de una pérdida, como un pariente o esposo que se muere, o de un dolor físico) \pno Xkiyo:wi, xmotepi:tso! \peo Endure it, gather your strength to bear up! \pso ¡Aguántalo, ponte fuerte para aguantarlo! \syna tepi:tilia \cfo tepi:xte:ma \xrb tepi:ts \qry Check reflexive use. \ref 04699 \lxa kakawia \lxac kikakawia \lxo ákawía \lxop akawia \lxof ['a ka 'wi a] \lxoc kákawía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to fan \ss abanicar \pna Xkakawi, xtekwi:nalti. \pea Fan it (a fire), make it blaze up. \psa Abanícalo (un fuego), haz brotar las llamas. \pna Xne:chkakawito, nito:nalmiki. \pea Fan me (lit., be fanning me), I'm hot. \psa Abanícame (lit., esté abanicándome), tengo calor. \xrb ahka \nae The etymology of <no>ákawíya</no> (Oa) (or <na>akawia</na> (Am) is uncertain. Perhaps it includes the same root <nr>e:ka</nr> found in <nla>yeyekatl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yéyé:katl</nlo> (Oa), with the pitch accent in Oapan <no>ákawíya</no> deriving from reduplication. However, the second /a/ is apparently short, which contrasts to the root <nr>e:ka</nr> of 'wind'. Further documentation (e.g., the pitch accent of the perfective <no>o:kákawíh</no> or ? <no>o:káká:wih</no> would inequivocably determine the vowel length of the second syllable). The first stressed /a/ in Oapan <no>ákawía</no> is occasionally long, a result of reduplication. \qry Etymology uncertain. Perhaps this is an instrumental form of <na>yeyeka(tl)</na>. Molina has no cognate. \sj Check neighbouring dialects. Recategorize in /cat field if found to be related to the noun /yeyekatl/. \ref 04700 \lxa kala:chin \lxac kala:chin \lxo kala:chin \lxoc kala:chin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se generic name for cockroach that (for Ameyaltepequeños) includes two types: <nla>kala:chin de on kipia i:matlapal</nla> and <nla>kala:chin we:i</nla> \ss nombre genérico para cucaracha que (para Ameyaltepequeños) incluye dos tipos: <nla>kala:chin de on kipia i:matlapal</nla> y <nla>kala:chin we:i</nla> \se type of cockroach, also known as <nla>kala:chin we:i</nla> \ss tipo de cucaracha también conocida como <nla>kala:chin we:i</nla> \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kala:ch \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) there is only one type of cockroach recognized in Oapan: <nlo>kala:chin yón we:i</nlo> \nae The etymology of <nao>kala:chin</nao> is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has <n>ca:cala:chi</n>. The <n>-chi(n)</n> elements is perhaps the same as in <nla>kakawana:nchih</nla>. \ncx kala:chin; kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04701 \lxa i:xpolowilia \lxac ki:xpolowilia \lxo i:xpolowilia \lxoc ki:xpolowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to mess up (sth) of (sb [PO], generally affecting him adversely) \ss maltratar o destruir (algo) a (algn [PO], generalmente afectándolo negativamente) \pna Mlá:k tlayelteh motskwinwa:n, ne:chontlai:xpolowilian nocha:n. \pea Your dogs are really mischievous, they go mess things up in my house on me. \psa Tus perros son muy latosos, van a maltratarme cosas en mi casa. \xrb i:x \xrb pol \xvbao i:xpolowa \nae The primary object of the ditransitive <na>i:xpolowilia</na> is often the possessor of the theme (i.e., the directly affected secondary object) \qry Determine example senses of the applicative here with the other senses of /i:xpolowa/. \ref 04702 \lxa yema:nka:kuwtli \lxac yema:nka:kuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea soft wood \ssa madera blanda \pna Yo:kwelpachiw un kabe:sah. Xchika:wak, yema:nka:kohtli, yo:no:liw. \pea That housebeam buckled. It isn't strong, it is soft wood, it bent (under the weight it had to support). \psa Esa viga (cabesa) se combó. No es fuerte, es madera blanda, se dobló(bajo el peso que sostenía). \xrb yema:n \xrb kow \ref 04703 \lxa a:melaktli \lxac a:melaktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-k \infn Stem 1(:) \sea straight part of a stream or river \ssa parte recta de un arroyo o río \pna A:melaktli, xok wekatlan. \pea It is straight running water, it's no longer deep. \psa Es donde el agua corre recto, ya no está profundo. \xrb a: \xrb mela: \nse <na>A:melaktli</na> refers to a part of a river or stream where the water runs straight and there is no deep place where water circles around (<nla>a:komohli</nla>) nor a place where there are rapids (<nla>a:solo:nka:n</nla>). \qry In Oapan I think the word for rapids in /a:sosolka:h/, check to see if this same word is used in Ameyaltepec. \ref 04704 \lxa mexkaltompistsi:n \lxaa mexkaltompestsi:n \lxaa mexkaltompits \lxac mexkaltompistsi:n \lxo mexkaltompistli \lxoa mexkaltompistsi:n \lxoc mexkaltompistli \lxt mexkaltompintsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn Stem 1(s) \se <l>Pitcairnia flexuosa</l> L., plant of the Bromeliaceae family; it has no functional use in the area \ss <l>Pitcairnia flexuosa</l> L., planta de la familia Bromeliaceae; no tiene ningún uso funcional en la zona \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \nse Ameyaltepequeños recognize only one type of <na>mexkaltompistsi:n</na> that grows on the ground. There is another type called <nba>memexkaltsi:n de i:pan kuwtli notla:lia</nba>. In Oapan this latter type has not been documented with a name, but another type is recognized of those that grow on the ground, the <nlo>mexkaltompistli de we:weyakí:matlápal</nlo>, a member of the Agavaceae family. Ameyaltepequeños have no name for this second type. \nae The etymology of <na>mexkaltompistsi:n</na> is uncertain. However, Florencia Marcelino gave the possessed form as ending in /ts/ and stated that the name derives from the fact that is <no>pipitsako:tsi:n</no>. Note that in some documents I have <na>mexkaltompestsi:n</na> while in others I have <na>mexkaltompistsi:n</na>. It is also documented as <na>mexkaltompits</na> or <na>mexkaltompets</na> and <na>mexkaltompistli</na> or <na>mexkaltompestli</na>. \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \nct mexkahli \qry Etymology uncertain. Look for other examples of /-tompets/ or something similar. Note that in some documents I have <na>mexkaltompestsi:n</na> while in others I have <na>mexkaltompistsi:n</na> ; check for which is correct. \ref 04705 \lxa ikalakia:n to:nahli \lxac ikalakia:n to:nahli \lxo i:kalakia:n to:nahli \lxoc i:kalakia:n to:nahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn Stem 3 \se west \ss oeste \sem space-earth \xrb kalak \xrb to:na \xrl -ya:n \ref 04706 \lxa kwitlanextik \lxac kwitlanextik \lxo kwitlanextik \lxoc kwitlanextik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to have a faded look, with no luster or sheen \ss tener una apariencia deslucida, ajada, sin lustro ni brillo \pna Kwitlanextik moli:broh. \pea Your book has a faded look. \psa Parece ajado tu libro. \se to be dark (in reference to colors, e.g., the dark green of certain firs and spruces) \ss ser oscuro (en referencia a colores, p. ej., el verde oscuro de ciertos abetos y piceas) \sem color \fl kwitlanexiwi \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \nse The precise application of <na>kwitlanextik</na> in regard to color is not entirely clear, but it appears to be used (at least in Oapan Nahuatl) to refer to colors that are faded or dark. For example, it has been documented in reference to certain evergreens and greys. \qry Check if /kwitlanextik/ and /tekwitlanextik/ are the same. \ref 04707 \lxa kuwatsi:ntli \lxac kuwatsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:ntli \infn Stem 1(n) \se bolt of lightening \ss relámpago \pna ¡Kuwatsi:ntli!¿Xo:tikitak? \pea A lightening bolt! Did you see it? \psa ¿Un relámpago?¿No lo viste? \sem weather \cfo tla:kwitsahlo:tl \cfo tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni \xrb kowa \ref 04708 \lxa tlase:kak \lxac tlase:kak \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \sea on or around the side (e.g., of a hill) \ssa a o por el lado (p. ej., de un cerrito o loma) \pna San tlase:kak tia:skeh, xok ipan tlekowa:ya:n. \pea We'll just go around the side (in this case of a hill), we won't go where it is steep anymore. \psa Vamos por el lado (in este caso de un cerrito), ya no vamos donde la cuesta es muy inclinado. \dis tlanakastlan; tlase:kak \xrb se:ka \xrl -ko \nse The etymology of <na>tlase:kak</na> is obscure, as is its precise meaning and use. No cognate has been found in other lexical sources. \ref 04709 \lxa tsitsilka \lxac tsitsilka \lxo tsitsilka \lxoc tsitsilka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to tingle (a limb that has fallen asleep or gotten numb from cold, skin after one has been bit by a poisonous insect or other animal, etc.) \ss hormiguear (una extremedad que se adormeció o se entumeció, piel de una persona picada por un insecto u otro animal venenoso, etc.) \pna Tsitsilka nokxi, o:sepo:hka. \pea My leg is tingling, it fell asleep. \psa Mi pierna está hormigueando, se adormeció. \pna Tsitsilka noma pa:mpa o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl. \pea My arm (or hand) is tingling porque me picóun alacrán. \psa Mi mano (o brazo) está hormigueando porque me picó un alacrán. \dis tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka \xrb tsili: \xvnao tsili:ni \nse The documented use of <na>tstsilka</na> and <nla>tsitsilika</nla> manifests a semantic variation between the two derivative frequentative forms. <nlao>Tsitsilika</nlao> remains within the semantic field of the base verb, <nlao>tsili:ni</nlao> in that both refer to sounds. The latter indicates a single ringing sound (which may be repeated), the former indicates a ringing that is constant (e.g., 'jingling,' with no clearly isolated events). The derivative <nao>tsitsilka</nao>, however, has a meaning that falls outside the semantic field of sound. Rather, the meaning 'to tingle' reflects a type of metaphoric extension, insofar as ringing implies tingling in the movement on the surface of the ringing object. \grm Frequentatives: The basis and semantic implications of variation between forms such as /kukwalaka/ and /tsitsilka/ is not clear. There appear to be a few frequentatives that lose the final vowel of the non-frequentative and those that don't. I know of few cases in which there is a contrast between the two. But some do exist: /chala:ni/ has /chachalka/ and /chachalaka/; and /tsili:ni/ has /tsitsilka/ and /tsitsilika/. The full range of meaning of these contrasts should be checked. However, the pre \ref 04710 \lxa tlatio:chi:wahli \lxac tlatio:chi:wahli \lxo tlatio:chi:wahli \lxoc tlatio:chi:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se material or animate object that has been blessed \ss objeto material o animado que ha sido bendicho \pna Umponkah ma:ka tihkwis! Tlatio:chi:wahli! \pea That one there (in this case some palm), don't use it! It is blessed! \psa ¡Ese que está allá (en este caso algo de palma), no lo vayas a usar!¡Estábendicho! \syna tlatio:chi:wtli \syno tlatio:chi:htli \nae The vowel length of the /o/ in Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlatiochi:wahli</no> appears to be definitely of short duration. This root morpheme, <nr>tio</nr>, seems difficult to analysis in regard to length. It seems to vary between long and short, at least acoustically, although historical and comparative evidence suggests a long vowel, related to <n>teo:tl</n> 'divinity.' \xrb tio: \xrb chi:wa \ref 04711 \lxa papayotik \lxac papayotik \lxo pápáyotík \lxoc pápáyotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be crazy; to have lost ones senses \ss estar loco; haberse perdido los estribos \sem emotion \syna kwa:papayotik \syno kwá:papáyotík \fl kwa:papayoh \xrb pahpa \nae The pitch accent pattern for Oapan Nahuatl <no>pápáyotík</no> is derived from an underlying {h} closing two syllables (the third pitch accent is intonational/phrasal): {pah + payoh + tik}. \mod Note that this does not refer to 'crazy' but more to foolishness. \pqry Check for /papayoh/ as possible word (note: I have added /papayoh/ through analogy with /kwa:papayoh/, etc.) Recheck stress pattern for this Oapan word and all related ones. Cf. /tí:páyotsí:ntik/. Note that the second female token is particularly revealing for pitch accent. Moreover, the 1st and 2nd male tokens should definitely be compared. It seems possible that the first is /pápáyotík/ while the second is more like /pápayótík/. However, this needs to be carefully checked. I would tentatively state that the rightward shift in the last token is perhaps due to emphasis and semantic stress. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 04712 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:moichkatétsi:n \lxoc tó:moichkatétsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \sem plant \sem cactus \seo type of tuna cactus with unedible fruit, of the family Cactaceae, still not identified \sso tipo de cactus con fruta no comestible, de la familia Cactaceae, todavía no identificado \equiva to:moichkatl \equiva ichkato:motli \equivo tó:motlíde kwa:ichkatetsi:n \xrb to:moh \xrb chka \nct to:motli \qry My original notes stated that this was a type of /ó:rganoh/. I have changed the definition to indicate that this is a type of /to:motli/ with the understanding that the two words (/ó:rganoh/ and /to:motli/) both refer to the same generic group. This should be checked. Florencia and Inocencio were not entirely sure of the name of this cactus. \mod Cf. entry under /ôrganoh/ for full list of types. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04713 \lxa neki \lxac kineki \lxo neki \lxoc kineki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se (~ + [optative phrase]) to want; to desire [that optative phrase occur] \ss (~ + [optative phrase]) querer; desear [that optative phrase occur] \pna Nikneki ma ne:chpale:wi:ki, nose:lti xniweli. \pea I want him to come help me. I can't (do it) by myself. \psa Quiero que venga a ayudarme. Yo solo no puedo. \se to be lacking; to be in need of \ss tener o sentir la falta de; necesitar \pna O:nosiahka:w nomi:l. A:chi:xtoya. Xotla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. \pea My cornfield got tired of waiting. It was waiting for rain. It didn't yield, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. \psa Mi milpa se cansóde esperar. Estaba esperando el agua. No rindió, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to cuddle; to pamper; to coddle; to embrace \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) apapachar; mimar \pna Mitsneneki, mitsna:palowa. \pea She cuddles you, she embraces you. \psa Te apapacha, te abraza. \pna Xneneki! \pea Embrace and fondle it (e.g. a cute baby)! \psa ¡Apapáchalo (p. ej., un niño mono)! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be leaning toward (doing sth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar a punto de (hacer algo) \pna Kine:neki. \pea He's debating it (i.e., whether he will do it; i.e., he appears to be on the verb of deciding but hasn't definitely made up his mind.) \psa Estádebatiendo si lo quiere (esto es, si lo va a hacer, p. ej., parece que lo quiere hacer pero no está muy resuelto.) \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to be reluctant; to have a hard time (doing sth) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) renegarse; negarse; tener dificultad (en hacer algo) \pna None:nekilo. \pea People are reluctant (i.e., to work, etc.). \psa La gente se niega (p. ej., a trabajar, etc.) \pna Mone:neki, xwel kone:nemi. \pea She has trouble, she can't keep a child alive. \psa Se le dificulta, no puede mantener un niño con vida. \cfao kineki \xrb neki \xvaao neki:lia \nse With short vowel reduplication, <nao>neneki</nao> refers to affectionate actions, including that of pinching someone lightly and affectionately, e.g. on the chin or cheek. Reduplication with a long vowel, <nao>ne:neki</nao>, suggests a type of indecision, of an action on the verge of occurring. The reflexive form with a long vowel reduplication is used to indicate reluctance, almost to the point, with a member of the opposite sex, of teasing, or playing 'hard to get.' It may also be used to refer to a plant that does not take to the soil, to a woman who has a hard time conceiving (cf. <nlo>kone:ne:neki</nlo>, and other similar situations. \qry Note that I have never heard /-neneki/ used reflexively (i.e., meaning 'to embrace oneself'); this should be checked. In one entry line I had /none:neki, xwel kone:nemi/ which was translated as"She is..."with the rest missing. Check original card file and fill in translation. It probably means something to the effect of"She is reluctant (i.e., in the sense that her body rejects the child/fetus), she cannot have children."CHECK Note that with short vowel reduplication the meaning can be 'to hug, to embrace, to coddle,' etc. Determine the meaning of noneki in regards to a plant. I seem to remember that it means in the phrase xnoneki it does not have a hard time growing. \qry Check for causative and meaning. \ref 04714 \lxa tlakwa:nyoh \lxac tlakwa:nyoh \lxo tlakwa:nyoh \lxoc tlakwa:nyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be (maize) full of the bug called <nlao>tlakwa:ni</nlao> \ssao estar (maíz) infectado del bicho o insecto conocido como <nlao>tlakwa:ni</nlao> \ref 04715 \lxa tekonxokotl \lxac tekonxokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of wild plum tree still not identified; it is not found near Ameyaltepec nor Oapan but rather in the lands around San Francisco Ozomatlán \ssa tipo de ciruelo silvestre todavía no identificado; no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec ni Oapan sino más bien en los alrededores de san Francisco Ozomatlán \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem edible \equivo tekoxokotl \encyctmp xokotl \xrb tekoma \xrb xoko \nct kohtli \qry Etymology should be checked. My notes recorded a long vowel. However, I have related the etymology to /tekomatl/, which would require a short vowel. I might be mistaken in either the vowel length or the etymology. It might be that this word in Ameyaltepec is mistaken for what should be /tekoxokotl/, el tejocote. Check vowel length. \ref 04716 \lxa Si:tlalkwe:yoh \lxac Si:tlalkwe:yoh \lxo Si:tlalkwe:yoh \lxoa Si:talkwe:yoh \lxoc Si:talkwe:yoh, Si:tlalkwe:yoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se the Milky Way \ss la Vía Láctea \syna Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \syno Si:tlálotlí \dis si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \encyctmp si:tlalin \xrb si:tlal \xrb kwe: \nse Although one consultant, Pánfilo Lorenzo, stated that <na>Si:tlalkwe:yoh</na> was distinct from <nla>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</nla>, two branches of what in English receive one name, the Milky Way, other speakers indicated that <na>si:tlalkwe:yoh</na> and <na>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</na> were equivalent. Pánfilo Lorenzo, a <spn>curandero</spn> stated that <na>si:tlalkwe:yoh</na> is the branch of the Milky Way that belongs to God, whereas <nla>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</nla> belongs to the Devil. \nae The etymology of <nao>Si:tlalkwe:yoh</nao>, because of prehispanic beliefs, has been related to <nlao>kwe:tli</nlao>. However, one might also consider a borrowing from Spanish <spn>cuello</spn>. \qry Check to see that the ending /-kwe:yoh/ is correct, or whether is should be /-kwe:yo:tl/? Check vowel length from recording. Make sure that /si:tlalkwe:yoh/ and /si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl/ are equivalent. If so, leave infield for both entries. If not, create a /dis link. \ref 04717 \lxa ka:xiwtok \lxac ka:xiwtok \lxo ka:xihtok \lxoc ka:xihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be curved (concavely) in the middle (an animal's or human's back) \ss estar con la espalda pandeada (una persona o animal) \pna Unkah burroh, ka:xiwtok. \pea There are burros that have sunken in backs (as if they were carrying a load). \psa Hay burros con el lomo pandeado (como si estuvieran llevando una carga pesada). \xrb ka:x \qry Check for other items to which this stative can apply. \ref 04718 \lxa tesiwi \lxac tesiwi \lxo tésiwí \lxop tesiwi \lxoc tésiwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to hail \ss granizar \pna Yo:pe:w tesiwi. \pea It's already started to hail. \psa Ya empezó a granizar. \sem weather \xrb te \xrb hsi \nae The pitch accent of Oapan <no>tésiwí</no> reflects underlying {h}. The morphology of this term, at least in terms of historical derivation, might well be {te + (i)hsiwi}. \sj Check for /h/ presence. \ref 04719 \lxa dya: \lxaa dya:h \lxac dya:h \lxo dya: \lxoa dya: \lxoc di yo:tima:ltih tiá:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan de (ya?) \psm Subord \der Subord \se and then; if when \ss y después; y si, entonces \pna Tima:lti:s dya: tiá:s \pea You will bathe and then you will go. \psa Te vas a bañar y entonces te irás. \pna Tli:tlikwi dya: se:se:wi. \pea It blinks on and off (e.g., lights on a Christmas tree). \psa Se enciende y se apaga (p. ej., las luces de unárbol de Navidad). \pno Di yo:nina:ltih, niman niá:s. \peo Once I've bathed, I'll go right away. \pso Una vez que me bañé, luego me voy. \pna Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli. Xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl dya: xoko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia! \pea The paint has thickened. Pour in a little water (to the bottle) and shake it deliberately back and forth so that it gets better (i.e., thins out)! \psa Se quedó espesa la pintura.¡échale un poquito de agua (al frasquito) y agítalo deliberadamente de un lado a otro para que se diluya! \sea and then? \cfo man \mod Switch the sentence di yo:tima:ltih tia:s to the entry under diki, etc. \qry Check presence of final /h/. Etimology might include /ya/ of Nahuatl or Spanish. \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec <na>dyah</na> can be used in a sense similar to that of Oapan <nlo>man</nlo> as in <na>dyah ke:non</na> 'and how then?' In this usage it has a modal function to indicate a questioning doubt on the part of the speaker. \nae The pronunciation of <na>dya</na> (Am) or <no>di</no> (Oa) seems to vary greatly. It is never heard in isolation and never receives pitch accent stress. Therefore the Oapan form has been written as simply <no>di</no>. Nevertheless, I do remember hearing <no>dyaw</no> (with the final sound a palatized fricative). In Ameyaltepec it is also not clear what the best orthography would be, but for now the representation is simply <na>dya</na>, with no final /h/. It seems that when uttered alone, in a question <na>Dyah?</na> there is a final /h/. But it might be best to write this without the /h/ when the word is not phrase final. In Oapan the sequence <no>dya</no> is palatalized to [chia]. \vl Use 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04720 \lxa to:ne:wi \lxac to:ne:wi \lxo to:ne:wi \lxoc to:ne:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to feel a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the skin \ss sentir arder la piel (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile) \pna Mejó:r xmopepexti, tla:mo tito:ne:wis! \pea You should pad yourself (in this case placing a pad on your shoulder before starting to carry a sack of chile), if you don't your skin will burn! \psa ¡Debes acolchonarte (en este caso al poner una colcha por el hombro antes de cargar un costal de chile), si no se te va a arder la piel! \xrb to:n \nse It is common to find <nao>to:ne:wi</nao> with an incorporated noun (usually <nr>ma:-</nr>) indicating the place at which the burning sensation occurs. To date such compounds include <nr>ma:-</nr> 'hand,' <nr>te:n-</nr> 'lips,' and <nr>tsi:n-</nr> 'rear end.' \ref 04721 \lxa Te:kwa:nis \lxac Te:kwa:nis \lxo Te:kwa:nimeh \lxoa Te:kwa:nimih \lxoc Te:kwa:nimeh, Te:kwa:nimih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sem dance \seo type of dance in which wild tigres are presented \sso tipo de danza en que se representan tigres silvestres \equiva simarrón te:kwa:ni \xrb kwa \ono danzas \qry Determine the nature of this dance and get a description. Also determine where it is danced. \mod Add ono on dances. \ref 04722 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:xo:chitl \lxoc ma:xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \seo a tied bunch of leaves (usually of <i>Vallesia glabra</i> (Cav.) Link or basil) used (a total of 8) in the ceremony of <nlo>te:tlá:ka:wília</nlo> and on top of which are placed the <nlo>yo:ltamaltih</nlo> \sso un manojo de hojas (generalmente de <i>Vallesia glabra</i> (Cav.) Link or albaca) utilizada (un total de 8) en la ceremonia de <nlo>te:tlá:ka:wília</nlo> y sobre lo cual se colocan los <nlo>yo:ltamaltih</nlo> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ma: \xrb xo:chi \nct xiwtli \qry Check to determine if this is indeed a plant; perhaps I miswrote the entry for /ya:wxo:chitl/. If the forms are correct as given then two entries should be created, one for Oapan and one for Ameyaltepec. \ref 04723 \lxa papachka \lxac papachka \lxo papachka \lxoc papachka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to seep or filter through (particularly water, e.g., slowly from a well or spring) \ss filtrar o transminar (particularmente auga, p. ej., al manar muy lentamente de un manantial) \pna San papachkatok, xmelá:k me:ya. \pea It's just seeping through (in this case water from a well in the earth), it's not really springing forth. \psa Solamente se está transminando (en este caso agua en un pozo), no está manando de a de veras. \se to sweat profusely \ss sudar profusamente \pna Sa: papachkatok, to:nalmiki. \pea He's sweating a lot, he's hot. \psa Estásudando mucho, tiene calor. \dis ito:nia \xrb pachka \qry Check etymology and derivation process of this verb /papachka/. Cf. /pa:tska/ and check vowel length of this latter verb which, I believe, has a long vowel. The phonological shape /-Cka/ is interesting. Note again that Tetelcingo has"transmina."In regard to the phrase /sa: papachkatok/ check meaning. /sa:/ usually refers to a reduced state, so this state of sweating might be because of some illness or"reduced"state of health. \ref 04724 \lxa tsatsatilia \lxac kitsatsatilia \lxo tsatsatilia \lxoc kitsatsatilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to make deaf; to make (sb) lose their hearing; to make (sb) become hard of hearing (either permanently or temporarily) \ss hacer sordo a (algn); hacer quedar medio sordo a (algn, o permanentemente o temporalmente) \pna O:kalak itik nonakas a:tl, o:ne:chtsatsatilih. \pea Water got into my ears, it made me lose my hearing (for a while). \psa Entró agua en mis oidos, me hice quedar sordo (por un tiempo). \xrb tsa \xvbao tsatsati \qry For all V1-d-ti verbs, check for causatives. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that *ki:tsatilia is not acceptable. \ref 04725 \lxa ichkayo:mo:hli \lxaa ichkamo:hli \lxac ichkayo:mo:hli \lxo ichkamo:hli \lxoc ichkamo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of mole sauce made with ground cotton seeds and eaten with fish \ss tipo de mole hecho con semilla de algodón y servido sobre pescado \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb chka \xrb mo:l \qry Obtain full recipe for /ichkayo:mo:hli/. Check if /ichkayo:mo:hli/ is correct, or whether there is an /l/ as in ?ichkayo:lmo:hli/. Check etymology. Perhaps separate Oapan and Am into two entries if etymology is distinct. \ref 04726 \lxa kwetla:nia \lxac kikwetla:nia \lxo kwetla:nia \lxoc kikwetla:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to sharply jerk or snap (from the sudden movement of an animal, a motor vehicle, etc.) \ss jalar o sacudir bruscamente y con fuerza (el movimiento brusco de un animal, un vehículo, etc.) \pna O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lige:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh. O:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. \pea That mule gave me a sudden jerk, it turned and twisted without warning. It gave me backache. \psa Ese macho me sacudióbruscamente, de repente se brincó y se torció. Me lastimóla cintura. \cfa kwetla:tsowa \xrb kwetla: \nde In Oapan one would say <no>chika:wak o:ne:xtekwetla:nih</no>, always with the <n>te-</n> intensifier. The basic verb is used for actions such as snapping whips or ropes. \vl Link 1st female token \ref 04727 \lxa ne:ntekiwia \lxac none:ntekiwia \lxo ne:ntekiwia \lxof [ne:n te ki 'wi a] \lxoc none:ntekiwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se to do just in case (e.g., just in case it might work, have positive results, etc.) \ss hacer por si acaso, por si si las dudas (p. ej., hacer o llevar a cabo algo simplemente para ver si resulta) \pna San nimone:ntekiwia:ya. \pea I did it just in case (e.g., to see if it would work). \psa Lo hacía solamente por si acaso (esto es, lo hice solamente para ver si resultara). \cfao ne:ntekitl \xrb ne:n \xrb teki \nse For example, one might ask someone if he would do something, or would agree to something, even though one thought that there was little chance of a positive response. One asks, as it were,"just in case." \qry Determine the way in which an adjunct or other phrase might be expressed here. ?nimone:ntekiwia:ya deke (or tla:?) kinekis. Etc. check for full use in a sentence. \ref 04728 \lxa yekayeski:sa \lxac yekayeski:sa \lxo yekayeski:sa \lxoc yekayeski:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[N-V1] \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to have a bloody nose \ss salirsele sangre por la nariz \pna Tiyekayeski:stok, o:mitsyekawi:tehkeh. \pea You have a bloody nose, they belted you on the nose. \psa Estás sangrando por la nariz, te golpearon por la nariz. \xrb yeka \xrb es \xrb ki:sa \xvcao yekayeski:xtia \ref 04729 \lxa ka \lxacpend tli:non ka tiwa:hlaw? \lxo yá: \lxoc yá: \dt 10/Feb/2005 \psm subord \se with (comitative) \ss con (comitativo) \pna Tli:no:n ka tiwa:hlaw? \src CF Nakas 3:05 \pea Why have you come? \psa ¿Por qué(o, para que) viniste? \cfa wa:n \xrb ka \nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests the characteristic loss of /k/. In the forms <na>ka</na> (Am) and <no>ya</no> (Oa), both dialects lose the initial /i/ of what was originally a relational noun. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. NOTE for future; redo this entry with a full phrase. \ref 04730 \lxa ista:k tlayo:hli \lxac ista:k tlayo:hli \lxo ista:h tlayo:hli \lxoc ista:h tlayo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se white maize \ss maíz blanco \xrb sta \xrb o:ya \ono tlayo:hli \nse This is a specific color of maize. For a full list, see <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>. Consultants in Ameyaltepec mentioned five types of white maize: <na>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</na> or simply <nla>chi:noh</nla>, <nla>tlayo:lkimichin</nla>, <nla>tlayo:lyewahli</nla>, <nla>tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</nla>, and <nla>tlayo:hli de arrosi:yoh</nla> have been documented to date. Consultants also described <na>tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</na> as <nla>a:kawtik</nla>, 'light (in weight).' \qry Check all types of maize and document. Also determine the manner in which this is possessed: /noista:k tlayo:l/ or /notlayo:l ista:k/. Check! This may best determine whether this should be considered one or two words. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 04731 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ilna:mihtia \lxoc kilna:mihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to remind (sb) of (e.g., an event, sth to do, etc.) \ssao acordarle (algo) a (p. ej., un evento, algo que hacer, etc.) \pno O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pá:kasiah! \peo He reminded me that indeed I should have washed the dishes! \pso ¡Me acordóque de veras pues, hubiera lavado los platos! \pno O:ne:chilna:mihtih mo:stla niá:s Mé:jikoh! \peo He reminded me that tomorrow I'm going to Mexico! \pso ¡Me acordóque mañana voy a ir a México! \equiva tlalna:miktia \xrb el \xrb na:miki \xvba elna:miki \xvbo ilna:miki \xv2o tlalna:mihtia \nae The causative <na>elna:miktia</na> (Am) / <no>ilna:mihtia</no> (Oa) is most often found in discourse with the object prefix <n>tla-</n> and an oblique expression of what is to be remembered; see <nla>tlalna:miktia</nla> and comments there. When the ditransitive is used (i.e., no nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>) then the secondary object is expressed as a sentential complement. \qry Check meaning difference between /xne:chelna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/ (or... /tli:non nihkowas/) and /xne:xtlalna:mikti tli:n nihkowas/. Only the second is documented in my corpus; the first might not even be correct. \grm Complements: Note that in Oapan Nahuatl (and perhaps AM) one may use either /ilna:mihtia/ or /tlalna:mihtia/ i.e., /O:ne:chilna:mihtih mo:sta niá:s Mé:jikoh!/ and /O:ne:chtlalna:mihtih mo:sta niá:s Mé:jikoh!/. \vl Use second female token. \ref 04732 \lxa tekomo:nia \lxac kitekomo:nia \lxo tekomo:nia \lxocpend notekomo:nia \dt 03/May/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \seao see <nlao>komo:nia</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>komo:nia</nlao> \ref 04733 \lxa tla:kaikni:w \lxac i:tla:kaikni:w \lxo tla:kaihni:w \lxoc i:tla:kaihni:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se fellow man (used to indicate a relationship between men) \ss compañero (empleado para indicar una relación entre un hombre y otro) \cfa ikni:wtli \cfa suwa:ikni:w \cfo ihni:htli \cfo siwa:ihni:w \xrb tla:ka \xrb kni:w \qry Cf. the queries and grammatical points under /sowa:ikni:w/. Perhaps this can be used in the plural, e.g., /tla:kaikni:wteh/. Check and if so, change entry. \pqry Check to determine whether the /i/ is long (or at least of long duration) at /tla:kai:hniw/? It seems to be acoustically, longer than expected. Determine the phonetics of the sound between /i/ and /n/. I have checked with Chen Diaz and others in the workshop and they seem to agree that the vowel is long. \ref 04734 \lxa iya:ya \lxac iya:ya \lxo yéyá:ya \lxop yeya:ya \lxoc yéyá:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to acquire a foul smell \ss apestar; adquirir un mal olor \xrb hya: \ref 04735 \lxa poliwi \lxac poliwi \lxo poliwi \lxoc poliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[ca] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get or become lost \ss perderse \pna O:poliw noburroh, mo:stla nontlate:mo:s. \pea My donkey got lost, tomorrow I'll go out to search the countryside. \psa Se perdiómi burro, mañana voy a ir a sabanear. \se to be lacking or missing \ss faltar \pna Nika:n itlah poliwi. \pea Something is missing here. \psa Aquífalta algo. \pna Poliwi sé:! \pea One is lacking (or missing)! \psa ¡Falta uno! \pna Poliwitsi:n. \pea Just a little is lacking (e.g., a few moments before sth will occur, or a certain small quantity of a needed ingredient, such as a little more salt, etc.) \psa Falta poquito (p. ej., unos momentos hasta que algo va a suceder, o una cierta cantidad reducida de algo, como un poquito de sal que le falta a una comida) \se (with an extraverse directional) to disappear; to go out of sight \ss (con una direccional extraversa) desaparecer; perderse de vista \pna O:poliwito, xok ne:si. \pea It disappeared (over in that direction), it's no longer visible. \psa Se perdióde vista (por allí), ya no parece. \pna Newa niá:s Iguala, a:sta timistokas, pero a:sta xpoliwiti. \pea I will go to Iguala, I will even follow you, but not until you've first disappeared from sight. \psa Voy a ir a Iguala, hasta te voy a seguir, pero no sino hasta que te pierdas de vista. \xrb pol \xvcao polo:ltia \xv0a tlapoliwi \xv0o tlá:políwi \qry Check for possibility of ?tepoliwi. Also carefully note the difference between /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. \ref 04736 \lxa tlapachiwtok \lxac tlapachiwtok \lxo tlapachihtok \lxoc tlapachihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be covered (e.g., with a blanket) \ss estar cubierto (p. ej., con una cobija) \xrb tlapach \qry Check what items can be covered and with what objects. \ref 04737 \lxa kokoloxtik \lxac kokoloxtik \lxo kókoloxtík \lxoc kókoloxtík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be curly (e.g., hair) \ss ser chino; estar rizado (p. ej., cabello) \pna Kokoloxtik notson. \pea My hair is curly. \psa Mi cabello es chino. \se to be wrinkled and bunched up \ss estar fruncida como con pliegues \pna Kokoloxtik sempwalxo:chitl. \pea The marigold is ruffled. \psa La caléndula es fruncida. \xrb koloch \qry Check the difference between /xoxoloxtik/ and kokoloxtik/, i.e. the first seems more applicable to a marigold than the entry phrase I have here. Perhaps the second example, therefore, is not that precise. \ref 04738 \lxa tlami \lxac tlami \lxo tlami \lxoc tlami \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Aux \der Aux \se to end \ss terminar \pna Yo:tlan nokwi:katia. \pea He's finished singing. \psa Terminóde cantar. \xrb tlami \nae Auxiliary verbs in Nahuatl are not marked for person or number, only for tense, aspect, or mood. \ref 04739 \lxa ye:xka:n \lxac ye:xka:n \lxo ye:xka:n \lxoc ye:xka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se in three places \ss en tres lugares \pna Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik, ye:xka:n tlakechiliwtok. \pea It is a skirt made up of tiers of fabric, it isn't smooth (given that there is at least one seam running around it), it is sewn together in three places. \psa Es una falda hecha de hileras sobrepuestas de tela, no está lisa (dado que tiene costuras horizontales), está cosida en tres lugares. \pna Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawipa:nahli motlapech. \pea You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (<nla>tlapextli</nla>) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places. \psa No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de <nla>tlapextli</nla>) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, está amarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en tres lugares. \xrb e:i \xrl -ka:n \ref 04740 \lxa tlatsili:ni \lxac tlatsili:ni \lxo tlatsili:ni \lxoc tlatsili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se for the towns church bells to ring \ss repicar las campanas de la iglesia del pueblo \xrb tsili: \xbtlao tsili:ni \qry In one file card I have /tlatsili:ni moreló:j/. This might be an error. Check. If it is correct, then determine the difference between this and /tsili:ni moreló:j/. \mod Determine a manner to express subjects in cases in which the verb is marked for a single subject. Thus /tlatsili:ni/ refers to the ringing of the bells of the village church. \ref 04741 \lxa mihka:tla:hli \lxac mihka:tla:hli \lxo mihka:tla:hli \lxoc mihka:tla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se earth taken from a graveyard or cemetery \ss tierra tomada de un cementerio \xrb miki \xrb tla:l \nse <nao>Mihka:tla:hli</nao> is used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to cure <na>mihkasiwi</na>, a type of alergy. \mod See Flk 1984-03-12.1 for how /mihka:tla:hli/ is used to cure /mihkasiwi/. \ref 04742 \lxa peya:sowa \lxac kipeya:sowa \lxo pia:sowa \lxoc kipeya:sowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to straighten (sth long and flexible, such as hair, a thin rod, a stick, etc.) \ss enderezar (algo largo y flexible, como cabello, un tubo delgado, etc.) \pna Kipeya:sowa itson ika ixelwa:s. \pea She straightens out her hair with a brush of maguey fiber. \psa Endereza el cabello con un cepillo de fibra de maguey. \pna Ma:ka tikpepeya:so:s nomax! \pea Don't pull my leg! \psa ¡No me tomes el pelo! \seao to comb the hair of (Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>kwa:peya:sowa</nla>) \ssao peinar a (equivalente de Ameyaltepec: <nla>kwa:peya:sowa</nla>) \dis peya:sowa; mela:wa \xrb peya:s \xv1o tlapeya:sowa \qry One illustrative phrase I had was /tikpepeya:so:s ima:wa:n tlakotl/ 'vas a tallar la vara de sus ramitas.' I'm not sure this is correct and thus it should be checked before adding it to the senses of /peya:sowa/. Check! Note that in this sentence it would seem that the branches are the object, not the rod (tlakotl) itself. Check also the sentence /ma:ka tikpepeya:so:s nomax/, and as well if this is only acceptable with reduplication. I had this entry for a definition that I have removed: '(reduplication with short vowel + <na>-max</na>) (fig.) to pull the leg of (lit., 'to straighten out the pubic hair of')' \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6467. \ref 04743 \lxa tsi:kameh panoche:ros \lxac tsi:kameh panoche:ros \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>panochero</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of ant as yet still not indentified, of those known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \ssa tipo de hormiga hasta ahora todavía no identificada, de los que se conocen como <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb tsi:ka \ref 04744 \lxa temanastetl \lxac temanastetl \lxo temanistetl \lxoc temanistetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \se hearthstone, an often crumbly and light stone placed in a triangular formation around the hearth and used for the three supports for pots and griddles; the type of stone used is selected (hardened <nla>tla:lamo:hli</nla> in Ameyaltepec and <nlo>tepoxahtetl</nlo> in Oapan) because it does not explode with heat \ss piedra ligera y algo suelta puesta en las tres equinas de un triángulo para soporte de las ollas y comal colocadas sobre el fuego; el tipo de piedra empleada (<nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla> endurecida en Ameyaltepec y <nlo>tepoxahtetl</nlo> en Oapan) se escoge porque no explota con el calor \se specific type of rock, apparently hardened <na>tla:la:mo:hli</na>, that is used as for hearthstones \ss tipo específico de piedra, aparentemente <na>tla:la:mo:hli</na> endurecida, que se emplea para sostener ollas y comales sobre la fogata \sem stone \sem tool \xrb temanas \xrb te \nse According to Cristino Flores (Am) there are two types of <na>temanastetl</na> : <na>temanastetl chi:chi:ltik</na> and <na>temanastetl istá:k</na>. The former is not found near Ameyaltepec but the latter, that most commonly used, is. \nae Ameyaltepec <na>temanastetl</na> is cognate to Classical <na>tenamastetl</na> ; it is not clear which is the more basic form and which has suffered metathesis of the nasals. Given this confusion, it is impossible to establish a clear etymology. From the Classical lexeme, an etymological relationship to <n>tenamitl</n> 'wall, barrier' seems possible. From the Ameyaltepec form an etymology based on the verb <nla>mana</nla> seems possible. In Oapan there seems to have been a weakening of the 3rd-syllable vowel. Because of these changes and variations, the root has been left at <nr>temanas</nr> and <nr>te</nr>. \rt Ameyaltepec <na>temanastetl</na> is cognate to Classical <na>tenamastetl</na> ; it is not clear which is the more basic form and which has suffered metathesis of the nasals. Given this confusion, it is impossible to establish a clear etymology. From the Classical, a relationship to <na>tenamitl</na> 'wall, barrier' seems possible. From the Ameyaltepec form an etymology based on the verb <na>mana</na> seems possible. For this reason the root has been left at <na>temanas</na> and <na>tetl</na>. \ref 04745 \lxa pachakahlo:tl \lxac pachakahlo:tl \lxo pachakahlo:tl \lxoc pachakahlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se sediment; grinds (of coffee that settle to the bottom); undissolved particles (that can be filtered in a sieve or that settles to the bottom of a liquid mixture) \ss sedimento; asientos o posos (de algo como café); partículas no disueltas (en una mezcla que o se pueden filtrar o que se asientan en el fondo de un líquido) \pna Noka:waipachakahlo. \pea Its grinds are left behind (in this case in reference to a pot of coffee). \psa Se quedan los asientos (en este caso en referencia a una olla de café). \xrb pachaka \nae The etymology of <na>pachakahlo:tl</na> is uncertain, but this root of this word is probably related to that of <nao>pachiwi</nao>. The relationship of both to words such as <na>pa:chakatl</na> (Am) / <no>pa:chika:tl</no> still needs to be determined. \qry Note that the vowel length of /pachakahlo:tl/ should be checked as should the words containing /pa:chaka:-/ (see following entries). For now the etymology has been left at /pachaka/. Check to make sure that /pachakahli/ does not exist and that /pachakahlo:tl/ does (and that the latter is not always found in possessed form). \qry Check whether /pachakahli/ is a word. \ref 04746 \lxa ilwikak \lxac ilwikak \lxo ilwikaw \lxoc i:lwikaw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 (Am); N2 (Oa) \se heaven (where God is) \ss los cielos (donde está Diós) \pna Ilwikak wan tla:ltikpaktli. \pea The Heavens and the Earth. \psa Los Cielos y la Tierra. \xrb lwika \xrl -ko \nse <na>Ilwikak</na> (Am) / <no>i:lwikaw</no> (Oa) is where God is, not simply the sky, for which the Spanish loan <na>sie:loh</na> is used. It is also be differentiated from <na>chikna:wtipan</na> (Am), where the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> (Am) are. Note that in Oapan the possessed form <no>i:lwikaw</no> is used, in which the possessor is God and the literal meaning is 'his heavens.' \pqry Check the final consonant of Inocencio Jiménez against that of Florencia Marcelino. Discuss the nature of final /w/ in Oapan. \ref 04747 \lxa san ke:n ihki \lxac san ke:n ihki \lxo san ke:n ihka:tsi:n \lxoc san ke:n ihka:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se see <nla>ihki</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ki:</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>ihki</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ki:</nlo> (Oa) \grm /ka:/ In the Oapan form /san ke:n ihka:tsi:n/ it seems obvious that the /ihka:tsi:n/ is related to Am and other dialect /ihki/. This is a clear example of how in all cases /ki/ shows up as /ka:/ when followed by a subsequent morpheme within the word. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04748 \lxa tekichi:wilia \lxac kitekichi:wilia \lxo tekichi:wilia \lxoc kitekichi:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea (~ [noun]) to work or to work at ([noun], as in 'to work wood' or other similar types of object); to make ([noun] through ones work) \ssa (~ [sustantivo]) trabajar o trabajar en ([sustantivo] como en trabajar la madera, u otro tipo de objeto); fabricar [sustantivo] \pna Kitekichi:iwilian michin. \pea They (in this case people from Ahuehuepan) work fish (i.e., make wooden fish). \psa Ellos (en este caso individuos de Ahuehuepan) trabajan pescados (esto es, fabrican pescados de madera) \seo to do work for \sso hacer trabajo para \xrb teki \xrb chi:wa \xvbao tekichi:wa \ref 04749 \lxa yeska:wa \lxac yeska:wa \lxo yeska:wa \lxoc yeska:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn pale \ss quedarse pálido \dis yestlami; yeska:wa \xrb es \xrb ka:wa \ref 04750 \lxa ma:tila:na \lxac noma:tila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to drag oneself along by the arms or hands \ss (refl.) arrastrarse (por los brazos o las manos) \pna San noma:tila:na, xwel nokwiste:wa. \pea He just drags himself along by his arms, he can't get up. \psa Solamente se arrastra por los brazos, no se puede incorporar. \pna Noma:tila:na un kichkone:tl, xe wel nenemi. \pea That baby boy pulls himself along by his hands, he still can't walk. \psa Ese niño se arrastra jalándose por las manos, todavía no puede caminar. \se (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to stretch ones arms out (e.g., sb just waking up, or sb who feels stiff) \ss (refl. and reduplicación de vocal corta) estirarse los brazos (p. ej., algn que apenas se está despertando, o que se siente tieso) \sea to pull on the arm of (e.g.,. to accommodate bones that have gotten out of place, soothe bad sprains, etc.) \ssa jalarle el brazo de (algn, p. ej., para acomodar a los huesos torcidos, calmar dolores fuertes, etc.) \pna Xmoma:titila:na! \pea Stretch your arms out! \psa ¡Estírate los brazos! \cfo tila:na \dis ma:nenemi \xrb ma: \xrb tila:na \nse The action referenced by <na>ma:tila:na</na> is that of dragging, i.e., such as a drunk who cannot get off the ground, a very young baby, a wounded soldier, etc. It is different from <nla>ma:nenemi</nla>, which refers to walking on ones hands, as in crawling on all fours. The reflexive <na>noma:tila:na</na> is apparently used to refer to a range of animals that crawl. It does not include insects or snakes, but does include snails (<nla>wi:laka</nla>). It may, therefore, be semi-lexicalized as a term for particular life forms. The following types of animals are those in a list of animals that can be characterized by this reflexive verb, <na>noma:tila:na</na> : <na>a:ketspalin, eskorpió:n, kohketspalin, kowi:xin</na> (4 types: <na>kowi:xin, kowi:xtataka, petskowi:xin, techichiko:tl</na>), <na>rra:nah, sa:poh, tepa:xin, tepe:sa:poh, tla:lkokone:tl, wi:laka</na>. In Oapan apparently the simple form <no>tila:na</no>, used reflexively, is used for 'to crawl.' When asked several consultants in terpr eted <na>noma:tila:na</na> as referring to the physical stretching of the arms. \qry Check for transitive use, e.g., /kima:tila:na/. Check for long vowel reduplication and also /mama:tila:na/ as opposed to /ma:titila:na/. Note that in my original notes I had /noma:tila:na/ as 'It is a lizard (lit. 'it crawls').' This should be checked, as should the motion of a lizard. I think that in a second version of this lexicon this entry should be checked, particularly in regard to whether this is a lexical entry or simply a descriptive term applied to crawling animals that have little else (in terms of classification) in common. I think I originally saw this term elsewhere. \grm Reduplication, note the reduplication of /noma:titila:na/ meaning 'he stretches his arms out' and how the verbal root is reduplicated, not the IN. In general it seems rare for INs to be reduplicated; this should be checked. \ref 04751 \lxa chi:chi:l \lxac *chi:chi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea see <nla>polá:n chi:chi:l</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>polá:n chi:chi:l</nla> \xrb chi:l \ref 04752 \lxa ma:stlakapahli \lxac ima:stlakapal \lxo ma:stla:kapahli \lxoc i:ma:stla:kapal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se wing (of a bird) \ss ala (de un pájaro o ave) \se shoulder blade (of a human or other animal) \ss espaldilla (de un humano u otro tipo de animal) \pna Ne:chkukwa nika:n ipan noma:stlakapal. \pea It hurts me here, on my shoulder blade. \psa Me duele aquí, en la espaldilla. \se (<na>i:ma:stla:kapal ara:doh</na>) the blade of a plow \ss (<na>i:ma:stla:kapal ara:doh</na>) la"hoja"de un arado \se (<na>i:ma:stla:kapal ba:rkoh</na>) the oars of a boat \ss (<na>i:ma:stla:kapal ba:rkoh</na>) los remos de un barco \dis matlapahli \xrb ma: \xrb astla:kapal \dis matlapahli \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, <nao>ma:stla:kapahli</nao> refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, <no>mátlapáhli</no> (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as <na>i:matlapal</na> (Am). \nae According to Chen Díaz the <n>tla-</n> syllable is short. This needs to be checked as some Ameyaltepec individuals seem to have a long vowel here, as it is in Oapan. \qry However, if short with /h/ then there would be a common alternation of /ma:/ with /mah/; the alternation /tlapahli/ and /tlakapahli/ is unusual and should be checked into. Originally AM had /ma:stlakapahli/ this has been changed to a long second /a:/ based on Oapan evidence. \qry Check for the proper term for the blade of a plow in Spanish. Check also if /matlapal/ can also be used for oars, the blades of a plow, etc. \rt There is apparently an alternation between /tlakapal/ and /tlapal/, as evidenced in /matlapahli/ and /ma:stlakapahli/. \ref 04753 \lxa kipia para \lxac kipia para \lxo kipia para \lxoc kipia para ya:s \dt 26/May/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-complex \se (~ + [future verb]) word sequence indicating advisory or obligative modality, i.e., speaker's view that addressee or referent should act in a certain way, or that sth must occur; in certain cases it might also indicate that the verbal event is 'bound to' occur \ss (~ + [verbo en futuro]) secuencia de palabras que indican una modalidad de obligación, esto es, la perspectiva del hablante que otro debe actuar de cierta manera, o que algo tiene que suceder \pna Kipia para wi:ts. \pea He's bound to come. \psa Ha de venir. \pna Kipia para tine:chpale:wi:s. \pea You should help me. \psa Me debes (tienes que) ayudar. \pna A:man xok kipiaya para kiawiskia. \pea Today it wasn't due for it to rain (i.e., it shouldn't have rained). \psa Hoy no estaba para llover (esto es, no debía haber llovido). \dis i:tekiw \xrb piya \nse <na>Kipia para</na> can be compared to other ways of saying 'it is necessary,' 'it is needed,' or 'it is bound to.' It seems, first, that <nao>kipia para</nao> is used only when followed by a future verb form. The implication is that the subject of verbal predicate is obligated to engage in the action. An English translation might be 'must.' Another way of expressing necessity is through <nlao>kineki</nlao>, which is followed by a noun. Thus <nao>kineki tla:katl</nao> 'a grown man is needed/necessary' or <no>kineki se: ma pitentsi:n</no> 'one who is small is needed.' See <nlao>kineki</nlao> for further discussion. Finally, note the use of <nlao>i:tekiw</nlao>. <na>Kipia para wi:ts</na> (Am) expresses a speaker's perception of an obligation on the part of the subject to come, such as would be the case if the subject has promised to do so, or has a matter pending that requires his or her attention. <na>I:tekiw</na>, on the other hand, expresses more a sense of inevitability; indeed, it even suggests that a subject might carry out a given act even against his will or desire. Thus a parent might tell a friend that his child will help, <na>i:tekiw mitspale:wi:s</na>, implying that this will occur even if the child is somewhat reluctant. More work needs to be done on distinguishing them. \ref 04754 \lxa polaktia \lxac kipolaktia \lxo polahtia \lxoc kipolahtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to submerge; to immerse; to dunk (sth or sb into a liquid, particularly water); to force underwater \ss sumergir; meter dentro de un líquido (particularmente el agua) \pna Xpolakti, xte:ma! \pea Put it under water (in this case a water jug), fill it up! \psa ¡Mételo (en este caso un peró:l), llénalo! \xrb polaki \xvbao polaki \qry Determine difference between /a:polaktia/ and /polaktia/; also determine the difference between /o:nipolak/ and /o:nimopolaktih/. Check for possible use of intensifier. \ref 04755 \lxa tlayo:ltoto:nilia \lxac kitlayo:ltoto:nilia \lxo tlayo:ltoto:nilia \lxoc kitlayo:ltoto:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to spread maize out in the sun (to kill the vermin) for (sb) \ss extender el maíz en el sol (para matar los animalitos que le infestan) para (algn) \xrb o:ya \xrb to:n \xvbao tlayo:ltoto:nia \pqry The spectrogram of this word provides a good illustration of the vowel length variation, e.g., /toto:-/. \ref 04756 \lxa a:yo:tilia \lxac ka:yo:tilia \lxo a:yo:tilia \lxoc ka:yo:tilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to add water to (broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more) for (sb) \ss agregarle agua a (caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más) para (algn) \xrb a: \xvbao a:yo:tia \qry Cf. query in /a:yo:tia/. Make sure to check whether /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/ are equivalent in meaning re: adding water to a food. Perhaps this is an indication of influence from Spanish 'leismo.' \xv2a tla:yo:tilia \ref 04757 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /tla:lte:kotli/ but it has never been confirmed nor heard in conversation besides once when documented. It has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04758 \lxa kwe:roh \lxac kwe:roh \lxo kwe:roh \lxoc kwe:roh \dt 23/Feb/2005 \loan cuero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se leather \ss piel curtida; cuero \se skin (of a person) \ss piel (de una persona) \pna Pipixtik un ikwe:roh, xwel kalaki aú:jah. \pea His skin is tough, a needle can't pierce it. \psa Estádura su piel, no le puede entrar una aguja. \syna kwetlaxtli \syno kwitlaxtli \ref 04759 \lxa to:nahli \lxac to:nahli \lxo to:nahli \lxoc to:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se sun \ss sol \se day (i.e., the daylight hours of a day, between sunrise and sunset) \ss día (esto es, la parte del día cuando se ve el sol, entre el amanecer y el atardecer) \pna O:ninenen se: to:nahli. \pea I walked an entire day (in this case of daylight hours). \psa Caminé un día entero (en este caso las horas de luz). \se day (i.e., the day of 24 hours) \ss día (esto es, el día de 24 horas) \se (<na>kimich pitentsi:n</na> ~) the sun is just rising \ss (<na>kimich pitentsi:n</na> ~) el sol está apenas saliendo \pna Kemech pitentsi:n to:nahli, kemech o:wa:lki:s. \pea The sun is just rising (still low on the horizon); it just emerged. \psa El sol apenas está saliendo (está cerca del horizonte), apenas salió. \se (<na>sa: pitentsi:n</na> or <na>sa: tepe:i:xko</na> ~) the sun is about to set \ss (<na>sa: pitentsi:n</na> o <na>sa: tepe:i:xko</na> ~) el sol está por ponerse \pna Sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli, i kalakis. \pea The sun is near the horizon, it is about to set. \psa El sol está nomás poco arriba del horizonte, ya se va a poner. \se (<na>nokwa</na> ~ (Am) / <no>tlami</no> ~ (Oa)) for a solar eclipse to occur \ss (<na>nokwa</na> ~ (Am) / <no>tlami</no> ~ (Oa)) haber un eclipse solar \pna O:nokwah to:nahli. \pea There was a solar eclipse. \psa Hubo un eclipse solar. \se (alienable possession)"spirit" \ss (posesión enajenable)"espíritú" \se (<na>asi -to:nal</na>) for ones fate to be fulfilled; for one's day to arrive \ss (<na>asi -to:nal</na>) cumplirsele a uno su suerte; llegarsele el día a \pna O:mik, o:asik ito:nal. \src DT#7: 293 \pea He died, his fate caught up with him. \psa Se murió, llegósu día. \sem heavens \colao i:xmon to:nahli \xrb to:na \nse In the passive construction (<na>nokwa to:nahli</na>, as well as <na>nokwa me:stli</na>) Ameyaltepec consultants noted that it is the stars that"eat"the sun (and moon). However, other consultants made the distinction between <na>nokwa to:nahli i:wa:n si:tlalin</na> as referring to a partial eclipse and <na>nokwa to:nahli i:wa:n me:stli</na> as referring to a total eclipse (i.e., with the implication that the moon is more powerful in"eating"the sun than the stars are. In Oapan the reflexive passive of <na>kwa</na> is not used in the sense of 'eclipse'; rather <no>tlami</no> is employed (see above). The phrase <na>asi -to:nal</na> refers, literally, to one's"day"arriving. The sense is that something unfelicitous has happened although in certain cases the phrase may refer to a positive occurrence. Finally, the possessed form of <nao>to:nahli</nao> refers to something that may loosely referred to as ones 'spirit.' It can be lost through fright (or <spn>susto</spn>) and then recovered by a <spn>curandero </spn> who leaves offerings for or appeals to the <na>yeyekameh</na> to release the <nao>to:nahli</nao> that they have taken. Extensive encyclopedic notes will need to be developed on this meaning and use of <nao>to:nahli</nao>. \mod Perhaps do stories about /to:nahli/ \ref 04760 \lxa tsonketsa \lxac kitsonketsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to turn or place with the mouth pointing down (material objects such as bottles and jugs, e.g., to empty them) \ssa poner o colocar con la boca hacia abajo (objetos materiales como botellas y cántaros, p. ej., para vaciarlos) \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana \xrb tson \xrb ketsa \nse <na>Tsonketsa</na> is used only with objects, such as bottles and jugs, that have a"mouth"as an opening. \qry The entry for this term (the entry and/or definition) might be wrong. \ref 04761 \lxa tlatetewistika:n \lxac tlatetewistika:n \lxo tlate:tewistika:n \lxoc tlate:tewistika:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1(N2-tla) \se see <nla>tlatetewitska:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>tlatetewitska:n</nla> \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \xrb tla:l \xrb tewits \pqry In general all these forms should be discussed and one standard entry. The major differences concern: 1) initial /tla-/ or /tla:l-/; 2) redupication with long (/te:te-/) or short (/tete-/) vowel; and 3) final /-witska:n/ or /-wistika:n/. \ref 04762 \lxa se:wati \lxac se:wati \lxo se:wati \lxoc se:wati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become cold \ss hacer frío \pna A:man ye pe:was se:watis. \pea Now its about to start becoming cold. \psa Ahora ya va a empezar a hacer frío. \cfao se:wa \xrb se:wa \vl Link 1st female token, 1st male token. \ref 04763 \lxa tsakawa:swia \lxac notsakawa:swia \lxo tsakawa:swia \lxop tsakawa:swia \lxof [tsa ka wa:s 'wi a] \lxoc notsakawa:swia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes \se (refl.) to comb ones hair and delouse oneself with a <nlao>tsakawa:stli</nlao> \ss (refl.) peinarse y quitarse piojos con el peine llamado <nlao>tsakawa:stli</nlao> \xrb tsakawa:s \ref 04764 \lxa kokomoka \lxac kokomoka \lxo kokomoka \lxoc kokomoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to make a repeated banging or sputtering sound \ss hacer un ruido como una serie de golpes; petardear \pna Wa:lkokomokatiw fle:chah. \pea The bus is coming sputtering along. \psa Viene petardeando el camión. \pna Tlakokomoka ika tambo:ras. \pea There's a reverberating sound from the drums. \psa Hay un sonido como de reverbero por las tamboras. \sem sound \xrb komo: \xvnao komo:ni \nse When asked the meaning of <na>kokomoka</na> consultants invariably placed their fingers together and hit the palm of their other hand, or some other object. \vl Link 2nd female token. \grm Antipassive: Note the following phrase as an example: /Tlakokomoka ika tambo:ras/ 'There's a reverberating sound from the drums.' \ref 04765 \lxa tla:lmimilo:hli \lxac tla:lmimilo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>tla:ltemimilo:hli</na> \se very small, low-lying and narrow hill; mounds de earth \ss lomita; cerrito muy pequeño, angosto y poco alto; montículos de tierra \equivo tla:lmilo:hli \xrb tla:l \xrb mil \nse <na>Tla:lmimilo:hli</na> is seldom used in everyday speech. Nevertheless elders understand this term. \ref 04766 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /I:cha:n Tekolo:meh/ which has been removed and placed in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \xrb cha:n \xrb tekolo: \ref 04767 \lxa kiawtli \lxac kiawtli \lxo kiahtli \lxoc kiahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se rain \ss lluvia \pna Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli. \pea I won't drink it because it is just rainwater. \psa No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia. \sem weather \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae It might be possible to analyze <na>kwawtli</na> as a deverbalized noun, given the verb <nlao>kiawi</nlao>. \ref 04768 \lxa motso:lowa \lxac kimotso:lowa \lxo 'motso:lówa \lxop motso:lowa \lxoc kímotso:lówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Op. <n>te-</n> : <na>temotso:lowa</na> \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to grab or snatch in ones hand (e.g., sb's arm, clothes, etc.); to grab a handful or fistful of \ss agarrar o asir en la mano (p. ej., el brazo de algn, ropa, etc.); agarrar un puñado de \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lo! \pea Don't grab me (for example, by snatching a part of my clothing)! \psa ¡No me agarres (p. ej. asiendo parte de mi ropa por la mano)! \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lo ipan notlake:n! \pea Don't grab me by my clothes! \psa ¡No me empuñes la ropa! \pna Xkomotso:lo deke tihkwa:s! \pea Reach out and grab a handful if you're going to eat them (e.g., candies, seeds, etc.)! \psa ¡Extiende tu mano a agarrar un puñado si te los vas a comer (p. ej., dulces, semillas, etc.)! \cfao temotso:lowa \dis motsowa \xrb mohtso:l \xvaa motso:lowilia \xvao 'motso:lowília \nse Luis Lucena, in discussing the difference between <na>motso:lowa</na> and <na>momotsowa</na> suggested that the second verb indicates greater force, that one, for example, might have sunken ones nails into another person's arm. Note that <na>motso:lowa</na> was never documented in a reflexive form, and consultants denied that this was possible. However, there is a documented occurrence of the reflexive <nao>temotso:lowa</nao>, which is a distinct entry and, given that the pitch accent pattern is distinct, may indeed have a different etymology. \nae Note that in Ahuelicán the presence of underlying {h} is confirmed: e.g., <n>ne:chmohtso:lowa</n>. The pitch contour of <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no>, which is equivalent to that of <no>né:xtete:mówa</no>, suggests that the same underlying pattern of {h} holds for the two words, underlyingly {mohtso:lowa} and {tehte:mowa}. Yet there is no evidence (though this should be rechecked) in other words with the same verbal stem (e.g., <nlo>ixitemotso:lihtok</nlo> ; <nlo>ixitemotso:lowa</nlo> ; <nlo>motso:lowilia</nlo> ; <nlo>temotso:liwi</nlo> ; <nlo>temotso:lowa</nlo> ; and <nlo>temotso:lkuhtia</nlo>) that there is an underlying {h} anywhere. These need to be rechecked, but if this is the case it raises the question of the reason for the pitch accent in <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no>. Perhaps the reason has to do with a reanalysis of the stem as {mohtso:lowa} based on the fact that it usually occurs in reduplicated form and that this is often reduced to vowel lengthening on the prev ious syllable. However, t his seems unlikely given that there is no parallel pitch-accent in compounds with this same verbal stem. Another possibility is that the pitch accent on <n>ne:ch-</n> in <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no> is an example of grammaticalized pitch accent that indicates"reduplication"and that in effect it is the semantic equivalent of <no>ne:chmómotso:lówa</no>. Note, also, that the maintenance of pitch-accent on the reduplicated syllable of <no>ne:chmómotso:lówa</no> seems to reflect an avoidance of a stress pattern of H-L-L-L-H-L. If it is the prosodic structure that causes this, then we would expect that reduplication of four-syllable words in Oapan Nahuatl with a long syllable in a preceding prefix results in a stressed reduplicant. Unfortunately, no test cases that have been recorded come immediately to mind. This did not seem to be the interpretation of Florencia Marcelino, who suggested that whereas <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no> represents a single occurrence of the action of grabbing, <no>ne:chmómotso:lówa</no> represents multiple occurrences. Therefore, the reason for pitch accent in a form such as <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no> seems to be the same reason for its occurrence in <no>kímotso:lówa</no>, an initial closed syllable with {h} as a coda. This suggests that <no>temotso:lowa</no>, which does not manifest pitch accent, is a different word, not simply the same word with an intensifying prefix. \qry Check for possible intransitive form. Also for possible further etymological division (/tso:l/?). Check whether the meaning of 'to be huddled over' occurs only with the /te/ prefix or whether the simple reflexive is also viable. I have a filecard under /temotso:liwi/ with the simple note:"cf. also /tso:liwi/"and no further information. Thus it will be important to check for the meaning of both /motso:liwi/ and /temotso:liwi/. \pqry Pitch accent: check: (e.g., <nlo>ixitemotso:lihtok</nlo> ; <nlo>ixitemotso:lowa</nlo> ; <nlo>motso:lowilia</nlo> ; <nlo>temotso:liwi</nlo> ; <nlo>temotso:lowa</nlo> ; and <nlo>temotso:lkuhtia</nlo>) \sj Check for /h/. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; Oapan phonology: The pitch contour of <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no>, which is equivalent to that of <no>né:xtete:mówa</no>, suggest that the same underlying pattern of {h} holds for ? <no>mohtso:lowa</no> as it does for <no>tehte:mowa</no>. Yet there is no evidence (though this should be rechecked) in other words with the same verbal stem (e.g., <nlo>ixitemotso:lihtok</nlo> ; <nlo>ixitemotso:lowa</nlo> ; <nlo>motso:lowilia</nlo> ; <nlo>temotso:liwi</nlo> ; <nlo>temotso:lowa</nlo> ; and <nlo>temotso:lkuhtia</nlo>) that there is an underlying {h} anywhere. These need to be rechecked, but if this is the case it raises the question of the reason for the pitch accent in <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no>. Perhaps the reason has to do with a reanalysis of the stem as {mohtso:lowa} based on the fact that it usually occurs in reduplicated form and that this is often reduced to vowel lengthening on the previous syllable. However, this seems unlikely given that there is no para llel pitch-accen t in compounds with this same verbal stem. Another possibility is that the pitch-accent on <n>ne:ch-</n> in <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no> is an example of grammaticalized pitch-accent that indicates"reduplication"and that in effect it is the semantic equivalent of <no>ne:chmómotso:lówa</no>. Note, also, that the maintenance of pitch-accent on the reduplicated syllable of <no>ne:chmómotso:lówa</no> seems to reflect an avoidance of a stress pattern of H-L-L-L-H-L. If it is the prosodic structure that causes this, then we would expect that reduplication of four-syllable words in Oapan Nahuatl with a long syllable in a preceding prefix results in a stressed reduplicant. Unfortunately, no test cases that have been recorded come immediately to mind.) This did not seem to be the interpretation of Florencia Marcelino, who suggested that whereas <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no> represents a single occurrence of the action of grabbing, <no>ne:chmómotso:l 43;wa</no> represents multiple occurrences. In sum, the reason for pitch accent in a form such as <no>né:chmotso:lówa</no> needs to be further researched. \ref 04769 \lxa tesasa:wati \lxac tesasa:wati \lxo té:sa:wáti \lxop té:sa:wati \lxoc té:sa:wáti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get a blight of small, pimple-like formations on the skin (certain fruits such as watermelon) \ss arruinarse (ciertas frutas como la sandía) al salirsele pequeños granitos sobre la superficie \pna Tesasa:watin nosandiatsitsi:wa:n, o:tesasa:watkeh ika xo:kiaw. \pea From lack of rain my watermelon got blighted with small pimple-like blemishes on their skin (and they are no longer sweet). \psa Por falta de lluvia mis sandías se arruinaron, saliéndoles pequeños granitos por la cáscara. \sem disease \cfa sa:wati \xrb sa:wa \qry Perhpas put this under /sawa:ti/. Check to see if /tesasa:wati/ is so specific as to refer only to plants. \vl The first female token is /té:sa:wátik/, which should be tagged 7713 \ref 04770 \lxa ba:kah \lxac ba:kah \lxo ba:kah \lxoc ba:kah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan vaca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cow \ss vaca \ref 04771 \lxa tla:lpo:poxowa \lxac kitla:lpo:poxowa \lxo tla:lpopoxowa \lxoc kitla:lpopoxowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se to roll or push back and forth on the ground \ss revolcar sobre el suelo \pna Yo:pe:w notla:lpo:poxowa nosuwa:kone:w, yo:kwala:n. \pea My little girl has started to roll back and forth on the ground (in this case in a tantrum), she's gotten mad. \psa Mi hijita ya empezó a revolcarse en el suelo (en este caso al haberse enojado), se enojó. \se (refl.) to wiggle back and forth on the ground (e.g., a chicken settling in, a pig wallowing, etc.) \ss (refl.) agitarse de un lado a otro en la tierra (p. ej., una gallina acomodándose, un marrano acostándose, etc.) \xrb tla:l \xrb pox \nse In Oapan the reflexive <no>nopopoxowa</no> is used to refer to the action of hens nesting in the ground. The form <no>tla:lpopoxowa</no> as a transitive verb can refer to the manner in which a bull [S] pushes a man back and forth on the ground, or to the action of rubbing a stick in the ground to put it in. \nae The vowel length of this word, and other words with this verbal stem, is not clear. Tetelcingo, Morelos, documents a short vowel reduplicant with a final {h}. Yet in Oapan there definitely seems to be no {h} given the lack of pitch accent in this word. \pqry Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. \sj tla:lpoh?poxowa, etc. In Ameyaltepec (at least during the elicitation with Cristino Flores, I heard the vowel of the reduplicant as long). \ref 04772 \lxa Rre:yes Mo:ros \lxac *Rre:yes Mo:ros \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Reyes Moros \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se religious dance formerly performed by young and adult men in San Juan Totolcintla and Ostotipan (and perhaps other neighboring villages) \ss danza religiosa presentada en el pasado por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Juan totolcintla y ostotipan (y quizá otros pueblos circumvecinos) \sem dance \equivo Mo:ros \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from Mo:ros Chi:nos. Make sure that Oapan distinguishes or does not distinguish the two. \ref 04773 \lxa a:pi:tsaltia \lxac ka:pi:tsaltia \lxo a:pi:tsaltia \lxoc ka:pi:tsaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \se to give diarrhea to; to cause diarrhea in (sb) \ss causar o dar diarrea a \pna Ne:cha:pi:tsaltia tli:n onkwah. \pea What I ate gives me diarrhea. \psa Lo que comíme da diarrea. \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \xvbao a:pi:tsa \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Note that this is a monotransitive causative from a reflexive base. Cf. notes with /a:pi:tsa/. \ref 04774 \lxa ikoptok \lxac ikoptok \lxo íkoptók \lxop ikoptok \lxoc íkoptók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to have ones eyes closed \ss tener los ojos cerrados \xrb hkopi \ref 04775 \lxa xa:yakateoomi \lxac xa:yakateoomi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \sea to have the cheeks so sunken in that the facial bones protrude \ssa estar con las mejillas sumidas con tal de que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara \equivo xa:ya:komiteyoh \xrb xa:yaka \xrb omi \grm Apocopated nouns: This seems to be another case in which a nominal form without an absolutive is used as a way of characterizing the appearance of a certain person or thing. \ref 04776 \lxa i:xmonkokoltostik \lxac i:xmonkokoltostik \lxo í:xmokókoltóstik \lxop i:xmokokoltostik \lxoc í:xmokókoltóstik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have eyelashes that have curled up (e.g., from having had a flame come close to the hairs) \ss tener las pestañas rizadas (p. ej., por haberles sido acercado una flama) \cfa i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik \cfo i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb koltots \nse Although originally I had recorded the meaning of this form (in Ameyaltepec) as that of 'curved eyelashes,' a lengthy discussion with Cristino Flores convinced me that this word basically refers to the type of curliness of hair that is brought into contact or close contact with a flame and that as a result shrivels and curls. \nae The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl <no>í:xmokókoltóstik</no> derives from the presence of {h} at two points. First, the historical form <n>i:xmontli</n> has been reinterpreted as {i:xmohtli} leading to surface <no>í:xmotlí</no>. Second, the reduplicant has a coda {h}, as expected. The reason why the reduplicant does not reduce on the previous syllable is not clear, but it could reflect the fact that syllables closing with an underlying {h} cannot lengthen and take pitch accent in compensation for the reduction of the reduplicant. \mod Perhaps make an onomasiological entry to all words that refer to facial features (e.g., sunken eyes or cheeks, big teeth) \sj i:xmonkokoltostik \vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. I originally had written /i:xmó:kokoltóstik/ for the transcription here, but perhaps I was influenced by the p-a, which is usually on a long vowel. Check. The problem here is that if the /o/ is short, then the question arises as to why it doesn't lengthen and reduce reduplication. If it is long, then the question arises as to why it doesn't retain p-a in /í:xmotlí/. It might be that it is underlyingly long but shortens before the /tli/ absolutive, as /n/ is reinterpreted as glottal stop, which can only follow a short vowel. \rt It is unclear whether /kol/ and /tots/ should be divided although at least a reference to this division should be made considering numerous acceptations of /kol/ related to curvedness. However, note also in /kwitlaxkohli/, with a short /o/ in a /kol/ syllable apparently relating to curvedness. \pqry The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl <no>í:xmokókoltóstik</no> derives from the presence of {h} at two points. First, the historical form <n>i:xmontli</n> has been reinterpreted as {i:xmohtli} leading to surface <no>í:xmotlí</no>. Second, the reduplicant has a coda {h}, as expected. The reason why the reduplicant does not reduce on the previous syllable is not clear, but it could reflect the fact that syllables closing with an underlying {h} cannot lengthen and take pitch accent in compensation for the reduction of the reduplicant. Recheck the p-a here with that of the words originally recorded at 1891 (which has been removed as a duplicate of this present entry). \mod Distinguish or discuss in relation to /i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik/, etc. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note that in Oapan the word for eyelash has been relexicalized as /í:xmotlí/. Hence the pitch-accent on the long first /i:/ of /í:xmokókoltóstik/ is from the reinterpretation of the base noun. The two stems are preserved in regards to pitch-accent, with no crossing from the initial {koh-} syllable. The reason for the lack of reduction on the final syllable of the incorporated noun is not entirely clear. Definitely this pattern can be compared to that of /ayó:penké:tl/ where the reduction does take place. \ref 04777 \lxa mapihkli weyak \lxac i:mapil weyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \se second finger (next to the thumb) \ss dedo segundo (junto al pulgar) \sem body \sem human \equivo mápil nepántlah \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb weya \ref 04778 \lxa o:meme:sti \lxac o:meme:sti \lxo o:meme:sti \lxoc o:meme:sti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao see <nlao>-me:sti</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-me:sti</nlao> \xrb o:me \xrb me:s \ref 04779 \lxa ikno:tsi:ntli \lxac ikno:tsi:ntli \lxo ihno:tsi:ntli \lxoc ihno:tsi:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:ntli \infn Stem 1(:) \se orphan (a young child who has lost both parents, although occasionally used for a child who has lost one of two parents) \ss huérfano (un joven que ha perdido a ambos padres, aunque a veces se emplea para algn que ha perdido uno de los dos) \se standing alone (e.g., a tree that stands alone from all others) \ss que queda solo o aparte; apartado (p. ej., unárbol que está aparte de los demás) \xrb kno: \nse This term for 'orphan' is usually, indeed virtually always, used in the diminutive. \qry Check to see if non-diminutive form is acceptable. Refers in most cases to a child who has lost both parents but, apparently (check) may also refer to one who has lost only one parent. Check also reference to"standing apart"definition, which I have added from my recollection. \ref 04780 \lxa tla:ltextilia \lxac kitla:ltextilia \lxo tla:ltextilia \lxoc kitla:ltextilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Inchoa \infv class-2a \se to lower the height of (sth suspended off the ground) \ss bajar (la altura de algo suspendido arriba de la tierra) \pna Tiro tlapak morama:dah, xtla:ltextili! \pea Your shelter made of palm (or grass) is really high off the ground, make it lower! \psa ¡Tu ramada está muy alto, bájala! \se (refl.) to bend or stoop so that one is shorter \ss (refl.) agacharse para que uno quede menos alto \pna Xmotla:ltextili, ma:ka kaxili:s on! \pea Make yourself lower (in this case said to a man carrying a load through a low doorway), don't let it (with the load being carried) hit against that (e.g., sth hanging)! \psa ¡Hazte más chaparro (en este caso dicho a un hombre cargando algo y a punto de entrar una puerta), no le vaya a alcanzar (la carga contra algo)! \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \nae <na>Tla:ltextilia</na> is a causative form derived from the relational noun construction <nla>tla:ltech</nla>. It is derived from an inchoative that is still not documented in the corpus but which would be ? <na>tla:ltextia</na>. \qry Check for inchoative ending in /-tia/: /tla:ltextia/. If found change this /cat entry by removing [x]. If no inchoative is found, then perhaps /-tilia/ can be directly considered a causativizing ending. \vl There are four female tokens. However, the first two corresponding male tokens should not be tagged given the mispronunciation. There are two reasonably OK male tokens, but it is the last one that should be tagged for linking. \ref 04781 \lxa te:tsa:wa:tintli \lxac te:tsa:wa:tintli \lxo te:tsa:wa:tintli \lxoc te:tsa:wa:tintli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(t) \se type of white lice that are found on clothes \ss tipo de piojo blanco que se encuentra en la ropa \pna Te:tsa:wa:tintli, tikpias ipan motlake:n ke:n me:ro a:tintli, so:lo ista:keh yewa. \pea The <na>te:tsa:wa:tintli</na>, you will have them on your clothes like a lice themselves, only these are white. \psa Los <na>te:tsa:wa:tintli</na>, los vas a tener en tu ropa como mero piojos, solamente que aquellos son blancos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb te:tsa:wa \xrb a:t \nse The etymology of this word involves a derivation from <na>te:tsa:wtli</na> 'omen' or 'foreboding.' This would be in accord with the belief that the appearance of these lice on ones clothes is an evil omen. According to one consultant despite its name the <na>te:tsa:wa:tintli</na> is not categorized as an <nla>a:tintli</nla>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:ntli \qry Check whether classified as an /a:tintli/. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male pronunciation. \grm Number agreement: /Te:tsa:wa:tintli, tikpias ipan motlake:n ke:n me:ro a:tintli, so:lo ista:keh yewa./ 'The <na>te:tsa:wa:tintli</na>, you will have it on your clothes like a lice themselves, only these are white.' Note that the phrase ends with number disagreement: /so:lo ista:keh yewa/. Indeed, if we track number across the phrase note that /tikpias/ has a singular object (/k-/) and /yewa/, the 3rd-person independent pronoun, is also singular. The only pluralized form is /ista:keh/, which refers to the /te:tsa:wa:tintli/. The problem in Nahuatl, therefore, is to consider number as a question of agreement, rather it should be considered at least in part a pragmatic device for speech, in which speakers can to some degree influence how the number of the discourse topics can or should be interpreted. \ref 04782 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo michia:po:te:tl \lxoc michia:po:te:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of small fish with a big belly, apparently called <spn>charalito</spn> in Spanish \sso tipo de pez pequeño con una barriga grande, aparentemente llamado 'charalito' \sem animal \sem marine \equiva po:te:tl \equivo a:po:tetl \xrb mich \xrb a: \xrb po:te: \cpl The etymology of <na>po:te:tl</na> is uncertain; perhaps it is related to the big belly of this fish. Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73) identify this fish as the <spn>charalito</spn>. Under <spn>charal</spn>, Schoenhals (1988:263)"1. (Fam. Atherinidae) 'sand smetl', 'silversides'. See pescado blanco. 2. (<i>Chirostoma bartoni</i>) 'Patzcuaro white fish' Smaller than the <spn>pescado blanco</spn>, being only about 2"long. After being cured in the sun, they are commercially sold." \nct michin \qry Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tl/ and /poti:xah/. \grm Phonology: Note retention of /i/ in /michia:po:tetl/. \ref 04783 \lxa kwa:kuwteteko:ntik \lxac kwa:kuwteteko:ntik \lxo kwa:kohtétekó:ntik \lxoc kwa:kohtétekó:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that curve slightly forward in an arc \ss tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que encurvan ligeramente hacia adelante, en un arco \encyctmp kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb te \xrb ko:n \nae The final adjectival element is clearly identical to the independently documented <nlao>teko:ntik</nlao>, with the long final /o:/. A fuller discussion is found under this latter term. \qry It seems that the etymology of <na>teko:ntik</na> is related to /ko:n/ and the semantic basis of 'curved' is therefore understandable. However, I might well have gotten the vowel length wrong here; it should be checked. Also, recheck meanings and usages of /teko:ntik/. \mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. \ref 04784 \lxa ka:ltson \lxaa ka:lson \lxac ka:ltson \lxo kaso:n \lxoc kaso:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan calzón \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se white cotton pants, made of <spn>manta</spn> and formerly worn by most adult male peasants in the region \ss calzón, un tipo de pantalón hecho de manta y anteriormente usado por la mayoría de los hombres campesinos en la zona \cfa tlatsi:nkweptli \encyctmp tlake:ntli (one for men, one for women) \qry Check vowel length here and in compound forms, i.e. whether length"shifts"to the /-so:n/ depending on stress pattern. I have recorded Am several times as /kaltson/. Check. \pqry Check the final sound of the Oapan speech tokens, i.e., whether or not \mod Establish a page of clothes and different types, for me and women. For /calzon/ determine and identify the different parts, as well as the types of stiching along the bottom of the legs. \vl check vl \ref 04785 \lxa tekorrá:l \lxaa tekorra:l \lxac tekorrá:l \lxo tekorra:l \lxoc tekorra:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>corral</spn> \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se stone wall (made by setting stones on top of each other, without using mortar) \ss cerca de piedras (hecha al colocar piedras en una forma ajustada, sin utlizar mezcla o cemento) \pna Oa:la:w un tekorra:l. \pea That stone wall (i.e., part of it) tumbled down (with the stones slipping off each other). \psa Esa cerca de piedras (esto es, parte de ella) se derrumbó. \xrb te \qry Check length of first /a:/ in /o:a:la:w/ as my original filecard had a short initial /a/. Check stress pattern from Am recording, all tokens. \ref 04786 \lxa kuwkamotli \lxac kuwkamotli \lxo kohkámotlí \lxoc kohkámotlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se type of sweet potato with white inside \ss tipo de camote con la fruta blanca \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equiva kamotli de pe:pe:to \encyctmp kamotli \xrb kow \xrb kamoh \nse According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of <spn>camote</spn> as the <nla>kamotli de pe:pe:to</nla>. \cpl Ramírez (1991) lists <na>kwawkamotli</na>, identified as the <spn>huacamote</spn> and as a member of the family <i>Euphorbiaceae</i>. \nct kamotli \ref 04787 \lxa xma:s \lxac xma:s \lxo xma:s \lxoc xma:s \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan más \psm Adv \com Neg-Adv \der Adv-loan \se rarely; not often \ss raras veces \pna Xma:s nia:ni. \pea I don't go often (I rarely go). \psa No voy mucho (raras veces voy). \se not much \ss no mucho \pna Xma:s nia:ni. \pea I don't go often (I rarely go). \psa No voy mucho (raras veces voy). \pna Xma:s nikpia tomi:n. \pea I don't have very much money. \psa No tengo mucho dinero. \xrb x- \ref 04788 \lxa inakas kone:joh \lxac inakas kone:joh \lxo i:nakas kone:joh \lxocpend @i:nakas kone:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>conejo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea <l>Asclepias glaucescens</l> Kunth, wild herbaceous plant of the Asclepiadaceae family \ssa <l>Asclepias glaucescens</l> Kunth, planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Asclepiadaceae \pna Xiwtli, tila:wak, we:weyak ixiwyo. Deke mitskukwa motsontekon, timoltla:lili:s ipan motsontekon, sesé:k. \pea It is a weed, its leaves are thick, long. If your head hurts you place it on your head, it is cold. \psa Es una hierba mala, sus hojas son gruesas, largas. si se te duele la cabeza te lo pones sobre ella, es frío. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \equivo i:nakas to:chintsi:n \xrb nakas \nct xiwtli \ref 04789 \lxa chikyón \lxaa chikiyón \lxac chikyón \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan chiquear (?) \psm N \der N-loan (?) \infn N1 \sea person who is unhelpful (reluctant to do something, to say something, to help, etc.) \ssa renegón (alguien que no quiere hacer una cosa, decir algo o ayudar) \pna Chikiyón, yewa xkineki ne:chpale:wi:s. \pea He's an unhelpful sort, he doesn't want to help me. \psa Es un renegón, no me quiere ayudar. \apa chikiyontik \nse In general, someone who is reluctant to help or lend a hand. In one case it was used to refer to someone who, although he could have, refused to be a witness. \qry Check pronunciation to see whether /chikyón/ might be a more accurate transcription. Check etimology for possible cognates although it appears to be a borrowing. I \ref 04790 \lxa inakas ko:lo:tl \lxac inakas ko:lo:tl \lxo nakasko:lo:tl \lxoc nakasko:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N (Oa) \der N-complex (Am); N-b (Oa) \infn Stem 2 \se <l>Caesalpinia coriacea</l> Poit., tree of the Leguminoseae family, called <spn>cascalote</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Caesalpinia coriacea</l> Poit.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, llamado cascalote \pna <na>I:nakas ko:lo:tl</na> | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh, para nokurti:rowa kwe:roh. \pea <na>I:nakas ko:lo:tl</na> : It is good for <na>timbre</na>, to cure leather. \psa <na>I:nakas ko:lo:tl</na> : Es bueno para timbre, para curar cuero. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb nakas \xrb ko:lo: \cpl Ramírez (1991) states simply that this is the <na>cascalote</na> tree, a member of the <na>Leguminoseae</na> family. Schoehals (1988) mentions under cascalote:"(<na>Caesalpinia coriaria, C. cacalaco</na>) 'bird-of-paradise' English name is a misnomer as it should be reserved for the banana relatives. Tree is simlar to an acacia and is used medicinally and for tanning. It bears large, showy, yellow and red flowers which become fat pods. Also called huizache, oreja retorcida."It is not immediately apparent whether Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have a tree that corresponds to the <na>inakas ko:lo:tl</na>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this, giving the name <na>nacasco:lo:tl</na> as the <spn>oreja de alacrán</spn> or <spn>cascalote</spn>. \nct kohtli \qry Determine meaning of"timbre." \ref 04791 \lxa tolopoxtik \lxac to:tolopoxtik \lxo tolopoxtik \lxoc tolopoxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be bumpy; to be uneven (a surface with smooth, not rough-edged bumps, such as those found on poorly polished ceramics) \ss (tener reduplicación de vocal larga) ser desigual; no estar plano (una superficie tener topecitos ligeros, sin bordesásperas, como la de una cerámica mal pulida) \pna O:kita:takaloh, xkwahli o:kixi:n. Xpestik, to:tolopoxtik. \pea He cut it (another person's hair) unevenly, he didn't give him a good haircut. It isn't smooth, it' uneven.. \psa Lo trasquiló(el cabello de alguien), no le cortó el pelo bien. No está liso, está disparejo. \sem texture \fl to:tolopochiwi \syno tolo:ntik \dis tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik; tsatsapaltik \xrb tolopoch \nse Without reduplication this refers to a single rounded bump in an area; the reduplicated form, <nao>to:tolopoxtik</nao>, which seems always to have a long vowel in the reduplicant, indicates that there are several bumps. It can be used with <no>ixi</no> to refer to the bump on the side of ones big toe: <no>ixitolopoch</no>, i.e., 'bumpy footed' (used as an insult or when one is mad at someone). \ref 04792 \lxa to:to:tl \lxac to:to:tl \lxo to:to:tl \lxoc to:to:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se generic term for small birds (similar to Spanish <spn>pájaro</spn> as opposed to <spn>ave</spn>, or 'fowl' in English) \ss término genérico para pájaros (y que excluye las aves grandes) \se (alienable possession) genitals; sexual organ (e.g., <na>i:to:to:w tla:katl</na> 'penis' and <na>i:to:to:w sowa:tl</na> 'vagina'; much more commonly <nao>to:to:tl</nao> is used to refer to the male sexual organ, particularly in talking to young children) \ss (posesión enajenable) genitalia;órgano sexual (p. ej., <na>i:to:to:w tla:katl</na> 'pene' and <na>i:to:to:w suwa:tl</na> 'vagina'; es mucho más común que se refiere alórgano masculino, particularmente en hablar a niños pequeños) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb to:to: \cpl Among those birds excluded from the category of <na>to:to:meh</na> are hens, roosters, hawks, herons (<spn>garzas</spn>), turkeys, buzzards or zopilotes, crows, huacos, and, in Nahuatl those knows as <nla>kowi:xin</nla>, <nla>chalto:n</nla>, and <nla>tlakotatatsi:n</nla>. \ref 04793 \lxa po:xa \lxac i:po:xa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan bolsa \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea pocket; cloth bag (attached to sth) \ssa bolsillo; bolsa de tela (como parte de algo) \pna... ipo:xa \pea... its pocket (e.g., of an item of clothing) \psa... su bolsa (p. ej., de un pantalón, camisa, etc.). \qry Check final sound for /h/. \ref 04794 \lxa wi:ka \lxac kwi:ka \lxo wi:ka \lxoc kiwi:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to take away (e.g., a material object to be used, a person or animal that is being taken somewhere, etc.) \ss llevar (p. ej., un objeto material para usar, una persona o animal que se lleva a algún lado, etc.) \pna Xkwi:ka, newa xok nihkwis! \pea Take it, I'm not going to use it anymore (e.g., a tool)! \psa ¡Llévatelo, yo no lo voy a ocupar! \pna Ka:no:n tikwi:ka mokone:w? Ne:si xya:sneki! \pea Where are you taking your child? It appears he doesn't want to go! \psa ¿Dónde llevas a tu hijo?¡Parece que no se quiere ir! \seo to accompany \sso acompanar \pno Nowiya:n mitswi:ka motskwin, mistlásotlá. \peo Your dog accompanies you everywhere, he loves you. \pso Tu perro te acompaña a todos lados, te quiere. \se (<n>-wa:n</n> + refl.) to get along with \ss (<n>-wa:n</n> + refl.) llevarse con \pna I:wa:n kwahli nimowi:ka, xkaman timokwala:nian. \pea I get along with him well, we never get angry with each other. \psa Me llevo bien conél, nunca nos enojamos. \sem motion \xrb wi:ka \nse It is interesting than in one acceptation Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl <nao>wi:ka</nao> differs so much that they are almost antonyms. Thus in Ameyaltepec <na>wi:ka</na> means 'to take (along).' Thus when person A takes person B along on a trip the former is the subject of <na>kwi:ka</na>, i.e., he is the person who is taking the other along. However, in Oapan the same situation is expressed with B as the subject of <no>wi:ka</no>, which means 'to accompany,' because it it B who is accompanying A. \nae The alternative * <n>kwi:ka</n> is not acceptable in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 04795 \lxa pla:toh \lxac pla:toh \lxo pola:toh \lxoc pola:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan plato \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se plate \ss plato \ref 04796 \lxa Tona:ntsi:n \lxac Tona:ntsi:n \lxo Tona:ntsi:n \lxoc Tona:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N \se female patron saint of a village (e.g., Dolores, Concepción, etc., as referred to by village residents and, often, by outsiders) \ss santa patrona de un pueblo (e.g., Dolores, Concepción, etc., llamada <na>tona:ntsi:n</na> asípor los miembros de la comunidad y, a menudo, por otros de pueblos circunvecinos) \pna Tona:ntsi:n Purí:simah. \pea She is our patron saint La Purísima. \psa Es nuestra santa patrona La Purísima. \cfa totatsi:n \cfo totá:tatsí:n \xrb na:n \cfa totatsi:n \nse The patron saint of Ameyaltepec is La Concepción, whose fiesta is on 8 December. \ref 04797 \lxa po:xakwatl \lxac po:xakwatl \lxo po:xakwatl \lxoc po:xakwatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao type of Nightjar, family Caprimulgidae, probably of the genera <l>Chordeiles</l> or <l>Caprimulgus</l>. This is called <spn>poxacuate</spn> in local Spanish. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca el río Balsas. \ssao tipo de"Nightjar,"family Caprimulgidae, probablemente de los genera <l>Chordeiles</l> o <l>Caprimulgus</l>. Llamado <spn>poxacuate</spn> en el español local. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca del río Balsas \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 27, various \equiva chi:kwatsi:n \equivo chí:kwatsí:n \sem animal \sem bird \xrb po:xakwa \nse Based on Hernández, RS gives this as 'ave nocturan, lechuza, búho.' \nae The etymology of <nao>po:xakwatl</nao> is uncertain. \cpl RS gives this as 'ave nocturna, lechuza, búho,' based on Hernández. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish as 'poxacuate, tipo de pájaro, espantapendejos.' \vl Florencia Marcelino's first pronunciation/token is /poxa:wak/. It should be tagged as #3709. Then she gives a word /poxokwatl/ which I do not understand. It should be tagged as 99999_04767_F1 (this coding should be followed for all). Then there are 4 good tokens (2 female and 2 male). These are 4797. \ref 04798 \lxa kone:wah \lxac kone:wah \lxo kone:wah \lxoc kone:wah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \se to be pregnant (a woman or female animal) \ss estar embarazada; estar encinta; estar preñada \pna Xwel kone:wah. \pea She is not able to conceive (lit., 'to be pregnant') \psa Ella es infértil (lit. 'no puede estar embarazada') \pna Ye kone:wah. \pea She is already pregnant. \psa Ya está embarazada. \pna Kone:wah noba:kah. Xok niknamakas, ye o:stli. \pea My cow is going to give birth. I won't sell it anymore, it's pregnant. \psa Estápreñada mi vaca. Ya no la voy a vender, está embarazada. \se to have children (said of either a father or mother) \ss tener niños (dicho de un padre o madre) \pna Nikone:wah. \pea I have children (a male or female speaking). \psa Tengo hijos (hablando un hombre o una mujer). \pna Xyá:s pa:mpa kone:wah. \pea She (or he) won't go because she has children (or, in the case of a woman, it might mean she is with child). \psa Ella (oél) no va a ir porque tiene niños (o, en el caso de una mujer, puede significar que está embarazada). \pna We:i tekitl kichi:wan pa:mpa kone:wakeh. \pea They do a lot of work to do because they have children. \psa Hacen mucho trabajo porque tienen niños. \xrb kone: \qry Check vl is Am /o:stli/. Correct as necessary. \ref 04799 \lxa xola:l \lxac *xola:l \loan solar \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea street (within a village) \ssa calle (dentro de un pueblo) \xrb xola:l \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Indeed, I am not even sure it is an Ameyaltepec word (it might be from San Francisco Ozomatlán). It should be checked. \ref 04800 \lxa mo:lkaxitl \lxac mo:lkaxitl \lxo mo:lkaxitl \lxoc mo:lkaxitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se molcajete (mortar used for grinding chile and other materials) \ss molcajete \xrb mo:l \xrb kax \nse The nominal <nao>kaxitl</nao> might to be obviously related to the verb <nla>ka:xiwi</nla>. Here I have listed the noun as basic. \qry Check whether /kaxitl/ exists as a \ref 04801 \lxa a:yo:wa:tsa \lxac na:yo:wa:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to lose ones bodily fluids \ss (refl.) perder los líquidos corporales \xrb a: \xrb wa: \qry Check intransitive possibility /a:yo:wa:ki/. Determine that /a:yo:wa:tsa/ can only be used reflexively with human subjects. Check other uses of /a:yo:wa:tsa/. \mod Add /kuhmi:tl/ to dictionary. \grm a:yo:wa:tsa Note the incorporation of a derived noun with /-yo:tl/. Check to determine whether /a:yo:tl/ exists in nonpossessed form. \ref 04802 \lxa toka:yoh \lxac toka:yoh \lxo toka:yo \lxoc toka:yo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \loan tocayo \infn Gender; N0/2; Inal \se (vocative) fellow (with the same name as speaker) \ss (vocativo) tocayo \pna Toka:yoh! Ka:n tiaw? \pea <spn>Tocayo</spn>, where are you going? \psa ¡Tocayo!¿Dónde vas? \se (alienable possession) to have the same name as (possessor) \ss (posesión enajenable) tocayo; uno con el mismo nombre que (poseedor) \pna Yo:yekok motoka:yah! \pea Your namesake (female) has arrived. \psa Ya llegótu tocaya. \nse The meaning of <na>toka:yoh</na> is not quite the same as 'namesake' in English since the latter often implies someone named after someone else (e.g., a child named after his or her grandparent). In Nahuatl (as Spanish), <na>toka:yoh</na> is used to refer to someone who has the same name, often by chance, as another (the possessor or, with the vocative, speaker). Note that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <na>toka:yoh</na> is gender specific, and thus one finds also <na>toka:yah</na>. It may be a back formation from the Spanish, itself originally a loan from Nahuatl. However, in Oapan <no>to:ka:yo</no> does not have a gendered ending and, moreover, seems to be used as a vocative only by male speakers. \nae The short initial vowel in Ameyaltepec and Oapan <no>toka:yo</no> probably relates to the fact that the form is a reborrowing from a Spanish loan from Nahuatl. \qry Check for final /h/; also make sure that possessed form does also have final /h/, and not glottal stop. See /to:ka:yo:tl/. Recheck Am for vl and final /h/ as well as gendered /toka:yah/? \ref 04803 \lxa tla:ltekwyowa \lxac tla:ltekwyowa \lxo tla:ltehyowa \lxoc tla:ltehyowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to get covered with dust (e.g., clothes, blankets, a table surface, etc.) \ss cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., ropa, cobijas, la superficie de una mesa, etc.) \pna O:yekok yeyekatl. Ma:ka tla:ltekwyowas, xtlapacho! \pea The wind has started up. Don't let it get covered with dust, cover it up! \psa Llegó el viento.¡Quéno se vaya a cubrir de polvo, tápalo! \syna tla:ltekwi:lo \xrb tla:l \xrb tekw \nse Apparently this is the same, or the virtual equivalent, of <na>tla:ltekwi:lo</na>. \qry Check spelling/pronuncation of /tla:ltekwyowa/; perhpas it should be /tla:ltekyowa/, as I had it in my original notes. \pqry Check /hyowa/ sequence with phonetician. \ref 04804 \lxa tlaiwa \lxac tlaiwa \lxo tlaiwa \lxoa tlayowa \lxoc tlayowa, tlaiwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \pss Pred; PM \com tla-V1 \infv Copular \se (<nao>i</nao> or <nao>ye</nao> ~) to already be night; to be already dark (in the night) \ss ya ser de noche; ya ser oscuro (por ser noche) \pna I tlaiwa -=ye tlaiwa-. \pea It's already night. \psa Ya es noche. \pna Xok nitlachia, ye tlaiwa \pea I can't see anymore, it already gotten dark. \psa Ya no veo bien, ya anocheció. \se last night \ss anoche \pna Tlaiwa o:yah Wepan. \pea Last night he went to Oapan. \psa Anoche fue a Oapan. \xrb yowa \qry Check best spelling here. \nse Although <na>tlayowa</na> is considered a zero valency verb formed through the prefixation of <n>tla-</n>, unlike other similar cases there is no corresponding intransitive verb without the <n>tla-</n> in Ameyaltepec or Oapan Nahuatl. However, Classical Nahuatl does have the equivalent of <n>yowa</n>, as in Molina <n>youa</n> 'anochecer.' RS the gloss 'ser de noche. A veces este verbo va precedido por la partícula <n>on</n>.' Note that with the sense to 'to be night' or 'to be dark (with nightfall)' the adverbial <nao>i</nao> is used. The literal sense would be something like 'it is already dark' or 'it is already nighttime.' Without the adverbial (a predicate modifier) the headword <nao>tlaiwa</nao> has an adverbial function. This seems to occur with many words that deal with temporal periods, regardless of their morphology. For example, <nlao>kwalka:n</nlao> can mean 'early in the morning' or 'tomorrow early in the morning.' \nde Classical Nahuatl manifests <na>tlayowa</na>. For cross-referencing and comparative purposes, the root has been entered as <nr>yowa</nr>. \vl Note that 5197 repeats this entry, so the words from 5197 will have to be tagged with #4804. In general pick the best sounds, which should be the later entries. \ref 04805 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lkowatl \lxoc tla:lkowatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \infn Stem 2 \seo type of small (5 inches long), whitish blood-sucking"snake" \sso tipo de"culebra"pequeña (como 5 pulgadas de largo y algo blanquito) que le chupa la sangre a la gente \sem animal \sem sn \equiva te:chi:chi \encyctmp kowatl \xrb chi:chi \nct kowatl \ref 04806 \lxa momoyoka \lxac momoyoka \lxo momoyoka \lxoc momoyoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to emit a buzzing sound \ss zumbar \se to be tingling (the skin or a part of the body) \ss estar hormigueando (la piel o una parte del cuerpo) \pna Momoyoka noyekatso:l, o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl. \pea My nose is tingling, a scorpion bit me. \psa Estáhormigueando mi nariz, me mordió un alacrán. \xrb moyo: \xvnao moyo:ni \nse Note that <na>momoyoka noyekatsol</na> can undergo possessor raising to <na>niyekamomoyoka</na>. Apparently this verb can refer to a feeling (e.g., of the skin), a sound (e.g., a buzzing sound), or both. \ref 04807 \lxa lo:latli \lxac lo:latli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea grandmother (of humans or animals) \ssa abuela (de personas o animales) \pna I:n na:nkah san te:ixwi:w pero no: bwe:noh ke:n un lo:latli. \pea This one (in this case a calf) is just the offspring of an offspring, but it is good like its mother's mother (i.e., the cow at the head of the line). \psa Este (en este caso un becerro) es solamente el hijo de un hijo, pero es tan bueno como la abuela (esto es, la vaca que dió origen a la línea). \se (<na>a:rah molo:lah</na>) damn it! my goodness! \ss (<na>a:rah molo:lah</na>)¡chin!¡híjole! \pna A:ra molo:lah! Tli:no:n timitschi:wilitoya, tle:ka tine:xtelowa? \pea Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me? \psa ¡Chin!¿Quéte hacía?¿Por quéme pegas? \sem kin \equivao si:stli \xrb lo:lah \nse As a kinship term, <na>lo:latli</na> references FM, MM, WFM, WMM, HFM, and HMM, as well as M of either ones godfather or godmother. Without the absolutive it functions as a vocative or address term, i.e. <na>Xtlakwa:ki lo:lah</na>, 'Come eat, grandmother!' Otherwise it is almost always (though not necessarily) possessed. The phrase <na>a:rah molo:lah</na> may be either a curse or a means of expressing wonder, to wit 'my goodness.' Often, instead of <na>a:rah molo:lah</na> the form <na>a:rah mosis</na> is used, but this is one of the few contexts in which <na>si:stli</na> is used as an equivalent to <na>lo:latli</na>. In general in Ameyaltepec <na>lo:lah</na> is the regular term for grandmother, <na>si:s</na> is limited virtually entirely to an interjection in the phrase <na>a:rah mosis</na> or its equivalent. \ref 04808 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo té:chikolá:na \lxoc té:chikolá:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-V2 \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo generic name (derived from the hook-like thorns) for a group of trees that includes two species: <l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth. and <l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth., both of the Leguminoseae family \sso nombre genérico (derivado de la forma de sus púas) para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos especies: <l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth. y <l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth., ambas de la familia Leguminoseae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva tlanchikoltila:na \equivo misto:nwistli \xrb chihkol \xrb a:na \nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na>, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both gave <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are called <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na> although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however, Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as <nbo>misto:nwistli</nbo> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) and <l>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</l> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.). He did not use the term <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. \cpl This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 04809 \lxa kechpanowa \lxac kikechpanowa \lxo kechpanowa \lxoc kikechpanowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2b \se to carry on ones shoulders or upper back \ss cargar por los hombros o espalda \xrb kech \xrb -pan \nse Apparently this verb is not related to <na>panowa</na> (or classical <na>pano</na>) used transitively. Rather, it seems to involve the verbalization (denominalization) of <nao>kechpan</nao>. The evidence of this is in the verbal inflection: <na>kechpanowa</na> does not inflect like <nao>pano(wa)</nao> but rather as an transitive <n>-owa</n> verb. Note also that in Classical Nahuatl the perfective of <n>kechpanowa</n> is <n>o:kechpanoh</n>, like in Ameyaltepec, and not like <n>pano</n>, i.e., <na>o:pano:k</na>. \qry Check the meaning of /kike:kechpanowa/. \vl Tag the first female token /kike:kechpanowa/ with 4809, but do not link this form with the reduplicated first syllable. \ref 04810 \lxa suwa:ko:koneh \lxac suwa:ko:koneh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se pl., see <nla>sowa:kone:tl</nla> \ss pl. vé ase <nla>sowa:kone:tl</nla> \cfo ichpakatsi:n \xrb sowa: \xrb kone: \ref 04811 \lxa ke:ch \lxac ke:ch \lxo ke:ch \lxoc ke:ch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-int \se (with a countable noun) how many \ss (con un sustantivo contable) cuantos \pna Ke:ch mokone:wa:n? \pea How many children do you have? \psa ¿Cuántos niños tienes? \pna Tike:chmeh? \pea How many are we? \psa ¿Cuántos somos? \pna Nikneki nikmatis ke:ch onkah. \pea I want to know how many there are. \psa Quiero saber cuántos hay. \se (~ <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa)) how much (in reference to the price of sth) \ss (~ <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa)) cuanto; cuanto vale (en referencia al precio de algo) \pna Ke:ch ika? \pea How much does it cost? \psa ¿Cuánto cuesta? \pna Ke:ch ika katka? \pea How much did it cost? \psa ¿Cuánto costaba? \pna Ke:ch ikameh? \pea How much do they cost? \psa ¿Cuánto cuestan? \pna Ke:ch ika o:tko:w? \pea How much did you pay for it? \psa ¿Cuánto te costó? \se ([number] <na>i:pan</na> ~) how much after [number]? (in terms of time) \ss ([número] <na>i:pan</na> ~)¿cuánto después de las [número]? (en cuanto a la hora) \pna Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh? \pea How many minutes after five is it? \psa ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos? \xrb ke:ch \cfao ke:chkitsi:n; ke:chika \qry Determine whether the /ke:ch ika/ meaning 'how much?' is the same /ke:ch ika/ meaning 'while.' \grm Pluralization: Note the use of the plural with a relational noun: /Ke:ch ikameh?/ 'How much do they cost?' I believe I had another example of an unusual plural formation. This should be checked in my notes. Note also the use of the nominal plural with /ke:ch/, an \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04812 \lxa tlai:xmati \lxac tlai:xmati \lxo tlai:xmati \lxoc tlai:xmati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-[N-V2] \der V2-tla \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to know how to read \ss saber leer \cfao i:xtlamati \xrb i:x \xrb mati \grm /tla-/; incorporation: An interesting discussion would be the difference between the transitive verb /i:xmati/ and its null complement form /tlai:xmati/ and the intransitive verb /i:xtlamati/. It will be important to check whether this latter has an underlying /h/ as in /i:xtlahmati/. \ref 04813 \lxa kwala:nini \lxac kwala:nini \lxo kwala:nini \lxoa kwala:nine \lxoc kwala:nine, kwala:nini \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se person who is hot-headed; person easily angered \ss enojón \xrb kwala: \ref 04814 \lxa yestatapaxtli \lxac yestatapaxtli \lxo yestá:tapáxtli \lxoc yestá:tapáxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \pa yes-lex \se balls of mucous or phlegm with dark dried blood that are occasionally coughed up \ss bolas de flema con sangre oscura y seca que ocasionalmente salen al toser \sem disease \xrb es \xrb tahpach \nae The only similar word that has been discovered is Classical <n>tapachtli</n> 'sea shell' or 'conch.' However, note that Oapan Nahuatl also has <nlo>ta:tapache:wi</nlo> in reference to red bumps appearing on ones skin (e.g., from an alergy). Whatever the source of <no>yestá:tapáxtli</no> the question of the pitch accent remains problematical. Provisionally (and pending analysis of similar terms from neighboring dialects with surface /h/) the root of this word has been written as <nr>tahpach</nr>. \qry Check for possessed form. This should be checked in Tetelcingo for location of /h/. \sj Check for presence of /h/ in SJ. The p-a of Oapan is not explained by reduplication, only by {h} in the underlying form. \ref 04815 \lxa me:me:lioh \lxac me:me:lioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea <l>Desmodium procumbens</l> (Mill.) Hitchc. var. <l>exiguum</l> (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., weed of the Leguminoseae family that is food for donkeys \ssa <l>Desmodium procumbens</l> (Mill.) Hitchc. var. <l>exiguum</l> (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., maleza de la familia Leguminoseae que se come por los burros \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo i:nakas komichin \nse It is not clear at present, but it seems that this term might cover what in Latin nomenclature would be various species. \nae The Ameyaltepec term <na>meme:lioh</na> might be a a borrowing from Spanish <spn>medio</spn> although the etymology is still quite uncertain. \nct xiwtli \qry Check everything, length, final /h/, correctness of form, etc. If necessary correct in xref in /i:nakas komichin/. \pqry Recheck vl of first /e:/. \ref 04816 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /kohchi:kwepok/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The term /kohchi:kwepok/ has been removed from the dictionary as vulgar. However, the four speech tokens by Inocencio Jiménez should be tagged as 04816, but they should not be linked to the dictionary. \ref 04817 \lxa tlapilowa \lxac tlapilowa \lxo tlapilowa \lxoc tlapilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to fish by hanging hooks on stakes placed in a shallow river bottom \ss pescar al colgar anzuelas de estacas metidas en las partes poco profundas de un río \pna Niá:s, nontlapilo:s ina:k michin. \pea I'm going, I'm going to go fishing by hanging hooks from stakes in the water. \psa Voy, voy a ir a poner anzuelas sobre estacas para pescar. \se to hunt birds by hanging nets in the trees \ss cazar pájaros al colgar redes de losárboles \se (~ <na>ika totopoxtli</na>) to make <na>totopos</na> (see <nla>totopoxtli</nla>) \ss (~ <na>ika totopoxtli</na>) hacer totopos (vé ase <nla>totopoxtli</nla>) \pna Tlapilo:lo ika totopoxtli. \pea Totopos are being made. \psa Se está haciendo totopos. \cfa mixtlatlama; wi:lo:tlama \cfo mí:xtlamá; to:to:tlama \xrb pil \xvaao tlapilowilia \xbtlao pilowa \nse With <n>tla-</n>, the verb <na>pilowa</na> refers to various actions (e.g., making <na>totopos</na> and hanging hooks on stakes placed in shallow water. In regard to <na>totopos</na> (a sweet, thin toasted tortilla made for Santa Cruz), the verb refers to how they are made. The <na>masa</na> is ground very thin on a metate and then pushed off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted. The verb <na>pilowa</na> is apparently used because the <na>masa</na> is pushed till it is made to hang off the edge of the <spn>metate</spn>. \ref 04818 \lxa ko:ntli \lxac ko:ntli \lxo ko:ntli \lxoc ko:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se pot (particularly an earthenware pot, which may be used for cooking, storage, etc.) \ss olla (particularmente de cerámica, que se puede utilizar para guardar cosas como granos, por cocinar, etc.) \pna Ke a:man, un ne:nkah ko:ntli... \pea Take for instance that pot over there... \psa Toma, por ejemplo, esa olla allá... \seo (<no>i:ko:nyo tenextli</no>) the lower chamber of a lime kiln into which firewood is stoked to cook the rocks in the upper chamber (see <nlo>tenexko:ntli</nlo>) \sso (<no>i:ko:nyo tenextli</no>) la cámara inferior de un horno para cal en la cual se mete la leña para cocer las piedras en la cámara superior (vé ase <nlo>tenexko:ntli</nlo>) \xrb ko:m \ref 04819 \lxa i:xkwi:tia \lxac ni:xkwi:tia \lxo i:xkwi:tia \lxoc ni:xkwi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl. with <na>i:na:k</na> + [noun] or with complement) to take example or warning from [noun] \ss (refl. con <na>i:na:k</na> + [sustantivo] o con un complemento) tomar ejemplo o prevenirse de [sustantivo] \pna Xmi:xkwi:ti ina:k un ne:nkah tla:katl, ke:n kichi:wtok! A:man kipano:tok xkwahli. \pea Take example (or warning) from how that that there man is doing it! Now he is having a hard time of it. \psa ¡Toma ejemplo (o toma aviso) de como lo está haciendo ese hombre! Ahora se la está pasando mal. \pno Xmi:xkwi:ti:ka:n ke:non tlayo:wiya totátatsí:n. \peo Learn from what you see how Our Father suffered. \pso Aprende de lo que ves como sufrióNuestro Padre. \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \qry Check to see if used only in reflexive. RS gives the transitive as 'to provide a good example to' Check. \grm Note in general the nature of valency change with /kwi/ verbs. Check and discuss in the grammar. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7091. These should also be tagged as 4819, letters c, d, etc. \ref 04820 \lxa po:yo:lin \lxac po:yo:limeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \sea type of small flying insect, like small flies with brownish wings, that swarm underneath trees (they do not bite but fly around ones face, or alight on ones skin, particularly if it is sweaty) \ssa tipo de insecto volador pequeñísimo, como moscas pequeñas con alitas cafecitas, que se pululan por losárboles (no muerden pero vuelen sobre la cara de algn, o se ponen sobre la piel, particularmente cuando está sudadosa) \sem animal \sem insect \xrb po:yo: \nse In a discussion with several people from Oapan they suggested that this animal is one called <nlo>tlapo:hwika:tsi:n</nlo>. However, it is not certain that this is the equivalent. \qry Check for Oapan translation/term. \ref 04821 \lxa arribe:nyoh \lxac arribe:nyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan arribeño \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>arribe:nyos</na> \sea highlander; person from the high country \ssa arribeño \nse In Ameyaltepec this was used, during the time of active itinerant trading, to refer to people from Mexico City and Morelos, particularly those who used to come often to sell (ceramics, clothes, and other manufactures) and buy (e.g., cattle). This is also used to refer to Carnival performers who, when the Carnival was still held, used to dress like <na>arribe:nyos</na> and go around selling old pieces of cloth in jest. \ref 04822 \lxa tlapaya:na \lxac tlapaya:na \lxo tlapaya:na \lxoc tlapaya:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to grind <nla>nextamahli</nla> (generally used to refer to coarse grinding in a hand or mechanical grinder, but also at times to grinding on a metate) \ss moler nixtamal (generalmente se refiere a moler burdamente en un molino de mano o eléctrico, pero también a veces puede significar moler sobre un metate) \pna O:tlapaya:nato, xkineki tisis. \pea She went to grind (her <nla>nextamahli</nla> in a mechanical mill), she doesn't want to grind corn (on a metate). \psa Fue a moler (su nixtamal en un molino eléctrico), no quiere moler sobre el metate. \xrb paya: \xvaao tlapaya:nilia \xbtlao paya:na \nse <na>Tlapaya:na</na> most specifically refers to grinding maize coarsely, which means in a grinder and not on a metate. However, it is occasionally used as a general term for grinding <spn>nixtamal</spn> and includes when this is done on a metate. \ref 04823 \lxa tlakotlapa:na \lxac kitlakotlapa:na \lxo tlákotlapá:na \lxop tlakotlapa:na \lxoc kitlákotlapá:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to break in half (sth brittle such as ceramics, glass, etc., breaking off a piece or simply causing a fissure) \ss romper en la mitad (algo duro y quebradizo como la cerámica, vidrio, etc., rompiéndole un pedazo o haciéndole una fisura) \se to split in half (e.g., firewood, seeds, nuts, etc.) \ss partir en la mitad (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, etc.) \xrb tlahko \xrb tlapa: \nae The pitch accent that is a reflex of underlying {h} in {tlahkotlapa:na} does not shift left onto the prefix. Since this shift occurs in many other words, such as <no>´tlasótla</no> and <no>´tsatsí:tia</no> it seems that the reason is neither the short prefix vowel by itself (which doesn´t attract stress) nor an effort to preserve I/O correspondence. Rather, it seems that the major factor inhibiting reassignment is a limit on the number of syllables between pitch accented ones. \qry Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:na/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how verbal semantics affects reduplication. \grmx The pitch accent that is a reflex of underlying {h} in {tlahkotlapa:na} does not shift left onto the prefix. Since this shift occurs in many other words, such as <no>´tlasótla</no> and <no>´tsatsí:tia</no> it seems that the reason is neither the short prefix vowel by itself (which doesn´t attract stress) nor an effort to preserve I/O correspondence. Rather, it seems that the major factor inhibiting reassignment is a limit on the number of syllables between pitch accented ones. \ref 04824 \lxa yema:nka:toto:nia \lxac kiyema:nka:toto:nia \lxo yema:nka:toto:nia \lxoc kiyema:nka:toto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to heat up lightly; to warm up \ss calentar un poquito; calentar ligeramente \pna San xyema:nka:toto:ni, ma:ka a:sta poso:nis! \pea Just heat it up a little, don't have it come to a boil! \psa ¡Caliéntalo un poquito, no hasta hervir! \xrb yema:n \xrb to:n \ref 04825 \lxa xiwsa:yo:lin \lxac xiwsa:yo:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se fly; type of insect called in Spanish <spn>mosca</spn>, still not definitively identified \ss mosca, tipo de insecto todavía no identificado plenamente \sem animal \sem insect \equivo ixisa:yo:lin \encyctmp insects \xrb xiw \xrb sa:yo:l \cpl Ramiírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'mosca verde, mosca filaria.' \ref 04826 \lxa nekwtli \lxac nekwtli \lxo nehtli \lxoc nehtli; nonek \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se honey \ss miel \se any sweet honey-like syrup (e.g., maple syrup) \ss cualquier jarabe dulce (como, p. ej., de maple) \ono nekwtli \xrb nekw \nse The following animals make honey: <na>tetekomasol, obe:jas, tsi:kanekwteh, tla:lnekwteh, tenekwteh, koko:smeh,</na> and <na>pana:les</na> (all given in Ameyaltepec forms. \qry Determine all animals that make honey. \pqry Check to make sure kw>h and k>h and w>h all yield same [h]. \vl There are two pronunciations here, both female and male should have one of each, yielding four total linked files: /nehtli/ and /nonek/ from a total of 8 tagged files. \grm Oapan phonology: Note how k>h in /nehtli/ but shows up as /k/ in the possessed: /nonek/. \ref 04827 \lxa papa:toh \lxac papa:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pato \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be barely able to walk (perhaps from stiff legs, from drunkenness, etc.) \ssa estar apenas capaz de caminar (quizá a causa de piernes tiesas y adoloridas, por estar borracho, etc.) \apa papa:totik \nse The reduplication seems to indicate a metaphoric extension of the base noun, <na>pa:toh</na>. \qry Check for final /h/; should this be /papato/? My original card had /papa:to/, but I have temporarily changed this to /papa:toh/, pending clarification. Also redetermine etymology; is this really a borrowing from Sp. pato (duck). \ref 04828 \lxa to:ka: \lxac i:to:ka: \lxo to:ka: \lxoc i:to:ka: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \se personal name \ss nombre personal \pna Ke:no:n moto:ka:? \pea What is your name? \psa ¿Cómo te llamas? \se word used to name a material object, place in the countryside (toponym), etc. \ss palabra utilizada para nombrar un objeto material, un paraje o lugar en el campo (topónimo), etc. \pna Xnikmati ke:n ito:ka:. \pea I don't know what it is called (a given object). \psa No se como se llama (un objeto en particular). \pna Mitsihlitia:s ke:no:n itoto:ka:. \pea He will go along telling you the name of each one (e.g., in walking, giving the name of one place after another). \psa Te va a ir diciendo el nombre de cada uno (p. ej., al caminar, indicando el nombre de un paraje tras otro). \pno Xnihmati ke:non i:nto:ka:meh! \peo I don't know what their name is (i.e., what they are called, in this case two identical small bugs). \pso No se cómo se llaman (en este caso en referencia a dos insectos del mismo tipo). \se address term for person (particularly used among women) with the same name (short for <nla>to:ka:yoh</nla> and <na>to:ka:yah</na>) \ss tocaya o tocayo (pero utilizado particularmente entre mujeres, término corto para <nla>to:ka:yoh</nla> y <na>to:ka:yah</na>) \cfao to:ka:yo:mati \xrb to:ka: \nae Final vowel length is shortened when <nao>i:to:ka</nao> is phrase final. But when followed by another word measurements show it to be long. Thus there is a constrast between <nao>noto:ka Juan</nao> 'Juan is buried' and <nao>noto:ka: Juan</nao> 'my name is Juan.' In Oapan the form <no>i:nto:ka:meh</no> is also found. Note that this involves the plural nominal marker <n>-meh</n> on a possessive form. \qry Check plurality and possibility of /intoto:ka/. Note the following phrase /Mitsihlitia:s ke:non itoto:ka/ 'He will go along telling you the name of each one.' The reduplication of /to:ka/ 'name' suggests a distributive, i.e., that they are names of various entities. However, note that in the example phrase the possessive marker is singular 3rd person. This should be checked, but if correct suggests that reduplication can occur indicating plurality without an associated change in the subject, possessor, etc. \pqry A phonetic analysis of the final /a/ should be conducted and this should be compared to final /a/ where the /a/ is underlying short (e.g., /cho:ka/). It should be noted that the /a/ of /i:to:ka/ is underlyingly long, and this length shows up in compound forms. Check carefully! \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Reduplication; number agreement: Note the following phrase /Mitsihlitia:s ke:non itoto:ka/ 'He will go along telling you the name of each one.' The reduplication of /to:ka/ 'name' suggests a distributive, i.e., that they are names of various entities. However, note that in the example phrase the possessive marker is singular 3rd person. This should be checked, but if correct suggests that reduplication can occur indicating plurality without an associated change in the subject, possessor, etc. \grm Phonology, vowel length, phonetics: Final vowel length is shortened when <nao>i:to:ka</nao> is phrase final. But when followed by another word measurements show it to be long. Thus there is a constrast between <nao>noto:ka Juan</nao> 'Juan is buried' and <nao>noto:ka: Juan</nao> 'my name is Juan.' In general this is true of all words with final long vowel: /ma:/, /kwe:/, etc. \ref 04829 \lxa patiowa \lxac patiowa \lxo patiowa \lxoc patiowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to become more expensive; to rise in price \ss encarecerse; subir de precio \pna Ne:chnono:tsan, kitowan yo:patiowak tlayo:hli. \pea They talk to me, they say that maize has already gone up in price. \psa Me plactican, dicen que el maíz ya subióde precio. \xrb pati \ref 04830 \lxa kamotli de un tsope:lik \lxac kamotli de un tsope:lik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea generic name for a type of sweet potato that includes two species: <nba>kamotli de on kokostik</nba> (<l>Ipomoea batatas</l> (L.) Lam.) and <nba>kamotli de on momoradi:toh</nba> or <nba>kamotli de on kakamotsi:n</nba> (still unidentified, but of the Convolvulaceae family as well) \ssa nombre genérico para un tipo de camote que incluye does especies: <nba>kamotli de on kokostik</nba> (<l>Ipomoea batatas</l> (L.) Lam.) y <nba>kamotli de on momoradi:toh</nba> o <nba>kamotli de on kakamotsi:n</nba> (todavía no identificado, pero también de la familia Convolvulaceae) \encyctmp kamotli \xrb kamoh \xrb tsope:l \nse The type of sweet potato called <na>kamotli de on tsope:lik</na> has two subvarieties: \nct kamotli \ref 04831 \lxa tlakoposteki \lxac tlakoposteki \lxo tlákopostéki \lxop tlakoposteki \lxoc tlákopostéki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex-lex \se to break in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, bar, bone, handle, etc.) \ss romperse por la mitad (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, etc.) \xrb tlahko \xrb posteki \qry Check possible use of /te-/ as in /tlakoteposteki/. \ref 04832 \lxa kwe:chiwi \lxac kwe:chiwi \lxo kwe:chiwi \lxoc kwe:chiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become ground finely; to become pulverized (into a fine powder) \ss molerse o quedarse molido en un polvo fino; pulverizarse \pna Yo:kwe:chiw un tla:hli. \pea That earth has become ground into a fine powder. \psa Esa tierra se ha pulverizada finamente. \pna Popo:nis un tla:la:mo:hli, kwe:chiwis. \pea That clay will crumble apart (as water is thrown onto it), it will become fine powder. \psa Esa arcilla se va a demoronarse (al aventarsele agua), va a quedarse como polvo fino. \xrb kwe:ch \ref 04833 \lxa ikxipipitsa:wak \lxac ikxipipitsa:wak \lxo ixí:pitsa:wak \lxoc ixí:pitsá:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seo to have skinny legs \sso tener las piernas delgadas \syno ixí:pitsahtik \cfa ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \cfo ixí:pitsako:tsi:n \xrb kxi \xrb pitsa: \ref 04834 \lxa kichkone:tsi:ntli \lxac kichkone:tsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:ntli \sea baby boy (from birth to perhaps some four years of age) \ssa niñito; bebé(de nacimiento hasta como de cuatro años de edad) \cfo te:lpakatsi:n \encyctmp age \xrb okich \xrb kone: \mod On"age"page include /kichkone:tl/, /telpokatsi:n/, etc. \ref 04835 \lxa wa:xkuwtli \lxac wa:xkuwtli \lxo wa:xkohtli \lxoc wa:xkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se generic name for a group of trees in the Leguminoseae family with pods whose seeds are often edible (called <spn>guajes</spn> in Spanish) \ss guaje, un nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol con vainas cuyas semillas son comestibles \apao wa:xin \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 04836 \lxa tlatlastaltik \lxac tlatlastaltik \lxo tlátlastáltik \lxoc tlátlastáltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa tik>tikeh \pa yes-rdp \se to be palid (e.g., a sick person who has lost his color) \ss ser pálido (p. ej., una persona enferma que no tiene color) \pna Tlatlastaltik, xkipia iyesio. \pea He is palid, he doesn't have any color (in his skin). \psa Es pálido, no tiene color (en la piel). \se to be washed out; to be pale (a color such as that of cloth, ink or paint such as watercolores, etc.) \ss estar descolorido; estar pálido; estar deslavado (un color, como de tela, o tinta o pintura aguada como acuarelas) \sem color \fl tlatlastale:wi \xrb sta \ref 04837 \lxa tsi:ntechakwa:nia \lxac notsi:ntechakwa:nian \lxo tsi:ntechakwa:nia \lxoc kitsi:ntechakwa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn +Compl (Am) \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <nao>tsi:ntechakwa:nia</nao> \se to strike hard against the rear or lower section of \ss golpear duro contra la parte inferior o posterior de \pna Xtsi:ntechakwa:ni un sá:ndiah para tihkwa:skeh! \pea Strike the end of that watermelon hard (against something such as a rock) so that (it splits open and) we can eat it! \psa ¡Golpea duro el extremo de esa sandía (contra algo como una piedra) para que (se parte y) podamos comerla! \se (refl.) to bang or hit ones rear end hard (against something) \ss (refl.) golpearse duro la parte posterior del cuerpo (contra algo) \pna O:nimotsi:ntechakwa:nitasik. \pea I fell down and banged my rear end hard when I hit the ground. \psa Me caíy me golpeéduro las nalgas al estrellar contra el suelo. \xrb tsi:n \xrb chakwa: \nae The difference between the intransitive and reflexive forms of verbs such as <na>o:tsi:ntechakwa:ntasik</na> and <na>o:notsi:ntechakwa:ntask</na>, both of which are acceptable and used, seems to relate to the relative responsibility of the subject/agent in the occurrence of the event. The intransitive seems to indicate less control and responsibility, and that the event just occurred as when one falls. The reflexive seems to indicate slightly more responsibility; if one fell there might be some way in which the subject was responsible, as in 'I got my rear end banged up hard when I fell (from trying to climb a place that was difficult).' \qry Check/recheck the difference between /tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi/ and /notsi:ntechakwa:nitasi/. Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2. \ref 04838 \lxa tla:lpan \lxac i:tla:lpan \lxo tla:lpan \lxoa tla:lpah \lxoc i:tla:lpah, i:tla:lpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \se (<nao>ya:w</nao> ~) to go to work in the field of \ss (<nao>ya:w</nao> ~) ir a trabajar en el terreno de \pna O:yah te:tla:lpan. \pea He went to work in someone else's field. \psa Fue a trabajar en una milpa ajena. \pna Nia:s te:tla:lpan, nontlapale:wi:s ma:s san a:chitsi:n. \pea I'm going to work in someone's field, I'll lend a hand even if it's only just a little. \psa Voy a ir a trabajar en el terreno de alguien, voy a echar una mano aunque sea nada más un poquito. \se (<nao>ya:w</nao> ~) to go to work for (can refer to any type of manual labor) \ss (<nao>ya:w</nao> ~) ir a trabajar lugar donde hay trabajo manual \pna Nia:s te:tla:lpan. \pea I'm going to work for someone. \psa Voy a ayudar a trabajar para alguien. \xrb tla:l \xrl -pan \nse <na>Tla:lpan</na> can be used to refer either to field labor (such as plowing, planting, harvesting, etc.) or to manual labor in general (e.g., digging a foundation for a house, working on pouring cement for a house roof, etc.). It is often used with verbs such as <nao>yaw</nao> and <nao>nemi</nao>, e.g., <na>nemi i:tla:lpan nokniw</na> (Am) 'he's working at my brother's field.' The word <nao>tla:lpan</nao> often is used in talking about work, though it can refer to the land itself <na>nika:n te:tla:lpan</na> 'This (here) is someone else's land (i.e., not mine).' Moroever, it is often used with <n>te:-</n> ; in response to the question <na>Ka:n tiaw?</na> 'Where are you going?' a person will often respond <nao>Te:tla:lpan</nao> 'To work for someone (in their field, house-building, etc.).' This response does not mention the name of the person whom one is going to help; if the original speaker wants to know this he will ask (in Ameyaltepec), <na>Akinon i:na:k?</na> 'Who for?' \qry Check again whether /tla:lpan/ can refer to the land itself, as in /nika:n te:tla:lpan/. Check possible difference between /tla-/ and /te:-/ in the following phrase /Nia:s te:tla:lpan, nontlapale:wi:s ma:s san a:chitsi:n./ Check Oapan for /a:kinon i:nak/. \grm /tla-/ as object for nonspecific humans: Note the following phrase /Nia:s te:tla:lpan, nontlapale:wi:s ma:s san a:chitsi:n./ 'I'm going to work in someone's field, I'll lend a hand even if it's only just a little.' Taken from actual speech, note the use of /tla-/ instead of /te:-/. The reason for this is not clear, perhaps both prefixes would have identifical meanings. Note, however, that only a human object interpretation is possible, given the semantics of the verb /pale:wia/. \ref 04839 \lxa tsi:ntetl \lxac tsi:ntetl \lxo tsi:ntetl \lxoc tsi:ntetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se rear end; buttocks (of a person or animal) \ss nalgas (de una persona o animal) \se bottom (of a material object, particularly one larger at the bottom than the top) \ss parte inferior (de un objeto material, particularmente uno que está más grande por la parte inferior que la superior) \se (<na>i:tsi:ntew kahli</na>) foundation of a house \ss (<na>i:tsi:ntew kahli</na>) cimiento de una casa \pna Ke:kchi:waskeh itsi:ntew nokal. \pea They are going to make the foundation for my house. \psa Van a hacer el cimiento de mi casa. \sem body \xrb tsi:n \xrb te \ref 04840 \lxa weli \lxac weli \lxo weli \lxoc weli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se (~ [noun]) to be adept at [noun or an activity associated with noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo]) ser adepto a; poder hacer [sustantivo o actividad asociada con el sustantivo] \pna Xtlah weli. \pea He can't do anything. \psa No sabe hacer nada. \pna Niwelis motlato:l. \pea I will learn your language. \psa Voy a aprender tu idioma. \se (<na>-tech</na> ~) to reproduce under the care of (e.g., domestic animals; same as <na>-tech</na> <nla>weliti</nla> (Am)) \ss (<na>-tech</na> ~) reproducir bajo el cuidado de (p. ej., animales domésticos; lo mismo que <na>-tech</na> <nla>weliti</nla> (Am)) \pna Motech yo:welkeh moyo:lka:wa:n, ne:si ni:n se: xmiki. \pea Your animals prospered under your care, it appears that not even one has died. \psa Tus animales se reprodujeron bajo tu cuidado, parece que ni uno se murió. \xrb wel \xvbao weli:tia \nae The relationship between the verb <na>weli</na> and the auxiliary <nla>wel</nla> in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is interesting, and does not seem to be totally shared across the Balsas region's subdialects. <na>Wel</na> is used only before a verbal predicate only and it is never marked for person or tense/aspect. Apparently no other elements can intercede between this auxiliary and the main verb. <na>Weli</na>, on the other hand, is an intransitive predicate that transation of which is often best captured through a transitive verb. Thus <na>weli</na> before the name of a language, of a song, of a dance, etc., indicates 'to be adept at ___ ' or 'to know ___.' It should not be confused with <nla>mati</nla>, which also means 'to know' but in the sense of 'to have personal knowledge of'; <na>weli</na>, on the other hand, indicates an ability, a knowledge that leads to action not contemplation, and this ability is implied by the meaning of the noun which is not an argument of the verb (e.g., <na>ni weli 'El Re y'</na> 'I know (how to sing) 'El Rey'). \qry Check to make sure of the meaning of /-tech weli/, is it reproduce or prosper; I have 'reproduce' in my notes. Check other meanings of the phrase /-tech weli/. \ref 04841 \lxa kexteki \lxac kikexteki \lxo kexteki \lxoc kikexteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the head off of \ss decapitar \se to slit the throat of (a person or animal, with a knife) \ss degollar; cortar el cuello de (a una persona o animal, con un cuchillo, no machete) \cfao kextsonteki \xrb kech \xrb teki \nse <na>Kexteki</na> refers to cutting with a knife (not axe or machete). Check to see if it refers to only cutting off the head, or whether it can be applied to slitting the throat. \ref 04842 \lxa hkon \lxaa ihkon \lxac hkon ke:mah \lxo hkon \lxoa hkión \lxoa ihkón \lxoa ihkión \lxocpend hkión \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \se in that way, in that very manner \ss así; de esta manera; de esa misma manera \pna San hkon tihkwi. \pea You just use it like that. \psa Solamente de esa manera la utilizas. \pna Ihkón! \pea That's the way! \psa ¡Así es! \seao (as a predicate with a subject prefix, usually as a question) to be that way \ssao (como predicado con un prefijo de sujeto, generalmente como pregunta) ser así \pna Tli:aon tihkón? \peo Why are you like that? \pso ¿Por quéeres así? \fla sahkón \xrb iw \xrb on \cfa ihki \cfao xkon \nse This is a shortened form of <na>ihkón</na> /, common in speech. The full form itself is derived from <na>ihki</na> plus the deictic <n>on-</n>, which changes the meaning from 'in this way' (<na>ihki</na>) to 'in that way.' At times in rapid speech the pronunciation tends to <na>kon</na> although for the purposes of a standardized orthography this word is written as <nao>hkon</nao> in such circumstances. Note that with the meaning 'to be that way' the Ameyaltepec equivalent of the Oapan phrase given above is <na>tle:ka tihkón?</na> or <na>tle:ka asta tihkón?</na>. This is written without an accent when the initial /i/ is not pronounced, with an accent when it is present. \nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests the lengthening of the final vowel in these constructions (the same occurs with such words as <no>a:kino:n</no>) and marked nasalization. \qry In one phrase check termination of /teh/, which perhaps should be /te/. In one entry I have recorded a long vowel but with the note:"the second vowel is definitely short and should be written as such in all entries, corrected if not so written."Recheck length of this second vowel in all the demonstratives (/iwí:n/). Note that originally I had many instances of /ihkón/ with a long final vowel; however, I have standardized to a short final vowel for the headword and all documentation in the corpus. This should be checked and corrected. \qry Check the phonology of this with an expert. \vl The four Oapan tokens here should be tagged with number 03404; probably the two linked files at 3404 should be selected from among these originally recorded at 4842. If one of the 4842 tokens is selected use only the first female and first male tokens. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 4842; these should be tagged as 3404; probably the two linked files (one female and one male) should be taken from the tokens originally at 4842 (the sound might be better). If one of the 4842 tokens is selected use only the first female and first male tokens. \ref 04843 \lxa tlakwelpachowa \lxac tlakwelpachowa \lxo tlakwelpachowa \lxoc tlakwelpachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to make a turn (e.g., a person walking in a given direction) \ss dar vuelta (p. ej., una persona caminando) \pna Ne: titlakwelpacho:s, tikasis para tlakpak. \pea There you will make a turn, you will take the turn uphill. \psa Allávas a dar vuelta, vas a ir para arriba. \pno Tla:tlakwelpáchotókótlí. \peo The road is windy (curving back and forth). \pso El camino es sinuoso (tiene muchas curvas, doblándose un lado a otro). \xrb kwel \xrb pach \xvco tlakwelpacho:ltia \xbtlao kwelpachowa \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04844 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /maxpo:ni/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 31/Mar/2002 \ref 04845 \lxa tso:yo:tl \lxac tso:yo:tl \lxo tsoyo:tsi:n \lxoc tsoyo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se (often reduplicated with short vowel, con <n>te-</n> and <n>-tsi:n</n>) runt (an animal of a litter, or a child who is small and not well developed or healthy and who stays this way) \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta, con <n>te-</n> y <n>-tsi:n</n>) animal más pequeño de una camada; alfeñique, niño pequeño y poco robusto, y que sigue asíaun en años posteriores \pna San tetsotso:yo:tsi:n un pitsotsi:n. \pea That little piglet is the runt of the litter. \psa Ese lechoncito es el más pequeño de la camada. \pna Ti:roh tso:yo:tl o:tla:kat mopitsotsi:n. \pea Your piglet was born a runt. \psa Tu lechoncito naciómuy pequeño y poco robusto. \pna San tetsotso:yo:tl mokone:w, xwel nenemi. \pea Your child is just a runt, he can't walk. \psa Tu niño es pequeño y poco robusto, no puede caminar. \se little kid; pipsqueak \ss escuincle; mequetrefe \pna Ne:nkah, yewa o:ne:chwapa:w. O:mik notah kwa:kon nitso:yo:tl. \pea That person over there, he raised me as a child. My father died when I was a little pipsqueak. \psa Esa persona allá, me crióde niño. Se muriómi papácuando era un escuincle. \xrb tsoyo: \nae It has been particularly difficult to determine the vowel length in this word and compounds that include it. All these will have to be rechecked. As of yet cognates to this term have not been found in other dialects of Nahuatl. The possibility of an etymology related to the verbal stem <ne>tsoyo:</ne> should not be discounted. \qry Make sure that this can occur without reduplication; apparently it can be though is most common with reduplication and /te-/. \pqry Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/. I have changed back and forth with my analysis of length. With C. Flores I definitely hear both /o/s as long /tso:yo:tl/. \ref 04846 \lxa tlamilia \lxac kitlamilia \lxo tlamilia \lxoc kitlamilia \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to use up (a consumible object such as food or drink) for or on \ssao acabarle (un objeto que se consume como comida o bebida) a \pna Nochi o:ne:xtlamilih notlakwal! \pea He finished up all my food on me! \psa ¡Me acabótoda la comida! \pno Xne:xtlamili, no xok nihtlami:s. \peo Finish it up for me, I won't be able to finish it up anymore! \pso ¡Acábalo para mi! Yo ya no puedo. \seao to finish up (sth such as a task, job, or chore) for \ssao terminar (algo como un trabajo o tarea) para \pna Xakah mistlamili:s, san tewa xki:sati! \pea No one will finish it for you, you'll just have to finish it up yourself! \psa ¡Nadie lo va a terminar para tí, túsolo te lo vas a tener que acabar! \seo (refl.) to die (reverential) \sso (refl.) morir (reverential) \xrb tlami \xvba tlamia \xvbo tlamiya \qry I originally had /Xakah mistlamili:s, san tewa xki:sati!/ 'to finish up (sth such as a task, job, or chore) for'. But it appears taht the applicative is not used here 'to finish up for'. Note that this suggests the applicative cannot always be used when one would expect. \grm Applicative: re /tlamilia/:"I originally had /Xakah mistlamili:s, san tewa xki:sati!/ 'to finish up (sth such as a task, job, or chore) for'. But it appears taht the applicative is not used here 'to finish up for'. Note that this suggests the applicative cannot always be used when one would expect."Applicative: note that here and in other cases, e.g., /tlamilia/, the meaning of the applicative is with a malefactive sense. Thus one would not use /topo:nilia/ with the sense of 'to set off fireworks for' nor /tlamilia/ with the sense of 'to finish for' (but rather 'to finish on', i.e, using up something that another was about to use or was needed. \grm Reverential: Note use of applicative /notlamilia/ 'to die' (reverential). \ref 04847 \lxa weyakixtok \lxac weyakixtok \lxo weyakixtok \lxoa wiyakixtok \lxoc wiyakixtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be stretched out; to be elongated \ss estar estirado; estar alargado \pna San weyakixtok. San notete:ka. Tlatski. \pea He's just stretched all out. He's just laid himself down, he's lazy. \psa Estátodo estirado. Solamente se pone acostado, es flojo. \pna Sa: weyakixtok, peya:siwtok, tikito:s o:kuwpitsiw. \pea He's just stretched out, he's lying straight out (on his back) from head to foot, you'd think that rigor mortis had set in. \psa Estáno más estirado, está acostado derechito (sobre la espalda), dirás que el cuerpo ya estaba rígido. \xrb weya \nse <nao>Weyakixtok</nao> is the stative associated with the inchoative <na>weyakia</na> (Am). The difference between <nao>weyak</nao> and <nao>weyakixtok</nao> is important to note. The former indicates a more or less permanent characteristic of the subject. It is in a quite clear sense an"adjective,"as in <na>weyak morria:tah</na> 'your lasso is long.' However <na>weyakixtok</na> indicates a more temporary state, the result of something becoming elongated (not having been elongated though) through self or outside action. It indicates a less"time-stable"situation. \qry Original of the final sentence had /san weyakixtok/, which I have changed to /sa: weyakixtok/. This should be rechecked. Also, more fully determine the difference between /weyak/ and /weyakixtok/. \grm Statives/adjectives: <na>Weyakixtok</na> is the stative associated with the inchoative <na>weyakia</na>. The difference between <na>weyak</na> and <na>weyakixtok</na> is important to note. The former indicates a more or less permanent characteristic of the subject. It is in a quite clear sense an"adjective,"as in <na>weyak morria:tah</na> 'your lasso is long.' However <na>weyakixtok</na> indicates a more temporary state, the result of something becoming elongated (not having been elongated though) through self or outside action. All the preceding should be checked before being entered into the grammar. \ref 04848 \lxa tekipanowa:ni \lxac tekipanowa:ni \lxo tekipanowa:ni \lxoa tekipanowa:ne \lxoc tekipanowa:ne, tekipanowa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se person who is a hard or good worker (particularly in reference to someone who works a team of oxen) \ss persona que es un buen trabajador (particularmente en referencia a uno que trabaja la yunta) \pna Titekipanowa:ni, xtitlatski. \pea You are a good worker, you are not lazy. \psa Eres un buen trabajador, no eres flojo. \dis tekipanoke:tl; tekipanowa:ni, tekitki \xrb teki \xrb pano: \nse It seems that whereas <na>tekipanoke:tl</na> (Am) refers specifically to a hired worker, <nao>tekipanowa:ni</nao> is used to reference someone who works a lot, who is a 'good worker.' Given the common use of <na>tekipanowa:ni</na> it has been accorded a separate entry, although in many cases a similar sense of 'sb who does [verb] a lot,' is common to verbs inflected with the eventual marker <n>-ni</n>. \ref 04849 \lxa xye:ktli \lxac xye:ktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Neg-N \der N-b \sea see <nla>ye:ktli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ye:htli</nlo> (Oa) \ssa vé ase <nla>ye:ktli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ye:htli</nlo> (Oa) \nse The more usual term in Oapan Nahuatl is <no>xkwahli</no>. \xrb ye:k \ref 04850 \lxa chia:wak \lxac chia:wak \lxo chia:wak \lxoc chia:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \infa k-to-keh \se to be fatty (meat) \ss ser grasosa (carne) \se to be greasy or oily (an object, utensil, etc., particularly those used for cooking) \ss estar lleno o cubierto de grasa o aciete (un objeto o utensilio, particularmente los que se utilizan para cocinar) \se to have a lot of lard (a food, such as a bowl of beans) \ss tener mucha manteca (un guisado como un caldo de frijoles) \xrb chiya: \grm Note plural of /chiya:wak/ as either <na>chiya:hkeh</na> or <na>chichiya:hkeh</na>. Make sure with /toma:wak/ the plural. Def. /totoma:hkeh/ is correct. Check /toma:hkeh/ and /tomawa:keh/; cf. /chiya:wakeh/. One file card has noted on it that /chiya:wak/ is used for 2, 3, 4, or a relatively few subjects, whereas /chichiya:hkeh/ is used for many subjects. \ref 04851 \lxa ke:ketsi:hli \lxac ike:ketsi:l \lxo ké:ketsí:hli \lxoc i:ké:ketsí:l \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn Stem 3 \se narrow part of the leg above the heel and below the calf \ss parte angosta de la pierna, arriba del talón y abajo de la pantorilla \sem body \equiva ikxike:ketsi:l \equivo ixiké:ketsí:l \xrb kehtsi \nse This word refers to the narrow part of the leg immediately above the heel, where the strap of a sandle passes. \nae For a discussion of etymology, see <nla>aketsi:lowa</nla> (Am). The presence of underlying {h} as indicated in the root cross-reference field is suggested not only by the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl, but by comparative evidence from Northern Puebla, which has <n>ixoquehtzol</n> 'talón.' \sj Check for /h/ in /i:ke:kehtsi:l/. Also check for two /h/s in /ahkehtsi:lowa/ (1649) \ref 04852 \lxa tetsi:lka: komalako:tl yeyekatl \lxac tetsi:lka: komalako:tl yeyekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \ssa uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \sem ritual \xrb tetsi:l \xrb komalaka: \xrb e:ka \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:lka/ is incorporated as a participal to /komalako:tl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \grm Orthography: check the length of /a/ in /tetsi:lka/ in the form /tetsi:lka: komalako:tl yeyekatl/, also as an attributive adjective or term modifier, check or determine if it should be written as one word /tetsi:lka:komalako:tl/ or two /tetsi:lka: komalako:tl/. \ref 04853 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be a second entry for /tlakpak/. It has been deleted and the two entries combined. \vl Tag the tokens here with #1036. The links at 01036 should be taken from the 1st female and 1st male tokens of the 4853 set. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04854 \lxa se:ka:no:ltia \lxac kise:ka:no:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to sling or place across the chest of (e.g., a bag on a person) \ssa colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho de (p.ej., una bolsa a una persona) \syna ma:se:ka:no:ltia \syno ma:se:ka:naltia \fl ma:sekatitlan \xrb se:ka:n \xvba se:ka:nowa \qry Check that /se:ka:no:ltia/ is the equivalent of /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/; see this latter entry. \ref 04855 \lxa tlantepi:tskwa \lxac notlantepi:tskwa \lxo tlantepi:tskwa \lxoc notlantepi:tskwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-S-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-1 \se (refl.) for ones jaws and teeth to be tightly pressed together (e.g., as one is dying and ones body tenses in pain); to grit ones teeth and tense ones jaw \ss (refl.) quedarsele o tener la mandíbula y los dientes cerrados y apretados (p. ej., al estar muriendo y con el cuerpo tensado de dolor) \pna Xmotlantepi:tskwa! Ma:ka titetenas! \pea Tense your jaw! Don't groan! \psa ¡Aprétate la mandíbula!¡No vayas a gemir! \xrb tlan \xrb tepi:ts \xrb kwa \grm Compounding: Note the following form: /tlantepi:tskwa/, used reflexively to mean ' for ones jaws and teeth to become tightly pressed together.' \ref 04856 \lxa tlakopi:na \lxac tlakopi:na \lxo tlakopi:na \lxoc tlakopi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to feed (in the sense of feeding strands of a fiber in making rope, thread, etc.) \ss alimentar (en el sentido de alimentar una persona o máquina al soltar fibras o hebras de algo) \pna Wel tlakopi:na ika ixtli. \pea He knows how to let out maguey fibers (i.e., letting them out slowly from handfuls of hemp held in the hand so that another persons can twist them it into rope). \psa Sabe soltar las fibras de maguey (dejándolas salir poco a poco para que otra persona las tuerza, haciendo una soga). \seo to produce (e.g., ceramics) using a mold (in reference to the action of pulling the clay off the form) \sso producir (p. ej., cerámica) utilizando un molde (en referencia a la acción de despegar el barro del molde) \xrb kopi: \xbtlao kopi:na \ref 04857 \lxa wila:ntok \lxac *wila:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be dragged out; to be lying stretched out (on the ground) \ssa estar arrastrado; estar extendido (en el suelo) \pna Ma:ka ihkón wila:ntiw, xte:tekwia mola:soh! \pea Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso! \psa ¡No vayas a dejarlo asíarrastrado sobre el suelo!¡Enrolla tu laso! \xrb wila: \grm Stative: Note the use of the stative in the negative optative: /Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh!/ 'Don't leave it lying stretched out on the ground like that! Roll up your lasso!' In the preceding note /ma:ka ihkón wila:nto/ in which the /-to/ replaces /-tok/ in this modal form. \ref 04858 \lxa a:ra \lxaa a:ray \lxac a:ra \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan carajo (?); ora (?) \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \sea (~ [certain kin terms in 2nd-person singular possessive, often in diminutive]) your mother/father/grandmother! \ssa (~ [término de un pariente, a menudo en diminutivo])¡tu madre/padre/abuela! \pna A:ra mona:n -=a:ra mona:ntsi:n-! \pea Your mother! \psa ¡Tu madre! \pna A:ra mosi:s -=a:ra mosi:stsi:n-! \pea Your grandmother! \psa ¡Tu abuela! \nse Used most often as an insult. At times, however, it can be complementary. Thus <na>a:rah motatsi:n</na> can mean 'You are just like your father' either in an insulting (lazy like him) or complementary (skilled like him) way. It is not clear at the moment whether the Spanish source of this Nahuatl loan is <spn>carajo</spn> or <spn>ora</spn>. \ref 04859 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /A:matitlan/, which is now in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04860 \lxa tla:losto:tsi:ntli \lxac tla:losto:tsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:ntli \infn Stem 1(:) \sea small raised ledge of ground \ssa pequeña parte subida de tierra \pna Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli. \pea Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground. \psa Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a este pedazo saliente de tierra. \syno tla:lte:ntli \xrb tla:l \xrb osto: \ref 04861 \lxa puwa \lxac kipuwa \lxo powa \lxoc kipowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \se to count (material objects) \ss contar (objetos materiales) \pna Xwel nitlapuwa. \pea I can't count. \psa No puedo contar. \se to relate; to tell (a story) \ss relatar; contar (un cuento o historia) \pna Kipuwas tli:n o:kitato. \pea He will tell us what he went to see (or, what he saw in going there). \psa Nos va a contar lo que fue a ver (o, lo que vio en ir allá). \se to count on; to include (sb, e.g., to carry out a task) \ss contar con; incluir (a algn, p. ej., para cumplir una tarea o trabajo) \pna Ma:ka tine:chpuwas, newa xnikaxilia. \pea Don't count me in, I don't have time. \psa No me incluyas (no cuentes conmigo), no tengo tiempo. \se (refl.) to brag; to be haughty (e.g., about how much money one has) \ss (refl.) jactarse; creerse mucho (p. ej., en cuanto al dinero que uno tiene) \pna Nopuwa ke:n tla:katl, xmelá:k. \pea He brags like a big shot, it's not true. \psa Se cree muy hombre, no es verdad. \se (refl. with <n>i:pan</n> [noun]) to make a living at; to have as a profession (an activity associated with [noun]) \ss (refl. con <n>i:pan</n> [sustantivo]) tener algo como su profesión (una actividad asociada con [sustantivo]) \pna Xnikmati ipan tli:n nopuwaya. \pea I don't know what he did for a living. \psa No séque hacía (cúal es su profesión). \cfo tlapowah \xrb po:wa \xvaao powilia \nse Note that <na>tlapo:wtok</na> means 'he is counting' (from the transitive verb <na>powa</na>) with an underlying long /o:/ and whereas <na>tlapowtok</na> means 'it is open,' from the intransitive verb <nla>tlapowi</nla>, with an underlying short vowel. In Classical there was an intransitive <na>powi</na>, which is not found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. \qry Make sure inflection coding is such that forms are perf. <na>o:kipo:w</na> ; prog. <na>tlapo:wtok</na> ; imperf. <na>kipowaya</na> \qry Query the precise meaning of /ipan tli:n nopowaya/, if it means simply"what his job was,"or if it means"what he considered his job to be."Check whether the following is possible, e.g., /nopowa ipan iswatl/ and, if it is, the meaning. Also distinguish between /tli:non ipan timopowa/ and /tli:non ipan titekiti/. Recheck the vowel length difference between /tlapo:wtok/ and /tlapowtok/ to make sure that comment in /nte field is correct: 'Note that <na>tlapo:wtok</na> means 'he is counting' (from the transitive verb <na>powa</na>) with an underlying long /o:/ and whereas <na>tlapowtok</na> means 'it is open,' from the intransitive verb <nla>tlapowi</nla>, with an underlying short vowel.' \qry Check correctness of /Te:chpowas, tli:n o:kitato/ 'He will tell us what he went to see (or, what he saw in going there).' \ref 04862 \lxa timó:n \lxaa timo:n \lxac timó:n \lxo timo:n \lxoc timo:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan timón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se beam of a plow \ss timón de un arado \sem tool-cultivate \pqry Check with phonetician the characteristics of the final vowel /o:/. \ref 04863 \lxa a:kachikiwtli \lxac a:kachikiwtli \lxo a:chikihtli \lxoa a:kachikihtli \lxoc a:chikihtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se small reed basket used to serve tortillas \ss chiquihuite o canastita hecha de carrizo que se utiliza para servir las tortillas \xrb a:ka \xrb chikiw \nse Perhaps related to the verb <na>chiki</na>, meaning 'to scrape,' in reference to the manner in which the reed is prepared for weaving. \nae The Oapan form <no>a:chikihtli</no> manifests the loss of /k/ in intervocalic position. The initial vowel has a duration of 99 and 115 ms in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, and 125 and 119 ms in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez. Further analysis of the duration of word-initial vowels needs to be conducted to determine whether this is longer than expected, given the loss of intervocalic /k/. \qry Note that this is another one of the words that varies -Citl and -Ctli in the manner of /ko:ntli/ and /ko:mitl/. \ref 04864 \lxa topo:nilia \lxac kitopo:nilia \lxo topo:nilia \lxoc kitopo:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to burst (sth) and affect (sb, e.g., in bursting a ball that belongs to sb, or a pimple on sb's body, etc.; see <nlo>pitsi:nilia</nlo>) \ss reventarle (algo) a (p. ej., una pelota, una ampolla, etc.; vé ase <nlao>pitsi:nia</nlao>) \pna O:kitotopo:nilih itso:tso:tsitsi:wa:n. \pea He popped his pimples for him. \psa Le reventólos granitos. \syna topo:naltilia \xrb topo: \xvbao topo:nia \xv1a tlatotopo:nilia \xv1o tlá:topo:nília \grm Applicative: note that here and in other cases, e.g., /tlamilia/, the meaning of the applicative is with a malefactive sense. Thus one would not use /topo:nilia/ with the sense of 'to set off fireworks for' nor /tlamilia/ with the sense of 'to finish for' (but rather 'to finish on', i.e, using up something that another was about to use or was needed. \ref 04865 \lxa tlaawia:ka:n \lxac tlaawia:ka:n \lxo tlaáwiá:ka:n \lxoc tlaáwiá:ka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \pa yes-lex \se place that is fragrant and sweel-smelling (e.g., from an abundance of flowers) \ss lugar que es fragrante, oliendo bien y dulce (p. ej., de una abundancia de flores) \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \xrl -ka:n \pqry Check initial vowel or vowel sequence in Oa form. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Locatives; /-ka:n/: Note that in Oapan the /-ka:n/ is not placed on top of the /-k/ adjectival. Thus /tlaáwiá:ka:n/ and not */tlaáwia:hka:n/. I have just discovered, in a conversation with C. Flores, that the /h/ is not present in Am. This should be taken into account in a discussion of /-ka:n/. \ref 04866 \lxa ixwitia \lxac kixwitia \lxo ixwitia \lxoc kixwitia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \epen i>0 \se to give an upset stomach to (a young child, particularly when nursing with bad milk) \ss dar un dolor de estómago a (un niño pequeño, particularmente al tomar leche echada a perder de su mamá) \se (refl.) to get an upset stomach from eating (usually with young children as subject) \ss (refl.) empacharse (generalmente con niños de sujetos) \pna Timoxwiti:s, mitskoko:s miti. \pea You'll get an upset stomach (from overeating), your belly will hurt you. \psa Te vas a empachar, te va a doler la panza. \nae The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending <n>-tia</n> seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under <n>ixhui:tia</n>) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos]... the second vowel, which should be long before <n>-tia</n> is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative <n>ixhui:ltia</n> where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker <n>-tia</n>. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. The reason for the vowel length discrepancy is that there are two causative formations, at least in Ameyaltepec (or at least it appears that there are two causatives from the same verb): <na>ixwi:tia</na> 'to fill (satisfy) with food' and <na>ixwitia</na> 'to give an upset stomach to '. \pqry There seems to be a definite short /i/ before causative in Oapan. Check. Note that there is a difference between /ixwi:tia/ and /ixwitia/. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \grm Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwitia 'Tortillas fill me up quite well' Note the way in which the subject preceding the verbal predicate (here with an adverb) is used for generic items (cf. a:tl xkwahli vs. xkwahli a:tl). Cf. the same with Pitso xkimati noxwitia, 'pigs don't know what it means to be full.' \grm Causative: The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending <n>-tia</n> seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under <n>ixhui:tia</n>) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos]... the second vowel, which should be long before <n>-tia</n> is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative <n>ixhui:ltia</n> where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker <n>-tia</n>. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. The reason for the vowel length discrepancy is that there are two causative formations, at least in Ameyaltepec (or at least it appears that there are two causatives from the same verb): <na>ixwi:tia</na> 'to fill (satisfy) with food' and <na>ixwitia</na> 'to give an upset stomach to '. \grm Causative; phonology: In /ixwitia/ the evidence suggests a short /i/ before the causative /-tia/. This should, however, be rechecked. \ref 04867 \lxa powilia \lxac kipowilia \lxo powilia \lxoc kipowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2b \se to count (material objects) for \ss contar (objetos materiales) para \pna Xne:chpowili notomi:ntsi:n, newa xniweli! \pea Count my money for me, I can't! \psa ¡Cuéntame mi dinero, yo no puedo! \se to tell (e.g., a story) to; to reveal (e.g., a secret) to \ss contar (p. ej., una historia) a; revelar (p. ej., un secreto) a \pna Timitspowili:s kwenti:tos. \pea I'm going to tell you some short stories. \psa Te voy a contar unos cuentitos. \pna Xne:chpowili! Nikmatisneki! \pea Tell me about it! I want to know! \psa ¡Dímelo (que pasa)!¡Lo quiero saber! \se (with <n>te:-</n>) to reveal; to announce; to tell about (e.g., an event, a secret, a story, etc.) \ss (con <n>te:-</n>) revelar; hacer público; anunciar; avisar (a la gente en general, p. ej., un acontecimiento, un secreto, un cuento, etc.) \pna Xmose:wi! Sie:mpreh kite:powili:s, yo:kinek. \pea Calm down! In the end he will tell about it, he's agreed to it. \psa ¡Cálmate! De por lo va a hacer público, ya estuvo de acuerdo. \xrb po:wa \xvbao powa \qry Check for final /h/ in /sie:mpreh/. If found not to have this /h/, correct the illustrative sentence above. \ref 04868 \lxa pió \lxaa pio \lxac pió \lxo pío \lxoc pío \infn Irregular plural and diminutive: <na>pio:tsi:n</na> and <na>pio:meh</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>piotsi:n</no> and <no>piomeh</no> in Oapan \dt 28/Feb/2005 \loan pío \psm N \der N-loan \pa yes \sem animal \sem bird \seao chicken \ssao pollo \sem animal \sem bird \cfa piomo:hli \flao pio \encyctmp kwa:naka \nse The loan is apparently from <spn>pio</spn>, the word used to call chicks to feed. \nse The possessed Nahuatl forms are irregular, taking the Spanish marker, not the Nahuatl <n>-wan</n>. Thus Ameyaltepec manifests <na>nopio, nopio:meh, nopio:tsi:n, nopio:tsitsi:nteh</na>. The plural forms are <nao>pio:meh</nao> and, from the diminutive <nao>pio:tsi:n</nao>, <na>pio:tsitsi:nteh</na> (Am). \nae The Oapan plurals are <no>piomeh</no> for the nondiminutive and <no>pio:tsi:ntih</no> for the diminutive. \qry Check vowel length in the diminutive, plural, and other forms in which the long final /o:/ shows up. \mod List all the types, ages, etc. of chickens in /ono under /kwa:naka/. Make sure that /flao field above connects to proper entry. \ref 04869 \lxa sándiah \lxac sándiah \lxo sándiah \lxoc sándiah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan sandía \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se watermelon \ss sandía \sem plant \sem domesticated \nae The Oapan sequence /dia/ manifests the same palatalization to a voiceless affricate that occurs with /tia/. However, to preserve the Spanish spelling and facilitate an interdialect orthography, the /dia/ has been preserved. \ref 04870 \lxa kaltso:nkokoxoktik \lxac kaltso:nkokoxoktik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have loose-fitting cotton pants, made of <spn>manta</spn> \ssa tener los calzones holgados \syno kaso:ntekoyahktik \cfa kaltso:nkokoyak \xrb koxo: \nse Apparently <na>kalso:nkokoyak</na> refers to cotton pants of <na>manta</na> that are loose fitting around the butt, whereas <na>kalso:nkokoxoktik</na> seems to refer to such pants that are loose all around, including the legs. \qry For this entry note that I had /kaltso:nkokoxoktik/ and the /ts/ should be checked here as elsewhere. \grm Note here also, perhaps add a new code, lack of /te/ intensifier which is usually found with such cases. \ref 04871 \lxa i:xtla:lia \lxac ki:xtla:lia \lxo i:xtla:lia \lxoc ki:xtla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to recognize (by appearance); to pick out (by sight) \ss reconocer (por su apariencia); escoger (por como se ve) \pna Ma:ski deke tlayo:wia, pero kwahli ki:xtla:lia itlah tli:n yo:lki, a:kino:n ia:xka. \pea Even though he is poor (and has no animals of his own), he is able to quickly recognize any animal, whose it is. \psa Aunque está pobre (y no tiene animales propios), bien puede reconocer cualquier animal, de quien es. \pna O:nimitsi:xtla:lih. \pea I recognized you. \psa Te reconocí. \pna Kwahli ki:xtla:lia tli:n kikowa pa:mpa ki:xmastok tli:n kwahli. \pea He can pick out what to buy because he knows what's good (a good fabric, brand of merchandise, animals, etc.). \psa Bien puede escoger que comprar porque sabe lo bueno (una tela, marca, animal, etc.). \pna Yo:nitlai:xtla:lih, xok nipoliwis. \pea I've recognized the terrain, I won't get lost anymore. \psa Ya reconozco los lugares, ya no me voy a perder. \xrb i:x \xrb tla:l \pqry The spectrogram of this word provides an excellent illustration of a word with two long vowels. \mod In general, problem of classifying verbs with /tla:lia/, i.e. how to codify relation with /tla:hli/ since there is no transparent derivation process. \ref 04872 \lxa e:wa \lxac ke:wa \lxo e:wa \lxoc ke:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d \infv class-3a(w) \se to be able to lift; to be able to bear the weight of (e.g., sth heavy in either holding it up or lifting it) \ss poder alzar o levantar; poder aguantar el peso de (p. ej., algo pesado, al sostenerlo o alzarlo) \pna Xnike:was, newa xma:s nikuwtik. \pea I won't be able to bear its weight (lift it up), I'm not that strong. \psa No voy a poder aguantar su peso (alzarlo), no estoy muy fuerte. \se (refl.) to be able to stand up and walk; to be able to maintain oneself upright (often used negatively to refer to sb so old, weak, and overweight that he is unable to stand up and walk) \ss (refl.) poder incorporarse y caminar; poder mantenerse de pie (a menudo utilizado en forma negativa para indicar a algn quien está tan viejo, débil y pesado que no puede incorporarse y caminar) \pna Xok ne:wa, nochi to:nahli san yewatok. \pea He can't stand up and walk anymore, all day he just sits. \psa Ya no puede incorporarse y caminar, todo el día está nomás sentado. \pna Xok wel ne:wa pa:mpa we:i iti. \pea He can't bear his weight anymore (e.g., in order to stand up for a long time) because he has a huge belly. \psa Ya no puede aguantar su peso (p. ej., para quedarse parado) porque tiene un barriga muy grande. \xrb e:wa \xv1ao tlaye:wa \vl The first female token (of 3) is a mistake and should be tagged #01705. It should also be the token that is linked to the headword at 1705, /é:wá/. \ref 04873 \lxa a:sese:ya \lxac a:sese:ya \lxo a:sese:ya \lxoc a:sese:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become or get cold because of water \ss enfriarse por causa del agua \pna O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l a:tl. Ke:n o:a:sese:yak. \pea My cornfield got root rot from (an abundance of) water. It really got cold from the water. \psa La raíz de mi milpa se pudrió(por demasiada agua). Se enfriómucho por el agua. \cfao sese:ya \xrb a: \xrb se \pqry Check the duration of all vowels. The first /e/ seems longer than might be expected from a short vowel, but it still seems to indicate a short, not long, vowel. This is perhaps particularly true given that the usual pattern for reduplicated sequences of L-L vowels would be for the first vowel to have a considerably longer duration than the second. Nevertheless, recheck. \vl Link 2nd male token. \grm Noun incorporation: Note that in this case we have an inchoative verb /sese:ya/ preceding by a nominal stem that indicates the cause of the change. That is, the change of state indicated by /sese:ya/ is not without a cause/agent, and it is this cause/agent that is incorporated. It is perhaps for this reason that there is no adjectival nor transitive form of this verb: ?/a:sese:yak/, and ?/a:sese:lia/. Check. \ref 04874 \lxa kwe:uwelaxtik \lxac kwe:uwelaxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Op. inflix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwe:teuwelaxtik</na> \se to have a long skirt that virtually drags on the ground \ss tener una falda larga que casi llega hasta el suelo \pna Kwe:uwelaxtik. Ke:n weyak ikwe! \pea She has a skirt that's down to her ankles. Her skirt is quite long! \psa Tiene una falda que le llega hasta los tobillos.¡Es muy larga su falda! \apa kwe:uwelax \syno kwe:teweyak \syno kwe:tewela:xkoh \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \fl kwe:uwelax \ref 04875 \lxa ne:xtilia \lxac kine:xtilia \lxo ne:xtilia \lxoc kine:xtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to find for \ss hallar para (algn) \pna Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl. \pea How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do! \psa ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer). \se to divine (sth, often a sentential complement) for \ss adivinar (algo, a menudo un complemento sentential) para \pna Xne:chne:xtili. Timistlaxtla:wili:s. \pea Divine it for me (said to a soothsayer)! I'll pay you. \psa ¡Adivínalo para mí(dicho a un curandero)! te voy a pagar. \xrb ne:si \xvbao ne:stia \ref 04876 \lxa kwa:pestik \lxac kwa:pestik \lxo kwa:pestik \lxoc kwa:pestik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a short, smooth haircut \ssa tener el cabello plano o liso, bien cortado \pna Xkwa:pestik, kwa:ta:takaltik. \pea His hair isn't smooth, it is rough and uneven (from a poor haircut). \psa Su cabello no está liso (esto es, bien cortado y plano), lo tiene tuzado (por un corte de pelo deficiente). \seo to be bald; to have a shaven head \sso ser calvo; tener la cabeza rasurada \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \qry Check for other meanings of /kwa:pestik/. Cf. to /kwa:petsiwtok/ and make sure the different meanings given in this dictionary reflect the semantic difference between these two words. \ref 04877 \lxa tlalwia \lxac kitlalwia \lxo tlalwia \lxof [tlal 'wi a] \lxoc kitlalwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \sea to summon to the village courthouse (<spn>comisaría</spn>) to appear before the mayor or his second (see <nlo>tewitlani</nlo>) \ssa mandar llamar a la comisaría para comparecer ante las autoridades (vé ase <nlo>tewitlani</nlo>) \pna Yo:te:tlalwi:lo:k. \pea People have already been advised (e.g., of a town meeting, a communal work project, etc.). \psa La gente ya ha sido notificada (p. ej., de una junta, de un trabajo o obligacíon comunal, etc.). \se to request or ask for help from (by going to the house of the person being asked) \ss pedir ayuda a (al ir a la casa de la persona solicitada) \pna O:mistlalwi:ko deke tiá:s itla:lpan. \pea He came to ask your help, if you would go to work in his field. \psa Vino a pedirte ayuda, si ibas a ir a trabajar en su milpa. \seo to summon together (young women dancers, by sending sb to the house of the dancers to advise them) \sso llamar a juntar (danzantes, al ir a su casa a avisarlas para una reunión) \xrb lwi \xbtla ilwia \dis cha:nwia; tlalwia \nse The action indicated by <na>tlalwia</na> (Am) is often that whereby the village <spn>topiles</spn> go around advising citizens of the obligation to appear in the <spn>comisaría</spn> or to perform some community service (e.g., a communal work project). However, it may also refer to any similar action at a private residence, e.g., when someone goes to another's house to remind him of an obligation or request that he help with something. Luis Lucena mentioned that whereas <na>cha:nwia</na> is used to describe the action of going to someone's house to borrow a material object, <na>tlalwia</na> is used to refer to the action of going to someone's house to request physical help in the completion of a task. Literally <na>tlalwia</na> indicates to say something to someone; the 'something' is expressed as a nonspecific object and is culturally defined as a request to perform some service or report to the town authorities. \qry Check to determine whether /tlalwia/ always refers to going to someone's house; also determine whether it always refers to asking for help in work, or in the fulfillment of an obligation. Check the difference mentioned above between /cha:nwia/ and /tlalwia/ as indicated by Luis Lucena. \vl The first two tokens are mistaken. They are /kitla:lwiya/ with a long /a:/. These should be tagged with #5784. Then follow four correct tokens (two female and two male) as /kitlalwiya/, with a short /a/. It is these that should be tagged as 4877. \ref 04878 \lxa tlake:nmonex \lxac tlake:nmonex \lxo tlake:ntémonéx \lxoc tlake:ntémonéx \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am) \pa yes-lex-lex \se to have faded or dusty clothes (i.e., clothes lacking bright colores either from age or from dustiness) \ss tener ropa con los colores grises y apagados (esto es, ropa cuyos colores no son fuertes o por ser ropa vieja o por tener mucho polvo) \pna Titlake:nmonex. \pea You have faded clothes. \psa Tienes la ropa con los colores apagados. \fl tlake:nxoxo:hki \xrb ke:m \xrb mohnex \qry Check for form with /-tik/. \vl All tokens should be tagged (there are 3 female and 2 male tokens); the 2nd female and 2nd male tokens should be linked. \ref 04879 \lxa wa:ktsi:n \lxac wa:ktsi:n \lxo wa:htsi:n \lxoc wa:htsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se <l>Herpetotheres cachinnans</l>, bird known in Spanish as the <spn>huaco</spn> for the sound it emits \ss <l>Herpetotheres cachinnans</l>, pájaro conocido en español como el guaco o halcón guaco por el sonido que emite \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 213 \sem animal \sem bird \cola i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n \xrb wa:k-2- \nse In Oapan one may say <no>o:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n</no>. This is said when one finds a cut on the bottom of ones foot, near the toes. It is said in Oapan that the <no>wa:htsi:n</no> has <no>i:neba:jah</no> ; cf. to the Ameyaltepec term <no>i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n</no> in reference to obsidian blades. \cpl Schoenhals (1989) has under guaco:"1. (<i>Herpetotheres cachinnans</i>) 'laughing falcon.' Call resembles a human laugh. Resident but rare to 3,000' in woodlands and brush country. Buff head with black mask. Buffy below; dark above, tail banded dark and buff. Also called guaco vaquero, halcón guaco, halieto, llamanorte, pájaro caballero, pájaro vaquero, vaquero. 2. (<i>Goecoccyx velox</i>) 'roadrunner.' See correcamino. 3. (<i>Crax rubra</i>) 'great curassow.' See faisán. 4. (<i>Egretta [Leucophoyx] thula</i>) 'snowy egret.' See garcita nívea. 5. (<i>Piaya cayana</i>) 'squirrel cuckoo.' See vaquero." \ref 04880 \lxa tsotsotlaka \lxac tsotsotlaka \lxo tsotsotlaka \lxoc tsotsotlaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to glitter; to gleam; to shine (e.g., some papers and tighly woven clothes such as polyester, polished ceramics, cigarrette paper, stainless steel, etc.) \ss brillar; relucir (p. ej., algunos papeles y telas, como poliester con un tejido apretado; cerámica pulido, papel de cigarro, acero inoxidable, etc.) \sem texture \dis pepetlaka; tsotsotlaka; petla:ni; tsotla:ni, etc. \xrb tsola: \xvnao tsotla:ni \qry Note that Oapan Nahuatl suggest triple reduplication /tsohtsotsotlaka/. Check for this form in Ameyeltepec (of course without the /h/). \vl The first female token is /tsotsokatl/, which should be tagged as 00769. For linking, use the final female token (3rd overall and 2nd of the correct /tsotsotlaka/). \ref 04881 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ya:wilih \lxoa ya:wileh \lxoc ya:wilih; ya:wílikéh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seo Good evening or good night (from dusk to bedtime; cf: <nlao>tlapoya:wilih</nlao>) \sso Buenas tardes o noches (desde atardecer hasta la hora de dormir; cf: <nlao>tlapoya:wilih</nlao>) \cfao tlapoya:wilih \encystmp Greetings and taking leave \xrb poya: \nse As with the other greetings (<nla>tlane:xtilih</nla>, <nla>pano:ltih</nla>, <nla>tio:tlakih</nla>, <nla>tio:tlaki:ltih</nla> and <na>tlapoya:wilih</na>) <no>ya:wilih</no> is used mostly by individuals in motion (e.g., in entering a house) in greeting someone stationary. These are not used in taking leave, at which time an optative form is almost always employed. Thus in leaving a house or a table of friends one might say <na>mania</na> or, if going to sleep, <na>ma nikochiti</na>. Or, a person in his or her house might say to a visitor <na>xmose:wiki</na> or, if eating, <na>xtlakwa:ki</na>. In many villages an acopated from for the greetings is used: <na>ne:xtilih</na>, <na>no:ltih</na>, <na>tlakih</na> or <na>tlaki:ltih</na>, and <na>poya:wilih</na>. The plural form is <no>ya:wílikéh</no>, i.e., the plural ending for verbs or verbal derivations. Note that the daughters of Silvestre Pantaleón stated that there is a difference between <no>ya:wilih</no>, which they use when it is complet ely d ark, and <nlo>tlapoya:wilih</nlo>, which is used when it is just dusk. However, other consultants (e.g., Roberto Mauricio) did not confirm this and said that they used <no>ya:wilih</no> in all cases. \qry Check for final /h/ in this and other greeting terms. \vl Note that there are eight tokens, 4 (2 female and 2 male) for /ya:wilih/ and 4 (2 female and 2 male) for /ya:wílikéh/ (the latter is plural). Both forms should be linked, for both speakers. Thus the final sound file should have 4 words F-M ya:wilih and then F-M ya:wílikéh. \ref 04882 \lxa tlai:xmantok \lxac tlai:xmantok \lxo tlai:xmantok \lxoc tlai:xmantok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com tla-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se area of ground that is smoothed down and flat \ss área de tierra que está plano, habiendo sido aplanada \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmanto! \pea Knock down that earth (which is in a mound, piled up) so that the ground becomes smooth! \psa ¡Jálale a esta tierra (que está como en un pequeño montículo) para que la tierra quede algo aplanada! \seo to be spread out over the ground (e.g., guamúchil fruit under the tree, or plums that have fallen) \sso estar extendido por la tierra (p. ej..g., guamúchil al pie delárbol, o circuelas que han caído) \xrb i:x \xrb man \xbtlao i:xmantok \qry It will be important to determine the syntax of these constructions. My definition for Oapan suggests that a noun such as /komo:chitl/ could be the subject, but my understanding is that this would be obliquely expressed: /tlai:xmantok ika komo:chitl/. Check. \ref 04883 \lxa a:koita \lxac ka:koita \lxo ákoíta \lxop akoita \lxoc kákoíta \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-b \pa yes-lex \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \se to glance or look up at \ss ver a o echar una mirada (a algo) que está hacia arriba \pna Sa: kakoistok ikomo:chiw. Yo:tla:k, sa: para kitekis. \pea He's just gazing up at his <spn>guamúchil</spn> tree. It has already born fruit, it's just waiting to be picked. \psa No más está mirando hacia arriba a su guamúchil. Ya diófruta, falta nada más cortársela. \xrb ahko \xrb ita \ono akotlachia \nae In Oapan the pitch accent stays on the first syllable: <no>mitsákoíta</no>. The length of the initial /a/ in Ameyaltepec /a:koita/ is still not completely certain. \qry Recheck vowel length to determine whether initial 'a' is long or short. Cf. notes with /a:koki:sa/ and /akopilowa/, i.e. that possibly certain compounds derived with /ahko/ show initial vowel lengthening. Cf. GRAM 1986-03-7.1. In Oapan the first vowel is definitely short. Note that I had this definition: /to get large or swollen/ from the sentence /Sa: kakoistok i:ti, me:roh note:kas/ 'Her belly is large (with child), she's about to give birth.' \qry The meaning of /sa: ka:koistok iti/ should be checked. Is this used only with /iti/ and is the subject or object /iti/. This latter could be checked by asking if /sa: nika:koistok niti, me:roh nimote:kas/ is correct. Also question whether it only refers to pregnancy or whether it can also refer to boils, pimples and other such skin features. \grmx Oapan phonology: In Oapan the pitch accent stays on the first syllable: <no>mitsákoíta</no>. NB. This suggests that the pitch accent is a result of a coda phenomenon that raises the pitch of the preceding nucleus, and that it is not a boundary phenomenon. \ref 04884 \lxa a:sta a:man \lxac a:sta a:man \lxo ta:man \lxoa ta a:man \lxoc ta:man \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan hasta \psm Adv \der Adv-tm-loan(part) \se still; up to now \ss todavía \pna A:sta a:man toto:nki. \pea It is still hot. \psa Todavía está caliente. \pna A:sta a:man xnipati. \pea I still have not gotten better. \psa Todavía no me he mejorado. \xrb a:man \nse At times <na>asta:man</na> is simply pronounced <na>sta:man</na> with loss of initial /a/. The same occurs with <na>axto:pa</na>, which at times becomes <na>xto:pa</na>. In Oapan, Spanish <spn>hasta</spn> is borrowed simply as <nlo>ta</nlo> and the combination with <no>a:man</no> yields the present entry, <no>ta:man</no>. \pqry Have final vowel and /n/ sequence analyzed by phonetician. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 04885 \lxa motso:lowilia \lxacpend *kimotso:lowilia \lxo 'motso:lowília \lxop motso:lowilia \lxoc kímotso:lowília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to grab or snatch (sth [SO] from (sb [PO]); to grab a handful or fistful of (sth [SO]) from (sb [PO], taking it away) \ss agarrar o asir un puñado de (algo [OS]), quitándole a (algn [OP]) \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lowili, xmiák o:nikisek. \pea Don't grab a lot away from me (i.e., don't take large handfuls of sth that I have made or done, in this case squash seeds), I didn't toast many. \psa No me agarres muchos en tu puño (p. ej., no tomes de míalgo que me afecta; en este caso semilla de calabaza), no tosteémucho. \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:wili notlake:n, tiktetsomoni:s! \pea Don't grab at my clothes, you will tear them! \psa ¡No me agarres la ropa, la vas a rasgar! \xrb mohtso:l \xvba motso:lowa \xvbo 'motso:lówa \pqry Check to pitch accent on 4768. Note that in recording the Am words I mistakenly went though this entry without recording it. \ref 04886 \lxa machi:lia \lxac kimamachi:lia \lxo machilia \lxop machilia \lxoc kí:machília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to know (the location of sth [SO]) that is of interest to (sb [PO]) \ssao saber (la ublicación de algo [OS]) que es de interés a (algn [OP]) \pna Ka:no:n tine:chmamachi:lia se: notimó:n. \pea Where do you know that I can get a beam for my plow (i.e., where is a good piece of wood that I can use for this purpose)? \psa ¿Dónde sabes que puedo encontrar un timón para mi arado (esto es, dónde hay un pedazo de madera que funcione para eso)? \se (with long vowel reduplication) to feel around (an object, person, etc.; see <nlo>tlá:machília</nlo>) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tantear a (un objeto, persona, etc.; vé ase see <nlo>tlá:machília</nlo>) \pna Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka! \pea Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place! \psa ¡Tanté ale allá (en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba. \pna Ne:chma:machilia ka:n ne:chkukwa. \pea He feels around for where it hurts me (as with sb searching for the location of <na>/kowasiwistli</na>) \psa Me tantea para ver donde me duele (como es el caso de algn buscando la ubicación de <na>kowasiwistli</na>) \se to feel up (in a sexual manner) \ss manosear (en una manera sexual) \pna Kima:machi:lih ino:biah. Xkwahli. \pea He felt his girlfriend up. That's no good. \psa Manoseó a su novia. No está bien. \xrb mati \xv1a tlama:machilia \xv1o tlá:machília \xvba mati \qry On one filecard I have noted that the /i:/ is definitely long and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that /kimamati/ means 'to know the location of something.' Recheck since in other circumstances/cards I have a short /i/. Recheck that /mamachi:lia/ always refers to the location of sth. Recheck and relink if necessary Am /tlama:machilia/, which perhaps should have a short reduplicant. Cf. 5352. \qry In several early file cards I note a difference between /mati/ and /ma:ti/ \ref 04887 \lxa segi:doh \lxac segi:doh \lxo segi:doh \lxoc segi:doh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan seguido \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se often \ss seguido; a menudo \pna Segi:doh kite:kwitlani para maya icha:n. \pea He often sends word for him to go to his house. \psa Seguido le manda decir que vaya a su casa. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 04888 \lxa sa:liwtok \lxac sa:liwtok \lxo sa:lihtok \lxoc sa:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be tied up \ss estar atado; estar amarrado \pna Xtso:lo un ma:choh, milá:k weyak sa:liwtok! \pea Shorten (the tether on) that mule, (the rope with which) it is tied up is really long! \psa ¡Acórtale (el laso con que está atado) ese macho, de veras está muy largo! \cfa tesa:liwtok \cfo tesa:lihtok \xrb sa:l \qry Check for use of /te-/ intensifier with this word and with all statives. Check dif. between /sa:liwtok/ and /tesa:liwtok/ and make sure that the former can refer to ropes, etc. I had this def. but here the durative is apparently not used but rather the perfective: 'to be stuck; to be jammed'; i.e., one cannot say /sa:liwtok notlaxkal/ but rather /o:sa:liw notlaxkal/. \grm Durative; stative: I had this def. but here the durative is apparently not used but rather the perfective: 'to be stuck; to be jammed'; i.e., one cannot say /sa:liwtok notlaxkal/ but rather /o:sa:liw notlaxkal/. \ref 04889 \lxa teaakioh \lxac teaakioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-uncl \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be full of embedded stones and rocks (a field, soil, that detain a plow when the soil is being tilled) \ssa estar lleno de piedras y rocas enterradas (dentro de la tierra, p. ej., un terreno de sembrar) \pna Segi:doh kasi tetl, onyeye:wi, teaakioh. \pea It (in this case a plow) is always hitting stones, it runs up once and again against something, it (the soil) is full of embedded rocks. \psa Seguido agarra una piedra, una y otra vez se va a parar (contra una piedra), está (el suelo) lleno de piedras enterradas. \sem soil \xrb te \xrb ak \nse The etymology of <na>teaakioh</na> is unclear. Apparently it is derived from the nominal stem <n>te-</n> 'stone' and a verbal root <na>aki</na> signifying 'to fit inside' or 'to enter into a place.' Here it would seem in reference to the stones that are hidden in the soil. Note that this word has only been documented with the reduplicated stem <na>aakioh</na> ; occasionally a [g] is inserted here between the sequence /aa/. This has been noted in other similar cases, e.g., <na>o:niteaga:la:w</na> 'I got scraped (from falling)', particularly, it seems, when there are three consecutive vowels. \pqry There is often an insertion of a stop between the two /a/s: /teagakioh/. Check on C. Flores discussion tape here. \ref 04890 \lxa yo:lkukwa \lxac kiyo:lkukwa \lxo yo:lkokowa \lxoc kiyo:lkokowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa): \se to cause to grieve; to make sad \ss entristecer; doler o lastimar (en elánimo o sentimiento) \pna Ne:chyo:lkukwa, o:mik noyo:lka:w. \pea It grieves me that my animal died. \psa Me entristece la muerte de mi animal. \pna Noyo:lkukwa pa:mpa kwalo itah. \pea He is sad because his father is ill. \psa Se entristece porque su papá está enfermo. \xrb yo:l \xrb kowa \ref 04891 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /chichi:lyo:ltsi:n/ but it has never been confirmed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04892 \lxa kwi:tsowa \lxac kikwi:tsowa \lxo kwi:tsowa \lxoc kikwi:tsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make or cause to become listless (e.g., by creating an unpleasant environment) \ss hacer que no se halle (p. ej., un animal recién comprado) \se to bore; to make ill at ease and uncomfortable \ss desgañar; hacer que (sb) no se halle; aburrir \se to debilitate (e.g., hard work [S], leaving sb [O] exhausted and without energy or desire to do anything) \ss debilitar (p. ej., trabajo duro [S], que deja a uno [O] exhausto y sin ganas de hacer algo) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to twist back and forth while being held \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) torcerse de un lado a otro al ser sostenido (por algn) \cfao kwi:tsiwi \xrb kwi:ts \ref 04893 \lxa okwiltixtli \lxac okwiltixtli \lxo kwikwiltixtli \lxoc kwikwiltixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \infn Stem 1(x) \se eggs left by <nla>xiwsa:yo:lin</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ixisa:yo:lin</nlo> (Oa) that become maggots (particularly in open wounds, it decaying flesh, etc.) \ss huevos dejados por los <nla>xiwsa:yo:lin</nla> (Am) / <nlo>ixisa:yo:lin</nlo> (Oa) que nacen como gusanitos (particularmente en heridas, carne pudrida y descompuesta \pna On xiwsa:yo:lin o:pe:w kixi:xa okwiltixtli. Xte:kili a:tl para ma:ka tlatsi:nis! \pea The flies have started to lay their eggs (i.e., larvae in a cut or wound). Pour water on it (the wound) so that they don't hatch! \psa Las moscas han empezado a dejar sus huevos (en una cortada o herida).¡Echale agua (a la herida) para que no nazcan! \sem animal \sem worm \xrb okwil \xrb tisi \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04894 \lxa poye:lia \lxac kipoye:lia \lxo poye:lia \lxoc kipoye:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to add salt to (a food or drink) \ss ensalar (una comida o bebida) \pna Ma:s xpoye:li! \pea Add more salt to it! \psa ¡échale más sal! \seao to believe in (a person, e.g., that the person can accomplish a particular task) \ssao creer en (p. ej., una persona, que pueda cumplir una tarea o alcanzar una meta) \pno Xnihpoye:lia on ichpo:xtli, xwelis. \peo I don't have faith in that girl, she won't be able to do it. \pso No creo en esa muchacha, no va a poder. \xrb poye: \nse Apparently <nao>poye:lia</nao> refers to the action of adding salt to a food or beverage to make it saltier, and not to simply salting the surface of something, such as meat to be preserved. In such cases a verb such as <na>xi:nilia, tla:lilia</na>, etc. would probably be used (e.g., <na>xtla:lili istatl</na>, etc.). \ref 04895 \lxa tla:kati \lxac tla:kati \lxo tla:kati \lxoc tla:kati \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to be born (but not in reference to birds or other animals that hatch; see <nlao>tlatsi:ni</nlao>) \ss nacer (pero no en referencia a aves ni otros animales que nacen de huevos; vé ase <nlao>tlatsi:ni</nlao>) \pna Kwa:k o:wa:ltla:katiah, o:mik. \pea He died at birth. \psa Se murió al nacer. \xrb tla:ka \nse Apparently <na>tla:kati</na> is a synonym of <na>wa:lnemi</na>. \qry Note that originally I had here /Kwa:k o:wa:ltla:katiw, o:mik./ but I changed it given what appears to be an obvious error of tense concordance. Nevertheless, check. \ref 04896 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /Ia:pan Osto:tsi:n/, which has been deleted and placed in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04897 \lxa chikolo tli:ltik \lxac chikolo tli:ltik \lxo chíkolo tli:líhki \lxoc chíkolo tli:líhki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \se bird of the generic type called <nla>chikolo</nla> (Am) / <nlo>chíkoló</nlo> (Oa), apparently the Groove-billed Ani, <l>Crotophaga sulcirostris</l> or a closely related species; it announces the rain by singing \ss pájaro del tipo genérico llamado <nla>chikolo</nla> (Am) / <nlo>chíkoló</nlo> (Oa), aparentemente el"Groove-billed Ani," <l>Crotophaga sulcirostris</l>, o una especie cercana; anuncia la lluvia al cantar \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 24, p. 351 \sem animal \sem bird \encyctmp chikolo \xrb chihkolo \xrb tli:l \nae In Oapan Nahuatl the complex <no>chíkolo tli:líhki</no> functions as a single semantic unit, as suggested by the stress pattern which has one pitch accented syllable (<no>chí</no>) and another high pitched syllable from phrase intonation. Nevertheless, it has been written as two words. \qry Check plural formation of /chikolo tli:ltik/ \sj Check SJ \ref 04898 \lxa bwemo:soh \lxac bwemo:soh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan buen mozo \psm N \der N-loan \aff Gender \infn N1 \sea cute guy; smart-alec \ssa persona creída, que se cree bueno \pna Tibwemo:soh. Tikmati ke:n tikwahli tla:katl, xtite:tla:kaita. \pea You are a smart-alec. You think that you're the cat's meow, you don't respect people. \psa Eres muy mono. piensas que eres mucha cosa, no respetas a la gente. \nse The preceding phrase was said by an uncle to his nephew who called his WM by her name (not the address term <nla>na:nah</nla>), showing a lack of respect. \ref 04899 \lxa ke:tspan \lxac i:ke:tspan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-pan \infn N2 \sea fly of men's pants \ssa bragueta \sea opening in a wrap-around skirt \ssa parte abierta donde se encuentran los dos lados de una falda cruzada \sem clothing \xrb ke:ts \xrb -pan \qry Check etymology and vowel length. Note that I have recorded a long vowel although if related to /ketsa/ it might be short. \ref 04900 \lxa te:nmomoyoka \lxac te:nmomoyoka \lxo te:momoyoka \lxoc te:momoyoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se for ones lips to tremble (e.g., form the cold, nervousness, etc., a rabbit while eating) \ss temblarsele los labios (p. ej., a causa del frío, o un conejo al comer) \xrb te:n \xrb moyo: \cfa te:mo:moyo:ni \dis te:nmomoyoka; te:nmo:moyo:ni \qry My original notecard here had /te:nmomoyoka/. Perhaps this should be /te:momoyoka/. I have provisionally changed this. \ref 04901 \lxa koyohli \lxac koyohli \lxo koyohli \lxoc koyohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se bells (such as those placed on ones ankles or wrists and used in dances) \ss cascabel (como los que se ponen por los tobillos o muñecas en algunas danzas) \xrb koyol \qry Check other meanings and other types of bells. Check the sound that bells make, etc. \ref 04902 \lxa yestia \lxac yestia \lxo yestia \lxoc yestia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se for a blood blister to form on (e.g., a finger; see <nlo>yeste:mi</nlo>) \ss formarse un ampolla con sangre adentro sobre (p. ej., un dedo; vé ase <nlo>yeste:mi</nlo>) \pna O:yestiak nomapil. \pea A blood blister formed on my finger. \psa Se le salió una ampolla con sangre a mi dedo. \seo to have blood inside (a fertilized egg) \sso tener sangre adentro (un huevo fertilizado) \sem body-injury \xrb yes \nse <nao>Yestia</nao> is close to <nla>yeskwepa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yeskopa</nlo> (Oa) in meaning and the difference, if any, between the two needs to be further investigated. Both refer to the clot of blod that forms below the skin as when, for example, one smashes ones finger with a stone or hammer. However, at this point it appears that <na>yestia</na> is more likely to have as its subject the part of the body so affected whereas <na>yeskwepa</na> (a reflexive verb) has as its subject the specific blister as a blood clot starts to form beneath its surface. In this sense <na>yeskwepa</na> is more akin to <nlao>yeste:mi</nlao>, found in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. Finally, note that <nla>xoxo:wia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>xoxo:wiya</nlo> (Oa) / also refers to a skin injury, but more to larger affected areas, such as bruises. \nae The subject of <na>yestia</na> is the part of the body on which the blister formed and not the individual person. \ref 04903 \lxa kwa:teki \lxac kikwa:teki \lxo kwa:teki \lxoc kikwa:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut on the head \ss cortarle sobre la cabeza a \pna O:mitskwa:tek, xwel te:xi:ma. \pea He cut you on your head, he doesn't know how to cut hair. \psa Te cortósobre la cabeza, no sabe cortar pelo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to repeatedly cut the head of (e.g., a turkey that is being slaughtered) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cortarle repetidas veces sobre la cabeza (p. ej., un guajolote que se está sacrificando) \pna Xkwa:te:teki un towexo:lo:w para tihkwa:skeh. \pea Cut our turkey on the back of the head (to kill it) so that we can eat it. \psa Córtale nuestro guajolote sobre la parte atrás de la cabeza (para matarlo) para que lo podemos comer. \xrb kwa: \xrb teki \nse The action referred to by <na>kwa:te:teki</na> is is that of hanging a turkey (<nla>cha:ntsi:n</nla>) upside down and cutting the back of its head to that the blood runs out and it dies. \qry Query as to other animals for which rdp-l- might be used. \ref 04904 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally for /A:mo:litik/; it has since been moved to the toponymic database and removed from the general lexicon. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04905 \lxa kechpitsa:wa \lxac kikechpitsa:wa \lxo kechpitsa:wa \lxoc kikechpitsa:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to narrow the neck of (a ceramic, a piece of wood with a"neck,"etc.) \ss angostar el cuello de (una cerámica, un pedazo de madera que tiene un"cuello", etc.) \xrb kech \xrb pitsa: \nse <nao>Kechpitsa:wi</nao> refers to the action of narrowing the neck of something, such as a narrow portion cut into a piece of wood. For example, one may cut a circular wedge around a beam so that a rope can be secured to drag it along. If this cut wedge ("neck") is too thick, then one narrows it. The verb used to describe this action is <nao>kechpitsa:wa</nao>. \qry Check possible intransitive form or its absence. \ref 04906 \lxa te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n \lxac te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n \lxo te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n \lxoc te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se young man who is past traditional marrying age (i.e., past 25 or 30 years of age) \ss muchacho que ya rebasóla edad tradicional para casarse (esto es, más de 25 o 30 años de edad) \pna Te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n, yo:chika:w. \pea He is a mature man (beyond the age appropriate for marriage, i.e., over some 25 years of age), he's become a fully mature adult. \psa Es un hombre maduro (más allá de la edad apropriada para casarse, esto es, más de como 25 años de edad), ya es un hombre plenamente maduro. \sem age \cfa te:lpo:chchika:wi \xrb te:lpo:ch \xrb wen \ono te:lpo:xtli \ref 04907 \lxa e:wi:tia \lxac ke:wi:tia \lxo e:wi:tia \lxoc ke:wi:tia \dt 05/May/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to send (a person, e.g., to do a job, etc.) \ss enviar; mandar ir (a una persona, p. ej., para hacer un trabajo) \pna Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hla:n, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman. \pea You just (want) to send me off to my milpa, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning). \psa No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación). \se to begin (a task or chore) \ss comenzar (una tarea) \pna Yo:kintete:nkeh nito:tikeh. A:man xke:wi:ti! \pea They've lined the dancers up (in a religious line dance). Now begin it! \psa Ya pusieron a los danzantes en fila (para un baile religioso).¡Ahora comiénzalo! \se to start in with (beating or hitting a child [O], usually by parents [S]) \ss empezar con (una paliza a algn, generalmente un niño [O], por sus papás [S]) \pna Juan saniman ke:wi:tia:ya ina:n, ma:ski pa katka itah, xkipale:wia. \pea Right away Juan was being beaten by his mother, even though his father was there, he didn't help him. \psa Luego luego a Juan le daba una paliza su mamá, aunque allí estaba su padre, no lo ayudaba. \pno Sápa ne:wi:tí:skeh. \peo They will begin to go at it once again (e.g., children who begin fighting again). \pso Van a empezarle otra vez (p. ej., niños que empiezan a pelearse otra vez). \dis e:wi:tia (sense 1); pe:waltia; ti:tlani \dis pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia (sense 2) \xrb e:wa \xvbao e:wa \qry Check the precise set of objects that can occur with /e:wi:tia/ used to mean 'to begin.' Check difference from /pe:waltia/. One phrase, not entered above, is /san niman o:ke:wi:tikeh, pe:wa kwi:tekin/ which I had translated as 'They started in with him rightaway (in this case parents), they begin to give him a thrashing.' I have not included this because I am not sure that the translation is correct. Perhaps it should be 'They started with it right away...' Also, recheck the correctness and meaning of /Juan san niman ke:wi:tia:ya ina:n, ma:ski pa katka itah, xkipale:wia/, in regard to word order (Juan/Object is initial) and the meaning of /e:wi:tia/ as 'to thrash.' In general question whether a human can be the object of /e:wi:tia/. Thus, ask was /o:ne:che:wi:tikeh/ might mean. \ref 04908 \lxa tepaxtli \lxac tepaxtli \lxo tepaxtli \lxoc tepaxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se sea snail \ss caracol del mar \seao shell (of animals such as snails, conches, etc.) \ssao cáscara (de animales como caracoles, etc.) \sem animal \sem misc \xrb tepach \nse The etymology of <na>tepaxtli</na> is uncertain. No cognates have been found in other dialects and it is not clear whether the final /x/ represents underlying {x} or {ch}. In Ameyaltepec they only know this by its shell although Luis Lucena mentioned that the same word is used to refer to the shell of the <nla>wi:laka</nla> :" <na>no: kipia tepaxtli</na>. \vl Link first male token. \ref 04909 \lxa tekolse:wi \lxac tekolse:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \sea <l>Mimosa benthamii</l> J. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr., tree of the Leguminoseae family \ssa <l>Mimosa benthamii</l> J. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae \sea for the coals of (a particular tree [S]) to go out \ssa apagarsele el carbón de (unárbol en particular) \pna Bwe:noh para tlikohtli, pero saniman sese:wi, tekolse:wi, se:wi itekohlo. \pea It is good for firewood, but it goes out right away, its coals go out on it, its coals go out. \psa Es bueno para leña pero luego luego se apaga, se le apaga su carbón, su carbón se apaga. \equivao tekolwistli \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tekol \xrb se: \nse Note that in the verbal compound <na>tekolse:wi</na> the incorporated noun is not the subject but rather the possessed object of a subject that is the result of possessor raising. Thus the subject of <na>tekolse:wi</na> in the illustrative phrase is the same referent as the possessor of <na>i:tekohlo</na>. \cpl See <nla>tekolwistli</nla>. \nct kohtli \grm Possessor raising; incorporation: Note the following /Bwe:noh para tlikuhtli, pero san niman sese:wi, tekolse:wi, se:wi itekohlo/ 'It is good for firewood, but it goes out right away, its coals go out on it, its coals go out.' This sentence is offered as an excellent example of possessor raising. The two phrases /tekolse:wi/ and /se:wi itekohlo/ are very similar. The first is the result of possessor raising in which the subject is the possessor. In the second phrase this is clearly manifested as the subject of /se:wi/ is the NP that follows in which the subject is the coals. Use this in the grammar on possessor raising. \ref 04910 \lxa a:tete:mowa \lxac ka:tete:mowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to divine about (sth), using copal and maize thrown in a bowl of water \ssa adivinar o echar suerte acerca de (algo), echando maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua \pna Xka:tete:mo. Abé:r deke none:xtia a:kin o:kontila:n ka:n iye:wtoya. \pea Look for it (or hire sb to look for it) through divination with water. Let's see if the person who reached out and took it from where it was stored shows up. \psa Búscalo (o contrata a algn para buscarlo) echando suertes de maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua. A ver si aparece la persona quien lo fue a quitar de donde estaba guardado. \xrb a: \xrb te:mo \xvaa a:tete:mowilia \ref 04911 \lxa nepa \lxac nepa \lxo napa \lxoa nepa \lxoc napa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se over there (with no special place indicated) \ss por allí(sin ningún lugar en específico indicado) \pna Nepa! \pea Over there (i.e., in a general direction)! \psa ¡Por allí(en una dirección general)! \pna Nepa nikonchi:was un tekitl. \pea I'll do that job over there (no special place indicated). \psa Voy a hacer ese trabajo allí(pero no indicando ningún lugar en especial). \cfa nepaika \cfo napaika \encystmp adverbs of place \xrb ne: \xrl -pa \nse This adverbial form is related to the deictics <na>ne:</na> and <na>-pa</na> (as in <na>ompa</na>), with vowel shortening of <nao>ne:</nao>. Oapan Nahuatl has the form <nlo>ne:pa</nlo> which is distinct from <nao>nepa <nao> in a manner not yet fully determined. \qry Determine the difference between forms such as /ompa/, /nepa/, /neyhka/, etc. apparently the latter is the most distant. In one note I have indicated that /nepa/ does not refer to any specific location, just"over there"in general. \mod Add onomasiological section of adverbial deictics of place. \ref 04912 \lxa a:xi:nia \lxac ka:xi:nia \lxo a:xi:nia \lxoc ka:xi:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to scatter or throw into water (e.g., seeds or small balls of copal into a <spn>jícara</spn> of water in order to divine) \ss echar o esparcir en el agua (p. ej., semillas o bolitas de copal a una jícara para adivinar suertes) \seo to throw into the water (e.g., <spn>olotes</spn> that are being tossed away into the river) \sso echar al agua (p. ej., olotes que se están tirando en el río de desecho) \se (refl.) to go into or throw oneself into the water, whether to bathe or swim \ss (refl.) meterse en el agua, o para nada o para bañarse \pna O:pe:w tima:xi:nian. \pea We started to throw ourselves into the water. \psa Empezamos a echarnos al agua. \xrb a: \xrb xi: \qry Recheck meaning and other possible uses. Check for absence of intransitive. \ref 04913 \lxa tlake:nxoxo:hki \lxac tlake:nxoxo:hki \lxo tlake:xoxo:hki \lxoc tlake:xoxo:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have green clothes \ss tener la ropa verde \pna Kwaltsi:n motlake:n xoxo:hki, titlake:nxoxo:hki. \pea Your green clothes are really pretty, you are"green-clothed." \psa Tu ropa verde está bonita, eres vestido de verde. \xrb ke:m \xrb xo: \nse Although the corpus documentation has only this compound of <na>tlake:n</na> plus a color, it seems that any other color can be used after an item of clothing to indicate a person who is wearing (or has) clothes of that color; cf., for example, <nla>koto:ntekoch</nla>. \grm Noun Incorporation; possessor raising; attributive adjectives; modification: One point that has been made is that attributive adjectives follow the noun they modify in compound constructions. Thus although the final element of /tlake:nxoxo:hki/ (and /a:poso:nki/, etc.) is an adjectival (a deverbal adjective), the compound is nominal. However, at the same time these compounds seem to function as predicates (e.g., /tlak:enxoxo:hki mokone:w/ 'your child is clothed in green'). It can be said, therefore that the sequence S+Possessor-raised-Noun+attributive = Person with N of given Attribute. This would thus seem then to be a standard occurrence with nouns followed by an attributive (cf. also, with the same structure) forms such as /tlake:ntsotsomok/ etc. \grm Oapan phonology: Note the phonological alternation n-to-0. This is not unusual in Oapan. \ref 04914 \lxa sa:po \lxac sa:po \lxo sa:po \lxoc sa:po \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan sapo \psm N \der N-loan \se toad \ss sapo \sem animal \sem lizzard \nct sa:po \qry In one entry I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite as is the presence of a glottal stop. \ref 04915 \lxa no:ltik \lxac no:ltik \lxo no:ltik \lxoc no:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be bent, curved, crooked, wavy \ss estar encorvado, doblado, chueco, ondulado \pna No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik. \pea That switch (rod) is curved in various places, you should have cut one that was straight. \psa Esa vara está chueca en varios lugares, hubieras cortado una que estuviera derecha. \sem shape \encystmp patiliwi, kotsoliwi, no:liwi, chikino:liwi, etc. \xrb no:l \qry Check exactly what type of crookedness is implied by this as opposed to other similar words. Determine if there is a difference between /no:ltik/ and /no:liwtok/. Both seem to refer to the same state and objects, but perhaps there is a difference, e.g. in the permanence of the state, etc. If there is a difference, this might apply to the general difference between two such adjectival constructions. Also check difference between /no:ltik/ and /chikino:ltik/. \mod Determine differences between all words that refer to some sort of crookedness: /patil-/, /no:l-/, /kwepal-/, /nekwil-/, /chikino:l-/, etc. \ref 04916 \lxa tamala:yutli \lxac tamala:yutli \lxo tamaláyotlí \lxoc tamaláyotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se generic name of a type of squash in local Spanish called <spn>tamalayota</spn> \ss nombre genérico de un tipo de calabaza llamado en español <spn>tamalayota</spn> \se specific name of a type of squash also known as <nla>a:yakaxtsi:n</nla> \ss nombre específico de un tipo de calabaza también conocida como <nla>a:yakaxtsi:n</nla> \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp tamala:yotli; a:yotli \xrb tamal \xrb ayoh \ono super tamala:yotli \cpl Apparently <na>tamala:yotli</na> is a type of squash, <nla>a:yotli</nla>, that includes several specific varieties: <nla>tamala:yotli kipia i:kakawayo</nla>, <nla>tamala:yotli de peye:joh</nla>, and <nla>a:yakaxtsi:n</nla>, which is also called simply <na>tamala:yotli</na>. Several consultants mentioned that in Spanish <na>tamala:yotli</na> is called <spn>tamalayota</spn> although this is most like a \nct a:yotli \qry Check the entire categorical organization of squashes. It appears that there exists /a:yotli/ as a general term and that the major type or group within this is /tamala:yotli/, which itself contains three types (of which /tamala:yotli/ is also a hyponymic term, and is equivalent to /a:yakaxtsi:n/). Also, it would appear that /pípian/ is another type of squash that is not a /tamala:yotli/, and that /ixtla:wate:roh/ is another name for /pípian/. Check recording on DT7:164. Also check length. In this entry it appears as a definitive initial short /a/. Check with speech analyzer and with all occurrences of this lexeme. \ref 04917 \lxa kukwalaka \lxac kukwalaka \lxo kwakwalaka \lxoc kwakwalaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to make a hard boiling or bubbling sound \ss hacer un sonido fuerte como de hervir o burbujar \pna Yo:pe:w iksi, yo:pe:w kukwalaka. \pea It's started to get cooked, it's started to make a hard bubbling sound. \psa Ya empezó a cocerse, ya empezó a hervir fuertemente. \sem sound \xrb kwala: \xvnao kwala:ni \ref 04918 \lxa kukwetlaka \lxac kukwetlaka \lxo kwekwetlaka \lxoc kwekwetlaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to shiver (e.g., from cold, from an illness) \ss temblar (p. ej., del frío, de una enfermedad) \pna Yo:nisekmik, san nikukwetlakatoya. \pea I got very cold, I was just shivering. \psa Me había entrado mucho el frío, estaba nada más temblando. \xrb kwetla: \xvnao kwetla:ni \dis momoyoka; tsitsilka; kwekwetlaka; wiwiyoka \qry Determine precise meaning and existence of transitive form. \ref 04919 \lxa ikpayo:kopi:na \lxac kikpayo:kopi:na \lxo ipayokopi:na \lxoc kipayokopi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to pull the basting out of; to unstich; to remove a thread from \ss deshilvanar; descoser \xrb kpa \xrb kopi: \qry Check /ikpayo:tia/ as possible word. Get contextual use of /ikpanyokopi:na/. Note that I orginally had /ikpanyokopi:na/ for AM headword but have changed this on the basis of Opan data. The Am form needs to be checked. \pqry Check and recheck vowel length. I do not hear long duration here. \ref 04920 \lxa tila:na \lxac kitila:na \lxo tila:na \lxoc kitila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to pull or stretch (sth such as a strap or band) \ss jalar; estirar (algo como un tirante o banda) \pna Niktitila:ntok para ma weyakia, ma yema:nia. Ke:n kuwtik! \pea I'm pulling on it (repeatedly) so that it gets longer, so that it softens up (a strip of leather). How stiff it is! \psa Le estoy jalando (repetidas veces) para que se alargue, para que se suavice (un tirante de cuero).¡Quéduro está ! \pna Kiti:tila:na. \pea He pulls on it once and once again (in this case referring to someone playing an accordion). \psa Le estira una y otra vez (en este caso en referencia a algn que está tocando un acordión). \pna Wel notil:ana. \pea It can be stretched (e.g., cheap cloth, chewing gum, a rubber band, etc.). \psa Se puede estirar (p. ej., tela barata, chicle, una liga de hule, etc.). \se to pull or tug at; to lead along (e.g., a person or animal reluctant to move, a weight or heavy object difficult to move, etc.) \ss jalar; conducir (p. ej., a una persona o animal que no quiere andar, un peso u objeto difícil de mover) \pna Tiktitila:ntok, tikwi:sokisneki. \pea You are tugging on him, you want to beat him up. \psa Lo estás jalando, le quieres dar una paliza. \pna Xkwa:ltila:ntiw! \pea Lead it along this way (e.g., a donkey or other animal)! \psa ¡Venlo jalando (p. ej., un burro u otro animal)! \se (refl.) to stretch out (e.g., a person feeling stiff, sb just waking up, etc.) \ss (refl.) estirarse (p. ej., el cuerpo, una persona que se siente tiesa, que apenas se levanta, etc.) \pna Notitila:na, yo:isak, yo:nokwiste:w. \pea He stretches himself out (his body, e.g., in the early morning), he's awoken, he's gotten up. \psa Se estira (el cuerpo, p. ej., algn recién despierto), ya se despertó, ya se paró. \se (with a directional prefix) to reach over (here or there, depending upon the prefix) and grab or take \ss (con un prefijo direccional) extender el brazo (hacia acá o allá, dependiendo del prefijo) para agarrar o tomar \pna Xkontila:na se: li:broh, ma tikitaka:n tli:no:n kito:sneki! \pea Reach over and grab a book, let's see what it means! \psa ¡Estírate para agarrar un libro, vamos a ver que quiere decir! \pna Xkwa:ltila:na i:n siye:tah, ipan xmose:wi! \pea Reach over here and take this chair, sit down on it! \psa ¡Vente a jalar esta silla, descansa sobre ella! \src DT#1:330 \pna Umpa kontila:ntiweh para kipapa:kan imetl. \pea They reach over there (in this case for water in the <nla>a:chi:wiltepalkatl</nla>) in order to clean off their metates. \psa Lo van tomando (en este caso agua de los <nla>a:chi:wiltepalkatl</nla>) para limpiar sus metates. \dis tila:na; tewila:na \xrb tila:na \xvaao tila:nilia \qry Check for intransitive form. \grm Aspect; reduplication /Ompa kontila:ntiweh para kipapa:kan imetl/ 'They reach over there (in this case for water in the <nla>a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl</nla>) in order to clean off their metates.' Note that in the preceding phrase the aspectual marker /-tiweh/ is used to indicate temporality, an action that takes place repeatedly over time. Note, moreover, that there is no reduplication even though the action is iterative. This suggests that at least in some cases the aspectual marker is used to indicate iterativity and this affects the nature or necessity of reduplication to indicate the same aspectual sense. \rt Discussion relationship of root <nr>tila:na</nr> to <nr>a:na</nr>. \ref 04921 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /I:a:pan chalto:n/ but it has been removed and placed in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04922 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /a:chialtia/ but seems to have definitely been a product of elicitation. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry I had the following phrases here: /Ma:ski yeskia a:tl, ne:cha:chialtia/ 'Even though there may be water (i.e., in a well), he makes me wait for it.' and the definition: 'to make (sb) wait for water'. Also the phrase /Nochipa ne:cha:chialtia./ 'He always puts aside some water for me (i.e., saves some, so that others do not take it). meaning 'to save water (for sb)'. I had the notes: 'Recheck form, i.e. does the causative exist and is it employed, or were the examples given only under the stress of elicitation. This was the first word that I elicited' \ref 04923 \lxa kamatsatsakwa \lxac kikamatsatsakwa \lxo kákamatsákwa \lxop kakamatsakwa \lxoc kí:kamatsákwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev) \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-rdp \se to make (sb) promise to keep a secret \ss hacer que (algn) prometa no revelar un secreto o guardar silencio \pna O:ne:chkamatsatsakw, ma:ka nikito:s. \pea He made me promise to keep it secret so that I wouldn't tell it. \psa Hizo que prometiera guardar silencio, que no lo debo decir. \xrb kama \xrb tsakwa \nae The preliminary data suggests a variation in reduplication pattern between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the reduplicant is the verbal stem <nla>tsakwa</nla>, the incorporated noun remains outside of this process. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the combined stem (with incorporated noun) that reduplicates. Here it is the first syllable of the incorporated noun stem that reduplicates. Again, this illlustrates the problems of any single analysis of reduplication for Nahuatl, even one that will hold among closely related villages. \qry Check to see if form without internal reduplication is acceptable. \grm Reduplication; incorporation: Re: the fact that Am has /kamatsatsakwa/ and Oapan has /kákamatsákwa/: The preliminary data suggests a variation in reduplication pattern between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the reduplicant is the verbal stem <nla>tsakwa</nla>, the incorporated noun remains outside of this process. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the combined stem (with incorporated noun) that reduplicates. Here it is the first syllable of the incorporated noun stem that reduplicates. Again, this illlustrates the problems of any single analysis of reduplication for Nahuatl, even one that will hold among closely related villages. \ref 04924 \lxa te:muwtih \lxac te:muwtih \lxo té:mohtíh \lxoc té:mohtíh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \pa yes \se to be fierce; to be mean; to be fearsome (a person who is easily angered and often violent; an animal, such as a dog or bull, that is prone to attack) \ss ser bravo; dar miedo (una persona que se enoja fácilmente y a menudo es violenta, un animal, como un toro o perro, que siempre está dispuesto a atacar) \pna O:kikaltsahkeh un kone:tl para o:pe:w kwi:tekin. Te:muwtih itah wan ina:n. \pea They locked that kid up in the house (i.e., closed the door behind them) in order to start giving him a thrashing. His parents are mean. \psa Encerraron a ese niño en la casa (esto es, cerraron la puerta tras de ellos) para empezar a darle una paliza. Sus parientes son muy bravos. \se to be dangerous (e.g, dynamite, cars, etc.) \ss ser peligroso (p. ej., dinamita, coches, etc.) \se to be strong (e.g, an alcoholic drink, a spicy dish, etc.) \ss ser fuerte (p. ej., una bebida alcohólica); bravo (p. ej., un chile, etc.) \sem emotions \xrb mowi \nae The reason for the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>té:mohtíh</no> is not clear. There is no underlying {h} in the stem of this adjectival. Moreover, not only is there no evidence of a reduplicant, which could yield surface pitch accent. But even if there were to be a reduplicant it would seemingly not reduce to simple pitch accent on the nonspecific object prefix <n>te:-</n>, given that this prefix contains a long vowel. Perhaps comparative evidence will shed light on the reason for pitch accent in Oapan <no>té:muhtíh</no>. \sj té:muhtíh; check, perhaps reduplicated? \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note the following Oapan form /té:mohtíh/. The reason for the pitch-accent is not clear. Check. Note that for /te:mowa/ one has /nité:tete:mowa/. Unclear therefore why the pitch if not from reduplication.!? \ref 04925 \lxa koko:ya \lxac koko:ya \lxo koko:ya \lxoc koko:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become spicy \ss ponerse picoso \pna Ti:roh o:koko:yak tlakwahli pa:mpa miák o:tihko:koto:nilih chi:hli. \pea The food has gotten real spicy because you shredded a lot of chile into it. \psa La comida se ha puesto picosísima porque le echaste muchos pedazos de chile. \pna Kemech koko:xtok. Xe tikaxi:tilia, poliwi okse chi:hli para kwaltias. \pea It is just getting spicy. You haven't gotten to the right point yet, another chile needs to be added for it to get just right. \psa Apenas se está poniendo picoso. Aún no le has llegado al punto adecuado, todavía falta otro chile para que se ponga bien. \xrb koko: \ref 04926 \lxa koxtok \lxac koxtok \lxo koxtok \lxoc koxtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se see <nlao>kochi</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>kochi</nlao> \xrb kochi \ref 04927 \lxa nakastlantsotsomi:n \lxac nakastlantsotsomi:n \lxo nakastlantsótsomí:n \lxoc nakastlantsótsomí:n \dt 03/May/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have bare or hairless ears (in reference to animals) \ss tener las orejas lampiñas, pelonas (en referencia a animales) \pna Nakastlantsotsomi:n, xok kipia itomio. \pea It has bare ears, they no longer have any fur. \psa Tiene las orjeas pelonas, ya no tienen pelo. \xrb nakas \xrb tsomi:n \xrl -tlan \qry Check etymology. Possible relation of /tsomi:ni/ to /tsontli/? Check other words that have /tsomi:ni/ in them. NOte that whereas in other case the Oa cognate of the Am form is /té:mí:ntik/ or something similar, here uniquely the form /tsótsomí:n/ is given. \ref 04928 \lxa kwexomatl \lxac kwexomatl \lxo kwexomatl \lxoc kwexomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se wooden tray (most commonly of used to collect the ground corn meal as it comes off the metate, with the <na>kwexomatl</na> placed right below the metate's bottom lip \ss batea o tepestate (particularmente las que se emplean para juntar la masa que sale de la parte inferior de un metate, donde se coloca el <na>kwexomatl</na>) \sem tool \xrb kwe \xrb xoma \nse The etymology of this word is problematical. It seems to be related to <na>xomatli</na>, meaning 'spoon.' Molina gives <n>quauhxumatli</n> as 'wooden spoon.' But this etymological relationship would involve a shift of Classical <n>quauh</n> to Balsas <nao>kwe</nao> and Classical <n>xomatli</n> to Balsas <nao>xomatl</nao>. It might also be that whereas the <na>-xomatl</na> element is related to the word for 'spoon,' the first element, <na>kwe</na> is related to the upcurving sides of the tray. Apparently the most common wood used to make <na>kwexomameh</na> is <nao>kohxio:tl</nao> although according to Emidio Rosendo <na>kopalchi:noh</na> may also be used. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male token. \ref 04929 \lxa moyo:nia \lxac kimimoyo:nia \lxo moyo:nia \lxoc kimimoyo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to cause or make swarm \ss hacer enjambrarse \equivao moyo:naltia \xrb moyo: \nse Apparently <nao>moyo:naltia</nao> is synonomous with <nao>moyo:nia</nao> although further investigation might reveal some differences. Given the semantics of <nao>moyo:nia</nao> the citation form has the plural 3rd-person object <n>kim</n> with an epenthetic /i/ inserted before the nasal-initial verbal stem. \xvba moyo:ni \qry I am not sure why there are two forms, /moyo:nia/ and /moyo:naltia/ (there are other similar cases of two forms) and if there is any difference in their use and meaning. This should be checked. \ref 04930 \lxa ila:mah \lxac ila:mah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \sea anona, fruit of the tree called <na>i:la:makuwtli</na> \ssa anona, fruta delárbol llamado <na>i:la:makuwtli</na> \sea by extension, the zapote tree of the Annonaceae family that bears this fruit; according to one consultant from Ameyaltepec there are two species: <na>i:la:makuwtli mora:doh</na> and <na>i:la:makuwtli istá:k</na> \ssa por extensión, elárbol de zapote de la familia Annonaceae que da esta fruta; según un asesor de Ameyaltepec hay dos especies: <na>i:la:makuhtli mora:doh</na> and <na>i:la:makuwtli istá:k</na> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \apa ila:makuwtli \encyctmp tsapotl \xrb ila:mah \nse This contrasts with <na>i:lamah</na> 'his old woman,' derived from <na>lamatsi:n</na>. The first person possessed forms also contrast: <na>nolamah</na> 'my old woman' vs. <na>noila:mah</na> "my zapote." \cpl Ramírez (1991) simply gives the Spanish name <spn>ilama</spn> without any further identification. Schoenhals (1988) gives under ilama:"(<i>Annona diversifolia</i>) 'custard apple.' Narrow leaves; fragrant bark; downward-pointing proturberances on the fruit. The pinkish, fragrant fruit is edible and highly esteemed. Also called papausa."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list no tree of the genus <i>Annona</i>. \nct kohtli \ref 04931 \lxa xo:chitl de si:matl \lxac xo:chitl de si:matl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea purple flower of the <nba>si:matl</nba> vine (<l>Ramirezella strobilophora</l> (B. L. Rob.) Rose) \ssa flor color púrpura de la enredadera <nba>si:matl</nba> (<l>Ramirezella strobilophora</l> (B. L. Rob.) Rose) \sem plant \sem fl \equivo si:matl \xrb xo:chi \xrb si:ma \nct komekatl \ref 04932 \lxa sa:watl \lxac sa:watl \lxo sa:watl \lxoc sa:watl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se mange (of an animal such as a dog) \ss sarna (de un animal como el perro) \se rash; pox (and, in general, various types of skin eruptions or disease not yet fully defined) \ss sarpullido; roña (y, en general, ciertas enfermedades de la piel, no completamente identificadas, que se manifiestan por granitos, comezón, etc.) \pna Te:kekexkilih sa:watl. \pea Skin rashes are itchy. \psa El sarpullido da comezón. \sem disease \xrb sa:wa \nse Although the precise medical conditions that are covered by this term and its derivations is not clear, one consultant mentioned that people get <nao>sa:watl</nao> during the summer because they haven't bathed, they have become covered with earth and sweat, and they have been burnt by the sun. As a result pimples (<spn>granitos</spn>) form on their necks, chests, and other parts of the body. \qry Check to determine if any possessed form is possible and, if so, what form it takes. \ref 04933 \lxa o:kotl \lxac o:kotl \lxo o:kotl \lxoc o:kotl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of pine tree still not identified, not found near Ameyaltepec \ss ocote, tipo deárbol que no se halla cerca de Ameyaltepec \pna O:kotl | Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para mori:yos. Ameya:ltepe:k xtlah. \pea <na>O:kotl</na> : It is good for planks, for beams. There are none in Ameyaltepec. \psa <na>O:kotl</na> : Es bueno para tablas, para morillos. En Ameyaltepec no hay. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb o:ko \pqry Recheck vowel length of first /o/: it appears long in most utterances, but short in others. Check. C. Flores seems to have a short vowel. Recheck. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There is one additional token of this at 5444; it should be tagged as 4933 but not chosen to be linked. \ref 04934 \lxa yeyekamaka \lxac *kiyeyekamaka \lxo yéye:kamáka \lxop yeye:kamaka \lxoc kiyéye:kamáka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-b \pa yes \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \se to blow air on; to fan \ss echar viento sobre; abanicar \pna Mitsyeyekamaka, xok tito:nalmikis. \pea It is blowing aire on you, you won't be hot anymore. \psa Te está aventando aire, ya no vas a tener calor. \nae The Oapan form with 3rd-person singular object is phonetically [kiíye:kamáka]. However, the standard orthographic representation has been maintained. \grm Note inflection: ; perf. sg. <na>o:kiyeyekamakak</na> ; pl. <na>o:kiyeyekamakakeh</na>, <na>o:kiyeyekama:keh</na> \xrb e:ka \xrb maka \ref 04935 \lxa kwa:we:weyakia \lxac kwa:we:weyakia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \aff Lex. rpd-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to have ones hair grow long \ss crecersele el cabello muy largo \syna tsonwe:weyakia \syno tsonwe:weyakia \xrb kwa: \xrb weya \qry Check to determine whether a transitive form exists ?kwa:weweyakilia:, or an adjectival form ?kwa:weweyak. \ref 04936 \lxa tsiknowa \lxac tsiknowa \lxo tsihnowa \lxoc tsihnowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to sob; to whimper (crying or sobbing, taking in breaths and making a short, cut-off sound with ones throat) \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) lloriquear; gimotear (llorar o sollozar, jalando aire y haciendo sonidos cortados en la garganta) \pna Sa: tsiknotok ikone:w. \pea His child can only whimper. \psa Su niño puede solamente lloriquea. \sem sound-human \cfa teteknowa \cfo tétehnówa \xrb tsikno \nse <na>Tsiknowa</na>, meaning 'to whimper,' can refer to a situation in which a child has been repeatedly struck and has gotten so weak so as not to be able to even cry, but only make a whimpering sound by inhaling air through the nose and throat. \qry Check this form as it may be /tsatsitsiknowa/ or it may be /tsitsiknowa/. One filecard had recorded /tsatsiknowa/, but this might well be in error considering the comparative evidence (including Xalitla, which has /tsitsiknowa/) and the fact that another file card had the sentence given above, which had no reduplication or element previous to /tsiknowa/. Note that I have also recorded as /teknowa/ for 'to hiccup.' \pqry Recheck coda consonant in first syllable, [k] or [h]. \ref 04937 \lxa san migeli:toh \lxac san migeli:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan San Miguelito \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea small fly-like insect still not identified \ssa pequeño insecto como mosca todavía no identificado \pna San migeli:toh | Ke:n xiwsa:yo:lin pero pipitsaktsitsi:nteh. Kipopo:nian xiwtli noso kikukwan. \pea <na>San migeli:toh</na> : It is like a fly, but they are skinny. They open up plants or they eat at them. \psa <na>San migeli:toh</na> : Es como una mosca, pero son delgaditos. Abren las plantas o se las roen. \sem animal \sem insect \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 04938 \lxa testia \lxac testia \lxo testia \lxoc testia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become tightly crammed or stuffed full (e.g., a sack, box, or other similar type of container, etc.) \ss atestarse o apretarse por muy lleno (p. ej., un costal, caja, u otro tipo de recipiente similar) \pna Xok onaki, yo:testiak. \pea It doesn't fit in anymore (in this case no more ears of corn fit into a full sack of maize), it (the sack) has gotten crammed full. \psa Ya no cabe (en este caso más mazorca en un costal), ya se atestó(el costal con mazorcas). \pna Yo:te:n kahli, yo:tlatestiak ika je:nteh. \pea The house become filled, it got completely crammed with people. \psa Se llenóla casa, se atestópor completo con gente. \xrb tes \xvaao testilia \fl testok \dis testia; tepo:tskalaktia \qry The meaning of /xok onaki/ in /Yo:testiak, xok onaki/ is not entirely clear. Is it that nothing more will fit into the object (e.g., a sack) because it is full (yo:testiak) or is it that the object will not fit in because it is full. It appears that the latter is the case. What is the dif. between /yo:tlatestiak ika je:nteh/ and, if correct, /yo:testiak ika ge:nteh/? \mod Rethink whether /tla-/ forms with statives/resultatives should be kept (e.g., tlatestok) while /tla-/ forms with intransitives are not separate unless semantically distinct (i.e., /tlapoliwi/ has an entry but not /tlakoto:ni/) \grm tla-; locatives; antipassive: Note that /tla-/ can occur before both inchoatives and statives. The present case offers a good example. Thus both /testia/ and /testok/ occur, the first as an intransitive (inchoative) and the second as a stative. There is a similarity in the spatial extension indicated by each. Thus cf. an active verb such as /koto:ni/. A verb such as /tlakoto:ni/ indicates that this action occurs, but says nothing about the subject (in this case of an unaccusative, the thematic patient). The form /tlakoto:ni/ indicates simply that the action occurred, without any reference or indication to the object that was affected by the action. In some cases, therefore, the translation might simply be 'something.' While certainly this can be considered the nonspecificity of the grammatical subject, it is also the thematic patient, and this is the tie-in between the use of /tla-/ in /tlakoto:ni/ and the use of /tla-/ in /tlakoto:na/. In both cases it is the thematic patient that is left unspecified, something that is particularly obvious in nondirected alternation. Thus perhaps /tla-/ can be glossed as NONSPECIFIC PATIENT. Then there is the questioin of the use of /tla-/ with inchoatives (such as the present case of 'to become tightly crammed'). Here /tla-/ indicates that the change of state has occurred but says nothing about what has undergone this change of state (again, a"patient"relation). Thus the meaning of such terms often involves a"spatial"component, given that there is no definition of where the change occurs. In fact, such terms often indicate weather phenomona: /tlachi:chi:liwi/, /tlapoliwi/, /tlakomo:ni/, /tlane:si/, /tlawa:ki/. In the example above /yo:te:n kahli yo:tlatestiak ika je:nteh/ note that the grammatical subject of /yo:tlatestiak/ seems to be /kahli/. The phrase first indicates that a particular object (the house) underwent a change in state: it became full. The second phrase/clause repeats the reference to the action, but here witho ut a grammatical subject. More or less the reference is to the action/change of state and the sense is that it was generalized. With /tlatestok/ we have a stative (/testok/) with the /tla-/. Again, the reference is to a generalized state, but not to any specific subject. Thus, in sum, /tla-/ can be used with the following: 1) as grammatical object and semantic patient with transitive verbs (tlakwa); 2) as grammatical subject and semantic patient with unaccusative verbs (tlakoto:ni); 3) as grammatical inanimate subject with inchoative verbs (tlachi:chi:liwi 'it becomes red all over'); and 4) as grammatical inanimate subject with certain stative/resultative verbs (i.e., those with /-tok/). More research needs to be done on this point, but the relationship between /tlatestia/ and /tlatestok/ seems clear as do the spatial implications. Nevertheless, very much work on this still needs to be done. \ref 04939 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /techwila:na/ (Am) and Oapan /téchiwilá:na/ and has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 04940 \lxa pa:lia \lxac *kipa:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to mix (sth) into (a liquid such as a broth, etc.) \ssa agregarle (algo) a (un líquido, como un caldo) \pna Yechi:la:tl, weli de ista:kyetl noso kaxtiltsi:n. Kipia chi:hli, xonakatl, sila:ntroh, istatl. Kamantika kipa:lian komi:nos ika kaxtiltsi:n pero xika ista:kyetl. \pea The bean broth called <na>yechi:la:tl</na>, it can be made with <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> or <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>. It has chile, onions, cilantro, salt. Sometimes they mix in cloves with <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na> but not with <na>ista:kyetl</na>. \psa El caldo de frijol llamado <na>yechi:la:tl</na>, se puede hacer con <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> o <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>. Tiene chile, cebolla, cilantro, sal. A veces se le agregan cominos al <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na> but not with <na>ista:kyetl</na>. \xrb pa: \nae Although this word was uttered in an unelicited context, the base transitive from which it derives has not been documented. \qry Meaning is highly uncertain and should be checked. It is only found in one example sentence for /yechi:la:tl/ and there was no separate file card. Check! \ref 04941 \lxa ko:koh \lxac i:ko:koh \lxo ko:koh \lxoc i:ko:koh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se front of the throat \ss garganta, por la parte enfrente \pna O:niko:kopi:tsiw, tlaxkahli o:kipi:tsoh noko:koh. \pea I got something stuck in my throat, a tortilla got stuck in my throat. \psa Algo se me atoró en la garganta, una tortilla quedó atrapada en mi garganta. \sem body \syna a:ko:koh \syno a:ko:koh \dis ko:koh; ko:kotitlan; ko:kobande:rah; ko:kobuchih; kopa:k \xrb ko:koh \nse Unclear if reduplication should be considered. In one entry I have noted that this refers to the part where the Adam's apple is, above the <nao>ko:kotitlan</nao> and that <nao>ko:koh</nao> is the same as <na>ko:kobande:rah</na> (Am) / <no>kó:kobandé:rah</no> (Oa). \qry Make sure that the /syna and /syno entries are correct, the vl in the Am form might be in error although now (April 2002) it matches the headword. \vl The first series of four tokens is /i:ko:ko/ with a final glottal stop. This is not the headword here but rather another entry, 7730. Thus, the first four tokens should be tagged as #7730. The next four entries are /i:ko:koh/, with a final aspirated /h/. These are the correct speech tokens for this entry. Tag them as 4941. The 1st female and 1st male tokens of this second set should be linked to the lexicon. \ref 04942 \lxa tema:ma \lxac notema:man \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-1 \se (recipr.; or refl. with <n>-wa:n</n>) to together share a mount; or share a mount with (particularly in reference to the person behind the sadddle on a beast of burden such as a horse or mule), or (reciprocal) \ss (recipr.; o refl. con <n>-wa:n</n>) montar los dos a una bestia; o compartir un animal montando con (otro) \pna I:wa:n xmotema:ma! \pea Go with him on an animal (i.e., by mounting it behind the saddle)! \psa ¡Ve montado atrás deél (esto es, montado al animal atrás deél, quien va en la silla)! \pna Ma timotema:ma:ka:n! \pea Let's go together riding on the same animal! \psa ¡Vamos juntos montados sobre el mismo animal! \syno o:ntétlakówa \xrb te- \xrb ma:ma \ref 04943 \lxa ma:sowa \lxac ma:sowa \lxo ma:sowa \lxoc ma:sowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3b(ow) \seo to spread ones hand out flat on a surface \sso extender la mano plano sobre una superficie \seao (with long vowel reduplication and often with the aspectual ending <nao>-tiw</nao>) to feel ones way around with the arms or hands extended (because of the darkness, from being blind, etc) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal largo, y a menudo con la terminación aspectual <nao>-tiw</nao>) tantear con los brazos o las manos extendidos (a causa de la oscuridad, por ser ciego, etc.) \xrb so:wa \qry This verb has to date only been documented with initial reduplication <na>mamasowa</na>. Determine whether both long and short vowel reduplication can occur. Also interesting is why the IN reduplicates. Does one find /masosowa/. For the grammar determine those cases in which IN reduplicates and those in which it does not. It seems definitely not to reduplicate when the verb has a function such as to refer to what the IN does or has happen to it (e.g., /maaga:la:wi/). Originally I had a short /a/ in the Am version, but based on the Oapan form and comparative morphology I have changed this to a long vowel. \grm Reduplication of stem vs. IN: The reduplication /mamasowa/ (as opposed to *masusowa) can be compared to reduplications such as /maaga:la:wi/. It seems to be the case that the verbal stem is reduplicated when the IN is a patient and is affected by the predication. But in /mamasowa/ it is not so much that the hands/arms are 'hung out' but rather than a new lexical item is formed in which although the hands/arms may etymologically be the patient (that which is 'hung out'), in essence a whole new verbal action is created by the noun incorporation. This new lexical item is then reduplicated as if it were a single lexeme. Note also that no analytic paraphrase can be used. Thus while /ma:aga:la:wi/ can b expressed as /aga:la:wi ima/, /ma:sowa/ cannot be expressed as /kisowa ima/. \ref 04944 \lxa kamapopo:xa:wi \lxac kamapopo:xa:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones cheeks to bulge (particularly from having ones mouth stuffed with food) \ss tener la boca llena y abultada (particularmente por tener la boca atestada de comida) \pna Melá:k kamapopo:xa:wi, yo:nikne:xti:to ye kitlamitok tli:n pa katka we:lik. \pea His face is stuffed full, I found him there finishing up what was tasty there. \psa Su boca está muy llena y abultada, lo fui a encontrar terminado lo que había allíde sabroso. \syno kamá:po:tsíwi \xrb kama \xrb po:xa: \nse This verb refers to eating so much so fast that ones cheeks bulge out as when one arrives ravished somewhere and stuffs ones mouth full of food. It is used mostly in jest, referring to how a person who is very hungry is eating. \qry Recheck vowel length which I have recorded as long /o:/, although it probably should be /poxa:wi/. Cf. Karttunen's entries for /po:x/, /poxa:wak/ and /posa:wi/. Check for possible transitive form. \pqry Recheck vl of /o/. \ref 04945 \lxa ma:sesé:k \lxac ma:sesé:k \lxo ma:sese:k \lxoc ma:sese:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a"cold"hand \ss tener la mano"fria" \cfao ma:toto:nki \encyctmp re: 'cold' and 'hot' and hands as productive, etc. \xrb mah \xrb sek \nse <na>Ma:sesé:k</na>, literally 'cold-handed,' refers to someone with a"cold"(as opposed to"hot") hand, and who for that reason is good for certain activities such as when the moon is newly born (waxing), cutting hair or breaking the branches of plants at the same time so that they sprout again. However, one who is <na>masesé:k</na> is not good for other things, such as grinding chocolate for cakes of chocolate. \qry Note that whereas /masesé:k/ is recorded with a short vowel, its antonym, /ma:toto:nki/ has a long vowel. These two words should be compared. \mod Cf. Flk 1984-05-25.1 \mod Perhpas if there is a corresponding isolated form (in this case /sesêk/) the compound need not be considered internalized reduplication. \grm Note that in /masesé:k/ as in /sesé:k/ apparently the root (here /sek/) has a short vowel, but the derivation (with rdpl) has a long vowel in the stem. Check the reason for this, but it might be the effect of shifting stress to the right. Cf. /yetí:k/, /xokó:k/, etc. \ref 04946 \lxa -ka \lxac moka pa:ki \lxo -ka \lxoc noka pa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss \infn N2(rel) \se with, about, in relation to \ss con, acerca de, en relación a \pna Noka tiwetska. \pea You laugh at (about) me (because of sth that happened to me, because of my situation). \psa Te rí es de mí(por algo que me pasó, a causa de una situación que me aflije). \pna San noka o:tiwa:hlah. \pea You came just because of me. \psa Viniste solamente a causa de mí(por mí). \pna Noka nomenta:rowa. \pea He brags about me (in this case said by a woman who accused a man of going around saying, and lying, she was his lover). \psa Se jacta de mí(en este caso dicho por una mujer que acusa a un hombre de andar jactando, y mintiendo, que ella era su amante). \pna Moka tlatlani, deke tinemi. \pea He inquires about you, if you are alive. \psa Pregunta por tí, si vives. \pna Xpia kwida:doh, moka wa:hlaw, kas iwa:n timotlawe:lita, a:man mitstlakwalti:s. \pea Take care, he is coming for you, perhaps you have something against each other, now he's going to give you a thrashing. \psa Ten cuidado, viene por tí, tal vez tienes un problema con el (que los dos se odian), ahora te va a dar una paliza. \pna Moka wetska pa:mpa ke:n yo:tipo:bret. \pea He makes fun of you because you have become impoverished. \psa Se burla de típorque te empobreciste. \se (~ + refl. <nao>kopi:na</nao> or <na>tlamia</na> (Am) / <no>tlamiya</no> (Oa)) to use [subject of reflexive] as a pretext or excuse \ss (~ + refl. <nao>kopi:na</nao> o <na>tlamia</na> (Am) / <no>tlamiya</no> (Oa)) utilizar [sujeto del reflexivo] como pretexto o excusa \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. \pea I used you as a pretext, as if it were yours (e.g., in refusing to lend sth out). \psa Te utilizécomo pretexto, como si fuera tuya (p. ej., as rehusar prestar algo). \pna Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skian. \pea I used you as an excuse so that they would not invite me to get drunk. \psa Te utilizécomo pretexto, para que no me invitaran a emborrachar. \pna Moka o:nimotlamih, o:niktlatlan in tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan, ma:ski xmelá:k, san para o:ne:chma:keh. \pea I used you as a pretext, I asked for what I was lacking, I said that you had sent me even though it wasn't true, just so they would give it to me. \psa Te utilizécomo pretexto, pedílo que me hacía falta, dije que tu me habías enviado aunque no era cierto, solamente para que me lo dieran. \se with it (as an apocopated form of <na>ika</na>) \ss con (como una forma apocopada de <na>ika</na>) \pna Nitekiti ka noma (= ika noma) \pea I work with my hands. \psa Trabajo con las manos. \cfa ika \xrb ka \nse For the phrase <na>noka tiwetska</na> the meaning is you laugh at me, at my misfortune, because of something that happened to me (e.g. someone stole my wife, etc.). This is different from <na>tine:chwetskilia</na>, a point discussed in the grammar. With a phrase such as <na>-ka nokopi:na</na>, refers to controlling a situation or extricating oneself from a situation through the mention of something or somebody. For example, in buying something I mentioned that it was for you, even though this wasn't true, because I knew that the seller was a friend of yours and would sell it cheaper if he thought it was for you. Or this phrase can be used in the sense of 'to take someone as an alibi.' A more complete exploration of the use of this relational noun will be presented in the grammar. \nae The relational noun <n>-ka</n> is obligatorily possessed; as such the Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms are equivalent: <nao>noka</nao>, <nao>moka</nao>, etc. However, it appears that the 3rd-person possessed form has been grammaticalized as a subordinator or adposition (e.g., <na>nipa:ki ika nika:n tinemi</na> 'I am happy that you are here.') As a function word it has a short initial /i/ that in fact often disappears in natural speech. Moreover, the function word in Oapan Nahuatl has lost the intervocalic /k/ and is simply pronounced <na>ya</na>. \qry /Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skian./ I originally had the future /... ne:chtlai:ti:skian/ but changed this \grm A relational noun (e.g., /-ka/) differs from an obligatorily possessed noun (e.g., /a:xi:xtekon/) in that the latter can never be isolated as a predicate: ?noka vs. /na:xi:xtekon/; the second is correct in free-standing form, the former is not. \ref 04947 \lxa tlanchachawa \lxac tlanchachawa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj(ap) \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa pl. + meh \sea to have blackened and rotten teeth \ssa tener los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos \pna Tlanchachawa, o:tlan pa:ti itlan, o:tlan kikwa kwilin. \pea He has blackened and rotten teeth, his teeth have disintegrated, they've gotten a lot of cavities. \psa Tiene los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos, se acabaron de desintegrar, se llenaron de caries. \pna Tlanchachawa, yo:pe:w kitlankwa kwilin, pala:ntiw itlantsitsi:wa:n. \pea His teeth are blackened and rotted, he's started to get cavities, his teeth are rotting away. \psa Tiene los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos, ya empezó a tener caries, sus dientes van pudriendo. \apa tlanchachawatik \xrb tlan \xrb chawa \nse Apparently the same meaning is conveyed simply by <nla>chachawa</nla>. \qry Check presence of /h/ in reduplication. Check whether /chachawa/ is equivalent in meaning. \grm Aspectuals; directionals: note the temporal use of an aspectual /-tiw/: /Tlanchachawa, yo:pe:w kitlankwa kwilin, pala:ntiw itlantsitsi:wan/ 'His teeth are blackened and rotted, he's started to get cavities, his teeth are rotting away.' \ref 04948 \lxa tli:no:n \lxac tli:no:n \lxo tli:no:n \lxoc tli:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr \pss Pr(int); Pr(indef) \der Reltvzr-Demon \se what \ss qué \se whatever \ss cualquier cosa \pna Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:no:n. \pea You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away. \psa Duermes muy ligeramente, luego luego escuchas cualquier cosa (ruido). \se (~ <na>ika</na>) with what? what for? why? (Oapan form is <no>tli:ya</no>) \ss (~ <na>ika</na>)¿con qué?¿por qué? (forma en Oapan es <no>tli:ya</no>) \pna Tli:no:n ika tikpale:wi:s? Xtlah tikpia. \pea With what (i.e., with what resources, such as money) are you going to help him? You don't have anything. \psa ¿Con quéle vas a ayudar (esto es, con quérecursos)? No tienes nada. \src CF Nakas 3:05 \pna Tli:no:n 'ka tiwa:hlaw? \pea Why have you come? \psa ¿Por qué(o, para que) viniste? \se (<na>pia tli:non ika</na>) to have the means; to have the wherewithall \ss (<na>pia tli:non ika</na>) tener los medios \pna A: Ke:no:n tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Ba, ye nona:miktia! B: Sahki, ba xnikpia tli:no:n ika! \pea A: How will you give away your daughter? Well, she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, you know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her new home with her in-laws)! \psa A:¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija?¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B:¡Asínomás, pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa asíque puede llevarse a su casa nueva con los suegros)! \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb tli:n \pqry Check vowel length in Am; if long as in Oapan change with global search and replace in all texts. Check proper Oapan form for /tli:ya/ i.e., Am /tli:non ika/? \grm Indefinite pronoun: Note the use of /tli:non/ in /Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:non/ 'You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away.' It would seem that in this case /tli:non/ is the same as /ma:s san tli:non/ referring to an indefinite pronoun meaning 'whatever' or 'anything' referring implicitly to a sound. With a native speaker question whether both /tli:non/ and /ma:s san tli:non/ can be used here. \ref 04949 \lxa tlake:ntli \lxac tlake:ntli \lxo tlake:ntli \lxoc tlake:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(m) \se cloth \ss tela \pna Mlá:k chiko:tl un tlake:ntli. \pea That piece of cloth is really cut crookedly (i.e., at an angle, diagonally and not square). \psa Ese recorte de tela está muy chueco (esto es, descuadrado o cortado no enángulo recto). \se clothes \ss ropa \pna Ixi:katok un tlake:ntli; ye tetemo:tok a:tl. \pea Water is dripping off the end of those clothes (hung up to dry); water is already seeping slowly down to the bottom. \psa El agua se le está escurriendo de esa ropa (tendida); ya se está bajando poco a poco. \se (poss.) shirt (of a male) \ss (pos.) camisa (de un hombre) \pna Ma nkwiti notlake:n! \pea Let me go grab my shirt! \psa ¡Déjame ir a agarrar mi camisa! \se (<na>i:tlake:n kuwtli</na>) foliage of a tree \ss (<na>i:tlake:n kuwtli</na>) follaje de unárbol \pna Yo:kikwah kwilin un kowteh, ne:n kateh o:kitlamilih itlake:n, ixiwyo. O:noka:hkeh sa: tsotsomi:ntikeh. \pea Worms have eaten those trees, they've finished off the covering, the leaves, on those over there. They (the trees) have been left bare and leafless. \psa Gusanos han comido esosárboles, a los que allá está n, les acabaron su follaje, sus hojas. Se quedaron (losárboles) sin foliaje. \cola tlapextli \cola kwetomatl \colo kwétomátl \xrb ke:m \nse At times, particularly when possessed, <na>tlake:ntli</na> can signify 'shirt' (of a man). Ameyaltepec Nahuatl does not have the transitive verb <na>quemi</na> that existed in Classical; instead it has the denominal verbal <nla>tlake:ntia</nla>. Thus the derivational process (<na>tlake:ntli</na> as a deverbal noun) although historically accurate is not synchronically transparent in Ameyaltepec. Re: folliage; cf. verbal /notlake:ntia/.!! \mod Later add other uses: /i:tlake:nyo pizza/, /i:tlake:nyo si:yah/ (of a cloth basket chair, etc.). Also to foliage and green in general. \rt Although clearly from a historical perspective <na>tlake:ntli</na> alternates with <na>tlake:mitl</na> found in other dialects, in Ameyaltepec the /n/ has become reanalized an underlying. This is apparent in the form <na>tlake:npatla</na> in which, at least according to my notes, the /n/ is maintained. Nevertheless, dispute the fact that synchronically <na>tlake:ntli</na> is not a deverbal noun in Ameyaltepec and that /n/ is maintained in all phonological contexts, for comparative purposes the root of <na>tlake:ntli</na> and related forms has been analyzed as <nr>ke:m</nr>. \ref 04950 \lxa te:temetlatl \lxac te:temetlatl \lxo te:temetlatl \lxoc te:temetlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se gizzard (of a chicken, turkey, and other birds) \ss molleja (de una gallina, guajolote y otros pájaros). \seo (<no>la: mote:temetl</no>) You've got to be kidding! (said by a person who doesn't like what someone else has just said) \sso (<no>la: mote:temetl</no>)¡Olvídalo! (dicho por algn a quien no le gusta lo que otro apenas le ha dicho) \sem body \sem animal \cfa tlakukwaltekomatl \cfo tlá:kwaltekómatl \dis te:temetlatl; tlakukwaltekon \xrb te \xrb metla \nse Although the prototypical"possessor"of a <nao>te:temetlatl</nao> is a chicken, consultants have also indicated that people also have their <na>te:temetlatl</na>, although I have not been able to determine if there is a precise referent for this use. \cpl The difference between a chicken's <na>te:temetlatl</na> and <na>tlakukwaltekon</na> is still not entirely clear, though consultants were firm in their statements that the two are different body parts. One note states that the <na>te:temetlatl</na> is further down than the <na>tlakukwaltekomatl</na> ; if this is correct this would mean that the <na>te:temetlatl</na> is the gizzard and the <na>tlakukwaltekomatl</na> is the crop since, according to my information in English, the gizzard follows the crop in the digestive system. One consultant seemingly confirmed this in giving the Spanish name for <na>tlakukwaltekomatl</na> as 'buche.' \qry Check possessed form. Determine full list of chicken body parts, etc. Note also that although in some entries this may have been recorded with a short first vowel I have checked this with consultants and the first /e/ is definitely long. Check the difference between /te:temetlatl/ and /tlakukwaltekomatl/. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04951 \lxa a:sia:wa \lxac ka:sia:wa \lxo a:sia:wa \lxoc ka:sia:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to let soak in water without soap (palm, clothes, etc.) \ss remojar en agua sin jabón (palma, ropa, etc.) \pna San o:tika:sia:wte:w. Xo:tikchipa:wte:w. Tikchipa:wteko. \pea You just left it (e.g., clothes) soaking before you headed out. You didn't wash them. You'll wash them upon returning. \psa La dejaste remojando (en este caso ropa) antes de salir. No la la lavaste antes de salir. La vas a lavarla regresando. \pna Xka:sia:wa, newa nikpa:kas. \pea Put it in water to soak (e.g., clothes), I will wash them. \psa Ponlo a remojar en agua (p. ej., ropa), lo voy a lavar yo. \pna O:nika:sia:w tio:tlak, kwalka:n san nihki:xti:s. \pea I left it (in this case mud to make clay) to soak in the afternoon, in the morning I'll just take it out. \psa Lo dejé(en este caso lodo para hacer cerámica) remojando en la tarde, mañana temprano lo voy a sacar. \pna Xka:sia:wa un tla:hli para tihki:xti:skeh xa:ntli. \pea Soak that earth (e.g., by pouring water on it) so that we can make adobe. \psa Remoja esa tierra (al verterle mucha agua) para que podamos hacer adobe. \pna Xikpa:tso! Xka:sia:wa! \pea Get it wet! Soak it (e.g., clothes)! \psa ¡Mójalo!¡Déjalo remojar (p. ej., ropa para lavar)! \xrb a: \xrb sia: \vl Link 1st female token; \rt Distinguish two roots in /sia:/: from /sia:wi/ 'to become tired' and from /sia:wa/ 'to soak'. \ref 04952 \lxa kichkone:tl \lxac kichkone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sem age \se a young boy (about 4 to 7 years of age, although sometimes used with children as young as a year) \ss un niño joven (entre 4 y 7 años, aunque a veces se utiliza con niños tan jóvenes como de un año) \xrb okich \xrb kone: \cfa okixtli \cfo te:lpakatsi:n \encyctmp age \nse <na>Kichkone:tl</na> has not been documented in possessed form. Instead the Spanish loan <na>i:joh</na> is used, e.g., <na>noi:joh</na>, 'my son.' \qry Check plural. \mod Construct an encyclopedic page on age and words used to refer to different ages, from babies to old people. \ref 04953 \lxa tlawelita \lxac tlawelita \lxo tlawelita \lxoc tlawelita \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-[PM-V2] \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \se to be content (with ones surroundings, particularly in how things appear, in the general environment); to like it (in a given place); to like what one sees (in the surroundings) \ss estar contento (en el lugar donde uno se encuentra, particularmente en cuanto al aspecto visual, el medio en general, etc.); estar al gusto; gustarle lo que se ve \pna Nika:n nitlawelita, nika:n niwa:lcha:ntis. \pea I like it here, I will come make my home here. \psa Estoy al gusto aquí, aquívoy a venir a hacer mi casa. \pna Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah. \pea I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there. \psa Estoy andando mirando por aquíy por allá (en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que sembréya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas). \xrb wel \xrb ita \xbtlao welita \qry In phrase /Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah./ check for long vowel reduplication, perhaps it should be /Yo:pe:w tlane:ne:stok, ye o:onkah/ given the sense of things. \ref 04954 \lxa komalakawia \lxac kikomalakawia \lxo komalakawia \lxof [ko ma la ka 'wi a] \lxoc kikomalakawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to throw a stick or rod at (usually an domesticated animal, such as a pig or dog, to chase it away) \ss aventarle una varita a (particularmente un animal domesticado, para ahuyentarlo) \pna Kikomalakawia un pitso, kipe:wi:sneki. \pea He tooses a stick at that pig, he wants to chase it away. \psa Le avienta una varita a ese marrano, lo quiere ahuyentar. \pna Xkomalakawi un pitso, ma:s san ika tlikohtli! \pea Throw a stick at that pig, even if its only a piece of firewood! \psa Aviéntale una vara a ese marrano, aunque sea solamente un pedazo de leña! \xrb ko \xrb malaka \cfa kohmalakatl \nse Note that although I have recorded <na>komalakawia</na> in my notes, the nominal base is entered as <na>kuhmalakatl</na>. The action of <na>komalakawia</na> itself refers to that of throwing a stick at something or someone <na>tlayeleh</na> so that it (or he or she) goes away. The stick (used are <na>tlakotl</na> or"varitas") should turn in the air 'head over heels.' \qry Check pronunciation: /komalakawia/ or /kuhmalakawia/. Check to see if this verb and the noun base, which I have entered in my notes as /kuhmalakatl/ really do have different initial sequences, or if the difference in more a reflection of inconsistency in my notes. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \rt The fact that (if the original entries are shown to be correct) the nominal roots is /kuhmalakatl/ and the verbalization is /komalakawia/, suggests clearly that /ko-/ is closely related to /kuh/. \ref 04955 \lxa sakatl de sié:nigah \lxac sakatl de sié:nigah \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>ciénaga</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of grass not yet unidentified \ssa tipo de zacate todavía no identificado \equiva sakaomitl \equivo sakama:tlatl \fl sakaomitl \xrb saka \nse In one set of notes I mention that a consultant stated that the <na>sakatl de sié:nagah</na> is the same as <na>sakaomitl</na>. In other notes I mention that <na>sakaomitl</na> is called <no>sakama:tlatl</no> in Oapan. However, a close study of grasses needs to be conducted. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as <spn>ciénaga</spn>, of the Gramineae family. In one filecard it is mentioned that this is the same type of zacate as <nla>sakaomitl</nla>. \nct sakatl \ref 04956 \lxa kaktiw \lxac ye kaktiw \lxo kahtiw \lxoc i kahtiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-asp \der V1-b \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \se (<nao>i</nao> or <nao>ye</nao> ~) to calm down (an illness or sth that hurts) \ss (<nao>i</nao> o <nao>ye</nao> ~) calmarse (una enfermedad o algo que duele) \pna Ye kaktiw. \pea It is calming down. \psa Se va calmando. \pna A:man ye kaktiw, xok ma:s kikukwa. \pea It is calming down, it doesn't hurt him much anymore. \psa Ya va calmándose, ya no le duele más. \se to recover (with the pain subsiding, from an illness or injury) \ss recuperarse (con el dolor disminuyéndose, de una enfermedad o herida) \pna Ye nikaktiw, ye nipatitok. \pea I'm coming around, I'm getting better. \psa Me estoy recuperando, me estoy aliviando. \cfo kahtilia \xrb kaki \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is related to <nao>kaki</nao>. Molina has <na>cactiuetzi</na> 'Hacer buen tiempo, aclarar; interrumpirse y hacer intervalos, pausas, como en el canto o en cualquier otra cosa.' Tetelcingo has the form <na>cacti</na> with the same meaning as Ameyaltepec, <n>se va calmando</n>, although the Ameyaltepec form is morphologically similar to that of Molina, with <n>-tiw</n> replacing <n>-tiwetsi</n> (Molina also has <na>cactimani</na> meaning 'hacer bonança y buen tiempo, o aver silencio un poco de tiempo, o estar la ciudad asolada de repente y destruyda"). All meanings do point to the idea of calm and a break in some situation or state. I have only documented it with a preceding adverbial <nao>i</nao> or <nao>ye</nao>. In Oapan, but not in Ameyaltepec (at least as so far determined) there is an applicative of causative formation <nlo>kahtilia</nlo>. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 04957 \lxa nowiá:n \lxac nowiá:n \lxo nowia:n \lxoc nowia:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se everywhere; in all parts or places \ss por todos lados; por todas partes \equiva nochiwiá:n \xrb no: \xrl -ya:n \nae The vowel length of the initial /o/ is difficult to determine although it seems to have quite a short duration in three of the four speech tokens that were recorded. In the forth the duration seems to be 100 ms (within the range of long vowels) although length is at times variable before a semivowel. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. In regard to vowel length of this word, FK notes:"In C[arochi] the vowel of the initial syllable is marked long, but in B[ancroft dialogues] it is specifically marked short. T[etelcingo, Morelos] has the reflex of a short vowel, and in Z[acapoaxtla] the vowel is unmarked for length." \ref 04958 \lxa A:to:le:roh \lxac A:to:le:roh \lxo átolé:roh \lxoc átolé:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>a:to:hli</n> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se Venus as the Morning Star (lit., 'the one who brings atole') \ss Venus como la Estrella Matutina (lit., 'el que trae atole') \sem heavens \encyctmp si:tlalin \xrb a:to:l \nae The pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>átolé:roh</no> seems to reflect that fact that the Nahuatl term is a reborrowing back into Nahuatl of a Spanish borrowing <spn>atole</spn>, which was reabsorbed into Nahuatl with a final /h/, so characteristic of borrowings from Spanish into Nahuatl. There seems no other easy way to explain the pitch accent. There are other indications that Nahuatl <no>átolé:roh</no> is a borrowing: the Spanish <spn>-ero</spn> ending and the vowel length shift from the basical Nahuatl term <nao>a:to:hli</nao>. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \sj a:tole:roh. \ref 04959 \lxa panwetsi:tia \lxac kipanwetsi:tia \lxo powetsi:tia \lxoc kipowetsi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to bring to the top; to extract (by bringing to the top) \ss hacer que llegue arriba; sacar (al poner o llevar arriba) \se (fig.) to help (sb) make it to the top (in terms of wealth, professional standing, etc.); to enrich; to take out of poverty \ss (fig.) llegar a la cima (en cuanto a riqueza, posición profesional, etc.); enriquecer; sacar de la pobreza \pna O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya. \pea The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be poor. \psa Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No es para creer, pero antes estaba muy pobre. \equiva panwetsi:tia \equiva panwetsi:ltia \equivo powetsi:ltia \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \xvba panwetsi \xvbo powetsi \qry Cf. /panwetsi:ltia/ and check for equivalence or lack of between the two causative forms. \pqry Note raising of back vowel to [u]. In general include this in a description of the phonology/phonetics of Nahuatl; orthographically I think that /o/ should be written, to facilitate interdialect communication through written material. \ref 04960 \lxa tlapepechoke:tl \lxac tlapepechoke:tl \lxo tlapepéchoké:tl \lxoc tlapepéchoké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-rdp \se welder (particularly a person who patches up metal containers that have sprung leaks) \ss soldador (particularmente los que ponen parches sobre recipientes de metal) \pna Yo:kokoyo:n nopéro:l ipan itsi:ntew, kipepechowa tlapepechoke:tl ika soldadurah. \pea My metal water jug has sprung leaks in its bottom, a welder is patching it up with soldering. \psa La base de mi perol se agujereó, un soldador lo está soldando con soldadura. \xrb pech \qry See note under /pepechowa/. Determine other possible persons to whom this agentive might apply. Check to determine whether /tlapepechoke:tl/ is also correct. \ref 04961 \lxa tla:ltekomolowa \lxac tla:ltekomolowa \lxo tla:ltekomolowa \lxoc tla:ltekomolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to scratch a small hole in the ground (e.g., a chicken, a dog, etc.) \ss escarbar un pequeño hoyito en la tierra (p. ej., una gallina, un perro, etc.) \pna Tla:ltekomolowa ika ikxiwa:n. \pea It scratches at the earth with its feet, making a small hole. \psa Escarba la tierra con sus pies, haciendo un pequeño agujero. \xrb tla:l \xrb komol \qry Check for possibility of /tla:lkomolowa/. Check the difference between /komolowa/ and /tekomolowa/. \ref 04962 \lxa astampa \lxac astampa \lxo tampa \lxoc tampa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>hasta</spn> \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se up to there \ss hasta allá \pna A: Xtitlakwate:wa? B: Ka, astampa nitlakwatasi. \pea A: Will you eat before heading out? B: No I will (wait and) eat upon arriving there. \psa A:¿Vas a comer antes de salir? B: No, voy a (esperar a) comer hasta que llegue allá. \xrb on \xrb pa \nae The analysis here has been to relate <na>astampa</na> (Am) and <no>tampa</no> (Oa) to a fusion of Spanish <spn>hasta</spn> with Nahuatl <nao>ompa</nao>. \nse <na>Astampa</na> is probably derived from <na>ompa</na>. \qry Check length of second /a/. \ref 04963 \lxa tlapayawi:lo \lxac tlapayawi:lo \lxo tlapayawi:lo \lxoc tlapayawi:lo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \se to get drizzled upon (clothes left out; sb sleeping in the open; a field after a storm, etc.) \ss tener la llovizna caer sobre si (ropa dejada afuera, algn durmiendo a la intemperie, un sembradío después de una fuerte lluvia, etc.) \sem weather \flao kiawi:lo \xrb tlapa \xrb yawi \ref 04964 \lxa tlapatlahko \lxac tlapatlahko \lxo tlapatlahko \lxoc tlapatlahko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se a wide clearing (in a forest or woods) \ss un ancho claro (en el bosque) \pna Yo:titlako:lo:to. Mo:nteh katka, a:man yo:noka:w sa: tlapatlahko, we:i o:tikchi:ipatla:w un kowyoh katka. \pea You went to clear the land. It was forest, now it's become nothing more than a wide clearing, you cleared a wide swath in what was once an area full of trees. \psa Fuiste a desmontar. Era monte, ahora no quedómás que un ancho claro, abriste una franja en un lugar donde antes era de muchosárboles. \se place (such as a house or building) with walls that have crumbled to such an extent that wide open spaces have formed (or with no walls to begin with) \ss lugar (como una casa o edificio) que no tiene paredes o que tiene tiene paredes en tan mala condición que tiene grandes huecos y hoyos \pna I:cha:n tlapatlahko, xkipia ichina:n. \pea His house is open on its sides (in this case without walls), it doesn't have wattling. \psa Su casa está abierta por los lados (en este caso no tiene paredes), no tiene chinamil. \pna San tlapatlahko onkah, yo:kokoto:n tli:n ika o:nowipa:nka. \pea It's just has wide open spaces (a house with incomplete walls), the material (palm) with which the wattle had been tied together has snapped in many places (with the result that the walls have partially fallen down). \psa Ya nomás tiene espacios muy abiertos (una casa con paredes algo derrumbadas), lo que se usó(palma) para atar el chinámil se reventó en muchos lugares (con el resultado que se derrumbaron las paredes en varias partes). \xrb patla: \xrl -ko \nse In reference to a house, <nao>tlapatlahko</nao> indicates a structure with either open spaces in its broken-up walls, <na>china:ntli</na> or otherwise, or to a house with no walls or incomplete walls. \qry See if /tlapatla:hka:n/ exists and whether it is the same as /tlapatla:hko/. \pqry Check vowel length as original notes were unclear. Standardize throughout database. \mod Illustrate. \grm Pluperfect: /San tlapatlahko onkah, yo:kokoto:n tli:n ika o:nowipa:nka/ 'It's just has wide open spaces (a house with incomplete walls), the material with which the wattle had been tied together has snapped in many places (with the result that the walls have partially fallen down).' This is a clear example of the use of the so-called pluperfect. The marker /-ka/ is employed since the effects of the interlacing (i.e., /wipa:na/) are no longer present. This is in accord with Launey's account of the use of this aspectual form. \ref 04965 \lxa tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n \lxac tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n \lxo tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n \lxoc tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \se <l>Cnidosculus urens</l> (L.) Arthur, stinging weed of the Euphorbiaceae family \ss <l>Cnidosculus urens</l> (L.) Arthur, maleza con puas finas de la familia Euphorbiaceae \pna Tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n | So:lo para mitskwa:s, ke:n tikekexkias. \pea <na>Tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</na> : It's just there to sting you, you'll really itch. \psa <na>Tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</na> : Solomente está para picarte, vas a tener mucho comezón. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tla:l \xrb pa:ya: \nse This is a nettle plant of the Spurge family. In Mexico it is sometimes called <spn>mala mujer</spn>, in English it has been referred to as 'Devil's nettle' or the 'Brazilian stinging nut.' \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>chichicaste</spn> or <spn>tzitzicastli</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) under chichicastle states:"1. (<i>Cnidoscolus</i> spp., <i>Urea</i> spp., <i>Utica</i> spp.). See mala mujer. 2. (<i>Gronovia scandens, Tragia mepetifolia,</i> etc.). Various kinds of nettle. 3. (<i>Lemna</i> spp., e.g., <i>L. minor</i>) 'duckweed.' A small, floating, unanchored plant that multiplies rapidly. 4. (<i>Urtica</i> spp., e.g., <i>U. dioica</i>) 'spurge nettle.' See ortiga."See <nla>a:chi:ka:lin</nla>. \nct xiwtli \ref 04966 \lxa yenkwixtok \lxac yenkwixtok \lxo yenkwixtok \lxoc yenkwixtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be recent or fresh (particularly an event that has just occurred) \ss ser reciente o fresco (especialmente un evento o acontecimiento) \pna Kemech o:mi:xiw moba:kah, yenkwixtok ika o:mi:xiw. \pea Your cow has recently given birth, it is still fresh from having given birth. \psa Tu vaca apenas parió, está todavía fresca del parto. \pna Yenkwixtok o:nomikti:lo:k. \pea It's still fresh (on people's minds) that people killed one another. \psa Es todavía fresco (en la memoria de la gente) que hubo matanza. \xrb yenkwi \ref 04967 \lxa se: \lxac se: tla:katl \lxo se: \lxoc se:; se: tla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Art \se a \ss un; una \pna O:nikitak se: tla:katl, xo:nikchi:wilih kwe:ntah. \pea I saw a man, I didn't pay any attention to him. \psa Vi un hombre, no le hice caso. \xrb se: \vl There are two sets of tokens, first /se: tla:katl/ and then simply /se:/. One female and one male should be linked for each. The final sound file should have /se:/ followed by /se: tla:katl/ and, within each first female and then male. \ref 04968 \lxa wisoki \lxac kwisoki \lxo 'wisóki \lxop wisoki \lxoc kíwisóki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \se to hit hard (e.g., a person with ones fist) \ss golpear duro (p. ej., a algn con el puño) \se (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) to fight with \ss (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) pelean con \pna I:wa:n nimowisokis, xkwahli timowi:kan. \pea I am going to fight with him, we don't get along well. \psa Me voy a pelear conél, no nos llevamos bien. \se to knock down (e.g., a wall) \ss derrumbar; derrocar (p. ej., una pared) \pna Nowisokis un tepa:ntli. \pea That wall will get knocked down. \psa Se va a derrumbar esa pared. \sem contact \dis wi:teki; wisoki \xrb wihsoki \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>kíwisóki</no> indicates an underlying {h} in the verbal stem. And the fact that the pitch accented syllable is the prefix suggests that the closed syllable is the first one. However, this needs to be confirmed. Perhaps a cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo will reveal the location of the {h}; note that no cognate forms have been found in other dialects. \mod On one file card I mention that /wisoki/ has a definite short vowel and should be so recorded in all instances. \sj Check for location of /h/. \ref 04969 \lxa no:tsa \lxac kino:tsa \lxo no:tsa \lxoc kino:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to speak to; to talk to \ss hablar con (algn) \pna Xne:chno:tsa, ne:xtlawe:lita. \pea He doesn't speak to me, he hates me. \psa No me habla, me odia. \pna Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas! \pea He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him! \psa ¡Estátomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar1 \se to pay a call on; to want to speak to (e.g., in knocking on a door, calling by telephone, etc.) \ss llamar; querer hablar con (p. ej., al tocar la puerta, hablar por teléfono, etc.) \pna Mitsno:tsan, ne:si o:mik se: mowa:kax. \pea They want to speak to you (e.g., sb at the door), it seems that one of your cows has died. \psa Te llaman (p. ej., algn que está tocando la puerta), parece que se murió uno de tus ganados. \pna Pa nikono:stasi te:cha:n, nikmastok ka:no:n. \pea Upon arriving there I will give him a call (by telephone), I know where (I can find him). \psa Al llegar allíle voy a hablar (por teléfono), yo sédonde (lo puedo encontrar). \se (with short vowel reduplication; refl. with short vowel reduplication + <n>-wa:n</n>) to carry on a conversation with; to converse with \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta; refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta + <n>-wa:n</n>) placticar con; conversar con \pna Ne:chnono:tsan, kitowan yo:patiyowak tlayo:hli. \pea They talk to me, they say that maize has already gone up in price. \psa Me plactican, dicen que el maíz ya subióde precio. \pna Mowa:n nimonono:tsa. \pea I'm having a conversation with you. \psa Estoy placticando contigo. \pna Te:wa:n nonono:tsasneki, yo:pe:w tlai. \pea He wants to talk to people, he's started to drink. \psa Quiere conversar, ya empezó a beber. \se (recipr.) to carry on a conversation; to talk together \ss (recipr.) placticar \pna Nonono:tsan, kwahli nowi:kan. \pea They are talking with each other, they get along well. \psa Están placticando, se llevan bien. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to give advice to (as a parent to a child, or an elder to a younger person) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) aconsejar; dar consejos a (como un padre o madre a su hijo, o un viejo a un joven) \pna Ne:chno:no:tsa nona:n para ma:ka itlah nikchi:wa. \pea My mother gives me advice so that I don't do anything (bad). \psa Mi mamáme aconseja para que no haga nada (mal). \pna Yo:pe:w kino:no:tsaina:n para te:wa:n kwahli yatia:s. \pea His mother has started to counsel him so that he gets along well with people. \psa Su mamáya le empezó a dar consejos para que se vaya llevando bien con la gente. \sem communicate \xrb no:tsa \xvaao no:chilia \qry The phrase /Te:wan nonono:tsasneki, yo:pe:w tlai/ I made up to illustrate the short vowel reduplication. Check. Confirm that this is correct and not /te:wan nono:tsasneki/. \grm Directional; deixis; aspectual: /Pa nikono:stasi te:cha:n, nikmastok ka:non/ 'Upon arriving there I will give him a call (by telephone), I know where (I can find him).' Note that in this construction /-tasi/ indicates subject movement, with the subject carrying out an action upon arriving 'there' in a given location. The directional prefix /on-/ indicates the movement of the experience (i.e., the speech). Note that if one goes to a given location (e.g., sb's house) and talks to a person there directly, then /on-/ would not be used: /nikno:stasis/. \ref 04970 \lxa xiska:n \lxac xiska:n \lxo xíská:n \lxop xiska:n \lxoc xíská:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \pss PM \der Adv-tm \pa yes-lex \se not immediately; not soon; not right away; not for a long time \ss no inmediatamente; no pronto; no por mucho tiempo \pna Xiska:n titlamiskeh. \pea We won't finish anytime soon. \psa No vamos a terminar pronto. \pna Tetekomasol, boli:tah ikal. Pi:pitikeh un yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh pero tlawe:lekeh, deke tikwiyo:ni:s xiska:n mitskaka:waskeh. \pea The <na>tetekomasol</na>, it's nest is round. These insects are very small but fierce, it you shake them (i.e., their nest), they won't leave you alone for a long time. \psa El <na>tetekomasol</na>, tiene su nido como bolita. Estos insectos son muy pequeños pero bravos, si los agitas (esto es, su nido) no te dejan (de perseguir) pronto. \pna Xok iska:n yekos. \pea He will no longer arrive right away (soon). \psa Ya no va a llegar (acá) luego. \xrb hsi \xrl -ka:n \nse The negative <na>xiska:n</na> (Am) / <no>xíská:n</no> (Oa) is unusual in that the affirmative * <n>iska:n</n> does not occur in the corpus. The opposite of <na>xiska:n</na> is <nlao>niman</nlao> or <nao>san niman</nao>. However, as in <na>xok iska:n</na> note that the preclitic <n>x=</n> is not always to the immediate left of <na>iska:n</na> but may be separated by an adverbial marker such as <nla>ok</nla>, which always seems to follow the negative with both are precliticized. \nae The motivation for the pitch accented sequence in Oapan Nahuatl is unclear from the data available. Perhaps the underlying root (etymology) of <no>xíská:n</no> is the same as that found in <nlo>ísiwí</nlo>. \pqry There is no evidence of what may have led to pitch accented syllables in Oapan /xíská:n/ \grm Oapan phonology: note that with a construction like /xíská:n/ it seems that the unusual stress derives from the fact that etymology there was an {h} as in ?ihsihka:n. Nevertheless in the pronunciation and form given there is no room for the underlying /h/. \sj Check /h/. \ref 04971 \lxa ma:tlakukuwilia \lxac kima:tlakokowilia \lxo ma:tla:kowilia \lxoc kima:tla:kowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[tla-V3) \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have a wound on ones hand or arm open up \ss (refl.) abrirsele una herida sobre la mano o el brazo \pna O:timoma:tlakukuwilia ka:n o:timotek, oksepa yo:pe:w yeski:sa. \pea You opened up a wound (that was healing) on your arm where you had cut yourself, once again it's started to bleed. \psa Te abriste una herida (que estaba sanando) de tu brazo donde te habías cortado, otra vez empezó a sangrar. \xrb ma: \xrb kowa \nse <na>Ma:tlakukowilia</na> contains the applicative of <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa), which in Classical was <n>cocoa</n>. Note that in Classical the applicative was <n>cocolhuia</n> ; cf. Molina <n>cocolhuia. nicte</n> 'entortar algo a otro, o lastimarle, o maltratarle algo.' He also has <n>cocolia. nite</n> 'aborrecer o querer mal a otro.' \nae The duration of the second syllable vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez varies considerably, to the extent that one might be inclined to posit different lengths. Florencia's vowels have a duration of 94 and 98 ms; her husband's vowels last 77 and 72 ms. However, all lexical information points to an underlying form of <n>ma:kokowa</n> with no underlying {h} (cf. also 282). For now the two pronunciations have both been transcribed with long vowels. \qry Check to determine if fully transitive form /kima:tlakukowilia/ is acceptable. \pqry Recheck with consultants the two forms. It definitely seems that Florencia has a long vowel /tla:-/ whereas Inocencio has a short vowel there. Recheck this with 282 and 1858. \vl Ignore (do not tag) 1st female token. Then there are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male). Tag all and link the 2nd female token and 1st male token. \grm Applicatives. Note <na>ma:tlakukowilia</na> which appears to be an applicative of /ma:kukwa/, 'to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of'. What occurs is an increase in transitivity through the applicative and a decrease in transitivity through the insertation of /tla-/. Thus from /ma:kukwa/ transitive, one obtains /ma:kukowilia/ as a ditransitive. Transitivity is then reduced through the affixation of /tla-/: /ma:tlakukowilia/, which is again a transitive. What has occurred, therefore, is that the valency of a verbal stem is both increased and decreased, apparently jointly. Note the difference in semantic roles. In /ma:kukwa/ the situation is one of possessor raising: /ne:chma:kukwa/ 'He hurts my arm,' i.e., 'he hurts me on the arm.' In this expression the object, /ne:ch-/ is a 'malefactive,' it is the object that is adversely affected by the event; /ma:-/ is the patient, that which is directly affected. In /ma:tlakukowilia/ however, the semantic roles are quite different. Here is is the incorporated noun /ma:-/ which is now the malefactive(or perhaps one could say a location), or at least one malefactive, since the reflexive object is a second (higher level) malefactive. Thus semantically there are three"objects": /tla-/ which is the wound or other part on the arm that is opened; /ma:-/ which is the place where the wound is, or the part of the body that is adversely affected by the opening of the wound, and /mo-/ the reflexive core argument that is the person adversely affected (and adversely affecting him/herself) by the action. Essentially, then, increasing valency and decreasing by a nonspecific object shifts the role of the IN from patient to malefactive. \ref 04972 \lxa i:xte:mpupwa \lxac ki:xte:mpupwa \lxo i:xté:mpowá \lxop i:xté:mpowa \lxoc ki:xté:mpowá; ki:xte:mpo:powa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to clear ones eyes by rubbing them (e.g., in awakening) \ss (refl.) despejar los ojos frotándolos (p. ej., al despertar) \pna Kemech tiwa:lmi:xte:mpopo:wtiw. \pea You are just coming along rubbing and clearing your eyes (from sleep). \psa Apenas vienes despejándo los ojos, frotándolos (al despertar). \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb powa \nae The two sets of Oapan speech tokens represent short and long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem <no>powa</no> which is always found in some reduplicated form. The first set, <no>ki:xté:mpowá</no> reflects the reduction of short vowel reduplication (with a coda {h}) that reduces onto the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem, producing a high pitch on this heavy syllable. The second set, <no>ki:xte:mpo:powa</no> represents long vowel reduplication of the same verbal stem. There is no pitch accent here as the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no {h} as coda. The precise semantic difference between the two forms of reduplication in this particular instance has not been properly researched and is pending. \qry Check definition and make more precise. Determine whether it can be used without noun incorporation. Check inflectional paradigm. \pqry Re: /ki:xté:mpowá/; /ki:xte:mpo:powa/ The two sets of Oapan speech tokens represent short and long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem <no>powa</no> which is always found in some reduplicated form. The first set, <no>ki:xté:mpowá</no> reflects the reduction of short vowel reduplication (with a coda {h}) that reduces onto the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem, producing a high pitch on this heavy syllable. The second set, <no>ki:xte:mpo:powa</no> represents long vowel reduplication of the same verbal stem. There is no pitch accent here as the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no {h} as coda. The precise semantic difference between the two forms of reduplication in this particular instance has not been properly researched and is pending. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note that both forms are correct in Oapan /ki:xté:mpowá/, or, /ki:xte:mpo:powa/. FM stated that both refer to the same action. Add note to this effect in the entry. Note that the short form seems to represent short vowel reduplication, which is reflexed as +stress on the heavy syllable with a nasal coda. \ref 04973 \lxa wa:lpeti \lxac wa:lpeti \lxo wa:peti \lxoc wa:peti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V1-b \se see <nlao>peti</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>peti</nlao> \infv class-3d(ti) \xrb peti \pqry My hearing here is that there is no reflex of the {l} of {wa:l-} here. Indeed, this is a major problem in my hearing of Oapan Nahuatl; sometimes I hear a slight aspiration or closure here, at other times nothing. Here I couldn't make out anything, so despite the fact that I had previously asked speakers if there was an /h/, I have not written it. With a phonetician I should elicit a lot of words with {wa:l + C-initial verb} to determine this status of /l/ in this prefix more clearly. \ref 04974 \lxa kone:wati \lxac kone:wati \lxo koné:watí \lxop kone:wati \lxoc koné:watí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se to become pregnant \ss embarazarse; quedarse embarazada o encinta \pna Wel kone:wati. \pea She is able to conceive (i.e., she is fertile). \psa Ella puede embarazarse (esto es, es fértil). \pna On ne:nkah suwa:tl, xwel kone:wati. \pea That woman there, she is infertile. \psa Esa mujer, es infertil (no puede concebir) \xrb kone: \ref 04975 \lxa nakaskoyo:nki \lxac nakaskoyo:nki \lxo nakaskoyo:nki \lxoc nakaskoyo:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be able to hear or to hear and understand; to not be deaf \ss poder escuchar o poder escuchar y entender; no ser sordo \pna Tli:n xtinakaskoyo:nki? Tle:ka xtikchi:wa tli:n yo:nimitsnawatih? \pea Are you deaf? Why don't you do what I ordered you to do? \psa ¿Eres sordo?¿Por quéno haces lo que te mandéhacer? \pna Newa ninakaskoyo:nki! O:nkak. \pea I certainly have good hearing! I heard it. \psa ¡Yo escucho bien! Lo escuché. \xrb nakas \xrb koyo: \nse Refers generally to the ability to hear, but often used to admonish someone who does not obey what an elder says. Apparently given that this is figurative reference to listening ability, there is no reduplication of the verbal stems (* <n>nakaskokoyo:nki</n>) as would occur if the meaning were literal (see the many reduplicated words referring to eyes). \grm Reduplication: Note that this word does not have a reduplicated verbal stem, even though it refers to a part of the body that is plural. Cf. in this regard, the descriptions of eye characteristics, or hand and arm characteristics. The question is, then, perhaps why reduplication does not occur, i.e., why one does not find (or not often find, this should be checked) ?nakaskokoyo:nki. I would think that the reason for this is that the adjectival does not in fact modify the noun, but creates a lexical item based on metaphor. Thus there is never any reason to distinguish between someone who has one, as opposed to both, ears"punctured"(so that sound goes through them). A form such as ?nakaskokoyo:nki might be correct (and this should be checked) but it would seem to be too literal, too direct a reference to the actual physical aspects of the ear. But for questions of reduplication, cf. /nakastekakanak/. \ref 04976 \lxa tolix \lxac tolix \lxo tolix \lxoc tolix \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \infa pl. <na>tolixmeh</na> ; <no>tótolíxmeh</no> \se to have cravings or desires for good things to eat (e.g., sb who wants to eat meat, cheese, etc., or a child who always wants sweets and similar foods) \ss tener anhelos o gustos para buenas cosas para comer (p. ej., que quiere comer carne, queso, etc.; o un niño que siempre desea dulces o golosinas); ser cuzco \pna Titolix pa:mpa san tli:n yo:tihkwa:snek. \pea You are <na>tolix</na> because you just wanted to eat something (good). \psa Eres <na>tolix</na> porque quisiste comer (algo bueno). \xrb toli: \nse In Oapan the form <nlo>tótolíxtik</nlo> is more common whereas <no>tolix</no> is rarely used and seems more likely to be an occasional borrowing from Ameyaltepec. \qry Note and check use of /tli:n/ in above phrase. \vl Link 3rd female and 3rd male tokens. \ref 04977 \lxa tlapachowa \lxac tlapachowa \lxo tlapachowa \lxoc tlapachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to incubate eggs (a hen or other bird sitting on its nest) \ss empollar (una gallina echada u otro ave o pájaro) \xrb pach \xbtlao pachowa \ref 04978 \lxa tlankeketol \lxac tlankeketol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have loose teeth (because new teeth are replacing baby teeth, or because of age) \ssa tener los dientes flojos (o porque se le está saliendo dientes nuevos, o por la edad) \xrb tlan \xrb ketol \qry Check meaning as the compound seems to indicate toothlessness (tlan 'tooth' plus 'ketol' gum). Check for /ketohli/ as 'gum' or 'encia'. Document all body parts. Check for Oapan cognate. \ref 04979 \lxa ilwitl \lxac ilwitl \lxo ilwitl \lxoc ilwitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se holiday, a saint's day which is taken as a day of rest (Sunday is not an <nao>ilwitl</nao>) \ss día de fiesta o de un santo (el domingo no es un <nao>ilwitl</nao>) \cfao tlalwiki:xtilia \xrb lwi-2- \qry Check status of initial /i/ as to epenthetic. Check possessed form: /ilwiw/ or /ilwiyo/. \ref 04980 \lxa a:te:nko cha:neh \lxac a:te:nko cha:neh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea river-dweller \ssa persona que vive por la orilla de un río \pna A:te:nko cha:nekeh. \pea They dwell at the river's edge. \psa Viven a la orilla del río. \equiva a:te:ncha:neh \cfao cha:neh \xrb a: \xrb te:n \xrb cha:n \ref 04981 \lxa tila:wak \lxac tila:wak \lxo tila:wak \lxoc tila:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be thick (e.g., cloth, paper, a wall, etc.) \ss ser grueso (p. ej., tela, papel, una pared, etc.) \pna Tila:wak tla:hli kipia notla:l. Xkipia tepetlatl. \pea My land has a thick soil cover. It does not have (a layer of) <nla>tepetlatl</nla>. \psa Mi terreno tiene una capa gruesa de tierra. No tiene (no es de) tepetate. \pna Deke nihkowa ama:teh, nikmati katlowa a:chi tila:wak wan katlowa a:chi kana:wak. \src DT1:052 \pea If I buy bark paper (<spn>amate</spn>) I know which ones are a little thicker and which are a little thinner. \psa Si compro papel amate yo sécuales son algo gruesos y cuales son algo delgados. \se to be close together; to be overgrowing (e.g., weeds in a field); to be thickly covering (e.g., fruit on a tree, rash on sb's skin, etc.) \ss estar densamente cubriendo o llendo; (p. ej., la maleza en un terreno, fruta sobre unárbol, un sarpullido sobre la piel, etc.) \pna Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. \pea There is a hollow ringing sound that goes along when you work the team of oxen (or mules). There are a lot of flat, slatey stones, or it (might occur) where it is rocky, (with) stones thick on the ground. \psa Va chacoloteando cuando trabajas la yunta (de bueyes o mulas). Hay mucha piedra plana, o bien es un lugar pedregosa, hay muchas piedras (sobre la tierra). \pna Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w, ye titlaximiktitok. \pea The weeds are thick, they've gotten overgrown, you've allowed things (i.e., your cornfield) to get overgrown with weeds. \psa Hay mucha maleza, la mala hierba se extendió, ya dejaste que todo (esto es, tu milpa) se cubriera de maleza. \pna Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w, ye titlaximiktitok. \pea The weeds are thick, they've gotten overgrown, you've allowed things (i.e., your cornfield) to get overgrown with weeds. \psa Hay mucha maleza, la mala hierba se extendió, ya dejaste que todo (esto es, tu milpa) se cubriera de maleza. \pna Teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. \pea It is rocky, it is thick with stones. \psa Es pedregoso, está apretado con piedras. \se tight or close together (a weave) \ss apretado o muy cerrado (un tejido) \pna Xkwahli, tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak. \pea It's no good (in this case a gunnysack), it's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave! \psa No está bien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas).¡Busca otro que tiene su tejido más cerrado! \cfa tetilaktik; tetomaktik \cfo tetelahtik; tetomahtik \xrb tila: \ref 04982 \lxa ke:chpa \lxac ke:chpa \lxo ke:chpa \lxoc ke:chpa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se how many times? \ss ¿cuántas veces? \pna Ke:chpa o:tikihlih? \pea How many times did you tell him? \psa ¿Cuántas veces se lo dijiste? \xrb ke:ch \xrb -pa \ref 04983 \lxa kamachalwi:teki \lxac kikamachalwi:teki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \se to hit on the cheek hard with ones fist \ss golpear fuerte con el puño en la mejilla de \syno te:nwi:teki \sem contact \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \xrb wi:teki \qry Check to make certain that the blow must be with the fist. Also check vowel length of /chal/; here it appears that the nominal forms have a short vowel, the verb long. Finally, check to see if non-reduplicated form may be used. \ref 04984 \lxa tekika:wa \lxac notekika:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to stop working; to desist from working (for several days, e.g, after the death of a family member) \ssa (refl.) dejar de trabajar (varios días, p. ej., después de que se muera un miembro de la familia) \pna O:notekika:w, o:nomihka:tih. \pea He stopped working (e.g., in a job, in his own field, etc.), a member of his family died. \psa Dejóde trabajar (p. ej., en su trabajo, en su propia milpa, etc.) se le murió alguien de su familia. \xrb teki \xrb ka:wa \nse In Oapan this word is not used; one might instead state: <no>mo:stla noka:wa notekiyo</no> \ref 04985 \lxa kwe:uwelax \lxac kwe:uwelax \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwe:teuwelax</na> \sea to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground \ssa tener puesto una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo \apa kwe:uwelaxtik \syno kwe:tewela:xkoh \syno kwe:teweyak \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \nae I have analyzed this as derived from * <na>wila:ni</na>. This requires a vowel shift: lowering from [i] to [e] and the insertion of [x]. This consonant alternation is not undocumented in the language. Classical Nahuatl has <n>qualaxtli</n> from <n>qualani</n> as well as <n>palaxtli</n> from <n>palani</n>. Thus modern <na>wilaxtli</na> from <na>wila:ni</na> would not be totally idiosyncratic. \ref 04986 \lxa mihka:tlatsili:ni \lxac mihka:tlatsili:ni \lxo mihka:tlatsili:ni \lxoc mihka:tlatsili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc Part-tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for the village church bell to toll for a dead person \ss sonar la campana de la iglesia del pueblo para anunciar la muerte (de algn) \sem sound-material \xrb miki \xrb tsili: \nse Very soon after someone dies, the large bell in the church is rung just once in order to announce the death. Also, two <spn>cohetes</spn> are set off for the same purpose although the verb used to describe this action, <nlao>tlatopo:ni</nlao>, does not contain the element <nao>mihka:</nao> as does <nao>mihka:tlatsili:ni</nao>. \grm Impersonal and valency lowering: Note the infixation of the impersonal marker between the intransitive verb and the incorporated (agentive) noun. This would seem to indicate that the /tla-/ functions to lower the valency of the verb to an impersonal/subjectless and then the modifying noun is incorporated. The use of this valency decreasing device should be compared to the way in which inflixed /tla-/ functions in other situations (e.g., /tlai/ in /chichitlai/) in which it usually seems to create an intransitive from a transitive. Note that *tlamihka:tsili:ni is not acceptable. Discuss what this says about NI, etc. \ref 04987 \lxanotes zzz \mod /indio:xiw/ :This entry was originally for /indio:xiw/. It has been removed as perhaps offensive. I remember I only heard it once, I remember the face, but not the name, of the person who uttered it. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 04988 \lxa ma:pe:wa \lxac kima:pe:wa \lxo ma:pe:wa \lxoc kima:pe:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to push with ones hands \ss empujar con las manos \pna Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa! \pea Make him (e.g., an animal that one is trying to guide) lean over to one side! Push him with your hands! \psa ¡Hazlo inclinar por un lado!¡Empújalo con las manos! \pna Nikmama:pe:was notix ipan moli:noh. \pea I will push my ground <nla>nextamahli</nla> through the mill. \psa Voy a empujar mi masa para que pase por el molino. \cfao xope:wa \xrb ma: \xrb pe:wa \nse The etymology of <na>pe:wa</na> is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to <na>pe:wia</na>, which is translated often translated as"arrear"or"empujar"(see RS). Note that in Tetelcingo, Morelos, the form <na>pe:wa</na> is given as meaning"arrear."Another, less likely, possibility is that in <na>ma:pe:wa</na> the verbal element is related to <na>pe:wa</na>, meaning"vencer."When used in the applicative form it has a vulgar sense. In a story told by Joaquín Herrera the word <no>tema:pe:wa</no> is used. Apparently the intensifier is used to indicate the action of pushing off a cliff or pushing down. \grm Reduplication short vowel: note the following example: /Nikmamape:was notix ipan moli:noh/ 'I will push my ground <nla>nextamahli</nla> through the mill.' This is perhaps a classic example of reduplication, with the reduplication capturing the repeated and constant pushing that occurs as maize dough is ground. \grm te- intensifier: In a story told by Joaquín Herrera the word <no>tema:pe:wa</no> is used. Apparently the intensifier is used to indicate the action of pushing off a cliff or pushing down. \ref 04989 \lxa tla:kayo \lxac i:tla:kayo \lxo tla:kayo \lxoc i:tla:kayo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seao torso \ssao torso \pna Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo. Kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi. \pea His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark. \psa Su torso ya empezó a ponerse morenito. Está enfermo, ya se le empezó a poner la piel más negro. \seo back \sso espalda \xrb tla:ka \nse Roberto Mauricio utilizes <no>tla:kayo</no> to refer to the back, as a term equivalent to <nlo>tla:kapan</nlo>. However, most other consultants from this village utilize this to refer to the torso, as it is used in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check for /tla:kayo:tl/. Make sure of meaning of both 'body' and 'torso.' \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04990 \lxa tlapahloh \lxac tlapahloh \lxo tlapahloh \lxoc tlapahloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \sea to be decoratively painted (see <nlo>tlámachyóh</nlo>) \ssa estar pintado con decoración (vé ase <nlo>tlámachyóh</nlo>) \pna Nikneki se: a:matl yewan i tlapahloh \pea I want an amate that is already painted. \psa Quiero un amate ya pintado. \seao painted (with one color, like a <spn>rosquete</spn>, a type of hard ring-shaped bread covered with a hard, sticky red sugary substance) \ssao pintado (con un color, como un rosquete) \xrb pa: \qry Check this adjectival as my original file card had /yewam itlapahlo/. Yet since /yewam/ 'one that is' is a relativizer, it would seem that /i tlapahloh/ is the correct transcription. Check \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04991 \lxa a:mai:xmatki \lxac a:mai:xmatki \lxo a:mai:xmatki \lxoc a:mai:xmatki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-Ag \der N-ag-ki \syn a:mai:xmatke:tl \se person who is literate; person who knows how to read and write \ss alfabetizado; que sabe leer y escribir \pna Nia:mai:xmatki. \pea I know how to read. \psa Yo séleer. \pna Yewa xa:mai:xmatki, xtlah o:wel -xtlah weli- \pea He isn't illiterate, he didn't learn a thing (can't do anything). \psa Es analfabeto, no aprendiónada (no puede hacer nada). \equivao a:mai:xmatke:tl \xrb a:ma \xrb i:x \xrb mati \ref 04992 \lxa chiko:me \lxac chiko:me \lxo chiko:me \lxoc chiko:me \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Num \com S-Num \der Num-b \seao seven (as numerical modifier) \ssao siete (como modificador numérico) \seao seven (of them, used pronominally) \ssao siete (de ellos, usado como pronombre) \xrb chik \xrb o:me \ref 04993 \lxa wentli \lxac wentli \lxo wentli \lxoc wentli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se offering left in the church or at any altar (candles, flowers, etc., that are taken to the church and left there or, as in the case of certain foods such as <spn>elotes</spn>, atole, squash, are later distributed) \ss ofrenda dejada en la iglesia o sobre cualquier altar (velas, flores, etc., que se llevan a la iglesa y allá se dejan, o, como en el caso de ciertas comidas como elotes, atole, calabaza, se comparten posteriormente) \xrb wen \qry Make sure that this can refer to offerings in house altars and before crosses and their altars in the fields and countryside. \ref 04994 \lxa tlapowa \lxac kitlapowa \lxo tlapowa \lxoc kitlapowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to open (e.g., a drawer, door, etc.) \ss abrir (p. ej., un cajón, puerta, etc.) \se to clear (e.g., a field or garden by removing the weeds) \ss limpiar (p. ej., un terreno o campo de maleza) \pna Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis! \pea Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let everything get overgrown on you! \psa ¡ábrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza! \pna O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh. \pea He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it. \psa Dejóque (su milpa) se llenara de maleza. Le sembrómucho;él lo provocó, no lo limpió. \xrb tlapo \xvaao tlapowilia \nse In Ameyaltepec, and probably in Oapan, when used with the nonspecific nonhuman object <n>tla-</n> the sense is of 'to open up (a building) by opening up the door.' Thus <na>ma nitlatlapo</na> is 'Let me open up!' (as in a store, early in the morning). With long vowel reduplication and a specific object (in Ameyaltepec, at least), the general reference is to an iterative opening up of things, such as all the windows in a house. Thus, <na>ma nikintla:tlapo</na> 'Let me open them (windows)!' The form ? <na>tlatla:tlapowa</na> with a nonspecific <n>tla-</n> before the reduplicated (with long vowel) stem is not accepted in Ameyaltepec. \nae The progressive in Oapan is <no>kitlápotók</no> ; in Ameyaltepec it is <na>o:kitlapoh</na>. \qry Recheck progressive and perfective. \ref 04995 \lxa tsonteki \lxac kitsonteki \lxo tsonteki \lxoc kitsonteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut off (e.g., the branch of a tree) \ss cortar (atravesando por completo algo que por eso se cae, como un tronco o rama de unárbol) \se to amputate (e.g., a limb) \ss amputar (parte de un cuerpo) \xrb tson \xrb teki \xv1ao tlatsonteki \ono cutting, chopping, etc. \nse In general <na>tsonteki</na> refers to the action of cutting completely through something, cutting it off or spliting it in two with a machete or axe. It contrasts with <na>teki</na>, which is a more general and unmarked term for cutting and is used both for cutting into the surface of things (such as cutting sb's arm with a knife) and to cutting through objects (such as paper, cloth, etc.) with scissors or knives. \ref 04996 \lxa tsi:ntsomonia \lxac kitsi:ntsomonia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \sea to rip the bottom of (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, etc.; see <nlo>tsi:ntlapa:na</nlo>) \ssa romperle el fondo a (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, etc.; vé ase <nlo>tsi:ntlapa:na</nlo>) \pna Ma:ka yetí:k, tiktsi:ntsomo:ni:s! \pea Don't let it be so heavy, you'll rip its bottom (e.g., of a box)! \psa ¡Quéno sea tan pesado, le vas a romper el fondo (p. ej., de una caja)! \xrb tsi:n \xrb tsomo: \grm In Oapan one can use the intransitive <no>tsi:ntsomoni</no> to refer to what happens to a melon, however, this would never be used transitively. Even so, however, no one person whould ever do this voluntarily or volitionallly, hence FM's reluctanct to use the transitive <n>kitsi:ntsomo:nia</n>. \ref 04997 \lxa tlakukwaltekomatl \lxac i:tlakukwaltekon \lxo tlá:kwaltekómatl \lxoc tlá:kwaltekómatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se crop (of a chicken, turkey, and other birds) \ss buche (de una gallina, guajolote, y otros pájaros) \pna I:tlakukwaltekon pio, ka:n nosentla:lia itlakwal, tlayo:hli. \pea A chicken's crop, it is where it's food, maize, collects. \psa El buche de una gallina, es donde se junta su comida, maíz. \sem body \sem animal \cfao te:temetlatl \xrb kwa \xrb tekom \fl te:temetlatl \qry Check for the nominalization: /tlakukwahli/. \ref 04998 \lxa tisi \lxac tisi \lxo tisi \lxoc tisi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to grind <nla>nextamahli</nla> on a metate \ss moler nixtamal sobre un metate \se (with short vowel reduplication) to pretend to grind maize; to play at grinding maize \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar a moler maíz \pna Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli. \pea She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile. \psa Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego. \xrb tisi \xvcao tixi:ltia \dis paya:na; tixtla:lia \nse Although the distinction is not always observed, <na>tisi</na> usually refers to the grinding of <na>nextamahli</na> on a metate, as opposed to <na>tlapaya:na</na>, which involves grinding in a hand or electric mill (<spn>molino</spn>). \nae During fieldwork in Ameyaltepec I documented several forms of the impersonal: <na>tisilo</na>, <na>tixi:lo</na>, and <na>tixi:wa</na>. However, the second, <na>tixi:lo</na>, is by far the most common. In Oapan only <no>tisilo</no> has been documented, with a short /i/. \qry Check impersonal forms. My notes have recorded all three forms listed. \grm Reduplication with short vowel: /Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli/ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' Note the use of short vowel reduplication in nouns to indicate play things; in verbs is means to play at doing Verb. \ref 04999 \lxa one:wi:tia \lxac kone:wi:tia \lxo one:wi:tia \lxoc kone:wi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to send on ones way (e.g., sb one does not want to see) \ssao mandar salir (p. ej., algn que uno no quiere ver); despachar (a algn, para que se vaya) \xrb e:wa \ref 05000 \lxa sinpepenke:tl \lxac sinpepenke:tl \lxo sé:mpenké:tl \lxoc sé:mpenké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who gathers up dried ears of corn as they are harvested \sso persona que pepena mazorcas durante la cosecha \xrb sin \xrb pena \nse The processes of harvesting dried corn is different in Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec harvesters walk between two rows of maize each carrying a net bag(<nla>a:ya:tl</nla>). The <spn>mazorcas</spn> are placed in the bag until it is full. The harvester then takes the bag to the side of the field where they are stuffed into a sack to be taken back to the village. In Oapan each harvester pulls the mazorca off the plant and tosses into a nearby pile. Another person then gathers them up and stuffs them into a sack. This second person is a <no>sé:mpenké:tl</no>. \ref 05001 \lxa tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni \lxac tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni \lxo tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni \lxoa tlatoto:nka:kwa:ne \lxoc tlatoto:nka:kwa:ne, tlatoto:nka:kwa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seo person who eats food while it is very hot \sso persona que come la comida cuando todavía está muy caliente \pno Titlatoto:nka:kwa:ni, kohtik motlan. \peo You eat food when its really hot, your mouth (lit., 'teeth') is very strong. \pso Comes la comida muy caliente, tienes la boca (lit., 'dientes') muy fuerte. \xrb to:n \xrb kwa \mod Determine how to code in com field words such as these. Nominalizations! \ref 05002 \lxa tsatsapalin \lxac tsatsapalin \lxo tsatsapalin \lxoc tsatsapalin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \rdp Lex. rdp-s* \se type of fish, apparently called <spn>mojarra</spn> in Spanish \ss tipo de pez, aparentementeél que se llama mojarra \sem animal \sem marine \xrb tsapal \cpl Schoenhals (1989:270-71) has 19 entries of various types of <spn>mojarras</spn> and <spn>mojarritas</spn>, including several specifically designated as being fresh-water fish. \ref 05003 \lxa a:poposoktli \lxac a:poposoktli \lxo a:poposohtli \lxoc a:poposohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-ni-k \infn Stem 1(:) \se foam from water, or any other liquid (from white water and rapids) \ss espuma de agua o de cualquier otro líquido (de los rápidos en un río o las olas turbulentas del mar) \xrb a: \xrb poso: \mod Originally I had this as possesionable, and as possibly referring to the head on a beer /Kipia i:a:poposokio/; but C. Flores stated that one would instead simply say /kipia i:poposokio/ and that /a:poposoktli/ is only found unpossessed. \ref 05004 \lxa tlake:ntli de xo:chioh \lxac tlake:ntli de xo:chioh \lxo tlaké:nxoxó:chioh \lxoc tlaké:nxoxó:chioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \se see <nlao>xo:chioh</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>xo:chioh</nlao> \grm Oapan phonology: note that there is no deletion of /n/ in this case. \ref 05005 \lxa sakatl \lxac sakatl \lxo sakatl \lxoc sakatl \lxt sakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seao generic name for grasses, all of which are in the botanical family Gramineae, although this family includes plants (e.g., <nla>a:katl</nla> (Am)) not considered <nao>sakatl</nao>) \ssao nombre genérico para zacates, todos los cuales son de la familia botánica Gramineae, aunque esta familia incluye plants (p. ej., <nla>a:katl</nla> (Am)) que no se consideran <nao>sakatl</nao>) \seao (poss. with <n>-yo</n>) the blade of plants such as grass and maize that is attached directly to the stalk \ssao (pos. con <n>-yo</n>) la hojas de ciertas plantas, que sale directamente del tallo \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \nse There is also a type of agave called <nlao>sakamexkahli</nlao>. \ncx sakachocholtsi:n; sakakahli; sakapatlaxtli; sakawistli; sakaomitl -sakatl de cié:nagah-; sakapostektli; sakapepextli; sakatsontetl; sakaa:jos \mod Add def. of Fernando Lara to definition. \nct sakatl \ref 05006 \lxa tlakwalchi:wa \lxac tlakwalchi:wa \lxo tlakwalchi:wa \lxoc tlakwalchi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to prepare food \ss preparar la comida \pna Wel tlakwalchi:wa, xkipolowa suwa:tl. \pea He can prepare food, he doesn't need a woman. \psa El puede preparar comida, no le hace falta una mujer. \xrb kwa \xrb chi:wa \ref 05007 \lxa ki:tskiltia \lxac kiki:tskiltia \lxo ki:tsiltia \lxoc kiki:tsiltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (sb) hold or grab (sth) \ss hacer agarrar o sostener (algo) \se to attach or join (one thing to another) \ss juntar (una cosa con otra) \xrb ki:tski \xvba ki:tskia \xvbo ki:tsia \fl ki:tskia \mod Determine how best to translate words such as these in the /se and /ss definitions. Add example sentences. Check meaning of /tla-/ as in /ne:chtlaki:tskilia/. \ref 05008 \lxa kekexkia \lxac kekexkia \lxo kékexiá \lxoc kékexiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj \aff rdp-s- \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to itch; to have an itch \ss escocer; tener comezón \pna Melá:h nikekexkia, san nimouwa:ntok. \pea I really itch, I'm just scratching myself. \psa De veras tengo comenzón, nada más me la paso rasgando. \xrb kex \nse Other dialects, such as Tetelcingo, have <na>kekexiwi</na>, although Classical has <na>kekexkia</na>. The root, therefore, seems clearly to be <na>kex</na>, with what seems to be a lexicalized reduplication (understandable given the nature of the action and situation: itching). Although the derivational process is unclear, it would appear possible to place this word within the -ki/ya/lia paradigm. \qry Check the causative/transitive form and on the basis of what is determined, change /cat data. The transitive should, probably, be ?/kekexkilia/ 'it makes me itch'. \ref 05009 \lxa tla:laktia \lxac kitla:laktia \lxo tla:lahtia \lxoc kitla:lahtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to place in the ground \ss plantar; enterrar (en el sentido de meter parcialmente en la tierra) \pna Xkoyo:ni para tiktla:lakti:skeh toxo:chiw! \pea Dig a small hole (in the ground) so that we can plant our flower! \psa ¡Excava un pequeño hoyo (en la tierra) para que podamos plantar nuestra flor! \xrb tla:l \xrb ak \dis tla:laktia; tla:lto:ka; to:ka \cfa tla:lto:ka \qry Check for /tla:laki/. \ref 05010 \lxa kuwmalakatl \lxac kuwmalakatl \lxo komalakatl \lxoc komalakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se thrown stick that spins through the air"head over heels" \ss garrote, palo o trozo aventado que va girando \se (fig.) to fly head over heels (i.e., to fall) \ss (fig.) rodar (en caer) \pna O:niwa:hlah a:sta ke:n kuwmalakatl. \pea I fell (lit. 'came') head over heels (i.e., like a thrown stick). \psa Caí(lit. vine) rodando (esto es, como un palo aventado). \xrb kow \xrb malaka \qry Check both /kuhmalakatl/ and /komalakawia/ to determine whether there really is a difference between the two forms Note that in another entry I have <na>komalakawia</na>, meaning 'to throw a stick (that tumbles through the air) at.' The verbal instrumental with the <na>-wia</na> suffix is clearly a derivation of this present entry, <na>kuhmalakatl</na>. However, the variation of the initial element <na>ko</na> vs. <na>kuh</na> although problematical in one sense, does reveal the historical connection between these two elements. However, in listening to the Oapan form I noted now that there does not seem to be an aspiration between /o/ and /m/; this should be checked. \rt If the evidence shows that both /kuhmalakatl/ and /komalakawia/ are correct, then this evidence of a relationship between /ko-/ and /kuh-/ should be entered into the root dictionary notes. \ref 05011 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /po:so:hli de nextamahli/, but since all pozole is of /nextamahli/ this phrase has no sense and has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05012 \lxa tlawe:li:lo:k \lxac tlawe:li:lo:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \sea Devil; accursed \ssa Diablo; malvado \pna I:kone:w tlawe:li:lo:k. \pea He is the Devil's child. \psa Es el hijo del Diablo. \xrb tlawe:l \ref 05013 \lxa i:xtakakone:tl \lxac i:xtakakone:tl \lxo i:xtakakone:tl \lxoc i:xtakakone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adv-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se illegitimate child, one born out of wedlock \ss hijo ilegítimo o natural, concebido fuera del matrimonio \xrb i:xtaka \xrb kone: \ref 05014 \lxa i:joh \lxac i:jóh \lxo i:joh \lxoc i:joh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan hijo (a) \psm N \der N-b \infn Gender; N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative) son or daughter, son-in-law or daughter-in-law, or, by extension, an affection address to any child (boy or girl) \ss (vocativo) hijo o hija, yerno o yerna, y por extensión, un término de afecto para cualquier niño o niña \se (alienable possession) son or daughter \ss (posesión enajenable) hijo o hija \nse When possessed this borrowed term is used to reference a son or daughter only. As a vocative, however, it has a much wider use. It is used to address not only sons and daughters, but sons-in-law and daughters-in-law as well as children addressed in an endearing way (in one entry I recorded that it is used with children less than about 12 years old, in another I refer to age as under 8). However, in such cases often the diminutives are used, <nao>iji:toh</nao> and <nao>iji:tah</nao>. The Ameyaltepec citation form is the vocative. \ref 05015 \lxa tlakwilo:hli \lxac tlakwilo:hli \lxo tlákwiló:hlí \lxoc tlákwiló:hlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se writing; penmanship \ss letra; escritura (en cuanto a la forma en que uno escribe) \pna Xniki:xmati motlakwilo:l. \pea I can't make out your writing (penmanship). \psa No entiendo tu letra (esto es, me es difícil leerla). \xrb hkwil \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05016 \lxa tsotsokoltik \lxac tsotsokoltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa tik>tikeh \sea to be studded; to be bumpy (e.g., the branch of a tree with the bark stripped off that has small pimple-like protruding bumps, a <spn>metlapile</spn> or <spn>molcajete</spn>, etc.) \ssa tener protuberancias pequeñas como bolitas, como algo tachonado (la rama de unárbol con la cáscara quitada donde quedan algunas protuberancias como granitos, un metlapile o molcajete, etc.) \sea to be rough (e.g., the surface of a <nla>tla:lchikiwtli</nla> (Am), the bottom of a file for shaving wood, the surface of a grater, sandpaper, mortar that has dried on a wall, etc.) \ssa estar rasposo; estaráspero; no ser liso (p. ej., la superficie de un <nla>tla:lchikiwtli</nla>, un raspador para madera o un rallador de queso, papel lija, mezcla secada sobre una pared, etc.) \dis chakayoltik; tsotsokoltik; tesontik, tewistik \xrb tsokol \nse Luis Lucena stated that there was no distinction between <na>tsotsokoltik</na> and <nla>chakayoltik</nla>. \nae Although the verbal base for this adjectival has not been documented, the form of <na>tsotsokoltik</na> strongly suggests a verbal derivation, perhaps ? <n>tsotsokoliwi</n>. \mod Illustrate all surfaces. See illustration on original 3x5 filecard. \sj Check SJ for possibility of /h/. I have assumed that the reduplicant is CVh here, for purposes of coding. \ref 05017 \lxa chinawi \lxac chinawi \lxo chinawi \lxocpend chinawi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se see <nlao>chichinawi</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>chichinawi</nlao> \xv0a tlachinawi \xv0o tláchináwi \ref 05018 \lxa tomi:n \lxac tomi:n \lxo tomi:n \lxoc tomi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan tomin \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se money (in general) \ss dinero (en general) \pna Xtlah tomi:n! \pea There is no money! \psa ¡No hay dinero! \pna Yewa notomi:n! \pea That's my money! \psa ¡Eso es mi dinero! \pna Kipia tomi:n. \pea He has money (i.e., he is rich). \psa Tiene dinero (esto es, es rico). \se twelve and a half centavos (old money measure) \ss doce centavos y medio (antigua medida de dinero) \pna Nikpia san o:me tomi:n. \pea I only have 25 centavos. \psa Solamente tengo 25 centavos. \pna San se: tomi:n kipia. \pea He just as 12.5 centavos. \psa Nada más tiene 12.5 centavos. \nse The word <nao>tomi:n</nao> is a borrowing from the Spanish <spn>tomín</spn>, originally from Arabic. In the Americas it was a common term for a certain type of silver coin. In Spain it represented a third of an adarme and one-eight of a castellano. Among the oldest speakers of Nahuatl, at least in Ameyaltepec, <na>tomi:n</na>, as well as <nla>rreá:l</nla> can be used to refer to a monetary sum of twelve and a half centavos. This is no longer used, but in the mid-1980s the eldest speakers still remembered this meaning. \mod In a final recheck of this noun in May 1986, it was apparent that this final /i:/ is long and should be changed to such in all entries if necessary. Nevertheless.... check. \ref 05019 \lxa kukweptok \lxac kukweptok \lxo ko:koptok \lxoc ko:koptok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv Durative \se to be different; to be changed \ss ser diferente; estar cambiado \pna Kukweptok itlato:l. \pea His speech (in this case his dialect) is different. \psa Sus palabras (esto es, en este caso su dialecto) es diferente. \se to be various and different (e.g., items bought in a store; things displayed) \ss ser variado y diferente (p. ej., cosas compradas en una tienda) \pna O:nikwa:hkik miák kukweptok. \pea I brought of lot of different kinds of things. \psa Traje muchas cosas diferentes, surtidas. \pna Kukweptok tli:n kitlapahlo:tia. \pea Each one of what he is painting is different. \psa Cada uno de los que está pintando es diferente. \xrb kwepa \nae At this point of lexicon development the Ameyaltepec headword (<na>kukweptok</na>) manifests short vowel reduplication (with the predictable reduction of <na>kwekwe-</na> to <na>kukwe-</na>) and the Oapan headword (<no>ko:koptok</no>) manifests long vowel reduplication. Unfortunately the precise semantics of each form has not been adequately determined. From the contexts of its utterance, the Ameyaltepec form definitely has the meanings ascribed to it above. However, the Oapan form was elicited in the context of producing sound files for lexical entries and may represent a distinct semantics. \qry I have usually heard this used in the reduplicated form. However, I do believe that /kweptok/ also exists; this should be checked and the meaning difference between the two determined. \ref 05020 \lxa tla:kapan \lxac tla:kapan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \sea place of men (in the metaphorical sense of a place with more money, that is more"macho"); place that is wealthier and better off \ssa lugar de hombres (en el sentido metafórico de un lugar con más dinero, bienes, etc.); lugar que es más rico y con una vida mejor \pna Ma:s tla:kapan nika:n. Nika:n ma:s u:nkah tomi:n. \pea Here it is more a place of men (members of one village bragging to men from another). Here there is more money. \psa Aquí es más un lugar de hombres (miembros de una comunidad jactándose a los de otro). Aquíhay más dinero. \pna Nika:n ma tontlachiaka:n! Nika:n tla:kapan. Abé:r deke te:chmakan tli:n tiktlatlaniskeh. \pea Let´s take a peek here! This place is better off. Let's see if they give us what were are going to request (e.g., maize, sesame, etc., in loan). \psa ¡Vamos a asomarnos por aquí! Este lugar se ve mejor (con mejor vida). A ver si nos dan lo que vamos a pedir (p. ej., maíz, anjojolín, etc., en préstamo). \xrb tla:ka \xrl -pan \nse The meaning of <na>tla:kapan</na> is related to the metaphoric use of"man,"as in <na>xtitla:katl?</na> 'Aren't you a man?' which, when said to a man, questions his economic viability, his ability to drink, etc. <na>Tla:kapan</na>, therefore, refers to a place that is known for, or claims for itself, a great amount of wealth. It is most often used in the bragging that takes places between men of one village or another, or in reference to a village that is relatively well off in comparison to others. \ref 05021 \lxa ilpi:tsa \lxac kilpi:tsa \lxo ilpi:tsa \lxoc kilpi:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \epen i>0 \se to blow lightly on the surface of (e.g., a tabletop to blow off the dust, a fire so that it flares a little; beans and grain to remove the chaff) \ss soplarle ligeramente a la superficie de (p. ej., de una mesa para quitarle el polvo; un fuego para que llamee; frijoles y granos para quitarle la paja) \xrb il \xrb pi:tsa \qry Check etymology, i.e. roots of words in /il/ or /el/ and words with /pi:ts/. \ref 05022 \lxa akilia \lxac kakilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to put or place (sth) inside a container or an enclosed place for (sb) \ssa meter (algo) dentro de un lugar o espacio cerrado para (algn) \pna Ne: xkakili! \pea Put it in there for him! \psa ¡Ponselo allá ! \pna Xkakili:ti! \pea Go to put it in for him! \psa ¡Ve a meterlo paraél! \xrb ak \xvba akia \ref 05023 \lxa a:toto:ni:hli \lxac a:toto:ni:hli \lxo a:to:ni:hli \lxoc a:to:ni:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am) \infn Stem 3 \se hot water \ss agua caliente \xrb a: \xrb to:na \nae As is often the case in the variation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl with the root <nr>to:n</nr>, the Ameyaltepec form has invariable reduplication of the root whereas the Oapan form does not. The reason for this is not clear. \pqry The spectrogram of this word seems to provide a good illustration of words with 3 consecutive long vowels. \grm Reduplication: As is often the case in the variation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl with the root <nr>to:n</nr>, the Ameyaltepec form has invariable reduplication of the root whereas the Oapan form does not. The reason for this is not clear. \ref 05024 \lxa a:pi:tsalistli \lxac a:pi:tsalistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \sea diarrea; the runs \ssa diarrea; chorro \syno tlano:ki:hli \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \ref 05025 \lxa ko:kotitlan \lxac iko:kotitlan \lxo kó:kotítlan \lxoa kó:kotítlah \lxop kó:kotítlan \lxoc i:kó:kotítlah, i:kó:kotítlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-titlan \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se throat \ss garganta \sem body \dis ko:koh \xrb ko:koh \xrl -titlan \nse According to one consultant, <na>ko:kotitlan</na> refers to the inside of the throat, the part just above the"V"formed by the top of ones chest bones and collar bone. \qry Check difference between /ko:koh/ and /ko:kotitlan/. In one notecard I have recorded that /ko:kotitlan/ is equivalent to /kopa:k/. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \grm Final /n/: It seems to often be the case that final /n/ goes to /h/ with certain postpositions. One is /-pan/ and the other is /-tlan/. The tokens here are a good example of the variation in final nasals. However, note that except in a very few cases, an /h/ derived from /n/ is not the same as an /h/ on the surface from underlying /h/. These latter motivate pitch accent when in non-phrase final position. \ref 05026 \lxa kuchi:yah \lxaa i:kochi:yah \lxac kuchi:yah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cuchillo (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea crotch (often of the type of cotton pants called <spn>kalsones</spn> in Spanish and, by extension, the opening in front of the pants) \ssa la tela cosida entre las piernas del calzón (y, por extensión, la parte abierta de estos pantalones) \pna I:to:ka: ikochi:yah tokaltso:n. \pea It (is called) the <na>kochi:yah</na> of the <spn>calzón</spn>. \psa Se llama la <na>kochi:yah</na> del calzón. \pna Kipia kuchi:yah. \pea It has an opening for the fly. \psa Tiene una abertura para la bragueta. \sem clothing \encyctmp kalson \nse <na>Kuchi:yah</na> refers to the diamond-shaped piece of material that is sewn into the crotch of <spn>kalzones</spn>, making them baggy. It also apparently refers to the open slit (fly) in the front of these pants. \mod Do a diagram of the calson, along with other types of clothes. \ref 05027 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:ti \lxac kwa:pa:ya:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become woozy or dizzy; to become light-headed \ss ponerse mareado o aturdido; sentirse como embriagado \pna Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, mláyo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was. \pea I got woozy, I really got a fever, I no longer think of doing anything. \psa Me sentímareado, tuve calentura, ya no pienso en hacer nada. \syno pa:ya:kwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \xvca kwa:pa:ya:tilia \grm Note use of /itlah/: /Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, mláyo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was/ 'I got woozy, I really got a fever, I no longer think of doing anything.' Note the use of /itlah/ in this construction. \ref 05028 \lxa yo:ltamahli \lxac yo:ltamahli \lxo yo:ltamahli \lxoc yo:ltamahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se see <nla>yo:ltamalteh</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yo:ltamalteh</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>yo:ltamalteh</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yo:ltamalteh</nlo> (Oa) \ref 05029 \lxa chichikil \lxac chichikil \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se see <nla>techichikil</nla> (Am) \ss vé ase <nla>techichikil</nla> (Am) \syno té:chikíl \xrb chikil \qry It may well be that there is no form in Am without /te/ (i.e., that only /techichikil/ exists) \ref 05030 \lxa tlantekpa:ntok \lxac tlantekpa:ntok \lxo tlantehpa:ntok \lxoc tlantehpa:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N(poss)-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have teeth in line (i.e., not missing and straight) \ss tener los dientes alineados (esto es, no faltante y no chuecos) \pna Tlantetekpa:ntok, ni:n se: xwetsi itlan. \pea He has straight teeth, not even one of his teeth has fallen out. \psa Tiene los dientes alineados, ni uno se ha caído. \cfa tekpa:ntok \cfo tehpa:ntok \xrb tlan \xrb tekpa:n \vl Note that there are no decent male tokens of this word; don't even tag the erroneous male forms /tlantempa:ntok/ (with an /m/). On the other hand Florencia pronounces it correctly some times and wrongly the others. Only tag the correct pronunciations. Then link one of these, perhaps the last or penultimate. \ref 05031 \lxa ma:poxtli \lxac ma:poxtli \lxo ma:poxtli \lxoc ma:poxtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se left hand \ss la mano izquierda \pna Moma:xiw, no: tlakwilowa ika ma:poxtli ke:n tewa. \pea He's your counterpart with his hand, he also writes with his left hand like you. \psa Es tu compañero de mano, también escribe con la izquierda como tú. \se (often with <nao>i:pan</nao>) to the left \ss (a menudo con <nao>i:pan</nao>) a la izquierda \pna Tikasiskeh ipan ma:poxtli. \pea We will take the path to the left. \psa Vamos a agarrar para la izquierda. \xrb ma: \xrb opoch \mod In one entry I have noted that all entries should be recorded with a short /o/: /ma:poxtli/. This should be the form in all cases. \ref 05032 \lxa itla:wi:l ara:doh \lxac itla:wi:l ara:doh \lxo a:rá:do i:tlá:wi:l \lxop a:ra:doh i:tla:wi:l \lxoc a:rá:do i:tlá:wi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan arado \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se Sirius (lit., 'the light of <na>ara:doh</na>) \ss sirius (lit., 'la luz de <na>ara:doh</na>) \sem heavens \fl tla:wi:hli \encyctmp si:tlalin \nse Besides the Morning Star (<nla>atole:roh</nla>), this is the only star that I have documented that has a specific name. \qry Check speeling of /atole:roh/ for link. \pqry Check vowel length in Am form; recheck with phonetician length of initial /a:/ in Oapan form. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05033 \lxa asika:mati \lxac kasika:mati \lxo ásika:máti \lxop asika:mati \lxoc kásika:máti \dt 05/May/2005 \psm V2 \inc V-ka-V2 \der V2-b \pa yes-lex \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to understand the meaning of \ss entender el sentido \pna Xnikasika:mati, oksepa xne:chihli! \pea I don't understand it, tell me again! \psa No lo entiendo,¡dímelo otra vez! \syno ásika:káki \xrb ahsi \xrb mati \ref 05034 \lxa a:tiowa \lxac a:tiowa \lxo a:tiowa \lxoc a:tiowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to get full of or covered with lice \ss empiojarse \xrb a:t \nse Getting covered with lice is considered a <nla>te:tsa:wtli</nla>, bad omen; see <na>te:tsa:wtli</na>. \ref 05035 \lxa e:kchi:wa \lxac ke:kchi:wa \lxo e:hchi:wa \lxoc ke:hchi:wa; tlaye:hchi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \initial y-epenthesis \seao to make; to fabricate (particularly things that involve several parts) \ssao hacer; fabricar (particularmente cosas que tienen varias partes) \pna Kipa:xowan mexkahli de meská:l para ke:kchi:waskeh meská:l. \pea They grind up the type of maguey used to make mescal in order to make mescal. \psa Trituran el maguey de mescal para fabricar mescal. \seao to prepare (food involving several ingredients, such as atole, cheese, etc.) \ssao preparar (comida con varios ingredientes, como atole, queso, etc.) \pna Ke:kchi:waskeh a:to:hli. \pea They will prepare <nla>atole</nla>. \psa Van a preparar atole. \seao to fix; to repair (sth broken or in a poor state) \ssao componer; arreglar (algo descompuesto o en ruina) \pna Nika:n nitlaye:kchi:wtok. \pea I'm fixing things up here. \psa Aquí estoy arreglando. \pna Newa nike:kchi:was, newa niweli. \pea I'll be the one to fix it, I can do it. \psa Yo voy a componerlo, yo lo puedo hacer. \pna Tlaye:hka:n u:nkah ne: tio:pan, kwahli o:tlaye:kchi:hkeh. \pea It is a well cared for place there in the church, they fixed it up nicely (i.e., painting it, putting in lights, tiles, etc.) \psa Es un lugar bien cuidado allá en la iglesia, la arreglaron bien (p. ej., pintándola, poniéndole luz, colocando loza, etc.). \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to look or come alive \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) alivianarse; animarse \pna Xmeek:chi:wa, ma:ka san xmotsotsontoka! \pea Look alive, don't just be with your head bowed over! \psa ¡Anímate, no estés nada más con la cabeza agachada! \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \xvaa e:kchi:wilia \xvao e:hchi:wilia \encystmp chi:wa \nae An epenthetic /y/ is always inserted after the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> : <na>tlaye:kchi:wa</na>, which is used to indicate the general activity of making, preparing, fixing, etc. \mod Determine the difference between /e:kchi:wa/, /-chi:wa/, and /-chichi:wa/. Apparently /-chi:wa/ refers to an activity in general (such as feeding an animal, chopping down a tree, etc.), i.e., 'to do' in the sense of 'to perform' a task. The other two refer to the creation of some material object, though /e:kchi:wa/ also may indicate the action of fixing something. \vl There are four tokens from 00426. These should of course be tagged with 5035. However, they should not be used for the links. The two linked words should be taken from the ones here recorded at 5035. The first female token here at 5035 is /ke:hchi:wah/ with a final aspiration. This should be tagged but definitely not chosen for the link. Then there are 4 tokens (2 F and 2 M) of /ke:hchi:wa/ and 4 tokens of /tlaye:hchi:wa/. Chose one female and male from each. Teh final file should have 4 concatenated sound files as indicated above. \ref 05036 \lxa ma:koko:pi:l \lxac ma:koko:pi:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se (often with short vowel reduplication <na>ma:koko:pi:l</na>) to be slow with ones hands; to be slow-handed (used generally in reference to women) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta: <na>ma:koko:pi:l</na>) ser despacio en trabajar con las manos (utilizado generalmente en referencia a las mujeres) \synao ma:yo:li:k \xrb ma: \xrb ko:pi:l \nse This is a word only used in Ameyaltepec. In future versions of the dictionary it should be so coded. It refers to someone slow with their hands, and lazy. Literally, I have been told, it refers to the fact that the person's hands are cupped and thus they cannot grind corn, make tortillas, etc. I have only heard it so used in reference to a woman. \qry The fact that it only applies to women should be checked. Note also that in my original entry I had /ma:koko:pil/, with a short final /i/. However, in all other similar entries refering to"slow-pokes"the /i/ was long. I have thus changed the above to a long vowel, but in the future this should be rechecked. \ref 05037 \lxa tlatole:roh \lxac tlatole:roh \lxo tlátolé:roh \lxoc tlátolé:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>tlato:hli</n> \psm N \der N-loan \infn Gender; N1 \pa yes-lex \se big-mouth; person who runs off at the mouth \ss hablador \dis tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak \xrb hto \ref 05038 \lxa te:ntlapachowa \lxac kite:ntlapachowa \lxo te:ntlapachowa \lxoc kite:ntlapachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to cover the mouth of (usually with a cloth object, such as a scarf or <spn>paliacate</spn>) \ss tapar la boca de (por lo común con un objeto de tela, como un rebozo o paliacate) \pna Tle:ka note:ntlapachotok? Yes pa:mpa o:kite:niistehkeh. \pea Why does he have his mouth covered (e.g., with a paliacate)? It must be because someone (e.g., his girlfriend) pinched him on the chin. \psa ¿Por quétiene la boca tapada (p. ej., con un paliacate)? Debe ser porque alguien (p. ej., su novia) le pellizó el mentón. \se to cover the top of (e.g., an open water jug, <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao>) with cloth, fastening it around the rim with twine \ss tapar la boca de (p. ej., una tinaja, <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao>) con una tela, amarrándola con un mecate por la borde superior \pna Xte:ntlapacho un ko:ntli, ma:ka kalakis itlah tli:no:n! \pea Cover the opening of that pot (by putting and tying a cloth around it), so that nothing get in (e.g., brush, flies, dirt, etc.)! \psa ¡Cúbrele la boca de esa olla (al colocar y amarrar una tela sobre ella), para que nada entre adentro (p. ej., basura, polvo, moscos, etc.)! \xrb te:n \xrb tlapach \qry Undoubtedly /te:ntlapachiwi/ exists, but check and document. \ref 05039 \lxa tlatsili:nia \lxac tlatsili:nia \lxo tlatsili:nia \lxoc tlatsili:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to ring the church bellows of village church \ss tocar o hacer sonar las campanas de la iglesia del pueblo \sem sound-material \xrb tsili: \xvbao tsili:nia \ref 05040 \lxa te:kochpasoloke:tl \lxac te:kochpasoloke:tl \lxo te:kóchpasóloké:tl \lxoc te:kóchpasóloké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se person who keeps others from sleeping (e.g., a drunk, sb who is singing, etc.) \ss persona que inhibe que otros duerman (p. ej., un borracho, algn cantando, etc.) \xrb koch \xrb pahsol \nae There are two pitch accented syllables in Oapan <no>te:kóchpasóloké:tl</no>, with a third high pitched syllable resulting from phrasal intonation. The pitch accent is motivated by two syllables with final underlying {h}: {te: + koch + pahsoloh + ke:tl}. \qry Check to see if /-ki/ agentive is acceptable. In my original notes I had a long /o/ as in /te:kochpasoloke:tl/. Also, check precise meaning, can it just be a momentary activity, i.e., a drunk who does not habitually keep people from sleeping. \pqry Note that the final syllable, particularly of Florencia's pronunciation, has the pitch peak at mid-syllable. \grm Agentive: note that in the case of /te:kochpasoloke:tl/ the implication is not that this is an agentive, i.e., someone who continually performs the action signified by the verb (in this case keeping people from sleeping), but rather someone who is carrying out this action at a particlar moment. In other words, the ending /-ke:tl/ can be both 'one who does Verb' as well as (as exemplified by this case of /te:kochpasoloke:tl/) 'one who is doing Verb.' \grmx Oapan phonology: note the stress pattern in the following, which has an underlying {h} in /pasolowa/ and another stress pattern from the perfective before the agentive. /te:kóchpasoloke:tl/. Note that the final syllable, particularly of Florencia's pronunciation, has the pitch peak at mid-syllable. \ref 05041 \lxa te:ntetepon \lxac te:ntetepon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to have a short or broken off beak or blade \ssa ser rabón (e.g., un machete); ser mocho o roto (algo largo que tiene un"pico"o cuchilla) \pna Te:ntetepon momache:teh, o:yekapostek. \pea Your machete's blade is short, its end broke off. \psa Tu machete es rabón, se le rompióla punta. \pna Te:ntetepon mopio, o:kiyekatehkeh. \pea Your chicken has a short beak, they cut off its end. \psa Tu gallina tiene el pico rabón, le cortaron la punta. \fla tetepon \xrb te:n \xrb tepon \ref 05042 \lxa te:xkah \lxac te:xkah \lxo te:xkah \lxoc te:xkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se bedbug \ss chinche \pna Te:xkah: nemi ipan tla:hli. Xpatla:ni. Ke:n chapolintsi:n noso koko:ktsi:n. Deke mitskwa:s no: wel mitski:xti:s moyesio. \pea Bedbugs are found on the ground. They don't fly. They are like little grasshoppers or <nla>koko:ktsi:n</nla>. If they bite you they can also extract your blood. \psa Los chinches habitan la tierra. No vuelan. Son como chapulincitos o <nla>koko:ktsi:n</nla>. Si te pican te pueden sacar sangre. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb te:xkah \nae Although the final /h/ was clear in the pronunciation I heard this does not necessarily mean that other speakers might have a final velarized /n/. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 05043 \lxa wi:sakotl \lxac wi:sakotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea small, wild mouse-like animal, still not positively identified, though apparently called <spn>motita</spn> is Spanish \ssa pequeña mamalia silvestre, parecida al ratoncito y aparentemente llamado 'motitas' en español; todavía no identificado plenamente \sem animal \sem mammal \cfa kimichin \xrb wi:sako \cpl Several consultants gave the Spanish name <spn>ratones</spn> for this animal. Cristino Flores stated that <na>wi:sakotl</na> refers to a type of large, striped <nla>kowi:xin</nla>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry At least one consultant identified this as a"rata."This should be checked. \pqry In C. Flores pronunciation I seem to definitely hear a short final vowel. \ref 05044 \lxa kochistli \lxac kochistli \lxo kochistli \lxoc kochistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \se sleepiness \ss sueño \pna Yo:ne:chasik kochistli, nikochisneki. \pea I've been overtaken by sleep, I want to go to sleep. \psa Me ha agarrado el sueño, quiero dormir. \se (poss.) in the sleep of [possessor] \ss (pos.) en el sueño de [poseedor] \pna O:nitla:lmik, o:ne:chmamuwtih nokochis. \pea I became frightened in my sleep, unable to move or shout, it scared me in my sleep. \psa Me asusté entre sueño quedando sin poder mover ni gritar, me asustó en mi sueño. \xrb kochi \qry Check correctness of /o:ne:chmamuhtih nokochis/ and also meaning. Is 'in my sleep' correct? \ref 05045 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /tsi:nketsa/ with a specific object prefix. It has been eliminated an one entry, 4172, is given. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag all Oapan words here with the number 4172, and see vl field there for instructions. \ref 05046 \lxa kwa:momotsowa \lxac kikwa:momotsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwa:temomotsowa</na> \infv class-2b \se to grab and pull the hair of \ss agarrarle y jalarle el cabello a \pna Nokwa:temomotsowan, nocho:kti:skeh. \pea They grab and pull each others hair, they will make each other cry. \psa Se agarran y jalan del cabello, se van a hacer llorar. \syno tsonté:wilá:na \dis kwa:titila:na \xrb kwa: \xrb mots \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this compound is not correct given that <no>momotsowa</no> is only used when the thing grasped is pulled out, like grasses that are pulled up in weeding. Thus in Oapan one states <nlo>tsontewila:na</nlo>, more literally 'to pull the hair of.' Note that there is apparently a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between <no>momotsowa</no> as 'to uproot' and <no>te:motsowa</no> as 'to grab and pull at.' \grm Reduplication (semantics of): Note that there is apparently a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between <no>momotsowa</no> as 'to uproot' and <no>te:motsowa</no> as 'to grab and pull at.' The words that contain one, or the other, form should be analyzed. \ref 05047 \lxa tla:la:wa \lxac tla:la:wa \lxo tla:la:wa \lxoc tla:la:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se for loose earth to slide down a slope \ss deslizarse tierra suelta por un pendiente \pna Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki. \pea The earth comes down the slope, it crumbles by itself, it is loose earth. \psa La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es tierra suelta. \pna Xwel timoteketsas, kaxa:nki un tla:hli, tla:la:wa. \pea You can't stand up (i.e., on a slope), the land is soft, it slips down. \psa No te puedes parar (p. ej., en una cuesta muy inclinada), la tierra es suelta, se desliza. \src DT#7: 046 \pna Umpa tla:la:wa pa:mpa ma:ski xakah kixiti:nia. Ne: wa:hlaw, wa:hlaw. \pea There earth there slides down the slope even though no one knocks it down. It comes and comes. \psa Allía la tierra de desliza hacia abajo aunque nadie lo desbarata. Allíviene y viene. \syno tlaxila:hko \dis tla:la:wa; tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa \xrb tla:l \xrb a:la: \nse The etymology of <na>tla:la:wa</na> is uncertain. One consultant gave this as equivalent to <na>tla:la:la:wa</na>, and indeed, from the definition it would appear to contain the verb <nlao>a:la:wa</nlao>, with a reduction of the /a:la:l/ sequence to simply /a:l/. Another question still unanswered is whether <na>tla:la:wa</na> represents N+V1 (considering the possibility that <na>a:la:wa</na> was previously an intransitive form of what is now <na>a:la:wi</na>) or whether it represents N+V2 (considering <na>a:la:wa</na> as a transitive). In the first case the incorporation would be modifying, in the second saturating. Probably the former is more representative of the history and etymology of <na>tla:la:wa</na>. Also unclear is how this verb is inflected for tense and aspect. Most likely it behaves as any other verb, though this needs to be confirmed. No cognate forms in other dialects have been observed. Does this word function as a copular"verb"(i.e., nominal in that the tense/aspect inflection wo uld yield <na>tla:la:wa yes</na>) or a regular verb (with, e.g., a future in <nao>tla:la:was</nao>). On one filecard I have noted that the form <na>tla:la:wa</na> is unusual and may be acopated from <na>tla:la:la:wa</na>, although at this time the latter had not been documented in the corpus. \qry The etymology of <na>tla:la:wa</na> is uncertain. One consultant gave this as equivalent to <na>tla:la:la:wa</na>, and indeed, from the definition it would appear to contain the verb <nla>a:la:wa</nla>, with a reduction of the /a:la:l/ sequence to simply /a:l/. Another question still unanswered is whether <na>tla:la:wa</na> represents N+V1 (considering the possibility that <na>a:la:wa</na> was previously an intransitive form of what is now <na>a:la:wi</na>) or whether it represents N+V2 (considering <na>a:la:wa</na> as a transitive). In the first case the incorporation would be modifying, in the second saturating. Probably the former is more representative of the history and etymology of <na>tla:la:wa</na>. Also unclear is how this verb is inflected for tense and aspect. Most likely it behaves as any other verb, though this needs to be confirmed. No cognate forms in other dialects have been observed. Note that the entry for /tla:la:la:wa/ (4438) has been removed as it was never confirme d and no o ne seems to use it. \ref 05048 \lxa tlakochi \lxac tlakochi \lxo tlakochi \lxoc tlakochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to be left over (food after a meal, and that will be left overnight, or money that can be moved but isn't) \ss quedar como sobra (una comida después de una cena, y que se va a guardar durante la noche para el día siguiente; o dinero que se puede mover o invertir) \pna Xo:tlan, ok tlakochi. \pea It didn't get finished up, there is still a lot left over (for tomorrow, or still to be be served) \psa No se acabó, todavía sobra (para mañana, o para repartir y servir ahora) \seo to be sleeping all over (in reference to birds at night) \sso estar todo dormido (en cuanto a pájaros en la noche) \pno Ta tlatlakochi ya:n to:to:meh. \peo The place is full of birds sleeping all over. \pso El lugar estálleno de pájaros durmiendo. \cfa kochkayo:tl \xrb kochi \xbtlao kochi \nse The meaning of <na>tlakochi</na> is still not clear. It seems to indicate something (particularly food) that is left over (i.e., not eaten). However, in one document I note that this refers to food that is left over and will be eaten the following day; in another note I mention that it can still be served at the end of the original meal. The Oapan form <no>Tatlakochi</no> is pronounced as one word. The etymology of the initial /tatla/ sequence is not clear, but it might well come from Spanish <spn>asta</spn>. \qry Check meaning: must this be food left over for the following day, i.e., that is about to be"guardado."Or can it be food that is left over at the end of a meal and that is being offered to anyone who wants to finish it off. Finally, in one incomplete note I mention that /tlakochi/ can refer to 'money that can be moved.' This is unclear and must be checked. Check also other unergative verbs that are found with /tla-/: tlakochi, tlachoka (or tlachochoka), tlakalaki.... and test for others ?tlacholowa, ?tlawetska, ?tlamiki, etc. Test for subject of /tlakochi/, can one say /tlakochi notlakwal/? \grm /tla-/ impersonal passive; unaccusative; unergative: Note the definition of /tlakochi/: 'to be left over (food after a meal, and that will be left overnight, or money that can be moved but isn't)' Perhaps the most important consideration in regard to this term is its grammatical significance. What we have is an intransitive verb that is unergative, taking human subjects. Thus one has /kochilo/ (or ?/kochi:lo/, check). However, as the evidence shows, /tlakochi/ also exists. One question is whether this is an impersonal, zero valency verb. On the surface this does not seem to be the case, for whereas many other /tla-/ zero-valency verbs refer to weather phenomenon or processes that take place over a geographical space, /tlakochi/ seems to refer to a particular item or material object (e.g., the food in a meal). Thus it may not be subjectless. But it may be, and the best translation might be something like 'things are still lying around.' Cf. to /tlami/ and the double reduplication /tlatl atlami/ 'everything isall finished everywhere' (I have this documented in the perfective only: /o:tlatlatlan/. \ref 05049 \lxa tlaye:wa \lxac tlaye:wa \lxo tlaye:wa \lxoc tlaye:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to be able to support a weight (e.g., a beast of burden) \ss poder cargar o aguantar una carga (p. ej., una bestia como la mula o el burro) \pna Kokoxka:tia noburroh, xok tlaye:wa. \pea My burro is sickly, it is not longer able to carry anything. \psa Mi burro está enfermo, ya no aguanta ningún peso. \xrb e:wa \xbtlao e:wa \ref 05050 \lxa chipa:wi \lxac chipa:wi \lxo chipa:wi \lxoc chipa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to become clean (clothes or objects, usually with soap; a person upon bathing) \ss quedar limpio (ropa u otros objetos, con jabón; una persona al bañarse) \se to become clear (water, particularly in a river that had been muddy) \ss quedarse claro y limpio (agua, particularmente el agua corriente de un río que estaba lodoso o revuelto por las lluvias) \xrb chipa: \xv0ao tlachipa:wi \ref 05051 \lxa asi \lxac kasi \lxo ásí \lxop asi \lxoc kásí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to catch (sth thrown; see <nlo>má:así</nlo> (Oa)) \ss agarrar o asir (algo aventado o tirado; vé ase <nlo>má:así</nlo> (Oa)) \pna Xkasi, timitsontlakalili:s! \pea Catch it, I'm going to toss it over to you! \psa ¡Agárralo, te lo voy a aventar! \se to grab; to hold onto (a material object) \ss agarrar; asir (un objeto material) \se to catch (one person of another) \ss agarrar (una persona a otra) \pna Xmotlalo! Timitsasis! \pea Run! I'll catch you. \psa ¡Corre!¡Te voy a agarrar! \se to touch or try to grab (a boy [S] of a girl [O]) \ss tocar (p. ej. un muchacho [S] a una muchacha [O]) \pna Timiste:ilwi:s deke tine:chasis. \pea I will bring charges against you (before the village authorities) if you touch me (said by a girl to a boy who was bothering her). \psa Te voy a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo) si me tocas (dicho de una muchacha a un muchacho quien la estaba molestando). \se to capture or seize to imprison \ss agarrar para apresar (algn para encarcelarlo) \se to force to serve (a cargo within the village) \ss agarrar para servir (un cargo en el pueblo) \pna Mitsasiskeh de to:pi:leh. \pea They will elect you topile. \psa Te van a elegir topile. \se to be the right size for (e.g., clothes, a hat, etc.) \ss ser la talla apropriada para (p. ej., ropa, un sombrero, etc.) \pna Tili:ntok, xne:chasi. \pea It is tight (a hat, clothes, etc.),. it doesn't fit me. \psa Está apretado (un sombrero, ropa, etc.), no me queda. \se (~ [with a noun that indicates a state of being involving some negative: sleepiness, sickness, laziness]) to be overcome by [this state] \ss (~ [con un sustantivo que indica un estado que tiene un aspecto negativo: sueño, flojera, enfermedad]) agarrarse por [este estado] \pna O:ne:chasik tlatsiwistli -a:pistli, kochistli... -. \pea I was overcome by laziness (hunger, sleepiness, etc.). \psa Me agarróla flojera (el hambre, el sueño, etc.). \pna Kasis pa:smoh. \pea It will get infected. \psa Se va a infectar. \pna O:kalak a:tl, a:man o:kasik te:mahli. \pea Water got into it (e.g., a bandage), now it's gotten infected with pus. \psa Le entró agua (p. ej., en un vendaje), ahora se infectócon pus. \se (~ [with adjectival]) to do [in the way indicated by the adjectival] \ss (~ [con adjectival]) hacer [en la manera indicada por el adjectival] \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik! \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching! \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, necesitas hacerlo con puntadas finas. \se to splatter, stain, spot, or get on (some liquid such as paint, oil, water) \ss manchar o salpicar (algún líquido como pintura, aceite, agua) \pna Mitsasis tlapahli. \pea The paint will get on you. \psa La pintura te va a manchar. \se to be enough for \ss alcanzar; ser suficiente para \pna Xkasis un chi:hli. San a:chitsi:n xwe:cho:ka:n para kasis! \pea That chile won't be enough. Just grind up a little more so that there will be enough! \psa No va a alcanzar ese chile.¡Muélale un poquito más para que alcance! \pna Xkasi notomi:n. \pea I don't have enough money. \psa No tengo me alcanza el dinero. \se to reach a certain goal (such as to be long enough for as in a rope; to be a the right size for as in clothes); to be complete (some measure that is aimed for, e.g., a load of firewood, a collection of money) \ss alcanzar una cierta meta (por ejemplo, ser bastante largo para en cuanto a un laso, o ser de una talla equivocada en cuanto a la ropa); completarse (alguna medida o meta deseada, p. ej., una carga de leña, una colección de dinero) \pna Xkasi mola:soh, xtlakechili! \pea Your rope isn't long enough, add another bit onto it! \psa ¡Tu lazo no alcanza, agrégale otro pedazo! \pna Xne:chasi notlake:n. \pea My clothes don't fit me (either too small or large). \psa No me queda la ropa (por grande o apretado). \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti. Xasitok. \pea Complete it well! it isn't complete (in this case a load of firewood). \psa ¡Complétalo bien! No está completo (p. ej. una carga de leña u otra cosa). \se to take a certain direction (e.g., right or left, up or down) \ss tomar una dirección en particular (p. ej., para arriba o abajo, a la izquierda o a la derecha) \pna Ne: titlakwelpacho:s, tikasis para tlakpak. \pea There you will make a turn, you will take the high road (i.e., that which goes up or uphill). \psa Allávas a dar vuelta, irás hacia arriba (cuesta arriba, tomando el camino que va subiendo). \se to come to understand or to attain a certain skill \ss llegar a entender o alcanzar una cierta habilidad \pna Yo:pe:w ka:asi, yo:pe:w weli. \pea He has started to get the hang of it (writing in this case), he has started to learn. \psa Ya empezó a agarrarle la onda (en este caso de escribir) ya empezó a aprender. \se (recipr.) to reach the same measure (of age, size, etc.) together \ss (recipr.) emparejarse; llegar a la misma medida (en cuanto a tamaña, edad, etc.) \pna On se:, axtopa kayo:tl, pero yo:nasikeh. \pea That one was first born, (a bull in this case) but they have evened out (i.e., another born later has achieved full size and now can work as well as the first born, it is just as strong). \psa Aquel fue el primero que nació(un toro en este caso) pero ellos se han emparejado (otro nacido más tarde ha alcanzado su tamaño de adulto y ahora puede trabajar tan bien como el que nacióprimero, ya los dos tienen la misma fuerza). \xrb ahsi \xvaa axilia \xvao áxilía \xvca axi:tia \xvca axi:ltia \xvco áxí:tia \xvco áxí:ltia \nae The impersonal form in Ameyaltepec is <na>axi:lo</na>, with the palatalization and lengthening characteristic in this dialect. In Oapan there is no palatalization and the vowel is maintained as short, <no>ásiló</no>. This follows a pattern found in other words such as <nlao>tisi</nlao>. \mod Add entries under /kayo:tl/ and /kwelpachowa:/. \qry Check for ditransitive /axilia/ and give separate entry from transitive /axilia/. \grm Impersonal: The impersonal form in Ameyaltepec is <na>axi:lo</na>, with the palatalization and lengthening characteristic in this dialect. In Oapan there is no palatalization and the vowel is maintained as short, <no>ásiló</no>. This follows a pattern found in other words such as <nlao>tisi</nlao>. \ref 05052 \lxa tlampa:paya:na \lxac kitlampa:paya:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to coarsely grind or crush in ones teeth \ss moler en una manera gruesa o basta por los dientes \pna San kitlampa:paya:na. Xkwahli, xwel kikwa. \pea It (in this case a pig that cannot eat properly) just grinds it up in its teeth. It's no good (the animal), he can't eat it. \psa Solamente lo muele grueso (en este caso un marrano que no mastica bien). No está bien (el animal), no se lo puede comer. \xrb tlan \xrb paya: \fl tlampaya:ni \nse <na>Tlampapaya:na</na> is equivalent or close in meaning to <nlao>tlampa:pa:xowa</nlao>. \nae There are two compound verbs that seem similar: <na>tlampapaya:na</na> and <nlao>tlampaya:ni</nlao> ; however, they are not related in regard to transitivity alternation. With <na>tlampapaya:na</na>, which is found only in Ameyaltepec, the nominal root <nr>tlan</nr> is the instrument with which the object is ground or crushed. In <nlao>tlampaya:ni</nlao> the noun root is incorporated into an"unaccusative"verb in which the grammatical subject is thematically a patient: it is a tooth (or teeth) that crumble. The possible interpretation of <nr>tlan</nr> in the transitive <na>tlampapaya:na</na> as a possessor raising construction is not realized. \qry Check to see if /tlampa:paya:na/ exists and, if so, the difference with the present entry. This should be discussed generally, i.e., if such variants are common. If both /tlampapaya:na/ and /tlampa:pa:xowa/ have the same meaning and the vowel length is correct as recorded, this should be commented on in the grammar (i.e., how long and short vowel reduplication with different stems have a similar meaning). Note that one filecard had this with long vowel reduplication, /kitlampa:paya:na/ 'he grinds it up in his teeth' and the mention that this is the virtual equivalent of /tlampa:pa:xowa/. Check if both /tlampapaya:na/ and /tlampa:paya:na/ are correct, or if only one is. If they are both acceptable, note the difference. \grm Noun Incorporation; possesor raising; unaccusativity: There are two compound verbs that seem similar: <na>tlampapaya:na</na> and <nlao>tlampaya:ni</nlao> ; however, they are not related in regard to transitivity alternation. With <na>tlampapaya:na</na>, which is found only in Ameyaltepec, the nominal root <nr>tlan</nr> is the instrument with which the object is ground or crushed. In <nlao>tlampaya:ni</nlao> the noun root is incorporated into an"unaccusative"verb in which the grammatical subject is thematically a patient: it is a tooth (or teeth) that crumble. The possible interpretation of <nr>tlan</nr> in the transitive <na>tlampapaya:na</na> as a possessor raising construction is not realized. \ref 05053 \lxa chi:lyo:hli \lxac chi:lyo:hli \lxo chi:lyo:hli \lxoc chi:lyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se chile seed \ss semilla del chile \sem plant \sem part \xrb chi:l \xrb yo:l \ref 05054 \lxa o:lo:xo:chitl \lxac o:lo:xo:chitl \lxo o:lo:xo:chitl \lxoc o:lo:xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se generic name for a type of weed that includes two species (both apparently of the Amaranthaceae family), one that has white flowers and is wild and one that has purple flowers and is domestic (at least in Oapan); apparently both are of the family Amaranthaceae \ss nombre genérico para un tipo de maleza que incluye dos especies (aparentemente las dos de la familia Amaranthaceae), una que tiene flores blancas y es silvestre y otro que tiene flores moraditas y crece nada más en los pueblos (por lo menos Oapan) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb o:lo: \xrb xo:chi \nse The wild white-flowered <nao>o:lo:xo:chitl</nao> is eaten by donkeys and pigs. At times it is called <na>xiwtli de o:lo:xo:chitl</na> (Am). \pqry Note that the duration of the initial vowel does vary significantly. Thus the 1st female token is about 77 ms for the first vowel whereas the second token is 103. The male tokens are well within the long vowel range. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>flor de olote</spn>. \nct xiwtli \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05055 \lxa po:che:wi \lxac po:che:wi \lxo po:che:wi \lxoc po:che:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become black from soot or smoke (the roof of a house, clothes, tortillas, etc.) \ss enegrecerse con hollín o humo (el techo de una casa, ropa, tortillas, etc.) \xrb po:ch \dis po:che:wi; po:kiowa, etc. \qry Determine whether an /-iwi/ form exists. \ref 05056 \lxa kochisneki \lxac kochisneki \lxo kochisneki \lxoc kochisneki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc V-neki \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be sleepy or tired; to want to go to bed \ss tener sueño o ganas de dormir \xrb kochi \xrb neki \nse I have given this a separate entry given the extreme frequency of its employment (<nao>tlakwa:sneki</nao>, on the other hand, is not accorded a separate entry, cf. <nlao>a:pismiki</nlao>). \ref 05057 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /xa:yakamomotsowa/. It was removed as a duplicate entry. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05058 \lxa i:xte:nsasa:rkah \lxac i:xte:nsasa:rkah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>zarca</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have light-colored, greyish (and sometimes bluish) eyes \ssa tener los ojos de un color gris ligero (y a veces azúl claro) \syna i:xte:nkukwitlanextik \syno i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \nse This is the virtual synonym of <nla>i:xte:nkukwitlanextik</nla>. \ref 05059 \lxa kakamotsi:n \lxac kakamotsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \se light purple \ss morado o color lila \sem color \equivo kámotík \cfa mora:doh \cfo mora:doh \xrb kamoh \grm Note general tendency for colors to be formed of reduplicated nominal roots, with a short vowel, of a noun that typically has the color being referred to. However, cf. words like /chi:chi:ltik/, which apparently have a long reduplicated vowel. \ref 05060 \lxa ka:sta \lxac ka:sta? \lxo ka:sta \lxoc ka:sta? \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>asta</spn> \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se where? how far away? up to where? \ss ¿dónde?¿hasta dónde?¿quétan lejos? \pna Ka:sta o:titio:tlakili:to? \pea Where did you go and spend the entire afternoon? \psa ¿Hasta dónde fuista a pasar toda la tarde? \pna Ka:sta nona:mikin? \pea Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)? \psa ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)? \pno Ka:sta tiaw? \peo How far are you going? \pso ¿Hasta dónde te vas? \xrb ka:n \nse This is apparently a compound form of the Nahuatl <nao>ka:n</nao>, 'where,' and Spanish <spn>hasta</spn>. \qry Check for possible final /h/. Also get other uses. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05061 \lxa neki:lia \lxaa nekilia \lxac kineneki:lia \lxo neki:lia \lxoc kí:nekí:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:nekília</no> \infv class-2a \se to want for (e.g., to want sth to happen in a certain way) \ss desear para (p. ej., desear que algo ocurra a algo en cierta manera) \pna A: Tle:ka ihkón tike:kchi:wa? B: Sahki, pa:mpa ihkón o:nikneki:lih. \pea A: Why do you make it that way? B: No reason at all, just because that's they way I wanted it. \psa A:¿Por quélo fabricas así? B: Asínomás, solamente porque asílo quise. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to want or desire (sth) for (sb) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desear o querer (algo) para (algn) \pna Kitlane:nekilia:ya isuwa:w, kitlasotlaya. \pea He desired things for his wife (e.g., always bringing her back things from the market), he loved her. \psa Deseaba cosas para su esposa (p. ej., siempre le traía cosas del mercado), de veras la amaba. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to caress (e.g., the child) of (sb) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) acariciar (p. ej., el niño desear (algo) para (algn) \xrb neki \xvba neki \nse The entry was first defined with an unreduplicated headword entry, <nao>nekilia</nao>, but almost all documented cases are of the reduplicated form. It remains to be determined the nature of the semantic distinction between the two forms. Note that whereas the Oapan headword entry is not reduplicated, the citation form (linked to the sound file) is of the reduced reduplicated form. \nae According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) the same verb with a short vowel before the applicative ending can be used in the sense of 'to caress' as in <na>kinenekilia un ichpokawah ikone:w</na> 'he caresses the child of that young woman.' However, with the sense of 'to desire something for' only the long vowel form is used: <na>nikne:neki:lia ma weli</na> 'I want him to learn.' \nse The reduplicated form is usually used in reference to buying things for or desiring things for another individual; it seems much more common that the unreduplicated form, though the latter also seems to be correct, perhaps with a different sense. \qry Determine whether /nekiltia/ exists. \mod Recheck vl of Oapan form. In pronunciation of Uriel Herrero the /i:/ was definitely long. Cf. note above re: Ameyaltepec. \pqry Note that during the recording session I seem to have heard the long /i:/ with C. Flores. Recheck and recheck Oapan data. \grm Applicatives; vowel length: According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) the same verb with a short vowel before the applicative ending can be used in the sense of 'to caress' as in <na>kinenekilia un ichpokawah ikone:w</na> 'he caresses the child of that young woman.' This can also be expressed as <na>kineneki:lia un ichpokawah ikone:w</na>. However, with the sense of 'to desire something for' only the long vowel form is used: <na>nikne:neki:lia ma weli</na> 'I want him to learn.' \ref 05062 \lxa ta:blas \lxac ta:blas \lxo ta:blas \lxoc ta:blas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tablas \psm N \der N-loan \sea pleats \ssa pliegues; tablitas \pna Kitla:lian itabli:tas. \pea They put small pleats on it (e.g., a dress, cuffs of a shirt, to take in the material a little and make it tighter or shorter). \psa Le ponen pliegues (p. ej., a una falda, los puños de una camisa, para estrechar o hacer más corto algo). \sem clothing \syno tlane:nepano:hli \cfo nepantik \ono tlake:ntli \ref 05063 \lxa kwa:tekakawayo \lxac i:kwa:tekakawayo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \aff Lex. rdp-s; Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn N2 \se scalp \ss pericráneo \sem body \encyctmp body \xrb kwa: \xrb kawa \syno kwa:kwitlaxtli \syno kwa:tepetlatl \qry Cf. difference between /tekakawa-/ and /kakawa-/, as this might be related to the presence of /te/ in this form. I am also fairly sure that ?kwa:kakawayo is not used. Note, however, the existence of many words with /kwa:+te+/. Finally, determine the meaning and use, i.e. whether it refers to animal scalps, etc. \ref 05064 \lxa sosolia \lxac kisosolia \lxo sósoliá \lxop sosolia \lxoc kí:soliá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:soliá</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to string (p. ej., beads, flowers on a garland) for \ss ensartar o hilar (p. ej., cuentitas, flores) para \pna Xok tlachia, xwel notlasosolia. \pea He can't see anymore, he can't string for himself (in this case beads on a necklace). \psa Ya no ve, no puede hilar para si mismo (en este caso cuentitas para un collar). \pna Nimotlasosolitok. \pea I'm stringing (e.g., flowers in a garland, beads on a string, etc.) for myself. \psa Estoy hilando (p. ej., flores en una girnalda, cuentitas en un hilo, etc.) para mi mismo. \pna Ma timitssosoli, tewa xok titlachia! \pea Let me string them for you, you don't see well anymore! \psa ¡Deja que te los ensarte, ya no ves bien! \xrb so \xvbao so \nse Although the base verb <na>so</na> often occurs in a nonreduplicated form (meaning 'to pierce,' as with a thorn), I have only heard the applicative on a reduplicated stem, undoubtedly because the meaning 'to prick for' would be uncommon in natural discourse. \qry The statement that I have only heard this in reduplicated form should be checked. The meaning of´to baste´is probably incorrect. I had this defined as´to baste for (in sewing)´but no example sentences. It has temporarily been removed. \ref 05065 \lxa a:pitso \lxac a:pitso \lxo a:pitso \lxoc a:pitso \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of fish, apparently carp \ss tipo de pez, aparentemente carpa \se type of water animal that lives along with <nla>a:lamatsi:n</nla> and other such creatures \ss tipo de animal que vive en el agua con <nla>a:lamatsi:n</nla> y otras tales criaturas \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:burrah \xrb a: \xrb pitso \nse Luis Lucena was not sure what kind of fish this is. He stated that he has heard this word, but never seen the fish to which is supposedly refers. He added that it might be the same as <na>a:burrah</na> another type of fish of which he has heard the name but never seen. \pqry Note the variation in the duration of the initial vowel. IN the first token of Florencia Marcelino the length is quite short (at most 86 ms measuring from the extremes), in others it is long. \ref 05066 \lxa te:ntsi:tsikilowa \lxac kite:ntsi:tsikilowa \lxo te:ntsi:tsikilowa \lxoc kite:ntsi:tsikilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to cut or make evenly spaced indentations on the edge of; to make a consistent zigzag pattern along the edge of (e.g., in cutting a piece of fabric, making a hem, or cutting out the rim of a ceramic fruit bowl) \ss mellar o cortar mellas regularmente esparcidas en la orilla de; hacer o cortar un zigzag o picos en la orilla de (p. ej., en cortar una tela, el dobladillo de un vestido, o la borde de un frutero de cerámica) \pna Kite:ntsi:tsikilo:skeh ista:hkwe. \pea They will place ridges on the border of her <nla>ista:hkwe:tli</nla>. \psa Van a coser picos por la orilla de su <nla>ista:hkwe:tli</nla>. \pna Kite:ntsi:tsikilowan frute:ros. \pea They cut even jagged indentations along the edge of fruit bowls. \psa Le recortan picos esparcidos muy parejos por la orilla de los fruteros. \xrb te:n \xrb tsikil \qry Check to see if both /te:ntsitsikilowa/ and /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/ exist. If the former does then it should be added to the /cf field in this record. Check for how I have determined to deal with cases in which two reduplicated forms exist, but no unreduplicated form. Also: important! determine the difference here as elsewhere between a form such as /kite:ntsi:tsikilowa/ and /kite:ntsi:tsikilowilia/. \pqry Measurement of vowel duration strongly suggest the long vowel reduplication that I have written. However, all entries with /tsi:tsikil-/ should be checked. \mod Discuss whether if both exist /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/ and /te:ntsitsikilowa/ should both be headwords. Since /te:ntsikilowa/ does not seem to exist, it would be problematical to create an entry for a word that is not part of the lexicon. \grm Reduplication: /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/ shows long vowel reduplication in a word, or word stem, that apparently does not have an unreduplicated form. Thus rather than three possibilities (/te:ntsikilowa/, and /te:ntsitsikilowa/ or /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/) one has only two (pending determination that /te:ntsitsikilowa/ exists, which I believe it does): /te:ntsitsikilowa/ and /te:ntsi:tsikilowa/. Note that this adds a caveat to reduplication in the sense that a nonreduplicated form may not exist, but two varying reduplicated forms might. The question is how to enter these in the dictionary. Pending further discussion, each type of reduplication (long and short vowels) is given a separate entry. \ref 05067 \lxa tlako:patli toma:wak \lxac tlako:patli toma:wak \lxo tlakó:patlítomá:wak \lxoc tlakó:patlítomá:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao <l>Aristolochia foetida</l> Kunth, vine of the Aristolochiaceae family and one of the type species of <nla>tlako:patli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> (Oa) \ssao <l>Aristolochia foetida</l> Kunth, enrededera de la familia Aristolochiaceae y una de las dos especies de <nla>tlako:patli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> (Oa) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tlako: \xrb pah \xrb toma: \nse Cristino Flores referred to the thin <na>tlako:patli</na> as <na>de tlatla:katl</na> and the wide <na>tlako:patli</na> as <na>de susuwa:tl</na>. In Oapan some elderly people know the <l>Aristolochia foetida</l> Kunth as <no>tlakó:patlítomá:wak</no> although it seems to be more commonly referred to as <nlo>popoi:toh</nlo> for the nature of its flowers. \nae The pitch accent pattern on this complex noun, <no>tlakó:patli tomá:wak</no> manifests one pitch accented syllable that is the reflex of underlying {h}: {tlako:pahtli}. When pronounced in isolation <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> also has a high-pitched final syllable. However, this is the result of the intonational pattern and when the phrase is expanded to the right, the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable of the entire word. \cpl According to both Inocencio Díaz and Silvestre Pantaleón this is the female plant of the <na>tlako:patli</na>. The male variety is known by the name <na>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</na>. \nct xiwtli; tlako:patli \pqry The pitch accent pattern on this complex noun, <no>tlakó:patli tomá:wak</no> manifests one pitch accented syllable that is the reflex of underlying {h}: {tlako:pahtli}. When pronounced in isolation <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> also has a high-pitched final syllable. However, this is the result of the intonational pattern and when the phrase is expanded to the right, the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable of the entire word. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: The pitch accent pattern on this complex noun, <no>tlakó:patli tomá:wak</no> manifests one pitch accented syllable that is the reflex of underlying {h}: {tlako:pahtli}. When pronounced in isolation <nlo>tlakó:patlí</nlo> also has a high-pitched final syllable. However, this is the result of the intonational pattern and when the phrase is expanded to the right, the stress shifts to the penultimate syllable of the entire word. \ref 05068 \lxa tlatsatsakwtli \lxac tlatsatsakwtli \lxo tlá:tsahtlí \lxoc tlá:tsahtlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes-rdp \se amate or other similar illustration that has been filled in after having first been painted just in black outline \ss amate u otro imagen pintado que ha sido rellenado después de haber sido pintado solamente con líneas negras \cfa tlatli:lwi:tektli \cfo tlatli:lwi:tehtli \xrb tsakwa \cfa tlatli:lwi:tektli \ono amate (document entire process). \nse Often with amates a skilled adult painter will draw the image in black outline and then a child or less skilled painter will fill in the spaces with color. \mod Illustrate \ref 05069 \lxa no:ksé: \lxac no:ksé: \lxo no:sé: \lxoc no:sé: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \pa yes-irregular \se a different one \ss uno distinto \pna No:ksé:! \pea It is a different one (altogether)! \psa ¡Es uno (completamente) distinto! \pna No:kse:itah! \pea He has a different father! \psa ¡Tiene un padre distinto! \xrb no: \xrb o:k \xrb se: \nae The high pitch on the final syllable is reflective of the pronominal function of this element. If followed by a noun the final syllable is not stressed (e.g., <no>no:se: tlá:katl</no> (Oa). The final vowel seems clearly long, even in phrase-final position. \ref 05070 \lxa wi:lo:tl \lxac wi:lo:tl \lxo wi:lo:tl \lxoc wi:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for small bird that includes three types: <nla>palo:mah</nla>, <nla>tla:lakatetl</nla>, and <nla>sakawin</nla> or <nla>sakati:yah</nla> \ss nombre genérico para un tipo de pájaro pequeño que incluye tres tipos: <nla>palo:mah</nla>, <nla>tla:lakatetl</nla> y <nla>sakawin</nla> o <nla>sakati:yah</nla> \seao specific type of bird of the group called <nao>wi:lo:tl</nao>, apparently the White-winged Dove, <l>Zenaida asiatica</l> \ssao tipo específico del grupo <nao>wi:lo:tl</nao>, aparentemente el <l>Zenaida asiatica</l> \sem animal \sem bird \xrb wi:lo: \qry Check if possessed used as 'penis.' \nct to:to:tl \ref 05071 \lxa no: sekneka \lxac no: sekneka \lxo no: sehneka \lxoc no: sehneka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \seo in a different way (an event or action that is carried out); distinct (an object, from another object) \sso en una manera distinta (un evento o acción llevado a cabo); diferente; distinto (un objeto de otro) \equiva ok sekneka \cfo sehneka \xrb no: \xrb sekneka \cfa sekneka \nse The etymology of <na>o:ksekneka</na> is still unclear as is the precise meaning. Apparently it refers pronominally to events or actions that have occurred or been carried out in a distinct manner, or to the state of an object or objects that is different from others. \qry The length of the first /o/ was recorded as short; however, given the case with other similar words (that have a long initial /o:/), perhaps /oksekneka/ should again be checked. \ref 05072 \lxa tlachpa:nwa:stli \lxac tlachpa:nwa:stli \lxo tlachpa:wa:stli \lxoc tlachpa:wa:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-wa:s \infn Stem 1(:) \se broom \ss escoba \se generic term for various plants that apparently have in common that they are (or could be) used in tools used for sweeping \ss nombre genérico para plantas que aparentemente comparten la característica que se emplean (o se pueden emplear) para hacer escobas \se specific name of a plant that is like the maize plant: it is tall, it is planted, and it also has its broad leaves (<na>kipia i:swayo</na>) \ss nombre específico de una planta que es como la milpa: es alta, se siembra y también tiene sus hojas en la misma forma (<na>kipia i:swayo</na>) \se specific name of a plant that is like <na>xiwtli</na> but isn't; it is used to make a broom used to sweep in the interior of a house \ss nombre específico de una planta que es como <na>xiwtli</na> pero que no es; se utiliza para hace una escoba para el interior de las casas \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem material \xrb chpa: \nse To date there are seven plants, of various Latin families, that have <na>tlapa:nwa:stli</na> (Am) / <no>tlachpa:wa:stli</no> in their names: <na>tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de momoradi:toh</na> (Am) / <no>temákohtsí:n</no> (Oa) is <l>Marina sp.</l> Liebm. of the Leguminoseae family; <na>tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n de tlatla:katl de kostik i:xo:chio</na> (Am) / <no>tlátlachpa:nwá:stsi:n kostik i:xo:chio (de tla:katl)</no> (Oa) is <l>Cleome serrata</l> Jacq. of the Capparaceae family; <na>tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de susuwa:tl istá:k i:xo:chio</na> (Am) / <no>tlachpa:nwa:stli ista:k i:xo:chio</no> (Oa) is an unidentified plant of the Asteraceae family; <na>tapakuloh</na> (Am) / <no>tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli</no> (Oa) is an unidentified plant of the Malvaceae family; <na>tlako:tl para tlachpanwa:stli</na> (Am) / <no>to:nalo:kotl</no> is an unidentified plant of the Euphorbiaceae family; <na>tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k</na> (Am) / <no>tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli de ista:k</no> (Oa) is <l>Dalea sp.</l> L. of the Le gum inoseae family; and <na>tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de tepe:k</na> (Am) / not named by the Oapan consultant Silvestre Pantaleón, is an unidentified plant of the Asteraceae family. Apparently the major division is between the rod-like plants of this name that often have <nao>tlako:tl</nao> in their names, and the smaller brush-like plants, which may have a reduplicated first syllable (e.g., in several Ameyaltepec names). Definitely much research needs to be done on these plants. \qry I had this previous note: Note that of the two texts above, the first refers to the <na>tlachpa:nwa:stli</na> that is like a maize plant, the second to another type that is smaller. Both are called by the same name. See also <nla>tlakotlachpa:nwa:stli</nla>. \cpl Apparently <na>tlachpa:nwa:stli</na> is a term for 'broom' and is as well applied to three plants that are used to make this tool. Two of these plants (described above) are called simply <na>tlachpa:nwa:stli</na>. The third is called <nla>tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli</nla>. There is also a plant called the <nla>tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n</nla>, also unidentified. Given that it is not used for anything, it probably is not the same as any of the two plants listed above. \nct xiwtli \vl Note that there is a repetition of this word. In the first series of 4 (2+2) Inocencio pronounces /tlaxpa:wa:stli/, substituting a fricative for the affricate /ch/. In the second set of repetitions he corrects to /tlachpa:wa:stli/. Note that all 8 tokens, male and female should be tagged, but the links should be a female token and then a male token, with the latter from the second set with /ch/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that n>0 in /tlachpa:wa:stli/. Also note that Florencia Marcelino has the affricate in /tlachpa:wa:stli/ where her husband has a fricative /tlaxpa:wa:stli/. \ref 05073 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /xi:texakwaliwi/ which has been removed as vulgar. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05074 \lxa kwa:pochi:naltia \lxac kikwa:pochi:naltia \lxo kwa:pochi:naltia \lxoc kikwa:pochi:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to dishevel or entangle the hair of \ss despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello \pna O:nikwa:pochi:n, o:ne:chkwa:pochi:naltih yeyekatl. \pea My hair got disheveled, the wind messed up my hair. \psa Me despeiné, el viento me despeinó. \se to blunt or fray the end of (particularly a wooden stake or similar material that when beaten down looks"fuzzy") \ss ablandar o deshilachar el punto de (particularmente una estaca u otro material parecido que al golpearse se queda como velloso) \pna Yo:kwa:pochi:n, o:kikwa:pochi:naltih tetl, xwel tla:laki. \pea Its head (in this case of a wooden stake) got flattened and soft, a rock caused this (i.e., as the result of pounding), it won't go into the ground (because it is too soft to be pounded on). \psa Su cabeza (en este caso de una estaca de madera) está ablandada, una piedra la ablandó(al usarse para golpearla), no puede entrar en el suelo. \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \ref 05075 \lxa matiliwi \lxac matiliwi \lxo matiliwi \lxoc matiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get twisted (a cord, rope, etc.) \ss enroscarse (un mecate, laso, etc.) \pna Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s. \pea Your lasso is getting all twisted up, it can't open up (forming a loop) so that you can use it as a lasso. \psa Tu riata se enrosca, no se puede abrir (formando una lazada) para que puedas manganear. \xrb matil \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. \rt One question to determine is the relationship between words that seem to alternate with m*** and p***, for instance, /matiliwi/ and /patiliw/, or /malaka-/ and /palaka-/. This should at least be commented on. \ref 05076 \lxa ka:wilite:wa \lxac kika:wilite:wa \lxo ka:wílité:wa \lxop ka:wilite:wa \lxoc kika:wílité:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc V3-asp \der V3-d-ap \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se to leave in inheritance for \ss dejar en herencia para \pna O:ne:chka:wilite:w i:n tla:hli notah. \pea My father left me this land in inheritance. \psa Mi padre me dejó este terreno como herencia. \se to leave behind for; to leave for and then take off \ss dejar para antes de salir \xrb ka:wa \xrb e:wa \ref 05077 \lxa i:xkopi:na \lxac ki:xkopi:na \lxo i:xkopi:na \lxoc ki:xkopi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to copy (an image, by drawing, photocopying, etc.) \ss copiar (un imagen, al dibujarlo, fotocopiarlo, etc.) \se to photograph; to take a picture of (with a camera) \ss fotografiar \xrb i:x \xrb kopi: \xvaao i:xkopi:nilia \ref 05078 \lxa kokolistli \lxac kokolistli \lxo kokolistli \lxoc kokolistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \se disease; illness; sickness \ss enfermedad \pna Kokolistli te:muwtih, melá:k yo:weka:w nikwalo. \pea Disease is scary. I've really been sick for a long time. \psa La enfermedad espanta. De veras he estado enfermo por mucho tiempo. \sem disease \xrb koko \grm Complementation: /Kokolistli te:muhtih, melá:k yo:weka:w nikwalo/ 'Disease is scary. I've really been sick for a long time.' Note that in this phrase the second verb may perhaps be a subject complement '(I am sick) has already been a long time' However, perhaps one would expect /yo:weka:w ika nikwalo/. Nevertheless, syntactically perhaps the best interpretation is of /nikwalo/ as a subject complement 'It has been a long time (that) I am sick.' The complementation is affected with no complementizer. \ref 05079 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /tolopochiwi/, but it was a duplicate for 2614. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl Reassign the numbers to the tokens elicited here to 2614. \vl The tokens here should be tagged as 2614. Note that the two tokens that are to be linked at 2614 should be selected from those that were recorded here, at 5079. \ref 05080 \lxa koto:na \lxac kikoto:na \lxo koto:na \lxoc kikoto:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \aff Op. pref. <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekoto:na</nao> \infv class-3a \se to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) \ss reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) \pna Xkoto:na un i:loh! \pea Snap that thread (i.e., after finishing sewing)! \psa ¡Revienta ese hilo (p. ej., después de terminar de coser)! \se to pull apart or pull off into pieces; to shred with ones hand, pulling off the pieces (e.g., chile, an onion, etc.) \ss desmenuzar; sacarle trizas o trocitos de con la mano, jalando (p. ej., chile, cebolla, etc.) \pna Xko:koto:na chi:hli para kwaltias tli:n titlakwa:s. Ma koko:ya! \pea Shred up some chile (pulling it apart with your fingers) so that what you're eating gets better tasting! Let it is get spicy hot! \psa ¡Desmenuza algo de chile (haciéndole trizas con las manos) para que lo que estás comiendo agarre un buen sabor!¡Quése ponga picoso! \se to divide up, taking off a section or piece (particularly in order to distribute or apportion to various people) \ss dividir, quitando una parte o sección de (particularmente para dar o proporcionar a varias personas) \pna Ma tihkoto:natin notla:l! Nikte:maka tlakotipan. \pea Let's go divide up my land! I am giving a part of it to someone. \psa ¡Vamos a ir a dividir mi parcela! Voy a darle una parte a alguien. \se to break off or end (actions or processes that have continued for a long time, such as a custom, tradition, or practice, or litigation) \ss terminar o acabar (acciones o procesos que han durado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones o prácticas, o pleitos y litigios) \pna O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s. \pea He broke off the suit, he didn't want to pursue it any longer. \psa Dejóde litigar, ya no quiso seguirlo. \se (refl.) to break loose (an animal in snapping its tether or sth similar) \ss (refl.) soltarse (un animal al reventar la soga con que estaba amarrada) \pna O:nokoto:n moburroh, mo:stla tontlate:mo:s. \pea Your donkey broke loose, tomorrow you'll go looking for it. \psa Se soltótu burro, mañana vas a tener que ir a sabanear. \xrb koto: \xvaao koto:nilia \nse Note that although the intensifier <n>te-</n> is used with <na>koto:n</na> and <na>koto:na</na>, it is not used with all acceptations. Thus it may be used when the verb refers to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land, or ending of litigation. In general the verb root <na>koto:</na> refers still to the breaking/snapping of something that is prolonged, either in space (e.g., a rope, thread) or in time (e.g., litigation, custom). \qry Check the correctness of the /tli:n titlakwa:s/ sequence, and in general of questions like: /tli:non titlakwa:s/, which I assume is incorrect. Check whether /o:nokoto:n moburroh/ is correct. Originally I had the definition /se (refl.) to break loose (an animal in snapping its tether or sth similar) and the example sentence /O:koto:n moburroh, mo:stla tontlate:mo:s/, which did not have a reflexive marker. I have added this marker to place the sentence in line with the definition. However, this should be checked. \grm Reduplication; antipassive; number Note the following: /Xko:koto:na chi:hli para kwaltias tli:n titlakwa:s. Ma koko:ya!/, which I have translated as 'Shred up some chile (pulling it apart with your fingers) so that what you're eating gets better tasting! Let it is get spicy hot!' There are several interesting aspects of this. First, and most simply, is the long vowel reduplication. Here it seems to indicate, like in /te:teki/, the temporally spaced repitition of an action. One might have expected a short vowel reduplication given that shredding is an action that does not seem to be one that is repeated in steady, measured moments. Another interesting aspect of this is the /tli:n titlakwa:s/. Again, one might have expected a direct corresponde with a specific prefix: /para kwaltias tli:n tihkwa:s/. Probably this is also correct; and it might even be that speakers in the future would feel that /tli:n titlakwa:s/ is erroneous: this should be checked. But the point is that there is not a direct correspondence between specificity and a specific object marker. Finally, note the interpretation of number and definiteness. Thus /xko:koto:na chi:hli/ would be translated as 'pull apart some chile' and not 'a chile'. To communicate 'a chile' the syntax would be with /se:/: /xko:koto:na se: chi:hli/ or /xkoto:na se: chi:hli/. Note that this brings up the question as to whether the long vowel reduplication is used because there are several chiles, or whether because a chile is slowly divided up and shredded. Thus, inquire whether with one chile one can say /xko:koto:na se: chi:hli/ or whether it should be /xkokoto:na se: chi:hli/, etc. \grm The intensifier /te/ is used with /koto:ni/ and /koto:na/ when referring to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land, or ending of litigation. \ref 05081 \lxa ma:kuwtik \lxac ma:kuwtik \lxo ma:kohtik \lxoc ma:kohtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to have a strong arm (or hand) \ss ser fuerte de brazo (o de mano) \xrb ma: \xrb kow \qry Check if anything other than a person (or animal?) can be /ma:kuhtik/. \pqry Check phonetics with phonetician. \ref 05082 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kéxtamó:ltsi:n \lxoc i:kéxtamó:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seo round bone at the base of the neck \sso hueso redondo a la base del cuello \sem body \equiva kextelolo:tsi:n \xrb kech \xrb tah-2-; mo:l \nae The etymology of <no>kéchtamó:ltsi:n</no> is not immediately apparent. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has <n>tlahmolo:</n> as 'clamolote (palo) de nixtamal.' It is possible that the derivation is the same. \qry Check /támó:ltsi:n/ for the etymology of this word. Cf. /kohtamo:ltsi:n/ and check p=a \sj Check for /h/. \ref 05083 \lxa tlatete:moke:tl \lxac tlatete:moke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \se diviner; person who by various means can perceive the causes of an illness, the location of a lost item, etc. \ss adivinador; persona que al echar suertes o de otra manera equivalente puede perceibir las causas de una enfermedad, la ubicación de algo perdido, etc. \pna Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo. \pea He is a diviner, he knows how to read things that he has tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your family, about the source of his illness. \psa Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal a un plato de agua) para buscarle al miembro de tu familia la razón con que está enfermo. \equiva te:tlatete:mowilike:tl \equivo té:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl \cfo tlaté:moké:tl \xrb te:m-2- \qry Check whether the Am form here can also have the meaning of Oa /tlaté:moké:tl/, i.e., sb who goes looking for animals left out to graze. \ref 05084 \lxa paltia \lxac paltia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to get soaked or drenched (e.g., in the rain, but with ones clothes on) \ss quedar empapado (p. ej., en o por la lluvia, pero con la ropa puesta) \syno a:paltia \syno kapa:ni \xrb pal \xvca paltilia \dis paltia; patsiwi \qry Check to see if the cognate intransitive /palti/ exists. According to one person this refers to getting soaked or drenched, e.g. in the rain, but getting wet with ones clothes on. This should be checked. Check other possible subjects. \rt The etymology of <na>paltia</na> is not entirely clear; it may be related to the archaic stem for 'water' with vowel shortening for some undetermined reason. \ref 05085 \lxa xo:chitlai:hli \lxac xo:chitlai:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (<spn>música de viento</spn>) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession \ss boda elegante con músico de viento contratado quienes accompañan a pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia \cfao xo:chitlai:lo \cfa a:katl \xrb xo:chi \xrb i: \pqry The length of the penultimate /i/ should be checked. \ref 05086 \lxa kapa:ni \lxac kapa:ni \lxo kapa:ni \lxoc kapa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \sea to make a wet-sounding slapping sound \ssa emitir un sonido como palmada fuerte sobre piel o algo mojado \pna O:tipaltiak, sa: kapa:ntok motlake:n. \pea You got drenched, your clothes are making a wet, slapping sound (as you walk). \psa Te empapaste, tu ropa está haciendo un sonido como de palmadas (cuando caminas). \seo to become drenched (Am synonym: <nla>paltia</nla>) \sso empaparse (sinónimo Am: <nla>paltia</nla>) \pno Xniá:s tla:man nikapa:nis. \peo I won't go, if I do I'll get soaked (because it is raining so hard). \pso No voy, si lo hago me voy a empapar (por la fuerte lluvia). \cfa tlatskapa:ni \dis kapa:ni; tlatskapa:ni \xrb kapa: \xvcao kapa:naltia \xvkao kakapaka \nse The typical sound described by <na>kapa:ni</na> is that of wet clothes that are being washed by hand and slapped against a hard surface, or heavy, water-laden clay that is being kneaded and repeatedly slapped flat down on a rock. \qry Check to determine whether /kapa:nia/ is a verb. \ref 05087 \lxa ti:tlani \lxac kiti:tlani \lxo ti:tlani \lxoc kiti:tlani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to send (a person as a messenger, a object to a destination, etc.) \ss enviar (a una persona como mensajero, un objeto a un destino, etc.) \pna Nikti:tlanis -=nikonti:tlanis- ne: para nokone:w. \pea I'll send it (in this case money) there for my child. \psa Lo voy a mandar allí(en este caso dinero) para mi hijo. \pna Misti:tlanis. \pea He will send you (as a messenger). \psa Te va a enviar (como mensajero). \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to send a message (in general) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) enviar un recado (en general) \pna Tlati:tlantok ma wa:hla, ma kitaki itah! \pea He is sending word for him to come, for him to come see his father (who in this case is ill). \psa Estámandando un recado para que venga, para que venga a ver a su papá(quien, en este caso está enfermo). \xrb ti:tlani \xvaao ti:tlanilia \nse Although <na>ti:tlani</na> implicitly signifies extraverse directionality, it is occasionally found with the directional <n>on-</n>, e.g., <na>nikonti:tlanis</na> 'I will sent it there' or 'I will send it off.' However, this is not usual. \qry Definite short /i/ before the impersonal marker /-lo/. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05088 \lxa pa:chaka:tl \lxac pa:chaka:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea improperly formed seed or seed pod, one that does not come to maturity; the seed may lack flesh or the pod might have seeds inside that are small and dry \ssa semilla o vaina mal formada, que no llega a fruición; le puede faltar carne a la semilla o la vaina puede tener adentro semillas que no llegaron a sazón, quedándose secos y pequeños \pna Xo:chika:w ayuwextli, pa:chaka:tl. \pea The squash seeds did not mature, they have no meat inside of them \psa Las semillas de calabaza no llegaron a sazón, no tienen carne adentro. \cfo pa:chika:tik \xrb pa:chaka: \nse This noun refers to items that should but don't have anything inside of them: squash seeds, the fruit of the guamuchil tree, beans, watermelon and melon seeds, even human eyes. This word does not refer to the fruit itself, i.e., does not refer to a poorly formed Note, however, that in referring to mazorca, ciruela, \nse The etymology of <na>pa:chaka:tl</na> is unclear. It might contain the root for 'water' <na>pa:</na> or it might be related to the verb <na>pachiwi</na>, although the vowel length is different. The verbalization <na>pa:chaka:ti</na> is interesting for all the objects to which it may apply, from limbs that are injured and shrivel up and die, to beans that stay small and dry within their pods. \nde There are few cognates in other dialects. However, Northern Puebla (which doesn't record vowel length) has <n>pachacatl</n> glossed as 'vacío' and exemplified by <n>Inon cacahuatl oquis nochin pachacatl</n> 'Estos cacahuates salieron todos vacíos.' \qry The etymology of this word is not clear. Moreover, vowel length should be rechecked. Perhaps it has an"agentive"ending /-ka:tl/; it might also have the archaic root for water: *pa:. Check for cognates. Etymology uncertain; recheck vowel length, although in all similar words I believe I have consistently recorded the pattern given here. Check for Oapan word. There should be a noun here, but it wasn't recorded. However, it is found in derivatives. Check thoroughly. \ref 05089 \lxa nekaxa:ni:hli \lxac nekaxa:ni:hli \lxo nekaxa:ni:hli \lxoc nekaxa:ni:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn Stem 3 \se general weakness and soreness of the back of the waist \ss una condición general de dolor y debilidad por la parte posterior de la cintura \se a condition affecting a woman who has had intercourse shortly after having given birth (i.e., within 4 to 6 months) and whose body has suffered the effects (lit., 'loosening') \ss una condición de una mujer quien ha tenido relaciones sexuales poco después de haber dado la luz (dentro de 4 a 6 meses) y cuyo cuerpo ha sufrido los efectos (lit., 'aflojamiento') \pna Kipia nekaxa:ni:hli de tla:katl, saniman o:kina:paloh. Xtikmatin tla: patis. O:nokaxa:nih un suwa:tl, o:kikaxa:nihiwe:wentsi:n, niman o:kina:paloh. \pea She is suffering from <na>nekaxa:ni:hli</na> induced by a man. He (the husband) slept with her right away (after birth). We don't know if she will recover. That woman got"loosened,"her husband"loosened"her, he slept with her right away. \psa Sufre ella de <na>nekaxa:ni:hli</na> causado por un hombre. El (su esposo) se acostócon ella luego luego (poco después del parto). No sabemos si se va a aliviar. Esa mujer"se aflojó,"la"aflojó"su esposo, luego luego se acostócon ella. \se <l>Marsdenia aff. mexicana</l> Decne., vine of the Asclepiadaceae family used to cure the condition called by the same name <nao>nekaxa:ni:hli</nao> (the vine is also more commonly called <nlao>nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl</nlao>) \ss <l>Marsdenia aff. mexicana</l> Decne., enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que se utiliza para curar la condición del mismo nombre <nao>nekaxa:ni:hli</nao> (más comunmente la enredadera se llama <nlao>nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl</nlao>) \pna O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skehipitsa:hka:n. \pea They ground up the vine called <na>nekaxa:ni:hli,</na> they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. \psa Molieron la enredadera llamada <na>nekaxa:ni:hli</na>, se la van a rociar por la parte posterior de la cintura. \sem medicine \sem vine \xrb kaxa: \nct komekatl \mod Perhaps tape a discussion of this condition and its cure. \ref 05090 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /To:pi:ltepe:k/, which has since been placed in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05091 \lxa pioka:ldoh \lxac pioka:ldoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pio; caldo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea chicken broth \ssa caldo de pollo \sem food \equivo piochi:la:tl \ref 05092 \lxa tlampostehki \lxac tlampostehki \lxo tlampostehki \lxoc tlampostehki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a broken tooth \ss tener un diente roto \pna Titlampostehki, o:postek motlan. \pea You have a broken tooth, your tooth broke. \psa Tienes un diente roto, se rompiótu diente. \xrb tlan \xrb posteki \nse One individual with several broken teeth is referred to by the term <na>tlampopostehki</na> (Am) or <no>tlá:mpostéhki</no> ; several individuals, each with one broken tooth, are referred to as <na>tlampostehkeh</na> (Am / Oa). \grm Reduplication; pluralization: One individual with several broken teeth is referred to by the term <na>tlampopostehki</na> ; several individuals, each with one broken tooth, are referred to as <na>tlampostehkeh</na>. \grm Incorporation; modification: Recently I have created two categories for compounds of the form N+Atr (noun plus attributive adjective). The first, N-Atr-1 is used when the incorporated noun the head of a NP and the semantic subject. Thus, /a:poso:nki/ is 'boiled water.' In this case it is the water that is being talked about. One might gloss the headword entry /a:poso:nki/ as 'to be boiled water.' In the other case, N-Atr-2, the noun is possessed by the subject. In effect this is a case of possessor raising with a modified possessum. The word /tlampostehki/ is an example of such a construction. Analytically a predicate such as /nitlampostehki/ might be expressed as /postehki notlan/. Cf. this to the previous /a:poso:nki/ in which the analytical expression would be with a non-possessed noun: /poso:nki (un) a:tl/. The possessor raising form of incorporation of a modified noun is, as expected, most common with body parts, articles of clothing, etc. \ref 05093 \lxa kuwatl \lxac kuwatl \lxo kowatl \lxoc kowatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic term for snake \ss nombre genérico para serpientes \se (fig.) intestines; entrails; innards \ss (fig.) intestinos; tripas \pna O:pe:w cho:ka kuwatl, na:pismiki. \pea The"snake"has started to cry (i.e., my intestines are starting to growl), I'm hungry. \psa La"culebra"ya empezó a llorar (esto es, mis intestinos empezar a gruñir), tengo hambre. \pna O:yo:lpachiw, o:te:n ikuwaw. \pea He's sated, his innards have had their fill. \psa Ya se satisfizo, se llenaron sus tripas. \pna I:kuwaw kineki koni:s serbe:sah. \pea His innards want to drink beer. \psa Sus tripas quieren tomar cerveza. \seo (<no>kuwatsi:ntih</no>) twins (see Am equivalente: <nla>kwa:tes</nla>) \sso (<no>kuwatsi:ntih</no>) gemelos (vé ase equivalente en Am: <nla>kwa:tes</nla>) \sem animal \sem sn \cfa kuwatsi:ntli; sintli de kuwatl; ixonak kuwatl \encyctmp kowatl \xrb kowa \nse The following types of <na>kowatl</na> have been identified so far: <na>a:palwah</na> (according to Luis Lucena, brown and black, red on its throat); <na>chikote:roh</na>, which is the same as <na>kowi:xkowatl</na> ; <na>i:na:n tsi:katl</na> (according to Luis Lucena"no es bravo,"apparently this is the false corralillo); <na>kowi:xkowatl</na>, which in Spanish is called"chicote"and in Nahuatl is also known as the <na>chikote:roh</na>, it is striped; <na>ma:sakowatl</na>, which is the"masacuate,"not a deadly snake; <na>nexwah</na>, which according to Luis Lucena is not"bravo"and is of a <na>tekwitlanextik</na>, ashen or grew, color; <na>te:kwa:nkowatl</na>, which is a rattlesnake, <na>kipia ikwech</na> ; and <na>tli:lkowatl</na>. There is also a snake called the <na>so:lkowatl</na>, that is said to have wings and there is the <na>te:chi:chi</na>, a type of small animal that sucks ones blood and appears in the ground in the summer. \nae The length of the vowel is difficult to determine and needs further analysis. An examination of the Oapan form shows a relatively long duration for the initial /o/. But other words with /owa/ sequences also seem to manifest greater duration than would be expected from a short vowel. However, for now at least no possible contrast of long and short /o/ preceding /wa/ has been documented. It is for this reason that the vowel has been left short in <nao>kowatl</nao> and in all related words. \nde Note that Pipil has long /u:/ (a reflex of /o:/); Tetelcingo, Morelos, has all short vowels. Carochi has both vowels long. Thus there is wide variation across dialects. \qry Check vowel length of final /a/ and correct as needed in all entries and data. It is very hard to hear if long or short. At least in the singular, it is short (I'm almost sure). However, it does seem that the vowel is long in the plural. This should be checked. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There is an extra female token at 5337. \ref 05094 \lxa tsi:nkopi:ni \lxac tsi:nkopi:ni \lxo tsi:nkopi:ni \lxoc tsi:nkopi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to have the bottom detach (e.g., a bucket, basket, cardboard box, or similar material object) \ss desprendersele el fondo (p. ej., a una cubeta, canasta, caja de cartón, u otro objeto parecido) \se for the stinger to detach (e.g., of a bee after it stings) \ss desprendersele el aguijón (p. ej., a una abeja después de picar) \pna Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika itsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki. \pea It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) becomes detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes out, and it dies right away. \psa Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere. \xrb tsi:n \xrb kopi: \qry Check for other meanings, for transitive, etc. \ref 05095 \lxa tlapa:nki \lxac tlapa:nki \lxo tlapa:nki \lxoc tlapa:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be broken; to be split (e.g., sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic plate, either fissured or with a small section broken off) \ss estar roto; estar quebrado; estar partido (p. ej., algo duro y quebradizo como un plato de cerámica, con una hendedura o faltando un pedazo) \xrb tlapa: \qry Check for /tlapa:ntok/. Note that C. Flores denied the correctness of /tlapa:ntok/. \ref 05096 \lxa tlatska:kochi \lxac tlatska:kochi \lxo tlatska:kochi \lxoc tlatska:kochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep or lie down to doze (e.g., during the day) because of laziness \ss dormir o acostarse para tomar una siesta (p. ej., durante el día) por flojo \xrb tlats \xrb kochi \pqry The length of the /a:/ is particularly marked here and this word could be used as an illustrative example of participial length. \ref 05097 \lxa ma:s \lxac ma:s tewa tiweli \lxo ma:s \lxoc ma:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan mas \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se moreover; in addition \ss además \pna Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayo:tsi:n \pea The maize plants in my field are bare of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves. \psa Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no está bien y además les cayógranizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus hojas.terminaron con sus hojas. \qry The precise nature of the part of speech and function needs to be defined. \mod I think that the elicitation phrase from Am is not as recorded. Check. \ref 05098 \lxa chi:koyo:nia \lxac kichi:koyo:nia \lxo chi:koyo:nia \lxoc kichi:koyo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to make a wide gaping hole (an animal gnawing at a fruit; a rock falling through a roof, etc.) \ss hacer un gran y ancho agujero (un animal que roe una fruta, una piedra grande aventada por un techo de palma, etc.) \pna Yo:kintechichi:koyo:nih tosandiatsitsi:wa:n mo:to. \pea A squirrel made holes all over our watermelons (by biting and eating them). \psa Una ardilla le hizo agujeros por todos lados en nuestas sandias. \pno Nochi yo:kinté:chi:koyo:nih moto. \peo Squirrels have made holes in everything (e.g., fruit). \pso Las ardillas han agujereado todo (p. ej., la fruta). \xrb chi:- \xrb koyo: \nae Note that when the intensifier prefix (which in Oapan often functions as a"dummy morpheme") is used, in Oapan the reduplicant reduces onto its underlyingly short syllable. Hence <no>kinté:chi:koyo:nia</no>. \ref 05099 \lxa tlapahlo:tia \lxac kitlapahlo:tia \lxo tlapahlo:tia \lxoc kitlapahlo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to paint (an amate, ceramics, etc.) \ss pintar (un amate, cerámica, etc.) \xrb pa: \encyctmp painting \nse When used in reference to amates, the term <na>tlapahlo:tia</na> includes both outlining in black (<nlao>tli:lwi:teki</nlao>) and filling in with color (see <nla>tlatsatsakwa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:tsakwá</nlo>). However, it may also be used in reference to painting amates in contrast with <na>tlatsatsakwa</na>. In such cases <nao>tlatlapahlo:tia</nao> refers to painting the actual figures and the latter verb to filling in the spaces with color. \qry Check for existence of intransitive /tlapahlowa/ as well as the adjectival form ?/tlapahloh/, which probably does exist. In one filecard I have recorded /tlapa:lo:ltia/ as on Gram Tape #1:320. Check. \ref 05100 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipantalo:ntepailihtok \lxoc ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \seo to be with ones trousers rolled up \sso estar con los pantalones arremangados \equiva pantalontetekwixtok \equivo ixikasó:ntekwixtok \equivo ixikaso:ntepaili:htok \equivo ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb payol \pqry As in all instances of /tepai:lihtok/ and related words, the length of the vowels in the syllable /pai:/ is unclear. It seems that a short /a/ and long /i:/ might be possible, but this is far from clear. \vl There should be 3 female tokens; the first is defective and should not be tagged. It has an unnatural pause halfway through. \ref 05101 \lxa t- \lxac ta:tli \lxo t- \lxoc ta:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pref(sub) \der Pref-sub \se second person subject prefix ('you') \ss prefijo de sujeto de segunda primera persona ('tú') \nse The prefix <n>t-</n> occurs before vowel-initial verb stems (although its allomorph <nla>ti</nla> may also occur, but much more rarely) and before consonant-initial verb stems in the perfective and pluperfect (e.g., <na>o:tpale:wihtek</na> for <na>o:tikpale:wih</na>, 'you helped him,' although the latter too occurs in more careful speech). Before predicate nouns and adjectives the form <na>ti</na> is perhaps also commonly used before vowel-initial stems, e.g. <na>tia:tlakwintsi:n</na> instead of <na>ta:tlakwintsi:n</na>, at times perhaps motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with the possessive (e.g., <na>ta:tlakwintsi:n</na> 'our water boy' (although <na>ta:tlakwintsi:n</na> meaning 'you are a water boy' is quite common). Before consonant initiate predicates <n>ti-</n> is used: <nao>titisi</nao> 'You grind corn' or <na>tisowa:tl</na> (Am) 'You are a woman.' \ref 05102 \lxa kekel \lxac i:kekel \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N2 \se ticklish spot \ss lugar donde se siente cosquillas \pna Burroh, kipia ikekel. \pea Donkeys have their ticklish spot. \psa Los burros tienes su lugar de cosquillas. \se the proper way to conduct an activity so that it yields good results; target or precise point (e.g., needed to be struck in order to be able to accomplish a given task) \ss la manera apropriada para llevar a cabo una actividad; el mero lugar bueno o punto indicado (esto es, para poder cumplir con una meta deseada) \pna Xkaman yekah o:kine:xtih ikekel un tla:hli. Kemech tewa. \pea No one has ever been able to hit the mark with that land (i.e., make it yield a good crop). You're the first. \psa Hasta ahora nadie ha sido capaz de atinarle a esa tierra (esto es, hacer que rindiera bien). Apenas túeres la primera. \cfao kekeleh \xrb kel \nse A burro, or at least desirable burros, have a"ticklish"spot located on their spine just behind the saddle. The rider"tickles"this spot by twisting his or her middle knuckle into it to make the burro move fast. I was once told that one can give a burro its <na>kekel</na>, ticklish spot, by sticking a large needle (used for sewing with twine) into its spine when it is young. This word has only been documented in possessed form. \qry Check to see if /h/ is underlying present as part of a reduplicative form (as Karttunen does, cf. /quehqueliui/). I have also heard the noun <na>kipia ikekel</na> used in regard to a person (e.g. a woman in particular) but this is apparently a joking metaphor. \ref 05103 \lxa popo:ka \lxac popo:ka \lxo popo:ka \lxoc popo:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to give off smoke \ss echar humo \dis popo:ka; po:hki:sa \xrb po:k \rt There is a possible relationship of <na>popo:ka</na> to <nlao>po:ni</nlao>. In part, except for the long final vowel in <na>popo:ka</na>, the relationship between the two parallels that of frequentative forms. Also, there is a general semantic link between fire and flowers in Mesoamerican culture (cf. the word for 'coal,' <nla>tlixo:xtli</nla>, literally 'fire flower'). \ref 05104 \lxa kwa:tsotsolowa \lxac kikwa:tsotsolowa \lxo kwa:tsotsolowa \lxoc kikwa:tsotsolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwa:tetsotsolowa</na>) \infv class-2b \se to cut the hair of (sb) real short at the top (perhaps leaving it a little longer on the sides) \ss cortarle el cabello muy corto (a algn) en la parte superior de la cabeza a (quizádejándolo un poco más largo a los lados) \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \qry Check for other meanings. \ref 05105 \lxa iyo:tila:na \lxac kiyo:tila:na \lxo íyo:tilá:na \lxop iyo:tila:na \lxoc kíyo:tilá:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to suck in (air or a liquid, by breathing in strongly) \ss inhalar, aspirar o jalar con la respiración (aire o líquido, por la boca) \pna Wel mitsiyo:tila:nas kowatl, de masa:kowatl, deke tikwi:ka mosiga:rroh, xtlikwi:lti, wan no: xma:ka:wto po:ktli ka:n wa:le:wtok ipan kwe:bah. \pea A snake, a boa, can suck you in with its breath, but if you are carrying a cigarette, light it, and let the smoke loose where it (the air being pulled in) is coming from. \psa Una culebra, del tipo masacuate, te puede jalar con su respiración, pero si estás llevando un cigarro, préndelo y suelta el humo por donde viene (el aire que está siendo jalado) la parte de la cueva de donde viene (el aire). \se to siphon \ss sacar con sifón \pna Kiyo:tila:na para pe:wa ki:sas. \pea He sucks in on it (i.e., a hose of water) so that it (the water) starts to come out. \psa Le jala con aire (p. ej., agua en una manguera) para que empiece (el agua) a salir. \se to suck on the soft part of a baby's head, placing ones mouth, with water in it, over the soft spot and sucking in hard (in order to"raise"the fontanelle, <na>ia:w</na>, after it has"fallen"in) \ss chupar, con agua en la boca, la mollera de un niño, poniendo la boca sobre su mollera y chupando fuertemente (para subirle la mollera, <na>ia:w</na>, después de que se haya caido) \pna Kiyo:tila:naskeh ia:w un kone:tsi:ntli. \pea They will suck on the soft part of that baby's head. \psa Van a chupar la mollera de ese niño. \xrb hyo: \xrb tila:na \qry Check root for underlying {h} in other dialects (e.g. Oapan). \ref 05106 \lxa chi:lkwa \lxac chi:lkwa \lxo chi:lkwa \lxoc chi:lkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to eat chile or food prepared with a lot of chile (i.e., spicy food) \ss comer chile o comida preparada con mucho chile (esto es, comida picosa) \pna Mlá:k kwahli chi:lkwa, ma:ski pitentsi:n \pea He can really eat spicy foods, even though he is young. \psa De veras puede comer lo picoso, aunque es muy niño. \xrb chi:l \xrb kwa \ref 05107 \lxa tso:tso:yoh \lxac tso:tso:yoh \lxo tso:tso:yoh \lxoc tso:tso:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to have sores, ulcers, or infected pimples on ones skin \ss tener llagas,úlceras o granitos infectados sobre la piel \pna Tso:tso:yoh mokaba:yoh. \pea Your horse has sores (e.g., on its back from the scraping of a saddle). \psa Tu caballo tiene llagas (p. ej., sobre el lomo por el raspar de la silla). \xrb tso: \qry Can one say /nitso:tso:yoh/? \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 05108 \lxa chi:chi \lxac kichi:chi \lxo chi:chi \lxoc kichi:chi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a(oni) \se to suckle; to nurse (a young child or animal) \ss amamantar (un niño) \pna Ok chi:chi, xka:wa, ye we:i. \pea He is still nursing, it not what you'd expect, he's already quite old. \psa Todavía amamanta, no es de esperar, ya es grande. \se (with specific object) to suck on (a person or animate being, particularly in extracting corporeal liquid such as milk or blood) \ss (con objeto específico) chupar (a algn, o un ser animado, particularmente para sacar un líquido corporal como la leche o la sangre) \pna Mitschi:chis se: te:chi:chi. \pea A <na>techichi</na> (type of bloodsucker) will suck your blood. \psa Un <na>techichi</na> (tipo de animal hematófago) te va a chupar la sangre. \xrb chi:chi \nse In Oapan this is rarely used as a transitive, and when it is it seems only to refer to a child nursing with its mother. \nae The long stem of this verb apparently ends with a long vowel: <nao>chi:chi:s</nao>. \ref 05109 \lxa osto:k \lxac osto:kitlachichi:wal \lxo osto:k \lxoc osto:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 \seao (~ <nao>cha:neh</nao>) the Devil (in Ameyaltepec, by extension, some speakers might simply say <na>ostó:k</na>, with this same sense) \ssao (~ <nao>cha:neh</nao>) el diablo (en Ameyaltepec, por extensión, algunos hablantes a veces dicen simplemente <na>ostó:k</na>, con el mismo sentido) \pna Osto:kixina:ch! \pea (You) child of the Devil! \psa ¡Hijo del diablo! \sea god-dam \ssa ¡diablo!¡pinche! \pna Osto:k kone:tl. \pea God-dam kid! \psa ¡Pinche niño! \seo in the cliffs \sso en los peñascos \xrb osto: \xrl -ko \ono diablo \nse <na>Ostó:k</na> is a trope for the Devil based on where he lives; he more completely referred to as <na>ostó:k cha:neh</na>. In Ameyaltepec a phrase such as <na>ostó:k kone:tl</na> or <na>ostó:k i:xina:ch</na> is used to insult or berate, <na>para ika te:uwikalti:lo</na>. Note that in Oapan <no>osto:h cha:neh</no> is the surface realization of this form given the phonology rule for weakening of final /k/. \qry Check final stress in /ostó:k/ in all cases (i.e., as part of an insulting phrase, as used alone to signify the devil, and in a compound phrase such as <na>ostó:k cha:neh</na>. \ref 05110 \lxa malwilia \lxac kimalwilia \lxo malwilia \lxoc kimalwilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take great care of or to handle delicately for (a domesticated animal, a material object, etc.) \ss cuidar para; manejar cuidadosamente para (un animal domesticado, una herramienta u objeto material presetado, etc.) \pna Timitsmalwili:s morra:dioh, xne:xtlane:wti! \pea I'll take good care of your radio for you, lend it to me! \psa Te voy a cuidar bien tu radio,¡Préstamelo! \xrb malwi \xvba malwia \xvbo malwiya \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05111 \lxa pepechiwi \lxac pepechiwi \lxo pepechiwi \lxoc pepechiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl; +Caus \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(w) \se (often with <n>i:pan</n>) to get stuck (on) (e.g., burnt food on a pot, sth sticky on any surface, etc.) \ss (a menudo con <n>i:pan</n>) pegarse (a) (p. ej., comida quemada en una olla, algo pegajoso sobre cualquier superficie, etc.) \pna O:pepechiw motlakwal, xo:tneloh. \pea You food has gotten stuck (to the side of a pot), you didn't stir it. \psa Se pegótu comida (a la olla), no la revolviste. \pna O:pepechiw kupahli ipan motlake:n. \pea Gum got stuck on your clothes. \psa Se pegóchicle a tu ropa. \pna O:nitlake:ntlatlak, nopan o:pepechihka kwe:teh. \pea My clothes got burned, a firecracker got (i.e., exploded) very close to me. \psa Se me quemóla ropa, un cohete se me pegó(esto es se explotómuy cerca de mí). \xrb pech \xvcao pepecho:ltia \qry I have only heard this reduplicated. This should be checked. Also check for use of /pepechiwi/ with /-tech/. \grm Transitivity; causatives: Note that /pepechiwi/ is one of those verbs that are of nondirected alternation but that have both a nondirected transitive and a causative. Note discussion on dictionary tape with C. Flores re: intransitive, durative, and transitive reflexive. \ref 05112 \lxa tolkopetli \lxac tolkopetli \lxo tlalkópetlí \lxoc tlalkópetlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \infn Stem 1(h) \se tenjolote o tencolote (in regional Spanish), conical-shaped basket of three sticks and woven palm used in pairs to transport goods by beast of burden \ss tenjolote o tencolote (en el español regional), canasta cónica de palos y palma tejida que se utiliza en pares para transportar objetos por bestia \se constellation of stars identifiable as the head of Taurus (so-called for its shape that resembles the material object of this name) \ss constelación de estrellas idenficiable como la cabeza de taurus (llamado asípor su forma como de <na>tolkopetli</na>) \sem tool \sem heavens \xrb tolkopeh \nse In the Balsas region the <na>tolkopetli</na> (Am) is used most commonly by merchants from San Miguel Tecuiciapan to transport the <spn>comales</spn> that they manufacture. In other regions they are used to transport <spn>mazorcas</spn> gathered in the harvest. \nde In Classical Nahuatl the word <na>tompiatli</na> is found apparently with an equivalent meaning. Tetelcingo, Morelos has <na>tompiajtli</na>, glossed as 'canasta de palma en forma de racimo de uvas.' The etymology of this word, with so many variations, is difficult to determine. For now it has been given as <nr>tolkopeh</nr>. A complete comparison of this term through the valley would be helpful. \sj For SJ and other villages. \mod Illustrate; see illustration on 3x5 card \ref 05113 \lxa wekapan \lxac wekapan \lxo wákapán \lxop wakapan \lxoc wákapán \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infa pl., <na>wekapameh</na> \pa yes-lex \se to be tall; to be high (a person, a tree, building, etc., i.e., sth that stands upright above the ground) \ss ser alto; ser elevado (una persona, unárbol, etc., esto es, algo que está parado arriba de la superficie o suelo) \xrb wehka \xrl -pan \nae Although the adjectival form of this word is not the typical construction one finds in paradigms with inchoatives and transitives, it has been included here because of the forms of the verbal counterparts: <na>wekapania</na> (Am) / <no>wákapánia</no> (Oa) and <na>wekapanilia</na> (Am) / <na>wákapanília</na> (Oa). \qry Check for transitive in /-lia/. Note that perhaps this category /cat field code should be changed. Cf. /wekapania/. \ref 05114 \lxa ite:ntson osto:tsi:n \lxac ite:ntson osto:tsi:n \lxoc i:te:ntson osto:tsi:n \lxt *i:te:ntson osto:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of plant not yet collected nor identified \ssa tipo de planta todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb te:n \xrb tson osto: \cpl Although I have heard this plant mentioned several times, I once asked Luis Lucena about it and he responded that although he also remembers having heard the name mentioned, he does not know to what plant it refers. Silvestre Pantaleón was not familiar with this plant. While Inocencio Díaz stated this is a type of <nao>sakatl</nao> while Asención Marcelo stated that it was a <na>xiwtli</na>, i.e., herbaceous plant. \nct sakatl; xiwtli \ref 05115 \lxa moyo:naltia \lxac kimimoyo:naltia \lxo moyo:naltia \lxoc kimoyo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to cause or make swarm \ss hacer enjambrarse \pna O:kimimoyo:naltih chi:lpameh. \pea He made the wasps swarm and buzz about. \psa Hizo que las avispas se enjambraran. \equivao moyo:nia \xrb moyo: \xvbao moyo:ni \nse Apparently <nao>moyo:naltia</nao> is synonomous with <nao>moyo:nia</nao> although the possibility of semantic difference should be explored. \qry I am not sure why there are two forms, /moyo:nia/ and /moyo:naltia/ (there are other similar cases of two forms) and if there is any difference in their use and meaning. This should be checked. \ref 05116 \lxa te:skayo:tia \lxac kite:skayo:tia \lxo te:skayo:tia \lxoc kite:skayo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to put glass on (an object); to put a mirror on (e.g., a dance crown, such as those used in <nla>Da:nsah de Koro:nah</nla>) \ss poner vidrio a (un objeto); poner un espejo en (p. ej. una corona de danza como la que se utiliza en <nla>Da:nsah de Koro:nah</nla>) \xrb te:ska \grm Note that although /te:skayo:tia/ exists as 'to place a mirror on (as part of)' the adjectival and intransitive/inchoative do not exist: *te:skayoh and *te:skayowa. Thus it would seem that this is a direct denominal verb. Note that the /-yo/ seems to indicate that the mirror or glass is part of a whole; thus the patient of /te:skayo:tia/ could afterward have it said of it: /kipia ite:skayo/. However, there is no form *te:skayowa and no form (that I know of) *te:skayo:tl. \ref 05117 \lxa itiyo:hli \lxac i:tiyo:l \lxo ítiyó:hli \lxoc í:tiyó:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se budding point of the corn plant (and certain other plants), from the last leaf up \ss punto o botón de la planta del maíz (y ciertas otras plantas), desde laúltima hoja hacia arriba \seo seeds that are inside of a fruit, chile, etc. \sso semillas que están dentro de una fruta, chile, etc. \se stamen (of any flower) \ss estambre (de cualquier flor) \xrb hti \xrb yo:l \ono mi:hli \nse The sense of 'seeds that are inside of a fruit, chile, etc.' was offered by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. It is not clear whether the other two senses are also applicable in Oapan. In this village <no>í:tiyó:l</no> is used to refer to the seeds while they are inside (as seeds found inside a fresh green chile that is being nibbled on). Once they are outside the fruit they are simply referred to as <no>i:yo:l</no>. Thus the first nominal stem refers to the location of the second nominal, <no>yo:hli</no>. \qry Etymology uncertain, check for presence of {h} (as in /ihtiyo:l/) in neighbouring dialects. Apparently only occurs in possessed 3rd person form; check. Check to see if equivalent to /itiyo:ltsi:n/, if so, combine entries. Check the pitch-accent pattern. \pqry Note that the pitch on the first syllable is noticeably higher than that on the second syllable. The question is whether in words that are underlying {VhCVCV:C) the pitch pattern is always like this, with high and pronounced high pitch on the first syllable and a lower high pitch on the final one. Check. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that the pitch on the first syllable is noticeably higher than that on the second syllable. The question is whether in words that are underlying {VhCVCV:C) the pitch pattern is always like this, with high and pronounced high pitch on the first syllable and a lower high pitch on the final one. Check. \ref 05118 \lxa tlateki:ltia \lxac kitlateki:ltia \lxo tlateki:ltia \lxoc kitlateki:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sharpen \ss afilar; sacar filo a \equivo tlateki:tia \xrb teki \xvbao tlateki \nse <nao>Tlateki:ltia</nao> is used to refer to sharpening knives, machetes, axes, etc. \qry Check to determine whether /tekiltia/ exists. If it doesn't /tlateki:ltia/ should be considered a lexicalized indirect null complement (or indefinite deletion in Allerton's terminology, as opposed to contextual deletion. \vl Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez begin by stating /kitlalteki:ltia/. The the /l/ closing the second syllable. This is a different entry and the tokens (2 female and 1 male) should be tagged with #07735. Then, Florencia Marcelino utters /tlateki:tia/. This is equivalent to the present entry except thta the ending in /-i:tia/ and not /-i:ltia/. Again, a separate entry has been created and this is at 7736. The female token /kitlateki:tia/ should be tagged as 7736. It is the only token of this pronunciation. Then, there follows \ref 05119 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally /tsi:ntsontli/ but has been removed as offensive. It is in the censored database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Please tag all the tokens (they are all male) at 5119, etc. but do not link any of them to the lexicon. \ref 05120 \lxa pia \lxo 'piá \lxop pia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>tlapia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlápiyá</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>tlapia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlápiyá</nlo> (Oa) \xrb hpiya \nse This is a defective verb in that it apparently occurs only with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. In Ameyaltepec the underying {h} is lost whereas in neighboring dialects it is preserved. Thus in Oapan one finds <nlo>tlápiyá</nlo> while in San Juan Tetelcingo one finds <na>tlahpiya</na>. \qry Make sure this occurs only with /tla-/ and that forms such as ?/kihpiya/ are not acceptable. \vl There are two sets of four tokens here: /kipiya/ and /kí:piyá/. They should all be tagged with #02672. Instructions for linking are there. \ref 05121 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for Am / ye/ and was removed as a duplicate. \dt 22/Nov/2003 \ref 05122 \lxa kwe:tli de koto:ntok \lxac kwe:tli de koto:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea skirt of a type of woman's outfit with a blouse separate from the skirt, i.e., they are not sewn together in one piece \ssa falda del vestido de mujer que tiene una blusa separada de la falda, esto es, las dos partes no están cosidas en una sola pieza \sem clothing \equivo siwa:kwe:tli \encyctmp tlake:ntli; kwe:tli \xrb kwe: \xrb koto: \ref 05123 \lxa xikne:li:listli \lxac xikne:li:listli \lxo xihne:li:listli \lxoc xihne:li:listli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se person who is thankless or ingrateful \ss persona que es malagradecida (una persona) \pna Xnikne:li:listli, a:sta a:man xnikonka:wa tli:n o:ne:stla:ne:wtikeh. \pea I'm not grateful, up to now I still haven't gone to drop off what they lent me. \psa No estoy agradecido, hasta ahora no he ido a dejar lo que me prestaron. \pna Xikne:li:listli ika o:hmaxtih. A:man xne:chselia. \pea He's not thankful that I taught him. Nowadays he doesn't accept me in his house. \psa No está agradecido por eso de que le enseñé, ahora no me recibe en su casa. \pna Xikne:li:listli. O:tiktla:ne:wtih san para ke:n na:wi to:nahli, a:man ye kipia se: me:stli. \pea He isn't grateful. You lent it to him for about four days, and now its been a month. \psa No está agradecido. se lo prestaste por algo como cuatro días, y ahora ya cumple un mes. \xrb kne:li \nse This noun is only found in the negative. \qry Check use of /ikne:li:listli/ with subject prefix /ni-/. It seems interesting that the nominalization refers to an individual who effects the action indicated by the verb. Also, epenthetical status of initial /i/ is uncertain.. \pqry Determine the phonetic nature of the transition between /xi/ and /ne:l-/. I have written this has /h/. \grm Nominalization of transitive verbs: Note the nominalization of a transitive verb without and detransitivizing element (tla-, te:-, or ne-). Discuss in a section on nominalization and detransitivization. Check Launey. \ref 05124 \lxa kuwi:skikuwtli \lxac kuwi:skikuwtli \lxo kowi:sikohtli \lxoc kowi:sikohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit \ssao <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao kowi:skitl \xrb ko \xrb i:ski \xrb kow \nct kohtli \pqry Oapan phonology; k-deletion. Note that whereas both Am and Oa have /kowi:skitl/, when the noun /kohtli/ is added, the Oapan form loses /k/ in /kowi:skitl/. This should be rechecked. \grm Oapan phonology; k-deletion. Note that whereas both Am and Oa have /kowi:skitl/, when the noun /kohtli/ is added, the Oapan form loses /k/ in /kowi:skitl/. This should be rechecked. \ref 05125 \lxa weliwin \lxac weliwin tia:skeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \sea at a brisk pace; quickly (in regard to a pace of walking) \ssa a un paso muy ligero; rápido (en cuanto a un paso al caminar) \pna Newa weliwin niá:s. \pea I'm going to go walking very quickly. \psa Voy a ir caminando muy rápido. \pna Xweliwin! \pea Hurry up you (walk faster)! \psa ¡Apúrale (camina rápido)! \sea (with long vowel reduplication) at a very brisk pace; very quickly (in regard to a pace of walking) \ssa (con reduplication de vocal larga) a un paso muy ligero; muy rápido (en cuanto a un paso al caminar) \xrb weli \nse According to Concepción de la Cruz, <na>xweliwin</na> indicates a pace quicker than that indicated by <na>xne:nenemi</na>. Apparently the long vowel reduplication makes the pace even brisker, though this should be confirmed. \qry Cf. Gram 1984-02-6.4 \ref 05126 \lxa ko:tsi:ltik tetsi:lka:komalako:tl yeyekatl \lxac *ko:tsi:ltik tetsi:lka:komalako:tl yeyekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea one of the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \ssa uno de los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \sem ritual \xrb ko:tsi:l \xrb tetsi:l \xrb komalaka: \xrb e:ka \nse This <na>yeyekatl</na> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:lka/ is incorporated as a participal to /komalako:tl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. Also, perhaps simply have these as pages linked to the dictionary at /yeyekameh/, i.e., a discussion or series of pages on the /yeyekameh/, soul-raising, etc. \grm If /tetsi:lka:yeyekatl/ is indeed an incorporated form, this suggests that the participial form of verbs ending in /-iwi/ is simply /-ka:/ and not ?/-ihka:/. This should be checked. \ref 05127 \lxa tli:n \lxac xkiselia tli:n kimakan \lxo tli:n \lxoc tli:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltz \der Reltz \se that which (in a headless relative clause) \ss lo que (en una claúsula relativa sin cabeza) \pno Nihtlantok tli:n nihchi:wa. \peo I'm finishing what I'm doing. \pso Estoy terminando lo que estoy haciendo. \pno Nochi kipatio:tia tlin kinamaka. \peo He raises the price on everything that he sells. \pso Le sube el precio a todo lo que vende. \xrb tli:n \qry The precise difference between /tli:n/ and /tli:non/ needs to be investigated. Apparently (and this should be checked) /tli:n/ is used as a specific pronoun and /tli:non/ for a nonspecific (or indefinite). Note that I originally had /tli:n/ as or defined as 'that (as relative pronoun)'; this should be checked. \ref 05128 \lxa tla:lka:wia \lxac kitla:lka:wia \lxo tla:lka:wia \lxof [tla:l ka: 'wi a] \lxoc kitla:lka:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to leave or create a distance between; to leave behind (in covering a physical distance by walking, etc.) \ss dejar o crear una distancia entre; dejar atrás (en cubrir una distancia al caminar, etc.) \pna Timitstla:lka:wi:s, yo:li:k tinenemi. \pea I will leave you behind, you walk slowly. \psa Te voy a dejar atrás, caminas despacio. \pna O:te:xtla:lka:wih un toba:leh. O:yah. \pea Our friend left us behind (in this case while drinking). He left. \psa Nuestro amigo nos dejó atrás (en este caso al estar tomando). Se fue. \pna Ye kitla:lka:wia motla:l ka:n tito:ka. Xok umpa nowitia un a:te:ntli. \pea It's leaving a distance between it and the land where you plant. The river no longer passes close by (i.e., it is changing course). \psa Estádejando una distancia al terreno donde siembras. Ya no pasa por allí el río (que está cambiando de curso). \seo to abandon; to leave behind (e.g., as in leaving a household) \sso abandonar; dejar atrás (p. ej., en separarse de una familia) \pno Kitla:lka:wia itah. Xka:wa, kemech o:nona:miktih. \peo He's abandoned his father's home (in separating after marriage). Who would have thought it? he just got married (perhaps a year ago, or less). \pso Abandonóel hogar de su papá(al separarse después de casarse).¿Quién lo iba a pensar? Apenas se casó(quizáapenas un año, o menos). \seo to leave earth around (e.g., a river that leaves earth around riverside trees as it recedes) \sso dejar tierra alrededor de (p. ej., un río que deja tierra por losárboles ribereños al bajar) \fla tla:lte:mia \xrb tla:l \xrb ka:wa \dis ka:wte:wa; tla:lka:wia \nae The valency structure of this verb is further discussed in the grammar; see also <nla>tla:lte:mia</nla> and <nla>a:te:kia</nla> \qry Check difference between /tla:lka:wia/ and /ka:wte:wa/ (e.g., /ne:chtla:lka:wia/ and /ne:chka:wte:wa/). \ref 05129 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family, locally called <spn>cacalosúchil</spn>, that includes distinct varieties with white, yellow, and red flowers; only those with white flowers grow wild in the region, the others are found only in house gardens \ss <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L.,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae, llamado localmente cacalosúchil, o 'flor de cuervo'; el cacalosúchil tiene 3 variantes locales, con flores blancas, amarrillas y rojas; solamente el primero es silvestre, los otros se encuentran nada más en casas particulares \pna Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl | Kipia ixo:chio. Deke peya:stik bwe:noh para kabes:itah noso mori:yoh. \pea <na>Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</na> : It has flowers. If it is straight it's good for main beams and principal rafter beams. \psa <na>Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</na> : Tiene sus flores. Si es derecho es bueno para cabezas y morillos. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \cpl According to consultants (Feb. 2001) there are several types of <na>ka:ka:loxo:chitl</na>, distinguished by the color of their flowers. The <nla>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k</nla> has white flowers and grows wild in the hills of the Balsas River valley. There are three other types of <nla>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</nla> that apparently are not found wild but rather grow only in home gardens in villages of the region: <nla>ka:ka:lo:xo:chit chi:chi:ltik</nla>, and <nla>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik</nla>. A few speakers mentioned a fourth type of <na>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</na> with rose-colored flowers, which they called <na>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl rosi:tah</na> or <nla>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah</nla>. However, given the lack of consensus on this form it has not yet been entered in the lexical database. The <na>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</na> is used as a remedy for <na>kowasiwistli</na>. Ramírez and Dakin identify this as <na>flor de cuervo</na>. Ramírez (1991) (and Ramírez and Dakin, 1979) identifies th is as <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> or <spn>flor de cuervo</spn> of the family <i>Apocynaceae</i> with the genus/species given as <i>Plumeria acutifolia</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:171) identify as <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> the <i>Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia</i> of the family <i>Apocynaceae</i>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> as a separate entry. However, she does have the following under flor de mayo:"1. (<i>Laelia grandiflora</i> '[species of] orchid.' See flor de copus. 2. (<i>Plumeria</i> spp. e.g., <i>P. rubra</i>) 'frangipani.' Tree is native to rather dry mountain slopes. Fragrant, white or pink, waxy flowers appears before the leaves. Also called cacalosúchil, flor de corpus, flor de templo, franchipán [probably incorrect as a Spanish term], súchil, suchilete. 3. (<i>Sprekelia formosissima</i>) 'Aztec lily,' Jacobean lily.' See pata de gallo. 4. (<i>Zephranthes</i> spp., e.g., <i>Z carinata</i>) 'fairy lily,' rain lily.' See mayito."In San Ju an Tetelcingo I have he ard this referred to as <n>kuhxo:chitl</n>. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \ref 05130 \lxa ii:mati \lxac nii:mati \lxo é:matí \lxop e:mati \lxoc né:matí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to be careful or prudent \ss (refl.) ser cuidadoso o prudente \pna Xtimi:matis ke:n tikochis. \pea You are not careful with the way you sleep (e.g., you sleep in the nude, or because you sleep alone). \psa No tienes cuidado en como duermes (p. ej., desnudo, o porque duermes solo). \pna Tli:no:n o:mitsasik? Tle:ka xtimi:mati? Tle:ka xtimoma:te:kia? \pea What's gotten ahold of you? Why aren't you prudent? Why don't you wash your hands? (in this case said to sb who has cut himself and doesn't wash the wound). \psa ¿Quéte pasa?¿Por quéno tienes cuidado?¿Por quéno te lavas las manos? (en este caso dicho a algn quien se ha cortado y no lava la herida). \xrb ihmati \nae In Oapan initial sequence is apparently a reduplicant on an initial {ih-} syllable. The underlying {h} is also reflective in the pitch accent pattern of <no>tlámatí</no>. However, it is inclear why the initial vowel of Ameyaltepec is long. Perhaps it has undergone a process of lenition ({h} becoming length), or perhaps it is a result of reduction of a VV sequence to V:. Or, perhaps, the length is underlying for all effects and purposes; it may even be that the pitch accent of the Oapan form is the result of a reduplicant on a long initial vowel. This would simply the interpretation of the data gathered to date: the length is underlying and reflected in Ameyaltepec <na>i:mati</na> whereas the pitch accent of Oapan <no>né:matí</no> is the result of reduplication (whether or not this is lexicalized or optional still needs to be determined even though the Oapan form produced spontaneously by two consultants was with a long high-pitched vowel, as exemplified in the sound file s here). \qry Recheck the long /i:/ in Ameyaltepec. However, note that various /ih/ initial words in Ameyaltepec seem to have a reflex in /i:/. Also, I am not sure if the compound /tlamati/ or /tlai:mati/, etc. meaning 'to be an expert in something' exists in Ameyaltepec. Check. \ref 05131 \lxa pepena \lxac kipepena \lxo pépená \lxop pepena \lxoc kí:pená \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:pená</no> \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \se to pick up (many small objects, such as seeds, that are scattered on the ground) \ss recoger; levantar (muchos objetos pequeños, como semillas, que están regados por el suelo) \pna O:ntepe:w un tlayo:hli. O:ne:chma:tlan. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh! \pea I spilled the maize onto the ground (by accident, e.g., by carelessly carrying an open sack). It (e.g., a sack) slipped out of my hand. Now children, gather it all up! \psa Desparramé el maíz sobre el suelo (sin propósito, p. ej., al llevar sin cuidado un costal abierto). Se me fue de la mano.¡Ahora niños, a recoger! \pna On kichkone:tl melá:k yo:kipepe:n tesiwtli. \pea That little boy picked up a lot of hailstones. \psa Ese niñito recogiómuchas piedras de granizo. \pna Deke yo:chika:w tepe:tomatl, pe:wa tepe:wi ipan t:la:hli. Sa: para tikpepenas. \pea If the <nba>tepe:tomatl</nba> has gotten overripe, it (the fruit itself) starts to fall, scattering on the ground. It just remains for you to pick them up. \psa Si el <nba>tepe:tomatl</nba> pasa de maduro empieza (su fruta) a regarse por el suelo. Nada más queda para que lo recojas. \dis akukwa; pepena; sentla:lia \xrb pena \xvaa pepenilia \xvao pépenília \xv1o tlá:pená \nse <na>Pepena</na> refers to the action of picking many small objects up off the ground. In this sense it differs from <nla>akukwi</nla>, which refers to the action of picking up a single item or perhaps several individuated items. \qry Check the use of /tlapepena/ as opposed to /kipepena/. Check particularly for incorporation: /tlayo:lpepena/, etc. If Am /tlapepena/ is correct, then change here. \ref 05132 \lxa tlato:tolopochka:n \lxac tlato:tolopochka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1(N2-tla) \se area that is uneven and bumpy (in reference to an extended area of land) \ss área dispareja y llena de topes (en referencia a un terreno) \pna Tetekwi:ntiw, tlato:tolpochka:n. \pea It goes bouncing along (in this case a wheelbarrow on bumpy ground), there are bumps all over. \psa Va brincando (en este caso una carretilla sobre un terreno disparejo), está todo disparejo con topes por dondequier. \equivo tlato:tolopochka:n \equivao tla:lto:tolopochka:n \dis tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n \xrb tolopoch \xrl -ka:n \qry Determine precise meaning of /tlato:tolpochka:n/ and check spelling. Cf. and disambiguate from /tlatewistika:n/. Check vowel length of first long /o:/ since the entry /tla:ltotolopochka:n/ has a short /o/ in the reduplicated syllable. This Am entry is probably in error and should be eliminated. \ref 05133 \lxa mihka:xokokuwtli \lxac mihka:xokokuwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea <l>Spondias mombin</l> L., wild plum tree of the Anacardiaceae family \ssa <l>Spondias mombin</l> L., ciruelo silvestre de la familia Anacardiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva mihka:xokotl \xrb miki \xrb xoko \xrb kow \nse Ameyaltepequeños distinguish this tree from the <nba>masa:xokokohtli</nba> on the basis of the time of fruition and nature of the fruit. But from all other characteristics they admit that the two trees look identical. Latin classification has the <na>mihka:xokokohtli</na> and the <na>masa:xokokohtli</na> as identical. \nct kohtli \ref 05134 \lxa xi:xtlami \lxac xi:xtlami \lxo xi:xtlami \lxoc xi:xtlami \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \seo to finish defecating (in the sense that one does not immediately need to go again) \sso terminar con la necesidad de defecar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida) \xrb xi:x \xrb tlami \nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term <nlo>a:xi:xtlami</nlo>. \ref 05135 \lxa a:ko:lo:tl \lxac a:ko:lo:tl \lxo a:ko:lo:tl \lxoc a:ko:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of crayfish that is said to sting, still not definitively identified \ss tipo de cangrejo del río que dicen pica, todavía no identificado definitivamente \pna A:ko:lo:tl | Ke:n ko:lo:tl, pero itik a:tl cha:neh. Chika:wak te:kwa pero xmotech ki:sas. \pea <na>A:ko:lo:tl</na> : It is like a scorpion but it lives in the water. It stings very much but it will not make you ill. \psa <na>A:ko:lo:tl</na> : Es como un alacrán pero vive en el agua. Pica fuerte pero no se te va a trabar. \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb ko:lo: \nse The <na>a:ko:lo:tl</na> is not considered a type of <nla>michin</nla>, at least by several Ameyaltepec consultants. \ref 05136 \lxa xi:nia \lxac kixi:nia \lxo xi:nia \lxoc kixi:nia \dt 24/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to scatter (seeds on the ground as in planting a seed garden, in a bowl of water in divination, etc.); to spill (accidently, uncountable solid objects) on the ground \ss desparramar; esparcir; (semillas sobre la tierra al hacer un semillero, en un plato de agua en echar suertes, monedas sobre el suelo, etc.); regar; tirar accidentalmente (objetos pequeños y sólidos a la tierra) \pna O:nxi:nih noyew, yo:nto:kak. \pea I've scattered by beans on the ground, I've planted them. \psa Reguémis frijoles sobre la tierra, ya los sembré. \pna O:nxi:nih notlayo:l, xo:mpix kwida:doh. \pea I spilled my corn on the ground, I wasn't careful. \psa Dejéque se regara mi maíz por el suelo, no tuve cuidado. \pna Tikxi:xi:ni:s yetl. \pea You will drop beans on the ground once and once again (in planting them between the corn plants, dropping them on the ground at these fairly regular intervals and often covering them with earth). \psa Vas a dejar caer frijoles sobre la tierra una y otra vez (al sembrarlos entre las matas de maíz, dejando caer los frijoles sobre la tierra y generalmente empujando un poquito de tierra para taparlos). \pna Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas. \pea (To make a <na>tlapacho:hli</na>) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro, or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them (the seeds), then you cover them with grass and water it so that they sprout. When they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them. \psa (Para hacer un <na>tlapacho:hli</na>) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballo por el suelo y les cubres (las semillas) con una capa delgada de tierra, después les echas encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron, las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas. \pna Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas. \pea Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt. \psa ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies. \se (with <n>on-</n>) to toss into (e.g., beans into a pot) \ss (con <n>on-</n>) echar a; echar adento (p. ej., frijoles en una olla) \pna Kemech o:nikonxi:nih noye:tsi:n para ma iksitiwetsi. \pea I just tossed my beans (in a pot of boiling water) so that they'd cook up in a hurry. \psa Apenas echémis frijoles (en una olla de agua hirviendo) para que se cocieran de una vez. \pna Xka:pacho moyew para tikonxi:ni:s! Tikpapa:kas. \pea Place your beans in water, you will (later) toss them (into a pot to cook)! You will wash them (this refers to the action of placing beans in a water-filled bowl to soften and clean them before cooking). \psa ¡Mete los frijoles en agua, los vas a hervir (después)! Los vas a lavar (se refiere a la acción de poner frijoles en un plato hondo con agua para ablandarlos y limpiarlos antes de cocerlos). \se (with a directional affix) to toss out (e.g., garbage) \ss (con un afijo direccional) tirar (p. ej., basura) \pna Nikonxi:ni:s notlasol. \pea I'm going to go toss out my garbage. \psa Voy a ir a tirar mi basura. \fl xi:ni \encyctmp tla:hli (planting techniques) \xrb xi: \xvaao xini:lia \xv1ao tlaxi:nia \nse Note that whereas beans are planted by just dropping them on the ground and at most perhaps covering them up with a little earth push by ones feet, maize is planted in little holes (<spn>positos</spn>) made with ones hands or a digging stick. \ref 05137 \lxa a:lpi:chia \lxac ka:lpi:chia \lxo a:lpi:chia \lxoc ka:lpi:chia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to spray with a liquid (water, insecticide, etc.) \ss rociar con algún líquido (agua, insecticida, etc.) \pna Tika:lpichi:s un tepa:ntli, kipia kalxomilin. \pea You will spray that wall (with insecticide), it has bugs. \psa Vas a rocíar aquella pared (con insecticida), tiene chinches. \pna Newa nitla:lpichi:s. \pea I'll do the spraying (e.g., of insecticide for bugs inside a house, on a bed, etc.). \psa Soy yo quien va a rociar (p. ej., con insecticida para chinches dentro de una casa, sobre una cama, etc.). \pna Nitla:lpi:chi:s para ma mikika:n tekpimeh. \pea I will spray (insecticide) so that the fleas die. \psa Voy a rociar (insecticida con una bomba) para que se mueran las pulgas. \se to force out liquid (particularly water) from ones mouth in a fine spray onto (e.g., onto a sick person during a curing ceremony, or onto sth to moisten it) \ss expulsar un líquido (particularmente agua) sobre con fuerza de la boca en un spray fino (p. ej., sobre un enfermo por un curandero durante una ceremonia para curar, o para humedecer algún objeto) \pna Xka:lpi:chi un so:ya:tl para ma a:yema:nia. \pea Spray water (forcing it out from your mouth) on that palm so that it softens up (and can be easily used to tie). \psa Rocíale agua (expulsándola de la boca) a esa palma para que se suavice (y se pueda utilizar para atar). \pna Ka:lpi:chi:s un kokoxki. \pea He (a <spn>curandero</spn>) will spray water (from his mouth) onto that sick person. \psa Le va a rociar agua a ese enfermo (un curandero, expulsándola fuertemente de su boca). \xrb a: \xrb pi:ch \qry /a:lpi:chia/ appears in several examples with a long /i:/, as expected, but also with a short /i/. The vowel length should be checked. \vl Link 1st female token. \rt There might be a relation between <nr>pi:ch</nr> of <na>a:lpi:chia</na> and <nr>pi:ts</nr> of <nla>pi:tsa</nla>. \ref 05138 \lxa ne:si \lxac ne:si \lxo ne:si \lxoc ne:si \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to appear; to turn up (e.g., sth lost) \ss aparecer (p. ej., algo perdido) \pna I:tekiw ne:sis. \pea It's bound to show up. \psa Ha de aparecer. \se to emerge (a solution to a problem, sb who will do sth that others are reluctant to do, etc.) \ss surgir (una solución a un problema, algn que va a hacer algo que otros niegan a hacer) \pna Xene:si a:kino:n konka:was. \pea The person who will go leave it still hasn't shown up (e.g., no one has yet accepted the responsibility). \psa El que lo va a ir a dejar todavía no aparece (p. ej., nadie hasta el momento ha aceptado la responsabilidad). \se (with <n>wa:l-</n>) to pop up; to suddenly appear \ss (con <n>wa:l-</n>) aparecer de repente \pna O:wa:lne:s motomi:n. Ya:lwa xnikpiaya, a:man o:timitska:wili:ko. \pea Your money popped up (in this case the money owed to you). Yesterday I didn't have any (money), today I've come to drop some off for you. \psa De repente apareciótu dinero (en este caso que se te debía). Ayer yo no lo tenía, ahora te lo vine a dejar (pagando la deuda). \pna Wa:lne:ne:stokitomi:n, nochipa unkah. \pea His money turns up on occasion (when needed), there's always some around (i.e., he has a lot of money saved up and whenever he needs it, it is there). \psa Su dinero aparece ocasionalmente (cuando se necesita), siempre hay algo (esto es, tiene mucho dinero guardado and siempre cuando lo necesita, allí está). \se (with <n>on-</n> and <n>i:pan</n>) to reflect or be reflected on \ss (con <n>on-</n> y <n>i:pan</n>) reflejarse o estar reflejado en \pna Nika:n xmoteketsa! Tonesis ipan te:skatl. \pea Stand right here! You'll be reflected in the mirror. \psa ¡Párate aquí! te vas a reflejar en el espejo. \se (with a directional affix) to come into view (e.g., after having been hidden from sight such as what might occur when one is walking through woods or behind some large object) \ss (con un afijo direccional) aparecer; llegar a ser visible (p. ej., después de haber estado invisible como puede ocurrir si algn está camindo por un bosque o atrás de un objeto grande) \pna Ye wa:hlaw, o:ne:siko. \pea He is on his way here, he has come into view. \psa Ya viene, ya vino a aparecer. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to start up (i.e., a custom or pattern of behavior that starts to take hold) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) empezar poco a poco (p. ej., una tradición, un patrón de comportamiento nuevo) \pna San kemech o:nene:s. \pea It just started up recently (e.g., a custom or fad that starts to appear). \psa Apenas empezó(p. ej., una costumbre o moda que la gente ha empezado a hacer). \xrb ne:si \xvcao ne:xtia \xvcapao ne:xtilia \xv0ao tlane:si \ref 05139 \lxa tlane:si \lxac tlane:si \lxo tlane:si \lxoc tlane:si \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to be transparent or translucent (e.g., glass); to be thin enough to allow light to pass through (e.g., a cloth) \ss ser transparente o translucente (p. ej., vidrio); estar tan delgado que transmite luz (p. ej., una tela) \pna Tlatlane:si, kanaktsi:n. \pea Light shines through it in places, it is thin (in this case a cloth). \psa Se ve la luz através de ello en varios lugares, está delgado (en este caso una tela). \xrb ne:si \xbtlao ne:si \nae <na>Tlane:si</na> has been entered twice, once as an impersonal passive dealing with a weather phenomena and once (this entry) as an intransitive verb. In this latter case there is clearly a referential subject (marked by the zero morpheme 3rd-person form, e.g., <na>tlatlane:si notlake:n</na> 'my clothes are somewhat translucent'). The fact that <na>tlane:si</na> can clearly take a subject marker might suggest that the form signifying 'to dawn' should also be represented as <na>0-tlane:si</na>. However, the analysis put forth here has interpreted such impersonal forms dealing with weather phenomena (either those that are basic verbs such as <na>to:na</na> or those derived from intransitives through the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>) as subjectless. \grm Impersonal; weather; /tla-/: <na>Tlane:si</na> has been entered twice, once as an impersonal passive dealing with a weather phenomena and once (this entry) as an intransitive verb. In this latter case there is clearly a referential subject (marked by the zero morpheme 3rd-person form, e.g., <na>tlatlane:si notlake:n</na> 'my clothes are somewhat translucent'). The fact that <na>tlane:si</na> can clearly take a subject marker might suggest that the form signifying 'to dawn' should also be represented as <na>0-tlane:si</na>. However, the analysis put forth here has interpreted such impersonal forms dealing with weather phenomena (either those that are basic verbs such as <na>to:na</na> or those derived from intransitives through the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>) as subjectless. \ref 05140 \lxa tsono:kia \lxac kitsono:kia \lxo tsono:kia \lxoc kitsono:kia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to pour (a liquid) out in a stream (by tilting or turning a container upside down) \ss verter (un líquido) en un chorro (al inclinar o invertir un recipiente boca abajo) \pna Xkontsono:ki itik na:ko:n! \pea Pour it (i.e., water) out into my ceramic cistern! \psa ¡Viértele (e.g., agua) a mi tinaja! \xrb tson \xrb no:ki \xvaao tsono:kilia \nse Classical Nahuatl has the stem <n>tsonik</n> whereas Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl has <n>tsonika</n> ; yet it is clear that basic root here is <nr>tson</nr>. <n>No:kia</n> is found in several dialects with the meaning 'to pour a liquid'; cf. Molina <n>noquia.nitla</n> 'verter o derramar alguna cosa liquida.' \ref 05141 \lxa ne:yhka \lxac ne:yhka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se over there (in reference to a place that is distant and not visible) \ss allí(en referencia a un lugar distante, no visible) \pna Te:wa:n yo:nopo:w ne:yhka tlikohtli. \pea It got counted with the other firewood over there. \psa Se contócon la demás leña que está allá. \pna Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. Iwa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko. \pea He bad mouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live, what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about it). \psa Habla mal de mi por ahí. Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivo, quécomo, etc., para después contárselo a la gente). \syno ne:ika; ne:yá \cfo ne:chka \xrb ne: \xrb iw \nse This is not the same as Oapan <nlo>ne:chka</nlo> FK notes in regard to <n>nechca</n> :"there / allí(M). According to C[arochi] this points to a place in sight, albeit distant." \ref 05142 \lxa nemaxtia \lxaa namaxtia \lxac kinamaxtia \lxo nemaxtia \lxoc kinemaxtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. <n>ne-</n> \infv class-2a \se to accustom (sb) to (a particular situation) \ss acostumbrar a (algn, a una situación en particular) \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih. Sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You made me get accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you) I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido). Hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \xrb ne \xrb mati \nae <nao>Nemaxtia</nao> is derived from the reflexive of <nlao>mati</nlao>, which is used to indicate that the subject has become accostumed to a particular place or situation (e.g., <na>nika:n nomati</na> 'he has become accostumed here'). <nao>Nemaxtia</nao> is apparently the causative of this meaning, i.e., a causative of a transitive. According to a belief in Oapan, one can be made to feel this way (with a desire to visit a certain person or place) by being fed a burro's ear (<no>búrronakástli</no>). \qry Determine whether the meaning of this word is simply to make someone become accustomed to something, or whether it refers = particularly to a desire to see the person (subject of verb). Cf. to RS who gives /nemachtia/ with /nite-/ as 'prevenir, avisar, advertir a alguien.' The meaning of /sa:chika/ is uncertain and other examples of this word must be obtained. \vl Link 1st male token. \grm <na>Nemaxtia</na> is derived from the reflexive of <na>mati</na>, which is used to indicate that the subject has become accostumed to a particular place or situation (e.g., <na>nika:n nomati</na> 'he has become accustomed here'). <na>Nemaxtia</na> is apparently the causative of this meaning, i.e., a causative of a transitive. \ref 05143 \lxa iyé:n \lxaa ye:n; iye:h \lxac iyé:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea yeah; yup; uh-huh; yes \ssa m-mm; sí \nse This interjection is used to indicate assent or agreement. Its actual pronunciation varies greatly. \qry The initial /i/ is occasionally lost in speech or converts into a short on-glide. The final /n/ occasionally goes to /h/. Check pronunciation and vowel length of /e/. \ref 05144 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /A:ko:ntepe:k/ is now in the toponymic database. \dt 07/Apr/2002 \ref 05145 \lxa chi:lmo:hli \lxac chi:lmo:hli \lxo chi:lmo:hli \lxoc chi:lmo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of mole sauce with green chile and wild tomatoes or tomatillo, made in a <spn>molcajete</spn> \ss tipo de mole con chile verde y tomates verdes o silvestres, hecho en molcajete \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb mo:l \nse <nao>Chi:lmo:hli</nao> is a type of ground chile sauce made in a molcajete with green chile, garlic and tomato, which can be either <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> or <nbao>mi:ltomatl</nbao>. \ref 05146 \lxa kwa:tes \lxac kwa:tes \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cuate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se twins \ss cuates; gemelos \cfo kowatl \nse This is a back formation from the Spanish <spn>cuates</spn>, itself a loan from Nahuatl <na>kuwatl</na> (or its equivalent in other dialects) meaning 'twins.' \ref 05147 \lxa tla:loli:ni \lxac tla:loli:ni \lxo tla:loli:ni \lxoc tla:loli:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se for an earthquake to occur \ss haber un temblor o terremoto \pna Yo:tla:loli:n. \pea There was an earthquake. \psa Hubo un temblor (or terremoto). \xrb tla:l \xrb o:li: \nae Although the vowel length of the /o/ is definitely short, the root for cross reference has been given as long (i.e., the underlying representation in the /xrb field). That is, given the sematics of this compound and the verb <nla>o:li:ni</nla> the etymology of <na>tla:loli:ni</na> has been related to the verb <na>o:li:ni</na>. The reason for the variation in vowel length between the uncompounded verb and this form is not clear. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05148 \lxa kamantika \lxac kamantika \lxo kamantika \lxoc kamantika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se once in a while; at times, occasionally \ss de vez en cuando, a veces, ocasionalmente \pna Newa kamantika niaw nonwi:lo:tlama ika ma:tlatl kwa:k nikaxilia. \pea At times I go to catch <spn>huilotas</spn> with a net, when I have the time. \psa De vez en cuando voy a cazar huilotas con red, cuando me alcanza el tiempo. \syna kamaniá:n \xrb kaman \qry Check synonomous meaning with /kamaniá:n/. Also, recheck vowel length as I seem to remember /kama:ntika/. NOTE : vowel length is short as written. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \ref 05149 \lxa a:to:li:tia \lxac ka:to:li:tia \lxo a:to:li:tia \lxoc ka:to:li:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give atole to drink to; to make atole for \ss dar atole para beber a; hacer atole para \pna Xne:cha:to:li:ti. \pea Give me some atole to drink (or, Make some atole for me). \psa Dame algo de atole para tomar (o, Hazme un poco de atole). \xrb a:to:l \xrb i: \xvbao a:to:li \qry Recheck meaning of"to make atole for" \ref 05150 \lxa na:n \lxac na:n tikateh \lxo na:n \lxoc na:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se here; in this area; around here \ss acá, por acá \pna A:man na:n titlakwilo:skeh. \pea Now we'll write here. \psa Ahora, vamos a escribir acá. \cfa na:nkah \xrb na:n \nse Although probably derived from <na>nika:n</na> the form <na>na:n</na> appears to refer to a more extensive space, one less less precise or directly indicated than /nika:n/. Thus whereas in Spanish <na>na:n</na> might be translated as 'acá,' <na>nika:n</na> would perhaps be more precisely translated as 'aquí.' In Oapan <no>na:n</no> is much less commonly used than in Ameyaltepec; more common in Oapan is <nlo>nika:n</nlo>. \mod For all such words that are unusual uttered alone, a new elicitation should be taken with context, e.g., /na:n tikchiaskeh/, etc. \rt Indicate that since /na:n/ might be derived from /nika:n/, the root /na:n/ should be cross-referenced with /ka:n/. \ref 05151 \lxa organi:toh \lxac organi:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan órgano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of cactus of those used for live fences, a member of the Cactaceae family and the <l>Opuntia</l> genus \ssa tipo de cactaceae que se emplea para cercas vivas, miembro de la familia Cactaceae y el género <l>Opuntia</l> \equivo tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korral \sem plant \sem cactus \encyctmp órgano \nct to:motli \ref 05152 \lxa chipi:ni \lxac chipi:ni \lxo chipi:ni \lxoc chipi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to drip (for drops to fall from sth like a roof's edge) \ss gotear (caer gotas de algo, como el borde de un techo) \se (with <n>wa:l-</n>) to drip through, from one side to another (e.g., rain or water sitting on a roof that passes through to the inside of the house) \ss (con <n>wa:l-</n>) gotear, pasando de un lado de algo al otro (p. ej., la lluvia o agua estancada sobre un techo que pasa adentro de la casa) \xrb chipi: \xv0ao tlachi:chipi:ni \xvkao chichipika \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Valency and impersonal. The construction /asta nitlachichipi:ni/ is interesting in that it has both an over subject and a /tla-/ impersonal marker. Basically, it seems that the /ni-/ here indicates the"site"at which the action occurs; usually the site with /tla-/ impersonals Certainly the /ni-/ is not an agent. An effort should be made to determine other cases of /tla-/ impersonals with an over subject. Also, check to determine whether a construction such as /nichichipi:ni/ is correct, and if so the sense difference with /nitlachichipi:ni/. \ref 05153 \lxa ma:xoloxtik \lxac ma:xoloxtik \lxo ma:xoloxtik \lxoc ma:xoloxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have (a woman's blouse) a sleeve with a ruffled, pulled-in cuff (cf. <nla>tlama:kweptli</nla>) \ss tener (una blusa de mujer) una manga con el puño ancho con tablitas (cf. <nla>tlama:kweptli</nla>) \sem clothing \encyctmp tlake:ntli \xrb ma: \xrb xoloch \nse This type of sleeve is made by taking in material around the cuff to narrow it, like little pleats. The sleeve may be open at the top or completely closed. Another type of sleeve is called <na>tlama:kweptli</na>. \mod Create a type of all clothing, a list of the types of sleeves, parts of clothes, etc. \ref 05154 \lxa petlatl \lxac petlatl \lxo petlatl \lxoc petlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se petate; reed mat \ss petate \xrb petla \ref 05155 \lxa xakwalowa \lxac kixakwalowa \lxo xakwalowa \lxoc kixakwalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to knead (<nlao>tixtli</nlao>, clay for ceramics, dough, etc.) \ss amasar (masa, lodo para la cerámica, masa de arina, etc.) \pna Kixakwalotok itix. \pea She is kneading her maize dough. \psa Está amasando su masa (de nextamal). \se to rub back and forth (e.g., clothes); to scrub (perhaps to clean sth) \ss restregar (e.g., ropa); frotar (algo, tal vez para limpiarlo) \pna Xikxakwalo notlake:n, ma chipa:wi! \pea Scrub my clothes (washing them by hand) so that they get clean! \psa ¡Restrega mi ropa (al lavarla a mano) para que quede limpia! \se to pummel; to pound on (e.g., a person in fighting) \ss aporrear a; dar una paliza a (p. ej., una persona en una pelea) \pna Melá:k ne:chkukwa notla:kayo. O:tine:xtexaxakwaloh, o:timotlatlawi:tehkeh. \pea My body really hurts me. You pounded me, we wrestled (and you threw me to the ground, pounded me with your fist, etc.). \psa Me duele mucho el cuerpo. Me aporreaste, jugamos al porrazo (lucha libre, y me tiraste al suelo, me golpeaste con el puño, etc.). \se to prepare land for planting (by plowing it over repeatedly, 3 or 4 times, until it is ready for sowing) \ss preparar terreno para sembrar (al ararlo repetidamente, 3 or 4 veces dependiendo de cuantas veces se trabaja la tierra antes de sembrarle con semilla) \pna Yo:tlan niktexaxakwalowa, san nito:kas. \pea I've finished plowing up the land, I only have to plant. \psa Terminéde preparar el terreno, falta sólo sembrar. \encyctmp tla:hli (planting) \xrb xakwal \nse The use of <nao>xakwalowa</nao> in regard to working the land with a plow includes all times that a plow is passed over the land up until the actual planting of the seed. Thus <nao>tlaxakwalowa</nao>, in this sense, includes the actions of <na>tlate:teki</na>, <na>tlao:melia</na>, and <na>tlaye:ilia</na>, if the field is planted on the fourth pass of the plow. \ref 05156 \lxa suwa:tekitl \lxac suwa:tekitl \lxo siwa:tekitl \lxoc siwa:tekitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se work characteristic of a woman \ss trabajo o quehacer típico de mujeres \pna Xmosuwa:tekiw? \pea Isn't it your job as a woman? \psa ¿No es tu trabajo (o quehacer) como mujer? \xrb sowa: \xrb teki \qry Check for /tla:katekitl/. Check for other words that begin with /sowa:tl/. \ref 05157 \lxa kochpale:wia \lxac kikochpale:wia \lxo kochpale:wia \lxof [koch pa le: 'wi a] \lxoc kikochpale:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to take over a task or responsibility for, so that (the person relieved) can catch some sleep \ss relevar en una responsabilidad a (algn) para que (él que se remplaza) pueda dormir un poco \pna Yo:niwa:hlah, timitskochpale:wi:s. \pea I've come, I'll take over and help you out so that you can grab a little sleep. \psa Ya vine, te voy a ayudar para que puedes dormir un rato. \xrb kochi \xrb pale: \nse The verb <na>kochpale:wia</na> (Am) often is used to refer to the action of carrying on a task, often a vigil, for awhile or to watch over something for awhile so that the person previously encharged can get some sleep. \ref 05158 \lxa i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl \lxac i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed inside the socket \ss completamente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o una herida se quedómarchitado y físicamente deformado dentro de la cuenca del ojo \syna i:xte:mpecha:koh \cfa pa:chaka:tl \cfo i:xtemech \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:chaka: \qry Determine whether a reduplicated form is used when both eyes are so affected. Check /e/ in xref in syna \ref 05159 \lxa kechkwetla:ni \lxac kechkwetla:ni \lxo kechkwetla:ni \lxoc kechkwetla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>kechtekwetla:ni</nao> \infv class-3a \se for ones head to be hanging down to the side or front (e.g., sb very sleepy, a drunk, etc.) \ss colgarsele la cabeza por el lado o al frente (p. ej., a un algn con mucho sueño o a un borracho) \se (with intensifier <n>te-</n>) for ones neck to snap back (of a person or animal) \ss (con el intensificador <n>te-</n>) moversele bruscamente el cuello hacia atrás (a una persona o animal) \pna O:nikechkwetla:n, o:cholote:w un burroh. \pea My neck snapped back quickly, the burro took off in a start. \psa Se me fue el cuello hacia atrás bruscamente, el burro arrancócorriendo. \xrb kech \xrb kwetla: \nse In Oapan, at least, the intensifier <n>te-</n> is used to refer to the sudden jerking of ones head (<no>kechtekwetla:ni</no>). Without the intensifier the word refers to ones head hanging to the side or front, like a drunk or person falling asleep. This semantic variation might well be valid in Ameyaltepec, but this needs to be confirmed. However, in general the use of <n>te-</n> is somewhat more variable in Oapan than Ameyaltepec. \qry Check for transitive form which undoubtedly exists, though it might well show a causative ending, e.g. ?kechkwetla:naltia. If so (i.e., instead of /kwetla:nia/, then change code in /cat. Also note that there might well be a relation between the root here, which I have recorded as /kwetla:/ and other words which begin /kwetla/. Determine other meanings of /kwetla:ni/. \ref 05160 \lxa tlapo:wi \lxac tlapo:wi \lxo tlapo:wi \lxoc tlapo:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3b(ow) \se to become open (a door, a window, container, bottle, pot, throat, etc.) \ss abrirse (una puerta, una ventana, recipiente, botella, olla, garganta, etc.) \se to clear or become clear (the sky) \ss despejarse (el cielo) \pna Yo:tlapo:w, xok tlamoxte:ntok, yo:pe:w to:nati. \pea The sky has cleared, it is no longer cloud covered, the sun has come out and begun to shine. \psa Ya se despejó el cielo, ya no está tapado de nubes, el sol ya salió y empezó a brillar. \se to open up (e.g., a field to free grazing after the harvest) \ss abrirse (un campo sembrado a pastoreo después de la cosecha) \pna Ye tlapo:wi rastro:joh, yo:tlan pixkalo. \pea The stubble is open to grazing, the harvest is over. \psa El rastrojo ya está libre para el pastoreo, ya se terminóla cosecha. \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to separate \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) separarse; abrirse \pna Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok. \pea Glue your table together, it's started to come apart in places (i.e., the boards have started to separate), it's already coming apart in places. \psa Pega tu mesa, ya se está abriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), ya se está separando en algunos lugares. \pna O:pe:w tlatlapo:wi mopwe:rtah. \pea (The wood of) your door has started to open up and separate (e.g., it was green wood that split apart when it started to dry). \psa (La madera de) tu puerta empezó a abrirse (p. ej., estaba verde y por eso se agrietócon el tiempo). \se (with short vowel reduplication) for the saints to have their eyes uncovered on Easter Saturday \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) destaparse los ojos de los santos en Sábado de Gloria \pna Ye tlatlapo:wtok umpa o:tlan tlatlako:hli. \pea The saints are having their eyes uncovered, Holy Week is over there. \psa Se están destapando los ojos de los santos, allá terminóSemana Santa. \xrb tlapo: \nse Note that <na>tlapo:wtok</na> means 'he is counting' (from the transitive verb <na>powa</na>) with an underlying long /o:/ and whereas <na>tlapowtok</na> means 'it is open,' from the intransitive verb <na>tlapowi</na>, with an underlying short vowel. \qry Make sure vowel length distinction is present in /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.' \ref 05161 \lxa yeka:nilia \lxac kiyeka:nilia \lxo yeka:nilia \lxoc kiyeka:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to lead or guide for by walking in front of for (e.g., guiding oxen being trained [SO], etc.) \ss ir adelante de o guiar al caminar enfrente para (p. ej., guiando una yunta de bueyes siendo adiestrados [OS], etc.) \pna Ne:chyeka:nilitok nobwe:yeswa:n. \pea He is walking in front of my oxen as a guide for me (so that they follow the furrows in pulling a plow). \psa Estácaminando como guía enfrente de mis bueyes para mí(para que sigan los surcos en jalar un arado). \xrb yeka \xrb a:na \xv1ao tlayeka:nilia \xvbao yeka:na \pqry The vowel of the initial 3rd-person object marker in /kiyeka:nilia/ seems unusually long. The question is whether there is a phonological rule that lengthens an object prefix before a y-initial transitive verb. This should be carefully checked and perhaps all pertinent transitive verbs documented in elicitation. But the vowel seems to have a particularly long duration here for both speakers. This should be checked with a phonetician. \grm Oapan phonetics: The vowel of the initial 3rd-person object marker in /kiyeka:nilia/ seems unusually long. The question is whether there is a phonological rule that lengthens an object prefix before a y-initial transitive verb. This should be carefully checked and perhaps all pertinent transitive verbs documented in elicitation. But the vowel seems to have a particularly long duration here for both speakers. This should be checked with a phonetician. \ref 05162 \lxa ma:chi:mal \lxac ima:chi:mal \lxo ma:chi:mal \lxoc i:ma:chi:mal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se shoulder blade; scapula \ss espaldilla; escápula \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb chi:mal \qry Unfortunately in my notes I have only /machimal/ with no gloss. Probably I had the gloss elsewhere and then copied the Nahuatl word onto a list of body parts (where I found it). But the meaning was not copied here. Perhaps in the future I will find it. I remember, however, that this was, perhaps, the word for 'shoulder blade.' Check. Also, if it is, cf. the difference to /ma:stlakapahli/, which I have also meaning 'shoulder blade' in one of its acceptations. If they are identical then they should be placed in the /equiv fields. \ref 05163 \lxa kuwtli \lxac kuwtli \lxo kohtli \lxoc kohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se (never possessed) tree \ss (nunca poseído)árbol \se wood \ss madera \pna Ne:si mocha:n nokalti:lo puro de kuwtli. \pea It seems that in your country people build houses just of wood. \psa Parece que en tu país las casas se construyen solamente de madera. \se (intrinsic possession) wood (of a tree [marked as possessor]) \ss (posesión intrínseca) madera (de unárbol [señalado como poseedor]) \pna I:kuwyo para tlikuwtli deke yo:wa:k. \pea Its wood is for firewood if it has dried. \psa Su madera es para leña si ya se secó. \se (intrinsic possession) wooden shaft; pole; or handle of ([possessor], e.g., a tool) \ss (posesión intrínseca) vara o manga de madera de ([poseedor], p. ej., una herramienta) \pna To:ko:ni, ikuwyo mowitso:k noso moespá:tulah. \pea A <na>to:ko:ni</na>, it is the shaft of your <nla>witso:ktli</nla> or your <nla>espá:tulah</nla>. \psa Un <na>to:ko:ni</na>, es la vara de tu <nla>witso:ktli</nla> o de tu <nla>espá:tulah</nla>. \se (vulg.; alienable possession) penis (of [possessor]) \ss (vulg.; posesión enajenable) pene (del [poseedor]) \pna Wa:lne:stok ikuw! \pea His penis is visible! \psa ¡Se está asomando su pene! \xrb kow \cfa ara:doh de kohtli \nse When possessed, <nao>kohtli</nao> refers to the penis. With the meaning of"wood"or"tree"it can never be inalienably possessed. Certain trees may be owned, but the possession is refered to directly by the tree's name, e.g., <na>nowa:x</na> 'my <na>guaje</na> or indirectly, <na>ma:ka tiktsontekis on kohtli de newa</na> 'don't chop down that tree of mine.' In general few types of trees are capable of being owned; ownership of trees is generally limited to fruit-bearing trees that must be cared for (e.g., a <spn>guaje</spn> that comes up in ones field and that one must avoid plowing over when it is young). Note, finally, that wood that is a part (in a part/whole relation) of something can be possessed, but this possession is always marked as intrinsic (e.g., <na>i:kowyo mowitso:k</na>). \qry Check whether forms such as /tepe:wa:xkuhtli/ refer to the /tepe:wa:xin/ tree, or to the wood of the /tepe:wa:xin/, i.e., tepeguaje wood. Whatever the answer is, correct all dictionary entries to reflect this. Check best way to represent /i:kow/? as such or with final /h/. \grm Possession: note that /kuhtli/ can either be possessed (as penis), unpossessed (analytically expressed possession) as 'wood,' or intrinsically possessed as 'handle of'. Note that the only type of possession that is intrinsically possessed is that of the part/whole relationship (i.e., part of a tool). \ref 05164 \lxa sintli \lxac sintli \lxo sentli \lxoc sentli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se dried ear of corn (<spn>mazorca</spn>) \ss mazorca \cfa sintli de kowatl; sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl; ka:ka:lo:sintli \cfo sentli yón kowatsi:n; \xrb sin \qry Determine other shapes of mazorcas, other than /sintli de kowatl/ and /sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl/. \ref 05165 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be Am /sa:sa:ni:hli/; it has been eliminated and placed under Am /sa:sa:ne:hli/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the four tokens here as #2253. Note that for final linking the later tokens are the ones that should be selected. \ref 05166 \lxa yo:ltetekwika \lxac yo:ltetekwika \lxo yo:ltetekwika \lxoc yo:ltetekwika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se for ones heart to pound or beat rapidly \ss latirsele fuerte el corazón \pna Melá:k niyo:ltetekwikatok, yo:nisiaw. \pea My heart is really pounding, I got tired. \psa Me está latiendo muy fuerte el corazón, me cansé. \xrb yo:l \xrb tekwi: \qry My file card had /noyo:ltetekwika/ for 'my heart beats rapidly'. I assume this is a typo, but it should be checked. \ref 05167 \lxa ma:ne:stok \lxac ma:ne:stok \lxo ma:ne:stok \lxoc ma:ne:stok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se for the front hoof marks of an animal to be visible on the ground \ss estar visibles las huellas de las patas delanteras de un animal \pna Nika:n ma:ne:stok. \pea The front hoof marks are visible here. \psa Las huellas de las patas delanteras están visibles aquí. \xrb ma: \xrb ne:si \ref 05168 \lxa kuwchahli \lxac kuwchahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea forked stick used for holding down the branches of a thorn bush so that it can be chopped down with a machete. By bending over the branches, the <na>kohchahli</na> faciliates access to the main stem close to the ground. \ssa vara bifurcada que se utiliza para mantener las ramas de un arbusto de espinas cerca del suelo, así exponiendo la parte inferior del tronco principal \sem tool \equivo komaxaltsi:ntli \xrb kow \xrb chal \nae The root <nr>chal</nr> has not been found in isolation * <n>chahli</n>, although it does occur in several compounds. Vowel length has been recorded as varying in different compounds, though this needs to be further checked. \rt The root <nr>chal</nr> has not been found in isolation * <n>chahli</n>, although it does occur in several compounds. Vowel length has been recorded as varying in different compounds, though this needs to be further checked. \ref 05169 \lxa xo:pi:lowa \lxac kixo:pi:lowa \lxo xo:pi:lowa \lxoc kixo:pi:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to push the sides in (of a circular object, making it ovaloide and slightly concave) \ss empujar los lados hacia adentro (de un objeto circular, haciéndolo algo ovaldo y concavo) \pna Xikxo:pi:lo mosombre:roh! \pea Push the brims of your hat into the center (making it more oval shaped)! \psa ¡Empújale las alas de tu sombrero hacia el centro (haciéndolo mas olvado)! \xrb xo:pi:l \qry Directly compare this to /xopihli/ 'spoon'. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05170 \lxa kwani \lxaa xkwani \lxac kwani \lxo xkwane \lxoa xkwani \lxoc xkwani \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj-dvb \se Get out of the way! Move! \ss ¡Quítate! \xrb hkwania \nse The present entry is an apocopated form of the imperative <na>xmekwani</na> (Am) / <no>xmékwaní</no> (Oa). As with many similar forms \qry Determine etymology, particularly ending. Make sure that Oapan /xkwani/ does not mean 'move it' but rather 'move (yourself)!' \ref 05171 \lxa tetsapa \lxac tetsapa \lxo tetsapa \lxoc tetsapa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \se to be short (of stature) \ss ser bajo (de estatura) \pna San tetsapa, xwe:i. \pea He is short, he is not big. \psa Es bajito, no está grande. \pna San tetsapa moi:joh, ti:roh xwe:i yes. \pea Your son is short, he won't (get to) be big at all. \psa Tu hijo es bajito, de por si no va a (llegar a) ser grande. \apa tetsapatik \cfa tetsoko \cfo té:tsó:yo \xrb tsapa \nse According to consultants from Ameyaltepec, <na>tetsapa</na> refers to shortness but not to a condition of dwarfism. However, for Classical Nahuatl Molina gives <n>tzapa</n> and <n>tsapatl</n> as 'enano.' Consultants commented that <na>tetsapa</na> is the equivalent of <nla>tetsoko</nla>. Although at least at present the form <na>tsapa</na> has not been documented, it seems clear that the root is <nr>tsapa</nr> given that the adjectival form ending in <n>-tik</n> occurs without <n>te-</n>. \qry Check equivalence of /tetsapa/ and /tetsoko/, particularly given that both appear in Classical as withouth /te-/. According to Classical sources, /tsapa/ indicates shortness, whereas /tsoko/ indicates general size (i.e., 'pequeño'). Check for possibility of saying simply /tsapa/. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05172 \lxa kwa:so:ne:wi \lxac kwa:so:ne:wi \lxo kwa:so:ne:wi \lxoc kwa:so:ne:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be scared out of one's wits \ss quedar muy espantado o asustado \xrb kwa: \xrb so:ne: \nse The most common example of the use of <nao>kwa:so:ne:wi</nao> is that of a person walking in the night who sees or hears something frightening. It is sometimes used vulgarily in a sexual sense, in reference to the male penis. Apparently the form with <n>-iwi</n> does not exist. \cfa so:ne:wi \ref 05173 \lxa chikimolin \lxac chikimolin \lxo chikomolin \lxoc chikomolin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seao <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., type of <spn>guaje</spn> of the Leguminoseae family \ssao <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Chikimolin: tipa:i:s kwa:k tikwalo, wan titla:wa:nis, tikwa:ixiwi:ntis. Despwé:s tikitas a:kin o:mitschi:wilih, tikto:ka:yo:ti:s, tikito:s"ma ya kokolistli"wan mikis a:kin fie:roh o:mitschi:wilih. Ttla:ki ipan febre:roh, nokwa, bwe:noh para wa:xyo:hli, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, komaxahli, tira:nteh. \pea The <na>chiquimolin</na> : when you are ill you drink a medicinal brew made of it, and you feel drunk, your head spins. Afterward you will see who did it to you, you will name that person, you will say: 'Let the sickness be gone!' and the one who did this bad thing to you will die. Its fruit appears in February, it is edible, it is good for the seeds in the pod, it (its wood) is good for firewood, for posts (<spn>horcones</spn>), for beams. \psa El <na>chiquimolin</na> : cuando estás enfermo bebes algo hecho de ello, y te siente mareado, se te revuelve la cabeza. Después vas a ver quien te lo hizo, vas a nombrar a esta persona, dirás,"¡Quése vaya la enfermedad!"yél que te lo hizo se va a morir. Su fruta sale en febrero, se come, es bueno para sus semillas, es bueno para leña, para estacas, para tirantes. \seao fruit of the tree by this name \ssao fruta delárbol con el mismo nombre \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine \sem edible \equivao wa:xin de chikimolin \equivao chikimolkohtli \encyctmp wa:xin \xrb chikimol \nse In other notes I state that its wood is particularly good for horcones and its fruit ripens and is eaten about harvest time, in November and December. The wood or bark of the <na>chikimolin</na> may be boiled and employed in the type of cure indicated by the transitive verbal form <nla>pa:i:tia</nla>, a curing process whereby the patient 'drinks a medicinal brew' (<nla>pa:i:</nla> ; cf. notes under Flk-1984-09-12.1). According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as <nlo>Sa:n Martí:n</nlo>. It is thus like the <nbo>tenexyetl</nbo> (<nlo>Sa:n Pe:droh</nlo>) and <nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo> (<nlo>Margari:tah</nlo>), which also have alternate human or saints names. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \qry Although I have all recordings here with a short /o/, in one entry under /chikimolkuhtli/ I have a long /o:/. This vowel should be rechecked. Note that according to pronunciation of Luis Lucena the form /chikimolin/ had what I heard to be a short /o/ whereas the form /chikimo:lkuhtli/ had what I heard to be a long vowel. This observation should be checked with the speech of others. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as"apostolado". Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the"guaje rojo"of the <i>Leguminosae</i> family. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:102) mention a tree as the <spn>guaje</spn> or <spn>guaje rojo</spn>, of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Laucaena esculenta</i>. However, I have already associated this with the <nla>tlapalwa:xin</nla>. It seems that most of the guajes are in the genera <i>acacia, leucaena,</i> or <i>lysiloma</i>. \ref 05174 \lxa kwa:pasoltik \lxac kwa:pasoltik \lxo kwá:pasóltik \lxoc kwá:pasóltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>kwa:tepasoltik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwa:tépasóltik</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>kwa:tepasoltik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwa:tépasóltik</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \nae Given that this term occurs almost always with the intensifying affix <n>te-</n>, it has been listed under the"intensified"form. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05175 \lxa miá:w \lxac pakah miá:w \lxo mia:u \lxoc mia:u \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-Onom \se pussy cat \ss gatito \pna Ne:nkah miá:w. \pea There is a pussy cat over there. \psa Allí está un gatito. \equivo au \sem baby \sem animal \nse The final /á:/ and /n/ are heavily nasalized in imitation of a cat's voice. This is a word used by very young children before they can talk well as well as by adults in talking to children, imitating their speech. It refers directly to the animal as well as the sound a cat makes. \qry Make sure this is both the sound and the animal's name./ \pqry Determine best orthography, particularly for the Oapan form. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05176 \lxa tlankoto:na \lxac kitlankoto:na \lxo tlankoto:na \lxoc kitlankoto:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to tear off with ones teeth (either to eat, or simply just to pull off a section of sth) \ss arrancar con los dientes (para comer o simplemente para arrancarle un pedazo a algo) \pna Xtlankoto:na motlaxkal! \pea Tear off a piece of your tortilla with your teeth! \psa ¡Arráncale un pedazo con los dientes! \xrb tlan \xrb koto: \vl The first female token is /kitlákokotó:na/. This should be tagged with 7738 and linked there (it might need to be cleaned up with.5 sec silence at the end since I quickly corrected Florencia. \ref 05177 \lxa chi:la:to:ltsi:n \lxac chi:la:to:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-N \der Adj-tsi:n \sea color that is a type of peach red-orange (a color between red and orange) \ssa color entre rojo y naranjo, un tipo de rojo durazno o bermejón \sem color \equivao chi:ladi:toh \xrb chi:l \xrb a:to:l \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is a type of 'watery' red. Some consultants translated this as <spn>bermejón</spn>. \qry The /a/ was recorded short in all my notes except one final check in which I recorded a long /a:/ and stated:"... all entires should be corrected to have the long /a:/. This change should be noted in my grammar notes as well. Thus, there appears a clear connection with the root /a:to:l/. Nevertheless, the vowel length of the /a:/ should be rechecked, in fact, in one entry I have /chi:lato:ltsi:n/, i.e. the length of the /a:/ should be rechecked. \rt Discuss possibility of further dividing /a:to:l/. \ref 05178 \lxa i:to:nia \lxac ni:to:nia \lxo i:to:nia \lxoc ni:to:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-b \tran +Refl; +Caus \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sweat \ss (refl.) sudar \pna Yo:pe:w nimi:to:nia, mlá:k to:na. \pea I've started to sweat, it's really hot. \psa Ya empecé a sudar, hace mucho calor. \sea (trans.) to sweat on; to get sweat on \ssa (trans.) sudar sobre; echar sudor sobre \pna Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw. \pea You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (i.e., from the sweat). \psa Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (esto es, del sudor). \sem functions \xrb i:to:ni \xvca i:to:niltia \nae In Ameyaltepec I have only once heard this verb used transitively, and this was not in normal conversation. It may, indeed, not be correct; it certainly is not common. In Oapan the transitive use as in Ameyaltepec <na>yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n</na> is apparently not found, one would instead say <no>né:chasími:to:nil</no> (and not * <no>ne:chi:to:nia</no>). Note also that in Oapan <no>i:to:nia</no> can be used transitively: <no>ne:chi:to:nia a:to:hli</no> 'Atole makes me sweat.' In Ameyaltepec a transitive form is used, e.g., <na>ne:chi:to:niltia</na>. Thus in both dialects one can use <nao>i:to:nia</nao> transitively. In Oapan the transitive means 'to make (sb) sweat' whereas in Ameyaltepec the rarely used transitive syntax is 'to sweat on.' However, all this should be rechecked. \rt Etymology uncertain, perhaps related to the verb /i:/. \grm This is an interesting case in which causative form does not increase valency, but instead changes the relation of agent to patient from co-referencial to non-co-referential. \ref 05179 \lxa a:to:hli de le:cheh \lxac a:to:hli de le:cheh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>leche</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of atole made with milk \ss tipo de atole con leche \equiva le:cheh a:to:hli \equivo lé:chea:tó:hli \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb a:to:l \nse Until the encyclopedic entry is completed, a list of types of <nlao>a:to:hli</nlao> is found under this word. \ref 05180 \lxa suwa:to:naleh \lxac suwa:to:naleh \lxo siwa:to:naleh \lxoa siwa:to:nalih \lxoc siwa:to:naleh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se man who is attractive to women; ladies man \ss hombre que es atractivo para las mujeres \pna Melá:k suwa:to:naleh. Xka:wa, xkwahli tla:katsi:ntli. \pea He is really attractive to women. You wouldn't really think it, he's an ugly little sort. \psa Es muy atractivo para las mujeres. No es de creer, es un hombrecito algo feo. \xrb sowa: \xrb to:na \pqry Note the difference in final ending of Florencia and Inocencio, get acoustic characteristics with a phonetician. \ref 05181 \lxa to:pi:hli \lxac to:pi:hli \lxo to:pi:hli \lxoc to:pi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se staff; rod (particularly those used as a sign of authority) \ss bastón (particularmente los que se usan como símbolo de autoridad) \xrb to:pi:l \nse <nao>To:pi:hli</nao> is a word that is rarely used in Ameyaltepec in its basic form. Over the course of 5 years, it was documented in discourse only once, in a conversation with don Martín de la Cruz. Now only a few elders understand its meaning, even though the word <nlao>to:pi:leh</nlao> is used and understood by every community member. \qry Check to determine whether /to:pi:ltik/ is an acceptable term. \vl The first female token is /to:pi:leh/, not /to:pi:hli/. It should be tagged as #602. \ref 05182 \lxa tlakwa:nketsa \lxac notlakwa:nketsa \lxo tlankwa:itsa \lxoc notlankwa:itsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to kneel down \ss (refl.) ponerse de rodillas; arrodillarse \pna Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. \pea I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with complete joy. \psa Aquí estoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad. \xrb tlankwa: \xrb ketsa \nse For comparative purposes the root of <na>tlakwa:nketsa</na> has been given as <nr>tlankwa:</nr>. The Ameyaltepec form clearly involves a type of metathesis from the Classical Nahuatl word for knee, <n>tlanquaitl</n>. \qry Check for transitive form. I had as /tlankwa:nketsa/ an alternative pronunciation of /tlankwa:i:tsa/ for Oapan, but this needs to be confirmed. \ref 05183 \lxa nenepi:lkwa \lxac nonenepi:lkwa \lxo nenepi:lkwa \lxoc nonenepi:lkwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-1 \se (refl.) to bite one's tongue (literally) \ss (refl.) morderse la lengua \pna O:nimonenepi:lkwah, ne:chkukwa. \pea I bit my tongue, it hurts. \psa Me mordíla lengua, me duele. \xrb nene \xrb pi:l \xrb kwa \nae Only a reflexive use is documented in the corpus. Note also that the lexicalized reduplication (or at least apparent reduplication) is not reduced onto the preceding syllable in Oapan Nahuatl. \qry Check to make only reflexive is used. \pqry This is a good word to exemplify short vowels. \ref 05184 \lxa xi:kowa \lxac kixi:kowa \lxo xi:kowa \lxoc kixi:kowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to bear up under (e.g., a person who can bear a weight or heavy workload) \ss sorportar (p. ej., una persona que aguanta un peso o trabajo duro) \pna Tikxi:kowa, weka:wi tikiyo:wia. \pea You can bear up under it, you've endured it for a long time. \psa Te lo puedes aguantar, ya hace mucho tiempo que lo has soportado. \se to endure (e.g., a material object that is strong and resistant) \ss aguantar (p. ej., un objeto o herramienta que es fuerte y resistente) \pna We:i kixi:kowa, xkoto:nis. \pea It can endure a lot, it won't snap. \psa Aguanta mucho, no se va a reventar. \cfa iyo:wia \cfo íyo:wíya \xrb xi:ko \nse It appears that the Balsas area verb <nao>xi:kowa</nao> is not related to Classical <n>xicoa</n> which Molina glosses in the reflexive as 'tener embidia, o enojo, a agraviarse de algo.' Transitive use (with a human object) is glossed as 'engañar, o burlar a otro.' This Classical form seems to relate more to the Ameyaltepec and Oapan word <nlao>xi:kwa</nlao>, which is used in a nominal derivation. However, if Balsas <nao>xi:kwa</nao> is a reflex of Classical <n>xicoa</n>, then the etymology and Classical cognate of <nao>xi:kowa</nao> is still not identified. \ref 05185 \lxa tlachpa:nwa:stli de tlako:tl \lxaa tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli \lxac tlachpa:nwa:stli de tlako:tl \lxo tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli \lxoc tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-wa:s \infn Stem 1(:) \se wild herbaceous plant of the Malvaceae family, still not identified; in Ameyaltepec more often called <na>tapakuloh</na> \ss planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificada; en Ameyaltepec más comunmente llamada <na>tapakuloh</na> \ss tipo de planta todavía no identificada, una de tres que se utilizan para hacer escobas \pna Tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli | No: kipia ima:tsitsi:wa:n para ika titlachpa:nas kia:wak noso ipan ka:yeh. \pea <na>Tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli</na> : It also has its little branches so that you can sweep the patio or the street. \psa <na>Tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli</na> : También tiene sus ramitas para que puedas barrer el patio o la calle. \sem tool-house \sem plant \equiva tapakuloh \encyctmp household \xrb tlako: \xrb chpa: \nse Apparently there is quite a degree of variation in Ameyaltepec and Oapan plants that are, at least occasionally, referred to as <na>tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli</na> (Am) / <no>tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli</no> (Oa). Besides the small plant also called <na>tapakuloh</na> in Ameyaltepec there is another plant of the Euphorbiaceae family called <na>tlako:tl para tlachpa:nwa:stli</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>to:nalo:kotl</no> in Oapan. Finally, there is a plant in Oapan called <no>tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli de ista:k</no> that in Ameyaltepec is called <na>tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k</na>. This has been identified as <l>Dalea sp.</l> L. of the Leguminoseae family. \nct tlako:tl \mod One of the plants called /tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli/ is the same as that called /tapakuloh/ in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check precisely what type of broom this is, what it is made of (precisely the plants used) etc. I also had the definition: 'broom made of rods and switches' 'escoba hecha de varas' This second extended def. should be checked and re-entered if correct. Also the infn field would probably have to be changed. \pqry Note Oapan phonological rule n>0 (underlyinly it comes from /tlachpa:na/ a verb) \grm Oapan phonology: Note Oa /tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli/ and cf. to Am /tlako:tlachpa:nwa:stli/. Active is the phonological rule n>0 in Oapan. \ref 05186 \lxa nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl \lxac nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl \lxo nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl \lxoa nekaxa:ni:lkohmekatl \lxoc nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se <l>Marsdenia aff. mexicana</l> Decne., vine of the Asclepiadaceae family used to cure the condition called <nao>nekaxa:ni:hli</nao> \ss <l>Marsdenia aff. mexicana</l> Decne., enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que se utiliza para curar la condición llamada <nao>nekaxa:ni:hli</nao> \pna Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl | Kiki:xtianinelwayo, kikwe:chowan ipan metlatl dya kipepechowanipitsahka:n, tli:n noka:wa seki koni. Bwe:noh para yewa o:nokaxa:nih suwa:tl kwa:k o:note:kak. \pea <na>Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl</na> : They take its root out, they grind it finely on a metate and then stick it on his back (of the person who is hurting), what is left over some people drink. It is good for a woman who feels weak after having given birth. \psa <na>Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl</na> : Sacan su raíz, la muelen finamente sobre un metate y depués le pegan a la cintura (del que se le duele la espalda), lo que se queda algunos se lo beben. Es bueno para esa mujer que se debilita después del parto. \sem plant \sem md \cfao nekaxa:ni:hli \xrb kaxa: \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \nse The plant name is derived from its medicinal effect in curing <na>nekaxa:ni:hli</na>. The root is ground on a metate and then placed on the back (<na>ipitsa:hka:n</na>) of a woman who has recently given birth, some 2 weeks later and after she has bathed following birth. At times this vine is also called <na>nekaxa:ni:hli</na>, although this is more properly the name of the physical condition of the body. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <na>nekaxanilli</na>, in Spanish <spn>necaxanil</spn>. There is no further identification by family, genus, or species. Nor is there a cognate term in Schoenhals (1988). \nct komekatl \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05187 \lxa ya:wxo:chitl \lxac ya:wxo:chitl \lxo ya:xo:chitl \lxoc ya:xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of fragrant, yellow flower \ss tipo de flor fragrante y amarillo \pna Xo:chitl, kostik, awiá:k. \pea It is a flower, it is yellow, fragrant. \psa Es una flor, es amarilla, fragrante. \sem plant \sem fl \xrb ya:w \xrb xo:chi \pqry Check and compare the forms from the two dialects. Interesting is the loss of /w/ in Oapan, which suggests w>x and then reduction of the geminate. \grm Oapan phonology: NOte re: Oapan /ya:xo:chitl/ and Am /iya:wxo:chitl/: Check and compare the forms from the two dialects. Interesting is the loss of /w/ in Oapan, which suggests w>x and then reduction of the geminate. \nct xiwtli \ref 05188 \lxa tekoyaktik \lxac tekoyaktik \lxo tekoyahtik \lxoc tekoyahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \se to have a wide opening (e.g., a sack, bag, the waist of men's pants, etc.) \ss tener una apertura ancha (p. ej., un costal, bolsa, la cintura de pantalones, etc.) \xrb koya: \nse The adjectival <na>koyaktik</na> (Am) refers to round openings that are particularly wide. Note that although most often the forms presented by <na>koyaktik</na> occur with the intensifier <n>te-</n> (e.g., <na>tekoyaktik</na>), the word listed here was definitely uttered without this intensifier at least once. Nevertheless, this seems rare. \qry In general I have thought that these adjectives always take the intensifier (e.g. /toma:wi/ and /tetomaktik/, etc.). In this case I have recorded /koyaktik/ alone with the note that it may take the intensifier /te/. Recheck to make sure that this is the case and that /koyaktik/ may occur without the intensifier. FM did not accept /koyahtik/ and for this reason I changed the original entry. This should be checked. \grm In general I have thought that these adjectives always take the intensifier (e.g. /toma:wi/ and /tetomaktik/, etc.). In this case I have recorded /koyaktik/ alone with the note that it may take the intensifier /te/. Recheck to make sure that this is the case and that /koyaktik/ may occur without the intensifier. \ref 05189 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for 4653, it has therefore been deleted. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The first female token is /tesa:lihtok/, not what was the present entry /te:nsa:lihtok/, with an /n/. The token /tesa:lihtok/ should be tagged with number 7739. The four tokens /te:nsa:lihtok/ are repeats and should be tagged with 4653. \ref 05190 \lxa tlamoxte:mi \lxac tlamoxte:mi \lxo tlamoxte:mi \lxoc tlamoxte:mi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi[ca] \infv class-3a(m) \se for a cloud cover to form; for the sky to be overcast or cloudy \ss llenar o taparse de nubes el cielo; \pna Kwa:k tlamoxte:mi, ki:sa i:xmon to:nahli. \pea When a cloud cover forms, the rays of the sun can be seen filtering down. \psa Cuando el cielo se tapa de nubes, se ven los rayos del sol filtrándose hacia la tierra. \sem weather \xrb mox \xrb te:m \nae The use of <n>tla-</n> in <nao>tlamoxte:mi</nao> seems to be a direct marker of an impersonal; there is no transitive form * <n>moxte:mi</n> (as there is no potential subject for such an event or process. Note that this differs from other cases in which an intransitive verb is made an impersonal (zero valence) through the use of the <n>tla-</n> prefix: <nlao>poliwi</nlao> becomes <nlao>tlapoliwi</nlao>, also a weather phenomenon like <nao>tlamoxte:mi</nao>. \ref 05191 \lxa ka:nika \lxac ka:nika \lxo ka:nika \lxoc ka:nika; ka:nyá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se in which or what direction? (used to inquire about a route or direction, not a specific locale or setting) \ss ¿hacia dónde?¿por dónde? (utilizado para preguntar sobre una ruta o dirección, no un lugar o ubicación específica) \pna Ka:nika tiá:s? \pea In which direction are you heading? \psa ¿Hacia dónde vas? (o,¿Por dónde te vas?) \xrb ka:n \xrb ika \nse To ask about a particular destination one uses <na>Ka:non tiá:s</na> or <na>Ka:n tiáw?</na> ; <na>ka:nika tiá:s?</na> inquires only about the general direction taken. \pqry Check the nature of the final vowel here, which seems long. It will be necessary at some point to determine the acoustic properties (esp. duration) of final vowels, especially final stressed vowels. Here, with /ka:nyá/, the duration seems quite long. \ref 05192 \lxa a:na \lxac ka:na \lxo a:na \lxoc ka:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to marry (sb) \ss casarse con \pna Nika:nas mokni:w. \pea I will marry your sibling. \psa Me voy a casar con tu hermano(a). \pna O:na:nkeh. \pea They got married. \psa Ellos se casaron. \se (with a directional affix) to pick up and take away \ss (con un afijo direccional) recoger y llevar \pna O:ka:nako. \pea He came to fetch her (pick her up, when subject is male and object female, the implication is often that of an intention of marriag). \psa El vino a recogerla (cuando el sujeto es masculino y el objeto feminino, la implicación es generalmente que es con fines de matrimonio). \pna Nankona:naskeh. \pea You (pl.) are going to go bring him (or it, if animate) back. \psa Ustedes van a ir a traerlo (una persona o ser animado). \pna Mitsa:la:nas motah. \pea Your father will come pick you up (and take you away). \psa Tu papáva a venir a recogerte (y llevarte). \pna O:te:a:nato astah Wa:pan, nika:n xtlah pió:n. \pea He went to pick up (fetch) people as far away as Oapan, there are no workers her. \psa El fue a traer gente hasta oapan, aquíno hay trabajadores. \pna Tikona:naskeh be:lah. \pea We are gong to pick up and bring back the offering of candles. \psa Nosotros vamos a recoger y traer una ofrenda de velas. \pna O:na:nato. Ise:lti xwa:hla:skia. \pea He was picked up (and brought here). He wouldn't have come on his own volition. \psa El fue recogido (y traido aquí). No hubiera venido de su propia voluntada. \pna Nontla:nas Wa:pan. \pea I'm going to Oapan in order to bring something back (e.g., my burro that is grazing there, or even a girlfiend taken in elopement, etc.). \psa Voy a ir a traer algo de Oapan (p. ej. un burro que está apacentando, o aun una novia, etc.). \pna Timitsa:ntiki:sa -=timitsno:stiki:sa-. \pea I will pick you up on the way there. \psa Te voy a recoger al ir en camino. \se (with a directional affix and the prefix <n>tla-</n>) to fetch (animals that have been left out to graze) \ss (con un afijo directional y el prefijo <n>tla-</n>) recoger y llevar (animales que han sido dejados a apacentar) \pna O:nitlaa:nato. \pea I went to fetch (and bring back) my animals (that had been left out to graze). \psa Fuía recoger (y traer) a mis animales (que estaban apacentando). \se (with <n>-tiki:sa</n>) to pass by and knock down or run over \ss (con <n>-tiki:sa</n>) pasar y atropellar o tumbar \pna Timitsa:ntiki:sa. \pea I will knock you down in passing by (e.g., I am on a mule that is going to pass close by you). \psa Te voy a tirar al pasar (p. ej., estoy sobre una mula que va a pasar cerca de ti). \pna Xmekwani! Tla:mo mitsa:ntiki:sa! \pea Get out of the way! If you don't it'll knock you down in passing! \psa ¡Quítate del camino!¡Si no lo hagas te tumbará al pasar! \se (with <n>-tiki:sa</n>) to trip; to cause to stumble and fall \ss (con <n>tiki:sa</n>) tropezar; hacer caer \pna O:ka:ntiki:s iburroh. \pea He made his burro stumble and fall. \psa Hizo tropezar y caer a su burro. \pna Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall. \psa No voy a correr. Me voy a ir despacio, de otro modo me puedo tropezar. \pna Nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I will stumble and fall. \psa Voy a tropezar y caer. \xrb a:na \xv1ao tla:na \xvaao a:nilia \ono te:mowa \nse The difference between <nao>ontlaa:na</nao> and <nao>ontlate:mowa</nao> is that the former implies that one is going to bring back animals from a place one knows they are at. On the other hand <na>ontlate:mowa</na> refers simply to the fact that one is going to search for animals that had been left out to graze but are no longer to be found. Both can be compared to <nao>ontlayekwania</nao>, which refers to the act of moving animals that are tethered to graze from one place to another. In regard to the use of <nao>a:na</nao> with material objects (the usual verb is <nlao>kwi</nlao>), apparently the only time the former is used with material objects is when there is a reference to an offering, or perhaps procession, and not simply material objects that are brought back for use. Generally <nao>a:na</nao> is used to refer to bringing something that cannot be carried, usually a person or animal, but also a car, etc. Use of <nao>a:na</nao> instead of <nao>kwi</nao> even though the object is inanimate is pe rhaps because of respect for the offering or because the entire event, with human participants, is being referred to. Thus simply <nao>tikonkwiskeh be:lah</nao> refers to the act of going to buy or pick up a simple candle. It may also be that /a:na/ is used because the word /be:lah/ is a type of trope for the entire procession, a part for a whole. Note also that the phrase <na>O:na:nato. I:se:lti xwa:hla:skia</na> 'He was picked up (and brought here). He wouldn't have come on his own volition' is perhaps slightly idiosyncratic. It should be rechecked although it was definitely documented in natural discourse. Finally, it appears that <nao>o:nima:ntiki:s</nao>, i.e. the preterite, is used only if the person actually falls, otherwise one would might use the imperfect. \qry The only time I have heard <na>ona:na</na> used with an inanimate object was with candles, and here the reference seems to be of bringing back not simply the material offering, but the entire procession and accompaniment. \qry SEE Gram 1985-02-17.1 for /o:te:anato/. Check /asta/ with or without final /h/. \mod ADD DEF>(on)tla:na \grm Nontla:nas Wá:pan. 'I'm going to Oapan in order to bring something back (e.g., my burro that is grazing there, or even a girlfiend taken in elopement, etc.).' Note how /tla-/ is used and may even suggest the bringing back of a bride, although the usual acceptation would be of animals. \ref 05193 \lxa tlayo:la:to:hli \lxac tlayo:la:to:hli \lxo tlayo:la:to:hli \lxoc tlayo:la:to:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of atole made with maize \ss tipo de atole hecho con maíz \sem food \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb o:ya \xrb a:to:l \ono a:to:hli \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 05194 \lxa akopanketsa \lxac nakopanketsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to buck or rear-up \ss (refl.) reparar o encabritar \pna Nakopanketsas momulah, kemech nomaxtia. \pea Your mule will rear up, it's just being broken in. \psa Tu mula se va a encabritar, apenas se está amansando. \pna Nakopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki. \pea Your burro will buck because it is wild. \psa Se va a encabritar tu burro por serrano. \syno á:watekétsa \xrb ahko \xrb pan \xrb ketsa \nse <na>Akopanketsa</na> is used to refer to the action of an an animal (mule, horse, donkey, etc.) that rises up on its hind legs while raising its front ones. \qry Determine whether only used in the reflexive and change /cat accordingly. Check for causative as originally I had this listed as having a causative. \pqry Check the vl of the first vowel in the Am form. \ref 05195 \lxa i:xte:mposa:wi \lxac i:xte:mposa:wi \lxo i:xte:mposa:wi \lxoc i:xte:mposa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a swollen eye \ss hincharsele el ojo \pna O:i:xte:mpoposa:w, yo:pe:w kwalo \pea His eye has gotten puffed out (swollen), he has started to become ill. \psa Se le hinchó un ojo, ya empezó a enfermarse. \se (with short vowel reduplication: <na>i:xte:mpoposa:wi</na> (Am)) for ones eyes to get puffed up (from lack of sleep) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta: <na>i:xte:mpoposa:wi</na> (Am)) hincharsele los ojos (p. ej., de sueño) \cfao i:xte:ntili:ni \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb posa: \nse Often used in plural reduplicated form, as swelling often affects both eyes. Virtual equivalent of <na>i:xte:ntili:ni</na>. \ref 05196 \lxa sepo:wi \lxac sepo:wi \lxo sepo:wi \lxoc sepo:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3b(ow) \se to become numb; to fall asleep (a part of the body, but from lack of movement, not the cold) \ss adormecer; entumecer (una parte del cuerpo, pero por falta de movimiento, no del frío) \pna O:nisepo:w pa:mpa xkwahli ne:watoya. \pea A part of my body fell asleep (e.g., my leg) because I wasn't sitting properly. \psa Una parte de mi cuerpo se adormeció(p. ej., mi pierna) porque no estaba bien sentada. \pna Tsitsilka nokxi, o:sepo:hka. \pea My leg is tingling, it fell asleep. \psa Mi pierna está hormigueando, se adormeció. \xrb sepo: \qry Determine transitve form. Check way in which to record root. Also question and make sure that this verb is not used for numbness caused by the cold. \ref 05197 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tlaiwa/ or /tlayowa/, but since it repeats entry 04804 it has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag tokens here with #4804; it is a repetition of this entry. \ref 05198 \lxa noso \lxac tiá:s noso niá:s \lxo noso \lxoc noso \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Coord \der Coord \se coordinator joining two sentences, noun phrases, etc. in disjunction, often translated as 'or' \ss coordinator para juntar dos claúsulas, frases nominales, etc. en disjuncción, generalmente traducido como 'o' \pna Tli:no:n o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl? \pea What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate? \psa ¿Quése dijo?¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate? \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipanitiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tla, wan wa:ki. \pea Worms or <na>kwe:tlan</na> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o <na>kwe:tlan</na> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \xrb noso \pqry Note: check whether there is a difference between the reflexive verb /noso/ and this function word /noso/. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05199 \lxa chapa:ntok \lxac chapa:ntok \lxo chapa:ntok \lxoc chapa:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be hanging down onto the ground (particularly sth long that is hanging down with part extended on the ground) \ssao estar caído o tirado sobre el suelo (particularmente algo largo que está colgado, con una parte extendida sobre el suelo) \pna Xkakokwi mopilisa:l, chapa:ntok ipan tla:hli! \pea Pick up your blanket, it's hanging down on the ground! \psa ¡Alza tu cobija, está caiído en el suelo! \seo to be lying on the ground (clothes, a hammock) \sso estar tirado sobre el suelo (ropa, una hamaca) \xrb chapa: \nse In Oapan <no>chapa:ntok</no> is used to refer to clothes and hammocks (and perhaps a few similar items) that are lying on the ground (where, of course, they should not be). In Ameyaltepec the form <nla>tlakaltok</nla> is more often used and <na>chapa:ntok</na> more reserved to things that are hanging down onto the ground. Note also that in Ameyaltepec <nla>chapa:ni</nla> is used for water coming pouring out, whereas in Oapan <nlo>toya:wi</nlo> is used. Thus the progressive <na>wa:lchapa:ntok a:tl</na> in Ameyaltepec is expressed as <no>wa:htoya:htikah</no> in Oapan. \ref 05200 \lxa tlatlaka:mihka:ti \lxac tlatlaka:mihka:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea to remain hard even after being cooked in boiling water (particularly beans, but also squash) \ssa quedar duro aun después de cocerse en agua hirviendo (particularmente frijoles, pero también calabaza) \pna Tlatlaka:mihka:ti tli:n xwel iksi, kukuwpitsiwi, seki xiksi. \pea <na>Tlatlaka:mihka:ti</na> is applied to that which cannot get cooked, it becomes hard, some don't get cooked (e.g., beans in a boiling pot). \psa <na>Tlatlaka:mihka:ti</na> se le dice a lo que no puede cocerse, se endurece, algunos no se cuecen (p. ej., frijoles en una olla de agua hirviendo). \seo to shake and shiver, run around in pain, froth at the mouth (e.g., a dog from having licked an area that has been poisoned with insecticide or <nlo>pátlí</nlo> to kill ants) \sso temblar fuertemente, correr de un a otro, babear por la boca (p. ej., un perro que ha lamido un lugar donde hay pesticida o <nlo>pátlí</nlo> para matar a las hormigas) \equivo tlá:mihká:tia \syna mi:na \syno tlá:mihká:kwi \xrb tla \xrb miki \nse The precise meaning and the relationship of <na>tlatla</na> and <na>miki</na> to the compound <na>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</na> this word need to be determined. Apparently it is used when some beans that are placed in a pot of boiling water don't get cooked properly and become soft, but rather stay hard and tough, perhaps because there are several different types of beans. \nae The relationship between the Ameyaltepec form <na>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</na> and the Oapan cognates <no>tlá:mihká:tia</no> and <no>tlá:mihká:kwi</no> is interesting. The ethmology of the Ameyaltepec form seems to involve the participial form of the intransitive verb <nla>tlatla</nla> joined to a verbalized form of * <na>mihqui</na>. The Oapan forms, one the other hand, seem to have a reduplicant that reduces to a lengthened pitch accented vowel of the prefix <n>tla-</n>. Thus it would seem that <no>tlá:mihká:tia</no> and <no>tlá:mihká:kwi</no> are the reduced forms of {tla + mih + mihkatia} and {tla + mih + mihka:kwi} respectively. Thus despite the superficial similarity of Ameyaltepec <na>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</na> and Oapan <no>tlá:mihká:tia</no>, they seem quite distinct etymologically. More research needs to be done on these forms, their etymology and semantics. \qry Determine precise meaning and explore further examples. This might well be a word from Oapan; check. Determine whether there are other forms, e.g., ?/tlatlamiki/, etc. Get precise definition. \grm /-ti/ verbalizer; participles: Note the form /tlatlaka:mihka:ti/. Here there is a participial form /tlatlaka:/ of a class 4a verb that is prefixed to another verb derived from a deverbal adjective (i.e., /mihki/, even though this precise word does not occur in Ameyaltepec but rather /mihka:tsi:ntli/). \ref 05201 \lxa ichpokatsi:n \lxac ichpokatsi:n \lxo ichpakatsi:n \lxoa ichpa:tsi:n \lxoc ichpakatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \se very young girl or maiden, between about 8 and 13 years old \ss una muy joven muchacha, entre como 8 y 13 años de edad \sem age \syna ichpo:xtsi:n \syno ichpo:xtsi:ntli \xrb chpo:ch \qry Check difference between /ichpo:xtsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Check to see if can be possessed as such, with /-tsi:n/ Check also whether the word /ichpo:tsi:n/ is correct. \mod The relationship between /ichpokawa/, /ichpokatsi:n/, /ichpo:xtli/, etc. should be discussed. \ref 05202 \lxa yekasa:lowa \lxac kiyekasa:lowa \lxo yekatesa:lowa \lxoc kiyekatesa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-2b \se to tie up the end of \ss atar o amarrar el rabo de \pna Xiska:n o:kiyekasa:loh. A:man yo:toton, o:kwa:pochi:n. \pea He didn't tie its end up right away (i.e., of a rope). Now it has become unraveled, it's end is frayed. \psa No le atósu cabo luego luego (esto es, de un laso). Ya se desenredó, se quedócon el cabo deshecho. \xrb yeka \xrb sa:l \nse As Florencia Marcelino mentioned in reference to this word, the absence of <n>te-</n> makes it sound as if a human had his or her face tied. The Ameyaltepec form was documented without <n>te-</n>, though it may have been an idiosyncratic usage. \qry Note that in Oapan /yekatesa:lowa/ is used; this is not clear in Ameyaltepec where my documentation shows <na>yekasa:lowa</na>. \grm Use of /te-/ note the difference between /sa:lowa/ and /tesa:lowa/. The latter refers to a tight knot. When I asked FM the difference between /yekasa:lowa/ and /yekasa:lowa/ she didn't accept the former, stating that it sounded as if it were actually somebodies face or nose that was tied. However, /yekatesa:lowa/ was accepted as referring to the tieing up of (tightly) a rope so that it wouldn't unravel. \ref 05203 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tioko:ni \lxoc tioko:ni \lxt i:tsontekon lamahtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \seo cactus (family Cactaceae) with large round 'head' close to the ground, still not definitively identified but in local Spanish called <spn>rodilla de vieja</spn>. \sso cactus biznaga (de la familia Cactaceae) con una cabeza grande pegada al suelo, llamado en el español regional rodilla de vieja(o) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva i:tsontekon lamatsi:n \equivo i:tsontekon lámatsí:n \xrb tson \xrb tekom \xrb lama \cpl In local Spanish of Iguala this is known as"rodilla de vieja."Bravo (1932), identifies this as <na>Corphanta Bumamma</na> with the following description:"Plantas depreso globosas, de 15 cm. de diámetro, provistas de tubérculos grandes que llevan abundante lana en sus axilas; espinas de 6-8, subuladas, recurvadas, de color blanco grisáceo y con el tiempo morenas; de 2-5 cm. de longitud; flores grandes de color amarillo. E. fruto es una baya de color fojizo que mide 4.5 cm. de longitud por 1 cm. de diámetro, y provista de 2 pequeñas escamas; semillas de color caféclaro, de superficie lisa y brillante y de 3-4 mm. de longitud, estas plantas se conocen en esa región con el nombre de 'rodilla de vieja'". It is still not clear in the native classificatory system whether <na>itsontekon lamatsi:n</na> is included among the <nla>to:motli</nla>, the generic word for cacti. \nct to:motli \mod Note that Florencia Marcelina gave the name of this as what I recorded as /cho:koni/, but Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that he knew this as /i:tsontekon lámatsí:n/. Nevertheless he later stated that he had heard people talk of eating /tio:koni/ (or /chio:koni/, vowel length uncertain) during the Revolution. \ref 05204 \lxa tlatepospacho:hli \lxac tlatepospacho:hli \lxo tlatepospacho:hli \lxoc tlatepospacho:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pass \infn Stem 3 \se printed letter; typewritten letter; block letter (handwritten) \ss letra impresa; letra escrita a máquina; letra de molde (escrita a mano) \pna Ke:itlah tlatepospacho:hli. \pea It (in this case sb's handwriting) is like printed letters (i.e., not script but rather mold letters). \psa Es (en este caso escritura) es como letra de molde (esto es, no cursiva). \cfa tlama:kwilo:hli \cfo tlamá:ikwiló:hli \xrb tepos \xrb pach \qry Check /keh/ in /keh itlah/ and cf. entry under this word. \vl Note that the 1st male token is mispronounced and should not be tagged. They start again and utter four good tokens. \ref 05205 \lxa sentla:tlawe:l \lxac sentla:tlawe:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea disease, apparently chicken pox (small, purplish pimples that appear on a child's body, arms, and face and then quickly disappear) \ssa enfermedad, aparentemente varicela, que se manifiesta con granitos púrpuras que aparecen sobre el cuerpo, brazos, y cara de los niños para después desaparecer rápido \cfo mi:ni \sem disease \xrb sen \xrb tlawe:l \nse All consultants distinguished this disease from <spn>sarampión</spn> (measels). \mod For remedy, see Flk 1985-04-06.1 \ref 05206 \lxa -te:mpan \lxac ite:mpan \lxo -te:mpan \lxoa -te:mpah \lxoc i:te:mpah, i:te:mpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se at the edge of \ss a la orilla de \pna I:te:mpan ma:r cha:nti. \pea He lives at the edge of the sea. \psa Vive a la orilla del mar. \xrb te:n \xrl -te:mpan \pqry Oapan phonetics: Note the difference in the final sound of the underlying nasal in Florencia (aspiration) and Inocencio (nasal). This should be used as an example for the varation: \grm Oapan phonology/phonetics: Oapan phonetics: Note the difference in the final sound of the underlying nasal in Florencia (aspiration) and Inocencio (nasal). This should be used as an example for the varation. \ref 05207 \lxa a:tsakwa \lxac na:tsakwa \lxo a:tsakwa \lxoc na:tsakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(kw) \se (refl.) to be kept inside by the rain \ss (refl.) tener que quedarse adentro a causa de la lluvia \pna O:na:tsakw, xkineki pa:tsiwis. \pea He was kept inside by the rain, he didn't want to get wet. \psa Tuvo que quedarse adentro a causa de la lluvia, no se quiso mojar. \xrb a: \xrb tsakwa \qry Check for transitive or for the possibility of utilizing this form with a specific nonreflexive patient. \grm Noun incorporation: Note that the adverbial use of /a:/ incorporated here is as a cause. It wasn't water that did it, but which was the cause. This seems to be in keeping the with adverbial nature of incorporated nouns. Also discuss this under the applicative. \grm Oapan: perfective; note that final /kw/ goes to /k/: o:na:tsak/. However, note that with /nekwtli/ the ending is /w/: /i:new/ or /i:newyo/ of the /abeji:tos/. The perfective of /a:tlakwi/ is /o:a:tlak/. \ref 05208 \lxa i:xkwa:wia \lxac ki:xkwa:wia \lxo i:xkwa:wia \lxof [i:x kwa: 'wi a] \lxoc ki:xkwa:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to carry (with tumpline) bearing the weight on ones forehead \ss llevar (con un mecapal) con el peso sobre la frente \pna Ki:xkwa:wia itlikuw ika imekapal, xkipia burroh. \pea He carries his firewood on his forehead with a tumpline, he doesn't have a burro. \psa Carga su leña sobre su frente con un mecapal, no tiene burro. \src CFlores nakaskukwepach 15:32 \pna Tio:tlak i wa:hlaweh, kwa:li:xkwa:witiweh intlikuw. \pea In the afternoon they're coming back carrying their firewood with a tumpline around their foreheads. \psa En la tarde ya regresan viniendo cargando su leña por un mecapal sobre sus frentes. \sea (fig.) to bear the brunt of full weight of (a task or problem, etc.) \ssa (fig.) aguantar el peso completo de; soportar el mayor peso de (un asunto, problema, etc.) \pna Ise:lti o:ki:xkwa:wih un ga:stos ika o:tlana:miktih. Xka:wa, xi:kone:w! \pea He himself bore the brunt of the marriage expenses himself. You wouldn't have thought it, it wasn't even his child (who got married)! \psa El mismo soportóla mayor parte de los gastos de la boda,¿y sabes?¡ni fue su niño! \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \qry Check meaning and other possible uses. \ref 05209 \lxa tlano:ki:listli \lxac tlano:ki:listli \lxo tlano:ki:listli \lxoc tlano:ki:listli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se diarrhea \ss diarrea \sem disease \equivo tlano:ki:hli \dis tlano:kia; a:pi:tsa \fl tlano:kia \xrb no:ki \vl Link 2nd male token. \pqry Check length of /i:/. It seems to have a long duration according to acoustic measurements. \ref 05210 \lxa omitl \lxac omitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.) \ss (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.) \se (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body) \ss (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno) \equivo komitetl \xrb omi \nae In the speech of don Luis Lucena the initial /o:/ was definitely long, although in the speech of others it was definitely short. This indicates the possibility of variation in vowel length among speakers. A more complete survey, however, is needed. \grm Phonology: In the speech of don Luis Lucena the initial /o:/ was definitely long, although in the speech of others it was definitely short. This indicates the possibility of variation in vowel length among speakers. \ref 05211 \lxa kanaktik \lxac kanaktik \lxo kanahtik \lxoc kanahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se see <nla>tekanaktik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tekanahtik</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>tekanaktik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tekanahtik</nlo> (Oa) \qry Note that in some cases the corpus does document forms such as /kanaktik/ (e.g., /pitsaktik/ is in the corpus, as is, I think, /tomaktik/), but in most cases the common form (or perhaps the only form) is with the intensifier, e.g., /tekanaktik/. At the same time most such adjectivals do seem to accept a diminutive, and it may be that the diminutive is less prone to manifest the intensifier: /kanaktsi:n/, /pitsaktsi:n/, etc. \ref 05212 \lxa yo:lki \lxac yo:lki \lxo yo:lki \lxoc yo:lki \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ki \infn N1/2; Aln(ag); pl. <nao>yo:lka:meh</nao> \se large animal (generally mammals) \ss animal grande (generalmente mamalias) \cfao yo:lka:xiw \xrb yo:l \nae <na>Yo:lki</na> should not be considered an agentive but rather a deverbal noun based on a participial verb form. In this sense it is similar to Classical <n>micqui</n> (which does not exist in Ameyaltepec; cf. <na>mihka:tsi:ntli</na>). Apparently <na>yo:lki</na> is derived from the verb <na>yo:li</na>. \qry Temporarily I have removed : (<na>i:yo:lka:w sowa:tl</na>) a woman's vagina / la vagina de una mujer because of its vulgarity. Checkl \ref 05213 \lxa kwi:tsiwtok \lxac kwi:tsiwtok \lxo kwi:tsihtok \lxoc kwi:tsihtok \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill \ss estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo lugar); sentirse mal \se to be bored and without energy; to be apathetic \ss estar aburrido y sin energía; ser apático; estar enfadado; estar fastidiado \pno Kwi:tsihtok, xika i:yo:hlo kíki:stími. \peo He is feeling listless, he isn't going around feeling well. \pso Se siente lánguido, no sale con ganas. \xrb kwi:ts \fl kwi:tsiwi \ref 05214 \lxa tlatetepi:nia \lxac tlatetepi:nia \lxo tlá:tepí:nia \lxop tlá:tepi:nia \lxoc tlá:tepí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to stomping ones feet (with movements involving blows to the ground with ones feet, e.g, a <spn>zapateo</spn>, such as in the religious dance called <nla>bake:ros</nla> ; also to stomp the ground to kill or shake off ants, etc.) \ss zapatear (bailar con movimientos fuertes con los pies contra el suelo, como ocurre en la danza llamada <nla>bake:ros</nla> ; también golpetear el suelo con los pies, p. ej., para matar hormigas u otros animalitos) \pna Nontlatetepi:ni:s. \pea I'm going off to dance. \psa Voy a ir a zapatear. \xrb tepi: \xbtlao tepi:nia \nse This can also be used for the action of a mule or horse as it stomps the ground. \ref 05215 \lxa ya:lwa kayo:tl \lxac ya:lwa kayo:tl \lxo ya:lwa kayo:tl \lxoc ya:lwa kayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \se sth from yesterday; leftovers (food) from yesterday \ss algo de ayer; sobras (comida) de ayer \pna San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwa kayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka. \pea It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed. \psa Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava. \syna kochkayo:tl \xrb ya:lwa \xrb kayo: \ref 05216 \lxa tlachichi:wilia \lxac kitlachichi:wilia \lxo tlá:chi:wília \lxop tlá:chi:wilia \lxocpend kitlá:chi:wília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to impregnate; to do"it"to (sexually) \ss impregnar a; hacerle (sexualmente) a \pna Tlachichi:hki, kitlachichi:wilia ba:kah. \pea It (a bull in this case) is used for stud, it impregnates cows. \psa Es un toro semental, empreña a las vacas. \sem Gender: male \xrb chi:wa \xbtlao chi:wilia \nse This word is used by men to refer to the action of mounting; women don't use this word but instead say, for example, <no>ay moburroh, i:pah tlákowánoburrah</no>. Moreover when used in reference to humans (as it may be by some men when alone) this is considered vulgar. \vl For now, tag this token (only Inocencio pronounced it) with #5216 but do not link it to the entry. I am not sure how vulgar it is, but it is best to err on the safe side for now. \ref 05217 \lxa paxia:lowilia \lxac kipaxia:lowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pasear</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pay a visit to; to stop by and visit \ss visitar \pna Deporsínimitsonpaxia:lowili:s. \pea For sure I will go stop by and visit you. \psa De por si, te voy a ir a visitar. \cfo ita \xvba paxia:lowa \nse In Oapan the applicative is not used since <no>paxia:lowa</no> has the sense of 'to go around (without detaining oneself in any place).' The applicative <n>paxia:lowilia</n> is, however, used in villages such as Ameyaltepec and, according to Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, in Ahuelicán. In Oapan one uses the verb <nlo>ita</nlo> as in <no>sápánimita:litas</no> 'I will come visit you (see you) again.' \ref 05218 \lxa tewitskuwtli \lxac tewitskuwtli \lxo tewitskohtli \lxoc tewitskohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se <l>Havardia acatlensis</l> (Benth.) Britton et Rose, a hardwood tree of the Leguminoseae family \ss <l>Havardia acatlensis</l> (Benth.) Britton et Rose, unárbol con madera dura de la familia Leguminoseae \sem plant \sem kohtli \apao tewistli \xrb te \xrb wits \nct kohtli \ref 05219 \lxa o:mexiwti \lxac o:mexiwti \lxo o:mexihti \lxoc o:mexihti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao see <nla>-xiwti</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-xihti</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>-xiwti</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-xihti</nlo> (Oa) \xrb o:me \xrb xiw \ref 05220 \lxa we:rach \lxac mowe:rach \lxo wera:ch \lxoc nowera:ch \dt 12/Apr/2005 \loan huarach \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se sandal \ss huarach \pna Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wan xtikpia mowe:rach. \pea Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals. \psa Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches. \equivo kwitlaxahtli \equivo kahtli \pqry Check vowel length and correct throughout if necessary. I hear (and analyze acoustically) the first vowel short (or at least relatively short) and the last vowel definitely long. \ref 05221 \lxa ye:lpankostiktsi:n \lxac ye:lpankostiktsi:n \lxo ye:lpankostihtsi:n \lxoc ye:lpankostihtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \sea type of bird not yet identified \ssa tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado \se to have a yellow breast (said of certain birds) \ss tener un pecho amarillo (dicho de ciertos pájaros) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb e:l \xrb kos \xrl -pan \nse Although some consultants from Ameyaltepec mentioned that this bird was the same as the <na>sibara:tl</na>, Cristino Flores mentioned that it was definitely different. \grm Compounds: noun + adjective: /ye:lpankostiksi:n/: 'having a yellow breast' Here there is a body-part with an adjective and the noun is the head modified by the final term. At the same time the noun is part of a"possessor raising"process whereby it functions as a NP that may itself be either a predicate or a modifier of another N. \ref 05222 \lxa tlakwalchi:wilia \lxac kitlakwalchi:wilia \lxo tlakwalchi:wilia \lxoc kitlakwalchi:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to prepare food for \ss preparar comida para \xrb kwa \xrb chi:wa \ref 05223 \lxa iwí:n \lxaa yewí:n \lxac nihkwis yewí:n \lxo yóí:n \lxoa yóyí:n \lxop yo i:n \lxoc yóí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(dem) \der Pr-dem \se this one here; this very one \ss este mismo; este que está aquí \pna Xtla:li iwí:n na:nkah ye:rbah bwe:nah para we:lias tlakwahli! \pea Put this here mint in so that the food gets more tasty! \psa ¡échale esta yerba buena para que la comida agarre sabor! \pna Iwí:n, i:n na:nkah! \pea This very one, this one here! \psa ¡Este mismo, este que está aquí! \pna Iwí:n nihkwis. \pea I will take this one here. \psa Voy a tomar este que está aquí. \xrb i:n \nae The Oapan form <no>yóí:n</no> is written as two words. It apparently comprises the shortened form of the independent pronoun and the demonstrative <no>i:n</no>. The etymological derivation of Ameyaltepec <na>iwí:n</na> is not completely clear, but perhaps is simply what in Classical was <n>inin</n>. \qry Check final vowel length. The use of /in/, /iwí:n/, /un/ and /iún/ needs to be thoroughly explored. There might also be a demonstrative pronoun /i:n/, though this is not certain. Check the possibility of phrases such as /nikwi:kas i:n/. Is this correct or should it be /nikwi:kas iwí:n/. Check. The question is whether there is a particle /in/, basically a demonstrative adjective that is the counterpart of /un/. Check whether there is a difference in the /i(:)n/ in phrases such as /nikmakas in tlaxkahli/ and /nihkwa:s i:n/. Or, should the latter be /nihkwa:s iwi:n/ or /nihkwa:s iún/. Can one say /nikwi:kas i:n/? Check carefully /in/ and /i:n/ as demonstrative adjectve and pronoun, respectively. Also check /un/ and, perhaps /u:n/, to determine if there is also a minimal pair. Perhaps simply one finds /iwí:n/ and /iún/. This should be checked. I have distinguished between /in/ and /i:n/ based on my memory of Nahuatl, but this should be checked. My examples wit h /in/ are all from documented speech, although I have standardized the phonology of /in/. However, this present example, /Nikwi:kas i:n/ was produced from memory and my understanding of Nahuatl. It might be in error and perhaps /Nikwi:kas iwí:n/ is the correct form. Check. \ref 05224 \lxa tete:molia \lxac kitete:molia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to look for or search for (sth) for \ss buscar (algo) para \pna Ne:xtete:molia tlawe:hli nokone:w, san tli:mach o:kichi:w, san tli:mach yo:kite:i:ihlih. \pea My child looks for trouble for me (anger), he just did whatever, he just said whatever occurred to him. \psa Mi hijo me busca problemas (la ira de gente), hizo cualquier cosa, dijo cualquier cosa (sin pensar o reflexionar). \se to look for (sth) for (sb, through divination) \ss adivinar (algo) para (buscando por medio de cartas, de echar maices, etc.) \pna Xne:xtlatete:moli:ti! Xne:xtete:moli:ti noburroh! \pea Go get someone (or have someone) divine for me! Go have someone divine about my burro for me! \psa ¡Ve a ver a alguien para que adivine por mí!¡Ve a ver a alguien para que me adivine sobre mi burro! \syna tete:mowilia \syno téte:mowília \xrb te:m-2- \xvba te:mowa \nse The applicative <na>te:molia</na> is found often in Classical Nahuatl, in Ameyaltepec the"regularized"form <nla>te:mowilia</nla> is much more common, though <na>te:molia</na> is occasionally used. \ref 05225 \lxa wila:na \lxac kwila:na \lxo wila:na \lxoc kiwila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to strech (e.g., the rubber of a slingshot) \ssao jalar (p. ej., el hule de una resortera) \xrb wila: \qry As I am not sure if this is used in the Balsas region, or if only /tewila:na/, which I do have documented, is used. If it is determined that both /tewila:na/ and /wila:na/ are used then either have two separate entries (if they are significantly different in meaning) or one entry under /wila:na/ (under which the information from /tewi:lana should be combined)Check difference with /tewila:na/. Perhaps remove this entry. \ref 05226 \lxa tla:lkalaki \lxac tla:lkalaki \lxo tla:lkalaki \lxoc tla:lkalaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se for the earth to sink in (e.g., above a grave, where an animal such as a squirrel has dug a tunnel, etc.) \ss hundirse la tierra (p. ej., arriba de donde alguien está recién enterrado, o por donde un animal como la ardilla ha excavado) \pna Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi. \pea The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses. \psa Se hunde la tierra, se ablanda y se sume. \xrb tla:l \xrb kalak \nse In Oapan if the earth above a newly dug grave sinks in (for which the word <no>tla:lkalaki</no> is used), this is considered a <nlo>te:tsa:htli</nlo> 'bad omen.' \nae The question with <nao>tla:lkalaki</nao> is whether the subject of an unergative intransitive is incorporated, or whether there is a zero-marked specific subject to which <nao>tla:lkalaki</nao> applies. There are probably no tests that could be used to determine whether there is subject incorporation. Note that if there were, it would appear to parallel the form <nlao>me:sto:na</nlao>. \grm Incorporation; imperson passives; reference; anaphora: /Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi/ 'The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses.' Here one question is whether the incorporated noun reduces the valency, much as it does in /tla:loli:ni/. If the test is whether an impersonal can be formed, the answer is no, there is no further possibility of /tla-/ or /-lo/ being added to the verb stem. In this sense /to:na/ is an impersonal passive, as is /me:sto:na/. In neither case is further reduction possible: /to:na/ is an impersonal verb and, if this is the case, /me:s-/ as incorporated, cannot be subject incorporation since there is no subject at all with /to:na/ (*tlato:na, *yewa to:na, etc.). Thus /me:s-/ can only be interpreted as modifying incorporation, in an adverbial sense. In this interpretation /me:s-/ is the 'cause' (a common function of adverbial phrases; note that if one were to"guess"an analytic form, one would have /to:na ika me:stli/. However, /kalaki/ is a subject-taking intransitiv e verb and the incorporated noun /tla:l-/ apparently reduces the valency. Here there are two diagnostics in conflict. Most intransitive verbs can impersonalize through either /-lo/ (with basically unergative verbs) and through /tla-/ with basically unaccusative verbs. Indeed, in a sense the use of one or the other determines the semantic role of the removed"subject."Thus /cho:kalo/ suggests that /cho:ka/ is treated as an unergative; /tlacho:ka/ suggests that /cho:ka/ is treated as an unaccusative. The semantic role of the backgrounded subject is an agent in the first example and a patient in the second. It is clear that /tla:lkalaki/ is an impersonal in the sense that it cannot take any impersonal markers (*tlatla:lkalaki). However, a key question is therefore 'what is the subject of /pa:xiwi/. Clearly it is either the ground or the overall space that gets sunken in. In either case, from a strictly formal perspective the subject of /pa:xiwi/ is 3rd person singular and it must relate ba ck to (be anaphoric to) some subject already introduced into the discourse. Since the sequence /tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi/ is complete by itself as a discursive segment, the most cogent semantic account would see /tla:l-/ as an incorporated subject in /tla:lkalaki/ and then the subject of the intransitive /pa:xiwi/. This suggests that in some cases (e.g., NI>impersonal passives) the IN can surface as an anaphoric subject. \ref 05227 \lxa kamatso:tso:tl \lxac kamatso:tso:tl \lxo kamatso:tso:tl \lxoc kamatso:tso:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se pimple or sore on the tongue \ss granito o llaga en la lengua \sem disease \xrb kama \xrb tso:tso: \qry Check to see if this may be both inside and outside the mouth. \ref 05228 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /Ka:ka:lo:tepe:tl/, it has since been relegated to the toponymic database. It is a hill just northwest and contiguous to Ameyaltepec, allegedly so named for the many crows that gather here. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05229 \lxa i:to:niltia \lxac ki:to:niltia \lxo i:to:naltia \lxocpend ki:to:naltia \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflexive \infv class-2a \se to make sweat \ss hacer sudar \syno i:to:nia \xrb i:to:ni \xvba i:to:nia \nae The documentation so far indicates that whereas in Ameyaltepec <na>i:to:nia</na> is only used reflexively and the transitive meaning requires a causative morphology, in Oapan, according to some speakers, the base verb /i:to:nia/ is used both reflexively (<no>ni:to:nia</no>) and transitively (<no>ki:to:nia</no>), with the transitive meaning 'to make sweat.' However, Emiliana Domínguez gave the causative form <no>i:to:naltia</no>. The causative form needs further research. \ref 05230 \lxa iya:na \lxac kiya:na \lxo iya:na \lxoc kiya:na \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to hide \ss esconderse \pna Niya:nani mobwe:yeh \pea Your buey has a habit of hiding (i.e., you leave it in one place and the next day it is not there). \psa Tu buey tiene la acostumbre de esconderse (p. ej., lo dejas en un lado apacentando y al día siguiente ya no está). \pna Niya:na, xkineki para tikwi:tekis. \pea He (in this case a child) is hiding, he doesn't want you to thrash him. \psa El (en este caso un niño) se está escondiendo, no quiere que lo azotes. \pna O:kiya:n itomi:n, xok umpakah ka:n kitla:lia:ni. \pea He's hidden his money, its not there where he usually puts it. \psa Escondiósu dinero, ya no está allá donde lo suele poner. \se (refl.) to lay low (to avoid being assigned a given task, having to contribute money, etc.) \ss (refl.) no dejarse ver (para evitar o esquivar una obligación o tarea, o por no tener que contribuir dinero) \pna Niya:ntok, yo:weka:w xtekiti. \pea He is laying low (hiding), it has been a long time since he has served in a cargo position (lit. 'worked'). \psa Se está escondiendo (en este caso esquivando un servicio para la comunidad), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no ha desempeñado un trabajado (por el pueblo; lit. 'trabaja'). \xrb iya:na \xvaao iya:nilia \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05231 \lxa cho:choh \lxac cho:choh \lxo xo:choh \lxoc xo:choh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-bb \se flower (baby talk) \ss flor (palabra para niños) \pna Xka:wilti mocho:choh! \pea Play with your flower (in talking to a baby)! \psa Juega con tu flor (hablando con un niño)! \sem baby \xrb xo:chi \nae Although palatalization is often indicative of baby talk, the Oapan term <no>xo:choh</no> seems to lack this phonological development. Ameyaltepec <na>cho:choh</na> is apparently derived from the reduplication of the first syllable of <nla>xo:chitl</nla> with the final /h/ characteristic of baby talk and the change from fricative to affricate. The Oapan form on the surface seems to be <no>xo:chitl</no> with a final vowel change. However, it could be simply <na>xo:xo:h</na> with \mod See discussion in Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 05232 \lxa tlako \lxac nihkwa:s tlako \lxo tlákó \lxoc tlákó \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se half \ss mitad \pna Tlako xkoni! -=Xkoni tlako!- \pea Drink half! \psa ¡Tómate la mitad! \pna Xne:chmaka tlako! \pea Give me half (of it)! \psa :Dáme la mitad (de ello)! \se (intrinsic possession) the other half of; the other portion or piece of \ss (posesión intrínseca) la otra mitad de; la otra porción o pedazo arrancado o partido de \pna Xkwa itlakoyo! \pea Eat the other half of it! \psa ¡Cómete la otra mitad de ello! \se (intrinsic possession) person who acts or does things like another [possessor] (lit., 'to be the (other) half of [possessor]) \ss (posesión intrínseca) persona que actua o hace como otra [poseedor] (lit., 'ser la (otra) mitad de [possessor]) \pna Motlakoyo Pánfilo, yewa no:hkó:n kichi:wa. \pea You are just like Pánfilo, he also does it that way. \psa Eres como Pánfilo,él también asílo hace. \cfao tla:tlako \cfa tlakotsi:n \cfo tlákotsí:n \xrb tlahko \xrb tlahko \nse <na>Tlako</na> is usually used in a modifying function, e.g., <na>yo:taskikeh tlako otli</na> 'we've arrived at the half-way point' or 'we've covered half the distance.' Even at times when it seems like a nominal, the construction may perhaps be better considered elliptical. Thus <na>Xne:chmaka san tlako</na> can be interpreted as <na>Xne:chmaka san tlako motlaxkal</na>, or something equivalent. However, <nla>tlakotsi:n</nla> is more readily interpreted as a nominal, 'a half' or 'a portion' particularly in that it may be modified by <nla>se:</nla> as in <na>Xne:chmaka se: tlakotsi:n!</na> 'Give me a little portion!' When possessed with <na>-yo</na> and referencing a material object, <na>-tlakoyo</na> refers to a piece or half that is physically separate. It is not clear whether the possessor is the whole from which the half is separated, or the other half; this will need to be determined in further consultation. The use of <na>-tlakoyo</na> with a human possessor, however, suggests tha t the possessor w ith material objects might be the other similar half, and not the whole. \nse In Oapan <no>tlákotsí:n</no> is used as a nominal predicate: <no>xne:chmaka tlákotsí:n</no>. Attributively <no>tlako</no> is used: <no>xne:chmaka san tlako me:troh</no>. In a pronominal form one has <no>tlákotípan</no> as in <no>xne:chmaka tlákotípan</no>. To say 'give me half of the money' one would say: <no>yóún tomi:n, tlákotípan xne:chmaka</no>. \grm Predication; pronominal; anaphora: Note in Oapan the difference between /tlákó/, /tlákotsí:n/ and /tlákotípan/ as attributive, noun, and pronoun. In Oapan <no>tlákotsí:n</no> is used as a nominal predicate: <no>xne:chmaka tlákotsí:n</no>. Attributively <no>tlako</no> is used: <no>xne:chmaka san tlako me:troh</no>. In a pronominal form one has <no>tlákotípan</no> as in <no>xne:chmaka tlákotípan</no>. To say 'give me half of the money' one would say: <no>yóún tomi:n, tlákotípan xne:chmaka</no>. Thus one cannot say: /i:n a:tl, tlákóxkoni/ but rather /i:n a:tl, tlákotípan xkoni/. \qry Determine how to say: /sell me half your maize/ 'Xne:chna:makilti tlako motlayo:l' is how I would say it. Check. Also check grammatical category, should this be noun and adjective, etc. Check the correctness of /xkwa itlakoyo/ since my file card had only /itlakoyo/ as 'its half.' \grm /-yo/: Note that use of /-yo/ with /tlako/. The meaning should be checked, but it seems that the possessor is the other half, the other part that is similar. When possessed with <na>-yo</na> and referencing a material object, <na>-tlakoyo</na> refers to a piece or half that is physically separate. It is not clear whether the possessor is the whole from which the half is separated, or the other half; this will need to be determined in further consultation. The use of <na>-tlakoyo</na> with a human possessor, however, suggests that the possessor with material objects might be the other similar half, and not the whole. \ref 05233 \lxa tlapale:wike:tl \lxac tlapale:wike:tl \lxo tlapalé:wiké:tl \lxoc tlapalé:wiké:tl \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se helper \ss ayudante \xrb pale: \nse In This can also be used to refer to machines, such as tractors (as long as they are not rented). Or, where there is a fight and somone tries to break it up, this someone is also, at least in Oapan, a <no>tlapalé:wiké:tl</no>. \ref 05234 \lxa sehkalaki \lxac sehkalaki \lxo sehkalaki \lxoc sehkalaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to feel or get cold; to get a chill (humans and animals) \ss sentir el frío; entrarle el frío (a personas y animales) \pna O:nisehkalak, se:wa. \pea I felt cold, it is cold. \psa Me entró el frío, hace frío. \xrb sek \xrb kalak \dis sekwi; sekmiki \qry Check to confirm that only animates can be subjects. Also, determine possibility and use of transitive (causative?) form. \ref 05235 \lxa pá:h \lxaa pá:n \lxac pá:h \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of endearment to address a close male relative (e.g., father, son, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather) \ssa término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente masculino cercano (p. ej., al padre, hijo, sobrino, nieto y a veces al abuelo) \pna Tiaweh pá:h! \pea Let's go son (or dad, grandson, etc.)! \psa ¡Vámonos hijo (o papá, nieto, etc.)! \sea (alienable possession) close male relative (e.g., father, son, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather) \ssa (posesión enajenable) pariente masculino cercano (p. ej., al padre, hijo, sobrino, nieto y a veces al abuelo) \pna I:wa:n niá:s nopá:h. \pea I'm going with my son (or father, grandson, etc.). \psa Voy con mi hijo (o padre, nieto, etc.). \syna pa:chih \cfo ta:tah \xrb pa:n \nse Besides its use as a vocative, <na>pá:n</na> may be possessed, e.g. <na>nopá:n</na> 'my father.' As a vocative it is equivalent to <na>pa:chih</na>. \qry One speaker said that /pá:n/ may only be possessed in the first person plural. This does not seem to be the case since I have an example of first person singular possessed usage. However, it would seem reasonable and consistent with the data that this is never used as possessed in second or third person. This should be checked. Possessed /pa:chih/ and /pá:n/ may have the same referents as unpossessed. Check whether this has a final /n/ (which would be velarized) or only a nasalized vowel. Note that /pa:n/ is stressed when possessed: /nopá:n/. \mod Note that occasionally young men will refer to a woman's genitals as /i:pá:n/. \ref 05236 \lxa tsi:nteketsa \lxac notsi:nteketsa \lxo tsi:nteketsa \lxoc notsi:nteketsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to be in a position with ones rear end stuck out (and ones shoulders jutting forward) \ss (refl.) tener las nalgas saliendo hacia atrás (y los hombros hacia adelante) \xrb tsi:n \xrb te \xrb ketsa \ref 05237 \lxa tla:la:yo \lxac i:tla:la:yo \lxo tla:la:yo \lxoc i:tla:la:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-poss-yo \infn N2 \se water and dirt that runs off ones body in bathing \ss tierra, mugre y agua que se le escurre a uno [poseedor] al bañarse \pna Tikoni:s itla:la:yo. \pea You will drink his dirty bathwater (often said in reference to a particularly old man of the village as the penalty for not guessing the answer to a riddle). \psa Vas a tomar la tierra y agua que se le escurre al bañarse (a menudo dicho en referencia a un hombre anciano del pueblo a algn como castigo por no hallar la respuesta a una adivinanza). \xrb tla:l \xrb a: \ref 05238 \lxa tsi:ntlapi:tsal \lxac tsi:ntlapi:tsal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \se to have (a woman) a tight-fitting dress \ss tener (una mujer) una falda muy apretada \apa tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik \syno kwe:pi:stik \xrb tsi:n \xrb pi:tsa \ref 05239 \lxa osto:tsi:n \lxac osto:tsi:n \lxo osto:tsi:n \lxoc osto:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seao grey fox (<l>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</l>) \ssao zorra; zorra gris (<l>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</l>) \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb osto: \nse The species identification, <l>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</l>, is taken from Leopold (1959:408). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \pqry I have rechecked the length of the first vowel and found it short. Nevertheless, it should be checked again. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05240 \lxa teno:xteh \lxac teno:xteh \lxo teno:xtih \lxocpend @teno:xtih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seo type of dance formerly performed in Oapan, so called because of the <na>to:motlaxkahli</na> placed in the center and around which the dance takes place \sso tipo de danza anteriormente presentado en Oapan, asíllamado por el <na>to:motlaxkahli</na> colocado en el centro y alrededor del cual bailan los danzantes \sem dances \xrb no:ch \nse A friend from Ameyaltepec referred to this dance as <na>nono:xtli</na> but seems to have gotten the name wrong. Those of Oapan know of a dance that used to be presented called <no>teno:xtih</no>. In 2001 the last person who remembered at least part of the relación was \ref 05241 \lxa istekwi \lxac kistekwi \lxo istekwi \lxoc kistekwi \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to pinch \ss pellizcar \xrb sti \xrb kwi \rt Note that although the modern pronunciation of the word for nail (as in fingernail) is <nla>istitl</nla> a final /e/ appears in frozen compounds, as in <nla>istekwi</nla>. For the purposes of referencing, the root has been standardized here as <nr>sti</nr> (noting that the initial /i/ is epenthetic). \grm Oapan phonology; perfective Oapan: note that the perfective of /istekwi/ is /o:kistek/. \ref 05242 \lxa cho:kani \lxac cho:kani \lxo cho:kani \lxoa cho:kane \lxoc cho:kani \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se baby who cries a lot \ss bebéque llora mucho \se cry-baby \ss llorón \xrb cho:ka \qry Determine whether this refers mostly to babies or adults. Cf. to /cho:kwitla/. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05243 \lxa kwa:tsotsoliwi \lxac kwa:tsotsoliwi \lxo kwa:tsotsoliwi \lxoc kwa:tsotsoliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>kwa:tetsotsoliwi</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se to go bald; to have ones hair thin out \ss quedarse calvo; quedarse con el cabello ralo \se (particularly with <n>-tiw</n> and <na>-tinemi</na> (Am) / <no>-timi</no> (Oa)) to go around bare-headed or without a head-covering \ss (particularmente con <n>-tiw</n> y <na>tinemi</na> (Am) / <no>-timi</no> (Oa)) ir, andar, o estar con la cabeza cubierta sin cualquier cosa que la cubra \pna Ne: kwa:tetsotwoliwtiw, xkwi:ka sombre:roh, o:kelka:w. \pea He is going along there bare-headed, he hasn't brought a hat along, he forgot it. \psa Alláva con la cabeza descubierta, no lleva sombrero, se le olvidó. \pna O:kasik tsonawatl, kwa:tsotsoliwi. \pea He has gotten ringworm, his head is getting a bald spot on it. \psa Le dio tiña, se va dejando una parte calva de su cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \qry Check for other acceptations of intransitive form. Check etymology and cf. to /tso:l/. \ref 05244 \lxa tlapo:wtok \lxac tlapo:wtok \lxo tlapo:htok \lxoc tlapo:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be open (a box, chest, window, bottle, pot, etc.) \ss estar abierto (una caja, baúl, ventana, botella, olla, etc.) \se to be open or separate (two things joined together, e.g., by glue or nails, etc.) \ss estar abierto o separado (dos cosas juntadas, p. ej., con pegamento, clavos, etc.) \pna Tlatlapo:wtok moka:jah. \pea Your chest is opening apart (i.e., the boards are starting to separate and come apart in places). \psa Se está quedando abierto tu caja (esto es, las tablas se están separando y abriendo donde estaban juntadas). \xrb tlapo \xtla tlatlapo:wtok \xtlo tlatlapo:htok \nse There is no distinction between <na>tlapo:wtok</na> (Am) / <no>tlapo:htok</no> (Oa) 'it is open' and the identical words meaning 'he is counting (things).' The former is a durative of the intransitive <nlao>tlapo:wi</nlao> while the second is the transitive <nlao>powa</nlao> 'to count' with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. A particularly difficult problem is the distinction between the use and meaning of words such as <no>tlapo:htok</no>, <no>tlátlapó:htok</no>, <no>tla:tlapohtok</no>. Obviously at this point some of the other entries will need to be changed on the basis of further research. According to Jeremías Cabrera (Oa) the following examples illustrate the variations in meaning. First, <no>tlapo:htok</no> is used for things such as a box, a door, or even a house that is open. However, one can also use <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no> for a house (even though it is open in only one place, the door. According to JC, <no>tlapo:htok</no> is sort of an abbreviation for <no>tla:tlapo:hto k</no>. The form with short vowel reduplication, <no>tlátlapó:htok</no> is used for things, such as an unbuttoned shirt, that is open in several places. Another example of the use of this reduplicated form is with string beans, the pod of which may be open in several places. However, with the impersonal prefix <n>tla-</n> one has <no>tlatlapo:htok</no>, which can refer to a general state of openness (e.g., of stores) in a place such as a town. There is no specific subject here. There are also additional forms that are derived from <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no>. First, the form <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no> may also have an impersonal prefix, which takes an additional reduplicant with a short vowel from <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no>. Thus note <no>xya merka:doh, i tlá:tla:tlapó:htok</no> 'go to the marketplace, the puestos are open'. This form results from the impersonal <n>tla-</n> followed by a uh- reduplicant which has been reduced onto the previous short vowel, here of the impersonal prefix. T hen, the remainded, <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no> manifests a long vowel reduplication on the verb stem <no>tlapo:wi</no>, which has an initial /tla/ as part of the stem. Finally, one can have the same, but without the impersonal. This is <no>tlátla:tlapó:htok</no> in which case the first <n>tla-</n> is a reduplicant with coda *h. This refers to multiple places that are open, e.g., several banks. For a further discussion of reduplication, see the entry under <nlao>ichpa:na</nlao>. \grm Reduplication, impersonal: According to Jeremías Cabrera (Oa) the following examples illustrate the variations in meaning. First, <no>tlapo:htok</no> is used for things such as a box, a door, or even a house that is open. However, one can also use <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no> for a house (even though it is open in only one place, the door. According to JC, <no>tlapo:htok</no> is sort of an abbreviation for <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no>. The form with short vowel reduplication, <no>tlátlapó:htok</no> is used for things, such as an unbuttoned shirt, that is open in several places. Another example of the use of this reduplicated form is with string beans, the pod of which may be open in several places. However, with the impersonal prefix <n>tla-</n> one has <no>tlatlapo:htok</no>, which can refer to a general state of openness (e.g., of stores) in a place such as a town. There is no specific subject here. There are also additional forms that are derived from <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no>. First, the fo rm <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no> may also have an impersonal prefix, which takes an additional reduplicant with a short vowel from <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no>. Thus note <no>xya merka:doh, i tlá:tla:tlapó:htok</no> 'go to the marketplace, the puestos are open'. This form results from the impersonal <n>tla-</n> followed by a uh- reduplicant which has been reduced onto the previous short vowel, here of the impersonal prefix. Then, the remainded, <no>tla:tlapo:htok</no> manifests a long vowel reduplication on the verb stem <no>tlapo:wi</no>, which has an initial /tla/ as part of the stem. Finally, one can have the same, but without the impersonal. This is <no>tlátla:tlapó:htok</no> in which case the first <n>tla-</n> is a reduplicant with coda *h. This refers to multiple places that are open, e.g., several banks. \qry Make sure vowel length distinction is present in /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.' Note that in one filecard I had /tlapo:wtok/ 'it is open' with a long vowel. \grm Reduplication with short vowel: Note how the meaning of /tlapowi/ changes (one might consider it lexicalization) with reduplication (in this case the /tla-/ should be considered reduplication (but other dialects with surface /h/ should be checked to confirm this. \ref 05245 \lxa ko:kobuchih \lxac i:ko:kobuchih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>buche</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea Adam's apple \ssa la nuez de la garganta \sem body \dis buchih; ko:kobande:rah; ko:koh \xrb ko:koh \qry I have the definition as Adam's apple, but RS has it has throat or gullet (gaznate) \ref 05246 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:nkwetól \lxoc i:xté:nkwetól \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seo eyelids \sso párpados \cfa i:xkwatol \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kweh \xrb tol \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. Both Oapan and the colonial dictionaries indicate give this word to mean 'eyelids' although the Classical dictionaries have <n>ixquatolli</n>, e.g., Molina: 'parpado del ojo.' See <nla>i:xmontli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>í:xmotlí</nlo> (Oa). The pitch-accent pattern in Oapan <no>i:xté:nkwetól</no> indicates that the penultimate vowel is short and that the penultimate syllable is closed with a coda {h}. The same root is perhaps found in <no>kwétomátl</no> 'pillow.' For now this root has been analyzed as <nr>kweh</nr> though it is very possible that the Oapan forms have undergone vowel raising and that the proper root, at least for comparative purposes, is <n>kwah</n>. On this point FK notes in regard to <n>i:xcua:itl</n> 'forehead' that"in compounds this often appears as <n>i:xcuah</n> rather than <n>i:xcuah</n>."The same occurs with <nr>kwa:</nr> as is the case with <n>cuahna:miqui</n>. Again, as FK notes under <n>cua:itl</n> :"In the derived fr om <n>cuahna:miqui</n>, this has the alternate stem form <n>cuah-</n> making it analogous to <n>ma:(i)-tl</n> ~ <n>mah</n>." \sj i:xkwa:tol or i:xkwehtol, i:xkwahtol, etc. \ref 05247 \lxa iyekowa \lxac kiyekowa \lxo yéyekówa \lxop yeyekowa \lxoc kí:yekówa; né:chiyekówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:yekówa</no> \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to try to do (a task, or sth challenging); to attempt \ss intentar (una tarea, o algo desafiante y difícil) \pna Xkiyeko! \pea Give it a try! \psa ¡Inténtalo! \pna Yo:pe:w nikiyekowa, abé:r deke kineki. \pea I've started to give it a try (in this case courting a girl), perhaps she will agree (to marry me). \psa Ya empezé a intentarlo (en este caso cortejar una joven), a ver de que quiere (casarse conmigo). \pna Xkaman nikiyekowa, kas xniwelis. \pea I've never tried it (a job, playing an instrument, etc.), maybe I won't be able to do it. \psa Nunca lo he intentado, a lo mejor no voy a poder. \seao to court; to attempt to enamour \ssao cortejar; llegarle a decir (a una muchacha) si quiere andar de novia \se to test (a person, to see if he or she will help with a task, lend sth, or is able to do sth) \ss probar (una persona, para ver si va a ayudar con algo, si va a prestar algo, si puede hacer algo) \pna On ne:nkah toba:leh, mlá:k o:ne:chiyekoh para ne:chwisokis, pero tla: xweli. \pea That guy there, he really had a go at trying to beat me up, but then he couldn't. \psa Ese cuate, de veras quiso intentar golpearme, pero, pues, no pudo. \xrb ekowa \xvca iyeko:ltia \xvco íyekó:ltia \nse Apparently this is a reduplicated form {yehyekowa} with a phonological change generalized in Ameyaltepec. FK notes that Carochi (fol. 127f)"points out that the 'taste' sense of <n>yecoa</n> is generally expressed with the reduplicated form of the verb <na>yehyecoa</na>. \nae In Oapan the reflexive is <no>nó:yekówa</no>. The length of the pitch accented /o:/ of the reflexive suggests that it is the result of the reduction of the reduplicant. However, it is difficult to determine the length of the /i/ in forms such as <no>né:chiyekówa</no>. Acoustic measurements suggest a duration indicative of a long vowel, but all comparative evidence suggests that the initial /i/ of <no>íyekówa</no> is phonologically short. For now, and pending further study, the vowel has been written as short. Note that the reduplicant is overtly represented when there is no preceding short vowel. Thus one has <no>xyéyekó</no> 'try it out!' But cf. the use of this verb with the nonspecific nonhuman object prefix <n>tla-</n> : <no>ma nitlá:yekó</no> \pqry Check length of /i/ in /kíyekówa/. In Oapan the reflexive is <no>nó:yekówa</no>. The length of the pitch accented /o:/ of the reflexive suggests that it is the result of the reduction of the reduplicant. However, it is difficult to determine the length of the /i/ in forms such as <no>né:chiyekówa</no>. Acoustic measurements suggest a duration indicative of a long vowel, but all comparative evidence suggests that the initial /i/ of <no>íyekówa</no> is phonologically short. For now, and pending further study, the vowel has been written as short. CHECK: kí:yekówa. \vl Note that the female tokens are /kí:yekówa/ \ref 05248 \lxa tlatsi:nia \lxac kitlatsi:nia \lxo tlatsi:nia \lxoc kitlatsi:nia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to slap (with an open palm) \ss dar una palmada a \pna O:htlatsi:nih, o:tiktlatskapa:naltih. \pea You slapped him with your palm, you made it (his skin) emit a loud slapping sound. \psa Le diste una palmada haciéndole sonar fuerte. \pna O:ne:xtlatlatsi:nih. \pea He gave me several slaps with an open palm. \psa Me dio varias palmadas. \cfao tlatsi:naltia \xrb tlatsi:ni \nse In Oapan this verb is used for slapping things such as <no>tixtli</no> or clay for ceramics. When referring to a human the body part is incorporated: <nlo>quechpantlatsi:nia</nlo>, <nlo>tsi:ntlatsi:nia</nlo>, etc. \qry Check for possibility of /te-/ intensifier, I had the form /ma:tetlatsi:nia/ written down, but this might be a mistake. \ref 05249 \lxa tsotsopa:stli \lxac *tsotsopa:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-s \infn Stem 1(s) \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea stick used in weaving to push down the weft \ssa palo utilizado en tejer para empujar y apretar la trama \sem tool-house \encyctmp weaving; spinning \xrb tsopa \nae <na>Tsotsopa:stli</na> is an archaic word known by few in Ameyaltepec. I have written the vowel of the reduplicant as short based on the one or two times I heard this word; FK has <n>tso:tsopa:stli</n> with the following note:"One of the two attestation in B[ancroft] has the vowel of the first syllable specifically marked short, but the other attestation is B[ancroft] has it marked long, as it is in T[etelcingo, Morelos] and Z[acapoaxtla]. \qry Note that FK has /tso:tsopa:stli/. Check vowel length for Ameyaltepec. \ref 05250 \lxa seki \lxac seki tla:katl kichi:wa \lxo sékí \lxoc sékí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-quant \pa yes \se some (of both countable and mass nouns) \ss una cantidad de; algo de (de sustantivos contables y no contables) \pna Seki ma:w? \pea (Will you give me) some of your water? \psa ¿(Me puedes dar) algo de tu agua? \pna Seki xne:chaka tli:n tihkwatok! \pea Give me a little of what your are eating! \psa ¡Dame un poquito de lo que estás comiendo! \cfo si: \xrb seki \nae The elicitation of Oapan <no>sékí</no> marked by pitch accent might be erroneous since pitch accent might be characteristic only of the pronominal use of <no>sékí</no> (including its use as an interrogative). The citation form for this entry, therefore, should be re-recorded in an obvious adjectival or modifying context. \sj Seki \mod Correct previous entry. Note that /seki/ with normal stress is for an affirmative; /sékí/ is for a question, i.e.,"Do you want any more?" \ref 05251 \lxa kaxto:lti \lxac kaxto:lti \lxo kaxto:lti \lxoc kaxto:lti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to complete two weeks \ss terminar un periodo de dos semanas \pna A:man o:nikaxto:ltik. \pea Today I completed two weeks (e.g., since arriving). \psa Hoy completédos semanas (p. ej., desde que llegué). \xrb kaxto:l \ref 05252 \lxa a:xi:xtli \lxac a:xi:xtli \lxo a:xi:xtli \lxoc a:xi:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(x) \se urine \ss orina \sem functions \syno tlapia:stli \cola i:a:xi:x burroh \cola i:a:xi:x si:tlalin \cola i:a:xi:x tenextli \colo tenextli i:a:xi:x \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \pqry The initial vowel of these four tokens serves as a good illustration of the duration of initial long vowels. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05253 \lxa tolo:ltia \lxac kitolo:ltia \lxo tolo:ltia \lxoc kitolo:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to make (sb) swallow \ss hacer (a algn) tragar \pna Kitolo:ltia ikone:tsi:n reme:dioh. \pea He makes his little child swallow the medicine. \psa Hace a su niñito tragar la medicina. \xrb tol \xvbao tolowa \ref 05254 \lxa pexo:naltia \lxac kipexo:naltia \lxo pexo:naltia \lxoc kipexo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b(ni/ltia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to fill to the brim (a liquid inside a container); to make (a liquid) overflow \ss llenar hasta el tope (un líquido dentro de un recipiente); hacer rebosar o desbordar (un líquido dentro de un recipiente) \xrb pexo: \xvbao pexo:ni \qry Although RS has both /pexonia/ and /pexonaltia/, Ameyaltepec has only had /pexo:naltia/ documented so far. FK mentions /pexo:ntia/, which is apparently from Zacapoaxtla although she is unclear on this point. Check whether this verb is 'to overflow' or 'to fill to the brim.' Perhaps it is both as in Classical (cf. RS who has pexoni as -llenarse, desbordar, hablando de la medida de un líquido). Note that RS has pexoni, pexonia, pexonaltia, and pexonqui. Am does not have the latter, at least not yet documented. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05255 \lxa itlah \lxaa tlah \lxac kikwa:s itlah \lxo itlah \lxoa tlah; itlan \lxoc itlah, itlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se something \ss algo \pna O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s. \pea They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. \psa Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. \cfa xtlah \xrb itlah \vl The first (or 3) male tokens is /itlan/. Please link this one. \ref 05256 \lxa ma:kana:wi \lxac ma:kana:wi \lxo ma:kana:wi \lxoc ma:kana:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se for one to get hands that are tender from overwork (the verbal stem is usually reduplicated: <na>ma:kakana:wi</na>) \ss sensibilizarle la mano a uno (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; la raíz verbal generalmente se reduplica: <na>ma:kakana:wi</na>) \pna O:nima:kakana:w, xwel nihki:tskia tlaxkahli toto:nki. O:nimotlasiwi:tih ika o:nitlakwiste:w. \pea My hands have gotten tender, I can't grab a hot tortilla. I worked myself hard and fast in straightening up the milpa behind the plow. \psa Mis manos quedaron sensibles, no puedo agarrar una tortilla caliente. Me apurédemasiado en enderezar la milpa atrás de la yunta. \xrb ma: \xrb kana: \pqry As minimal pairs elicit: /ma:kana:wi/ (this entry), /ma kana:wi/ 'optative' and /ma: kana:wi/. \ref 05257 \lxa me:ya \lxac me:ya \lxo me:ya \lxoc me:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to spring forth (as water from a spring), \ss brotar; manar (como agua de un manatial) \se to flow out (e.g., sap from a tree) \ss manar (p. ej., la savia de unárbol) \xrb me:ya \xvcao me:yaltia \qry Check for metaphoric uses of /me:ya/. Can /tlame:ya/ exist? \ref 05258 \lxa isika:neki \lxac kisika:neki \lxo íska:néki \lxop iska:neki \lxoc kíska:néki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \se to urgently want; to want quickly or immediately (i.e., that sth occurs right away) \ss querer urgentemente; querer rapidamente (esto es, que algo se haga luego luego) \xrb hsi \xrb neki \qry Check to make sure correct form is /isihka:neki/, given that I had /isika:neki/ recorded in my original notes. Check entire range of meanings. \grm Oapan phonology: note the reduction of /isihka:/ to /iska:/ in Oapan /íska:néki/. The pitch accent derives from underlying initial {h}. \ref 05259 \lxa u:nkah \lxaa u:nkah \lxac u:nkah \lxo o:nkah \lxoc o:nkah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \se hay \ss there are \pna U:nkah a:tl itik na:ko:n. \pea There is water in my water jug. \psa Hay agua dentro de mi tinaja. \pno Ok o:nkah! \peo There still are some (left)! \pso ¡Todavía hay! \cfa kah \nse The verb <na>onkah</na> is an indefinite verb of existence and can be translated as 'there is' (or 'hay' in Spanish). There is no plural. \ref 05260 \lxa kechpantebo:lah \lxac kechpantebo:lah \lxo kechpantebo:lah \lxoc i:kechpantebo:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bola</spn> \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infn N1/2 \se hump on the back (of a 'sebu' bull) \ss la bola sobre el hombro (de un toro sebú) \xrb kech \xrl -pan \nse To date the only documented use of <nao>i:kechpantebo:lah</nao> in in reference to the humps on the backs of sebu bulls. \qry I have only heard /kechpantebo:lah/ used in reference to 'sebu' bulls; check other possible uses. \grm Note the apparent intensifying use of /te/ in /kechpantebo:lah/. \ref 05261 \lxa tlatlati:lkuwtli \lxac tlatlati:lkuwtli \lxo tlatlati:lkohtli \lxoc tlatlati:lkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se stick of burning firewood \ss palo de leña encendida \pna Timitskowi:s ika tlatlati:lkuwtli. \pea I'm going to beat you with a stick of burning firewood. \psa Te voy a golpear con un palo de leña encendida. \xrb tla \xrb kow \qry Check to see if /tlatlati:hli/ is a word. It is not documented. \vl Link first female token. \ref 05262 \lxa chichi:kwati \lxac chichi:kwati \lxo chíchi:kwáti \lxop chichi:kwati \lxoc chíchi:kwáti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \se see <nlao>chi:kwati</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>chi:kwati</nlao> \xrb chi:kwa \pqry This word and the spectrogram are good illustrations of p-a and vowel length in reduplicants:stems. \ref 05263 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxo i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n \lxoc i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se person having bad eyesight or blurry vision (but not blind) \ss persona con la visión mala, borrosa o nublosa (pero no ciego) \equiva i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \equivo í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \nse Generally the diminutive <na>i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n</na> is used, although <na>i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl</na> has also been documented. \qry Check for the correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n/ (or /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/); the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. \ref 05264 \lxa tsi:nte:nkwah \lxacpend *tsi:nte:nkwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \sea shirt with a particular type of cut on in which the bottom edge has a u-shaped section cut out at the side seams \ssa camisa con un tipo de corte particular en que la orilla inferior tiene una sección en forma de"u"invertida recortada de los lados, por donde termina la costura \pna Niktekis para tsi:nte:nkwah in koto:ntli, xok tsi:nteyewahli, yes tsi:ntlatektli. \pea I will cut it (a man's shirt sewn by hand) so that it has an inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side, it won't go straight around from one side to other, it will have a section of its lower part cut out. \psa Lo voy a cortar (una camisa para hombres) para que la parte inferior estérecortada en forma de"u", ya no va a tener la orilla inferior recta por toda la camisa, tendrá una sección de abajo recortada. \sem clothing \equiva tsi:ntlatektli \equivo tsi:ntlatehtli \cfa tsi:nteyewahli \cfo tsi:nteyewaltik \xrb tsi:n \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \nse Apparently <na>tsi:nte:nkwah</na> is identical in meaning to <nla>tsi:ntlatektli</nla>, and both contrast with <nla>tsi:nteyewahli</nla>. \mod Illustrate. See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \ref 05265 \lxa tepe:tla:hli \lxac tepe:tla:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se land located in the hills, well above the sandy valley near the river \ss tierra que está en los cerros, bastante arriba del valle arenoso junto al río \equivo tepe:htla:hli \xrb tepe: \xrb tla:l \qry Query if this is more like"high land"or whether it refers to land that is actually in the hills. What is the difference between /tepe:tla:hli/ and /tepe:tl/, i.e., is the former used only to refer to land that can be cultivated? \ref 05266 \lxa a:kwa \lxac a:kwa \lxo a:kwa \lxoc a:kwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to absorb and transmit water (or other liquids); to let water filter out (e.g., through the walls of a container, particularly ceramics like clay canteens) \ss absorber y transminar o dejar filtrar agua u otro líquido (p. ej., a través de las paredes de un recipiente, particularmente las de cerámica como cántaros) \pna A:kwa pa:mpa ye:nkwik, xe a:chika:wi. \pea Water seeps out through it because it's new, it hasn't become hardened by water yet. \psa El agua se transmina (se filtra) a través de ello porque es nuevo, todavía no se ha macizado con el agua. \cfao chichi:na \xrb a: \xrb kwa \nse This is particularly said of things made of clay, such as an <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao> that slowlys leak because the pourous surface hasn't become hardened yet, a process that may take a couple of weeks. Often a ceramic piece is sumerged in water so that it hardens and thus leaks less; or the clay recepticle may be coated on the inside with a thin layer of cement for the same effect. \pqry This word should give a good example of long initial /a:/. \ref 05267 \lxa a:maxo:chitl \lxac a:maxo:chitl \lxo a:maxo:chitl \lxoc a:maxo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se crepe paper \ss papel crepé; papel de china \xrb a:ma \xrb xo:chi \nse This paper is used for cutting out flowers and decorations that are hung during festive occasions, for example in the church. \ilustmp Illustrate and obtain sample for archive. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05268 \lxa kwa:kuwtli \lxac kwa:kuwtli \lxo kwa:kohtli \lxoc kwa:kohtli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se horns \ss cuernos \pna... ikwa:kuw bwe:yeh \pea... a steer's horns \psa... los cuernos de un buey \pna... kwa:kuwtli de ma:satl \pea... a deer's horns \psa... los cuernos de un venado \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \cfa kwa:komitl \nse There are many additional words that categorize horns by the manner of their curve or size: <na>kwa:kuwteteko:ntik</na> ; <na>kwa:kuwachi:toh</na> <na>kwa:kuwtetekestik</na> as well as <na>kwa:kuwtetepon</na>. \ref 05269 \lxa moya:wa \lxac kimoya:wa \lxo moya:wa \lxoc kimoya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to spread out on the ground (e.g., seeds to be dried, wares to be sold, etc.) \ssao extender sobre la tierra (p. ej., semillas para secar, mercancía para vender, etc.) \pna Nika:n nitlamoya:was, tlawe:i. \pea I will spread things out here, there's a large open space. \psa Aquívoy a extender mis cosas, hay mucho campo. \pna Xikmoya:wa tlayo:lhi para ma kwahli kaxili to:nahli! \pea Spread out the maize so that the sun directly strikes it! \psa ¡Extiende el maíz (sobre un petate) para que le pegue bien el sol! \pna O:kimoya:w tli:n kinamaka. \pea He spread out his wares. \psa Expuso (extendiendo sobre una superficie plana) su mercancía. \seao to cloud or muddy (water, e.g., by stirring it up) \ssao enturbiar (agua) \xrb moya: \dis moya:wa; nelowa \nse <nao>Moya:wa</nao> differs from <nlao>nelowa</nlao> in regard to liquids in that the former is used to refer to the action of 'stirring up,' i.e., stirring a liquid so that sediments on the bottom rise and cloud the mixture. <nao>Nelowa</nao>, on the other hand, refers to the stirring of a mixture with no sediment, such as food being stirred so that it doesn't burn. \qry Check for other meanings, such as dirtying up the water. \ref 05270 \lxa tsotsopitsa \lxac kitsotsopitsa \lxo tsotsopitsa \lxoc kitsotsopitsa; kitsó:tsopítsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(ts) \se to prickle (e.g., certain plants with prickly hairs or small thorns, particularly those that stick to ones clothes and constantly prickle) \ss causar picor; picar (p. ej., ciertas plantas con aguates o púas, particularmente las que se le pegan a la ropa y continuamente causan picor) \pna Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas. \pea The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you. \psa Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acá y por allá, te van a causar picor. \pna Mistsotsopitsas iswatl wan tichichinakas. \pea The corn leaves will prickle you and you'll feel itchy. \psa Te van a picar las hojas de maíz y vas a sentir comezón. \xrb tsopi: \xvnao tsopi:nia \vl Note that the first female token is /kitsó:tsopítsa/, with a long, high pitched initial /ó:/. There then follow 4 tokens (2 F + 2 M) of the form /kitsotsopitsa/. There then follow 4 more tokens of the form with the long high-pitched initial syllable. Note that the final sound file will have 4 tokens joined together, as indicated in the /lxoc field. \ref 05271 \lxa kwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \lxac kwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea (sarc.) bald \ssa (sarc.) calvo \xrb kwa: \xrb te:n \xrb te \cfa tlate:nti:ltetl \nse This metaphoric meaning is based on <na>tlate:ntiltetl</na>, a smooth, hard stone from the banks of a river that is used for sharpening machetes. A bald person is so called for the similarity of the surface of his head and forehead to the smooth rounded stones used to sharpen cutting instruments. As with all comments on physical appearances it is considered rude to utter this directly to the person with the trait. \pqry Check length of /i/ and standardize. \ref 05272 \lxa ma:tsetselowa \lxac kima:tsetselowa \lxo má:tsetselówa \lxoa má:tselówa \lxop ma:tsetselowa \lxop má:tselowa \lxoc kimá:tsetselówa; kimá:tselówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to shake with or in ones hand (particlarly weeds, so that the earth falls off the roots and the plant quickly dies) \ss sacudir en o con la mano (particularmente yerba arrancada de una milpa, para que se le caiga la tierra de las raices y se muere) \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to pull weeds up by hand, shaking the earth off the roots (so that the plant quickly dies) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) arrancar yerba a mano, sacudiéndolas para que se les caiga la tierra de sus raices (y la planta se muera rápidamente) \pna Ontlama:tsetselo:s, ontlakwiste:was. \pea He will go weed by hand, he will go behind the plow uncovering and righting the plants that have been knocked over and covered by earth. \psa Va a ir a desherbar a mano, va a ir atrás de la yunta enderezando la milpa. \xrb ma: \xrb tsel \nse The illustrative sentence <na>Ontlama:tsetselo:s, ontlakwiste:was</na> refers to someone who follows along behind the plow pulling up the weeds and, at the same time, setting the milpa plants that have been covered by earth upright. The earth is shaken loose from the weeds so that when they are placed down on the ground to dry they do not take root. \nae Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, <no>kimá:tsetselówa</no>, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem <no>ma:-</no>. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part. \qry I do not think that there is an intransitive form, but this should be checked. Also, check for the proper object of the verb. In one example I have /kima:tsetselowa xiwtli/. This is probably correct, but check. Also, determine other uses/meaning of this verb. \pqry Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, <no>kimá:tsetselówa</no>, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem <no>ma:-</no>. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: note that both these forms are correct and identical: /kimá:tsetselówa/ and /kimá:tselówa/. Thus apparently there is no difference. Here apparently this is because of lexicalization, i.e., one does never shake things out just one. Thus the shorter form seems to rely on the lexical nature of the verb and not any prosodic process for the lack of reduplication. Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, <no>kimá:tsetselówa</no>, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem <no>ma:-</no>. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part. \ref 05273 \lxa kwa:chi:maliwi \lxac kwa:chi:maliwi \lxo kwa:chi:maliwi \lxoc kwa:chi:maliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones hair to fly out in all directions (from moving quickly, from the wind, from riding on top of a bus, from dancing, etc., said in reference to men who have a round, bowl-like haircut with hair that extends outward as they bounce up and down) \ss volarse el cabello hacia afuera por todos lados (por movimientos rápidos, el viento, estar bailando, ir yendo arriba de un camión, etc., dicho de los hombres quienes tienen pelo cortado como de un plato hondo, redondito y largo que sale en un círculo cuando brincan arriba y abajo) \pna Ne: kwa:chi:maliwtiw.. \pea There he goes running along with his hair flying out in all directions. \psa Alláva, con el cabello volando por todos lados. \xrb kwa: \xrb chi:mal \qry Check for acceptance of intensifier /te-/. \ref 05274 \lxa fle:chah \lxac fle:chah \lxo fle:chah \lxoc fle:chah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan flecha \psm N \der N-loan \se bus \ss camión \pna Niá:s ipan fle:chah. \pea I'm going to go by bus. \psa Voy en camión. \nse The word derives from the company name of a economical bus service in Mexico that goes to many villages southwest of Mexico City, <spn>la Flecha Roja</spn>. \ref 05275 \lxa yeyekatomatl \lxac yeyekatomatl \lxo í:ya:tómatl \lxoa yéye:katómatl \lxoc í:ya:atómatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \se type of tomatoe still not collected nor unidentified \ss tipo de tomate todavía no colectado ni identificado \pna Yeyekatomatl | Ke:n tomatl tlachia, xpara tihkwa:s. \pea <na>Yeyekatomatl</na> : It looks like a tomatoe, (though) it isn't to eat. \psa <na>Yeyekatomatl</na> : Parece a un jitomate (aunque) no es para comer. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp tomatl \xrb e:ka \xrb toma \nct tomatl \mod See entry in appropriate notebook for rememdy for rotten teeth, see also Flk cuaderno. \grm Oapan phonology: \ref 05276 \lxa te:ntlapa:na \lxac kite:ntlapa:na \lxo te:ntlapa:na \lxoc kite:ntlapa:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to crack or break the edge or end of \ss romper la orilla o punta de \pna Kite:ntlapa:naskeh koma:hli pitsomeh. \pea The pigs will break off the edge of the <spn>comal</spn>. \psa Los marranos van a romper la orilla del comal. \xrb te:n \xrb tlapa: \dis te:mposteki \grm Word order: VOS /Kite:ntlapa:naskeh koma:hli pitsomeh/ 'The pigs will break off the edge of the <spn>comal</spn>.' The word order in the previous phrase seems to be the most common, though it is by no means universal. In the preceding the verb is followed by the object (patient) and then the agent. I believe that VSO would also be correct, or SVO. Not acceptable, according to my judgement, would be SOV, although perhaps OVS would be, particularly with topicalization: /un koma:hli, kitlapa:naskeh pitsomeh/. All these should be checked. \vl The first female token is /kitetlapa:na/. This should be tagged as 1034 but not linked since it is a token with the intensifer and the headword is simply /tlapa:na/. The next four tokens are correct for this (5276) headword: /kite:ntlapa:na/, with the nasal /n/. \ref 05277 \lxa tlastopo:naltia \lxac kitlastopo:naltia \lxo tlastopo:naltia \lxoc kitlastopo:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-c \tran -Base \infv class-2a \sea to slam (e.g., a door); to make a loud banging sound \ssa azotar (p. ej., una puerta); causar un sonido de golpe fuerte \seo to make a sharp cracking sound (e.g., with gum in ones mouth) \sso hacer reventar (p. ej., chicle en la boca) \xrb tlas \xrb topo: \qry Check intransitive, e.g., tlastopo:ni, tlastopo:nia, etc. \ref 05278 \lxa kwa:tetepon \lxac kwa:tetepon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \sea to be without branches on top (a plant or tree) \ssa estar sin ramas en lo alto (una planta oárbol) \pna O:kikwa:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, o:noka:w kwa:tetepon, oksepa ma itsmoli:ni. \pea They chopped the branches off that tree. It was left with its top cut off, it's branches need to grow back again. \psa Le cortaron las ramas a eseárbol. Lo dejaron pelón, se le va a tener que retoñar las ramas. \syno kwá:tepóltik \xrb kwa: \xrb tepon \fl tetepon \qry Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepontilia/ for 'to cut the bangs off' and see if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject. Also check whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree or plant as object. NOTE: check pitch accent of /kwá:tepóltik/ and if incorrect change here and in headword entry. \ref 05279 \lxa mihka:tsi:ntli \lxac mihka:tsi:ntli \lxo mihka:tsi:ntli \lxoc mihka:tsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki; N-tsi:ntli \infn Stem 1(n) \se corpse; dead person \ss cadaver; persona fallecida \xrb miki \nse This is the only word encountered so far in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl that always occurs with a diminutive/reverential ending (<na>-tsi:ntli</na>). Note that the participial ending <na>-ki</na> here surfaces as <na>-ka:</na>, as expected, in non-word final position. \ref 05280 \lxa e:wateketsa \lxac ke:wateketsa \lxo a:wateketsa \lxoc ka:wateketsa; ná:watekétsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to set upright (sth that was tilted, such as a chair leaning up against a wall); to place in a more vertical position (sth that was leaning or more inclined, or a tortilla to be roasted near burning coals) \ss poner vertical o de pie (algo que estaba inclinado, como una silla inclinada contra una pared); poner en una posición más vertical (p. ej., tortillas cerca de las brazas para tostearlas) \pna Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpantia! \pea Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, <nla>kalma:tli</nla>), let it be a little higher! \psa ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, <nla>kalma:tli</nla>), qué esté algo más alto! \seo (refl. with short vowel reduplication; <no>ná:watekétsa</no> (Oa)) to stand up on ones hind legs; to buck or rear-up (a horse, donkey, etc.; Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>akopanketsa</nla>) \sso (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta; <no>ná:watekétsa</no> (Oa)) pararse por las patas posteriores; reparar o encabritar (un caballo, burro, etc.; Equivalente de Ameyaltepec <nla>akopanketsa</nla>) \cfo a:wateketsaltia \xrb e:wa \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nse In Oapan <no>a:wateketsa</no> is used for things, for people the form <nlo>a:watetla:lia</nlo> is used. It is not clear at this point whether this distinction is also valid in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check correctness of /tlakpantia/. Perhaps it should be /tlakpaktia/. Note that originally I had a xref to the causative for Oa Nahuatl /a:wateketsaltia/. However, this is not in the database so I have removed the xref. Check. Note that on the recording of the elicitation session it seems clear that there are two Oapan forms /ka:wateketsa/ and /ká:watekétsa/. It is not clear what the different in potential objects is between these two forms, but this should be investigated. \pqry Note that the tokens form 6377 illustrate a good case of minimal pairs /na:wateketsa/ vs. \vl There are four tokens at 6377 that should be tagged as 5280. These are for the second, pitch-accented pronunciation: /ná:watekétsa/. All four should be tagged as 5280 and two should be linked to form the second pronunciation in the lxo field /ná:wateketsa/. \ref 05281 \lxa ara:doh de kuwtli \lxac ara:doh de kuwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>arado</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(w) \sea type of plow \ssa tipo de arado \sem tool \cfa ara:doh de po:lkoh \encyctmp tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de po:lkoh/. \xrb kow \nse This type of plow is no longer used, having given way to the <na>ara:doh de po:lkoh</na>. According to Florencia Marcelino the term <na>ara:doh de kohtli</na> is not a proper term since the word <nao>ara:doh</nao> refers only to the plowshare, not the entire plow. \ref 05282 \lxa ma:xopo:ni \lxac ma:xopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to get a rash, pimples, so small sores on the hand or arm \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) salirsele granitos o pequeñasúlceras por la mano o brazo \pna Deke tikxi:ma, ma:ka mitsasis ia:yo, tla:mo tima:xoxopo:nis. \pea If you take the bark off of it (<nla>kuhtlatlaktsi:n</nla>) don't let its sap get on you, if you do your hands (where the sap touched) will blister up. \psa Se le pelas su cáscara (al <nla>kuhtlatlaktsi:n</nla>) ten cuidado que no te alcanze su savia porque si te toca se te van a salir granos por las manos. \syno ma:a:xopo:ni \xrb ma: \xrb xopo: \xvca ma:xopo:naltia \qry Check for intransitive form. This might be in error and the proper word might be /ma:a:xopo:ni. \ref 05283 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /momotsowa/ but has been deleted as a duplicate of 6403. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05284 \lxa mansa:noh \lxac mansa:noh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan manzano \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of banana \ssa plátano manzano \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \ref 05285 \lxa xaxawatsa \lxac kixaxawatsa \lxo xaxawatsa \lxoc kixaxawatsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-3a(ts) \se to crunch (sth brittle) usually in ones mouth) making crackling sounds (e.g., old dried tortillas, toast, <spn>chicharrón</spn>, <nlao>totopoxtli</nlao>) \ss mascar (p. ej., tortillas viejas, chicharrón, pan tostado, <nlao>totopoxtli</nlao>) \cfa totopotsa \xrb xawa: \xvnao xawa:nia \qry Note that /xawa:ni/ is predicted by the form, but the actual occurrence of this should be checked. In the event it is not found, this should be noted in the grammar, which should record all reduplicated form in -ka or -tsa for which the -ni form does not exist. Note: more recently I have added /xawa:nia/ to the dictionary. \qry In my notes I have recorded that /xaxawatsa/ is the virtual equivalent of /totopotsa/; an effort should be made to determine the difference between the two if one exists, and this should be noted in one of the entries or perhaps the onomasiological section. Also, determine whether /xaxawatsa/ refers only to crunching sth in ones mouth as I have recorded above. \ref 05286 \lxa malakachowa \lxac kimalakachowa \lxo malakachowa \lxoc kimalakachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to go around (a fixed object, e.g., house) \sso rodear; pasar por el perímetro de (p. ej., una casa) \pno Xtihmatih tli:n topan wetsis. Mila:k te:xte:tsa:wiyah i:n tsómaméh, ta san nika:n tlamalakachótokéh tokwa:tipan. \peo We don't know what is going to happen to us. The buzzards are really giving us a bad omen, they are just circling around above us. \pso No sabemos que nos va a pasar. Los zopilotes nos traen mal agüero, estágirando sobre nuestras cabezas. \pno O:kimalakachoh i:kal ya:n xo:chitl. \peo He encircled his house with flowers (e.g., planted in the earth). \pso Le puso flores (sembradas) por todo el alrededor de su casa. \pno San tlamalakáchotími, xkanah noteketsa. \peo He's just going around in circles (e.g., in his car), he doesn't stop anywhere. \pso Solamente anda dando vueltas (p. ej., en su coche), no se para en ningún lado. \se (with a directional affix) to pay a quick or short visit to; to quickly (go or come to) check out or up on (e.g., the state of an animal or field) \ss (con un afijo direccional) hacer una visita corta a; (ir o venir para) rapidamente checar sobre el estado de (p. ej., la salud de un animal, el estado de un sembradío) \pna San o:timitsmalakacho:ko. \pea I just came to pay you a quick visit. \psa Solamente vine a dar una vuelta rápida para verte. \pna San xmalakacho:ti moba:kah! \pea Just go take a quick look at your cow (e.g., to see how it is doing after having given birth)! \psa ¡Solamente vete a echar una rápida mirada a tu vaca (p. ej., para ver como está después de haber dado a luz)! \pno Xkonmalakacho:tiwetsi mona:n! \peo Go pay a quick visit to your mother! \pso ¡Ve a darle una vuelta rápida a la casa de tu mamá! \xrb malakach \xvco tlamalakacho:ltia \qry Check /tlamalakacho:ltia/ and if possible without /tla-/ then add entry for /malakacho:ltia/ and correct this xref. \ref 05287 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /A:tina:ntitlan/, which has been removed and left in a toponymic database. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry Etymology uncertain. Check with native speakers to hear what etymology or meaning they suggest. The vowel length of this entry has been guessed at and should not be taken with any degree of confidence. \ref 05288 \lxa xo:pan po:cho:kuwtli \lxac xo:pan po:cho:kuwtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of tree still unidentified in a group of trees designated also by the name <nba>po:cho:tl</nba>, apparently of the family Bombacaceae and genus <l>Ceiba</l> \ss tipo deárbol todavía no identificado dentro de un grupo deárboles designado por el nombre <nba>po:cho:tl</nba>, aparentemente de la familia Bombacaceae y el género <l>Ceiba</l>. \apao xo:pan po:cho:tl \xrb xo: \xrb po:cho: \xrb kow \ref 05289 \lxa wa:le:wi:ltia \lxac kwa:le:wi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to send (sb) on the way here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point) \ssa encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia acá (esto es, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Tikwa:le:wilti:s para ma wa:hla. \pea You will send him on his way here so that he comes. \psa Vas a encaminarlo hacia acá para que venga. \sem motion \equivao wa:le:wi:tia \cfao one:wi:ltia \xrb e:wa \xvba wa:le:wa \qry The sentence /Nikwa:le:wilti:s para ma wa:hla/ is slightly problematical. The spatial organization of the situation is unclear. In the subject saying /nikwa:le:wilti:s/ it is unclear what the reference point of /wa:l-/ is. A similar problem occurs with /wa:hla/, i.e.,"toward where?"Also check vowel length of /i/ of the causative endings. Also check for the difference, if any (and if both are correct) with /wa:le:wi:tia/. Originally I had a short /i/, but given comparative evidence I have changed this to a long vowel. It should be rechecked. \ref 05290 \lxa texkalitik \lxac texkalitik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der N-loc-1-itik \se stony area, area covered almost completely with large, round stones \ss pedregal \sem soil \synao texkahloh \xrb te \xrb xka \xrl -itik \dis texkahloh; texkalitik; teteyoh; teteitik; tepachakahloh \mod Illustrate. Perhaps photograph. \ref 05291 \lxa yewalwi:ka \lxac yewalwi:ka \lxo yewalwi:ka \lxoc yewalwi:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der N-b \infv class-4a \se to appear throughout the night (lit. 'to be brought by the night,' e.g., a star or constellation that rises at sunset) \ss aparecer por toda la noche (lit. 'llevarse por la noche', una estrella o constelación que sale al atardecer) \pna Yewalwi:ka ko:lo:tl. \pea The constellation <nao>ko:lo:tl</nao> appears in the night. \psa La constelación <nao>ko:lo:tl</nao> aparece en la noche. \xrb yowa \xrb wi:ka \nse The meaning of <nao>yewalwi:ka</nao> is more transparent if one takes the Oapan meaning of <nlo>wi:ka</nlo> as 'to accompany' rather than the Ameyaltepec meaning of 'to take along (in going someplace).' With the former sense of <nao>wi:ka</nao> the compound form <nao>yewalwi:ka</nao> acquires a more literal meaning of 'to accompany the night.' It is in this sense that the subject can be constellations or stars that remain visible throughout the entire night. \grm Noun incorporation: Note that /yewalwi:ka/ has an incorporated noun with a transitive verb. Discuss in relation to the semantic role. \ref 05292 \lxa kone:tilia \lxac nokone:tilia \lxo kone:tilia \lxoc nokone:tilia; nó:kone:tília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to give ones age as less than one really has (an adult; syn. <nlo>pitentsi:ntilia</nlo>) \ssao (refl.) dar su edad menos de como es de verdad (un adulto; syn. <nlo>pitentsi:ntilia</nlo>) \seao (refl.; in Oapan often reduplicated with a short vowel: <no>nó:kone:tília</no>) to behave like a baby or little child (usually said of an older child) \ssao (refl.; en Oapan a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta: <no>nó:kone:tília</no>) portarse como niñito o bebé(dicho por lo común de un niño mayor) \cfao kone:powa \xrb kone: \mod Disambiguate /kone:tilia/ and /kone:powa/. \nse <na>Kone:tilia</na> is usually used to refer to a young child who behaves a lot younger than his or her age. It is not used to refer to an adult who is childish or playful. But it may be used to indicate an adult who really acts like a child, cuddling up to his mother, etc. Several consultants mentioned that the reduplicated form <na>kokone:tilia</na> is used to indicate that the subject acts like an even younger baby. Thus if a 4-year-old still tries to nurse, <na>nokone:tilia</na>, if an 8-year-old tries it <na>nokokone:tilia</na> (Am) / <no>nó:kone:tília</no>. Apparently this \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-20.1 for additional notes. \vl Note that the first female token is /nó:kone:tília/. The first male token is slurred-mispronounced and should not be tagged. There are then 4 pronunciations of /nokone:tilia/ followed by 4 more of /nó:kone:tília/. The final sound file should have a sequence of female-male token of /nokone:tilia/ followed (in the same file) with the two tokens (F-M) of /nó:koné:tilia/. \grm Reduplcation: <na>Kone:tilia</na> is usually used to refer to a young child who behaves a lot younger than his or her age. It is not used in regards to an adult who is childish or playful but may be used to indicate an adult who really acts like a child, cuddling up to his mother, etc. The reduplicated form <na>kokone:tilia</na> is used to indicate that the subject acts like an even younger baby. Thus if a 4-year-old still tries to nurse, <na>nokone:tilia</na>, if an 8-year-old tries it <na>nokokone:tilia</na>. \ref 05293 \lxa chiko:tl \lxac chiko:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se something not square but with straight edges that go off at a nonperpendicular angle; something trapezoidal; something crookedly cut (particularly cloth, but any object that might not be square but with straight edges) \ss algo no cuadrado pero con orillas rectas que van en unángulo; algo con forma de trapezoide; algo cortado chueco (particularmente tela, pero también cualquier objeto no cuadrado pero con orillas que van derecho) \pna Mlá:k chiko:tl un tlake:ntli. \pea That piece of cloth is really cut crookedly (i.e., at an angle, diagonally and not square). \psa Ese recorte de tela está muy chueco (esto es, descuadrado o cortado no enángulo recto). \cfao chikotik \xrb chiko \qry Determine the precise meaning of chiko, chikotik and chiko:tl. \grm Note the vowel lengthening with /chiko:tl/ and discuss. Also, cf the difference between /chiko/, /chikotik/ and /chiko:tl/. Apparently the first is adverbial, modifying a verb, the second adjectival, and the final nominal. \ref 05294 \lxa tepo:tskalaktia \lxac kitepo:tskalaktia \lxo tepo:tskalahtia \lxoc kitepo:tskalahtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to stuff (into a space or container) \sso meter en (hasta que quede apretado o atiborrado) \pno Xtepo:tskalakti, ma tili:ni! \peo Stuff them in (e.g., corn husks in a sack) so that it (the sack) gets stuffed tight! \pso Mételos (p. ej., el <nla>to:tomoxtli</nla> en un costal) para que se apriete (el costal)! \seo to force into a closed space (e.g., a pig being forcibly pushed into a sty) \sso meter a fuerza en un lugar apretado (p. ej., un marrano en su corrál) \xrb tepo:ts \xrb kalak \xvbao tepo:tskalaki \xvaa tepo:tskalaktilia \xvao tepo:tskalahtilia \nse The primary object of <na>tepo:tskalaktia</na> is the item that is being placed into a container or space. \qry Check vowel lenght in /tepo:tskalaktilia/, perhaps the /o/ should be short (as it is in FK). Note that I had originally written that /tepo:tsakiya/ was a synonym, but I could not \vl There are four additional tokens at 06173. From the original 5294 tokens, link the 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 05295 \lxa tekuwtli \lxac tekuwtli \lxo tekohtli \lxocpend @tekohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea <l>Karwinskia humboldtiana</l> (Roemer & Schulthes) Zucc., tree with very hard wood of the Rhamnaceae family \ssa <l>Karwinskia humboldtiana</l> (Roemer & Schulthes) Zucc.,árbol con madera muy dura de la familia Rhamnaceae \pna Tekuwtli | Chika:wak, bwe:noh para manse:rah, san yewa. \pea <na>Tekuwtli</na> : It is hard, it is good for plow handles, just that. \psa <na>Tekuwtli</na> : Es duro, es bueno para manceras, solamente eso. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb te \xrb kow \nct kohtli \qry Check translation of /mancera/ and correct. \ref 05296 \lxa kuwchalwia \lxac kikuwchalwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to use a <nla>kuwchahli</nla> on (a thorny bush, in clearing a field) \ssa utilizar un <nla>kuwchahli</nla> a (un arbusto espinoso, al limpiar un terreno) \pna Nihkuwchalwia wistli ka:n nitlapupwa. \pea I use a forked stick to push the branches of thorn bushes down to the ground where I clear a field. \psa Empleo una vara bifurcada para empujar las ramas de los arbustos espinosos hacia el suelo donde limpio un terreno. \xrb kow \xrb chal \ref 05297 \lxa á:ilah \lxac á:ilah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan águila \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se hawk \ss gavilán \sem animal \sem bird \equivao kwi:xin \encyctmp to:to:tl \nse Cristino Flores named the following types of <na>kwi:xin</na> : <na>kostik kwi:xin</na>, <na>tsomakwi:xin</na>, <na>kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n</na>, and another found near the river that he does not know the name of but is <na>me:dioh tli:ltiktsi:n, san temonextsi:n</na>. This word is not used in Oapan. According to Roberto Mauricio the Nahuatl word for <spn>águila</spn> is <nlo>wa:ktsi:n</nlo>. \cpl An <na>á:ilah</na> is not considered a <nla>to:to:tl</nla>. Note that although the loan is from Spanish <spn>águila</spn> and one would expect this to signify 'eagle,' consultants indicate that <na>á:ilah</na> is synonomous with <nla>kwi:xin</nla>, which they translate as <spn>gavilán</spn>, or 'hawk' (note that RS gives <na>milano</na>, or kite, for <na>kwi:xin</na>). Thus it remains to be determined whether the <na>á:ilah</na> and <na>kwi:xin</na> are in fact the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the <na>águila</na> as indicated by the Spanish borrowing <na>á:ilah</na>, or whether they refer to the hawk or kite (<na>milano</na>), given the usual translation of <na>kwi:xin</na>. \ref 05298 \lxa cha:nti \lxac cha:nti \lxo cha:nti \lxoc cha:nti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se (with an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to reside or live in a given or particular place (a person) \ss (con un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) habitar o residir en un lugar en particular (una persona) \pna Nika:n nicha:nti. \pea Here is where I live. \psa Aquí es donde vivo. \se (with an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to be found in a particular place (a plant or animal) \ss (con un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) hallarse o encontrarse en un lugar en particular (una planta o animal) \pna Cha:nti ipan tepe:tl. \pea It is found in the hills (e.g., certain plants or animals). \psa Se encuentra en el cerro (p. ej., ciertas plantas o animales). \se (with short vowel reduplication and an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to hang out; to occasionally visit and stay, but not reside \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta y un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) andar o visitar ocasionalmente, sin quedarse ni residir \pna Umpa chacha:ntin, xmelá: incha:n. \pea They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there). \psa Allá andan (no es su lugar de residencia permanente, esto es, no viven allá sino que van de vez en cuando, por ejemplo pájaros que van a un determinado lugar pero que no establecen sus nidos allá). \xrb cha:n \vl Link first female token \qry Note meaning of reduplication which indicates occasionality and"sort of": /Ompa chacha:ntin, xmela:h incha:n/,"They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there)."Make sure that this is short and not long vowel reduplication. \grm Note meaning of reduplication which indicates occasionality and"sort of": /Ompa chacha:ntin, xmela:h incha:n/,"They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there)."Make sure that this is short and not long vowel reduplication. \ref 05299 \lxa kakamatl \lxac kakamatl \lxo kakamatl \lxoc kakamatl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \se small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear \ss maíz o jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal \pna I:kakamayotsitsi:wa:n ye:lo:tl. \pea (They are) the small and unedible ears of corn that form next to the <na>elote</na>. \psa (Son) los pequeños y vanos jilotes que crecen al lado del elote principal. \pna Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. \pea The small ears of maize known as <na>kakamatsitsi:nteh</na>, they just dry up at the side of the <spn>jilote</spn>. \psa Los pequeños elotes llamados <na>kakamatsitsi:nteh</na>, allínada más se secan al lado del jilote. \se (ritual) young daughter who is being courted (that is, desired to be"picked"; so used in a <na>we:we:tlato:hli</na>) \ss (ritual) hija que es el objeto de un cortejo (esto es, a punto de ser"arrancada", así utilizado en un <na>we:we:tlato:hli</na>) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna xi:lo:kakamatl \synao ye:lo:kakamatl \encyctmp mi:hli \xrb kama \nct tlayo:hli \qry Check etymology, perhaps related to /kamatl/ of 'mouth,' or perhaps derived from the root /kama:/ as in /kama:wi/, etc. Determine full range of meaning for <na>mimikin</na>. \ref 05300 \lxa tlaxwistli \lxac tlaxwistli \lxo tlaxwistli \lxoc tlaxwistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \se boil (skin disease); skin eruption with pus inside \ss furúnculo; tlacote (grano que se encumbre y tiene pus) \pna Yo:panwets tso:tso:tl, tlaxwistli. \pea Sores, boils, have appeared (in this case) on my skin. \psa Granos, furúnculos salieron sobre (en este caso) mi piel. \pna Tlaxwistli topo:ni wan ki:sa temahli. \pea A boil bursts and pus comes out. \psa Un furúnculo se revienta y sale pus. \sem disease \xrb xwa \nse Luis Lucena gave the Spanish for <na>tlaxwistli</na> as 'tlacote.' \ref 05301 \lxa tila:nilia \lxac kitila:nilia \lxo tila:nilia \lxoc kitila:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pull on or stretch for \ss jalar o estirar para \se to pull on (part of sth) \ss jalarle (parte de algo) \pna Xma:machi:li ka:no:n poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka! \pea Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place! \psa ¡Tanté ale allá (en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba. \se to take a swig of (a drink from a bottle) \ss tomar una trago de (una bebida de una botella) \pna Pa yaw! Pero milá:k xtila:nili! \pea Here it goes (in this case an alcoholic drink being passed around)! But take a good hearty swig of it! \psa ¡Ahíva (en este caso una bebida alcohólica al pasarse de una persona a otra)! Pero de veras,¡chúpatela bien! \se (with a directional prefix) to reach over (here or there, depending upon the prefix) and grab or take for \ss (con un prefijo direccional) extender el brazo (hacia acá o allá, dependiendo del prefijo) para agarrar o tomar para \pna Xne:cha:ltila:nili nokostá:l! Sie:mpre yetí:k. Xne:chpale:wi! \pea Reach over here and pull on my sack for me! It's quite heavy. Give me a hand! \psa ¡Extiéndete el brazo para agarrar mi costal para mí! Siempre es algo pesado.¡Echame una mano! \xrb tila: \xvbao tila:na \qry Check further meanings. \vl There are 4 extra tokens from 786 (I believe) that were tagged as 5301. Note that although these are tagged 5301, the actual linked files should be from those recorded at 5301; these later files are clearer. \ref 05302 \lxa tlatsatsakwtli \lxac tlatsatsakwtli \lxo tlá:tsahtlí \lxoc tlá:tsahtlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes-rdp \se something (such as a drawing) that has been filled in with color \ss algo (como un dibujo) que ha sido rellenado con colores \pna Nihkowas san a:matl tlatsatsakwtli. \pea I will only buy an amate that has been filled in (i.e., a colored amate, not one that is simply black-and-white). \psa Solamente voy a comprar un amate que ha sido rellenado (esto es, uno de color y no de tinta china nada más). \encyctmp amate: tlatli:lwi:tektli; tlatsatsakwtli \xrb tsakwa \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05303 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ti:sitl \lxoc ti:sitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo soothsayer; prognosticator \sso persona que adivina con suertes, que echa suertes \cfa te:tlatete:mowilike:tl \cfo te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl \xrb ti:si \qry This word was given by Ameyaltepec consultants \ref 05304 \lxa kamotli de un momora:doh \lxaa kamotli de un mora:doh; kamotli de un momoradi:toh \lxac kamotli de un momora:doh \lxo kámomorá:doh \lxoc kámomorá:doh \lxt kamohtle mora:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \sea type of purplish sweet potato of the Convolvulaceae family, still not definitively identified \ssa tipo de camote morado de la familia Convolvulaceae, todavía no identificada definitivamente \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equiva kamotli de un kakamotsi:n \encyctmp kamotli \xrb kamoh \nct kamotli \cpl This type of <spn>camote</spn> is not common in the Balsas River. It is grown more in Acatlán and used to be brought to Oapan and the Balsas river area to sell. Oapanecos would also bring the vines of this to plant in their huertas. However, some of these plants were noted during the field collection period of September-October 2001, along the north side of the Balsas, near San Marcos. \qry Check vowel length of Am forms to make sure first /o/ is short. This is apparently the same as /kamotli de un kakamotsi:n/, but this should be checked as well. \vl There are 4 tokens at 01574, a record that was a duplicate of this at 5304. Thus the original tokens at 1574 should be tagged with 5304. But the linked sound files should be those recorded at 5304, which have better sound. \ref 05305 \lxa ade:lfaxo:chitl \lxaa ade:lfah \lxaa xo:chitl de ade:lfah \lxac ade:lfaxo:chitl \lxo adé:lfaxó:chitl \lxoc adé:lfaxó:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan adelfa \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-loan \se bush with rose-colored flowers used as decoration that is grown in house plots of the area, probably the <l>Nerium oleander</l>, though still not collected nor definitively identified \ss arbusto con flores color de rosa que sirven para decoración, que se halla solamente sembrado en jardines caseros, probablemente el <l>Nerium oleander</l>, aunque no ha sido colectado ni identificado definitivamente \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cpl Under <spn>adelfa</spn> Schoenhals (1988) states:"(<i>Nerium oleander</i>) 'oleander.' The familiar shrub or hedge with pink, red, or white flowers. It is poisonous and can poison food cooked on the wood. Also called <spn>laurel rosa, narciso, rosa francesa, trinitaria.</spn> "Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not mention this plant. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Although I had originally listed this as a /kuhtli/ this appears to be an error (as per the description in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez also has this classified as an 'arbusto.' \ref 05306 \lxa a:ko:koh \lxac i:a:ko:koh \lxo a:ko:koh \lxoc i:a:ko:koh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \seao Adam's apple \ssao nuez de la garganta \seo double chin \sso papada \equivao ko:koh \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \links2 ko:koh is double. \qry The etymology of this word is unclear. Check for /h/ in neighboring dialects. I originally had Am with a short /a/, this has been changed on the basis of the Oapan information \ref 05307 \lxa -pawia \lxac ko:kpawia \lxo -pawia \lxof [pa 'wi a] \lxoc ko:hpawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to do to (sb) the number of times indicated by an incorporated numeral (e.g., to assign a task to, perform an activity, to serve food to, etc.) \ss hacer a (algn) el número de veces que se indica por un número incorporado (p. ej., darle una tarea, servirle comida, etc.) \pna O:ne:cho:kpawih. \pea He served me a second time (in this case food and drink). \psa Me sirvió una segunda vez (en este caso comida y bebida). \pna Ma te:cho:kpawi:ka:n! \pea Let them serve us another time! \psa ¡Quénos sirvan de comida otra vez! \pna O:ne:cho:kpawikeh wan un oksé:, san ke:nkah xkinawatian. \pea They (in this case the village authorities) gave me work a second time, and that other one there, as usual they don't give him orders (i.e., he was assigned only one shift of communal labor). \psa Ellos (en este caso los comisarios del pueblo) me asignaron trabajo una segunda vez y a aquel como siempre no le ordenan (esto es, le dieron solamente una tanda). \pna Yo:ne:chye:xpawikeh, xok na:pismiki. \pea They've served me three times now, I'm no longer hungry. \psa Ya me sirvieron (de comida) tres veces, ya no tengo hambre. \se to do (a chore or activity) the number of times indicated by the compounded numeral \ss hacer (una tarea o actividad) el número de veces que se indica por un número incorporado \pna Niko:kpawi:s, xkwahli o:noka:w. \pea I'm going to do it again, it didn't wind up right. \psa Lo voy a hacer otra vez, no quedóbien. \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \nde In Oapan this construction is only used with numbers above 1. \qry Check /-pawiya/ or /pawia/ and /paye:witia/, which is documented in Oapan, an entry 3276 as /ki-ye:xpaye:witia/. \pqry Check duration of /a/. It is particularly hard for me to measure vowel length before and after glides. A system must be developed. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Dervations with -wia: In the verb /o:kpawia/, note the use of the instrumental ending /-wia/ here with an adverb, /o:kpa/. In general for the grammar all uses of /-wia/ should be extracted from the lexicon in order to determine the types of stems on which this suffix can be placed. \ref 05308 \lxa poso:ni \lxac poso:ni \lxo poso:ni \lxoc poso:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to boil (water or other liquids) \ss hervir (agua u otros líquidos) \se to bubble; to foam up (soda, beer, etc.) \ss burbujar; echar espuma (refresco, cerveza, etc.) \pna Kwala:ntok norefre:skoh, poso:ntok. \pea My soda is foaming, it is bubbling up. \psa Se está echando espuma mi refresco, está burbujando. \xrb poso: \xvkao poposoka \qry Check to determine if ?poso:naltia also exists in addition to /poso:nia/ and, if it does, the difference between the two forms. \ref 05309 \lxa chikwase:n \lxac chikwase:n \lxo chikwase: \lxoc chikwase: \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-num \infa pl. <nao>chikwase:meh</nao> \se six \ss seis \xrb chik \xrb se: \qry Perhaps root contains /-wa:n/ or /-wan/. \pqry Check final vowel of Oapan with phonetician. \vl Link 2d female and 2d male tokens. \ref 05310 \lxa ma:koltostik \lxac ma:koltostik \lxo má:koltóstik \lxoc má:koltóstik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa) \pa yes-rdp \se to have a cramped, twisted, and shriveled hand (e.g. from arthritis) \ss tener la mano torcida y encogida (p. ej., de artritis) \xrb ma: \xrb koltots \nae The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is unclear but it seems to be from underlying reduplication, perhaps indicating the multiplicity of places that are affected. In the recording for the verbal <nlo>ma:koltotsiwi</nlo> no pitch-accent mark was introduced indicating that the unmarked verbal form (in this case that which was most readily offered by consultants) is not reduplicated, probably referring to a single event or process. The unmarked (spontaneously given) adjectival form, however, was reduplicated, probably indicating the multiple locations at which the problem is located, while the verbal form is not reduplicated, indicating the single, perhaps isolated, process of cramping. \vl The first female token is /ma:koltotsiwi/; however there is some static so don't tag it at all. The last male token also has static. In general be careful not to link (or even tag if there is a lot of static) the defective tokens. The second good female token seems the best. \grmx The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is unclear but it seems to be from underlying reduplication, perhaps indicating the multiplicity of places that are affected. In the recording for the verbal <nlo>ma:koltotsiwi</nlo> no pitch-accent mark was introduced indicating that the unmarked verbal form (in this case that which was most readily offered by consultants) is not reduplicated, probably referring to a single event or process. The unmarked (spontaneously given) adjectival form, however, was reduplicated, probably indicating the multiple locations at which the problem is located, while the verbal form is not reduplicated, indicating the single, perhaps isolated, process of cramping. \rt Check the etymological analysis of /koltotsiwi/ and its possible relation with /kol/. \ref 05311 \lxa tlakwite:wa \lxac tlakwite:wa \lxo tlakote:wa \lxoc tlakote:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2-asp \der V2-asp \infv class-3a(w) \se see <nla>tlakwiste:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakoste:wa</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>tlakwiste:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakoste:wa</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \pqry Check for /h/ in Oapan i.e., should /tlakote:wa/ be /tlakohte:wa/; if it is there it is very light. Check both /tlakote:wa/ and /kohte:wa/ (entry 6138). \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05312 \lxa tlatlapaltsi:n \lxac tlatlapaltsi:n \lxo tlátlapáltsi:n \lxoc tlátlapáltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \sea reddish \ssa rojizo \pna De milá:k kwaltsi:n un komo:chitl. Tlatlapaltsi:n. \pea That <spn>guamúchil</spn> is really pretty. It (its fruit, and even its bark) is reddish. \psa Ese guamúchil es muy bonito. Es (esto es, su fruta o hasta su cáscara) es rojizo. \seo multi-colored (a flower, i.e., sth with several colors in no particular pattern) \sso con muchos colores (una flor, esto es, algo con varios colores sin un diseño particular) \sem color \xrb tlapal \vl Link 2nd female and male tokens. \ref 05313 \lxa kwa:teson \lxac kwa:teson \lxo kwa:teson \lxoc kwa:teson \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am) \infa n-to-meh \seao to have a crewcut or short hair; to be short-haired \ssao tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pelo casi raso \pna Kwa:teteson. O:kitlamilikeh itson. \pea He has real short hair. They finished his hair off (when they cut it). \psa Tiene pelo cortado al ras. Se le acabaron el pelo (cuando le cortaron el pelo). \apa kwa:tetesontik \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse Note that <na>tetesontik</na> indicates a rough, hard surface, like that of sandpaper (cf. Classical <n>teçonoa. nitla.</n> which Molina glosses as 'hazeráspera una cosa, o rapar y raer mucho el pelo de la cabeza el barvero que afeita' and <n>teçontic</n>, which Molina has as 'aspera cosa, asícomo piedra, o cosa semejante'). <na>Kwa:teteson</na> (or <na>kwa:tetesontik</na> (Am)) refers to a person who has short hair because of a haircut, and not from baldness, leaving a surface of prickly hairs, like that of a beard of a few days. The form <na>kwa:teteson</na> is the most common and probably results from reduplication, though it may also be analyzable as having the infixed intensifier <n>te-</n>. However, I have also recorded <na>kwa:teson</na> in Ameyaltepec (in Oapan it seems perhaps the more common term). \mod Check to see if /kwa:teson/ is recorded anywhere in the Yale recordings. If so, link to this entry. \mod In Oapan /kwa:teson/ is used for sb with recently cut short hair, but whose hair does not naturally go straight up; cf. <nlo>kwa:tesonek</nlo>. As FM stated, /kwa:teson ya san kiyo:kilia/. \ref 05314 \lxa okichyo:yotli \lxac okichyo:yotli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \se folk generic name for two species of trees: <nba>okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl</nba> (<l>Thevetia ovata</l> (Cav.) A. DC.) and <nba>okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl</nba> (<l>Thevetia pinifolia</l> (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams), both of the Apocynaceae family \ss nombre foklórico de género que incluye a dos especies: <nba>okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl</nba> (<l>Thevetia ovata</l> (Cav.) A. DC.) y <nba>okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl</nba> (<l>Thevetia pinifolia</l> (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams), ambos de la familia Apocynaceae \pna Okichyo:yotli | Kipia ixo:chio kokostik, pero xnoka:wa tio:pan. On kuwtli san para tlikuwtli. \pea <na>Okichyo:yotli</na> : It has yellow flowers but they are not left in the church (as offerings). The tree is just used for firewood. \psa <na>Okichyo:yotli</na> : Tiene flores amarillas pero no se dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda). Eseárbol es solamente para leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb okich \xrb yoh \nse The <na>okichyo:yotli</na> is sometimes called <na>toto:roh</na>, after the name of its fruit. \cpl Ramírez (1991) has an entry for <na>yoyotli</na>, in Spanish <na>yoyote</na>, which is identified as of the family <na>Apocinaceae</na>, species and genus <na>Thevetia thevetioides</na>. Schoenhals (1988) under yoyote has"(<na>Thevetia</na> spp. e.g. <na>T. peruviana</na>) 'yellow oleander', 'luckynut' Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Bright yellow, large flowers. Wood is usually white and flowers fragrant. Seeds are called <na>codo de fraile</na>. San and seeds are poisonous when ingested and the sap is also an irritant. The seeds are carried as health charms. Latex is used for toothache and to treat sores and ulcers. Also called codo de fraile, copa de oro, narciso amarillo, trompeta, yucacaca."According to both Silvestre Pantaleón and Inocencio Díaz the /okichyo:yotli/ has both a male and a female variety. In addition there is the tree called simply /yo:yotli/ which only has a female variety; as Inocencio Díaz mentioned, it is a widow (/ka:wahli/) \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \ref 05315 \lxa tlachia \lxac tlachia \lxo tlachia \lxoc tlachia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become conscious (e.g., after having fainted) \ss llegar a ser conciente (p. ej., después de haber desmayado, etc.) \pna A:mantsi:n tlachias. \pea In a moment he will come around (come to; e.g., sb who has fainted, who is drunk and will become sober, etc.). \psa Ahorita va a estar conciente (p. ej., algn que se ha desmayado, o un borracho que está poniéndose sobrio, etc.). \pna O:sotla:hka, pero o:tlachi:x. \pea He had fainted, but then he came to. \psa Se había desmayado, pero después tomóconciencia. \se to recuperate (e.g., a person or animal after an illness, a plant after lack of water, etc.) \ss recuperarse (p. ej., una persona o animal después de una enfermedad, una planta después de haber quedado sin agua) \pna Ye tlachia pe:ro ok kokoxka:tik. \pea He is recuperating (i.e., starting to regain his general awareness), but he is still ill. \psa Ya se está recuperando (esto es, ya empezó a estar conciente de su medio), pero todavía está enfermo. \pna Ye tlatlachi:xtok nomi:l, xka:wa, ya:lwa pili:ntoya. \pea My maize plants are starting to come around, you wouldn't imagine it but yesterday they were drooping. \psa Mis plantas de maíz se están recuperando, no lo pensarás pero ayer se estaban poniendo mustios. \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man ye tlachia, xok ma:s kwalo. \pea He used to be ill. Now he's recuperating, he's not that sick anymore. \psa Estaba enfermo. Ahora ya se está recuperando, ya no está tan enfermo. \se to become sober (e.g., after a bout of drinking) \ss ponerse sobrio (p. ej., después de una borrachera) \pna Tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi, xkimati tlachia. \pea He always goes around drunk, he doesn't know how to be sober. \psa Anda siempre borracho, no sabe estar sobrio. \se to see or be able to perceive; to have good eyesight; (fig.) to have a good eye \ss percebir o ver; tener buena vista; (fig.) tener buen ojo \pna Xok nitlachia, ye tlaiwa. \pea I can't see anymore, it already gotten dark. \psa Ya no veo bien, ya se hizo oscuro. \pna On ne:nkah ba:leh milá:k tlachia, kwaltsi:n isuwa:w o:kine:xtih. \pea That friend over there has a good eye, he's found a good-looking wife. \psa Ese amigo tiene buen ojo, encontró una esposa bonita. \se to be able to divine (e.g., a soothsayer, i.e., to be able to determine the cause of sth such as a disease, to be able to locate things such as lost animals, to have the capacity to see into the future, etc.) \ss ser capaz de adivinar (de ver la causa de algo como una enfermedad, de poder vislumbrar la localización de cosas como animales perdidos, de tener la capacidad para ver el futuro, etc.) \pna Tlachia, wel tlaxi:nia. \pea He sees things (through divination), he knows how to throw maize and copal in a bowl of water. \psa Sabe adivinar, sabe echar suertes. \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to look or snoop around; to gaze; to examine; to observe; to keep an eye out \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) mirar; observar; vigilar; husmear; fisgonear \pna Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye unkah. \pea I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there. \psa Estoy andando mirando por aquíy por allá (en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que sembréya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas). \pna Xtla:tlachiati nomi:hlan! \pea Go and take a careful look around my milpa (e.g., to see that no animals have gotten in, or if there is some squash ready to be picked, etc.). \psa ¡Ve a darle una buena revisada a mi milpa (p. ej., para ver si entraron o no algunos animales, o si hay algunas calabazas listas para cosechar, etc.)! \pna Ok tla:tlachia, kita katlewa me:roh ka:nas. \pea He's still looking around to see which is the one that he will marry. \psa Estátodavía viendo para ver cual va a tomar como esposa. \pna Tla:tlachia nocha:n, ne:chistla:kowa tla: nikpia notra:steh. \pea He looks (snoops) carefully around my house. He's checking me out to see if I have kitchen ware (i.e., if I am rich, in order that he might gossip about me, or even rob me of sth). \psa Observa detenidamente un lugar tras otro en mi casa. Me está observando surrepticiosamente para ver si tengo mis trastes (esto es, si soy rico para que puede chismear acerca de mí, o hasta robarme algo). \pna Newa san nitlachia deke kiki:tski:sneki. \pea I'm just keeping an eye out in case he tries to take it (for himself). \psa Yo estoy solamente vigilando para si acaso lo quiere tomar (por si mismo). \pna On toba:leh ma:ka sa: tikontas! Yewa xtlachia, xwel te:tlatete:molia. \pea Don't just go see our friend! He doesn't see anything, he can't divine for people. \psa ¡No vayas a ver ese amigo! El no ve,él no puede divinar. \se to be or become bright (a light or lamp, etc.) \ss brillar o llegar a brillar (una luz o lámpara, colores, etc.) \pna A:man ye tlachi:xtok to:nahli, xok tlamoxte:mi. \pea Now the sun is shining, the sky is no longer covered with clouds. \psa Ahora el sol está brillando, el cielo ya no está tapado de nubes. \pna Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok. \pea My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power). \psa Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás da una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas) \se to have bright colors (e.g., cloth) \ss tener colores vivos (e.g., una tela) \pna Tlachia un tlapahli. \pea That paint has a strong (bright) color. \psa Esa pintura tiene un color fuerte. \pna Tlachia notlake:n pa:mpa kipia itlachialis fwe:rteh. \pea Your clothes are striking because they have bright colors. \psa Tu ropa es llamativa porque tienen colores fuertes. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to ponder; to think and reflect (in an effort to find a solution) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ponderar; pensar y reflexionar (para encontrar una solución) \pna San a:man i:xtepo:po:ni, san a:man tla:tlachia ke:no:n kichi:was. \pea He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering how he will do it. \psa Apenas ahora está abriendo los ojos, apenas ahora está reflexionando cómo lo va a hacer. \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to look; to appear (in the sense of having a particular appearance) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) verse; parecer (en el sentido de tener una apariencia particular) \pna Xnikwelita ke:n tla:tlachia. \pea I don't like how he looks (i.e., his appearance). \psa No me gusta como se ve (en cuanto a su apariencia). \pna Ihkón tla:tlachia. \pea That's the way he looks. \psa Asíparece (se ve). \pna Kwaltsi:n tlachiaya. A:man xohkó:n, yo:i:xse:w. \pea It used to have a pretty appearance. Now it's no longer like that, its lost its luster. \psa Tenía una apariencia bonita. Ya no es así, perdiósu brillo. \se (with a directional prefix) to take a peek out; to gaze over at (either toward or away from a deictic reference point) \ss (con un prefijo directional) asomarse; mirar hacia (en sentido intraversa o extraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Xontlachia deke ye wa:hlaw! \pea Take a peek out to seee if he is already coming this way! \psa ¡Asómate para ver si ya viene hacia acá! \pna Ne: ontlachi:xtok.¡Ahwa tli:nonon! \pea He is gazing out over there. Who knows what it is! \psa Estámirando hacia allá.¿Quién sabe que es? \xrb chiya \xvcao tlachialtia \xvaa tlachi:lia \xbtlao chia \nae Note that <na>tlachi:xtok</na> may be considered a progressive in a phrase such as <na>Ne: ontlachi:xtok</na>, in other cases (e.g., those referring to a state of the mind or body) it is more heuristically considered a stative: <na>tlachi:xtok</na> 'he is conscious.' <na>Tlachia</na> manifests indefinite object deletion and a lexicalized sense of 'to be conscious,' etc., from the transitive verb /-chia/ 'to wait for.' \qry Record perfective and check vowel length. Check use of long vowel reduplication in the phrases /Xnikwelita ke:n tla:tlachia/ and /Ihkón tla:tlachia/. Check to determine both whether this aceptation is correct (in regards to appearance), or whether the unreduplicated forms can be used. Check length of final /a/ in imperfective. \grm Pluscamperfect: /O:sotla:hka, pero o:tlachi:x/ 'He had fainted, but then he came to.' The preceding is a good example of the use of the pluscamperfect. The fainting is an action whose effect is no longer present, i.e., with the coming to of the subject. The translation could well just use the perfective: 'He fainted and (but) then came to.' \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Xtla:tlachiati nomi:hlan!/ 'Go and take a careful look around my milpa (e.g., to see that no animals have gotten in, or if there is some squash ready to be picked, etc.).' Note here the use of long vowel reduplication to indicate a careful and repeated action. The signification of the reduplication with a long vowel is that of examining, of looking carefully, going inside the field and looking at places carefully and one by one. \grm Complementation and adjuncts: /San a:man i:xte:mpopo:ni, san a:man tlatlachia ke:non kichi:was/. 'He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering how he will do it.' Note here that while /tlachia/ can exist without any subordinate clause, /tlatlachia/ in certain acceptations must take an adjunct, here the adjunct is what was being pondered. Perhaps this structure is similar to that of 'to look for' as in John looks for Jane. Cf. the literature on these verbal forms. With Nahuatl we have phrases like /kinemilia ke:non kichi:was/ 'he thinks how he will do it' and /tlatlachia ke:nonn kichi:was/. In the formers there is a clear transitive argument structure and /ke:non kichi:was/ is a clausal complement (i.e., cf. Noonon, it fills one of the argument slots of the verb). However, in the semantically similar /tlatlachia ke:non kichi:was/ the verb /tlatlachia/ is not a transitive and thus there cannot be an object argument/complement clause. Rather, perhaps /ke:non kichi:w as/ should be ascribedanother semantic role (cf. those of Fillmore, etc.). In a sense it is the source, or perhaps goal, etc. This should be discussed and as clear a representation as possible of thematic roles should be developed. \ref 05316 \lxa chika:hka:kuwtli \lxac chika:hka:kuwtli \lxo chika:hka:kohtli \lxoc chika:hka:kohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se to be hard wood \ss ser madera dura \encyctmp In /ono section on /kuhtli/ determine all the woods that are classified as"hard." \xrb chika: \xrb kow \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05317 \lxa ye ika \lxac ye ika \lxo i ika \lxoc i ika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \se forever; forevermore \ss para siempre \pno I ika timikis. \peo You will die forevermore. \pso Vas a morir para siempre. \seo (<nao>sa:</nao> ~) the last time; the one and only time \sso (<nao>sa:</nao> ~) laúltima vez; laúnica vez \pno Sa: i ika niaw. \peo This is the only time I'm going. \pso Es laúnica vez que voy. \ref 05318 \lxa komi:nos \lxac komi:nos \lxo komi:nos \lxoc komi:nos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cominos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se cumin, a spice for cooking \ss comino, una especie para sazonar la comida \ref 05319 \lxa kuwiya:wtli \lxac kuwiya:wtli \lxo koya:htli \lxoc koya:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se <l>Gliricidia sepium</l> (Jacq.) Steud., tree of the Leguminoseae family \ss <l>Gliricidia sepium</l> (Jacq.) Steud.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Kuwiya:wtli | Bwe:noh para xo:chitl ika tlaxo:chite:malo. No: para tikimpawi:s kimichin, tikonki:xti:s inelwayo, dya tiktepa:paxo:s, tiktexa:xama:nili:s. Dya tika:pacho:s, dya tikontla:li:s tlayo:hli noso tixtli iwa:n tiknelo:s. Tiktla:li:s ka:n kalakin para tlakwan noso a:tli:n. Tikone:xti:s seki yo:mik wan seki sahkó:n tepapa:ya:nemin. Wan seki tikontas notemotso:lolokeh. \src Luis Lucena \pea <na>Kuwiya:wtli</na> : It is good for its flowers, when they are spread on the ground during a ceremony. It is also good for killing mice, you take up its roots and then flatten it with a rock, you crush it with a rock. Then you moisten it with water and put it on maize or <na>masa</na> and you mix it up with it. You place this where they come in so that they eat or drink. You'll find that some have died and others are in a stupor. And some others you'll see that they are just huddled over. \psa <na>Kuwiya:wtli</na> : Es bueno para flores, para cuando las esparcen para una ceremonia. también es bueno para matar a ratoncitos, sacas su raíz y entonces la apachurras con una piedra, la machucas con una piedra. Y entonces lo mojas con agua y lo pones sobre maíz o masa, lo mezclas conél. Lo pones donde entran para que coman o beban. Vas a hallar que algunos murieron y otros nada más están como aletargados. Y algunos los ves y están todo acurrucados. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb ko \xrb ya:w \nae The etymology is not apparent, but perhaps is derived from <na>ko</na> combined with <na>ya:w</na>, with an epenthetic glide /w/, inserted. \cpl According to Emidio Rosendo the <na>kowiya:wtli</na> may occasionally be used for <na>china:ntli</na>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give <na>cuya:wtli</na> which they identify as"matarrata"as does Ramírez (1991). Local consultants also gave this identification. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:119) give the matarrata as of the family <i>Leguminosae; faboideae</i> and the genus-species <i>Gliricidia sepium</i> (Jacq.) Steud. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Note that the /u/ is syllabic, i.e. it is not /kwiya:wtli/, and thus once I spelled this as /kuiya:wtli/. Another time I had /kowia:wtli/. Both spelling and pronunciation should be checked, particularly the presence or absence of the glide. \grm Tiktla:li:s ka:n kalakin para tlakwan noso a:tlin. 'You will place it down where they [mice] enter so that they eat and drink.' Note how the predicate verb has a nonnspecific object even though the item 'placed down' is specifically referred to in the discourse and the previous predicate, /tiktla:li:s/. In general keep a lookout for such syntax and devote a special chapter in the grammar to the nonspecific markers. \ref 05320 \lxa paltilia \lxac kipaltilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to soak or drench \ss empapar \pna Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih, san puroh a:wixtli. \pea There was a lot of dew all over. It got me soaked, it was just all dew. \psa Había mucho rocío por todos lados. Me empapó, fue puro rocío. \pna O:timopaltilih. \pea You got yourself soaked (e.g., in drinking water from a gourd you let it drip all down your clothes). \psa Te dejaste empapar (o mojar, p. ej., al tomar agua de una jícara, se te escurrió el agua por el cuerpo). \syno kapa:naltia \xrb pal \xvba paltia \qry Check final /h/ in /puroh/. \ref 05321 \lxa Ara:doh \lxaa Aradi:toh \lxac Ara:doh \lxo ara:doh \lxoc ara:doh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan arado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se plow \ss arado \se constellation comprising the body of Orion \ss constelación de estrellas que se compone del cuerpo de Orión \sem heavens \sem tool \cfa tla:wi:hli \ref 05322 \lxa ikxi to:to:tsi:n \lxac ikxi to:to:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea <l>Ipomoea diegoi</l>, wild herbaceous plant of the Convolvulaceae family \ssa <l>Ipomoea diegoi</l>, planta herbácea de la familia Convolvulaceae family \pna Ikxi to:to:tsi:n | Xiwtsi:ntli ke:itlah komekatsi:ntli. Seki no: wel kikwa. \pea <na>I:kxi to:to:tsi:n</na> : Its a little herbaceous plant like a small vine. Some people can eat it. \psa <na>I:kxi to:to:tsi:n</na> : Es una plantita como bejucco. Alguna gente se lo puede comer. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kxi \xrb to:to: \nse This plant is used as food for burros, i.e., <na>i:tlakwal burroh</na>. Note that the Ameyaltepec name was given by Inocencio Díaz; Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan referred to this plant as <no>xino:lah komekatl sísiwá:tl</no>. However, Honorio de la Rosa of Ameyaltepec called this plant simply <na>kokomekatl de moradi:toh</na> or some nearly equivalent name. For him there was an <na>i:kxi to:to:tsi:n de moradi:toh</na>, but this is a member of the Malvaceae family still not identified. \nct xiwtli \ref 05323 \lxa kokoliskwi \lxac kokoliskwi \lxo kokoliskwi \lxoc kokoliskwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to get sick \ss enfermarse \pna Tito:nalte:kokoh, deke yekah iwa:n timokwala:ni:s, kokoliskwis. \pea You have a strong soul, if you get in an argument with someone, he will get sick. \psa Tienes la alma fuerte, si discutes con alguien, se va a enfermar. \sem disease \dis kwalo: \xrb koko \xrb kwi \qry Check meaning of /kokoliskwi/ the how it differs in meaning from /kwalo/. \vl Note that the two first tokens are /koliskwi/. It is not clear if this is correct, or what meaning it might have. For now tag these as 99999_05323_Of1a, etc. I will have to determine the meanings later. \ref 05324 \lxa chi:chi:liwi \lxac chi:chi:liwi \lxo chi:chi:liwi \lxoc chi:chi:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn or become red or reddish (a drunkard's face; a person's skin; a river from clay during the rainy season) \ss ponerse rojo o enrojecerse; quedarse rojizo (la cara de un borracho; la piel de una persona; el agua lodosa de un río durante la temporada de lluvias) \pna Yo:pe:w techi:chi:liwi toba:leh. Ye tlawa:ntok, o:kixo:tlaltih tra:goh. \pea Our friend has started to turn red. He's begun to get drunk, drink has gotten him smashed. \psa Ya empezó a ponerse rojo nuestro amigo. Ya se está emborrachando, se le subió el trago. \pna Yo:pe:w chi:chi:liwi nopio. Ye tlatlakalis. \pea My hen has started to redden (on its head and face). It's about to start laying eggs. \psa Ya empezó a enrojecerse mi gallina (sobre su cabeza y cara). Ya está por poner. \pna Yo:ni:to:nih mokone:tsi:n. Mlá:k, a:sta yo:techi:chi:liw. \pea Your little baby has sweated. Indeed, he's even turned all red (from the sun and heat). \psa Tu bebéha sudado. Hasta se puso todo rojo (del sol y calor). \pna Yo:chi:chi:liw a:tl. O:moya:w. \pea The water (in a river) has deeply reddened. It (the river) has gotten muddy (from the rising and rushing waters of the rainy season). \psa El agua (de un río) se ha enrojecido mucho. Estaban turbias (las aguas del río). \pna Kwaltsi:n motlikow, a:sta wa:lchi:chi:liwtiw. \pea Your firewood is really nice, it looks really red as it comes along (in reference here to the red wood of the tree called <na>brasil</na>). \psa Tu leña es chula, viene viéndose toda roja (se refiere especialmenteal a la leña delárbol llamado, palo de brasil que es muy rojo). \pna O:tichi:chi:liw ika to:nahli. \pea You've turned red from the sun. \psa Te quemaste por el sol. \sem color \equivao chi:chi:le:wi \xrb chi:l \xv0ao tlachi:chi:liwi \nse Apparently the two forms <na>chi:chi:liwi</na> and <na>chi:chi:le:wi</na> are identical, with the possible exception noted under <nlao>chi:chi:le:wi</nlao>. \qry Check for possible differences in use between /chi:chi:le:wi/ and /chi:chi:liwi/. \ref 05325 \lxa tsahka:yo:tl \lxac tsahka:yo:tl \lxo tsahka:yo:tl \lxoc tsahka:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se hanging door of horizontally placed rods (of cactus rods, otate, or even corn stalks) tied together with interwoven twine (like a bed); this door is lowered to shut the house and then fastened to the side and bottom of the doorframe or doorway to secure the closure, generally for houses of wattle and daub \ss puerta colgante de varas arregladas horizontalmente (de cactus, otate, o tallos de maíz) que se amarran con cuerda entrelazada (como una cama); la puerta se baja para cerrar y se ata al lado y parte inferior del marco de la puerta para asegurar la casa, que generalmente es de adobe y cañas \sem tool-house \xrb tsakwa \mod Illustrate \ref 05326 \lxa ikopi \lxac ikopi \lxo íkopí \lxop ikopi \lxoc íkopí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to have ones eyes closed (e.g., while sleeping); to close ones eyes (e.g., voluntarily, but not repeatedly) \ss cerrar los ojos (p. ej., al dormir); cerrar los ojos (p. ej., voluntariamente, pero no repetidas veces) \pna San ke:nkah ikoptok. Koxtok. \pea His eyes are closed just as they had been. He is sleeping. \psa Tal como estaban, tiene los ojos cerrados. Estádurmiendo. \se to squint (e.g., from direct sunlight) \ss entrecerrar los ojos (p. ej., a causa de la luz directa) \se (fig.) for ones sphincter muscle to tighten (e.g., while exerting great force) \ss (fig.) cerrarsele el esfinter \pna Asta tikoptok. Yetí:k. \pea Even your sphincter muscle is tightening. It is heavy. \psa Hasta se te cierre el esfinter. Estápesado. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to blink; to rapidly close and open ones eyes (or eye) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) pestañear; parpadear; cerrar y abrir rapídamente los ojos (o un ojo) \pna Iikopi. \pea He blinks his eyes (several times). \psa Parpadea (varias veces). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to flash or blink on and off (e.g., a light, such as those used on Christmas trees) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) encenderse y apagarse (p. ej., una luz intermitente, como las de unárbol de navidad) \xrb hkopi \xvaa ikopilia \xvao íkopília \xvca ikopiltia \xvco íkopíltia \qry Check /ke:nkah/ in one of the above phrases as to whether there should be a final /h/. Check whether the meaning to 'to blink on and off' has a long reduplicant vowel. This would seem to be indicated; the best way to tell would be from an analysis of Oa and Tet forms. Oa has p-a for short vowels; Tet would have the /h/ for short vowels and no /h/ for long vowels. \ref 05327 \lxa a:to:hli de i:skitl \lxac a:to:hli de i:skitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea type of atole still not fully described \ssa tipo de atole todavía no descrito plenamente \sem food \equiva i:skia:to:hli \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb a:to:l \xrb i:ski \nse See <na>a:to:hli</na> for list of types of <na>a:to:hli</na>. \ref 05328 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for Am /totoka/ and Oa /tótoká/. It has been removed; cf. now only under /toka/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05329 \lxa paxko:ntik \lxac paxko:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be pot-bellied; to be fat (particularly in the belly) \ssa ser panzón; ser gordo (por la panza en particular) \xrb pax \xrb ko:m \qry The etymology of /paxko:ntik/ is uncertain; also check vowel length of /a/. Perhaps root is /pach/. Note that in neither Molina, RS, FK, of RJC is there a root /pax/ or anything that seems similar. \ref 05330 \lxa kwa:toto:nki \lxac kwa:toto:nki \lxo kwa:toto:nki \lxoc kwa:toto:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be hot-headed \ss ser enojón \pna Kwa:toto:nki, niman kwala:ni. \pea He is hot-headed, he gets angry right away. \psa Es un enojón, luego luego se enoja. \sem character \xrb kwa: \xrb to:na \qry Determine whether forms such as this should be considered lexicalized or incorporated reduplication. Check for forms /kwa:toto:nia/ and /kwa:toto:nilia/ 'to make hot-headed.' If these exist, then the classification in the /cat field should change to the -ki/ya/lia paradigm. \grm This is another form, with /a:molo:nki/ and /a:yema:nki/ in which the adjectival is formed not from the preterit, but from the verbal stem of intransitives that end in -ia {-i + ya}. \ref 05331 \lxa tsonakayáw \lxac tsonakayáw \lxo tsonakayaw \lxoc tsonakayaw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>yaw</nlao> \se to lean or tilt over to the side (e.g, a large sack of maize that is not vertically balanced or that is crookedly placed on a beast of burden) \ss irse o inclinarse hacia un lado (p. ej., un costal grande de maíz que no está balanceado verticalmente o que está puesto chueco sobre una bestia de carga) \pna O:tsonakayah, xkwahli o:htekets. \pea It leaned over to one side, you didn't set it up(right) well. \psa Se inclinóhacia un lado (se fue de lado), no lo paraste bien. \cfa tsonakawetsi \xrb tsonaka \xrb yaw \nae The fact that Ameyaltepec <na>o:tsonakayah</na> has the stress placed on the <na>ka</na> syllable suggests that this entry be treated as one word. Nevertheless, the fact that both <na>tsonakayáw</na> and <na>tsonakahyá:s</na> is stressed on the final syllable might be taken to indicate a two-word analysis. There is perhaps some variation in the analysis of speakers, as is also found in <na>tsonakawetsi</na> or <na>tsonaka wetsi</na>. \qry See Gram 1986-08-20.1 \pqry Note the phonetics of the final sound comparing Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Discuss with phonetician. \mod See original filecard. Illustrate. \ref 05332 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry, /nakastitilak/ has been removed given that it is duplicated elsewhere. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05333 \lxa pa:kilistli \lxac pa:kilistli \lxo pa:ilistli \lxoa pa:kilistli \lxoc pa:ilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se happiness; joy; contentment \ss felicidad; alegría \pna Newa nunkah ika pa:kilistli, xkaman timokwala:nian. \pea I am living in happiness, we (a household) never get angry with each other. \psa Estoy con felicidad, nunca nos enojamos (yo y los que viven en mi casa). \pna Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. \pea I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with complete joy. \psa Aquí estoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad. \xrb pa:ki \ref 05334 \lxa tlatskwepo:naltia \lxac kitlatskwepo:naltia \lxo tlatskopo:naltia \lxoc kitlatskopo:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \infv class-2a \se to make a cracking sound against \ss hacer un fuerte chasquido contra \pna Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis! \pea Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch, causing a cracking sound against the skin) so that his laziness goes away! \psa ¡Dále unos fuertes latigazos a tu hijo (con una soga o vara, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que se le quite su flojera! \xrb tlats-2-; kwepo: \xvba tlatskwepo:ni \xvbo tlatskopo:ni \nae Although it would seem to be expected that the grammatical object of <na>tlatskwepo:naltia</na> would be the object (e.g., a switch or rod) that is cracked, at least in the case of <na>Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis!</na> it is the surface or object against which something is cracked that is the object. \ref 05335 \lxa maxaliwtok \lxac maxaliwtok \lxo maxalihtok \lxoc maxalihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue; or a road that splits in two, etc.) \ss estar bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija; o un camino que se parte, etc.) \equiva maxale:wtok \cfo maxaltik \xrb maxal \qry In the present case, determine whether the verb /maxaliwi/ exists. See query for /maxale:wtok/. Cf. entry under /maxaltik/. \mod Disambiguate /maxaliwtok/ and /maxale:wtok/, which seem to be full synonyms, from /maxaltik/. The latter seems to refer to physical objects, and in this sense is equal in meaning to the former two. However, my recollection is that /maxaltik/ can refer only to these types of physical objects. However, /maxaliwtok/ and /maxale:wtok/ can refer to other things such as roads. This should be checked. \vl Link second female token. \ref 05336 \lxa tepachakahli \lxac tepachakahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sem stone \se type of slate-like stone, usually flat on both sides, found in hilly fields and about the size of a fist or perhaps a little larger \ss tipo de piedra ancha y delgada, plano por dos lados, que se encuentra generalmente en los terrenos de los cerros; es de tipo como pizarra, más o menos el tamaño de un puño o quizá un poquito más grande \syna techachahli \cfao tepachakahloh \xrb te \xrb pachaka \nse Consultants gave <na>tepachakahli</na> and <nla>techachahli</nla> as equivalent. The etymology of <na>tepachakahli</na> is uncertain, but it might refer to the flattened shape of these stones (cf. <nla>pachiwi</nla>). Florencia Marcelino stated that one would not refer to the particular stones but rather to the area covered by these. \qry In general check relation between /pachakal-/ as in /pachakahlo:tl/ and /pa:chaka:/ as in /pa:chaka:tl/. Perhaps I have made an error in recording these. \mod Illustrate \ref 05337 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kówatlí \lxoc kówatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \sso <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kulebri:tah \cfa kuwiya:wtli \cfo kó:yá:htli \xrb ko \xrb wah \nse The identification of the <no>kówatlí</no> (Oa) and <nba>kowatli</nba> (Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of <na>kowatli</na> (Am) / <nt>kowahtle</nt> (Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark is called <l>Guettarda elliptica</l> Sw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called <na>kowatli</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nt>kulebri:tah</nt> in San Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other <na>kowatli</na> has smooth bark, it is the <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, a hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called <na>kulebri:tah</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nt>kowahtle</nt> in Tetelcingo. Thus the names are reversed from those given to <l>Guettarda elliptica</l>. The the <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silve stre Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. \nct kohtli \vl The first token is female /kowatl/, which should be tagged with ref. 5093. \ref 05338 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kow \lxoc kow \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seo shit \sso chin \sem Gender: male \xrb kow \nse This interjection limited to male speakers and is uttered in reaction to a statement or comment that is not well received: A: <no>¡Xmitsmakas tli:n mitswi:kilia!</no> B: <no>¡kuh!</no>. It is typical of male speakers from Oapan and may be used by males from other villages in imitation or jest. \vl For now do not link this token but tag the four male versions. \ref 05339 \lxa tlapitsaktli \lxac tlapitsaktli \lxo tlapitsahtli \lxoc tlapitsahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \se mountain pass \ss paso o puerto de montaña \xrb pitsa: \nse <na>Tlapitsaktli</na> refers to a low-lying pass between two hills; the name derives from the fact that it is narrow. \mod Illustrate; see illustration on file card \vl The first female token is /tlapi:tsahli/ and should be tagged with #3405. The rest are OK. \grm Nominalization (lexical): Note the form: /tlapitsaktli/. Here as with the adjectivals (e.g., /pitsaktik/, etc.) a /k/ is introduced in the derivation. \ref 05340 \lxa se:wilia \lxac kise:wilia \lxo se:wilia \lxoc kise:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to put out for (a fire, embers, or also an electrical aparatus, a motor, a stove or burner, a light, etc.) \ss apagar para (un fuego, brazas, o bien un aparato eléctrico, un motor, una estufa o parilla, una luz, etc.) \se to cool off; to refresh (sb, for example, a cool drink, fresh fruit, etc. [S]) \ss refrescar (a algn, p. ej., una bebida refrescante, fruta fresca, etc. [S]) \pna Mitsse:wilia un toro:njah, xok tito:nalmikis. \pea That grapefruit will cool you off, you won't be hot anymore. \psa Esa toronja te va a refrescar, ya no vas a tener calor. \xrb se: \xvba se:wia \xvbo se:wiya \ref 05341 \lxa pana:deroh \lxac pana:deroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan panadero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se baker \ss panadero \equivao pa:nchi:hke:tl \equivo semí:tachí:hke:tl \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>panade:roh</na> is much more commonly used than <na>pa:nchi:hke:tl</na>. \ref 05342 \lxa ma:ka \lxac ma:ka \lxo ma:ka \lxoc ma:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-imp \se negative imperative that precedes either the future or the imperative \ss imperativo negativo que precede o el futuro o el imperativo \pna Ma:ka tikte:makas! \pea Don't be giving it to anyone! \psa ¡No se lo vayas a dar a nadie! \pna Ma:ka xya! \pea Don't go! \psa ¡No te vayas! \se (ma:s [predicate] ~ [noun or pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than \ss (ma:s [predicado] ~ [sustantivo o pronombre]) ser más [predicado] que \pna Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa. \pea You are older than I am. \psa Eres más grande que yo. \pna Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec. \pea Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec. \psa Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec. \se (~ <nao>ma</nao> [stative]) let it not be [stative] \ss (~ <nao>ma</nao> [estativo]) que no esté[estativo] \pna Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san aga:chitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia. \pea If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit in each, even if they aren't all full. \psa Si te pica un ciempiés, te vas a aliviar solamente si tomas cién platos de atole, aunque sea nada más un poquito en cada uno, aunque no estén todos llenos. \se Don't! (negative pro form, with the predicate event understood from context) \ss ¡Quéno! (negativo de un predicado entendido por el contexto) \pna Ma:ka! \pea Don't! (do it, i.e., said for example to a child who is about to touch sth hot). \psa ¡No! (lo vayas a hacer, p. ej., dicho a un niño que está a punto de tocar algo caliente) \xrb ma: \xrb ka \mod Probably derived from optative /ma/ and /ka/ negative. Determine how to list this root. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \grm Comparative: Note the following syntax: (ma:s [predicate] ~ [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than, i.e., /Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa/ 'You are older than I am.' or /Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec/ 'Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec.' \grm Stative; aspectual; reduplication: Note the use of /-tia/ (as well as /-to/) in the modal expression of a stative (that in the present would be /-tok/): /Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san agachitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia/ 'If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit in each, even if they aren't all full.' In this phrase the word /tete:ntia/ represents the use of reduplication to indicate repetition within a group of similar items, viewed as a whole. The ending /-tia/ represents the modal form of /-tok/, used as a stative (e.g., propositionally equivalent to /tete:ntok/). \ref 05343 \lxa tlantetechiki \lxac notlantetechiki \lxo tlantéchikí \lxop tlantechiki \lxoc notlantéchikí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \rdp Rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to brush ones teeth \ss (refl.) cepillarse los dientes \pna Notlantetechiktok, ye kochis. \pea He's brushing his teeth, he's about to go to bed. \psa Se está cepillando los dientes, ya va a dormir. \cfo 'techíki \xrb tlan \xrb hchiki \qry Check for unreduplicated form ?/tlantechiki/, as well as /tlanchiki/ and /tlanchichiki/. Also check for transitive use. \ref 05344 \lxa kukwalo \lxac kukwalo \lxo kwakwalo \lxoc kwakwalo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a(pass) \se to get bug-eaten \ss carcomerse \pna Kipia ipino:hlo, yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo. \pea It has powder (a piece of wood, a beam, etc.), it's started to get powdery in spots, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs). \psa Ya está carcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga), ya empezó a llenarse de polvillo, ya empezó a carcomerse. \xrb kwa \cfa kwalo \nae The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan indicates the lack of a coda {h} in the reduplicant. \qry Check short vowel. Passive would expectedly be /kukwalo/; cf. also with /kwalo/. \sj Kwakwalo \ref 05345 \lxa kwa:pitsi:ni \lxac kwa:tepitsi:ni \lxo kwa:tepitsi:ni \lxoc kwa:tepitsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am) \infv class-3a \se to get a small piercing wound on ones head \ss herirse ligeramente en la cabeza \pna O:nikwa:tepitsi:n, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. \pea I got a small wound on my head, I got hit by a rock. \psa Mi cabeza se hirióligeramente, me alcanzó una piedra. \xrb kwa: \xrb pitsi: \nse <nao>Kwa:tepitsi:ni</nao> refers to a small pinlike wound in the head, perhaps lightly breaking the skin. \qry Check for transitive form. Again, the presence of /te-/ should be noted and checked although it seems very likely that /pitsi:/ is a separate root. Check for possible forms ?tepitsi:ni and ?pitsi:ni. \ref 05346 \lxa totomilia \lxac kitotomilia \lxo tótomília \lxop totomilia \lxoc kí:tomília \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \se see <nlao>tomilia</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tomilia</nlao> \xrb tom \nse Although this applicative has only been documented in reduplicated form, it has been entered under <nlao>tomilia</nlao> to maintain consistency with <nlao>toma</nlao> and <nlao>tomi</nlao>. \ref 05347 \lxa kaxa:nka:tla:katl \lxac kaxa:nka:tla:katl \lxo kaxa:nka:tla:katl \lxoc kaxa:nka:tla:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se sickly man; man who easily becomes ill or weakened (e.g., from excessive work) \ss hombre enfermizo, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo) \pna Kaxa:nka:tla:tl, kaxa:nki itla:kayo. San kukwi:stik, san kwalo:tsi:n. \pea He is a sickly man, his body is not resistent. He is out of his element, he is just ill. \psa Es enfermizo, su cuerpo no aguanta. Nunca se halla donde está, nomás anda enfermo. \cfao tepi:tska:tla:katl \cfa poxa:hka:tla:katl \xrb kaxa: \xrb tla:ka \dis poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl \nse This word refers to a man who gets sick often or who can't bear even a little work without getting ill. \qry Note that in the exemplary phrase check to see if /san/ should be /sa:/. \ref 05348 \lxa kwa:pochi:nki \lxac kwa:pochi:nki \lxo kwa:pochi:nki \lxoc kwa:pochi:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have disheveled hair \ss tener el cabello greñudo y enmarranado \se to have a fuzzy end (a material object such as a wooden stake that has been pounded a lot, a rope with a frazzled end, etc.) \ss tener la punta ablandada, deshecha o deshilachado (una estaca de madera que ha sido golpeada repetidas veces con una piedra, una soga con su cabo desatado) \pna Xtekili un kwa:pochi:nki! \pea Cut off the part that has a fuzzy end (e.g., of a stake so that it can be pounded into the earth)! \psa ¡Córtale la parte de su rabo deshecho (p. ej., de una estaca para que se pueda golpear bien y enterrarle a la tierra).! \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \ref 05349 \lxa e:wa \lxo e:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se see <nlao>one:wa</nlao> and <nlao>wa:le:wa</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>one:wa</nlao> y <nlao>wa:le:wa</nlao> \xrb e:wa \xvcao e:wi:tia \nse The intransitive <nao>e:wa</nao> is only found (as an intransitive) lexicalized with directional prefixes: <nao>one:wa</nao> and <nao>wa:le:wa</nao>. However, its causative form is only found without a directional prefix. \ref 05350 \lxa topi:pih \lxac topi:pih \lxo topi:pih \lxoc topi:pih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \seao see <nlao>-pih</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-pih</nlao> \xrb pih \ref 05351 \lxa tepotskuwyo:tl \lxac i:tepotskuwyo \lxo tepotskohyo:tl \lxoc i:tepotskohyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se spine \ss column vertebral \sem body \xrb tepots \xrb kow \ref 05352 \lxa tlama:machilia \lxac kitlama:machilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-l \infv class-2a \sea to frisk; to register (the body of sb) \ssa esculcar a; registrar (el cuerpo de) \cfo tlá:machília \xrb mati \xbtla machilia \qry In a file card entry I had /tlama:ma:chilia/, with two long vowels. I have assumed this is an error from the comparative evidence of other forms of /machilia/, all of which have a short root vowel and a long vowel in the reduplicated affix. Note that there is a problem in that the Am word meaning 'to frisk' is listed as <na>tlama:machilia</na> ; perhaps the long vowel reduplication reflects the manner of searching: once and once again feeling a given location carefully. It might be taht there is also a Oapan equivalent, but this has not been found. It might also be that the Am form with this meaning has a short vowel: /tlamamachilia/. If so, this present entry should be deleted and combined with 6335. Indeed, it seems likely that this is the case. THere are, then, several possibilities. The first is that there are two forms: /kitlama:machilia/ and /kitlamamachilia/ (Am) = /kitlama:machilia/ and /kitlá:machília/ (Oa). If this is the case, then determine how to enter these forms, based on a common practice. Perhaps under /machilia/, although this form has not been documented to date. If only one of the two reduplicant patterns exist (i.e., if Am only has /kitlamamachilia/), then one entry (which would be 6335) would suffice. \mod If this entry proves to be /tlamamachilia/ and not /tlama:machilia/, then it should be combined with 6335. At the same time the cfo field should be corrected. \vl Note that the first Oapan token is /kitlamachilia/ (no pitch accent). This should be tagged with #6336. The next tokens (2 female and 2 male) are /kitlá:machília/. This is identical to the Oapan word /kitlá:machília/ in entry 6335. The last four tokens for this present entry, therefore, should be tagged with #6335. \ref 05353 \lxa tsatsapaltik \lxac tsatsapaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denon-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \sea uneven; bumpy; rough; not smooth (e.g., the surface of unpolished ceramics, the unfinished surface of an adobe or plastered wall, etc.; see <nlo>tepochihtik</nlo>) \ssa desigual; no plano; disparejo;áspero (p. ej., la superficie de cerámica no pulida, la superficie no acabada de una pared de adobe o yeso, etc.; vé ase <nlo>tepochihtik</nlo>) \pna Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik. \pea Fix my yoke (in this case by making sure it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its bumpy and uneven. \psa Arregla mi yujo (en este caso haciendo que va derechito y bien cepillado). No lo puedo arreglar yo, está disparejo y no muy plano. \pna Tsatsapaltik, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh. \pea It is uneven (on the surface), they didn't make it right (e.g., ceramics). \psa Estádisparejo (por la superficie), no lo hicieron bien (p. ej., cerámica). \pna Tetsatsapaltik itlaxkal, xkwahli kimana, san teme:melaktik. \pea Her tortillas are uneven (thicker in some places than others), she doesn't make them well, they are thickish here and there. \psa Sus tortillas son disparejos (más gruesas en algunas partes que otras), no las echa bien, en partes son más gruesas. \sea to have jutting edges (e.g., a rock, a hill with many pointed protuberances, etc.) \ssa tener bordes o filos salientes (p. ej., una piedra, un cerro con protuberancias puntiagudas, etc.) \sea to have sores, acne, or other conditions that made skin rough \ssa tenerúlceras, llagas, acné u otras condiciones que dejan la pieláspera; cacarizo \pna Titsatsapaltik. \pea Your skin is rough (e.g., from acne, sores, etc.). \psa Tu piel está áspera (p. ej., de acné, llagas, etc.). \sem texture \sem size \xrb tsapal \nse The etymology, and even meaning, of <na>tsatsapaltik</na> is not entirely clear. It seems to refer to surfaces that are not smooth, though the precise nature of this lack of smoothness still needs further research. RS gives <na>tsatsapalli</na> as 'gran mazorca de maíz,' but this might well relate to a particular quality of such a <spn>mazorca</spn>. Moreover, any relationship between <nla>tsapa</nla> and <na>tsatsapaltik</na> is not apparent. \qry Determine to what other objects /tsatsapaltik/ may apply. Note the fish by this name. Also determine whether /te-/ always occurs, i.e., whether the entry should be /tsatsapaltik/ or /tetsatsapaltik/. Cf. 5353 with \ref 05354 \lxa sa:liwi \lxac sa:liwi \lxo sa:liwi \lxoc sa:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> ; cf. <nlao>tesa:liwi</nlao> \se to get stuck (e.g., food in ones throat, or other things that have to move through a slim passageway or similar types of places) \ss atorarse (p. ej., comida en la garganta, u otras cosas que tienen que pasar por un cilindro o tubo angosto) \pna I:tik sa:liwis tlaxkahli. \pea Tortillas will get stuck to his intestines (i.e., he will get constipated). \psa Las tortillas se van a pegar a sus intestinos (esto es, se va a constreñir). \se to get caught (e.g., clothes on a nail or a tree branch, etc.); to get snagged \ss engancharse o atorararse (p. ej., ropa en un clavo o alambre, ropa aventada que se queda sobre la rama de un arbusto, etc.) \se (~ <na>-nenepil</na>) for ones tongue to get tied \ss (~ <na>-nenepil</na>) trabarsele la lengua \pna O:sa:liw nonenepi:l, xo:nikpanki:xtih kwahli. \pea My tongue got tied, I didn't pronounce it well. \psa Se me trababóla lengua, no le contestébien. \se to get stuck (e.g., a rope or sth that should be able to be pulled loose); \ss atorarse (p. ej., una soga que debe poderse zafar) \pna Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k. Ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlaka xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw. \pea I've really gotten skinny. The (fruit of the) <nla>kapi:res</nla> tree has made me lose weight. It's true (contrary to what I thought) that it's no good, it got stuck in my belly (i.e., didn't digest propery). \psa De veras he adelgazado. (La fruta del) capires me ha hecho bajar de peso. Es verdad (contrariamente a lo que pesaba) que es dañino, se atoró en mi barriga (y no se diregió). \pna O:kwa:ltlakalito. O:sa:lihka ipan kohtli. \pea He came to knock it down to the ground (e.g., a kite). It had gotten stuck in a tree. \psa Vine a aventarlo al suelo (p. ej., un papalote de papel). Se había atorado en unárbol. \dis sa:liwi; sasa:lia \xrb sa:l \qry Check to determine that /te-/ has only this one specific meaning. Perhaps here and with /sa:lowa/ a separate entry should be given for the /te-/ forms (or at least a xref there).The meaning of the verb with and without the intensifier needs to be checked carefully. \ref 05355 \lxa tewa \lxac tewa \lxo táwá \lxoa téwá \lxoc táwá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \seao you (sg) \ssao tú \xrb tehwa \nae This is often pronounced with a raised backed vowel [towa]; see <nla>newa</nla>. \vl There are four additional tokens from 01059. These should be tagged with #5355, but they should not be linked as the later tokens recorded here at 5355 are better. The female linked token should be the first of this present sequence \ref 05356 \lxa ma:xoxioti \lxac ma:xoxioti \lxo má:xixió:ti \lxoc má:xixió:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \se to have small pimple-like bubbles or spots form on ones arm \ss tener pequeños granitos o manchitas subidas en la piel del brazo \pna O:nima:xoxio:t, o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. \pea I got a lot of peeling blisters on my arm, I got burned by the sun. \psa Se me salieron en el brazo muchos granitos pequeños que se pelaron, me quemó el sol. \xrb ma: \xrb xi \pqry The quality of the vowel in the reduplication syllable for Oapan Nahuatl is unclear. \vl Link first male token. \grm Oapan phonology: Note the reduplicated /má:xoxió:ti/. Recheck the vowel quality. \ref 05357 \lxa ikxine:si \lxac ikxine:si \lxo ixine:si \lxoc ixine:si \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se for footprints to be or become visible (of a human or from the back legs of an animal) \ss aparecer o ser visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o de las piernas traseras de un animal) \xrb kxi \xrb ne:si \ref 05358 \lxa komolowa \lxac kikomolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \tran -Intrans \se see <nlao>tekomolowa</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tekomolowa</nlao> \xrb komol \vl Tag the Oapan speech tokens here with #2875. The links there should be taken from these later speech tokens. \ref 05359 \lxa a:xoto:ni \lxac aa:xoto:ni \lxo á:xotó:ni \lxop á:xoto:ni \lxoc á:xotó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \pa yes \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to get blisters (on a part of the body) \ss (por lo común con reduplicación de vocal corta) salirsele ampollas (a una parte del cuerpo de una persona) \pna O:aga:xoto:n noma -=O:nimaaga:xoto:n-. \pea My hands got blisters on them (e.g., from chopping firewood, etc.). \psa Se les salieron ampollas a mis las manos (p. ej., por leñar, etc.). \equiva a:xopo:ni \equivo á:xopó:ni \xrb a: \xrb xoto: \nse With a verb such as <na>a:xoto:ni</na> possessor raising with incorporated noun/body part is more common than the separate expression of the affected body part as subject. For Oapan Nahuatl only the reduced reduplicated form has been documented, although the headword remains the base (nonreduplicaed form). Florencia Marcelino stated that even if only one blister occurs the form <no>á:xotó:ni</no> is used. In Ameyaltepec the nonreduplicated form is rare but documented; however, here too reduplication of this verb is the most common form though a velar voice stop or fricative often separates the reduplicant vowel from the initial vowel of the verb. \qry Check transitive form which appears to be /a:xoto:naltia/, but check. \pqry Check the nature of the initial /aa/ sequence. Is there some sort of closure between the 2 vowels. \grm Phonology: note insertion of voiced velar stop, or fricative (written as /g/) between the stem and reduplicated /a/. \ref 05360 \lxa tsope:lik a:to:hli \lxac tsope:lik a:to:hli \lxo tsope:lih a:to:hli \lxop tsope:lik a:to:hli \lxoc tsope:lih a:to:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \se type of sweet atole \ss tipo de atole dulce \sem food \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb tsope:l: \xrb a:to:l \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \qry Check vowel length and cf. to 3735. \ref 05361 \lxa xi:hla:nnakayo \lxaa xi:hla:nakayo \lxac i:xi:hla:nnakayo \lxo xi:hlanakayo \lxoc i:xi:hlanakayo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \se flesh at the flank (particularly of animals) \ss piel o carne que está en los costados (particularmente de los animales) \xrb xi:lla:n \xrb naka \pqry Examine the duration of the initial /i:/. This is the possessor prefix and thus is phonologically long. However, it seems to have an extremely short duration in /i:xi:hlanakayo/. Apparently this is because the overall length, perhaps the syllable weight sequences, etc. See also note under /xi:hlan/. \grm Vowel length: the possessor /i:-/ is definitely long phonologically in /i:xi:hlanakayo/, but its duration is short: 59 and 61 ms for Florencia and 52 and 82 for \ref 05362 \lxa to:ka \lxac kito:ka \lxo to:ka \lxoc kito:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to bury (a person, or animal) \ss enterrar (una persona, o animal) \pna O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch, o:nikto:kak wan o:noka:wato itik tla:hli. \pea I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using), I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., remained in the earth). \psa Perdíla semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando para siempre (esto es, la variante que estaba empleando), lo sembréy se fue a quedar dentro de la tierra. \xrb to:ka \pqry Get a recording of /xto:to:katiw/. Check since FK has /toto:ka/. \ref 05363 \lxa xa:lmichin \lxac xa:lmichin \lxo xa:lmichin \lxoc xa:lmichin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se type of medium-sized, scaleless fish (like a catfish) \ss tipo de pez de tamaño regular, sin escamas (como un bagre) \sem animal \sem marine \xrb xa:l \xrb mich \nse According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) this is a small type of fish that is no longer found (or only rarely found) in the Balsas River, though it used to be quite common. He also noted that this is different from the fish known as <nba>xa:la:michin</nba>. \ref 05364 \lxa ma:koltotsiwi \lxac ma:koltotsiwi \lxo ma:koltotsiwi \lxoc ma:koltotsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get hands such as those deformed from arthritis or severe rheumatism \ss tener las manos encogidas como por artritis o reumas \xrb ma: \xrb koltots \nae See the comments under <nlo>má:koltóstik</nlo> (Oa) for a discussion of pitch accent in this word and its derivations. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both gave <no>ma:koltotsiwi</no> in citation, they did accept the form <no>má:koltotsíwi</no> as also correct. \qry Check to see if /ma:koltotse:wi/ exists. \ref 05365 \lxa tlama:mahli \lxac tlama:mahli \lxo tlama:mahli \lxoc tlama:mahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se one side of a load on a beast of burden (e.g., firewood) \ss un lado de una carga de una bestia (p. ej., leña) \se burden, that which is carried \ss carga, lo que se carga \pna Yetí:k notlama:mal. \pea My burden is heavy. \psa Es pesada mi carga. \cfao tlana:palo:hli \xrb ma:ma \nse <na>Tlama:mahli</na> refers to a"media carga"of material such as firewood, i.e., the amount that can be loaded on one side of a beast of burden. It differs from a <nao>tlana:palo:hli</nao> which is less of a load, just a little bit. \qry Check to determine whether /tlama:mahli/ can refer figuratively to a carga, e.g., the burden born as the result of an ill child, spouse, etc. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 05366 \lxa piliwtok \lxac piliwtok \lxo pilihtok \lxoc pilihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be hanging down \ss estar colgado \dis pilkatok; pilliwtok \xrb pil \qry /Piliwtok/ is apparently the same, though less common, as /pilkatok/. This should be checked. \ref 05367 \lxa tla:ltekomolo \lxaa tla:ltekomolotsi:n \lxac tla:ltekomolo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea type of small insect, still unidentified, that burrows into the ground \ssa tipo de pequeño insecto, todavía no identificado, que escarba o cava en la tierra \pna Tla:ltekomolotsi:n, nemi itik tla:hli. Pitentsi:n, kitla:lia iposi:toh, sahkó:n teyewaltsi:n, ite:n koya:waktsi:n wan tlatsi:ntlah san cho pitsaktsi:n ka:n tlami. \pea The <na>tla:ltekomolotsi:n</na>, it lives inside the ground. It is small, it makes it's hole round like this in the ground, its edge is a wide round circle, and below real narrow where it ends. \psa El <na>tla:ltekomolotsi:n</na>, vive en la tierra. Es pequeño, hace su pocito en la tierra, así es de redondito, es ancho por su orilla y abajo, donde termina, es estrechito. \sem animal \sem ins \equivo komo:lo \xrb tla:l \xrb komol \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \nfe This animal is used as a remedy to cure skin cuts. \mod See cuaderno for notes on curing. \ref 05368 \lxa ne:neh \lxac ne:neh \lxo ne:neh \lxoc ne:neh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2); dim. <nao>ne:netsi:n</nao> \aff Lex. rdp-l \se (vocative) address term for children of either sex up to about 2 years \ss (vocativo) término para llamar a un niño hasta de aproximadamente 2 años \se (vocative) occasionally used between elder women \ss (vocativo) utilizado ocasionalmente entre mujeres de mayor edad \sea (vocative) occasionally used between two cousins, regardless of their sex, when there is great mutual affection and respect \ssa (vocativo) utilizado ocasionalmente entre dos primos, sin importar su sexo, cuando existe un cariño y respeto mutuo \nse The etymology of <na>ne:neh</na> is uncertain; possibly it is a loan. In Ameyaltepec, its use between cousins, though usually first cousins, it is slightly more respectful than the borrowed address terms <na>pri:moh</na> and <na>pri:mah</na>. It is occasionally used in a possessed form as a term of reference, much the same as <nla>pa:n</nla> is used in Ameyaltepec. Note that the diminutive in Oapan does not have the expected pitch-accent (<no>ne:netsi:n</no>) even though the non-diminutive form has a final /h/. \qry The precise meaning and use of <na>ne:neh</na> should be further researched, as the above definitions seem quite disperse in addressees, etc. \ref 05369 \lxa papa:totik \lxac papa:totik \lxo pápa:tótik \lxoc pápa:tótik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pato \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-loan \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:pa:tótik</no> ; Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-rdp \se to be barely able to walk well, only slowly and in seemingly painful steps (e.g., sb old, a drunk, etc.) \ss apenas poder caminar bien, solamente despacio y, aparentemente, con dolor (p. ej., algn viejo, un borracho, etc.) \pna Sa: tepapa:totik, xok wel nenemi, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea He is just barely able to walk (with slow, deliberate steps), he can't walk anymore, he's already an old man. \psa Ya camina con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya no puede caminar (bien), ya es viejo. \apa papa:toh \nse The reduplication seems to indicate a metaphoric extension of the base noun, <na>pa:toh</na>. \qry Check for final /h/; should this be /papato/? My original card had /papa:to/, but I have temporarily changed this to /papa:toh/, pending clarification. Also redetermine etymology; is this really a borrowing from Sp. pato (duck). \qry Determine the potential subjects: are these old people, do they include drunks, etc. \ref 05370 \lxa kuwnelwatl \lxac kuwnelwatl \lxo kohnelwatl \lxoc kohnelwatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se woody root such as that of which emerges from the vine of the peanut \ss raíz leñosa, como la que sale de las ramas del cacahuate \sem plant \sem part \dis nelwatl; kuhnelwatl \xrb kow \xrb nelwa \qry Recheck definition and difference between /nelwatl/ and /kuhnelwatl/. Determine what other plants have this. I had this sentence, but it appears in error and this word only occurs unpossessed, whereas the former is used possessed. However, the latter is used to refer to tree roots; cf. /tsi:nnelwatl/. \ref 05371 \lxa tlapi:tsko \lxac tlapi:tsko \lxo tlapi:tsko \lxoc tlapi:tsko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se place that is narrow so that passing through (e.g., of people, animals, and material objects) is difficult \ss lugar estrecho o angosto, haciendo dificil el paso (p. ej., de gente, animales y objetos materiales) \pna Tlapi:tsko, xma:s wel panowa yo:lki ika ka:rgah. \pea It's a narrow place, animals carrying a load can't get through too well. \psa Es un lugar estrecho, animales con carga no pueden pasar bien. \xrb pi:ts \xrl -ko \ref 05372 \lxa koko:miki \lxac koko:miki \lxo koko:miki \lxoc koko:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to get burned by spicy food \ss enchilarse \xrb koko: \xrb miki \qry Determine how to code the morphology of these combinations. Check vowel length of /o:/. Determine if other such forms have combinations/compounds with /miki/. \ref 05373 \lxa tepe:xa:xokotl \lxac tepe:xa:xokotl \lxo tepe:xa:xokotl \lxocpend @tepe:xa:xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea <l>Ruprechtia sp.</l> C. A. Meyer, type of wild plum tree of the Polygonaceae family \ssa <l>Ruprechtia sp.</l> C. A. Meyer,árbol de ciruelo silvestre de la familia Polygonaceae \pna Tepe:xa:xokotl | Kuwtli. Xxokotl, xkipia itla:kihlo. Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, para kabesi:tah. Ihkón kihlian pa:mpa no: ihkón tlachia ke:n xa:xokotl, ke:n xa:xokokuwtli. \pea <na>Tepe:xa:xokotl</na> : It is a tree. It is not a <nla>xokotl</nla>, it doesn't have fruit. It's good for firewood, for the principal rafters of houses. They call it by this name because it looks like the <nla>xa:xokotl</nla>, like the <nla>xa:xokotl</nla> tree. \psa <na>Tepe:xa:xokotl</na> : Es unárbol. No es un <nla>xokotl</nla>, no tiene fruta. Es bueno para leña, para las cabezas de las casas. Le llaman asíporque también parece al <nla>xa:xokotl</nla>, alárbol de <nla>xa:xokotl</nla>. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \xrb tepe: \xrb xa: \xrb xoko \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives the <na>tepe:xa:xokotl</na> as the <spn>guayabillo.</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: give <i>Ruprechtia fusca</i> Fern. of the family Polygonaceae as the <spn>guayabillo</spn>. Apparently this is a type of <nla>xa:xokotl</nla>, although my notes do not indicate any particular classification. It would, however, clearly seem to be a type of <nla>xokotl</nla>. Under guayabillo, however, Schoenhals (1988) does not list any tree of this genus, nor does she include any tree of <i>Ruprechtia</i> in her index. Under guayabillo:"1. (<i>Lopezia</i> spp., e.g, <i>L. racemosa, L. mexicana</i>) '[family] evening primrose.' See alfilerillo. 2. (<i>Ginoria nudiflora</i>) '[family] loosestrife.' A tree of the tropical forests that grows up to 40 meters tall. 3. (<i>Psidium sartorianum</i>) '[relative of] guava.' See arrayán."Note that at least one consultant mentioned that this is not a type of <na>xokotl</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 05374 \lxa xelwa:stli \lxac xelwa:stli \lxo xalwa:stli \lxoc xalwa:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-wa:s \infn Stem 1(l) \se small maguey-fiber (of <nla>ixtli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yextli</nlo> (Oa)) brush used to untangle hair \ss pequeño cepillo de fibra de maguey (de <nla>ixtli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yextli</nlo> (Oa)) para desenredar el cabello \pna Kipiya:sowa itson ika ixelwa:s. \pea She straightens out her hair with a brush of maguey fiber. \psa Endereza el cabello con un cepillo de fibra de maguey. \se (<na>i:xelwa:s wexo:lo:tl</na>) skin of a turkey that hangs from its breast \ss (<na>i:xelwa:s wexo:lo:tl</na>) piel de un guajolote que se le cuelga del pecho \xrb xel \nse The etymology of <na>xelwa:stli</na> (Am) / <no>xalwa:stli</no> (Oa) is uncertain, but it is probably related to <nlao>xeliwi</nlao>. \mod Illustrate. \ref 05375 \lxa molo:nki \lxac molo:nki \lxo molo:nki \lxoc molo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a bad smell \ss tener un mal olor \xrb molo: \qry Check the construction such as /a:jos molo:nki/ and see if it is generalizable. \grm See discussion under /kwa:toto:nki/. \ref 05376 \lxa a:chakuwtli \lxac a:chakuwtli \lxo á:chakóhtli \lxoc á:chakóhtli \lxop a:chakohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>hacha</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes-loan \se axe handle \ss manga de una hacha \sem tool-cultivate \xrb kow \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>á:chakóhtli</no> is the reflex of underlying {h} at the end of the Spanish loan <no>a:chah</no>. \qry Determine the nature of possessed forms. \sj Check /a:chahkohtli/? in SJ \ref 05377 \lxa istla:kowa \lxac kistla:kowa \lxo istla:kowa \lxoc kistla:kowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to spy on or surreptitiously watch; to observe; to snoop around or check out (e.g., a person for malicious ends, often keeping a mental record of the wealth of the person observed, or of coveted items that might later be stolen, etc.) \ss espiar o observar surrepticiosamente, fijándose en lo que hay (p. ej., algn con fines maliciosos y con malas intenciones, tal vez haciendo una nota mental de lo que se puede robar, o notando la riqueza para después chismear); husmear \pna Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. Iwa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko. \pea He badmouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live, what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about it). \psa Habla mal de mípor ahí. Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivo, quécomo, etc., para después contárselo a la gente). \xrb stla:k \qry Recheck whether first vowel is epenthetic (i.e. with /tla-/ or reflexive prefix). \grm Perhaps reclassify certain -owa transitive verbs as basic. Cf. powa/powi; kowa/?; istlakowa/?; etc. Nevertheless often there is a surprising occurrence, as with /ikwiliwi/. \ref 05378 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was originally an entry for /tewikpa:ntli/, which I have eliminated and limited to an alternate pronunciation of /tewi:pa:ntli/. See this entry for a comment on vowel length. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05379 \lxa a:nilia \lxac o:ka:nili:to \lxo a:nilia \lxoc o:ka:nili:to \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (with directional affix) to fetch or get for \ss (con afijo direccional) traer o llevar para \pna Xne:ca:nili:ti. \pea Go bring him (or her; e.g., as a bride) back for me. \psa Ve a traerlo (o ella, p. ej., como una novia) para mi. \pna Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl. Kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetsis le:cheh. \pea Go catch fish (crabs are also good), which will help make that woman's milk flow. She has just given birth, it (will be used) so that her milk comes forth. \psa Ve a conseguir pescado (cangrejos también son buenos) que ayudará a que aquella señora que tenga leche. Apenas ha dado a luz, será(utilizada) para que caiga su leche. \pna Xne:cha:nili:ti nosuwa:w, xne:chtla:kamati. \pea Go bring my wife back for me, she doesn't obey me (i.e. respect me, and didn't come back with me). \psa Ve a traerme a mi mujer, no me obedece (esto es, ella no me respeta y no se quiso regresar conmigo). \xrb a:na \xvbao a:na \nse For a discussion of the meaning of <nao>a:na</nao>, particularly in relationship to <nao>kwi</nao>, cf. these entries. \pqry The Oapan speech token is a good example of vowel lengthening before directional affixes. \mod Add entry under /me:yaltia:/. \ref 05380 \lxa nakaskukwa \lxac kinakaskukwa \lxo nakaskokowa \lxoc kinakaskokowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am), <nlo>kokowa</nlo> (Oa): \se bother or hurt (a loud or unpleasant sound) one's ears \ss lastimar o doler (un ruido o sonido fuerte) los oidos de uno \pna O:ne:chnakaskokoh motlatsotsonal, ke:n chika:wak tiktsotsona. \pea Your music hurt my ears, you really played it loud. \psa Tu música me hizo doler los oidos, de veras lo tocas fuerte. \xrb nakas \xrb kowa \nse Sounds that might cause this pain include loud music, shouting, etc., i.e., sounds that are bothersome and annoying, in fact, a sound that is literally almost painful. \nae The reduced form * <no>kinaká:skówa</no> is not acceptable. \grm Oapan phonology: with /nakaskokowa/ the reduced form * <no>kinaká:skówa</no> is not acceptable. \ref 05381 \lxa so:nsotik \lxac so:nsotik \lxo só:nsotík \lxoc só:nsotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>zonzo</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-yoh-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \pa yes \se to be idiotic; to be foolish \ss ser zonzo \pna Kwaltsi:n xmarrechia:ro! Ma:ka san xteso:nsotik, ma mitsa:lwelita. \pea Go for it (sexually)! Don't just act like an idiot! Let her take a good look at you and like what she sees! \psa ¡Anímate (a hacerle el amor)! No seas tan zonzo.¡Que te vea y que le gustes (para ser su amante). \nae This borrowing from Spanish <spn>zonzo</spn> can be analyzed as comprising the adjectival ending <n>-tik</n> on either the nominal or adjectival form <n>so:nsoh</n>. There is little to recommend one analysis over the other; for now the adjectival interpretation has been coded into the database, simply because of the similarity of the <n>-soh</n> ending to the adjectival <n>-yoh</n>. Often <nao>so:nsoh</nao> implies that the subject does not like or appreciate good things including sexual activity. \ref 05382 \lxa te:mposteki \lxac te:mposteki \lxo te:mposteki \lxoc te:mposteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to have the point or edge break off (e.g., a machete, or other similar objects with a long edge) \ss rompersele la orilla o punta a (p. ej., un machete, pico u otros objetos con una orilla larga) \pna O:te:mpostek mopi:koh, xok wel titlachwas. \pea The end of your pick broke off, you won't be able to dig anymore. \psa La punta de tu pico se rompió, ya no vas a poder escarbar. \xrb te:n \xrb posteki \encystmp te:mposteki; te:ntlapa:ni; yekaposteki \nse Both <na>te:mposteki</na> and <na>te:ntlapa:ni</na> refer to the breaking of an edge, or also point, of a given object. However, the former refers more to long, pointed objects that have their ends break off. The form <na>te:ntlapa:ni</na> is more often used for other types of objects, those to which <na>tlapa:ni</na> might apply such as ceramic bowls whose edge cracks. The term <nlo>yekaposteki</nlo> is used for objects with a point, such as pencils. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05383 \lxa pa:cho:tl \lxac pa:cho:tl \lxo pa:cho:tl \lxoc pa:cho:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se quick sauce made of water with chopped onion, fresh chopped-up corriander, chopped-up chile, salt, and lemon (chopped red tomatoes may be added if available) \ss salsa de preparación rápida hecha con agua y cebolla, cilantro verde y chile (todo picado), con sal y limón (se le puede agregar jitomates picados, si hay) \pna I:pan se: pla:toh note:ka a:tl, kipoye:lian, dya kiko:kotonan sila:ntroh wan xonakatl. Deke u:nkah xi:tomatl no: kiko:koto:nilian wan chi:hli. Yewa pa:cho:tl. Pe:wa xtlakwa! \pea Water is poured into a bowl, salt is added and then cilantro is shredded along with onion. If there are red tomatoes, they are also chopped up and added with chile. That's <na>pa:cho:tl</na>. Start eating! \psa se echa agua a un plato hondo, se le pone sal y entonces pican cilantro y ceballa. si hay jitomate, también se le agrega con chile. Esto es <na>pa:cho:tl</na>,¡Empieza a comer! \sem food \xrb pa:cho: \nae The etymology of <nao>pa:cho:tl</nao> is unclear, but the archaic root for water, <nr>pa:</nr> may be present. <na>Pa:cho:tl</na> is made as a quick way to add flavor to tortillas when there is no time to prepare a more elaborate meal. It is also considered a food characteristic of poor people. \ref 05384 \lxa tsontekomatl \lxac tsontekomatl \lxo tsontekomatl \lxoc tsontekomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se head \ss cabeza \se (<na>i:tsontekon burrosi:yah</na> or <na>kaba:yosi:yah</na>) horn of a saddle for donkeys or horses \ss (<na>i:tsontekon burrosi:yah</na> o <na>kaba:yosi:yah</na>) parte enfrente donde se amarra un laso de una silla para burros o caballos. \sem body \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \qry Check definition of /i:tsontekon burrosi:yah/ and determine correct name for 'horn.' \ref 05385 \lxa kwetla:tsowa \lxac kikwetla:tsowa \lxo kwékwetla:tsówa \lxop kwekwetla:tsowa \lxoc nó:kwetla:tsówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl (Am) \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:kwetla:tsówa</no> \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to wiggle; to snake (e.g., a hose, rope, etc.) \ss ondular; arquear \pna Ma:ka xkwetla:tso un la:soh! Xa:wi:hli! \pea Don't make that rope snake (undulate, by snapping one end)! It's not a toy! \psa ¡No hagas ondular esa riata (al azotarlo)!¡No es un juguete! \se (refl.) squirm; wriggle; twist back and forth; to buck (an animal such as a bull that has been mounted) \ss (refl.) retorcerse; arquear; ondular; corcovear (un animal, como un toro montado) \pna Nokwe:kwetla:tsowa kuwatl. \pea Snakes wriggle. \psa Las serpientes ondulan. \pna O:nokwetla:tsoh mokone:tsi:n, xkineki ma hna:palo. \pea Your little child squirmed, he didn't want me to hold him. \psa Tu hijito se arqueó, no quiso que lo abrazara. \pna To:roh kwa:k tleko:lo, pe:wa nokwetla:tsotinemi. \pea When it is ridden a bull starts to buck and violently twist its body. \psa Cuando suben un toro, empieza a brincar y corcovear. \se (refl.) to twist up (e.g., meat placed on a fire) \ss (refl.) encogerse; torcerse (p. ej., carne puesta sobre el fuego) \pna Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli. \pea That meat placed on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up. \psa Esa carne que está sobre las brazas ha empezado a encogerse, ha empezado a achicarse. \xrb kwetla:ts \nse As with many words containing <nr>kwe</nr>, <na>kwetla:tsowa</na> seems to indicate a twisting, turning, and doubling motion. The reflexive use of <nao>kwetla:tsowa</nao> may refer to the movements of a large fish grabbed or left hanging upside-down, a snake as it moves, a flapping rope, or a child struggling to get free from someone's grasp. \nae To date an intransitive form <nla>kwetla:tsiwi</nla> has only been documented in Ameyaltepec, not Oapan. Note also that the transitive most often occurs in a reduplicated form; indeed, Oapan consultants only offered the reduplicated form and for this reason it is the headword entry. \qry Check to see if intransitive exists. Check length of /a:/; cf. /kwe:kwetla:stik/. Make sure that reference to a snake's movement has the long vowel reduplication. \rt Cf. the occurrence of <na>kwetla:</na> in both <na>kwetla:ni</na> and <na>kwetla:tsowa</na>. Check all words ending in /-tsowa/ and /-tsiwi/ for any common semantics. \ref 05386 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kine \lxoc kine \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seo word used often in phrase final position to mark phrase ending and speakers attitude, perhaps translatable as 'Isn't that so?' \sso palabra a menudo utilizada en posición final de frase y que también marca la actitud del hablante, quizátraducible como '¿No es así?' \nse The etymology of <na>kine</na> is highly uncertain, but perhaps it is derived from <no>kineki</no>. It is extremely common in Oapan where it is often the final tag on a comment about something that the addressee should have known. \ref 05387 \lxa ti:roh \lxac ye ti:roh \lxo ti:roh \lxocpend i ti:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan tiro (o, de a tiro?) \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se really; extremely; very \ss muy; muy mucho \pna Xnikwi:kas, ti:roh tekanaktik. \pea I'm not going to take it (i.e., buy it), it's really very thin (in this case cloth being sold). \psa No me lo voy a llevar (esto es, comprarlo), es muy delgado (en este caso ropa a la venta). \pna Ti:roh we:i. \pea It's really big. \psa Es muy grande. \pna Xmati deke ti:roh yetí:k! \pea Test to see whether it is really very heavy! \psa ¡Pruébalo para ver si está mucho muy pesado! \pna ¡I ti:roh! \pea Very much so! \psa ¡Mucho! \syno lah \nae <na>Ti:roh</na> can be used in only the restricted domain of modifying another lexical item used predicatively. It is in this sense adverbial: <na>ti:roh niwe:i</na> 'I am very big.' Thus it differs from adjectives, which modify the term: <na>niwe:i tla:katl</na> 'I am a big man,' versus <na>ti:roh nitla:katl</na> 'I am a true man' (lit., 'truly I am a man'). It most often precedes an adjectival predicate although it may be used before a verbal expression. \qry This is obviously a loan, however, the semantics and origin of this term should be researched. \mod Check to see if token is /ti:roh/ or /ye ti:roh/. \ref 05388 \lxa toma:hka:n \lxac i:toma:hka:n \lxo toma:hka:n \lxoc i:toma:hka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ka:n \infn N2(loc) \se thick part of (e.g., a stick or trunk) \ss la parte gruesa o gorda de (p. ej., un palo o tronco) \pna Ma:ka san tlakpak xtsonteki, xtsonteki tla:ltech, itoma:hka:n! \pea Don't chop it off up high, chop it close to the ground, at the place where it is thick! \psa No le vayas a corta por la parte de arriba, córtale cerca del suelo, en el lugar donde está más grueso! \xrb toma: \xrl -ka:n \ref 05389 \lxa so:ne:wa \lxac noso:ne:wa \lxo so:ne:wa \lxoc noso:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl) to stand up (hair) \ss (refl) erizarse (el cabello) \pna Noso:ne:wtok, kwalo. \pea It's hair is standing up (in this case that on the back of an ox or cow), it is sick. \psa Se está erizando su pelo (en este caso el que está sobre el lomo de un buey o vaca), está enfermo. \seo (refl.) to be very frightened \sso (refl.) asustarse mucho \xrb so:ne: \qry Determine full uses of /so:ne:wi/ and /so:ne:wa/. Determine whether /sone:wtok/ is correct. Check if a transitive use of /sone:wa/ is correct and check the difference between /nosone:wa/ and /sone:wi/. Perhaps /sone:wi/ is limited to riddles? \ref 05390 \lxa cha:neh \lxac cha:neh \lxo cha:neh \lxoa cha:nih \lxoc cha:neh, cha:nih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \se citizen or inhabitant (with rights and obligations) of a particular village; \ss miembro o habitante (con derechos y obligaciones) de un pueblo en particular \pna Newa xnicha:neh. \pea I'm not an inhabitant (citizen). \psa No soy residente. \pna Pero a:man ye cha:neh, xok yaw. \pea But now he is a resident (e.g., of Ameyaltepec), he doesn't go (to his native village) anymore. \psa Pero ahora es habitante (p. ej., de Ameyaltepec), ya no va (a su pueblo de origen). \pna Sampa o:wa:hlah. Xcha:neh. \pea He just came to where he is (living now), he is not from here (said of a man in Ameyaltepec originally from San Juan but with 20 years living with his Ameyaltepequeña wife in Ameyaltepec). \psa Solo vino nada más, no es nativo. \seao (poss.) wife \ssao (pos.) mujer \pna O:nosiahka:w mocha:neka:w, pa:mpa xteko. \pea Your wife got tired of waiting because you haven't arrived. \psa Tu esposa se cansóde esperar porque no has llegado. \cola a:te:nko cha:neh \xrb cha:n \nse Note that one of the most important aspects of the phrase <na>cha:neh</na> is that its meaning (i.e., level of inclusion) shifts with context. Thus a Oapan resident once referred to those of Xalitla as <na>xcha:neckeh</na>, referring to fact that they are not Nahuatl peasants like the residents of other pueblos in the Balsas area. The implication was that unlike residents of other villages (Ameyaltepec, San Juan Tetelcingo, etc.) those of Xalitla were different, not <na>mejikane:ros</na>. In another instant I heard <na>cha:neh</na> used in the negative to refer to a citizen <na>tekitla:katl</na> of Ameyaltepec only because his great-grandfather had come from another village; the speaker wanted to emphasize the"foreign"origin of this family line, although the great-grandson was clearly a citizen of Ameyaltepec and would in any other context (i.e., one that was not focused on pointing out the outside origin of the line) be referred to as a <na>cha:neh</na>. Note then that <na>cha:neh</na> may be us ed with various senses, depending upon the contrast that the speaker wishes to establish. At times someone having lived in a village for 40 years may be called <na>xcha:neh</na>, not a native, while at other times someone with but a little time may be stated to be a <na>cha:neh</na>, in an effort to include him o her as part of an in-group. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05391 \lxa chichitlai:ni \lxac chichitlai:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N(tla-V2-ni) \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sea sot; person who goes around drinking a lot (particularly house to house or bar to bar) \ssa teporrocho (particularlmente algn que anda de casa a casa o cantina a cantina) \xrb chichi \xrb i: \nse The meaning of <na>chichitlai:ni</na> derives from the metaphor of someone who like a stray dog, goes house to house, looking for food and, in the case of the human, drink. \grm Again, note the use of a transitive verb with the nonspecific object marker /tla-/, here to form an agentive. \ref 05392 \lxa tsi:nnelwayo \lxaa tsi:nelwayo \lxac i:tsi:nelwayo \lxo tsi:nelwayo \lxoc i:tsi:nelwayo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2(yo) \se lower or bottom part of the roots (of a plant) \ss parte inferior y delgado de las raices (de una planta) \pna Tla:lomitl, ke:itlah kwilintsitsi:nteh. Cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel kikwa itsi:nelwayo:tsi:n mi:hli. \pea The <na>tla:lomitl</na>, they are like little worms. They live in the ground, they can eat the bottom of the roots of maize plants. \psa El <na>tla:lomitl</na>, son como gusanitos. Viven en la tierra, pueden comer las partes inferiores de las raíces del maíz. \sem plant \sem part \xrb tsi:n \xrb nelwa \qry Check whether the un possessed form exsits and, if it is /tsi:nelwatl/ or /tsi:nelwayo:tl/. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male token. \ref 05393 \lxa tli:hlowa \lxac tli:hlowa \lxo tli:hlowa \lxoc tli:hlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj \infv class-4a \se to get covered with soot \ss cubrirse con hollín \pna O:ne:chasik itli:hlo tli:n o:tlatlaka ka:n o:nitlachinoh. O:nitlitli:hlowak. \pea The soot of what had burned when I burned the brush (to clear a field) got on me. I got covered with soot. \psa Me alcanzó el hollín de lo que se había quemado cuando limpié un terreno al quemarlo. Me cubrícon hollín. \xrb tli:l \ref 05394 \lxa tije:ras \lxac tije:ras \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan tijeras \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea pairs of posts that are set upright close together and between which are tied the ends of horizontal beams of a wooden fence \ssa pares de postes que se colocan verticalmente y muy juntos en entre los cuales se atan los cabos de los travesanos de una cerca de madera \equiva kuwtije:ras \equivo kohteje:res \nse In Oapan <no>teje:res</no> is the form of the loan for 'scissors.' <nlo>Kohteje:res</nlo> refers to the posts set up to sustain a <spn>castillo</spn> upright. Neither Inocencio Jiménez nor Florencia Marcelino knew the name of the two posts set up to hold the horizontal parts of a wooden fence. \mod Illustrate; see 3x5 filecard. \ref 05395 \lxa tla:lamo:hli \lxac tla:lamo:hli \lxo tlá:lamó:hli \lxoc tlá:lamó:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of green, clayish earth that hardens into a crumbly rock used for the <nla>temanastetl</nla> and that is also used for dirt floors given that it does not turn to mud when wet \ss tipo de tierra arcillosa y verde que endurecida se utiliza para <nla>temanastetl</nla> y que también se emplea para pisos de tierra dado que cuando se moja no se vuelve lodo \sem stone \sem soil \xrb tla:l \xrb ahmo:l \pqry For Am: check length of /a/ and /o/ in /a:mo:hli/. Originally I had a long /a/, which I have changed to a short vowel based only on information from Oapan. \ref 05396 \lxa ma:xtlatia \lxac noma:xtlatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to wrap (a cloth, skirt, etc.) around ones waist and legs \ss (refl.) envolverse (con tela, una falda, etc.) por la cintura y piernas \pna Saka tlake:ntli noma:xtlatia. \pea It was just cloth (i.e., not clothes) that he wrapped around his waist and legs. \psa Fue solamente con tela que se fajóla cintura y piernas. \se (refl.) to pull ones skirt up and wrap it around ones legs (e.g., in order to climb up a ladder or a hill, when going to the fields to work) \ss (refl.) jalar la falda y envolverse las piernas con ella (p. ej., al subir una escalera o un cuesta arriba, o al ir a trabajar en el campo) \pna Xmoma:xtlati! \pea Draw your skirt around your legs! \psa ¡Jale tu falda justo a tus piernas! \equivo a:ma:xtlatia \xrb ma:xtla \nse Note that one acceptation is that of a woman pulling her skirt up tight around her legs in order to make it easier to work. However, in many villages when women go to the field to work they will wear pants. \ref 05397 \lxa tla:lweyaktli \lxac tla:lweyaktli \lxo tla:lweweyahtli \lxoc tla:lweweyahtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-adj \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \infn Stem 1(k) \se worked land that has long furrows \ss tierra trabajada con surcos muy largos \sem domesticatedivate \cfa tla:ltso:ltik \encyctmp tla:hli \xrb tla:l \xrb weya \qry Check for other shapes of land (e.g., /tla:lpitsaktli/?). Check whether /tla:lwe:yak/ is also correct. Cf. to paradigm with /tla:ltso:ltik/. \pqry As is often the case with reduplication involving an initial or final glide, the length of the /e/ of the reduplicant is not easy to determine. Note that there is definitely no pitch accent, which suggests a long vowel in the reduplicant. However, I do not hear length and thus have not written it. \ref 05398 \lxa nito:tike:tl \lxac nito:tike:tl \lxo nító:tiké:tl \lxoc nító:tiké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se dancer (in a religious dance) \ss danzante (en un baile religioso) \encyctmp danzas \xrb hto:ti \ilus http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/danza.jpg \nse Among the regional dances performed in the area are <na>da:nsah de koro:nah, mo:ros, da:nsah de bolah, bake:ros,</na> and many others. \nae The Oapan form <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern (culminative stress). The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absent in a word such as <no>tlakwátasí</no> from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable or morphological structure. On the one hand, although <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> has only four syllables, it has six morae. On the other hand, <no>nító:tiké:tl</no>, unlike <no>tlakwátasí</no>, has no compounding morphology. Both these factors, metrical and morphological, might well enter into the lack of pitch suppression in <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> and its occurrence in <no>tlakwátasí</no>. \qry Note that form * <na>nito:tiki</na> is not acceptable. \pqry The Oapan form <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern. The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absence in a word such as <no>tlakwátasí</no> from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable structure. Thus although <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> has only four syllables, it has six morae. This might well be a factor in pitch accent patterns. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent : Note the stress pattern in this word (which should be checked in a speech analyzer program): /nító:tiké:tl/. The Oapan form <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern. The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absence in a word such as <no>tlakwátasí</no> from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable structure. Thus although <no>nító:tiké:tl</no> has only four syllables, it has six morae. This might well be a factor in pitch accent patterns. \ref 05399 \lxa temolo \lxac i:temolo \lxo temoloh \lxoc i:temoloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea side of the leg (of an animal); side of the hip (of a human) \ssa lado de la pierna (de un animal); lado de la cadera (de una persona) \pna O:wets noburroh wan o:xixipe:w ipan itemolo. \pea My burro fell and got scraped on the side of its leg. \psa Se cayómi burro y se raspópor el lado de su pierna. \seo knee \sso rodilla \sem body \xrb temolo \cfa ma:temolo; tsi:ntemolo \qry Etymology uncertain. Given this, the orthography and pronunciation should also be checked. In one file card I translate this as 'hip bone.' Check. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05400 \lxa tlachipa:hka:n \lxac tlachipa:hka:n \lxo tlachipa:hka:n \lxoc tlachipa:hka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se place that is clean and uncluttered; place that is well-swept \ss lugar limpio y sin cosas tiradas; lugar bien barrido \pna Tlachipa:hka:n mokia:wak. \pea Your yard is clean and well-swept. \psa Tu patio está limpio y bien barrido. \xrb chipa: \nse <na>Tlachipa:hka:n</na> is used to refer to a place (usually the ground or floor space) that is clean, uncluttered, and well swept. \qry Get antonym. \ref 05401 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xtemechiwi \lxoc i:xtemechiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seo to become blind (a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself) \sso ponerse ciego (una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo) \syna siego:ti \cfa i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \cfo i:xte:mpa:chika:ti \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb mech \nse Note that <no>i:xte:mechiwi</no> refers to a blindness that does not involve the loss of the eye; the eye looks good from the outside but the person cannot see. <nlo>I:xte:mpa:cheka:ti</nlo> refers to sight loss when the eye itself shrivels up and is diseased. According to Florencia Marcelino <no>i:xtemechiwi</no> is used when <no>pa:ti mi:xtewa:n</no>, 'your eyes"melt."' Cristino Flores (Am) did not know this word but said he had heard <na>i:xteme:tsiwi</na>, though he was unfamiliar with its meaning. \qry Check length of Oapan form in recording. In the workshop a long vowel form was given /i:xte:mechiwi/, but this might have been the result of reduplication. \ref 05402 \lxa kone:tlasotla \lxac nokone:tlasotla \lxo kone:tlásotlá \lxop kone:tlasotla \lxoc nokone:tlásotlá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ti/tla \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (relf.) to love ones child (e.g., a mother of her children, or an animal that defends its young and gets angry when sb approaches) \ss (refl.) amar su niño (p. ej., una mamá o una vaca, marrana, etc. que defiende su cría cuando algn se le acerque) \pna Nimokone:tlasotlaya, o:nicho:kak kwa:k o:mik. \pea I loved my child, I cried when he died. \psa Amaba a mi niño, llorécuando se murió. \seo (refl.) to have difficulty in conceiving a child \sso (refl.) tener dificultad en concebir \xrb kone: \xrb tlasoh \qry Check to determine if indeed only used in reflexive, and if the form /kone:tlasoti/ does not indeed exist. \pqry Note: Oapan phonology: note that the form /nokone:tlásotlá/ seems to be preferred. If I remember, IJ and FM accepted /nokoné:tlasótla/ but did not pronounce it (at least not on the recording). It was much easier to get the alternation /kítlasótla/ and /kitlásotlá/. This suggests that with compound forms there is a tendency to preserve to the greatest degree possible boundaries between inputs. \grm Oapan phonology: note that the form /nokone:tlásotlá/ seems to be preferred. If I remember, IJ and FM accepted /nokoné:tlasótla/ but did not pronounce it (at least not on the recording). It was much easier to get the alternation /kítlasótla/ and /kitlásotlá/. This suggests that with compound forms there is a tendency to preserve to the greatest degree possible boundaries between inputs. \ref 05403 \lxa tlimo:hli \lxac tlimo:hli \lxo tlimo:hli \lxoc tlimo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of mole that is served with pig meat or chicken \ss tipo de mole hecho con carne de puerco o pollo \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb tli \xrb mo:l \ref 05404 \lxa itsmoli:ni \lxac itsmoli:ni \lxo itsmoli:ni \lxoc itsmoli:ni \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for the tip of a bush or tree to send off a young shoot; to become green (a tree as it starts to send off shoots during the early rainy season); to burgeon \ss brotar la puntita de un arbusto oárbol; reverdecer; retoñar \xrb tsmoli: \nse The word <nao>itsmoli:ni</nao> is used to refer to the emergence of shoots on branches of trees and bushes. But it is not used to refer to the sprouting of seeds planted in the ground, for which <nlao>ixwa</nlao> is employed. \qry Check for possible transitive form /itsmoli:nia/ or /itsmoli:naltia/??? Classical seems to have the latter; cf. entry under /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. \ref 05405 \lxa to:toltetl \lxac to:toltetl \lxo to:toltetl \lxoc to:toltetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se egg (of any animal including all birds and other animals such as snakes and lizards) \ss huevo (de cualquier animal incluyendo todas las aves y otros animales como reptiles y culebras) \se (fig.) eggs of a human female \ss (fig.) huevos de una mujer \pna O:tlan to:toltemeh. \pea She can no longer get pregant (i.e., she is past menopause; lit. 'the eggs have been used up') \psa Ya no puede concebir (esto es, ya pasóla edad de menopausia; lit. 'se acabaron los huevos') \cfa xa:ltetl \xrb to:tol \xrb te \nse The phrase <na>o:tlan to:toltemeh</na> was apparently uttered in jest, though fully understood by all present. Various consultants did mention or accept that women do also have their 'eggs.' \ref 05406 \lxa ko:lah \lxac ko:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cola \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se (<na>kipia</na> ~) to have diarrhea \ss (<na>kipia</na> ~) tener diarrea \pna Kipia ko:lah, kwalo. \pea He has diarrhea, he is sick. \psa Tiene diarrea, está enfermo. \syno tlano:ki:hli \qry Check to see if same idiomatic expression exists in Spanish. \ref 05407 \lxa toto:nki \lxac toto:nki \lxo toto:nki \lxoc toto:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se hot (in terms of physical temperature, such as a stove, coal, food, etc.) \ss caliente (en cuanto a temperatura, como una estufa, brasa, comida, etc.) \pna Nihkwa:s toto:nki tlaxkahli. \pea I'll eat hot tortillas. \psa Voy a comer tortillas calientes. \se hot air; heat \ss aire caliente; lo caluroso o caliente \pna Te:cha:lwi:tektok toto:nki. \src DT#8: 363 \pea Hot air is striking against us. \psa Nos está viniendo a pegar aire caliente. \seo bright (e.g., a light bulb) \sso candente; brillante (p. ej., un foco) \se hot; sexually active with a lot of lovers or desiring a lot of lovers (either a man or woman) \ss sexualmente activo, con muchas amantes o deseoso de muchas amantes (o un hombre o mujer) \se hot (foods, in terms of the hot/cold division) \ss caliente (cosas comestibles en cuanto a la división entre lo caliente y lo frío) \sem medicine \encyctmp hot/cold \xrb to:n \nse Although I do not have notes on which foods are hot and which are cold, my documentation does have some preliminary information. The following are <na>toto:nki</na> : <nla>yepakihli</nla>, <nla>meló:n</nla>, <nla>michin</nla>, <na>meská:l</na>, <nla>pioka:ldoh</nla>, and <nla>wa:kaxka:ldoh</nla> (among many other foods). One result of eating these foods is that you will get thirsty and want to drink a lot of water. The adjectival <na>toto:nki</na> is part of a paradigm that includes the intransitive verb <na>toto:nia</na>, but which lacks the transitive form * <na>toto:nilia</na>. Rather, the <nla>toto:nilia</nla> of this lexicon is an applicative of the transitive <na>toto:nia</na> ; see respective entries. \qry Much additional work needs to be done on this subject. \ref 05408 \lxa tamalko:ntli \lxac tamalko:ntli \lxo tamalko:ntli \lxoc tamalko:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se large ceramic pot used for making tamals \ss olla grande de barro para hacer tamales \sem tool \xrb tamal \xrb ko:m \ref 05409 \lxa tlamaxakape:lowa \lxac tlamaxakape:lowa \lxo tlamaxikipe:lowa \lxoc tlamaxikipe:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to put oneself in a straddling position; to be astride \ss sentarse o estar a horcajadas \pna Nitlamaxakape:lotia:s. \pea I'm going to go along with my legs in a straddling position (e.g., on an animal being ridden) \psa Voy a ir a horcajadas (p. ej., sobre un animal como mula o burro). \pna Titlamaxakape:lotos -=titlamaxakawitos- para ma:ka tiwa:lwetsis. \pea You will in a straddling position so as not to fall off. \psa Vas a estar sentado a horcajadas para que no te caigas al suelo. \syna maxakawia \syno tlamaxaka:na \xrb maxa \xrb pe:l \xrl -ko \nae The etymology of both Ameyaltepec <na>tlamaxakape:lowa</na> and Oapan <no>tlamaxikipe:lowa</no> is not entirely clear, although both obviously include the roots <nr>maxa</nr> and <nr>pe:l</nr>. The third /a/ in /maxaka-/ is not immediately identifiable, but it seems to also appear in the synonymous <na>tlamaxakawia</na>. Oapan <no>tlamaxaka:na</no> is more transparent (including the locative noun stem <no>maxak</no>) but <no>tlamaxikipe:lowa</no> is unclear. Perhaps the sequence of two /i/s is simply the result of vowel raising and does not reflect any underlying difference from the Ameyaltepec form. \qry Note that the object of /maxakapelo:wa/ is not clear, when (and if) it has (or can have) a specific object. The only form I have cited is that of /tlamaxakape:lowa/. Also, determine the difference, if there is one (and if there is it might be in the nature of the object) between /maxakape:lowa/ and /maxakawia/. In one note I have mentioned /maxakape:lo:tia/ as a word, but I had no entry for this. Check to see if it does indeed exist and, if so, its meaning. \qry The reason or motivation for /a/ after /k/ is not certain, check length. \ref 05410 \lxa no:liwi \lxac no:liwi \lxo no:liwi \lxoc no:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent, curved, wavy, or crooked (sth long and pliable such as a branch of a tree, a soft piece of wood, a soft metal bar, a wire, a candle, a switch, a line or row of things, etc.) \ss encorvarse; doblarse; torcerse (algo largo y flexible como la rama de unárbol, un pedazo de madera suave, una vara de metal maleable o de madera, un alambre, una vela, una fila o línea de objetos, etc.) \pna Wel no:liwi, yema:nki. \pea It can be bent, it is soft. \psa Se puede encorvar, es suave. \pna O:no:no:liw. \pea It bent in several places (e.g. a stick or rod that becomes wavy over time). \psa Se enchuecó en varios lugares (p. ej., una vara que por el tiempo queda algo ondulada) \cfao chikino:liwi \xrb no:l \nse <na>No:liwi</na> and derived words apparently refer to the crookedness of things like an old knarled piece of wood, i.e., sort of wavy and crooked. It also is used often to refer to the bending that occurs with things that are long and pliable, not stiff, like thick wires for sandals, a wax candle, a switch or long stick, or even a beam of soft wood. \ref 05411 \lxa ikxitemotso:lowa \lxac nokxitemotso:lowa \lxo ixitemotso:lowa \lxoc noxitemotso:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to draw ones legs up close to the body \ss (refl.) encogerse las piernas cerca del cuerpo \pna Xmokxitemotso:lo! \pea Draw your legs up and into your body (e.g. a person sitting or lying down)! \psa ¡Encógete las piernas hacia el cuerpo (p. ej., una persona sentada o acostada)! \pna Sa: nokxitemotsolotok, kwalo. \pea He's just has his legs drawn up tight to his body, he's sick. \psa Estánomás con las piernas encogidas hacia el cuerpo, está enfermo. \xrb kxi \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \qry Check for intransitive form. Determine whether the reflexive stative /nokxitemotso:lotok/ should be given a separate entry. Determine whether /ikxitemotso:liwi/ exists, or only the stative. \qry Determine the difference between the transitive and intransitive. Determine whether the transitive can be used in a nonreflexive form. Add a discussion between /ikxitemotso:liwtok/ and /mokxitemotso:lotok/ to the grammar. \sj Check for absence of /h/ and cf. to Oapan entry for /'motso:lowa/. \ref 05412 \lxa tejo:meh de montone:ros \lxac tejo:meh de montone:ros \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tejón; montón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea word applied to <na>tejo:meh</na> when they are found in large groups, e.g., upwards of one hundred \ssa palabra aplicada a los tejones cuando se encuentran en grandes grupos, a veces arriba de cien \pna Tejo:meh pero de montone:ros pa:mpa de milá:k miakeh. \pea They are <na>tejo:meh</na> but called <na>montone:ros</na> because there are a real lot of them. \psa Son tejones pero de montoneros porque de veras hay muchos (esto es,"un montón"). \sem animal \sem mammal \nse For a discussion of the social habits of this animal, see <nba>tejo:n</nba>. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 05413 \lxa kuwxio:tl chi:chi:ltik \lxac kuwxio:tl chi:chi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea <l>Pseudosmodingium perniciosum</l> (Kunth) Engl., type of <spn>cuajiote</spn> tree of the Anacardiaceae family \ssa <l>Pseudosmodingium perniciosum</l> (Kunth) Engl., tipo de <spn>cuajiote</spn> de la familia Anacardiaceaetype of <na>cuajiote</na> tree \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \equivo kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \encyctmp kohxio:tl \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb pa:lo: \xrb chi:l \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb chi:l \cpl Schoenhals (1988) mentions the cuajiote colorado, which may well be the plant here in question. Of it:"(<na>Bursera</na> spp., e.g., <na>B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata</na>) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal."And under copal, she mentions:"(<na>Bursera</na> spp., e.g., <na>B. excelsa, B. Simaruba, B. bipinnata</na>) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has a red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious activities. Branches are used for fence posts since plantings will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have a long list of <i>Bursera</i> including <i>Bursera longipes</i>, which is known as <spn>cuajiote rojo</spn> and is perhaps the tree called <na>kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik</na>. See entry under <na>kuhxio:tl</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 05414 \lxa tsokwe:liwi \lxac tsokwe:liwi \lxo tsokwe:liwi \lxoc tsokwe:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl (Oa) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to get slightly curved (sth lineal such as furrows in a field, etc.); to get slightly curled (e.g., eyelashes) \ss encorvarse ligeramente; llegar a tener una curva ligera (algo delgado y largo como surcos, etc.); enrizarse ligeramente; quedar ligeramente rizado (p. ej., pestañas) \pna O:tsokwe:liw mosurkoh, o:mitsma:tla:n kwahli, xok mela:wtok. \pea Your furrow came out slightly crooked, (the plow) really got out of your control, (the furrow) is not straight anymore. \psa El surco se te salió un poquito chueco, (el arado) te ganóbien, (el surco) ya no está derecho. \pna Notla:lilian para ma tsotsokwe:liwi. \pea They put it on themselves (in this case makeup on eyelashes) so that they (the eyelashes) curl up at the end. \psa Se lo ponen (en este caso maquillaje a las pestañas) para que se rizen (las pestañas). \xrb tsokwe:l \qry Determine a transitive form, and all possible subjects of the intransitive and adjectival predicates. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05415 \lxa kwahkoyolin \lxac kwahkoyolin \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se <l>Trichilia hirta</l> L., tree of the Meliaceae family \ss <l>Trichilia hirta</l> L.,árbol de la familia Meliaceae \pna Kwahkoyolin : Tiktla:li:s ikakawayo itik a:tl, tikoni:s deke mitskukwa moyo:li:xko. Tipatis \src Costa Rodríguez \pea <na>Kwahkoyolin</na> : You place its bark in water, you drink it if your lower chest (solar plexus) hurts you. You will get better. \psa <na>Kwahkoyolin</na> : Pones su cáscara en agua, te lo tomas si te duele el pecho (el plexo solar). Te vas a aliviar. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-md \equivo koyolin \xrb kwah \xrb koyol \nct kohtli \qry Check etymology of /koyolin/. According to JoséSantos, the name of this tree is Spanish is 'cola de coyote.' However, I have not found this listed anywhere. \ref 05416 \lxa kopalchi:noh \lxac kopalchi:noh \lxo kopalchi:noh \lxoa kopalkohchi:noh \lxocpend @kopalchi:noh \lxt kopalchi:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>chino</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se <l>Bursera xochipalensis</l> Rzedowski, tree that is a member of the Burseraceae family \ss <l>Bursera xochipalensis</l> Rzedowski,árbol que es miembro de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \encyctmp kopalkuhtli \xrb kopal \nse In absence of cow dung this tree may be used to fire ceramics. Emidio Rosendo mentioned that at times the wood from this tree may be used to make trays (<spn>bateas</spn>) as well as the <spn>tori:tos</spn> that are danced around on the fiesta of San Lucas. It may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Also, although the <na>kuwxio:tl</na> is commonly used to make <na>kwexomameh</na>, according to Emigdio Rosendo <na>kopalchi:noh</na> may also be used. \cpl Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list two trees named in Spanish <spn>copal chino</spn>, both of the <i>Burseraceae</i> family. The first (p. 131) is the <i>Bursera bipinnata</i> called in Spanish either <spn>copal chino</spn> or <i>copal santo</i>. The second (p. 132) is the <i>Bursera copallifera</i> called in Spanish either <spn>copal, copal chino, chichiacle, ticomaca,</spn> or <i>copalillo</i>. \nct kohtli \ref 05417 \lxa sentetsi:n \lxac sentetsi:n \lxo séntetsí:n \lxoc séntetsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Num \der Adj-num \pa yes \se see <nlao>sentetl</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>sentetl</nlao> \nae The reason for the pitch accent in Oapan <no>séntetsí:n</no> is not clear. However, all such forms (e.g., <no>ó:ntetsí:n</no>) manifest the same pattern. This suggests that despite the fact that <no>sentetl</no> has no underlying {h}, <no>séntetsí:n</no> might in fact represent {sentehtsi:n}. This should be checked with neighboring dialects. \sj sentetsi:n \ref 05418 \lxa tlanekwilwia \lxac kitlanekwilwia \lxo tlanekwilwia \lxof [tla ne kwil 'wi a] \lxoc kitlanekwilwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to turn aside or to make turn (e.g., an animal by using its reins, a plow by pushing on the beam, etc., particularly to avoid sth in a path) \ss desviar; hacer ir a un lado (p. ej., un animal al jalar por las riendas, un arado al empujar el timón, etc., particularmente para esquivar algo en el camino) \pna Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka ipan titlachocholo:lti:s! \pea Turn it aside (in this case a horse being ridden), don't run over anything. \psa Guíalo hacia un lado (en este caso un caballo montado), no vayas a pisar algo. \pna Xtsonakate:ka moara:doh! Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka kasis un kuwtsontetl! \pea Tilt your plowshare over to the side! Make it (the plow) move around it so that it doesn't hit that stump! \psa ¡Empuja la reja de tu arado a un lado!¡Desvíalo para que no le pegue a ese tocón! \xrb nekwil \nse The general meaning of <na>tlanekwilwia</na> seems to be to make something go slightly out of its path (giving the path a crooked bend, repeating a pattern or shape indicated by the root <nr>nekwiliwi</nr>) and then allowing it to continue on its way. All the documented uses of this word indicate an action to avoid hitting a particular object that is located in the path of something. \nae Apparently <na>tlanekwilwia</na> is an applicative of <na>nekwilowa</na>, with vowel loss and metathesis as described in Canger (1980). The applicative increases the valence to three, it is then reduced through the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n>, resulting in a simple transitive. The verb refers to the action of turning an animal, or even a person, aside, particularly as it occurs with the use of reins on an animal being ridden. \qry Check the form and phrase /ma:ka ipan titlachocholo:lti:s/. /cholo:ltia/ is a transitive, and the valency is apparently marked by the nonspecific object /tla-/. This leaves the question as to what /ipan/ refers to. Is it what is being stepped on? \ref 05419 \lxa tla:lmi:milowa \lxac kitla:lmi:milowa \lxo tla:lmí:milówa \lxop tla:lmí:milowa \lxoc kitla:lmí:milówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s(vowel-CV) \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to roll (sth) around on the ground \ss revolcar (algo) por el suelo \pna O:notla:lmimiloh. \pea He rolled around back and forth on the ground. \psa Se revolcópor el suelo, de un lado a otro. \cfao milowa \xrb tla:l \xrb mil \nse This verb has only been documented in the form with a reduplicated verbal root. This is undoubtedly related to its meaning, which is to roll (sb or sth) back and forth along the ground. \nae The phonology and underlying form of the Oapan entry <no>kitla:lmí:milówa</no> is apparently based on a pitch accented reduplication of the already"reduplicated"form (or underlying form) <no>tla:lmimilowa</no>. It appears that the second syllable is a long, high-pitched vowel as occurs in words such as <no>pé:petláka</no>, which is a reduplicated form of the frequentative <no>pepetlaka</no>. In general Oapan Nahuatl lengthens and gives a high pitch to short vowels that represent in effect secondary reduplication of what is already a lexicalized reduplicant (as occurs with frequentatives such as <no>pepetlaka</no>). This would seem to be the case with <no>tla:lmí:milówa</no>, which would therefore represent the reduplicated form (short vowel reduplication with coda {h}) of <no>tla:lmimilowa</no>, which itself does not appear to occur). The meaning would be something like 'to roll around here and there on the ground.' Further research needs to be done on this form a nd any potential con trast with ? <no>tla:lmimilowa</no>. \qry Check for both unreduplicated and short vowel reduplicated form. Apparently given the nature of this verb, unreduplicated forms are not found. Check and cf. to /miliwi/ and /milowa/. Recheck Ameyaltepec reduplication pattern. I originally recorded this with a long vowel, but the Oapan form is clearly short with pitch accent. \grmx The phonology and underlying form of the Oapan entry <no>kitla:lmí:milówa</no> is apparently based on a pitch accented reduplication of the already"reduplicated"form (or underlying form) <no>tla:lmimilowa</no>. It appears that the second syllable is a long, high-pitched vowel as occurs in words such as <no>pé:petláka</no>, which is a reduplicated form of the frequentative <no>pepetlaka</no>. In general Oapan Nahuatl lengthens and gives a high pitch to short vowels that represent in effect secondary reduplication of what is already a lexicalized reduplicant (as occurs with frequentatives such as <no>pepetlaka</no>). This would seem to be the case with <no>tla:lmí:milówa</no>, which would therefore represent the reduplicated form (short vowel reduplication with coda {h}) of <no>tla:lmimilowa</no>, which itself does not appear to occur). The meaning would be something like 'to roll around here and there on the ground.' Further research needs to be done on this form a nd any potential con trast with ? <no>tla:lmimilowa</no>. \sj Check /tla:lmimilowa/, /tla:lmihmimilowa/, etc. \ref 05420 \lxa tlayewalo:listli \lxac tlayewalo:listli \lxo tlayewalo:listli \lxoc tlayewalo:listli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(l) \se religious procession (generally one that circles around the church or village, eventually coming back to the point of departure) \ss procesión religiosa (generalmente una que da vueltas alrededor de algo como la iglesia o el pueblo) \pna I:pan <spn>dieciseis</spn> no: u:nkah tlayewalo:listli. \pea On the sixteenth there is also a religious procession. \psa El dieciseis también hay una procesión religiosa. \pna Ye ki:sa tlayewalo:listli. \pea The religious procession is about to emerge (from a church with one or several saints). \psa La procesión religiosa está por salir (de la iglesia con uno o varios santos). \xrb yewal \ref 05421 \lxa tekanaktli \lxac tekanaktli \lxo tekanahtli \lxocpend @tekanahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi? \seo stone that is thin and flat \sso piedra que es delgada y plana \xrb te \xrb kana: \ref 05422 \lxa ititia \lxac ne:chichitia, mitsitsitia, kititia \lxo ititia \lxoc kititia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a; Irregular: <na>ne:chichitia</na>, <na>mitsitsitia</na>, <na>kititia</na>, <na>te:chichitia</na>, <na>me:chichitia</na>, <na>kimititia</na> \se to show (sth) to; to demonstrate (sth) to; to teach (e.g., sb how to do sth in particular) \ss enseñarle (algo) a; mostrarle (algo) a; enseñar (algo) a (p.ej., como hacer alguna cosa en particular) \pna Timistlaititi:s. \pea I will show you (teach you) something. \psa Te voy a mostrar (enseñar) algo. \xrb ta \xvbao ita \nae In Ameyaltepec at least (Oapan Nahuatl still needs to be checked in this regard) the first consonant of <na>ititia</na> changes to the fricative of the object prefix: <na>ne:chichitia</na>, <na>mitsitsitia</na>, <na>kititia</na>, etc. \ref 05423 \lxa sowa \lxac kisowa \lxo sowa \lxoc kisowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \se to lay, hang out, or spread out (e.g., clothes spread on a bush or the ground to dry) \ss tender; colgar; desplegar (p. ej., ropa extendida sobre un arbusto o la tierra para secar) \se (refl.-anticaus.) to get spread out along the ground (e.g., certain plants that grow close to the earth) \ss (refl.-anticaus.) extenderse por el suelo (p. ej., ciertas plantas que crecen pegadas a la tierra) \xrb so:wa \xvaao sowilia \qry Determine full usage of this verb, and other possible objects; cf. case of using it to hang sacks on a donkey under the applicative /sowilia/. Check meaning of reflexive as in text under /xiwtema:tlatl/. \ref 05424 \lxa pi:pilo:hli \lxac pi:pilo:hli \lxo pi:pilo:hli \lxoc pi:pilo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff rdp-s- \infn Stem 3 \se earings \ss aretes \se small flaps of skin that hang down from the throats of certain animals (e.g., goats and pigs) \ss aretes, los pequeños pedazos de piel que se cuelgan de las gargantas de algunos animales (p. ej., chivos y marranos) \pna... ipi:pilo:l pitso \pea the smal pieces of skin that hang down from the throats of (some) pigs \psa los aretes de marrano \xrb pilo:l \nae The length of the first vowel is not entirely certain. To date the Oapan data has been analyzed as the ratios of the first to second /i/ are the following: 87:61 and 85:60 (Florencia Marcelino); 79:33 and 83:49 (Inocencio Jiménez). Although the absolute duration of the first /i/ for both these speakers is well within the range of a short vowel, the contrast between the first and second vowels suggests a longer initial vowel. If this is the defining feature then tokens such as the pronunciations of Inocencio Jiménez, where the first vowel is 79 and 83 ms, show that phonological length may vary significantly in regard to duration. For now the length has been written down as long. \pqry Check Am vowel length. I have this as a long vowel with the note that it should be checked. Oa seems long, though this is not entirely clear. \rt The possibility that <nla>pipilo:hli</nla>, and thus the root <na>pilo:l</na>, is derived from underlying {pil} should be commented on in the entries for both <na>pilo:l</na> and <nr>pil</nr>. \ref 05425 \lxa kopi:nilia \lxac kikopi:nilia \lxo kopi:nilia \lxoc kikopi:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pull off from (e.g., pulling a bandaid off sb, or detaching a poster from a wall, etc.); to pull out of or from (e.g., a rod from a bed) \ss desprenderle a (e.g., desprendiendo una curita de algn, o quitando un cartel de una pared); sacar de (p.ej., una varita de una cama) \pna Xne:chkopi:nili ni:xte:nka:la:w! Mláni:xte:nkekexkia. \pea Put out my eyelashes that itch for me! My eyes really itch. \psa ¡Arráncame las pestañas que me escocen! tengo comezón en los ojos. \pna Xkopi:nili ite:ntsahka molapise:roh! \pea Pull the top off your pen (so that you can write)! \psa ¡Quítale la tapadera a tu pluma (para que puedas escribir). \xrb kopi: \xvbao kopi:na \nse Reduplicated and with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>, the resultant verb form refers to pulling out several things from something, e.g., plugs and cables from a machine. \qry Note that I originally had /tlatekokopi:nilia/ as a xref. /tlatekokopi:nilia/ to determine nature of /te/ prefix, i.e. if it is an optional intensifier. Also check to determine whether reduplication is necessary in this sense meaning. \grm Note antipassive: /Mistlatekokopi:nili:s ika mokuhia:yo/ 'She will make you come (with her hand)' \ref 05426 \lxa tsi:nkamaktli \lxac tsi:nkamaktli \lxo tsi:nkamahtli \lxoc tsi:nkamahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-2-k(o) \infn Stem 1(k) \se the crack in ones buttocks \ss el espacio entre los dos lados de las nalgas \sem body \xrb tsi:n \xrb kama \ref 05427 \lxa to:nalisiwistli \lxac to:nalisiwistli \lxo to:nálisiwístli \lxoc to:nálisiwístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-is \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes-lex \se heat rash (particularly affecting the abdomen, neck, and similar parts of the body) \ss sarpullido causado por el calor (que afecta particularmente el abdomen, cuello y partes similares del cuerpo) \sem disease \xrb to:na \xrb hsi \nse The rash referred to by <na>to:nalisiwistli</na> (Am) is made up of very small pimples that often form on the abdomen and neck. They are fine and red, and the actual pimples (<spn>granitos</spn>) are almost imperceptible and surrounded by a red area. \nae The etymology of <na>to:nalisiwistli</na> seems to parallel that of another skin condition, <nla>mihka:siwi</nla>, in that the second element is derived from the root {hsiwi}. The plural use of this nominalization (<na>to:nalisiwisteh</na> (Am) / <no>to:nálisiwístih</no> (Oa)) is more common than the singular. \qry Get all types of skin diseases (cf. furúnculo), tlaxwistli, mihkasiwi, etc. \ref 05428 \lxa kwa:kuwachi:toh \lxac kwa:kuwachi:toh \lxo kwa:kohka:choh \lxoc kwa:kohka:choh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>gacho</spn> \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \se to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point forward and down \ss tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan hacia adelante y abajo \pna Kwa:kuwachi:toh, tsompilkatok. \pea Its horns are pointed forward and down, they go downward. \psa Sus cuernos van hacia adelante y abajo, caen hacia abajo. \encyctmp kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \qry Check to see if reduplication is possible, i.e., /kwa:kuhaachi:toh/? In the other two types of horns I have rcorded reduplication: /kwa:kuhtetekestik/ and /kwa:kuhteteko:ntik/. \mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. Add an /ono, like that for eyes, with the different types of horns. Illustrate. \grm Orthography: Perhaps have a rule that /h/ is always syllable final. Thus /kwa:kohachi:toh/ would have to be divided /kwa:koh achi:toh/ and not ?/kwa:ko hachi:toh/. \ref 05429 \lxa chi:lkwe:chowa \lxac chi:lkwe:chowa \lxo chi:lkwe:chowa \lxoc chi:lkwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to grind chile (in a mortar and pestle, on a metate) \ss moler chile (en molcajete o sobre un metate) \pna Kima:to:ne:wa, xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. \pea It makes her hands burn, she can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. \psa Le arden las manos, no puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo es flojo. \xrb chi:l \xrb kwe:ch \ref 05430 \lxa tla:ltech \lxac tla:ltech \lxo tla:ltech \lxoc tla:ltech \dt 03/May/2005 \psm Loc \pss Adj \der N-loc-2 \se to be located close to the ground (e.g., sth hanging in the air, sth set on the ground but raised, such as a table top, etc.) \ss estar ubicado cerca del suelo o piso (p. ej., algo colgado en el aire, algo puesto o de una forma descansando sobre la tierra como la superficie de una mesa, etc.) \pna Ti:roh tla:ltech mome:sah, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh. \pea Your table is really low lying, they didn't make it well. \psa Tu mesa está muy bajito, no la hicieron bien. \se to be low (a fence, wall, etc.) \ss estar bajo (una cerca, pared, etc.) \pna Xkwepanili, ti:roh tla:ltech motepa:n! \pea Make it higher, your wall is really low! \psa ¡Hazlo más alto, tu pared está muy bajo! \se (fig.) low (a tone of sth like speech, music, etc.) \ss (fig.) bajo (un tono de algo como habla, música, etc.) \pna Tla:ltech to:noh. \pea The tone is low. \psa El tono está bajo. \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \nse Altlhough I have on rare occasions heard this word used to indicate shortness of stature (e.g., of an animal), this seems to be a nonstandard usage. It has been documented only in Ameyaltepec. \qry Determine opposite/antonym, e.g., of 'low tone,' etc. Determine best way to characterize the part of speech of terms like this. \ref 05431 \lxa tsitsikwika \lxac tsitsikwika \lxo tsitsikwika \lxoc tsitsikwika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to bounce and spring up and down; to jump around a lot \ss saltar y brincar arriba y abajo; saltar mucho y muy rápido \se (with <n>tla-</n> + <n>ika</n> [noun]) to be full of [noun]; to be jumping with [noun] \ss (con <n>tla-</n> + <n>ika</n> [sustantivo]) estar brincando con; haber una abundancia de \pna Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl. \pea The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water has been left very shallow. \psa Por todos lados los peces están brincando. Hay muchos. El agua se quedómuy poca profunda. \pna Sa: tlatsitsikwika ika ikone:wa:n. \pea The place is jumping with her children (i.e., 'she has a lot of children'). \psa El lugar está lleno con sus niños (esto es, 'ella tiene muchos niños'). \pna Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika chapolin. \pea The place is crawling with grasshoppers. \psa El lugar hervía de chapulines. \xrb tsikwi: \xvnao tsikwi:ni \qry Impersonal passive; oblique: Note that although it is commonly stated that passive agents cannot be expressed in Nahuatl, little discussion has been given to the impersonal passive (subjectless) and the expression of subject. The question is how to consider obliques with impersonal (subjectless) phrases. Note: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl/ 'The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water has been left very shallow.' and 'San tlatsitsikwika ika ikone:wan.'The place is jumping with her children (i.e., 'she has a lot of children').' One may question whether this is an oblique expression of subject in an impersonal passive; I believe that although there is much literature on the passive of transitives and the expression (or non-expression) of agents in oblique clauses, there is little comparative work on passives of intransitives (i.e., the impersonal passive). It will be necessary t o che ck on this possibility. The first would be with unaccusatives, as in /tlatsitsikwika ika [noun]/, and the second would be with unergatives (e.g., /mikilo ika [noun]/). Check! \grm Impersonal passive; oblique: Note that although it is commonly stated that passive agents cannot be expressed in Nahuatl, little discussion has been given to the impersonal passive (subjectless) and the expression of subject. The question is how to consider obliques with impersonal (subjectless) phrases. Note: /Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl/ 'The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water has been left very shallow.' and 'San tlatsitsikwika ika ikone:wan.'The place is jumping with her children (i.e., 'she has a lot of children').' One may question whether this is an oblique expression of subject in an impersonal passive; I believe that although there is much literature on the passive of transitives and the expression (or non-expression) of agents in oblique clauses, there is little comparative work on passives of intransitives (i.e., the impersonal passive). It will be necessary t o che ck on this possibility. The first would be with unaccusatives, as in /tlatsitsikwika ika [noun]/, and the second would be with unergatives (e.g., /mikilo ika [noun]/). Check! \ref 05432 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was previously for Oapan /pró:wetiá/ with an alternate pronunciation of /poró:wetiá/; it also had Am /plo:wetia/. This was a duplicate entry that only differed from another with alternate pronunciations. They have now been combined in one. \vl The first female token /pró:wetsí:n/ should be tagged with #472, of which it is the diminutive. The following for speech tokens were should be tagged as alternates for 02375. Note that the second male token in 5432 is more clearly /porowetia/ and it should be linked. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05433 \lxa ilwia \lxac kilwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \sea (ritual) to tell (sth) to \ssa (ritual) decirle (algo) a \sem ritual \fl te:ilwia \xrb lwi \xv2a tlalwia \nse <na>Ilwia</na> has been encountered in Ameyaltepec only in certain ritualized speech, such as bride petitions and carnival songs. Nevertheless, the form with the null complement <n>tla-</n> is common to both the Ameyaltepec (<nla>tlalwia</nla>) and Oapan (<nlo>tlalwiya</nlo>) subdialects. \ref 05434 \lxa yeyekano:chilia \lxac kiyeyekano:chilia \lxo yéye:kano:chília \lxop yeye:kano:chilia \lxoc kí:ye:kano:chília; kiíye:kano:chília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to invoke the <nlo>yéye:kámeh</nlo> (Oa) against \sso invocar los <nlo>yéye:kámeh</nlo> (Oa) en contra de \sem ritual \sem soul-loss \equiva yeyekatlanono:chilia \fla te:yekanono:chilike:tl \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \nse Apparently this applicative is a malefactive in the sense that the primary object has the <spn>aires</spn> invoked against, not for, him or her. However, this should be rechecked. \qry Valency; /tla-/: Note /O:ne:chyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s./ 'They invoked the <na>yeyekameh</na> against me, they named (in a prayer) the residents of <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla> so that I would get ill.' Note here that this is syntactically a divalent verb: S and O/PO. However, the base verb is trivalent. This suggests that perhaps /no:chilia/ is decreased in valency by /tla-/ and that /yeka/ is an oblique. But this is problematical since it is indeed the 'aires' who are invoked. This should be checked. \vl The first female token is /kiíye:kano:chília/ and the second is /kí:ye:kano:chília/ (on the first the double /i/ is distinguishable). Link the second female token /kí:ye:kano:chília/ to the lexicon. This will be the first speech token in the sequence. There then follows a mispronounced female token (the 3rd) which should not be tagged at all. Finally, there are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male) for /kiyéye:kano:chília/. These should be tagged and 2 selected, one female and one male, for final concatenation. Thus the final sound file should comprise 3 speech tokens, one female /kí:ye:kano:chília/ and then a female and male /kiyéye:kano:chília/. \ref 05435 \lxa machisti \lxac machisti \lxo machisti \lxoc machisti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to become known (e.g., a particular event, usually through rumor or gossip) \ss llegar a ser sabido (p. ej., un evento en particular, especialmente por rumor o chisme) \pna Xo:machistik a:kino:n o:kimiktih. \pea It didn't become known who killed her (in this case a woman killed on the plains around Ameyaltepec). \psa No se supo quien la mató(en este caso una mujer matada por el llano alrededor de Ameyaltepec). \xrb mati \ref 05436 \lxa istitl \lxac istitl \lxo istitl \lxoc istitl; i:sti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se nail (of a finger or toe, i.e., fingernail or toenail) \ss uña de dedo (de la mano o pie) \se hoof \ss pezuña \pna Na:n ne:stok istitl, ka:n o:nowitih. \pea A hoof print is visible here, where it passed through. \psa Aquíse ve el señal de una pata, por donde pasó. \sem body \cfao ixipilistitl \xrb sti \pqry The sound file for this entry should provide a good example of minimal distinctions in the first vowel since the unpossessed has a short /i/ and the possessed a long /i:/. \vl The first female token is /i:sti/. Then there is a sequence of 4 tokens of /istitl/ and then another sequence of 4 tokens of /i:sti/. The final sound file should be F istitl-M istitl- F-i:sti M-i:sti. \ref 05437 \lxa kwe:tli \lxac kwe:tli \lxo kwe:tli \lxoc kwe:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \se skirt \ss falda \seo (intrinsic possession: <no>i:kwe:yo</no>) part of an apron, the cloth that is sewn between <no>i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa</no> and <no>i:jola:nyo</no> \sso (posesión intrínseca) parte de un delante, la tela que se pone entre <no>i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa</no> and <no>i:jola:nyo</no> \sem clothing \cfao besti:doh; kwe:pani \encyctmp tlake:ntli; kwe:tli \xrb kwe: \nse There are, at least in Ameyaltepec, the following types of skirts (<na>kwe:tli</na>): <nla>kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli</nla>, <nla>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</nla>, and <nla>kwe:tli de koto:ntok</nla>. \nae The plural, seldom used, is <na>kwe:meh</na> (Am) / <no>kwe:mih</no> (Oa). The plural possessed is <nao>i:kwe:wan</nao>. \mod Make sure there is an entry for each of these types of skirts. Right now the one missing is <na>kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli</na>. \ref 05438 \lxa pi:pilo:lxo:chitl \lxac pi:pilo:lxo:chitl \lxo pi:pilo:lxo:chitl \lxocpend @pi:pilo:lxo:chitl \com N-N \dt 02/Feb/2005 \aff Lex. rdp-s* \sea <l>Bessera elegans</l> Schlt., flowering plant of the Liliaceae family with red flowers and thin petals that hang down \ssa <l>Bessera elegans</l> Schlt., plantas con delgadas flores rojas y pétalos que cuelgan hacia abajo, de la familia Liliaceae \pna Pi:pilo:lxo:chitl | Kipia ixo:chio chi:chi:ltik, pi:pilkatokeh. \pea <na>Pipilo:lxo:chitl</na> : It has red flowers, they hang down. \psa <na>Pipilo:lxo:chitl</na> : Tiene flores rojas, se cuelgan. \xrb pil \xrb xo:chi \sem plant \sem fl \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>flor de arete</spn>. \nct xiwtli \qry Check for vowel length of first syllable in /pi:pilkatokeh/. Also, cf. if there would be a difference in meaning with /pipilkatokeh/. \ref 05439 \lxa tsi:nxope:wa \lxac kitsi:nxope:wa \lxo tsi:nxope:wa \lxoc kitsi:nxope:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to push (its snout) into the rear of (as a pig [S] to a sow [O] in heat) \ss empujar (el hocico contra) la parte trasera de (como un marrano [S] a una marrana en celos [O]) \pna Kitsi:nxope:wa un berra:koh un suwa:pitso. I:pan tsikwi:ni:sneki. \pea That boar pushes his snout into the hind quarters of that sow, he wants to mount it. \psa Ese verraco le empuja su hocico contra la parte trasera de esa marrana, la quiere montar. \pna O:kitsi:nxope:w kaba:yoh un wa:kax. \pea That ox (or other head of cattle) pushed (its snout) into the rear of the horse. \psa Ese buey (u otro tipo de ganado) empujó(su hocico) contra las nalgas del caballo. \xrb tsi:n \xrb xo \xrb pe: \nse <nao>Tsi:nxope:wa</nao> has only been documented in reference to certain animals, referring to an action where the male pushes his snout into the rear of the female in heat, usually sniffing the area before trying to mount. \grm Word order: Word order needs a specific study. In the case of /O:kitsi:nxope:w kaba:yoh un wa:kax/, which I had translated as 'That ox (or other head of cattle) pushed (its snout) into the rear of the horse' the order is VOS. \ref 05440 \lxa tlakaka:wilia \lxac kitlakaka:wilia \lxo tlá:ka:wília \lxop tlá:ka:wilia \lxoc kitlá:ka:wília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to perform the ceremony known in Spanish as <spn>levantamiento de sombra</spn> for \ss llevar a cabo la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' para; levantar la sombra para \xrb ka:wa \xbtlao ka:wilia \nse The reduplicated form <na>tlakaka:wilia</na> is used for leaving offering to the <spn>aires</spn> in places where a person has lost his or her <n>to:nal</n>. The unreduplicated form is used for leaving flowers, candles, etc. in front of a saint in the church for someone, in requesting a cure <na>ne:xtlaka:wilia tio:pan</na>. Note that in leaving an offering for the saint himself one uses words such as <no>tlakwalmanilia</no>, which is also used for offerings left to the deceased at All Saints Day. \ref 05441 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a duplicate of entry 02646 and thus it has been eliminated. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The tokens here should be tagged wtih 2646; the final 2 tokens linked should be from these originally 5441 tokens and not the ones recorded at 2646 as the later sound is better. \ref 05442 \lxa kwa:kokoloch \lxac kwa:kokoloch \lxo kwá:kokóloch \lxoc kwá:kokóloch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be curly haired \ss ser chino \apa kwa:kokoloxtik \apo kwá:kokolóxtik \xrb kwa: \xrb koloch \rt Undoubtedly the root /kolo/ is related to /ko:l/ 'curved'. Cf. also /xoxoloxtik/ and, in general, words ending in /xtik/. \ref 05443 \lxa xok \lxaa xoh \lxac xok \lxo xok \lxoa xok \lxoc xok; xoh a:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se no longer; not anymore \ss ya no \pna Xok niá:s, xne:chka:wilia notah. \pea I'm no longer going to go, my father won't let me. \psa Ya no voy a ir, no me deja mi papá. \cfa ok \xrb ok \nae Except in phrase final position in Oapan Nahuatl the final /k/ of <no>xok</no> surfaces as [h]. \vl There are four tokens of /xok/ at word 3810, these should be tagged with 5443. The first two tokens here are /xo/; they are wrong and should not be tagged. Then there are 4 tokens of /xok/. They should all be tagged and then the first female and first male should linked (if they are better than the ones from 3810). The final /k/ should be audible and clear in these tokens, since /xok/ when phrase final has a clear [k]. The following 4 tokens are /xoh a:tlil/. These should be tagged as 5443 also and the 2nd female and 2nd male token selected for linking. \ref 05444 \lxa okokuwtli \lxac okokuwtli \lxo o:kokohtli \lxoc o:kokohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se dried wood of the ocote tree \ss madera seca del ocote \pna Okokuwtli | Bwe:noh para ika titlatlati:s. \pea <na>O:kokohtli</na> : It is good to start a cooking fire. \psa <na>O:kokohtli</na> : Es bueno para prender un fuego para cocinar. \xrb o:ko \xrb kow \nct kohtli \mod Apparently trees that end in /-kuhtli/ can refer to the wood of the tree or as a marked term for the tree itself. \qry Check meaning of /para ika titlatlati:s/. Does it only refer to cooking fires? \vl Be careful: the first 3 male tokens (of 5) are /ó:kokóhtli/ with high pitch on the first syllable. This is an erroneous pronunciation. Tag it anyway with 5444 as I will use it as evidence of this type of mistake. However, the final two of the five male tokens are correct: /o:kokohtli/ with no pitch accent on the first syllable. These two should be tagged as 5444 and one of the two selected for the link. There are 6 female tokens, one is simply /o:kotl/ and it should be tagged as #4933. Of the 5 others, chose the best to link here as /o:kokohtli/. \ref 05445 \lxa te:nkaxa:ni \lxac te:nkaxa:ni \lxo te:nkaxa:ni \lxoc te:nkaxa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to have a top, cap, or lid become loose (of a pot, container, bottle, etc.) \ss quedarsele flojo la tapa, tapadera o tapón (a una olla, recipiente, botella, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb kaxa: \qry Check for metaphoric use (e.g., sb whose word is not firm). Check for transitive. \ref 05446 \lxa kamachi:pi:l \lxac kamachi:pi:lmeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to be a blabber-mouth; to be unable to keep a secret or to keep something quiet \ss ser muy indiscreto; ser bocón; ser alguien que no puede mantener un secreto \pna Kamachi:pi:l, nochi kite:ihlia. \pea He's a blabber-mouth, he makes everything public. \psa Tiene una boca grande, todo se lo dice a la gente. \syno te:nchakal \xrb kama \xrb chi:pi:l \qry Check etymology. The reason for /chi:pil/ here is unclear but should be checked, as should be searched for other words that also have /chi:pil/. Check vowel length. \ref 05447 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tsi:nchikipe:ltok/ but appears to be in error and has been removed. The entry was definied as 'to have the bottom ripped completely or almost completely off; to have a bottom that has given way and fallen off (e.g., of a bucket, box, etc.)' I had the following notes 'Recheck that Am /tsi:nchikipe:ltok/ is correct; perhaps it should have been /tsi:nchikipe:liwtok/ or /tsi:nchikipe:ltik/. If this entry is changed, change the x-ref under Oa /tsi:nchikipe:lihtok/ (perhaps Am has an equivalent form).' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05448 \lxa seja:rowa \lxaa sija:rowa \lxac kiseja:rowa \lxo seja:rowa \lxoc kiseja:rowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (?) \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to back up (particularly one or both oxen of a plow team) \ss echar para atrás; hacer retrodecer (particularmente uno o ambos bueyes que forman la yunta) \pna Xikseja:ro! Xikyekawi:teki! Ma tsi:nki:sa! \pea Make it back up (in this case an ox pulling a plow)! Hit it on its snout! It needs to back up! \psa ¡Hazlo retroceder (en este caso un buey de una yunta)!¡Golpé alo por el hocico!¡Quése eche para atrás! \cfao sí:jateh \nse This appears to be a verbalized loanword from Spanish although the source word has not been determined. All documented uses refer to an action affecting an ox or oxen of a team. \ref 05449 \lxa chi:ltla:hli \lxac chi:ltla:hli \lxo chi:ltla:hli \lxoc chi:ltla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se land on which chile is planted \ss terreno sembrado de chile \encyctmp tla:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb tla:l \ref 05450 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /ma:pe:wilia/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 27/Jul/2001 \ref 05451 \lxa wekatsi:n \lxac wekatsi:n \lxo wékatsí:n \lxoa wákatsí:n \lxoc wékatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \se far away \ss lejos \cfa weka \cfo wéká \xrb wehka \nse <na>Wekatsi:n</na> seems to be simply a"diminutive"form of <na>weka</na> with the implication of a shorter distance involved. It is not clear whether there are any other differences in use. \ref 05452 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik \lxo i:xté:mpa:yá:tik \lxoc i:xté:mpa:yá:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \se to have poor and blurry eyesight \ss tener la vista mala y nublosa \equiva i:xpapa:ya:tik \equivo í:xpapa:yá:tik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \pqry Compare this entry /i:xté:mpa:yá:tik/ with /í:xpapa:yá:tik/ and note how the latter has pitch accent on a preceding long vowel whereas the present entry does not have an overt reduplicant but it does have pitch accent, which seems to be related directly to reduplication (since there is no evidence of underlying {h}, though this should be checked in SJ). Again, this suggests that reduplications (CVh-) can reduced onto preceding long vowels in certain cases (e.g., /te:m/) and not in others (e.g., /i:x/). \ref 05453 \lxa tetekestik \lxac tetekestik \lxo tétekéstik \lxoc tétekéstik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be pointing upward \ss estar apuntando hacia arriba \pna Tetekestik i:xmon to:nahli kwa:k kemech wa:ltlachi:xtiw. \pea The rays of the sun point upward when the sun is just peaking out over the horizon as it rises. \psa Los rayos del sol apuntan hacia arriba cuando el sol apenas se asoma en el amanecer. \pna Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah. \pea The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward. \psa Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo. \xrb te \xrb ketsa \qry I have only heard this used in the plural. This should be checked. If only the plural exists then the entry should be changed to /tetekestik/ and a xref should be placed under /tekestik/. Check translation of /notsontokatok/, and if /notsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah/ is redundant. \vl Two entries have been conflated here. There is first a female token /te:tekestik/, with no pitch accent followed by a sequence of 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male) of the same word: /te:tekestik/. These tokens (3 female and 2 male) are of word 7754 and should be so tagged. There then follows a sequence of 2 female and 2 male tokens that are of the present headword: /tétekéstik/, with a short high pitched initial syllable. It is these 4 that should be tagged as 05453 and two linked. \ref 05454 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /a:yekaxtli/ and the xref was to /a:yakaxtli/. It has been eliminated and now only one entry, /a:yakaxtli/ with /a:yekaxtli/ in the alternative field /lxaa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05455 \lxa yetsitsikwi:ntsi:n \lxac yetsitsikwi:ntsi:n \lxo yé:tsikwí:ntsi:n \lxoc yé:tsikwí:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \se type of food made with <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> (Am) in which the beans are toasted lightly on a griddle and then placed in a bowl with water with lemon; they are eaten still partially hard \ss tipo de comida hecha con <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> (Am); los frijoles se tuestan sobre un comal y después se echan a un plato hondo con agua y limón; se comen todavía algo duros \sem food \xrb ye \xrb tsikwi: \ref 05456 \lxa kwi:lia \lxac kikwi:lia \lxo kwi:lia \lxoc kikwi:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to seize from by force; to take away from by force; to snatch away from (i.e., sth such as a tool that sb is using) \ss quitarle por fuerza a (p. ej., algo que se está ocupando o utilizando, como una herramienta); agarrarle o arrancarle (algo) a (algn) \pna O:timitskwi:lih mosi:yah. \pea I took your chair away from you (e.g., by sitting in it when you had planned to sit there or by physically removing it). \psa Te quitéla silla (p. ej., al sentarme primero o al llevarmela a otro sitio). \pna O:kite:kwi:lih, o:nowa:xkatih. \pea He took it from someone, he claimed it as rightfully his. \psa Se lo quitó a alguien, se adueñódeél. \pna Noyo:hlo katka. O:ne:chkwi:likeh. \pea She was my beloved. She got stolen away from me (by another boy). \psa Ella era mi amada. Me la bajaron (esto es, se fue con otro joven). \pna Xne:xte:kukwi:li:ti deke tikitas ye nitla:wa:ntok! \pea Go take me way (i.e., from where people are getting drunk, so that I don't also get drunk) if you notice that I am already getting tipsy! \psa ¡Ve a sacarme (e.g., donde se está emborrachando gente para que yo no me emborrache) si ves que ya me estoy poniendo embriagado! \seo (usually reciprocal) to play a certain type of marbles in which each player places three (or more) marbles in a line and the others try to hit them \sso (generalmente reciprocal) jugar un cierto tipo de ganicas en que cada jugador \se (with short vowel reduplication) to take from forcibly after a long struggle (sth such as land, a house or house plot, often after a dispute, such as litgation); to seize (various things) from by force \ss quitarle por fuerza después tomarle posesión a (algn, algo como un terreno, casa o solar, a menudo como resultado de un litigio); quitarle (varias cosas) por la fuerza a \pna Ne:chkukwi:lian notla:l! Xka:wa, newa o:ne:chmakate:hkeh. \pea They are taking my land away from me! That's not the way it should be, it was to me that they left it in inheritance. \psa Me están quitando mi tierra. No debe ser asís, fui yo quien lo recibió en herencia. \pna Mistlakukwi:li:skeh. \pea They will seize things from you (i.e., taking various things away by force). \psa Te van a quitar varias cosas por la fuerza. \se (with directional affix) to go/come get for; to go/come pick up for \ss (con afijo direccional) ir/venir a recoger para \pna Xkukwi:li:ti! O:kikwite:w notomi:n! \pea Go and take it away from him! He picked and took away my money when he left. \psa ¡Ve a quitárselo! Agarró y se llevómi dinero cuando se fue. \se (with the directional prefix <n>wa:l-</n> : <na>wa:lkwi:lia</na> (Am) / <no>wa:hkwi:lia</no> (Oa)) to bring for \ss (con el prefijo direccional <n>wa:l-</n> : <na>wa:lkwi:lia</na> (Am) / <no>wa:hkwi:lia</no> (Oa)) traer para \pna Xkonkwi:li toba:leh! Xkwa:lkwi:li seki! \pea Go and get it for our buddy! Bring some back for him! \psa ¡Ve a traerlo para nuestro cuate!¡Trá e algunos paraél! \pna Xte:tepi:ni me:sah! Ma te:cha:lkwi:li:ka:n serbe:sah! \pea Knock on the table (several times) so that they bring us some beer! \psa ¡Golpeté e la mesa (varias veces) para que nos traigan cerveza! \se (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to fight back and forth; to engage in an ongoing and see-saw dispute; to tussle (over sth, first one party and then the other seeming to gain the upper hand) \ss (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) luchar; pelear; librar una batalla (dos o más personas sobre algo); disputarse \pna Nokwi:kwi:lian, xakah te:tla:ni. \pea They fight back and forth over it (e.g., litigating, such as siblings continually fighting over inheritance, etc.), no one gets the upper hand. \psa Pelean entre ellos (p. ej., litigan, tal vez dos hermanos peleando por su herencia, etc.), pero nadie se lleva la mejor parte. \xrb kwi \xvbao kwi \xv1a tlakwilia; tlakukwi:lia \xv1o tlakwilia; tlá:kwí:lia \nse It appears that <na>kwi:lia</na> is often used in the reduplicated form, with short vowel reduplication. Apparently this occurs with multiple inanimate objects that are being snatched away, or in cases in which the struggle over the object becomes drawn out, as in a court case. However, the precise situations in which <na>kukwi:lia</na> is used in preference to <na>kwi:lia</na> is still not entirely clear. \qry Check the correctness of the phrase with /xne:xte:kukwi:liti/ (see disc. below in /gram) Check dif. of /kwi:lia/ and /kukwi:lia/. i.e. It appears that <na>kwi:lia</na> is often used in the reduplicated form, with short vowel reduplication. Apparently this occurs with multiple inanimate objects that are being snatched away, or in cases in which the struggle over the object becomes drawn out, as in a court case. However, the precise situations in which <na>kukwi:lia</na> is used in preference to <na>kwi:lia</na> is still not entirely clear. \mod Perhaps /wa:lkwi:lia:/ should have a separate entries under the"w." \grm Note: /Xne:xte:kukwi:li:ti deke tikitas ye nitlawa:ntok!/ 'Go take me way (i.e., from where people are getting drunk, so that I don't also get drunk) if you notice that I am already getting tipsy!' Here is a case where the +human object is made a patient (not benefactive, etc.) because of the presence of /te-/ which defines the verbal complex (te: + V3) as taking a patient not any other thematic role. However, although I am sure that this phrase was uttered, for some reason I had on an original notecard that the use of /te:kwi:lia/ should be checked. It should be. \ref 05457 \lxa kechmalakachiwi \lxac kechmalakachiwi \lxo kechmalakachiwi \lxoc kechmalakachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to bud and start sending up a spike and flower (i.e., a plant) \ss brotarle y salirle una espiga y flor (esto es, a una planta) \pna Kechmalakachiwtok sila:ntroh, papatla:wtok ixiwyo. \pea The center or the corriander plant is budding and sending up a shoot, its leaves are opening up. \psa Al cilantro se le está saliendo un tallito, sus hojas se están ensanchando. \pna Kechmalakachiwtok, yo:pe:w mia:wati nomi:l. \pea The spike is now emerging (on the maize plants), the plants in my milpa have begun to send up spikes and tassles. \psa La espiga se le está saliendo (al maíz), ya empezó a salir espigas en mi milpa. \sem motion \encyctmp plants (growing cycle) \equivo kechmalakache:wi \xrb kech \xrb malakach \mod In plants section of cultural encyclopedia identify plant parts, etc. \qry Check for the transitive equivalent ??kechmalakachowa:. Finally, note that the literal meaning of this verb is something to the effect of 'twist at the neck' referring to the manner in which the tassle of a plant emerges. I have only heard this used in reference to corn and corriander (check to see if it can also apply to any other plants). Question whether /malakachiwi/ and /malakachowa/ exist, and whether /palakachiwi/ and /palakachowa/ exist. \vl There is an extra female token at 6512. \rt Etymological division of /malakach(iwi)/ is uncertain. The root /malaka/ clearly refers to a twisting motion, cf. /mali:na/, /malakatl/, etc. The question or problem is the status of what remains, the /ch/. Cf. /ilakastik/, /wi:laka/, etc. all having to do with crookedness, twistedness, etc. The question is whether the relationship between /malaka/ and /ilaka/ is /mal+aka/ : /il+aka/ or simply two completely different roots. The other instances of /mal/ would seem to indicate its status as a morpheme or micromorpheme at some level. \ref 05458 \lxa tsi:katl \lxac tsi:katl \lxo tsi:katl \lxoc tsi:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se folk generic name embracing several species of ant \ss nombre genérico foklórico que incluye varias especies de hormiga \colao te:ntli \cfao a:skatl \xrb tsi:ka \dis a:skatl \encyctmp tsi:katl \nse The group of ants knows as <na>tsi:kameh</na> are distinguished from those known as <na>a:skameh</na>. The <na>te:kwa:ntsi:katl</na> bites; it also participates in curing ceremonies in that an offering of <nlao>tixtli</nlao> is left around its nest in the ground so that it can take it to appease the <na>yeyekameh</na> (Am). In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl there are five documented types of <na>tsi:katl</na> : <nla>te:kwa:ntsi:katl</nla>, <nla>ma:kokon</nla>, <nla>kuwtsi:katl</nla>, <nla>tsontetl</nla>, and <nla>tsi:kameh panoche:ros</nla>. The distinguishing feature between the <na>tsi:katl</na> and the <nlao>a:skatl</nlao> is still not entirely clear, although it seems that the <na>a:skameh</na> are in general much smaller. The <na>kohtsi:katl</na>, <na>tsontetl</na>, and <na>ma:kokon</na> do not bite. The <na>te:kwantsi:katl</na> bites and is appealed to in 'soul-raising ceremonies' (i.e., <na>te:tlakaka:walistli</na>. No information is presently held on the <na>tsi:kameh panoche:ros</na>. \qry Check to see if there is a verbal equivalent to /a:skayowa/, etc. Also check to see if the /tsi:katl/ is also a specific type of ant, or solely refers to the superordinate category. Check into difference between /tsi:katl/ and /askatl/. Also determine the characteristics of the /tsi:kameh panoche:ros/. Finally, determine whether /te:tlakaka:wilistli/ is a word. Enter it or remove it from the notes above if necessary. Check links. \ref 05459 \lxa cha:nsuwah \lxac i:cha:nsuwah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se female fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) \ss paisana (una mujer del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) \pna Nocha:nsowah, nika:n cha:nti. \pea She is my fellow citizen, she lives here. \psa Ella es mi paisana, aquívive. \cfa cha:ntla:kah \cfo cha:nihni:htli \xrb cha:n \xrb sowa: \nae This is an irregular form in that it is obviously derived from ? <na>cha:nsuwa:tl</na> ; however, not only is the possessive form irregular (cf. <na>nosuwa:w</na> 'my wife') but <na>cha:nsuwah</na> is only found in possessed form. The plural is irregular: <na>nocha:nsuwa:meh</na>, i.e., the regular possessed plural marker <n>-wa:n</n> is not used. One also find a hispanized plural: <na>/nocha:nsowa:s</na>. As with <na>cha:ntla:kah</na> forms such as ? <na>nocha:nsuwa:w</na> are not used, since they would have the sense of 'lover.' Note also, and for the same reason (to avoid forms such as <na>nocha:nsuwa:w</na>) that the plural of <na>cha:nsuwah</na> comprises forms such as <na>nocha:nsuwa:meh</na> and <na>nocha:nsuwa:s</na>. \qry Apparently /-cha:nsuwah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/? \ref 05460 \lxa sowilia \lxac kisowilia \lxo sowilia \lxoc kisowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to lay, spread out, or hang up for (sb, e.g., spreading clothes on a bush or the ground to dry; also,"on"somebody both in the physical sense, i.e., 'hanging on' and the the malefactive sense, i.e., 'to do (sth) on or against the interests of') \ss tender, colgar o desplegar para (p. ej., ropa extendida sobre un arbusto o la tierra para secar; o bien"a"algn tanto en el sentido físico, esto es, sobre su cuerpo, como en el sentido malefactivo, en el sentido de hacer algo contra sus intereses) \pna Xne:chsowili notlake:n, ok ma nima:lti! \pea Spread out my clothes for me (in this case to dry), first let me bathe! \psa ¡Tiéndeme mi ropa (para secar), que me bañe primero! \pna Xiksowili ipan un kuwtsi:ntli! \pea Hang it out (e.g., sth to dry) on that bush! \psa ¡Cuélgale (p. ej., algo para secar) sobre ese arbusto! \xrb so:wa \xvbao sowa \nse <na>Sowilia</na> has been documented not only in reference to the action of hanging clothes to dry over an object (in which the object is the primary object) such as the action of hanging sacks of corn on a donkey (the primary object of the ditransitive <nao>sowilia</nao>) from the looped rope that is placed on either side of the saddle. However, in can also be used in a benefactive (to hang something for sb) or malefactive (to hang sth negatively affecting sb) sense. \vl There should be an additional female and male set from what was originally word 3556 but has been deleted. \ref 05461 \lxa tlatowa:ni \lxac tlatowa:ni \lxo tlátowá:ni \lxoc tlátowá:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se person who always has sth to say (e.g., sb who always talks at village meetings) \ss persona que siempre tiene algo que decir (p. ej., algn que siempre habla en las reuniones del pueblo) \pna Mlá:k tlatowa:ni. \pea He's a real big talker. \psa Es un hablador. \pna Niman tlana:nkilia, ke:n tlatowa:ni. \pea He responds right away (in this case to a call for a town meeting), he is always ready to talk. \psa Luego luego responde (en este caso a una llamada para una junta del pueblo), está puesto para hablar. \dis tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak \xrb hto \nse Whereas <na>tlatowa:ni</na> implies simply that the subject talks a lot, as someone who is highly opinionated, <na>tlatole:roh</na> has a negative implication, that the subject is prone to exaggerate, to brag and stretch the truth. Finally, <na>tlato:lwe:yak</na> indicates a person who simply talks a lot, who is highly animated in discussions and who may go on and on. \ref 05462 \lxa sakakahli \lxac sakakahli \lxo sakakahli \lxoc sakakahli \lxt sakakahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of grass, of the Poacea family, used to make a thatched-roof hut \ss tipo de zacate, de la familia Poaceae, utilizado para hacer el techo de una choza \pna Sakakahli | Bwe:noh para kahli. Wekapan. \pea <na>Sakakahli</na> : It is good for thatching. It is tall. \psa <na>Sakakahli</na> : Es bueno para casas. Es alto. \se house with a thatched roof of zacate \ss casa con techo de zacate \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp kahli; sakatl \xrb saka \xrb kal \nct sakatl \ref 05463 \lxa i:xtekwepo:nia \lxac ki:xtekwepo:nia \lxo i:xtechikopo:nia \lxoc ki:xtechikopo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>chi-</n> (Oa) \infv class-2a \se to turn inside out \ss voltear al revés \pna O:titlai:xtekwepo:nih \pea You put things on (clothes being worn) inside-out. \psa Pusiste (tu ropa) al revés. \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb kwepo: \nse As far as I have been able to determine this refers exclusively to clothing. \qry Again, cf. /i:xtekoyak/, check etymology and whether /te/ is incorporated intensifier or part of noun /i:xtetl/. Probably the former, although this should be checked. Check also for intransitive. \ref 05464 \lxa tsotsomi:ntia \lxac tsotsomi:ntia \lxo tsótsomí:ntia \lxop tsotsomi:ntia \lxoc tsótsomí:ntia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix <na>te-</na> \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-rdp \se to loose fur or hair (an animal) \ss perder el pelo (un animal) \pna O:tsotsomi:ntiak moburroh, tsotsoliwi, yo:pe:w sa:wati. \pea Your donkey has become hairless, it's become bare, it's started to get mange. \psa Tu burro se quedósin pelo, se pone pelón, ya empezó a tener sarna. \se for the fibers or hair to dry up on (a plant such as <spn>elote</spn>) \ss secarsele los pelos (a una planta como el elote) \pna O:tsotsomi:ntiak un ye:lo:tl. \pea The fibers on that cob of green corn have dried up. \psa Se le secaron los pelos a ese elote. \se to become leafless or lose its leaves (e.g., pests in eating a tree or plant) \ss quedarse (p. ej., bichos o plagas a unárbol o planta) sin hojas \se to lose its feathers \ss caersele las plumas \syno té:mí:ntia \xrb tsomi:n \nse There is no documentation in the Ameyaltepec corpus of <na>tsotsomi:ntik</na> or similar words being used to refer to hairlessnest (of furry animals), but only to becoming leafless. But in compounded form it does have this former meaning; see <nla>nakastsotsomi:n</nla>. Oapan usually has <no>té:mí:ntik</no> (and related derivations) that is cognate to the Ameyaltepec adjectival <na>tsotsomi:ntik</na>. However, sometimes the stem <no>tsótsomí:n</no> was accepted, as in the intransitive <nlo>tsótsomí:ntia</nlo> and the apocopated <nlo>nakastlantsótsomí:n</nlo>. \nae Given that the subject of this verb has never been documented to be a human (although this possibility cannot be definitively eliminated) the Oapan form <no>tsótsomí:ntia</no> has not been tagged as a form in which the reduplicant reduces onto the short vowel of a previous syllable. \qry Check whether this refers to plants that become leafless; the only example I have of this verb used with a plant refers to an elote and its hairs drying up. But it might well refer to plants that loose their leaves. \ref 05465 \lxa pantalo:ntetekwia \lxac nopantalo:ntetekwia \lxo pantaló:ntekwía \lxop pantalo:ntekwia \lxof [pan ta 'lo:n te 'kwi a] \lxoc nopantaló:ntekwía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to roll up ones trousers \ss (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones \equiva ikxitetekwia \equivo ixitékwiyá \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nae Although the Ameyaltepec form <na>pantalontetekwia</na> manifests lexicalized short vowel reduplication, it appears that the pitch accent in Oapan <no>pantaló:ntekwíya</no> is not the result of a reduced reduplicant but rather of the underlying {h} in the verbal stem {tehkwiya}. Note that in the synonomous forms <na>ikxitetekwia</na> (Am) and <no>ixitékwiyá</no> the Ameyaltepec form also manifests reduplication while the Oapan form does not (as evidenced by the lack of lengthening on the short vowel of the incorporated noun <no>ixi-</no>). The pitch accent in <no>ixitékwiyá</no> is also the result of the underlying {h} in the verbal stem. \pqry Check all VL for Am and Oa here and in all words with /pantalon/. \ref 05466 \lxa moxkayaktli \lxac moxkayaktli \lxo moxkayahtli \lxoc moxkayahtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-k \infn Stem 1(:) \se cirus clouds; wispy, high clouds \ss nubes cirros; nube alta y delgada \xrb mox \xrb kaya: \nae Molina has <n>mixcanactli</n> 'nuves ralas' with a clear etymology of <n>mixtli</n> 'cloud' and <n>canactli</n> (cf. <n>canauac</n> 'cosa delgada desta manera, lienço o manta delgada de algodón.' The Balsas words might reflect a shift from /n/ to /y/ although they probably derive from another stem (? <n>kaya:wi</n>). There is also a stem <n>kayasiwi</n> (cf. Tetelcingo, Morelos <n>cayasibi</n>) meaning 'to become thin (as in clothes that get worn out),' so this might be the derivation. In essence, though, the etymology of <na>moxkayaktli</na> is still not altogether certain. \ref 05467 \lxa sahkí:n \lxac sahkí:n \lxo sahkíi:n \lxoc sahkíi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(dem) \der Pr-dem \pa yes \se just in this very manner (no more or less) \ss nomás de esta misma manera (ni más ni menos) \pna Sahkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n! \pea Make it (in this case a bowl being shaped) big just like this! Don't make it any smaller! \psa ¡Hazlo (en este caso un plato hondo) asíde grande!¡Quéno sea más pequeño! \pna Sahkí:n niweli nodibujoh, ma:s kwaltsi:n xniweli. \pea This is as good as I can make a drawing, I can't do it any better. \psa Asínomás puedo con mi dibujo, más bonito no puedo. \cfa sahkó:n \cfo sahkión \xrb sa: \xrb iw \xrb i:n \nse In the example sentence <na>Sayhkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n!</na> the use of <na>sayhkí:n</na> suggests that the actor (the subject of <na>xke:kchi:wa</na>) is being warned not to continue to make the bowl smaller. Thus, as noted in the discussion under <na>saykón</na> the presence of <na>sa:</na> in these forms indicates that the process was in effect heading in a certain direction. \qry In my notes I have that recorded that /sayhkí:n/ contrasts with /sa: ihkí:n/, although it is not specified whether this contrast is simply at the phonological level or whether it is also semantic and morphosyntactic. This should be checked. Also check whether ?/sahkí:n/ is also correct. For the pronunciation of /sayhkí:n/, see DT8:260. \ref 05468 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlahpakone:tl \lxoc tlahpakone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo stepchild \sso hijastro(a); entenado(a) \sem kin \equiva tlakpawi:tektli \xrb tlakpa \xrb kone: \nde Molina has the Ameyaltepec equivalent <n>tlacpauitectli</n>, but not <n>tlakpakone:tl</n>, which to date has only been documented in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 05469 \lxa ikxopahli \lxac ikxopahli \lxo ixipahli \lxoc ixipahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se bottom of the foot \ss planta del pie \sem body \xrb kxi \xrb pal \ref 05470 \lxa kwa:tetepolowa \lxac kikwa:tetepolowa \lxo kwá:tepolówa \lxop kwá:tepolowa \lxoc kikwá:tepolówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to leave a barren stem or trunk (by eating the leaves off a herbaceous plant or chopping off the branches of a tree) \ss dejar pelón o una parte rabón o muñón (al comerle las hojas a una planta herbácea o cortarle las ramas a unárbol) \pna Tsontetl kikwa:tetepolowan anjolí:n. \pea The ant known as <na>tsontetl</na> eats the leaves off the sesame plant, leaving it barren \psa La hormiga conocida como <na>tsontetl</na> le come las hojas al ajojolí, dejándolo pelón. \pna O:kikwa:tetepolokeh un kohtli, o:noka:w kwa:tetepon, oksepa ma itsmoli:ni. \pea They chopped the branches off that tree. It was left with its top cut off, it's branches need to grow back again. \psa Le cortaron las ramas a eseárbol. Lo dejaron pelón, se le va a tener que retoñar las ramas. \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kohtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s i:n tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n. \pea Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful to the growth of maize), cut its top branches down! \psa ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en a la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina) a nuestra milpa, córtale sus ramas más altas! \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti un sempwalxo:chitl! \pea Go cut the top off those marigolds (after transplanting, so that they grow higher)! \psa ¡Ve a cortarle la parte de arriba de esos cempoalsuchiles (después de transplantarlos, para que crezcan más alto)! \cfa kwa:kokoto:na; ma:tetepolowa \cfo kwá:tsotsontéki; kwá:tepolówa \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \dis ma:tetepolowa; kwa:tetepontilia; kwa:tetepolowa, kwa:kokoto:na, kwá:tsontéki \nse It is not clear whether in Ameyaltepec <na>kwa:tetepolowa</na> the first <n>te-</n> should be analyzed as reduplication of <na>tepolowa</na> or as the"intensifying"element that usually follows <n>kwa:</n>. For now I have considered the first option in my coding, given that the action referred to, that of pruning,' is something that would seem to require a reduplicative paradigm. Apparently the Ameyaltepec word is always reduplicated. The unreduplicated form <na>*kwa:tepolowa</na> has not been documented. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the equivalent of <na>kwa:tepoltik</na> meaning 'sin sombrero,árbol sin follaje, cosa que no tiene punta.' At time <na>kwa:kokoto:na</na> may also be used synonymously with <na>kwa:tetepolowa</na>. \qry Check for absence of intransitive form ?kwa:tetepoliwi. \qry Check the phrase /Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuhtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n/ for on one file card I had written /xkwa:xini:li/ in which the first element would be /kwa:-/ 'head' and the equivalent would be /kikwa:xini:lia/. If there first element is /wa:l-/ then the form is /kwa:lxi:nilia/ in which /kwa:l-/ = {k + wa:l}. Check. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: note the reduction here despite the length of the vowel kwá:tepolowa. \ref 05471 \lxa kokomi:nos \lxac kokomi:nos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cominos \psm N \aff Lex. rdp-s \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea <l>Cladocolea sp.</l> Tiegh., vine of the Loranthaceae family \ssa <l>Cladocolea sp.</l> Tiegh., enredadera de la familia Loranthaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nae The reduplication of the initial syllable of the Spanish loan <spn>cominos</spn> represents the fact that this plant is so named because of its similarity to the cultivated spice cumino.qualities. \nct komekatl \ref 05472 \lxa te:mpestik \lxac te:mpestik \lxo te:mpestik \lxoc te:mpestik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be beardless; to be smooth-shaven \ss ser lampiño; estar recién razurado \xrb te:n \xrb pets \ref 05473 \lxa te:nchika:wak \lxac te:nchika:wak \lxo te:nchika:wak \lxoc te:nchika:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to have a hard edge (e.g., a machete) \ss tener un filo o borde duro (p. ej., un machete) \xrb te:n \xrb chika: \qry Check if this can also be used in reference to humans, i.e., someone with a strong voice, who is stubborn, etc. \ref 05474 \lxa to:nalwia \lxac kito:nalwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to do (an activity or task) during the day \ssa hacer (una actividad o tarea) durante el día \sea to spend the entire day doing (sth) \ssa pasar todo el día haciendo (algo) \pna Tikto:nalwia, xok san ka:dah ra:toh titekiti. \pea You spent the whole day at it (a particular task), no longer do you just work for short periods of time. \psa Pasaste todo el día haciéndolo (un trabajo o quehacer en particular), ya no lo haces solamente por ratos aislados. \pna Xo:kito:nalwih. \pea He didn't spend all day doing it (e.g., a job). \psa No pasótodo el día haciéndolo (p. ej., una tarea en particular). \cfa to:nalowa \cfo se:to:nalowa \xrb to:na \nse From several above phrases it is clear that <na>to:nalwia</na> can take as its object either the activity performed during the day (canonically sex) or the person upon whom this activity is performed. \qry Check for other meanings. I have removed the following: /Xok kito:nalwia i:suwa:w./ 'He no longer has daytime sex with his wife.' I have also removed /A:mantsi:n me:roh nanye:nkwikeh, nankito:nalwian wan nankiyewalwian./ 'You are newlyweds, you got at it during the day and you go at it during the night.' or the Spanish 'Son ustedes recién casados, lo hacen (el amor) durante el día y lo hacen durante la noche.' \grm -wia Note the use of /-wia/ as a verbalizer with nouns and stems that indicate a temporal moment. Goods examples are /kwalka:nwia/, /to:nalwia/, /yewalwia/, /kochwia/, etc. In these instances the meaning of /-wia/ is TIME+wia = 'to do sth during TIME.' The object of this verbal form may either be what is done during this time period or the person to whom it is done. All /-wia/ forms should be analyzed as a group. \ref 05475 \lxa tsetseliwi \lxac tsetseliwi \lxo tsétselíwi \lxop tsetseliwi \lxoc tsétselíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to scatter onto the ground; to fall and sprinkle onto the ground \ss esparcirse al caer sobre el suelo; caer rociado al suelo \pna Tsetseliwtok tlimo:yo:tl. \pea The sparks (in this case of a <spn>castillo</spn>) are falling and scattering out onto the ground. \psa Las chispas (en este caso de un castillo) se están cayendo esparcidas por el suelo. \pna San o:tsetseliw un yestli, xo:kitsakwilikeh. \pea The blood just sprinkled out onto the ground (in this case with the killing of an animal), they didn't catch it (i.e., cut off its path) with anything (e.g., a bowl or bucket). \psa La sangre nada más se rociópor el suelo (en este caso al matar un animal), no le pusieron nada para detenerlo. \se to be sold quickly among a multitude of people (i.e., becoming scattered among many buyers) \ss venderse rápidamente entre una multitud de gente (al distribuirse entre muchos compradores) \pna San o:tsetseliw, san te:mama:k o:yah. \pea It just got dispersed; it just went into people's palms. \psa Solamente se dispersó, se fue a las manos (lit. 'palmas') de la gente. \xrb tsel \ref 05476 \lxa tio:tlakilia \lxac tio:tlakilia \lxo tio:tlakilia \lxoc tio:tlakilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-lia \infv class-2a \se to continue (doing sth) until late in the afternoon; to be occupied until the late afternoon \ss hacerse tarde (en la tarde avanzada, al seguir trabajando, p. ej., hasta el atardecer); estar ocupado por toda la tarde \pna O:nitio:tlakilih, ye tio:tlak o:nekok. \pea I worked till late in the afternoon, it was already late in the afternoon when I arrived (here, or at my home, etc.). \psa Terminéhasta avanzada la tarde (se me hizo tarde), fue ya tarde cuando llegué(aquí, o en mi casa). \pna Ka:sta o:titio:tlakili:to? \pea Where did you go and spend the entire afternoon? \psa ¿Hasta dónde fuista a pasar toda la tarde? \pna Yo:nitio:tlakilih, xwel nitlami tli:n nikchi:wa. \pea I continued until late in the afternoon, I can't finish what I'm doing. \psa Seguíhasta avanzada la tarde, no puedo terminar lo que hago. \sem time \cfao tlayowilia \xrb tio: \xrl -tlak \xvca tio:tlaki:ltia \nse Although morphologically this would seem to be a causative form (with <na>-lia</na>) of what in other dialects is an intransitive <na>teo:tlakiya</na> (cf. RS <na>teotlaquia</na> or <na>teutlaquia</na> meaning 'estar oscuro, hacerse tarde'), <na>tio:tlakilia</na> is used in Ameyaltepec as an intransitive (perhaps one would expect a reflexive ? <na>notio:tlakilia</na>). \qry Check length of /kasta/ as well as final /h/. \pqry Again here and with all words that have /tiotlak-/ in them, carefully check length of /o:/. \vl The first female token is simply /tio:tlakilih/. Since I don't have this entry, simply tag it 99999_05476_OF1a.wav. The following tokens are /tio:tlakilia/ and should be tagged as 5476. \grm Verbalization; applicative: The words /tio:tlakilia/ and /tlayowilia/ are intransitives that seem to be formed in the paradigm of /-ya/ and /-lia/. Note that in Classical (and perhaps other dialects) one finds /teo:tlakia/ and /tlayowa/. However, note that according to FK, /tlayohua/ is an intransitive; it might be an impersonal (i.e., zero valence). If this is the case, then a simple intransitive with /-lia/ (increasing the valence), would not be entirely unexpected. The same might be said for /teo:tlakia/, which would seem to be an impersonal. Check to determine whether any other impersonals (e.g., /to:na/, /se:wa/, etc.) have an intransitive form ending in /-lia/. \ref 05477 \lxa xolochiwi \lxac xolochiwi \lxo xolochiwi \lxoc xolochiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to bunch up (e.g., pants too big that are pulled tight by a belt) \ss fruncirse; arrugarse (p. ej., pantalones que quedan grandes al apretarse con un cinturón) \equivao xoloche:wi \xrb xoloch \ref 05478 \lxa tlatlata \lxac kitlatlata \lxo tlátlatá \lxop tlatlata \lxoc kí:tlatá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:tlatá</no> \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \pa yes-rdp \se to intensely stare at, from head to foot \ss mirar intensamente a, desde abajo hasta arriba \pna Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl. \pea He's really looking me over. He's all eyes! \psa Me está revisando de cabeza a pie.¡Es un mirón! \pna O:pe:w niktlatlata, nikwelita. \pea I've started to take a good, careful look at it, I like it (e.g., an animal that I'm thinking of buying). \psa Empecé a mirarlo detenidamente y con cuidado, me gusta (p. ej., un animal que uno piensa comprar). \se to watch over; to take care of or protect by watching over \ss vigilar; cuidar (algo) al estar viéndolo \pna O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya. \pea The dogs took advantage of the fact that I was sleeping, they ate what I was watching over. \psa Los perros se aprovecharon de mícuando estaba dormido, se comieron lo que estaba vigilando. \se (fig.; with long vowel reduplication in initial syllable) to test out (bluffing, in order to determine sb) \ss (fig.; con reduplicación de vocal larga en sílaba inicial) probar (al tantear a algn con un"bluff") \pna San tine:xtla:tlata deke mlá:k timitsmakas. \pea You are just testing me out (with a bluff) to see if I will really give it to you \psa Me estás probando (con un"bluff") para ver si de veras te lo voy a dar. \cfa kamatlatlata \cfo kamá:tlatá \xrb ita \nae <na>Tlatlata</na> (Am) / <no>tlátlatá</no> are derived from the transitive verb <nao>ita</nao> to which the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> has been incorporated in a non-valency reducing capacity. This is one of the few cases in which such incorporation of <n>tla-</n> occurs (others can be found by searching for the /com field for 'tla-V2' and the /psm field for 'V2.' Note that it seems clear that <na>tlatlata</na> / <no>tlátlatá</no> is the reduplicated form of * <n>tlata</n>, which has not been documented in this unreduplicated form. Whereas the form with short vowel reduplication indicates 'staring' or 'eyeing up and down,' the form with long vowel reduplication is used figuratively to indicating the action of testing someone out. For example, if one person invites another to drink but has no intention of paying, the second person might accept, even if he doesn't want a drink, just to see if the first will actually buy the drink. Because the short vowel reduplicated fo rm is m ore common, it has been chosen as the headword. \qry Check difference between /iita/ and /tlatlata/. Note that I originally had /O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n nitlatlastoya/ but corrected this to /niktlatlastoya/. The correctness of this change needs to be determined. \grm Reduplication; null complements: Note that apparently /tlatlata/ is derived from /ita/. /tla-/ is incorporated and reduplicated. The /tla-/ seems to create a new lexical item /tlata/ 'to stare at.' Note that RS has /tlatlatalli/ 'escogido, examinado, decretado, determinado.' and /tlatlatoyan/ 'observatorio, lugar desde donde se mira.' He also has /tlatta/ as a deverbal adjective meaning 'atento, reservado, circunspecto,' as well as many other forms based on /tlatta/, all involving circumspection, careful observation, etc. <na>Tlatlata</na> (Am) / <no>tlátlatá</no> are derived from the transitive verb <nao>ita</nao> to which the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> has been incorporated in a non-valency reducing capacity. This is one of the few cases in which such incorporation of <n>tla-</n> occurs (others can be found by searching for the /com field for 'tla-V2' and the /psm field for 'V2.' Note that it seems clear that <na>tlatlata</na> / <no>tlátlatá</no> is the reduplicated form o f * <n>tlata</n>, which has not been documented in this unreduplicated form. Whereas the form with short vowel reduplication indicates 'staring' or 'eyeing up and down,' the form with long vowel reduplication is used figuratively to indicating the action of testing someone out. For example, if one person invites another to drink but has no intention of paying, the second person might accept, even if he doesn't want a drink, just to see if the first will actually buy the drink. Because the short vowel reduplicated form is more common, it has been chosen as the headword. \ref 05479 \lxa tekolwistli \lxac tekolwistli \lxo tekolwistli \lxoc tekolwistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea <l>Mimosa benthamii</l> J. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr., tree of the Leguminoseae family \ssa <l>Mimosa benthamii</l> J. F. Macbr. var. malacocarpa (B. L. Rob.) J. F. Macbr.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Tekolwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, pero saniman sese:wi, tekolse:wi, se:wi itekohlo. Bwe:noh para korra:l de esta:ntes. \pea <na>Tekolwistli</na> : It is good for firewood, but it goes out right away, its coals go out on it, its coals go out. It is good for a fence with posts. \psa <na>Tekolwistli</na> : Es bueno para leña pero luego luego se apaga, se le apaga su carbón, su carbón se apaga. Es bueno para una cerca de estantes. \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna tekolse:wi \xrb tekol \xrb wits \nse Some individuals refer to this as <na>tekolse:wi</na> given how it burns. But Luis Lucena, a principle consultant, stated that the only correct term is <na>tekolwistli</na>. \cpl This tree is not listed in Ramírez (1991). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>espino negro</spn>. Literally it means 'charcoal thorn.' Again, given the fact that it is a thorn, it might be an acacia. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:99) do mention of tree of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i>, whose genus/species is <i>Acacia pennatula</i> and which is known commonly as <spn>cubata blanca</spn> or <spn>cenizo</spn>. \pqry Check devoicing of /w/. \nct kohtli \ref 05480 \lxa tsotla:ni \lxac tsotla:ni \lxo tsotla:ni \lxoc tsotla:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to shine (e.g., sth polished, varnished, etc.) \ss brillar (p. ej., algo pulido, barnizado, etc.) \pna Tsotla:ntokeh mosapa:tos, yenkwikeh. \pea You shoes are shining, they are new. \psa Brillan tus zapatos, son nuevos. \dis tsotla:ni; tsotsotlaka \xrb tsotla: \xvkao tsotsotlaka \ref 05481 \lxa a:pismiki \lxac a:pismiki \lxo a:pismiki \lxoc a:pismiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be hungry \ss tener hambre \se to look for trouble \ss buscar pleito \pna Ta:pismiki? Newa timitstlakwalti:s! \pea Are you looking for trouble? I'll be the one to give you a thrashing. \psa ¿Buscas pleito?¡Yo te voy a dar una tunda! \xrb a:pis \xrb miki \nse Note the metaphoric use of both <na>a:pismiki</na> and <na>kwaltia</na>. \nae Almost always the /i/ of the subject prefixes is eliminated before this verb: <nao>na:pismiki</nao> 'I am hungry.' \mod Enter this phrase under /kwaltia/. I have always heard /na:pismiki/, never /nia:pismiki/. \pqry Note the variation in duration of the initial vowel between the 1st and 2nd tokens of Florencia Marcelino: 73 and 98 ms. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05482 \lxa te:tlatih \lxac te:tlatih \lxo te:tlatih \lxoc te:tlatih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to cause burns (a spark, the sape of some trees, etc.) \ss ser algo que quema (una chispa, la savia de algunosárboles, etc.) \xrb tla \dis Determine what else causes burns. \pqry Oapan phonology: Note that in one of Florencia Marcelino's pronunciations there seemed to be a final /n/. Check the Yale tape. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05483 \lxa metskuwyo \lxac i:metskuwyo \lxo metskohyo \lxoc i:metskohyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1/2; Inal(yo)N-yo \se thigh \ss muslo \sem body \xrb mets \xrb kow \ref 05484 \lxa i:xte:nchocho:ka \lxac i:xte:nchocho:ka \lxo i:xté:nchó:ka \lxop i:xté:ncho:ka \lxoc i:xté:nchó:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se for ones eyes to burn or become irritated \ss arderle o irritarle los ojos a \pna Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo. \pea When your eyes burn (become irritated) tears come out. \psa Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb cho:ka \xvca i:xte:nchocho:ktia \xvco i:xté:nchó:htia \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note again the assignment of stress for reduplication even on an underlying long vowel, here again when the syllable is nasal final. \ref 05485 \lxa kwa:tlamanilia \lxac kikwa:tlamanilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V1-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to patch the top of (a thatched roof hut) \ssa remendar la parte en alto (de una techo de palma o zacate) \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati! \pea A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching! \psa El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo.¡Arréglale el zacate (donde está abierto)! \syna kwa:papatia \syno kwá:papátia \xrb kwa: \xrb man \nse Note that in the construction <na>kwa:tlamanilia</na> the element <na>kwa:</na> is a modifying incorporation and does not reduce the valency. The valency is"reduce"by <n>tla-</n> \ref 05486 \lxa ikxia:ntiki:sa \lxac kikxia:ntiki:sa \lxo ixia:ntiki:sa \lxoc kixia:ntiki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[V2-asp] \der Asp \infv class-3a \seao to knock over (sth on the ground) with ones feet while passing by \ssao tirar (algo extendido sobre el suelo) con los pies al pasar \pna O:nikikxia:ntiki:s motepalkaw. Xo:nikitak. \pea I knocked your bowl over with my foot as I passed by. I didn't see it. \psa Tirétu plato hondo con mi pie al pasar. No lo ví. \seo to get ones feet or legs tangled up in those of another (e.g., in those of another person while trying to step over him) \sso enredarse los pies o pierna con las de otra persona (p. ej., en los pies de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella) \syna ikxinelotiki:sa \xrb kxi \xrb a:na \xrb ki:sa \nse The verb <na>ikxia:ntiki:sa</na> (Am) refers to the action of kicking something over, particularly when one spills or knocks out its contents, although this is not necessarily the case. \qry Check to see if /ikxia:na/ exists as a transitive.Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though, because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist. \vl In the tokens recorded here, the best to link would be the 1st female and 2nd male tokens. However, there are additional tokens of this word in the Oapan dialect at 6612. These should be tagged as 5486. Judge whether they provide a better sample or corpus for linking. \ref 05487 \lxa tatapatik \lxac tatapatik \lxo tetépatík \lxoc tetépatík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp* \pa yes-lex \se having raggedy or heavily patches clothes \ss con la ropa remendada y andrajosa \se to be heavily patched (e.g., a gunny sack with many cloth patches) \ss estar muy remendada (p. ej., un costal con muchas parches de tela) \xrb tapah \nse <na>Tatapatik</na> has been classified as a denominal adjective given the occurrence of <na>tatapatli</na>, which RS gives as 'vestido, ropaje basto, viejo, usado, remendado.' The nominal form has not been documented for either Ameyaltepec or Oapan. \pqry Check pitch accent here. Check also with a subject prefix what the form is.... is it Check /tetépatík/ or whether it should be /tétépatík/. Also, check the form with a subject prefix. Does it reduce, and if so is the prefix pitch accented. This is important. Also, check in SJ. \sj Check in SJ. \ref 05488 \lxa chia:wak chapolin \lxac chia:wak chapolin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \sea type of grasshopper as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de chapolín hasta ahora no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equivo chiachia:wa \encyctmp chapolin \xrb chiya: \xrb chapol \qry I originally had this as /chaya:wak chapolin/ but changed it on the basis of the Oapan evidence. Correct if necessary and if there is a change, make sure to change teh xref under Oapan /chiachia:wa/. \ref 05489 \lxa tsi:nchikipe:liwtok \lxac tsi:nchikipe:liwtok \lxo tsi:nchikipe:lihtok \lxoc tsi:nchikipe:lihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Mod-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to have its bottom ripped completely or almost completely off; to have a bottom that has given way and fallen off (e.g., of a bucket, box, etc.) \sso estar desfondado; estar con el fondo desprendido por completo o casi por completo (p. ej., una cubeta, caja, etc.) \syna tsi:nchikipe:ltok \xrb tsi:n \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \ref 05490 \lxa chapa:nia \lxac kichapa:nia \lxo chapa:nia \lxoc kichapa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to throw or toss out \ss tirar o echar objetos a la tierra \pna Xkonchapa:ni un tlasohli! \pea Go throw out (toss out) that gargage! \psa ¡Ve a tirar esa basura! \xrb chapa: \xvaao chapa:nilia \qry Obtain a list of objects that can be the patients of /chapa:nia/. \ref 05491 \lxa xi:ktli \lxac xi:ktli \lxo xi:htli \lxoc xi:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \se navel; belly-button \ss ombligo \seao (<na>ixi:k kweskomatl</na> (Am) / <no>i:xi:k kweskomatl</no> (Oa)) the spigot-like opening at the bottom of granneries (<nlao>kweskomatl</nlao>), often closed off with a corncob that is removed to let out small quantities of maize \ssao la pequeña salida en la parte inferior de las trojes (<nlao>kweskomatl</nlao>), a menudo tapado con un olote que se quita para dejar salir pequeñas cantidades de maíz \seao (<na>ixi:k tla:ltikpaktli</na> (Am) / <no>i:xi:k tla:ltehpahtli</no> (Oa)) literally 'navel of the world,' term used to refer to Ostotempan, a religious site of pilgrminage from south-central Guerrero, located near Atliaca \ssao (<na>ixi:k tla:ltikpaktli</na> (Am) / <no>i:xi:k tla:ltihpahtli</no> (Oa)) literalmente 'ombligo del mundo', término utilizado para referir a Ostotempan, un sitio religioso de peregrinación para los del centro-sur de Guerrero, ubicado cerca de Atliaca \seo the lower cylindrical chamber of a lime kiln (<nlo>tenexko:ntli</nlo>) into which firewood is stoked to cook the rocks in the upper chamber (see <nlo>tenexko:ntli</nlo>) \sso la cámara inferior de un horno para cal (<nlo>tenexko:ntli</nlo>) en que se mete la leña para cocer las piedras en la cámara superior (véase <nlo>tenexko:ntli</nlo>) \sem body \sem human \xrb xi:k \vl The first female token is /xiwtli/ with a short /i/ and this should be tagged as #2200. \ref 05492 \lxa ikxia:la:wi \lxac ikxia:la:wi \lxo ixia:la:wi \lxoc ixia:la:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (often reduplicated with a short vowel) to scrape ones leg \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) rasparse la pierna \pna O:nikxiaga:la:w. \pea I scraped my leg (in various places, e.g., in falling). \psa Se me raspóla pierna (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme). \cfao a:la:wi \xrb kxi \xrb a:la: \qry My original entry spelling had simply /o:nikxiaa:la:w/, which I think should be /o:nikxiaga:la:w/, to which I changed it after the data entry. Check. \pqry In dictionary discussion here check for pronunciation of reduplicated form, approixmately 1 hr. 12 minutes. \ref 05493 \lxa tsi:ntepolketsa \lxac kitsi:ntepolketsa \lxo tsí:ntepolkétsa \lxop tsi:ntepolketsa \lxoc kitsí:ntepolkétsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes-lex \se to turn or place upside-down (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty of a liquid) \ss voltear o poner cabeza abajo (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro) \pna Xtsi:ntepolketsa, ma toya:.wi! \pea Turn it upside down (e.g., a bottle), let the liquid pour out! \psa ¡Volté alo cabeza abajo (p. ej., una botella), que se tire (el líquido que está adentro)! \sem motion \xrb tsi:n \xrb tehpol \xrb ketsa \xvaa tsi:ntepolkechilia \xvao tsí:ntepolkechília \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana \qry Unclear why p-a is found here. Check. \nse In regard to the difference beween words such as <na>tsi:ntepolkestok</na> (Am), <nla>i:xakamantok</nla> and <nla>tsonakawestok</nla> or <nla>tsonaka unkah</nla>, it appears that <na>i:xakamantok</na> refers to objects or animate beings that are extended face down directly on a surface. Thus it may refer to a person lying face down, or a bucket that is placed upside-down on the ground, with its opening directly on the surface. <nla>Ikatok</nla>, on the other hand, can refer to things that are either standing upright on the ground (e.g., a broom leaning against a wall) or that are being held in an upright position (e.g., a bottle). It is not clear whether the other words (e.g., <na>tsi:ntepolkestok</na>, <na>tsonkestok</na>, <na>tsi:nkestok</na>, etc.) are specific in regard to whether the object is on the ground or somehow suspended. On one set of notes I remark that <na>tsi:nkestok</na> and <na>tsi:ntepolikatok</na> are not common and may not be correct. \nae <na>Tsi:ntepolketsa</na> is apparently derived from <nr>tsi:n</nr>, <nr>tehpol</nr>, and <nr>ketsa</nr>. Both <nr>ketsa</nr> and <nr>tsi:n</nr> have obvious meanings. This not the case with <nr>tehpol</nr> is not so easily identified. In <na>tsi:ntepolketsa</na> it seems to have little semantic relation to <n>tepol</n> (from <n>tepolli</n> 'penis') which FK glosses as meaning, in composition, 'stump, trunk, something blunt.' However, in a compound such as <nla>tsi:ntepolikatok</nla>, 'uprooted (a tree, with its roots standing up in the air),' the meaning is clearer, for it apparently refers to a blunt base or end (i.e., with <n>tepol</n> modifying <n>tsi:n</n>). Thus it would seem that in <na>tsi:ntepolketsa</na> and its derivations refer to the fact that a blunt-ended material object (i.e., one with a flattened bottom) is set or someone positioned upside down. Note also that the <nr>tepol</nr> of words such as <na>tepolketsa</na> might be related to the <nr>pol</nr> of <nao>a:polaki</nao>. Finally, note that the reason for the lexicalized pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>kitsí:ntepolkétsa</no> is not clear since no underlying {h} has been reported in cognate forms from other dialects. \sj Check SJ placement of (or lack of) /h/. \ref 05494 \lxa tlatlakali \lxac tlatlakali \lxo tlátlakáli \lxop tlatlakali \lxoc tlátlakáli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to lay eggs (a hen, female turkey, or other birds) \ss poner (una gallina, guajolote u otro ave o pájaro) \pna Nopio ye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s. \pea My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a next for itself. \psa Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Está a punto de poner. Se va a arreglar su nido. \seo (<no>pio yon</no> ~) hen that is laying eggs (see <nlo>tla:tla:ski</nlo>) \sso (<no>pio yón</no> ~) gallina que está poniendo (vé ase <nlo>tla:tla:ski</nlo>) \xrb tlahkali \xbtla tlakali \xbtlo tlahkali \qry Check what animals can be the subject of /tlatlakali/. Snakes? Check pronunciation of /nopió/ as in another example of a similar phrase I had /mópio/. \ref 05495 \lxa wa:xiyo:hli \lxac wa:xiyo:hli \lxo wa:xyo:hli \lxoc wa:xyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se edible seeds of the <nbao>tlapalwa:xin</nbao> \ss semillas comestibles del <nbao>tlapalwa:xin</nbao> \sem food \xrb wa:x \xrb yo:l \ref 05496 \lxa kwa:ti:tirits \lxac i:kwa:ti:tirits \lxo kwa:ti:tirits \lxoc i:kwa:ti:tirits \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se crest (on the head of certain birds, particularly a rooster, and some hens) \ss cresta (sobre la cabeza de ciertos pájaros, particularmente un gallo, y unas gallinas) \pna... ikwa:ti:tirits po:yoh \pea... the crest of a rooster \psa... la cresta de un gallo. \sem body \sem animal \xrb kwa: \nse Some hens <na>pio</na> also have a crest. The etymology of this word is highly uncertain and the /r/ is definitely an innovation. No immediate origin source from Spanish comes to mind. Molina gives <n>quachichiquilli</n> as 'cresta de paxaro.' \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05497 \lxa kwa:pa:lakaxtli \lxac *kwa:pa:lakaxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea (region: Totolcintla) tool used to twist together strings to make wicks for fireworks \ssa (región: Totolcintla) herramienta utilizada para torcer hilos para hacer las mechas de cohetes \pna Kwa:pa:lakaxtli, para tiktsi:lo:s i:loh. \pea A <na>kwa:pa:lakaxtli</na> is used to twine thread. \psa Un <na>kwa:pa:lakaxtli</na> es lo que se utiliza para torcer hilos. \sem tool \xrb kwa: \xrb palakach \nse This is a word from Totoltzintla, where the majority of <spn>castilleros</spn> and <spn>coheteros</spn> reside. It refers to the tool used there to make wicks. This is different from the <na>taraví:ya</na> used for rope. However, although the word is from Totoltzintla, it is known by Ameyaltepequeños and thus included in this dictionary as a headword. \rt Finally, as to the etymology of /kwa:palakaxtli/ note the sequence /alaka/ which may have something to do with twisting or coiling: /wi:laka/, /malaka/, /palakachowa/, /ilakastik/, etc. \ref 05498 \lxa ikxiwiwiyoka \lxaa ikxiuwiyoka \lxac ikxiwiwiyoka \lxo ixiwiwiyoka \lxoc ixiwiwiyoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se for ones legs to tremble (e.g., from bearing a heavy weight) \ss temblarsele las piernas (p. ej. por estar sorportando algo muy pesado) \cfao wiyo:ni \xrb kxi \xrb wiyo: \qry Check to determine whether /ikxiwiyo:ni/ is acceptable. If not, determine whether or how to code /xvn in these cases. \ref 05499 \lxa ma:kukwi \lxac kima:kukwi \lxo má:kwikwí \lxoa má:kwí \lxop má:kwi \lxoc kimá:kwikwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se to weed (a particular field) by hand \ss desherbar (un campo en particular) a mano \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \xv1a tlama:kukwi \xv1o tlamá:kwí \ono mi:hli \nse This may be compared to <no>ma:kwi:kwi</no> 'to grab at the arm of' (as a drunk does to others). \qry Check for presence of /h/ in other dialects (San Juan Tetelcingo) or for irregular stress reflex in Oapan. Also query for use with a definite object, and, if an object is acceptable (e.g., /kima:kukwi/) question as to what the object references. (i.e. if the object refers to the field being weeded or the actual herbs/weeds being pulled out. Unlike other verbs which refer to planting activity, this is used with /tla-/ to indicate the general action. Apparently the use of the definite object prefix /ki-/ indicates that one weeded a particular field or plot. This should be checked. Cf. to use of object prefixes with other verbs such as /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa:/, etc. \qry Re: /tlamá:kwí/: Check whether one can in Oapan say also /tlamá:kwikwí/. Note that for the non-tla form the citation form is /kimá:kwikwí/. Likewise, under /má:kwikwí/ check whether one can also say /kimá:kwí/? \grm Many verbs that refer to actions connected with planting will accept the nonreferential object /k-/ but not /tla-/. Note how this is different. Check. \ref 05500 \lxa tomapepenke:tl \lxac tomapepenke:tl \lxo tomá:penké:tl \lxoc tomá:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who gathers <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> in the hills \sso persona que pepena <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> en los cerros \xrb toma \xrb pena \ref 05501 \lxa xa:hli \lxac xa:hli \lxo xa:hli \lxoc xa:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se sand \ss arena \xrb xa:l \ref 05502 \lxa tlake:ntlatla \lxac tlake:ntlatla \lxo tlake:ntlatla \lxoc tlake:ntlatla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se for ones clothes to burn \ss quemarsele la ropa \pna O:nitlake:ntlatlak, nopan o:pepechihka kwe:teh. \pea My clothes got burned, a firecracker got (i.e., exploded) very close to me. \psa Se me quemóla ropa, un cohete se me pegó(esto es se explotómuy cerca de mí). \xrb ke:m \xrb tla \ref 05503 \lxa kuwxi:ma \lxac kuwxi:ma \lxo kohxi:ma \lxoc kohxi:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \com N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to plane wood \ss cepillar madera \se to work or carve wood \ss trabajar o labrar madera \xrb kow \xrb xi:ma \ref 05504 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /ma:tepachowa/ that was deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the tokens here with #06419. \ref 05505 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /xo:chitlame:tsi:n/ and has been removed. I had these notes: 'Once Rutilia García of Ameyaltepec referred to what others call <nao>xo:tlame:tsi:n</nao> as a <na>xo:chitlame:tsi:n</na> but everyone else said this was wrong and I have no documentation of this pronunciation from any other source.' See /xo:tlametsi:n/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05506 \lxa te:ihlia \lxac kite:ihlia \lxo te:ihlia \lxoc kite:ihlia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc te:-V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>ihlia</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>ihlia</nla> \xrb hli \ref 05507 \lxa tlakpamontli \lxac tlakpamontli \lxo tlahpamontli \lxoc tlahpamontli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se husband of one's stepdaughter \ss esposo de una hijastra \sem kin \xrb tlakpa \xrb mon \vl There is another token of this word from 4346. \ref 05508 \lxa tewa:hka:miktia \lxac kitewa:hka:miktia \lxo tewa:hka:mihtia \lxoc kitewa:hka:mihtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to let (an animate being) waste away (e.g., by not feeding it) \ss dejar demacrar (un ser animado, p. ej., por no alimentarlo) \pna Kitewa:hka:miktia noburri:toh, ni: xtlakwaltia. \pea He is causing my little donkey to waste away, he doesn't even feed it. \psa Estáhaciendo que mi burrito quede demacrado, ni le da de comer. \xrb tewa: \xrb miki \xvbao tewa:hka:miki \qry Check for difference between /tewa:tsa/ and /tewa:hka:miktia/. \ref 05509 \lxa xiwtema:tlatl \lxac xiwtema:tlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea herbaceous plant and weed, not collected and still unidentified \ssa planta herbáceae y maleza, todavía no colectada ni identificada \pna Xiwtema:tlatl | Nokiki:tskia ke:n tema:tlatl. So:loh para tikma:te:kas momi:hlan. Mitsweka:was, nososowa, nokiki:tskia. \pea <na>Xiwtema:tlatl</na> : It is woven together like a <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>. It just there for you to weed it in your corn field. It will keep you occupied for a long time, it extends along the ground, it gets meshed together one with another. \psa <na>Xiwtema:tlatl</na> : Se agarra como un <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>. Solamente está para que la arranques con la mano en tu milpa. Te va a hacer dilatar, se extiende por el suelo, se agarra unos con otros. \sem plant \sem herb \xrb xiw \xrb te \xrb ma:tla \nse Although not collected and identified yet, this plant might be the same as the two types of <na>matsa:nkihli</na> that have been collected, one with white flowers (<nba>matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio</nba>) and the other with yellow flowers (<nba>matsa:nkihli de kostik i:xo:chio</nba>), both of the Asteraceae family. The reason for this conjecture is that these two plants are both called <nt>tema:tlaxiwtle de ista:k</nt> and <nt>tema:tlaxiwtle de kostik</nt>, respectively, in the neighboring village of San Juan Tetelcingo. \cpl This is considered <nla>tlasohli</nla> and is burned in fields as they are prepared for planting. \nct xiwtli \ref 05510 \lxa sokitla:laki \lxac sokitla:laki \lxo sokitla:laki \lxoc sokitla:laki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki(a) \tran -Caus \infv class-3a(k) \se to become stuck in mud \ss atorarse en el lodo \pna O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak. \pea I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud. \psa Me atoré en el lodo porque elárea está cubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra está muy blanda, me hundí en el lodo. \cfao tla:laki \xrb soki \xrb tla:l \xrb ak \qry Check for transitive form ?/sokitla:lakia/ or ?/sokitla:laktia/? \ref 05511 \lxa pialia \lxac kipialia \lxo pi:ilia \lxoc kipi:ilia \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to wait in expectation for (sth to occur, or sb to do sth) \ss esperar con anticipación para; estar a la espera para (que algo occura, o que algn haga algo) \pna San kipialitoya deke kwi:tekisnekis. \pea He was just wating to see if he would try to give him a thrashing. \psa Estaba a la espera si le iba a dar una golpiza. \se (~ <na>pase:nsiah</na>) to have patience with \ss (~ <na>pase:nsiah</na>) tener paciencia con \pna Kipialia pase:nsiah, xniman iwa:n nokwala:nia. \pea He has patience with him, he doesn't get mad with him quickly. \psa Le tiene paciencia, no se enoja conél luego luego. \se (refl. with 3rd person singular specific object) to have money; to be rich \ss (refl. con objeto de 3era persona singular) tener dinero; ser rico \pna Kinopialia, xakah kitla:ni. \pea He is rich, no one has more. \psa Es rico, nadie le gana. \xrb piya \xvba pia \cfa tlapi:lia \nse Apparently the applicative of {pia}, which takes a specific object, is <na>pialia</na>, whereas the applicative of {hpia}, which takes a nonspecific object, is <na>tlapi:lia</na>. \nae Note that the meaning 'to have money' (<na>kinopialia</na>) has an overt 3rd-person singular object only when word initial; otherwise it is deleted: <na>nimopialia</na> (for * <na>nikmopialia</na>). \qry Determine precise meaning, and cf. to /tlapi:lia/. Check to see if a form such as /ne:chtlapialia/ or /ne:chte:pialia/ is acceptable. Determine all meansing and erivations of /pia/, /pilia/, /pialia/, etc. \pqry Check with phonetician about syllable break between /ii/ and judgement on relative length of each vowel. \vl 2nd female token has very low levels and might not segment. \links2 Note that xvba is double-linked. \ref 05512 \lxa tepo:tskalaktilia \lxac kitepo:tskalaktilia \lxo tepo:tskalahtilia \lxoc kitepo:tskalahtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc Mod-V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to stuff (sth) into (e.g., a medicine or disinfectant into a wound of a person or animal) \ss atiborrarle con; meterle (algo en un lugar) hasta que se aprete (p. ej., un remedio o desinfectante en una herida de una persona o animal) \pna Tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne: ka:n kipia kwilin. \pea You'll stuff it deep into the place where there are worms (in this case pushing a remedy made from the <nbao>kuwi:skitl</nbao> into a wound on the back of a mule). \psa Le vas a meter bien apretado allá donde hay gusanos (en este caso un remedio hecho de <nbao>kuwi:skitl</nbao> en una herida en de una persona o animal). \xrb tepo:ts \xrb kalak \xvba tepo:tskalaktia \xvbo tepo:tskalahtia \nse The primary object of <na>tepo:tskalaktilia</na> is the place (a hole, recipient, etc.) that is being"stuffed." \qry Check vowel lenght in /tepo:tskalaktilia/, perhaps the /o/ should be short (as it is in FK). \grm Note that the IN of /tepotskalaktilia/ is the modifying not saturating type. The verbal matrix is /kalaktilia/ a trivalent verb. It still is trivalent after incorporation (i.e. S, PrO, SeO). /Tepo:ts/ seems, then, to indicate something of the manner in which the"placing into"(kalaktilia) takes place, i.e., so that things are bulging. \ref 05513 \lxa tlapacho:lte:ma \lxac tlapacho:lte:ma \lxo tlapacho:lte:ma \lxoc tlapacho:lte:ma \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-mi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(m) \se to create a seed bed (<nlao>tlapacho:hli</nlao>) \ss hacer un semillero (<nlao>tlapacho:hli</nlao>) \pna Umpa tlapacho:lte:malo:lowa:ya, note:maya chi:hli. \pea There a long time ago people used to make seed beds, they would spread chile seeds on the ground. \psa Alláhace mucho tiempo se hacía semilleros, se extendía chile sobre la tierra. \xrb pach \xrb te:m \grm Impersonal reduplication: A totally acceptable construction, though not often heard, is the reduplication of the impersonal /-lo/. This seems to occur only in the imperfective. It's meaning should be checked (cf. the discussion by Gabriel de la Cruz in one of the directional tapes. \ref 05514 \lxa a:kawtilia \lxac na:kawtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to hurry up or to walk fast \ssa (refl.) apurarse o caminar aprisa; saltar hacia arriba \pna Xmoa:kawtili! \pea Get a move on! (or, Spring over it lightly! Jump high!). \psa ¡Muévete! (o,¡Salta!¡Brinca alto!) \sea to spring (e.g., over a puddle); to jump up high \ssa brincar (hacia arriba, o adelante, sobre algo como un charco) \xrb a:kaw \nse Apparently this verb is used exclusively, or almost exclusively, in the reflexive with human, volitional, agents. \qry Check possibility of transitive use, and potential meanings. If only reflexive, perhaps recodify. \ref 05515 \lxa tla:lkukwilchi:ltsi:n \lxac tla:lkukwilchi:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea type of biting insect that makes solitary nests of grey earth that are open-ended cocoons \ssa tipo de insecto que muerde y que construye nidos solitarios de tierra color gris que son como capullos abierto por las extremedades \sem animal \sem insect \equivo tla:ltsokité:kwilchí:ltsi:n \xrb tla:l \xrb kwilchi:l \nse This might be the animal known in English as the 'mud dauber wasp,' and in Spanish as the <spn>embarradora de lodo</spn>. Schoenhals (1988:218) describes this as follows:"(Subfam.: Sphecinae, Subfam.: Trypoxyloninae) 'mud dauber wasp.' A family of wasps that includes the organ pipe mud dauber whose nest may be called <spn>chachuaco</spn> or <spn>jolón</spn> Wasp also called overo." \qry Check etymology and vowel length; as well as precise meaning. \ref 05516 \lxa chi:chiwaltekomatl \lxac ichi:chiwaltekon \lxo chi:chiwaltekomatl \lxoc i:chi:chiwaltekon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao udder \ssao ubre \xrb chi:chi \xrb tekoma \nse This word is not used in the absolutive in Ameyaltepec; it is so found, though rarely, in Oapan. \pqry It seems that the fact that Oapan does not accept reduplication reduction with /chi:chiwahli/ indicates a long final /a:/, as in the nonsense word /kichi:chiwaltétekí/. However, this should be checked with a speech analyzer. \qry Note that I have removed this definition which might well have been a vacilada of Am men:"a breast when full of milk (including that of human females and of several animals)"or"un pecho o seno cuando estélleno de leche (de una mujer o de varios animales)" \rt See entry under /tekomatl/. The aggregation of /-tekon/ undoubtedly gives the word the sence of 'container'. \ref 05517 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo maye:soh \lxoc maye:soh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seo see <nlo>búrro mayé:soh</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>búrro mayé:soh</nlo> \equiva me:so \ref 05518 \lxa a:tonkwilin \lxac *a:tonkwilin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sea type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an <nla>a:ko:ntli</nla> or water tank) \ssa tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un <nla>a:ko:ntli</nla> o tanque) \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:tonkwitsmeh \equivo a:tonkwistih \cfa a:toma \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb kwil \nse Also documented for Ameyaltepec is <nla>a:tonkwitsmeh</nla>, but this appears to be idiosyncratic in this village.In Acatlán, however, these worms are called <n>ahtonquiztle</n> :"maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). In Oapan they are called <no>a:tonkwistih</no>. Cristino Flores stated that he did not know this term and instead used <nla>a:tonpitsmeh</nla>. \grm The form /a:tonkwilin/ is interesting for its morphology. It seems to take a reflexive verb (V-1-refl) and use the shortened stem as a modifier for the head noun form /kwilin/. Certainly, this would seem to be an unusual combination, and perhaps might be coded as S-N. \ref 05519 \lxa totopochpilo:hli \lxac totopochpilo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea see <nla>totopoxtli</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>totopoxtli</nla> \sem food-tortillas \equivao totopoxtli \xrb topo: \xrb pil \nse <na>Totopochpilo:hli</na> is equivalent to <na>totopoxtli</na>. The added nominalization <na>-pilo:hli</na> is linked to the manner in which <na>totopoxtli</na> is made; see <nla>pilowa</nla>. \ref 05520 \lxa tlaksa \lxac tlaksa \lxo tlasa \lxoc tlasa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \irregv With the meaning of 'to be fast' this verb is inflected with a copula (<na>tlaksa yes</na> 'he will be fast'). However, with a locative and the sense of 'to step on' it is a class 4a verb <na>ipan o:tlaksak</na> (Am) 'he stepped on it.' \se to be fast (a person or animal, a motor vehicle, an airplane, etc.) \ss ser rápido (una persona o animal, un coche, un avión, etc.) \pna Ma tikima:natin, ti:roh xtlatlaksan! \pea Let's go round them up (in this case grazing animals), they are really slow on their feet! \psa ¡Vámonos a ir a rodearlos (en este caso animales apacentando), de veras no son rápidos para correr! \se (<n>-pan</n> + <na>tlaksa</na> (Am) / <no>tlasa</no> (Oa)) to step on \ss (<n>-pan</n> + <na>tlaksa</na> (Am) / <no>tlasa</no> (Oa)) pisar sobre \pna Ma:ka ipan xtlaksa, yewa tlasoti! \pea Don't step on it, it is precious (i.e., shouldn't be abused or mistreated)! \psa ¡No le vayas a pisar, se debe cuidar (esto es, no se debe maltratar)! \pna Ma:ka nopan xtlatlaksa! \pea Don't step all over me (e.g., on my feet)! \psa ¡No me vayas a pisotearr! \se (<n>-pan</n> + <na>tlaksa</na> (Am) / <no>tlasa</no> (Oa) with long vowel reduplication) to massage with ones feet (by stepping on sb lying face down) \ss (<n>-pan</n> + <na>tlaksa</na> (Am) / <no>tlasa</no> (Oa) con reduplicación de vocal larga) darle masaje a (algn) con los pies (esto es, al pisar sobre algn acostado boca abajo por el suelo) \pna Nopan xtla:tlaksa! \pea Give me a massage with your feet (i.e.,"walk"or"step"on me repeatedly while I lie facedown on the ground)! \psa ¡Dame un masaje con los pies (esto es, pise repetidamente sobre mi mientras esté acostado boca abajo)! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to move quickly; to walk quickly \ss (con reduplication de vocal larga) ir o caminar rápido \pna San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa, ke:n tiyo:li:k! \pea I'm just going along continually having to wait for you.¡Move quickly, you are really slow! \psa Voy yendo esperándote cada rato.¡Camina rápido, de veras eres muy lento! \xrb tlaksa \xvca tlaksaltia \xvco tlasaltia \nae Although the precise use needs to be further investigated it appears that at least in Ameyaltepec <na>tlaksa</na> has two inflectional patterns. As an"adjectival predicate"'to be fast' it takes a copular inflectional pattern, e.g., <na>nitlaksa katka</na> 'I used to be fast.' I am not sure if this holds for Oapan. When used with the relational noun <n>-pan</n> it receives regular verbal inflection: <na>i:pan nitlaksas</na> 'I will step on it.' \qry Check for difference between /tlaksan/ and /tlatlaksan/; and cf. comments in grammar notes below. Check for future and past of /tlaksa/ meaning 'to be quick.' My impression is that often the independent copula is used and that this differs from the more verbal use, with /ipan/. Check. Obtain all verbs of movement with long vowel reduplication to indicate rapid movement, as in /tla:tlaksa/, /cho:cholowa/, etc. \grm Pluralization; reduplication: Note the following /Ma tikima:natin, ti:roh xtlatlaksan!/ 'Let's go round them up (in this case grazing animals), they are really slow on their feet!' The question to be examined in this discussion is the reason for the reduplication, and the difference between /tlaksan/ and /tlatlaksan/. It seems that the major difference concerns the nature of the plurality, although what follows is just my sense of the issue and should not be taken as a definitive and proven statement. It seems that /tlaksan/ is used for highly individuated plurality, e.g., /titlaksan/ 'we are fast.' It seems that /tlatlaksan/ refers to a greater plurality that, perhaps, is at the same time less individuated. The translation might well be, then, something like 'all of them,' indicating plurality within a group. Cf. to the use of reduplication versus plurality in the words /te:ntokeh/ 'they are full (e.g., hotels) and /tete:ntok/ 'it is filled (a hotel in all its rooms).' Nevertheless al l this should be checked. \grm Verbs; adjectives; copula; predication; attributives; verbal single-place predicates: Note the verb /tlaksa/. This is generally used in two senses, the first having to do with speed of a subject (animate or inanimate) and the second having to do with stepping on some object. The interesting point is the variation in tense/aspect inflection of the two forms. From my recollection (and this needs to be checked) the fully verbal use is always inflected /nopan o:titlaksak/ whereas the adjectival-like predicate can be used with an independent copula: /nitlaksa katka/ 'I used to be fast.' Cf. the same general situation with"verbs"such as /to:na/ and /se:wa/. Unfortunately I have no textual examples of /tlaksa/ with an independent copula, but I do recollect such use. The important point to consider is what this tells us about verbs and adjectivals. Most often an adjectival has a deverbal morphology, either a participial ending, the"suffix"/-tik/, and acopated form (between noun and verb). Giv ón mentions in his approach that a major difference between verbs, adjectives, and nouns is the question of time stability, in which adjectives are somewhere in between the two prototypical parts of speech. Yet certain actions (such as stepping on sth) are also not very time-stable. Whatever the question of time-stability and its relation to adjectivals, the important point to note is that the same morphological form, /tlaksa/, manifests two patterns of tense/aspect representation, one more adjectival than the other. \grm Reduplication with long vowels; verbs of motion: Note /San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa, ke:n tiyo:li:k!/ 'I'm just going along continually having to wait for you.¡Move quickly, you are really slow!' Note the difference between the unreduplicated and the reduplicated (long vowel) form. The former is a verb that indicates a characteristic of the subject, the reduplicated form indicates movement, it is verb of movement. Thus, for example, /nitlaksa/ means 'I am fast' but does not necessarily mean that ?I am moving fast. However, /nitla:tlaksa/ seems to indicate 'I am moving fast.' Perhaps a similar situation is found with the verb /to:toka/ \ref 05521 \lxa kuwchal \lxac kuwchal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea butch female \ssa marimacho \psa Es una lesbiana, no quiere un hombre. \xrb kow \xrb chal \nse The basis for this metaphor is unclear, but perhaps it is related to the bifurcated structure of the <nla>kuwchahli</nla>, or perhaps it is a play on the root <nr>kow</nr>, which means 'tree,' 'wood,' and 'penis. Note that although some speakers stated that this refers to a lesbian, this does not seem to be the case. Rathter, it is used to refer to a masculine, butch, woman. \qry Originally I also had /kuwchaltik/ but C. Flores stated that only the shortened form is used. Perhaps remove this entry if found offensive. I have removed the phrase /Kuwchal, xkineki tla:katl./ 'She is a lesbian, she doesn't want a man.' as C. Flores stated that the term does not refer to a lesbian. \ref 05522 \lxa tlakakalatsahli \lxac *tlakakalatsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea noisemaker used during Holy Week \ssa matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa \syna so:sórron \syno kohcha:charah \xrb kala: \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 05523 \lxa tlatektli \lxac ye:xka:n tlatektli \lxo tlatehtli \lxoc tlatehtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \se piece (e.g., of cloth) that has been cut \ss pedazo (p. ej., de tela) cortado; corte (de tela) \pna Xkwa:lki o:me tlatektli de tlake:ntli! \pea Bring back two pieces (<spn>cortes</spn>) of cloth! \psa ¡Trá ete dos cortes de tela! \se one of several strips or tiers of horizontally sewn cloth that build up a dress, going completely around the finished item \ss una de varias hileras sobrepuestas de tela cosida horizontalmente que componen una falda al ir completamente alrededor de la ropa terminada \pna Ke:chka:n tlatektli mokwe? \pea How many tiers does your skirt have? \psa ¿Cuántas tiras horizontales componen tu falda? \cola kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \cfa tlate:tektli \cfo tlate:tehtli \xrb teki \pqry IMPORTANT: cf. 5524 to 4158 for final sound. Is there a difference between the /h/ that results from k>h and kw>h. However, it will also be necessary to determine if this is the same as /h/ from /w/. Check. \mod Illustrate kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \ref 05524 \lxa tlatsonteki \lxac tlatsonteki \lxo tlatsonteki \lxoc tlatsonteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-[N-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut down trees or thorn bushes in clearing a field \ss tumbarárboles o arbustos espinosos en limpiar un terreno \pna O:nikontak cho titla:tlatsotsontektinemia. A:man yo:tekotiwets. \pea I saw you over there, you were really going at it, cutting down brush here and there (clearing a field). Now you've arrived back here in a hurry (after quickly finishing). \psa Te víque andabas muy clavado en tumbarárboles y cortar arbustos en el campo. Ahora ya llegaste rápido (habiendo terminado). \encyctmp agriculture \cfa tlako:lowa \xrb tson \xrb teki \xbtlao tsonteki \qry Do both exist: /tlatso:tsonteki/ and /tla:tlatsonteki/, or only one. \grm Lexicalization; reduplication: /O:nikontak cho titla:tlatsotsontektinemia. A:man yo:tekotiwets./ 'I saw you over there, you were really going at it, cutting down brush here and there (clearing a field). Now you've arrived back here in a hurry (after quickly finishing)' Note how here it is the nonreferential or nonspecific prefix that is reduplicated. This is evidence that the incorporation of /tla-/ functions to create a new lexical item, and it is this item that is reduplicated. Note how reduplication functions with nominal incorporation, in which it appears that rarely is the nominal root/stem reduplicated, but rather the verb. \ref 05525 \lxa pesa:rowa \lxac kipesa:rowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pesar</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to weigh \ss pesar \cfao temachi:wa \cfa temachi:wa \nse In Oapan <no>temachi:wa</no> is used both for measuring size and weight; in Ameyaltepec it is used only for size measurements (e.g., length, width, circumference, etc.) while the Spanish loan <na>pesa:rowa</na> is used for weight. \ref 05526 \lxa pa:ya:tl \lxac pa:ya:tl \lxo pa:ya:tl \lxoc pa:ya:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se fool \ss tonto; menso \pna Papa:ya:tsi:n, xkipia ma:s itlamachilis. \pea He's somewhat of an imbecile, he doesn't have all his wits about him. \psa Es algo tonto, ya no más tiene su inteligencia. \seao person who cannot work well, or do much well \ssao persona que no puede trabajar bien, o hacer mucho \pna Mlá:k pa:ya:tl, xtlah weli. \pea He's a real idiot, he can't do anything. \psa Es un idiota de a de veras, no puede hacer nada. \cfao pa:ya:xiw \xrb pa:ya: \nse In reference to a particular person, this often is used in the diminutive: <nao>pa:ya:tsi:n</nao>. \qry Note vowel length definite as recorded. \ref 05527 \lxa tatli \lxac tatli \lxo tátlí \lxoc tátlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se (usually possessed) father \ss (generalmente poseído) padre \pna Ok nemi motah? \pea Is your father still alive? \psa Vive todavía tu papá. \se (unpossessed) male head of (in charge of) household \ss (no poseído) hombre cabeza de (responsable de) familia \pna Nika:n nitatli, newa nikito:s \pea I am the head of household here, I'll be the one to decide it. \psa Aquíyo soy el encargado de familia, soy yo quien decide. \se (<na>i:ksan totawa:n</na>) ancestors; forebearers \ss (<na>i:ksan totawa:n</na>) antepasados; ancestros \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \src DT1:024 \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. \sem kin \xrb tah \nse Although one consultant, Luis Lucena, accepted the plural <na>-tawan</na> as 'parents' (e.g., <na>notawan</na> 'my parents') there is no documentation of such use in unelicited conversation, but rather phrases such as <na>notah wan nona:n</na>, lit. 'my father and my mother, for 'my parents.' \nae The plural of this form is irregular <na>ta:tateh</na> (Am) and Oapan <no>tá:tatíh</no>. Cf. <nlao>na:ntli</nlao> \mod I have removed this definition: /(vulg.; <na>na:nkah motah</na>) fuck your mother! (lit., 'here is your father,' said by a man while pointing to one's chest, or even genitals, indicating that he had engendered the person to whom the insult is addressed)/ '(vulg.; <na>na:nkah motah</na>)¡chinga tu madre! (lit., 'aquíestátu papá,' dicho por un hombre mientras apunta a su pecho o genitales, para indicar queél había engendrado la persona a quien se dirige el insulto)' \ref 05528 \lxa ma:ne:si \lxac ma:ne:si \lxo ma:ne:si \lxoc ma:ne:si \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se for the front hoof marks of an animal to become visible on the ground \ss quedar visibles las huellas de las patas delanteras de un animal \xrb ma: \xrb ne:si \xvcao ma:ne:xtia \ref 05529 \lxa tlampopo:yoti \lxac tlampopo:yoti \lxo tlante:poyoti \lxoc yo:tlante:poyot \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te); Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> (Oa) \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get blackened and rotting teeth \ss quedarsele los dientes ennegrecidos y pudridos \sem disease \xrb tlan \xrb poyo: \nae The Oapan form <no>tlante:poyoti</no> manifests the infixed intensifier <n>te-</n> that takes the reduction of the reduplicant (<n>po-</n>). The lack of pitch accent reflects the fact that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. Note that the length of the final /o/ is still not completely certain and further research will need to be done. Finally, the perfect form <no>yo:tlante:poyot</no> was given in citation not the present <no>tlante:poyoti</no> because of the difficulty in creating an appropriate context in which the present tense would be used. \nse Note that in Oapan the presence of <no>te:-</no> suggests reduplication with a short vowel and no {h}. However, with maize the form I have recorded is with a long vowel: <no>po:poyotsi:n</no>. \pqry I had /popo:yo:tl/ with the note that the vowel length is definite as recorded. I also have /tlampopoyo/ specifically marked with a short penultimate /o/ in one document. Likewise, for /tlampopoyo:ti/ I have the short penultimate /o/ marked definitely short. Cf. FK who has /popoyo:tl/ although I have a long penultimate /o:/. This should be checked. There might be some variation across grammatical category, but there might also be errors in my documentation. Note that for now the form /popoyo:/ has been used for all entries. However, there seems to be some variation and a check should be done on all words that contain this root. \ref 05530 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /soli:toh/ xrefd to /suli:toh/. However, /suli:toh/ has been made an alternate pronunciation of /soli:toh/ which is the only entry now. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05531 \lxa te:nki:tskia \lxac kite:nki:tskia \lxo te:nki:tsia \lxoc kite:nki:tsia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to take hold of the chin of (e.g., a boyfriend and girlfriend playing with each other) \ss agarrar o tomar en la mano el mentón de (p. ej., un muchacho y muchacha que están jugando) \pna Xkonte:nki:tski mono:biah! \pea Reach out and take hold of the chin of your girlfriend! \psa ¡Estira el brazo para tomar el mentón de tu novia en la mano! \se (refl.) to rest ones chin on ones hands \ss (refl.) descansar el mentón en las manos \pna Timote:nki:tskitok, ne:si yo:tisiaw. \pea You are resting your chin on your hands (e.g., sitting at a table), it seems you've gotten tired. \psa Estás descansando el mentón en las manos (p. ej., sentado cerca de una mesa), parece que ya te cansaste. \sem carry \xrb te:n \xrb ki:tski \qry Check for other possible objects. \ref 05532 \lxa i:xakamantasi \lxac i:xakamantasi \lxo i:xakamántasí \lxop i:xakamantasi \lxoc i:xakamántasí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [Adv-V1]-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to fall and hit the ground face down \ss llegar a caerse boca abajo sobre el suelo \pna O:i:xakamantasik, o:tma:pe:w. \pea He fell flat down on his face, you pushed him. \psa Fue a caer boca abajo, lo empujaste. \pna O:i:xakamantekok, o:kwa:ltlakal to:roh. \pea He hit the ground flat on his face, a bull threw him to the ground. \psa Llegó a la tierra boca abajo, un toro lo tiró al suelo. \pna O:ni:xakamantiah, o:niwets. \pea I went face down, I fell down. \psa Fui boca abajo, me caí. \sem contact \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \xrb ahsi \nse Although <na>-tasi</na> is the most usual aspectual ending, <na>-teki</na> and <na>-tiw</na> have also been found. \vl Link 2nd female token. There are 3 female tokens here. \grm Note an interesting fact that differentiates the statives such as /westok/ from /i:xakamantok/. Cf. how these combine with the aspect/associated motion verb -tiw. Thus /westitiw/ 'he goes along lying down' as opposed to /i:xakamantiw/ 'he goes falling down face up'. What needs to be elicited is whether one can say ?i:xakamantitiw 'he goes along lying face down' as opposed to ni:xakamantiw 'he went falling face down' This is an important point to elicit. \ref 05533 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /yeyekatia/ and has been removed and probably not a word; it was only documented once and C. Flores denied that it was correct. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05534 \lxa tlakpawi:tektli \lxac tlakpawi:tektli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \se stepchild \ss hijastro(a); entenado(a) \pna Niktlasotla notlakpawi:tek. \pea I love my stepchild. \psa Amo a mi hijastro. \sem kin \equivo tlahpakone:tl \xrb tlakpa \xrb wi:teki \nde Molina has the Ameyaltepec equivalent <n>tlacpauitectli</n>, but not <n>tlakpakone:tl</n>, which to date has only been documented in Oapan Nahuatl. \pqry Check the /k/ in C. Flores pronunciation. It appears quite aspirated. Check the acoustic properties. \ref 05535 \lxa amo:lwia \lxac kamo:lwia \lxo ámo:wía \lxop amo:wia \lxoc kámo:wía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to shampoo (a person or a part of the body) \ss poner champú(a una persona, o a una parte del cuerpo) \pna Yo:pe:w kamo:lwia itsontekon. \pea She has started to shampoo her hair (with <na>a:mo:hli</na> or, by exstension, any other type of shampoo). \psa Ella ha empezado a lavarse su pelo (con <na>a:mo:hli</na> o, por extensión, cualquier otro tipo de champú). \xrb ahmo:l \nse This verbal form is related to the fact that the fruit of the <nba>a:mo:hli</nba> (Am) / <nbo>ámó:hli</nbo> (Oa) tree was formerly used to make shampoo. The loss of /l/ from the nominal form is not unusual, as attested to by FK who notes that this change is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos; Zacapoaxtla; and Clavijero. \vl There are 3 female tokens here. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that besides the change in certain consonants (e.g., /s/ to /ts/) there is often a consonant loss. In this case one finds /ámo:wíya/ with the loss of the final /l/ of the noun stem. \ref 05536 \lxa tenekwteh \lxac tenekwteh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of small honey-making flying insect, still not identified, that lives in the ground \ssa tipo de insecto volador pequeño, todavía no identificado, que produce miel y habita en la tierra \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp nekwtli \xrb te \xrb nekw \nae This headword has only been documented in the plural. <na>Tenekwteh</na> are small flying insects, somewhere in size between <nla>tla:lnekwteh</nla> and <nla>obe:jas</nla> in size. They do not sting and live in the earth, where they make their nests and produce honey. According to the information I have at present they are, therefore, distinct from the <nla>tla:lnekwteh</nla>. This, however, needs further research. \ref 05537 \lxa xina:xtli \lxac xina:xtli \lxo xina:xtli \lxoc xina:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se seed (e.g., of maize, kernels that have been separated and saved for planting the following year) \ss semilla (p. ej., de maíz, granos que han sido separados y guardados para sembrar el año siguiente) \se ([domesticated animal] <n>de</n> ~) animal that is kept to produce offspring \ss ([animal domesticado] <n>de</n> ~) animal empleado para cria \pna Yewa nikpia de xina:xtli. Niktlasotla. \pea That one (e.g., a pig, goat, donkey, cow, etc.) I keep to produce offspring. I cherish it. \psa Ese (p. ej., una marrana, chiva, burra, vaca, etc.) tengo para cria. Lo aprecio mucho. \xrb xina:ch \qry Check phrase referring to human seed and offspring. Make sure it is correct since it was reconstructed from memory. \ref 05538 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be /mlá:k/ for the /lxa field; the entry has been eliminated and this given as an alternative in 4587. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The four tokens here should be tagged as 4587. \ref 05539 \lxa ikxikuwtia \lxac ikxikuwtia \lxo ixikohtia \lxoc ixikohtia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \sea for ones legs to stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.; see Oapan <nlo>ixí:kwaló</nlo>) \ssa agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno las piernas, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.; vé ase Oapan <nlo>ixí:kwaló</nlo>) \pna Yo:nikxikukuwtiak, san nikxitemotso:liwtok. \pea My legs have gotten sore, I've just been sitting with my legs pulled up close to my body. \psa Se me agarrotaron las piernas, he estado nada más sentado con mis piernas encogidas. \seo (often used on the negative) for ones legs to get strong (e.g., a child who is just starting to walk) \sso (a menudo empleado en el negativo) ponersele las piernas fuertes a (p. ej., un niño que apenas está aprendiendo a caminar) \xrb kxi \xrb kow \nse The Oapan word <no>ixikuhtia</no> is often used in the negative <no>xeixikuhtia</no> or perfective <no>o:ixikuhtiak</no>. Note the difference in semantics of this word in the two dialects. It is seldom found in the present tense without <n>xe-</n>. \qry Check use in neighboring dialects to determine which is the most usual interpretation. \vl Note that the first 4 tokens are of the perfect form /yo:ixikohtiak/. These should be tagged as 5539, but not linked. There then follow 4 tokens of /ixikohtia/. These should also be tagged and 2 linked. \ref 05540 \lxa kamaa:xoto:naltia \lxac kikamaa:xoto:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \sea to cause blisters in the mouth of \ssa causar granitos o ampollas en la boca a \pna O:ne:chkamaa:xoto:naltih a:to:hli. \pea The atole (because it was hot) caused a blister in my mouth. \psa El atole (por caliente) me hizo salir una ampollita en la boca. \xrb kama \xrb a: \xrb xoto: \xvba kamaa:xoto:ni \xvbo kamaá:xotó:ni \qry Apparently *kamaa:xoto:nia: does not exist, but this should be checked. \ref 05541 \lxa kalkwitlaxkohli \lxac kalkwitlaxkohli \lxo kalkwitlaxkohli \lxoc kalkwitlaxkohli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se purlin: part of a thatched roof house, the minor beam that lies horizontally, running the long way of the house parallel to the <na>sole:ras</na> and to which the <na>kabe:sas</na> and <nlao>a:kapilo:hli</nlao> are attached. In most houses there are one, perhaps two, rows of <na>kalkwitlaxkohli</na> \ss correa: parte de una casa de palma o zacate, las vigitas que corren horizontalmente a lo largo de la casa, paralelas a las <na>sole:ras</na> y a las que se atan las <na>kabe:sas</na> y <nlao>a:kapilo:hli</nlao>. Por lo común, las casas tienen una, y a veces dos, hilera de <na>kalkwitlaxkohli</na> \sem construct-part \encyctmp kahli \xrb kal \xrb kwitlaxkol \mod Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. \rt Under entry for /kwitlaxkohli/, discuss the division of the root, which obviously contains /kwitla/. However, the /kol/ element has a short vowel, whereas the /ko:l/ meaning 'curved' has a long vowel. Also, the /x/ is not completely explained. \ref 05542 \lxa tlapi:tsa \lxac tlapi:tsa \lxo tlapi:tsa \lxoc tlapi:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to play a wind instrument \ss tocar un instrumento de viento \pna Tlapi:tsalo:s, tlakwa:lo:s. \pea There will be music, there will be eating. \psa Va a haber música, va a haber para comer. \xrb pi:tsa \xvaao tlapi:chilia \xbtlao pi:tsa \ref 05543 \lxa tepe:wistli \lxac *tepe:wistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea type of tree still not collected nor identified \ssa tipo deárbol hasta ahora colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tepe: \xrb wits \nct kohtli \ref 05544 \lxa ma:ka:wa \lxac kima:ka:wa \lxo ma:ka:wa \lxoc kima:ka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to let loose (sth that was being held in the hands, e.g., a rope) \ss soltar (algo que uno estaba agarrando en la mano, p. ej., un laso) \pna Xma:ka:wa, xmoa:xka! \pea Let go of it, it isn't yours! \psa ¡Suéltalo, no es tuyo! \se to let off (work) \ss dejar ir (a algn después de trabajar todo el día con algn) \pna O:ne:xtio:tlaki:ltih, ye tlayewa o:ne:chma:ka:w. \pea He kept me till late in the afternoon, it was already dark when he let me go (released me from work). \psa Me detuvo hasta ya avanzada la tarde, ya era noche cuando me dejósalir (me dejósalir de un trabajo). \se to free (a prisioner); to let loose (an animal in captivity) \ss liberar (un prisionero); soltar (un animal capturado) \se (~ <nla>mi:hli</nla>) to stop using the plow on the field, letting it grow by itself (i.e., after having given it earth in early August) \ss (~ <nla>mi:hli</nla>) dejar de trabajar la milpa, dejándola crecer solo (después de haberle echado tierra con el arado a principios de agosto) \se to exhale (smoke, ones breath, etc.) \ss exhalar (humo, el aliento, etc.) \pna Kima:ka:was iiyo, xok kixi:ko:s. \pea He's going to let his breath out, he can't endure (holding it in) anymore. \psa Va a soltar su aliento, ya no aguanta (mantenerlo adentro). \se (refl.) to let go (from where one was holding on); to let oneself fall (by letting go of sth) \ss (refl.) soltarse (de donde uno estaba agarrando); dejarse caer (al soltarse) \pna O:noma:ka:w ipan benta:nah. \pea He let himself fall from a window (i.e., getting out, holding on, and then letting go) \psa Se dejócaer desde una ventana (esto es, saliendo, agarrándose, y después soltándose para caer). \pna O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. \pea He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo). \psa Supo (se diócuenta) que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (en este caso durante un jaripeo). \pna O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. \pea I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). \psa Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente). \se (refl. with <na>i:pan</na> + [NP]) to come loose from; to become detached from (after having been attached to) \ss (refl. con <na>i:pan</na> + [Np]) dejarse soltar; desprenderse de (algo que está como atado o junto a otra cosa) \pna Iswatl kwa:k yo:wa:k dya ipan kiawi, pipi:nia, noka:wa pipi:nki. Xwel tiswate:ka, ma:s tiktila:nas chika:wak xiska:n noma:ka:wa itech mi:lowatl. \pea When the corn leaves (that will be stripped and used as fodder) have dried and then are rained upon, they become fibery, they become tough. You can't strip them from the stalks, for as hard as you pull, they don't come off the stalk easily. \psa El zacate del maíz, cuando ya se secó y llueve sobre ello, se pone correoso, se queda correoso, ya no puedes zacatear, por más fuerte que jalas, no se desprende del tallo luego. \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to come apart (e.g., things that are joined or, together by glue, nails, etc.) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) separarse (p. ej., cosas que están pegados por pegamento, clavos, etc.) \pna Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok. \pea Join (the boards of) your table together, it's started to open up, it's coming apart in places.(e.g., the boards that make up its surface). \psa Junta (las tablas) de tu mesa, ya se está abriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), en algunos lugares ya se está separando. \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \xvaao ma:ka:wilia \xv1ao tlama:ka:wa \nse For a full discussion of terms used with plowing, see entry under <nlao>teki</nlao>. \ref 05545 \lxa kuwtlatlapa:nahli \lxac kuwtlatlapa:nahli \lxo kohtlatlapa:nahli \lxoc kohtlatlapa:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se split wood (often in reference to firewood) \ss madera partida (a menudo en referencia a leña) \xrb kow \xrb tlapa: \nae The lack of pitch accent in Oapan <no>kohtlatlapa:nahli</no> implies the lack of coda {h} in the first <n>tla-</n> syllable. This, in turn, suggests that the etymology of this word is that of a N-N compound, in which the second noun is <nao>tlatlapa:nahli</nao> and the first <n>tla-</n> syllable is the non-specific object marker used in nominalizations of transitive verbs. In this analysis <nao>koh-</nao> would function as an incorporated nominal root in an attributive function. For this reason the headword has not been coded as having any sort of reduplication. \qry Check whether nonreduplicated ?/kuhtlapa:nahli/ exists. \sj Check for absence of /h/. Cf. Oapan: /kuhtlatlapa:nahli/ \ref 05546 \lxa pino:ltilia \lxac kipino:ltilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to turn (a grain, pasta, or wood) into powder (particularly by bugs and worms that eat them) \ssa convertir en polvo o pinole (a un grano, pasta o madera, particularmente por los insectos y gusanos que se lo comen) \xrb pino:l \nse <na>Pino:ltilia</na> is a causative used mostly to refer to what bugs do that eat away at a grain or pasta, leaving behind pulverized powder. \qry Check for intransitive form /pino:lti/. Check all items that may be so affected. \ref 05547 \lxa tsi:ninekwi \lxac kitsi:ninekwi \lxo tsí:inékwi \lxop tsi:nekwi \lxoc kitsí:inékwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to smell the rear or hind quarters of (usually a male animal of a female) \ss oler la parte trasera de (usualmente un animal macho a una hembra) \pna Te:nsokwi:chiwi to:roh kwa:k kitsi:ninekwi ba:kah. \pea Bulls turn up their mouth and curl their lips out when they smell the rear of a cow. \psa Los toros alzan el hocico y encrespan los labios cuando huelen la parte trasera de una vaca. \xrb tsi:n \xrb hnekwi \nae Oapan <no>tsí:inékwi</no> manifests the loss of intervocalic /n/. The acoustic evidence for the placement of the syllable boundary yielding the vowel sequence /í:i/ is not entirely clear or unambiguous, particularly since the point of highest fundamental frequency (often at the right edge of vowels in stressed open syllables) is not the same point of minimum amplitude (another potential indication of syllable boundary). \pqry Syllable boundaries in VV sequences: Oapan <no>tsí:inékwi</no> manifests the loss of intervocalic /n/. The acoustic evidence for the placement of the syllable boundary yielding the vowel sequence /í:i/ is not entirely clear or unambiguous, particularly since the point of highest fundamental frequency (often at the right edge of vowels in stressed open syllables) is not the same point of minimum amplitude (another potential indication of syllable boundary). \grm Oapan phonology: Note loss of /n/ in the following: /kitsí:inékwi/ from /tsi:n-/. \ref 05548 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /lxa /ixipil bie:joh/ that was duplicated and hence removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05549 \lxa chika:wi \lxac chika:wi \lxo chika:wi \lxoc chika:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get strong (a person) \ss ponerse fuerte (una persona) \se to pass the stage of fully ripeness (a fruit) \ss estar poco pasado y no a sazón (una fruta) \pna Ye chika:wtok, xok selik. \pea It is passing the stage of ripeness, it is no longer green. \psa Ya está un poco pasado (una fruta), ya no está verde. \pna Yo:chika:w, yo:pano:k, xok xaxa:ltik un sá:ndiah, yo:pala:n itik. \pea It's started to get past ripeness, it's passed the season, the watermelon is no longer crunchy, it is rotten inside. \psa Ya está muy madura, ya pasóde sazón, la sandía ya no está firme adentro, ya se pudrió. \se to become a fully mature adult (and either becoming old or, in a different context, pass beyond the customary age for getting married) \ss llegar a ser un adulto pleno (y estar ya viejo o, en otro contexto, estar ya más allá de la edad apropriada para casarse) \pna Ye tikchika:wtiw. \pea You are getting on in years (particularly if, at some 20 to 25 years old, the subject remains unmarried). \psa Ya te estás haciendo viejo (particularmente si tienes 20 a 25 años y sigues todavía sin casarse). \pna Te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n, yo:chika:w. \pea He is a mature man (beyond the age appropriate for marriage, i.e., over some 25 years of age), he's become a fully mature adult. \psa Es un hombre maduro (más allá de la edad apropriada para casarse, esto es, más de como 25 años de edad), ya es un hombre plenamente maduro. \dis chika:wi; tepitisiw; kohtia; etc. \xrb chika:wa \nse The phrase <na>ye chika:wtok</na> can refer to a fruit, for example corn that has passed the stage of being <na>elote</na> or, in the case of a person, one who is no longer of a"ripe age,"particularly in regards to marrying. \ref 05550 \lxa xo:chitl \lxac xo:chitl \lxo xo:chitl \lxoc xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se flower (and, at times, foliage; cf. <nla>xo:chite:ma</nla>) \ss flor (y, a veces, follaje; cf. <nla>xo:chite:ma</nla>) \se (intrinsic possession) flower (as part of a plant [marked as possessor]) \ss (posesión intrínseca) flor (como parte de una planta [señalada como poseedor]) \pna Kwaltsi:n ixo:chio ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl. \pea The flower of the <nba>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</nba> tree is pretty. \psa La flor delárbol <nba>ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl</nba> es bonita. \se (fig.) a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (<spn>música de viento</spn>) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession; see <na>tsatsi</na> <nla>a:katl</nla> (Am)) \ss (fig.) haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado quienes accompañan a pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia (vé ase <na>tsatsi</na> <nla>a:katl</nla> (Am)) \pna Kineki xo:chitl. Xkineki pitso. \pea He wants a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate. He doesn't want just a pig (as bridewealth). \psa Quiere una boda elegante con músicos, pan y chocolate. No quiere solamente un marrano (como regalo a los padres de la novia). \se (alienable possession) wart (of an animal such as a donkey) \ss (posesión enajenable) verruga (de un animal como un burro) \pna Kipia ixo:chiw un burroh. \pea That donkey has a large wart. \psa Ese burro tiene una verruga grande. \xrb xo:chi \nse The use of <na>xo:chitl</na> to indicate a wart on an animal refers to the large budding-type growth that occasionally appears on certain animals, particularly donkeys. \qry Determine the precise term for /ixo:chiw burroh/. Perhaps as a veterinarian. \mod Illustrate /ixo:chiw burroh/ if possible. \ref 05551 \lxa tsonkuwayoh \lxac tsonkuwayoh \lxo tsonkowayoh \lxoc tsonkowayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have worms (in the intestines) \ss tener lombrices (intestinales) \cfa kuwayoh \cfo kowayoh \xrb tson \xrb kowa \ref 05552 \lxa chikoteki \lxac kichikoteki \lxo chikoteki \lxoc kichikoteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut off a piece at an angle or diagonally from the edge of (e.g., paper, cloth, wood) \ss cortar en diagonal o de soslayo de (p. ej., tela, papel, madera) \xrb chiko \xrb teki \ref 05553 \lxa koxte:ka \lxac kikoxte:ka \lxo koxte:ka \lxoc kikoxte:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to put to bed and help go to sleep (particularly a child) \ss acostar para dormir (particularmente a un niño) \pna Ok xkoxte:ka mokone:w para wel titekichi:was. \pea First put your child to bed so that you will be able to get some work done. \psa Primero acuesta a tu niño para que puedas trabajar. \xrb koch \xrb te:ka \xv1ao tlakoxte:ka \nse The verb <nao>koxte:ka</nao> refers to the action of putting to bed and helping someone go to sleep, for example by running ones hand over a child, rocking him, etc. The verbal form <nao>tlakoxte:ka</nao> refers to what the <na>pasto:res</na> do to the <na>niño santo:tsi:n</na> for the 15 days preceding Christmas. They take the child saint to the Church and put him to bed, praying to it. They then take along dolls which represent the child saint. Many, though not all, of the shepherds (<na>pasto:res</na>) take these dolls to the church in order to put them to sleep. \qry Check to see if the reflexive is correct and, also, whether this can refer simply to the action of putting someone to bed, or whether it implies additional actions such as rocking to sleep, etc. \ref 05554 \lxa tekipanowa \lxac tekipanowa \lxo tekipanowa \lxoc tekipanowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to work a team of oxen in the fields \ss trabajar una yunta en la milpa \se to work (a physical job in general, e.g., bricklaying, weeding, repairing roads, etc.) \ss trabajar (un trabajo de trabajo físico en general, como la albanilería, desherbar, reparar caminos, etc.) \se to function; to work (a mechanical device) \ss funcionar; trabajar (un aparato mecánico) \pna O:notekets, xok tekipanowa. \pea It's stopped, it no longer works (a machine, watch, etc. that had been running). \psa Se paró, ya no trabaja (una máquina, un reloj, etc. que había estado funcionando). \xrb teki \xrb pan \xvcao tekipano:ltia \nae The inflectional paradigm of <nao>tekipanowa</nao> is distinct from that of <nao>panowa</nao>. The former follows the usual pattern for <n>-owa</n> verbs whereas the latter is based on the inflectional paradigm for passive or impersonal formations of verbs ending in underlying long {o:}. \qry Cf. Gram 1986-05-13/2. \ref 05555 \lxanotes zzz \mod This word used to be the entry for /tlato:lkwepilia/ but it appears taht this was given in a situation where I asked how one would say this. It is not recognized by others. The def. was 'to translate for' and the sentence /Ne:chtlato:lkwepilia, newa xniweli mejika:noh./ 'He translates for me, I don't know Nahuatl.' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05556 \lxa me:y \lxac pakah me:y \lxo me: \lxoc me: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der Onom \se calf \ss becerrito \pna O:yah me:y. \pea The calf went away. \psa Se fue el becerrito. \sem baby \sem animal \sem domesticated \nae The /e:/ is nasalized in both dialects, imitating the cry of a calf. This is a word used both by very young children before they can talk well and also by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. \pqry Check the nasalization and determine whether a special character should be used (e.g., /e/ with a tilde ~). \ref 05557 \lxa nemilistli \lxac *nemilistli \lxo nemilistli \lxoc nemilistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \sea life \ssa vida \pna Yewainemilis. \pea It is his life. \psa Es la vida deél. \seo (alienable possession) navel \sso (posesión enajenable) ombligo \pno Yo:nosemoya:w monemilis. \peo Your navel has spread out all over. \pso Tu umbligo se ha dispersado. \xrb nemi \mod Note that perhaps a new crossreference category should be added for nominalization-verbalization. E.g., in cases such as the present, the base verb should be given, whereas under /nemi/, nominalized forms should be given. \qry Further investigate the meaning of 'navel' in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 05558 \lxa koto:nchikipe:ltik \lxac koto:nchikipe:ltik \lxo koto:nchikipe:ltik \lxoc koto:nchikipe:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to have ones shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped) \ssao tener la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota) \apao koto:nchikipe:l \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Check for occurrence of /koto:nchikipe:liwi/ or /koto:nchikipe:lowa/. If neither exists, then perhaps a marker should be added [x] to Adj-part-wi-tik indicating that in the particular instance no verbal form is found. \ref 05559 \lxa sesente:ma \lxac kisesente:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(m) \sea to put neatly in order, one after the other (e.g., papers in a file, firewood in neat bundles, etc.) \ssa poner en orden, en serie (p. ej., papeles en un archivero, leña en manojos bien arreglados, etc.) \pna Nitlasesente:ntok. \pea I'm putting things in order (i.e., in series). \psa Estoy poniendo cosa en orden (en serie). \sea to alphabetize \ssa alfabetizar \xrb sem \xrb te:m \nse The meaning 'alphabetize' simply reflects one way in which things (material objects) can be placed in order. Criteria such as size, shape, color, use, etc. can also be used in arranging objects, and with each type of ordering the verb <na>sesente:ma</na> may be appropriately used. \qry Check whether the reduplication is underlying {sehsen} or {sesen}. Check SJ, particularly. Check also the different situations in which /sesente:ma/ can be used. \sj Sesen; cf. query above. \ref 05560 \lxa pi:pitik \lxac pi:pitik \lxo pi:pitik \lxoc pi:pitik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infa tik>tikeh \se to be small (used for small, mass, inanimate objects; plural is limited to animates) \ss ser chiquito; ser pequeñito (para objetos pequeños, no contables y no animados; en plural sólo para objetos animados) \pna Nochi pi:pitik motlikunw. \pea Your firewood is all very small. \psa Tu leña está muy chiquita todo. \sem size \cfao pitentsi:n \xrb pi \qry Recheck whether (and when) the plural can be used, /pi:pitikeh/, and what this difference is from the nonpluralized form. Also determine the difference between /pitentsi:n/ and /pi:pitik/ and whether both can be pluralized with an ending. \pqry The wave form and spectrogram of this word seem particularly good illustrations of \vl The two female tokens will probably have to be recovered by hand since they both seem to be under the 5,000 threshold. \ref 05561 \lxa siego:ti \lxac siego:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ciego \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become blind (a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself) \ss ponerse ciego (una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo) \syno i:xte:mechiwi \cfo i:xte:mpa:chika:ti \cfa i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \ref 05562 \lxa tlakwalte:kilia \lxac kitlakwalte:kilia \lxo tlakwalte:kilia \lxoc kitlakwalte:kilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to serve food to \ss servir comida a \pna Xte:chtlakwaltekili, yo:pe:w ta:pismikin! \pea Serve us some food, we've started to get hungry! \psa ¡Sírvenos algo de comida, ya empezamos a tener hambre! \xrb kwa \xrb te:ka \ref 05563 \lxa i:xmachi:ltia \lxac ki:xmachi:ltia \lxo i:xmachi:ltia \lxoc ki:xmachi:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to introduce to (one person to another) \ss presentar a (una persona a otra) \pna Timitsi:xmachi:lti:s nokni:w suwa:tl. \pea I will introduce my sister to you. \psa Te voy a presentar a mi hermana. \xrb i:x \xrb mat \xvbao i:xmati \qry Check correctness of this derived causative, and its use. Also cf. if there is a possible comparison to /i:xmaxtia/, i.e., if both exist and, if they do, the difference between them. Cf. Launey's remarks on the two types of causatives. I originally had a short /i/ in Am form, but have switched it to long based on Oa evidence. This should be checked. \vl The first female token is /niki:xmachi:ltia/ with the /ni-/ of 1st person (the citation form should be 3rd person with zero morpheme). This 1st-person form should be tagged but not \grm Attributive nouns; word order: Timitsi:xmachilti:s nokniw sowa:tl. 'I will introduce my sister to you' Note the use of the noun as a modifier following the head noun, i.e., sth like 'my female sibling.' But note that the attributive function follows the head. \ref 05564 \lxa tarabi:yah \lxac tarabi:yah \lxo tarabi:yah \lxoa trabi:yah \lxoc tarabi:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tarabilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sem tool \se wooden instrument used for twisting strands of hemp into rope or cord \ss instrumento de madera utilizada para torcer hilo de fibra para hacer sogas o cuerdas \cfo kohpa:pa:lakaxtli \cola abió:n tarabi:yah \colo abion tarabi:yah \mod Create illustration. \ref 05565 \lxa ma:kwixtok \lxac kima:kwixtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-Durative \infv Durative \sea to be holding or grabbing (sth) in ones hand \ssa estar agarrando o asiendo (algo) en la mano \pna Kima:kwixtinemi. \pea He goes around grabbing it in his hand. \psa Anda agarrándolo en la mano. \syno ma:pixtok \xrb ma: \xrb hkwiya \nse Both <na>ma:kwixtok</na> (Am) and <no>ma:pixtok</no> (Oa) have only been documented with a durative (progressive) or with certain aspectual endings (such as <na>-tinemi</na> (Am) / <no>-timi</no> (Oa)). They have not been found without one of these two types of endings. The inflectional paradigm (verb class) varies in accord with the ending. The etymology of <na>ma:kwixtok</na> is not clear, but perhaps includes the root <nr>hkwiya</nr>, which is usually found preceded by <nr>te</nr> (cf. <nla>tekwiya</nla> and other forms with an incorporated noun stem). \nae The simple intransitive ? <na>ma:kwia</na> has not been documented. In other words that seem to have the same <nr>kwiya</nr> element, it is always preceded by <n>te</n> and has the meaning of 'to roll up.' It seems like this element is the same as appears in <na>ma:kwixtok</na>, which suggests that <nla>tekwia</nla> is underlyingly {te + kwiya}. \ref 05566 \lxa tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n \lxac tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea type of vine still not identified \ssa tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado \pna Tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n | I:xo:chio me:roh ke:n chi:ltoto:roh. \pea <na>Tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n</na> : Its flower is just like a <nla>chi:ltoto:roh</nla> (type of folded tortilla). \psa <na>Tlatlama:tsowaltsi:n</na> : Su flor es precisamente como la del <nla>chi:ltoto:roh</nla> (tipo de tortilla doblada). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ma:ts \nse The purplish flower of this plant is shaped like a folded tortilla, hence its name. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as a tree named <spn>calendario</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has no plant of this name. \nct komekatl \nfc xo:chitl \ref 05567 \lxa tsotsokatewistli \lxac tsotsokatewistli \lxo tsotsokatewistli \lxoc tsotsokatewistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(s) \se type of pimples or rash that generally appear on th arms, legs, or face of small children; these small pimples rise up forming little balls, they do not contain any liquid and are often flattopped and of various sizes \ss tipo de sarpullido que sale generalmente por los brazos, piernas o cara de niños pequeños; estos pequeños granitos se alzan formando pequeñas bolitas de varios tamaños, no tienen ningún líquido y su parte superior es a menudo plana \pna Kipia tsotsokatewistli pa:mpa tsotsokatl iwa:n deke tikmamakasi, mitsasis. \pea He has the rash of pimples called <na>tsotsokatewistli</na> because he is stingy, and (also) if you fear it (the rash), it will get you. \psa Tiene el tipo de sarpullido llamado <na>tsotsokatewistli</na> porque es mezquino, y (también) si le tienes miedo (a este sarpullido) te va a alcanzar. \sem disease \xrb tsoka \xrb tewits \nse It is commonly said that someone has <nao>tsotsokatewistli</nao> because they are <nlao>tsotsokatl</nlao>, i.e., miserly, selfish, and unsharing. It is also said that if someone fears getting <nao>tsotsokatewistli</nao> they will be the ones to get it. The condition referred to is one in which parts of the skin pop up forming little balls. They do not contain liquid and are often somewhat flat-topped and of various sizes. \qry For cure, see Flk 1984-03-12.2 \vl There is a previous female token from 3663. \ref 05568 \lxa anyá:n \lxac anyá:n \lxo kaya:n \lxoc kaya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan gañán \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <na>anya:nes</na> (Am) / <no>kaya:nes</no> (Oa); poss. <na>noanyá:n</na> (Am) / <no>nokaya:n</no> (Oa); poss. pl. <na>noanya:nes</na>, <na>noania:nwan</na> (Am) / <no>nokaya:nwa:n</no> (Oa) \se worker hired for the planting season in order to work the junta \ss gañan, esto es, un trabajador contratado en laépoca de siembra para trabajar la yunta \encyctmp labor arrangements \nse An <na>anyá:n</na> is usually paid a sum of money or maize and, in Ameyaltepec, often given two pair of clothes, a sombrero, and sandals, sometimes three pairs depending upon the arrangement with the land owner. Whereas in some areas the <spn>gañan</spn> only works the junta and after the end of plowing no longer works, in Ameyaltepec the <spn>gañan</spn> is also often obligated to help take in the harvest, an arrangement that indicates perhaps greater exploitation of this laborer here than in other villages in the northern Iguala Valley. Many <spn>gañanes</spn> from Oapan and Analco go to Santa Teresa to work, starting about May 21 and ending with the release of the yunta, about Aug. 7. There they are paid in maize, from 11 to 16 cargas for the season. They are also fed or, if their wives come with them, given a ration. The workers are then responsible for transporting the maize given in payment back to their pueblos, an obligation that often takes a considerable portion o f their wage s (for they often give a percentage of the maize to the trucker). Note also that in Sta. Teresa the <spn>gañanes</spn> are given the maize after harvest, around December; if they request a carga before, it counts as double in a deduction from the final"wages."A worker who aids the <na>gañan</na> is called a <spn>boyero</spn> (Nahuatl <na>boye:roh</na>). He does not work the team of oxen and is paid considerably less. \mod Note that in various entries I have recorded the spelling as /anyá:n/. Check and determine which spelling, with /i/ or /y/ more accurately reflects the actual pronunciation. \qry Check Oapan plural possessed form. \ref 05569 \lxa i- \lxac i:tlan \lxo i: \lxoc i:tlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(pos) \der Pr-pre-poss \seao his or her \ssao su (deél o de ella) \qry A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec, checked several times. However, in Oapan it appears long, as it was in Classical. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the plural /im-/, and, most importantly, correct all occurrences if length needs to be changed. \ref 05570 \lxa chichí:k \lxac chichí:k \lxo chichi:k \lxoc chichi:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to be bitter \ss ser amargo \sem taste \xrb chichi: \qry Determine things that are classified as /chichí:k/. In my notes I have /kaxtilanmexkahli/. Check for transitive. \ref 05571 \lxa tekitl \lxac tekitl \lxo tekitl \lxoc tekitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se job \ss trabajo \pna Xnikpia tekitl. \pea I don't have a job. \psa No tengo trabajo. \se (<na>xtekitl</na>) to be easy; to not be difficult \ss (<na>xtekitl</na>) ser fácil; no ser difícil \pna Xtekitl! Sana:man yo:titlan. \pea It's easy! You finished right away. \psa ¡Es fácil! Luego luego terminaste. \pna Xtekitl tiktla:nis! \pea It won't be difficult for you to beat him! \psa ¡No va a ser difícil que le ganes! \se (alienable possession) the role or nature of; the character of \ss (posesión enajenable) el papel o destino de; el trabajo indicado para; el caracter de \pna Yewa itekiw para kitlama:maltia. \pea It is destined to carry it on its back (e.g., a beast of burden its load). \psa Es su papel cargarlo (p. ej., una bestia a su carga). \pna Tla:katl, itekiw para kukuwi. \pea Men, it is their role to chop wood. \psa Los hombres, es su destino (o papel) cortar leña. \pna Xnikwelita itekiw, xnikwelita ke:n kichi:wtok. \pea I don't like his character, I don't like how he's doing it. \psa No me gusta su caracter, no me gusta como lo está haciendo. \pna On suwa:tl umpa tlaka:wtli, yewa itekiw ika itlanekilis. \pea That woman is meant for that, that's her task (that she should do) with desire. \psa Esa mujer fue hecha para eso, es su trabajo (que debe hacer) con ganas. \seo (inalienable possession) the work of (a particular person) \sso (posesión no enajenable) el trabajo de (una persona en particular) \cfao i:tekiw \xrb teki \nae Note the different possessive constructions of <n>tekitl</n>. When possessed with the marker <n>-w</n> the term refers to a trait (or it may be the grammaticalized modal term <nlao>i:tekiw</nlao> referring to something that is bound to occur). However, with <n>-yo</n> the meaning is 'the work of [possessor]),' at least in Oapan Nahuatl. \grm -yo; possession: Note the different possessive constructions of <n>tekitl</n>. When possessed with the marker <n>-w</n> the term refers to a trait (or it may be the grammaticalized modal term <nla>itekiw</nla>. However, with <n>-yo</n> the meaning is 'the work of [possessor]),' at least in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 05572 \lxa tlapopo:chilia \lxac kitlapopo:chilia \lxo tlapopo:chilia \lxoc kitlapopo:chilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \seo to smoke (e.g., a <spn>guamúchil</spn> tree) by burning something that gives off a lot of smoke (e.g., dried leaves and brush, e.g., the fallen and dried leaves of the same <spn>guamúchil</spn>) \sso echar humo a (p. ej., losárboles de guamúchil) al quemar algo que eche mucho humo (p. ej., hojas secas de los mismos guamúchiles) \xrb po:k \xvbo popo:tsa \nae The ditransitive applicative form <no>popo:chilia</no> has only been documented with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>, reducing its valency to two. \ref 05573 \lxa nexketsa \lxac nexketsa \lxo nexketsa \lxoc nexketsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to prepare <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> by placing maize kernels in a bucket (<nlao>nexko:ntli</nlao>) of lime water that has been boiled and just taken off the hearth \ss preparar nixtamal al meter maíz dentro de una cubeta agua con cal (<nlao>nexko:ntli</nlao>) que ha sido hervida y apenas sacada del fogón \xrb nex \xrb ketsa \nse <na>Nexketsa</na> refers to the entire action of preparing <na>nextamal</na> from the moment the bucket of lime water is placed on a hearth. \ref 05574 \lxa ye:lo:tamahli \lxac ye:lo:tamahli \lxo ye:lo:tamahli \lxoc ye:lo:tamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se tamal made with fresh, green maize, <nlao>ye:lo:tl</nlao> \ss tamal de elote \pna Ye:lo:tamahli, tixtli nonelowa iwa:n ye:lo:tl; de to:tomoxtli. \pea For the <na>ye:lo:tamahli</na>, corn dough is mixed together with green corn; it is made in a corn husk (i.e., not wrapped in corn leaves as some tamales are). \psa Para el <na>ye:lo:tamahli</na>, masa de nixtamal se mezcla con elote; se hace con la cáscara de la mazorca (esto es, no se envuelve en hojas de maíz). \sem food \encyctmp tamahli \xrb e:lo: \xrb tamal \qry See entry under /tamahli/. \ref 05575 \lxa chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \lxac chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \lxo chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \lxoc chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se red maize \ss maíz rojo \sem plant \sem cultivated \sem food-maize \encyctmp tlayo:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb o:ya \nse This is a specific color of maize; also known as <nla>xo:koyo:lin</nla>. For a full list, see <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>. \vl Link 2nd male token. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 05576 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry /kala:ntetl/ it has been removed as vulgar. \dt 12/Jul/2002 \ref 05577 \lxa tlako:lowa \lxac tlako:lowa \lxo tlako:lowa \lxoc tlako:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Spec \infv class-2b \se to clear (of underbrush, bushes, trees, etc., land to be planted the following year) \ss desmontar; tumbar monte (de arbustos yárboles, un terreno que se planea sembrar el siguiente año) \pna O:tlako:lo:to. \pea He went to clear land. \psa Fue a desmontar. \pna Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas. \pea He's already cleared his land, next year he will plant it. \psa Ya desmontósu terreno, el año que viene lo va a sembrar. \encyctmp tla:hli \xrb tlako:l \nse The action indicated by <na>tlako:lowa</na> includes not only cutting down trees, but cutting part way through the branches of the trees so that the branches lie close to the ground and close together, enabling them to be burnt. If a person only cuts down the trees but does not so prepare the branches for burning, the verb <na>tlako:lowa</na> is not used. Rather, one might say <na>Xo:kitlako:loh, san o:tlatsontek</na> 'He didn't clear the land, he only cut down trees.' \qry Check for applicative. Check correctness of /Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas/. \ref 05578 \lxa ko:kopi:tsiwi \lxac ko:kopi:tsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it \ss sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema \sea to get sth stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down) \ssa tener la garganta atorada (p. ej., con comida que se queda atorado); taparse la garganta \equiva a:ko:kopi:tsiwi \equivo a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi \dis kechsa:liwi \xrb ko:koh \xrb pits \qry Determine if transitive form exists. Note that /a:ko:kopi:tsiwi/ is also correct (entry under /a/ section) although the reason or meaning of the /a:/ is not clear. Check also if there is an actual difference between the two. \ref 05579 \lxa sio:tomi \lxaa soyo:toma \lxac kisoyo:toma \lxo sio:toma \lxoc kisio:toma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <na>tesoyotoma</na> (Am) / <no>tesio:toma</no> (Oa) \infv class-3a(m) \se to unstich; to take stiches out of (a seam, stiches in the skin, etc.) \ss descoser; quitar la costura de (una costura en la ropa, la piel, etc.) \xrb sio: \xrb tom \qry All entries with /sio/ in Oapan should be rechecked carefully. I am unable to hear any length in the /o/ of /sio/, but sometimes think that it is there. NOTE: In the recording of this word I think that the long vowel is in evidence. I have so marked it. This should be checked. \rt In Ameyaltepec one finds <na>so:yo:tomi</na> for Classical <na>ciyotomi</na>. There is no evidence on vowel length in Classical Nahuatl. To facilitate cross-dialect comparison it might be advisable to list this root as <na>siyo:</na>, but given the absence of this root in any dialect other than Classical and Ameyaltepec, it has been decided to keep the root as <na>so:yo:</na>. \ref 05580 \lxa welati \lxac welati \lxo welati \lxoc welati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to have ones legs get sore (e.g,. from exertion and tiredness) \ss quedarsele adoloridas las piernas (p. ej., por esfuerzo o cansancio) \pna O:welat, xok wel nenemi. \pea His legs got sore (e.g., from walking or running) \psa Se le quedaron adoloridas las piernas (p. ej., de caminar lejos, de correr, etc.) \xrb wila: \qry Check whether this is the same as /welatia/. In my original notes I had noted that this latter refers to a complete inability to walk, well beyond lameness or soreness. \ref 05581 \lxa ma:ya:na \lxac kima:ya:na \lxo ma:ya:na \lxoc kima:ya:na \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to lead, guide, or take along by the hand \ss llevar o conducir agarrado de la mano \pna Ne:chma:ya:nan, xok nitlachia. \pea They lead me by the arm, I can no longer see. \psa Me guian agarrado por el brazo, ya no puedo ver. \pna I:wa:n o:noma:ya:ntiah. \pea He went along hand in hand with her. \psa El iba agarrándola de la mano. \pna Nikma:ya:ntiw, o:tla:wa:n. \pea I lead him along him by the arm, he is drunk. \psa Lo voy llevando por el brazo, se emborrachó. \pna San kima:ya:ntia:yan. \pea They would just lead him along by the arm (or hand, e.g. a person who is ill). \psa Solamente lo conducían por el brazo (o por la mano, p. ej., un enfermo). \xrb ma: \xrb ana \nse The verb <nao>ma:ya:na</nao> is almost always found with an aspectual verb of associated motion, most often <n>-tiw</n> or <na>-tinemi</na> (Am) / <no>-timi</no> (Oa), but occasionally it occurs with the durative <nao>-tok</nao>. \ref 05582 \lxa xi:ktlapo:wi \lxac xi:ktlapo:wi \lxo xi:htlapo:wi \lxoc xi:htlapo:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become unclogged (a narrow tube-like opening) \ss destaparse; desatascarse (algo como un tubo angosto) \se to feel a sharp pain in ones belly (e.g., in lifting a heavy weight) \ss sentirse un fuerte dolor por la zona del ombligo (p. ej., como resultado de levantar algo muy pesado) \xrb xi:k \xrb tlapo: \nse In Oapan <no>xi:htlapowi</no> is also employed in reference to the affliction or illness that occurs when <no>semoya:wi tonemilis</no> ; see <nlo>nemilistli</nlo> \ref 05583 \lxanotes zzz \mod This word was /xokotla:lia/ but it appears not to be a word used often, though it was documented. The definition was as follows '(refl.) to be a braggart; to be a big talker (bragging about sth that one does not have)' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05584 \lxa a:me:hli \lxac a:me:hli \lxo a:me:hli \lxoc a:me:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se small well dug in the sand next to a river allowing filtered water for drinking to seep through \ss pocito hecho en la arena junto a un río para que se llene de agua potable que se ha filtrado \pna Ma:ka umpa xtlate:ma ipan noa:me:l. \pea Don't fill your water jugs there in my well. \psa No llenes tu cántaro allí en mi pocito. \xrb a: \xrb me:ya \grm Note how it seems that /a:me:hli/ derives from /me:ya/, which indicates that perhaps the root is /me:/ and /-ya/ is a verbalizer. \mod Illustrate \ref 05585 \lxa tla:loli:nalistli \lxac tla:loli:nalistli \lxo tla:loli:nka:listli \lxoc tla:loli:nka:listli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(:) \se earthquake \ss terremoto; temblor \cfao tla:loli:ni \xrb tla:l \xrb o:li: \ref 05586 \lxa te:ntlapachiwtok \lxac te:ntlapachiwtok \lxo te:ntlapachihtok \lxoc te:ntlapachihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have ones mouth or lower face covered (particularly with cloth or objects made of cloth, usually to protect an injury or to cover pimples, nips from a boyfriend or girlfriend, etc.) \ss tener la boca o parte inferior de la cara cubierta (particularmente con una tela u objeto hecho de tela, generalmente para protegir una herida o esconder granitos, las mordidas de un novio o novia, etc.) \pna O:timote:ntsotsoloh, xok tite:ntlapachiwtok -=tite:nsa:liwtok-. \pea You took the covering off the lower part of your face (e.g., in becoming cured of a particular problem or disease), your mouth and chin are lo longer covered by cloth. \psa Te descubriste la parte inferior de la cara (esto es, al aliviarse de un problema médico en particular), ya no tienes una tela cubriendo la boca y mentón. \se to have the top or opening covered with a cloth (e.g., a pot or similar object, usually with the cloth tied tight around the rim so that dust, dirt, insects, etc. don't get in) \ss tener la boca o apertura cubierta con una tela (p. ej., una olla, tinaja, etc., usualmente con la tela amarrada para que no entre basura, polvo, moscos, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb tlapach \qry Undoubtedly /te:ntlapachiwi/ exists, but check and document. \ref 05587 \lxa to:nalchika:wa \lxac kito:nalchika:wa \lxo to:nalchika:wa \lxoc kito:nalchika:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-3a(w) \seao to fortify or strengthen the"soul"(<nlo>to:nal</nlo>) of \ssao fortalecer, hacer más fuerte el alma (<nlo>to:nal</nlo>) de \equiva to:nalchika:waltia \cfao to:nahli \xrb to:na \xrb chika: \qry Check to determine whether /chika:waltia/ exists and, if it does, whether there is a difference between transitive /chika:wa/ and /chika:waltia/. Also, for this entry, check for an intransitive form and for ?/to:nalchika:wa/. \mod Cf. Flk-1984-06-07.2 \ref 05588 \lxa tsi:ntamahli \lxac tsi:ntamahli \lxo tsi:ntamahli \lxoc tsi:ntamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se rear end (generally with the implication that it is large or fat) \ss nalgas (generalmente con la implicación que son grandes y gordas) \sem body \sem human \dis tsi:ntetl; tsi:ntamahli \xrb tsi:n \xrb tamal \qry In general elicit for all body parts descriptions of the part. Thus eyes: /i:xte:nyeyewaltik/, etc., for butts /tsi:npitentsi:n/, for mouths, ears, eyes, faces, arms, legs, hands, feet, buttocks, etc. Note creation of new code for body part descriptions. \ref 05589 \lxa tliwa:ki \lxac tliwa:ki \lxo tliwa:ki \lxoc tliwa:ki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(k) \se to be roasted; to be toasted (either on top of a clay griddle or directly on embers) \ss asarse; tostarse (o sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas) \xrb tli \xrb wa: \vl The first male token is /tliwa:hki/ (with an /h/ before the /ki/) not /tliwa:ki/. The male token /tliwa:hki/ should be tagged as 5934. \ref 05590 \lxa uch \lxaa uchah \lxac uch \lxo uch \lxoc uch \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan cochino (?) \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \se sound used for driving away pigs \ss sonido utilizado para espantar y ahuyentar a marranos \equivao kuch \nse In Oapan both <no>uch</no> and <no>kuch</no> are used to chase away animals such as pigs. However, <nlo>u:ch</nlo>, with an extended vowel, may be used to encourage a donkey to come along. \vl Pick the most energetic examples. I believe it would be the final male token (of three) and the final or penultimate female token. There then follows the sound to call pigs: /china china chinah/. There might only be 2 recoverable female tokens. Pick the final one and tage with #7761. \ref 05591 \lxa kórreah \lxac kórreah \lxo kórriah \lxoc kórriah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan correa \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes \se leather strap that is used in certain types of sandals \ss correa, tira de cuero de que se hacen algunos huaraches \qry Cf. if this also refers to other types of leather straps. \ref 05592 \lxa i:xte:ntekoya:wi \lxac i:xte:ntekoya:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to widen (a hole such as a buttonhole, a hole in ones belt, etc.) \ss ensancharse (un agujero o ojal de la ropa, etc.) \pna Yo:i:xte:ntekoya:w nowera:ch \pea The hole in my sandal has gotten wide (i.e. opened up). \psa El agujero en mi huerache ya se ensanchó(abriéndose). \syno boto:ntekoya:wi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \nse I.e. for things such as buttoneholes, etc. to widen. Note incorporation of /te/ intensifier. \ref 05593 \lxa te:tsa:wa:tioh \lxac te:tsa:wa:tioh \lxo te:tsa:wa:tioh \lxoc te:tsa:wa:tioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \se to be full of white lice (particlarly on ones shirt and clothes) \ss estar lleno o cubierto con piojos blancos (particularmente sobre la camisa u otra ropa) \cfao te:tsa:wa:tintli \xrb te:tsa:w \xrb a:t \nse When these lice invade ones clothes it is held to be a sign of poverty. They are particularly prone to appear on ones shirt. \qry Check for verbal form (intransitive and transitive), which probably also exist. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05594 \lxa tlaxkaltetso:tsontli \lxac tlaxkaltetso:tsontli \lxo tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n \lxoa tlaxkaltetsotsontsi:n \lxoc tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n, tlaxkaltetsotsontsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(n) \se type of toasted tortilla cooked without flipping and then sprinkled with salt on the top \ss tipo de tortilla dorada que se cuece sobre un comal sin voltear y después se le echa sal por la superficie \pna Tlaxkaltetso:tsontli, tikmana se: tlaxkahli wan tikontla:li:s koma:lko. Tikxi:xi:nili:s istatl, xkaman tihkwepas. San tikekwani:s, tiktla:li:s ipan metlatl wan tiktetso:tsonas ika metlapihli, ka:n xo:xohki, ka:n kipia istatl. Oksepa xkontla:li koma:lko, ikatok itech tlitl. Ma tliwa:ki. Tihkwepas deke se: la:doh o:tliwa:k. \pea (To make) a <na>tlaxkaltetso:tsontli</na>, you pat out a tortilla and place it on the griddle. You then sprinkle some salt on it here and there, you never turn it over. You then move it, you lay it on a metate and you pound on it with a <nla>metlapihli</nla> where it isn't cooked, where it has salt. Then you once again place it on the hearth, upright next to the fire. Let it get toasted. You turn it around if one side has gotten toasted. \psa (Para hacer) un <na>tlaxkaltetso:tsontli</na>, echas una tortilla y la pones sobre el comal. Entonces, le rocías sal poco a poco, nunca la volteas. Entonces la quitas, la colocas sobre un metate y la golpeteas con la mano del metate donde está cruda, donde tiene sal. Otra vez la pones donde está el comal, parada junto al fuego.¡Quése dore! Lo volteas al otro lado si ya se doró. \sem food-maize \snd 05594_OaF1a.wav \nae The present case exemplifies what appears to be vowel length variation among speakers, at least some from Oapan. There seems little doubt that Florencia Marcelino pronounces <no>tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n</no> with a long vowel reduplicant (from my original notes, this would appear to be the same reduplicant form as that found in Ameyaltepec). However, Inocencio Jiménez has a short vowel. Whether this reflects a general variation that distinguishes female and male speech (which would be unusual in Oapan) or whether this represents an idiosyncratic variation of Inocencio Jiménez is not clear at this point. However, measurements of duration strongly suggest differences not only at the phonetic but at the phonological level as well. For Florencia Marcelino the ratio of the vowels of /tso:tson/ are 125:74 and 116:56 ms; for Inocencio Jiménez the durations are 62:63 and 76:61 ms. \pqry Vowel length variation: The present case exemplifies what appears to be vowel length variation among speakers, at least some from Oapan. There seems little doubt that Florencia Marcelino pronounces <no>tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n</no> with a long vowel reduplicant (from my original notes, this would appear to be the same reduplicant form as that found in Ameyaltepec). However, Inocencio Jiménez has a short vowel. Whether this reflects a general variation that distinguishes female and male speech (which would be unusual in Oapan) or whether this represents an idiosyncratic variation of Inocencio Jiménez is not clear at this point. However, measurements of duration strongly suggest differences not only at the phonetic but at the phonological level as well. For Florencia Marcelino the ratio of the vowels of /tso:tson/ are 125:74 and 116:56 ms; for Inocencio Jiménez the durations are 62:63 and 76:61 ms. \grm Vowel length variation: The present case exemplifies what appears to be vowel length variation among speakers, at least some from Oapan. There seems little doubt that Florencia Marcelino pronounces <no>tlaxkaltetso:tsontsi:n</no> with a long vowel reduplicant (from my original notes, this would appear to be the same reduplicant form as that found in Ameyaltepec). However, Inocencio Jiménez has a short vowel. Whether this reflects a general variation that distinguishes female and male speech (which would be unusual in Oapan) or whether this represents an idiosyncratic variation of Inocencio Jiménez is not clear at this point. However, measurements of duration strongly suggest differences not only at the phonetic but at the phonological level as well. For Florencia Marcelino the ratio of the vowels of /tso:tson/ are 125:74 and 116:56 ms; for Inocencio Jiménez the durations are 62:63 and 76:61 ms. \vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token; not difference in vowel length. \xrb xka \xrb tsona \ref 05595 \lxa polowa \lxac kipolowa \lxo polowa \lxoc kipolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to lose (an object) \ss perder (un objeto) \pna O:mpoloh, xkanah ne:si. \pea I lost it, it's nowhere to be found. \psa Lo perdí, no aparece en ningún lado. \pna O:nikpopoloh notomi:n. \pea I lost my money (over time, e.g., as it fell out of my pocket little by little) \psa Perdími dinero (durante un tiempo extendido, p. ej., al estar cayéndome del bolsillo poco a poco). \se to be lacking to (i.e., to be short of, with English [S] marked as Nahuatl [O]) \ss hacer falta a \pna Ne:chpolowa tomi:n. \pea I'm short of money. \psa Me hace falta dinero. \pna Aí:k o:te:chpoloh tomi:n. \pea We never lacked for money. \psa Nunca nos faltódinero. \se (refl.) to make a mistake; to err \ss (refl.) equivocarse; errar; hacer un error \pna O:timopoloh, kas tikoxtoya. \pea You made a mistake (got it wrong), perhaps you were sleeping. \psa Te equivocaste, quizá estabas durmiendo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to waste \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) echar a perder; desperdiciar; malgastar \pna O:nikpo:poloh notomi:n. \pea I wasted my money (spending it all unwisely, here and there). \psa Malgastémi dinero (gastándolo irracionalmente, por aquíy por allá). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to erase (e.g., sth written down or drawn) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) borrar (p. ej., algo escrito o dibujado) \pna O:nikpo:poloh, xkwahli katka. \pea I erased it (e.g., the answer to a question), it wasn't right. \psa Lo borré(p. ej., la contestación a una pregunta), no estaba bien. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to interrupt; to cause (sb) to loose his bearings or train of thought \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) interrumpir; hacer perder (a algn) el hilo (p. ej., algn que está pensando) \pna O:tine:chpo:poloh, o:nikelka:w tli:n niknemilitoya nikchi:was. \pea You made me lose my train of thought, I forgot what I was thinking of doing. \psa Me hiciste perder el hilo, se me olvidólo que estaba pensando hacer. \pna Ne: nonono:tsalo:tok wan yewa te:po:polowa. \pea People are conversing there, and he interrupts. \psa Allála gente está conversando, y el interrumpe. \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to lose ones senses \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) perder el sentido \pna San niwa:ltlapolowa, ne:chkukwa notsontekon. \pea I just wind up losing my bearings (senses), my head hurts. \psa De vez en cuando salgo perdiendo el sentido, me duele la cabeza. \xrb pol \xvaao polowilia \qry In /aí:k o:te:chpoloh tomin/ make sure that tense/aspect is correct. Perhaps imperfective would be correct. Check the difference between /ne:chpo:polowa/ and /ne:chtla:tlapolo:ltia/. \ref 05596 \lxa sotla:wa \lxac kisotla:wa \lxo sotla:wa \lxoc kisotla:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi (Oa); V1-alt-wi(a) (Am) \infv class-3a(w) \se to make or cause to faint \ss hacer desmayar \pna Mitsisotlati:s, mitsi:xiwi:nti:s, welis mitssotla:was, pero ki:sas tli:n mitik tikpia. \pea It will make you vomit, it will get you drunk, it might make you faint, but whatever you had inside your belly will be expelled. \psa Te hace vomitar, te emborracha, hasta te puede hacer desmayar, pero sale lo que tienes adentro. \xrb sotla: \qry Recheck the correctness of this causative formation. Perhpas /sotla:wa/ can be transitive, i.e., perhaps the above should be /mitssotla:was/. Check. If /sotla:wia/ is correct. Add a grammar note on this type of causative formation. Note that in another set of file cards, original ones, I have /sotla:wi/ as the intransitive and /sotla:wa/ as the transitive. Cf. also /te:sotla:wani/ as 'sth that causes one to faint.' This suggests a transitive /sotla:wa/, not /sotla:wia/. \grm Causative: if /mitssotla:wi:s/ is correct in the above, this would indicate a causative variation of /sotla:wa/ and /sotla:wia/. This should be checked but if correct added to the grammar. Note that Classical had /sotla:wa/ as both intransitive and transitive; cf. Ameyaltepec /te:sotla:wani/, an agentive ending in /-ni/ that also suggests /sotla:wa/ as a transitive. \ref 05597 \lxa tlatla:ski \lxac tlatla:ski \lxo tla:tlaski \lxoc tla:tlaski \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se animal that is laying eggs (particularly referring to hens) \ss animal que está poniendo; ponedora (particularmente gallinas) \xrb tla:sa \cfa tlatlakali \nse Although <nla>tlatla:sa</nla> can be used to refer to any bird or fowl that is laying eggs, in Ameyaltepec <na>tlatla:ski</na> has only been documented in reference to hens. \nae In Oapan this term is rarely used; rather one finds that the relativized illucution <no>piyo yón tlátlakáli</no> is the common term. Florencia Marcelino said that she had heard <no>tla:tlaski</no> uttered by older people but was not sure of the pronunciation. This seems to explain the irregularity in vowel length. Historically the verb root has a long /a:/ and, as a transitive verb, the nominalization would take the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. The fact that the duration of the Oapan pronunciations by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez suggests a phonologically long initial vowel and a short verbal root vowel perhaps reflects their unfamiliarity with the term. Note that the transitive verb <n>tla:sa</n> has not been documented in either Oapan nor Ameyaltepec. \qry Check to see if other birds and fowl (or even snakes) can be referred to with the term /tlatla:ski/. Check /tlatla:ske:tl/, which probably doesn't exist. \ref 05598 \lxa tlakali \lxac kitlakali \lxo 'tlakáli \lxoa 'tlakále \lxop tlakali \lxoc kítlakáli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se throw or toss (e.g., a ball) \ss aventar o tirar (p. ej., una pelota) \se to throw or toss away (e.g., sth that is no longer good, that no longer works) \ss tirar (en el sentido de desechar algo que ya no está bien, que ya no sirve, tirándolo a la basura) \pna Xtlakali, xoh kwahli. \pea Throw it away! it's no longer good. \psa ¡Tíralo! ya no sirve. \se to knock down (an animate being or material object that is standing) \ss derrumbar (un ser animado o cosa parado) \pna Ticho:cholo:s para ma:ka mistlakaltiki:san. \pea You will walk fast (in this case behind a team of mules while plowing a field) so that they don't knock you down as they go. \psa Vas a caminar a prisa (en este caso atrás de una yunta de mulas) para que de paso no te avienten al pasar. \se (with a directional prefix) to toss into; to toss over (here/there) \ss (con un prefijo direccional) aventar (hacia acá/allá); echar (un objeto dentro de un recipiente, máquina, etc.) \pna Yo:nikontlakal tomi:n ipan roko:lah. \pea I tossed some money into the jukebox. \psa Echédinero al rocola. \se (<na>wa:ltlakali</na>) to toss to the ground (from a height) \ss (<na>wa:ltlakali</na> tirar al suelo (desde una altura) \pna O:kwa:ltlakal iye:wah. \pea His mare tossed him to the ground. \psa Su yegua lo aventó al suelo. \pna O:wa:lte:tlakal ipan korrá:l, o:kontila:n un to:roh. \pea It (in this case a bull) knocked someone down from the fence (around the bullring). The bull reached over (there, with its horns) and pulled him down. \psa Tiró(en este caso un toro) a alguien del corral (en la rueda de toros). El toro lo alcanzó(a un hombre con sus cuernos). \pna O:kwa:ltlakalito. O:sa:lihka ipan kohtli. \pea He came to knock it down to the ground (e.g., a kite). It had gotten stuck in a tree. \psa Vine a aventarlo al suelo (p. ej., un papalote de papel). Se había atorado en unárbol. \se (~ <na>-kone:w</na>) to have a miscarriage (a human or animal) \ss (~ <na>-kone:w</na>) sufrir un aborto espontáneo o no provocado \pna O:kitlakal ikone:w \pea She had a miscarriage. \psa Sufrió un aborto no provocado. \se (refl. + <na>-tech</na>) to play up to \ss (refl. + <na>-tech</na>) congraciarse a \pna Notlakali notech. \pea He plays up to me. \psa Se congracia a mí. \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication and often <n>-tiw</n>) to wobble back and forth, as if on the verge of falling (e.g., a person with arthritis when walking, etc.) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga y a menudo <n>-tiw</n>) tambalearse, de un lado a otro como si estuviera a punto de caer (p. ej., una persona con artristis cuando camina) \pna Notla:tlakaltiw ke:n pa:toh. \pea (When walking) he wobbles back and forth like a duck. \psa (Al caminar) tambalea de un lado a otro como pato. \sem motion \xrb tlahkali \xvaa tlakalilia \xvao tlákalília \xv1a tlatlakali \xv1o tlátlakáli \qry Affix order; directionals; impersonal; aspect: The order of affixation does not appear to be always fixed. Thus I had difficulty in determining whether the impersonal of aspectual constructions was after the main or the aspectual verb. In asking Florencia Marcelino (of Oapan), she stated that both are correct: /tlakwate:walo/ and /tlakwa:lote:wa/. I am still not certain if one form or the other is more common, or if there is a semantic difference between the two orders. Another example of variable order comes from the word /tlakali/. Here I have two example sentences with /te:-/ and /wa:l-/. One is /o:te:wa:ltlakal un to:roh/ and the other is /o:wa:lte:tlakal un to:roh/. The reason for this difference (see Gram 1986-09-08.1) is not clear, i.e., whether the order is simply variable or whether there is a semantic difference. It might also depend on the extent to which /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized. Note that the verb /wa:le:wa/, for example, has the /wa:l-/ fused in a new lexicalized verb. To the extent that /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized is the extent to which one might expect the /wa:l-/ to be closer to the verb stem that /te:-/ (although the usual order is directional +nonspecific object+verb). All this should be checked. \mod For the sentence /O:wa:lte:tlakal ipan korrá:l, o:kontila:n un to:roh/ see Gram 1986-09-08.1 Note that in one example sentence I have /o:wa:lte:tlakal/ and in another /o:te:wa:ltlakal/. Check. \grm Affix order; directionals; impersonal; aspect: The order of affixation does not appear to be always fixed. Thus I had difficulty in determining whether the impersonal of aspectual constructions was after the main or the aspectual verb. In asking Florencia Marcelino (of Oapan), she stated that both are correct: /tlakwate:walo/ and /tlakwa:lote:wa/. I am still not certain if one form or the other is more common, or if there is a semantic difference between the two orders. Another example of variable order comes from the word /tlakali/. Here I have two example sentences with /te:-/ and /wa:l-/. One is /o:te:wa:ltlakal un to:roh/ and the other is /o:wa:lte:tlakal un to:roh/. The reason for this difference (see Gram 1986-09-08.1) is not clear, i.e., whether the order is simply variable or whether there is a semantic difference. It might also depend on the extent to which /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized. Note that the verb /wa:le:wa/, for example, has the /wa:l-/ fused in a new lexicalized verb. To the extent that /wa:ltlakali/ is lexicalized is the extent to which one might expect the /wa:l-/ to be closer to the verb stem that /te:-/ (although the usual order is directional +nonspecific object+verb). All this should be checked. \grm Directionals; lexicalization: /O:kwa:ltlakalito. O:sa:lihka ipan kuhtli/ 'He came to knock it down to the ground (e.g., a kite). In the preceding phrase note the use of a directional prefix and suffix in the same verb. The prefix has the somewhat lexicalized meaning of 'to the ground' or 'down to the ground'; the suffix indicates purposive subject movement. This is an example of two movements being encoded in one verbal compound through affixation. Cf. this to verbs whose semantics itself encodes a directional path (e.g., /kalaktia/, which implies movement from outside to inside). \ref 05599 \lxa ye:lmoya:wa \lxac kiye:lmoya:wa \lxo e:lmoya:wa \lxoc ke:lmoya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn the stomach of; to disgust \ss darle asco a \xrb e:l \xrb moya: \nde Although the intransitive form has not been documented in Balsas region Nahuat it is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos, as the equivalent of <n>yelmoya:wi</n> ; here transitivization requires the use of a causative construction: <n>yelmoya:witia</n>. \qry Check for intransitive. \ref 05600 \lxa sakaa:jos \lxac sakaa:jos \lxt sakaa:jos \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>ajos</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic \ssa <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos. \pna Sakaa:jos | Xiwtli pero itik tla:hli kipia itsonteyotsitsi:wa:n. Wan nekwisti me:dioh ke:n a:jos, yewa ika kihlian 'sakaa:jos.' \pea <na>Sakaa:jos</na> : It is a herbaceous plant but inside the earth it has its bulbs. And it smells somewhat like garlic, for this reason it is called <na>sakaa:jos</na>. \psa <na>Sakaa:jos</na> : Es una planta herbácea pero dentro de la tierra tiene sus bulbos. Y huele algo como ajos, por eso le dicen <na>sakaa:jos</na>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo xóxonakátsi:n \equivo i:xonak a:ketspalin \equivo a:xonakatl \xrb saka \cpl Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Silvestre Pantaleón had heard of this type of grass, but Asención Marcelo said that he knew this plant. \nct sakatl \qry Check translation and meaning of /tsonteyotsitsi:wa:n/, perhaps this is related to a characteristic of an ant by this name. \ref 05601 \lxa tlapuwahli \lxac tlapuwahli \lxo tlapowahli \lxoc tlapowahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se person counted on the list of head of household \ss persona contada en una lista como cabeza de familia; objeto contado en un grupo \pna Xok tlapowahli nika:n. \pea He's no longer counted here (i.e., no longer a citizen or <nla>tekitla:katl</nla>). \psa Ya no es contado aquí(esto es, ya no es ciudadano o <nla>tekitla:katl</nla>). \se object that has been counted (as a member of a group, e.g., a head of cattle that has been counted as part of a herd) \ss objeto que ha sido contado (como miembro de un grupo, p. ej., una cabeza de ganado que ha sido contada como parte de un rebaño) \pna Te:wa:n tlapowahli. \pea It is counted with the rest. \psa Estácontado con los demás. \xrb po:wa \ref 05602 \lxa kexsa:liwi \lxac kexsa:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for something to get stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down) \ssa atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que se queda atorado) \pna Yo:nikexsa:liw pa:mpa xok ma:s ya:sneki notlakwal. A:chitsi:n ma nikoni a:tl para temo:s. \pea I got a clogged throat because my food doesn't want to go down anymore. Let me drink a little water so that it goes down (i.e. what is stuck in my throat). \psa Tengo la garganta atorada porque mi comida ya no quiere pasar. Déjame tomar un poquito de agua para que se despega (lo que está atorado). \syno kopa:htestia \xrb kech \xrb sa:l \dis kechsa:liwi; ko:kopi:tsiwi \dis kechsa:liwi \qry Check for possible transitive form and use. Also check for other possible meanings of the intransitive. \ref 05603 \lxa kextetepon \lxac kextetepon \lxo kextetepon \lxoa kextetepoh \lxoc kextetepoh, kextetepon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be headless \ss estar sin cabeza \pna Burroh kextetepon. \pea It is a headless burro (a type of <na>na:wahli</na>). \psa Es un burro sin cabeza (un tipo de <na>na:wahli</na>). \xrb kech \xrb tepon \fl tetepon \nse Although a <na>burroh kextetepon</na> is a type of <na>na:wahli</na>, the word <na>kextetepon</na> can refer to any headless animal (such as a chicken). \ref 05604 \lxa mexkahli de sakaixtli \lxac mexkahli de sakaixtli \lxo mexkahli de sakayextli \lxocpend @mexkahli de sakayextli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(ch) \se type of agave still not identified \ss tipo de agave todavía no identificado \pna Mexkahli de sakaixtli | Bwe:noh para i:loh para tiksa:lo:s anjolí:n. \pea <na>Mexkahli de sakaixtli</na> : It is good for making string that is used to tie sesame. \psa <na>Mexkahli de sakaixtli</na> : Es bueno para hacer hilo que se usa para atar ajonjolí. \sem plant \sem cactus \equivao sakamexkahli \xrb mexkal \xrb saka \xrb ich \nct mexkahli; sakamexkahli \ref 05605 \lxa poti:xatia \lxac poti:xatia \dt 04/May/2005 \loan botija (?) \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-4d(tia) \sea to become pot-bellied; to get a swollen or bloated belly (a person or animal) \ssa llegar a ser barrigón o panzón; hincharsele a uno la barriga (a una person o animal) \pna Asta yo:tepotixa:tiak, mlá:k kwahli o:ixwik. \pea It's belly even got bloated, it really ate its fill. \psa Hasta se le hinchóla barriga, de veras comióbien. \nse <na>Poti:xatia</na> usually refers to a condition deriving from illness (e.g., malnutrition, particularly among children) and only jokingly is it said about someone whose belly is stuffed and bloated from food. \qry Note that whereas I have recorded that the intensifier is OK here, I do not have this noted for words such as /poti:xatik/, this should be checked. \ref 05606 \lxa i:xna:miktia \lxac ki:xna:miktia \lxo i:xna:mihtia \lxoc tlai:xna:mihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to provide with the second half (or major part) necessary to complete a task (e.g., to provide a second ox or mule needed to complete a plow team, or to supply half the firewood needed to complete a load carried by a beast of burden, etc.) \ss proveer con la otra mitad (o una parte principal) necesaria para alcanzar una meta a (p.ej., encontrar el buey o mula necesario para completar una yunta, o contribuir un lado de una carga de leña, etc.) \pna O:ki:xna:miktih tli:n iwa:n tekitis. \pea He provided the companion (animal) to that with which he is working (thus completing the team of oxen or mules). \psa Le dio su pareja al (animal) que estaba trabajando (asícompletando la yunta de bueyes o mulas). \pna Tlai:xna:miktian, se:sentetl kipian. \pea They each contribute one half (of the yunta), each has one (animal). \psa Cada quien da la mitad (de la yunta), cada uno tiene un (animal). \pna O:tlai:xna:miktikeh ika tlikuwtli, san sesen la:doh o:kwa:hkikeh. \pea They got together to complete a load of firewood, each one brought (the firewood for) one side. \psa Se juntaron para completar una carga de leña, cada quien trajo un lado (de leña). \xrb i:x \xrb na:miki \xvbao i:xna:miki \nse This verb is probably derived from a nominal form <na>i:xna:miktli</na> (Am), much the same as the verb <na>na:miktia</na> (Am) is derived from <na>na:miktli</na> (Am). <na>I:xna:mihtia</na> does not seem to be a causative. This verb is only found with the <n>tla-</n> prefix in Oapan. \nde In Classical there are various senses of this verb. Thus Molina has three entries of <n>ixnamictia</n>, each with different prefixes: <n>ninote</n> 'competir, o rifar con otros'; <n>nite</n> 'rebolver a otros'; and <n>nitla</n> 'aforrar algo, o poner una cosa contra otra.' \qry Check in general length of /wa:n/ or /iwa:n/ to make sure vowel is not short. Check other significations of /i:xna:miktia/. \grm Compare this to the forms and translation in RS. It would appear that there are two meanings of /i:xna:miktia/ in classical. One, given as /nite-/ is glossed as 'atacar, sublevar, levantar a los demás'. This would seem to be a direct causative to /i:xna:miki/ meaning 'to confront'. Context might indicate that there is a primary and secondary object here. However, another meaning is simply transitive. Cf. /A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh/ in which the subject is the animal that will 'make a pair' with the ox. With /O:ki:xna:miktih tli:n iwa:n tekitis/, however, the object is the animal worked with /tli:n iwa:n tekitis/. Cf. /iyeltia/. \ref 05607 \lxa ma:tompo \lxac ma:tompo \lxo ma:tompo \lxoc ma:tompo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>tompo</spn> (?) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>ma:tompomeh</na> (Am) / <nao>ma:tompomeh</nao> (Oa) \seao water animal, grey or blackish in color, that is said to be a type of large <nbao>chakalin</nbao>, but without arms or pincers \ssao animal del agua, de color gris o negrito, que se dice ser un tipo de <nbao>chakalin</nbao> grande, pero sin brazos o pinzas \sea person with a bad arm (either congenitally, or one that is deformed, e.g., haven been broken and not having healed properly; used in general for sb who does not have full use of his arm or arms) \ssa persona con un brazo mal (quizo o congenitamente, o tal vez por haberse roto y no haberse sanado bien; empleado para personas que no tienen uso completo de sus brazos) \pna Ma:totompo. \pea He has two bad arms. \psa Tiene los dos brazos mal. \sem animal \sem marine \xrb ma: \nae The etymology of <nao>ma:tompo</nao> given that the element <nao>tompo</nao> has not been clearly identified as a Spanish loan. \qry Recheck for final /h/ also check vowel length (e.g., of the first /o/ in /tompo/) Also, check to see if this is a loan, or related to the word for a stumpy arm, etc. Also, check for homophony to word for someone with a bad arm. It is used in general to refer to someone who does not have full use of his arms. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05608 \lxa amanka:kwi \lxac namanka:kwi \lxo ámanká:kwi \lxop amanka:kwi \lxoc námanká:kwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V2 \der V1-refl \tran +Refl/-trans; +Caus \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to become upset or fed up \ss (refl.) hartarse \pna Nika:n kali yo:nimamanka:kwik, a:man ye niaw. \pea I've gotten fed up here indoors, now I'm going (outside). \psa Me he hartado aquíadentro, ahora ya me voy (afuera). \pna Nimanka:kwi. Tle:ka ihkón tine:chihlia? \pea I'm upset. Why do you say it to to me like that (i.e., that someone saw me drunk, or anything that might bother me or get me upset). \psa Estoy harto,¿Porquéme lo dices de esta manera? (p. ej., que alquien me vióborracho, o cualquier cosa que me moleste, que me mortifica porque es algo que no me gusta escuchar o saber). \xrb ahmana \xrb kwi \xvca amanka:kwi:tia \xvco ámanka:kwí:tia \qry Apparently used only in the reflexive, although this should be checked. \grm The form /yenia:w/ is written as one word given the accent pattern, which falls on the /e/ in the phrase given. Add the clitic nature of /ye/ to the grammar notes. \grm Apparently /amankakwi/ is used only in the reflexive, although this should be checked. It seems that the causative is used transitively and that the reflexive is not. Thus both /amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ are monotransitive. The diffence seems to be in the agentive quality of the subject. In the former, subject is simply co-referent with patient, and there is no agent or cause. In the latter, subject acts as agent and is the cause of patient's change of mental state. What apparently occurs is that in verbs in which there is no cognate intransitive to transitive constructions, the reflexive indicates non-agentive action, whereas the the causative indicates a prototypical agent-patient interaction. \ref 05609 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl kostik \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl kostik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \seao variety of the species <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the yello variety is found only in housesite gardens and does not grow wild in the Balsas region; in Spanish <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> \ssao variedad o forma de la especie <l>Plumeria rubra</l> L., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores amarrillas no es silvestre en la región del Balsas sino que se encuentra solamente en jardines caseros de los pueblos del valle \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \encyctmp ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \xrb sta \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \ref 05610 \lxa i:xte:nkukwitlanextik \lxac i:xte:nkukwitlanextik \lxo i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik \lxoc i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \se to have light-colored, greyish (and sometimes bluish) eyes \ss tener los ojos de un color gris ligero (y a veces azúl claro) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \mod Determine the difference in color between <na>i:xte:nkukwitlanextik</na> and <na>i:xte:nsasa:rkah</na>. Also add in /ono section a discussion of eye color. Note that the reduplicated form refers to sb with eyes of that color. The non-reduplicated form to sb who has been hit in one eye and whose eye gets cloudy as a result. \pqry Again note how the reduction of the reduplicant occurs on an underlying long vowel in the incorporated noun. And again, the noun stem is a body part. \ref 05611 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the record for /i:kxi wexo:lotl/ and has been deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 05612 \lxa ikopi:lia \lxac kikopi:lia \lxo íkopí:lia \lxop ikopi:lia \lxoc kíkopí:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to close ones eye at (at times taken as a sign of dislike) \ss cerrarle el ojo a (a veces tomado como un señal de disgusto hacia la persona) \pna O:ne:chikopi:lih. Melá:k o:ne:chtlawe:litak saka o:nyeka icha:n. \pea He squinted his eyes at me. He really despises me only because I went to his house. \psa Me cerrólos ojos. De veras me odia, nada más porque había ido a su casa. \pna O:tikikopi:lih, tiktlawe:lita. \pea You blinked your eyes at her, you dislike her. \psa Le pestañeaste, no te cae bien. \xrb hkopi \xvba ikopi \xvbo íkopí \nse This should be compared to two forms of the verb <no>kopilia</no> : <no>kikopilia</no> and the reduplicated <no>kí:kopília</no>. \pqry Check length of /i/ in the final segment, /ikoPILia/, in one instance I have it recorded long. I have changed it to long based on this and the fact that in Oapan it is long. Recheck. \vl The first male token is /íkopília/, without the object prefix /k/. It should be /kíkopília/. I do not know what word /íkopília/ is so it should be tagged 99999_05612_OM1a.wav \ref 05613 \lxa tla:lchikiwtli \lxac tla:lchikiwtli \lxo tla:lchikihtli \lxoc tla:lchikihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se perforated earthen pot used as a sieve to clean the <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> of <nlao>nexa:yo:tl</nlao> before it is ground \ss coladera de cerámica que se emplea para limpiar el nixtamal de <nlao>nexa:yo:tl</nlao> antes de que se muela \sem tool-cook \xrb tla:l \xrb chikiw \mod Illustrate \ref 05614 \lxa komisa:rioh \lxac komisa:rioh \lxo komisa:rioh \lxoc komisa:rioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan comisario \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se town mayor and judge, aided by a lieutenant mayor, the <nla>segundoh</nla> (Am) / <no>sego:ndoh</no> (Oa) \ss alcalde y juez del pueblo, cuyo ayudante es llamado el <nla>segundoh</nla> (Am) / <nlo>sego:ndoh</nlo> (Oa) \sem govern \syna jwes \synao tekiwah \encyctmp officials \ref 05615 \lxa mi:hlan \lxaa mi:hla:n \lxac mi:hlan \lxo mi:hlah \lxoc mi:hlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1[poss] \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cornfield \ss milpa \pna Nia:s nomi:hlan. \pea I'm going to my cornfield. \psa Voy a mi milpa. \xrb mi:l \xrl -tlan \nse Unlike <nao>-tla:lpan</nao>, which is always possessed, (cf. <na>nia:s te:tla:lpan</na> 'I am going to someone's field'), <na>mi:hlan</na> has not been documented with a nonspecific possessor. Thus one often hears <na>nia:s mi:hlan</na> 'I'm going to work in a cornfield,' and not ? <na>nia:s te:mi:hlan</na>, which I have never heard, although this fact does not preclude that it may also be correct. However, one does often hear <na>mi:hlan</na> possessed with 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person markers: <na>xkaman niaw momi:hlan</na> 'I never go to your cornfield.' \nae According to Chen Díaz the final /a:/ is long in <na>mi:hla:n</na> and <na>to:hla:n</na> although he has a short /a/ in words like <na>a.skatlan</na>. Apparently the locative meaning of <na>mi:hla:n</na> has influenced the vowel. Nevertheless in Oapan it is short. Ameyaltepec forms should be rechecked. \ref 05616 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for the placename /A:tlahko/. It is now in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05617 \lxa xihkón \lxac xihkón \lxo xihkón \lxocpend xihkón \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \com Neg-Adv-Demons \der Adv \sea see <nlao>xkon</nlao> \ssa vé ase <nlao>xkon</nlao> \vl The Oapan tokens here should be tagged as 2208. As is usually the case, the later sounds should be better and therefore the links should be made with the later recordings. \ref 05618 \lxa anjoli:n mo:hli \lxac anjoli:n mo:hli \lxo a:jolmo:hli \lxoa a:jolih mo:hli \lxoc a:jolmo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan ajonjolí \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \se type of mole made of sesame seeds \ss tipo de mole hecho de anjolín \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb mo:l \nse In Oapan both the incorporate and unincorporated forms, <no>a:jolmo:hli</no> and <no>a:jolih mo:hli</no>, are found. In Ameyaltepec only the unincorporated form has been documented. \pqry Recheck length of /a/ for all examples of 'sesame'. Here I seemed to definitely here a short /a/ in Ameyaltepec but a long /a:/ in Oapan. \vl Link 2nd female token of /a:jolmo:hli/ and 1st male token. \ref 05619 \lxa ayuwechmo:hli \lxac ayuwechmo:hli \lxo áyawachmó:hli \lxoc áyawachmó:hli,áyowachmó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se <spn>mole verde</spn>, mole made with dried squash seeds \ss mole verde, hecho de pepitas de calabaza \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb ayoh \xrb wech \xrb mo:l \qry Note the sequence <no>áya-</no> at the beginning of this noun. Also check the length of the initial vowel. In this pronunciation it seems definitely short. \ref 05620 \lxa tsokwilowa \lxac kitsokwilowa \lxo tsókwilówa \lxop tsokwilowa \lxoc kitsókwilówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to make dirty; to make disgustingly dirty \ss hacer mugriento; hacer sucio hasta la asquedad \se (refl.) to dirty oneself (e.g, from diarrhea) \ss (refl.) ensuciarse (p. ej., de diarrea) \pna O:nimotsokwiloh, nima:pi:tsa. \pea I dirtied myself, I have diarrhea. \psa Me ensucié, tengo diarrhea. \xrb tsohkwil \qry Check for other uses. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent, phonology: Note that although in a discussion session preceding elicitation Florencia Marceino stated that either /kitsókwilówa/ or /kítsokwilówa/ was correct, in the recording she would only accept /kitsókwilówa/. It would appear, therefore, that this latter form is the correct one (or at least highly dominant). The lack of shift is probably due to the overall syllable structure and the fact that not only does the output /kitsókwilówa/ maintain IO maximalization of identity but it maintains pitch on the syllable with coda {h}. \ref 05621 \lxa tlatsatsako:ni \lxac tlatsatsako:ni \lxo tlá:tsekó:ni \lxoc tlá:tsekó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \sem tool-cook \se ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as <spn>elotes</spn> and tamales are cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the <na>tlatsatsako:ni</na> often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle \ss plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se está cocinando con vapor cosas como elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los <na>tlatsatsako:ni</na> a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio \pna Notepalkaw de tlatsatsako:ni. \pea It is a (regular) ceramic bowl of mine that I use as a lid (e.g., on a pot used to cook tamals, to keep the steam in). \psa Es un plato hondo de cerámica mío que utilizo como tapadera (p. ej., sobre una olla utilizada para cocer tamales, para que no se escape el vapor). \equiva tlatsatsakwalo:ni \xrb tsakwa \nse My original notes stated that this instrumental is much less common than its synonym, <nla>tlatsatsakwalo:ni</nla>, of which it is apparently an apocopated form. \qry The vowel length of the first /a:/ in the Opaan form is uncertain. Check. \vl There are 8 tokens of this word; all should be tagged 5621. \mod Illustrate; see illustration on original 3x5 card. \ref 05622 \lxa kuwi:xkuwatl \lxac kuwi:xkuwatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of striped snake still not identified \ssa tipo de culebra con rayas, aparentemente llamada chicote en español \sem animal \sem snake \equivo a:kowatl \encyctmp kowatl \xrb kowi:x \xrb kowa \nse Apparently this is the same as Oapan <nlo>a:kowatl</nlo> although this should be rechecked. \ref 05623 \lxa te:kwa:nyo \lxac i:te:kwa:nyo \lxo te:kwa:nyo \lxoc i:te:kwa:nyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni \infn N2(yo) \se stinger (of particular insects) \ss aguijón (de ciertos insectos) \sem body \sem animal \xrb kwa \cfa tsi:nkoli:tah \nse The following animals have a stinger: <nlao>chi:lpan</nlao>, <nla>tetekomasol</nla>, <nla>obeji:tas,</nla> and the <nla>ko:lo:tl</nla>. \qry Determine if there is an unpossessed form ?/te:kwa:nyo:tl/. \grm Note how an /-ni/ derived agentive can be inalienably possessed and how the final /i/ drops out in this process. A similar elision occurs with compounding. \ref 05624 \lxa sampe:nas \lxac sampe:nas xmotlalo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan apenas \psm Adv \der Adv-man \sea barely; just a little \ssa apenas; un poquito \pna Sampe:nas xki:xpoye:li! Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes! \pea Just salt it a little! Don't put a lot in, if you do it will get too salty! \psa ¡'échale un poquito de sal! No le pongas mucha, porque si lo haces así, va a pasarse de sal. \synao tepitsi:n \ref 05625 \lxa wa:hki \lxaa wa:lki \lxac kwa:hki \lxo wa:hki \lxoc kwa:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to bring (to a specific deictic reference point) \ss traer (a un punto específico deíctico) \pna Xkwa:hki, nihkwa:sneki! \pea Bring it over here, I want to eat it! \psa ¡Trá elo acá, me lo quiero comer! \se to come pick up and take away (see <nla>kwi</nla>) \ss venir a recoger y llevar (vé ase <nla>kwi</nla>) \pna Mo:stla nikwa:hkis, a:man xnikaxilia. \pea Tomorrow I'll come pick it up, today I don't have the time. \psa Mañana vengo a recogerlo, hoy no alcanzo. \xrb kwi \cfa kwi \nae <nao>Wa:hki</nao> represents a phonological variation of the seldom realized ? <n>wa:lkwi</n>. According to Inocencio Díaz in the past it was more common to say <na>wa:lki</na> but that this has been changing to <na>wa:hki</na>, the form used by the majority of Ameyaltepequeños. However, he uses <na>wa:lki</na>, which is the form he said he learned while young. Note also that there are two tense/aspect inflectional patterns for this verb. The first, with the meaning 'to bring (to a specific deictic reference point)', simply considers <na>wa:hki</na> as a class 4 verb with the expected conjugation pattern: <na>kwa:hkis</na>, <na>o:kwahkik</na>, etc. In the second pattern, with the meaning 'to come pick up and take away,' <na>wa:hki</na> is analyzed as the directional prefix <na>wa:l-</na> and the verb <nla>kwi</nla>. In those tenses and aspects in which the directional prefix <na>wa:l-</na> is used, the verbal form <na>wa:hki</na> (or, with some speakers, <na>wa:lki</na>) is used (e.g., <na>kwa:hk is</na>, <na>kwa:hkiya</na>, etc.). However, with those tenses and aspects in which suffix is used, the verb <na>kwi</na> appears as expected: <na>o:kikwiko</na>, <na>xkwiki</na>, etc. Thus the two senses of <na>wa:hki</na> could (or should, perhaps) be considered two separate entries. \grm Directionals: <nao>Wa:hki</nao> represents a phonological variation of the seldom realized ? <n>wa:lkwi</n>. According to Inocencio Díaz in the past it was more common to say <na>wa:lki</na> but that this has been changing to <na>wa:hki</na>, the form used by the majority of Ameyaltepequeños. However, he uses <na>wa:lki</na>, which is the form he said he learned while young. Note also that there are two tense/aspect inflectional patterns for this verb. The first, with the meaning 'to bring (to a specific deictic reference point)', simply considers <na>wa:hki</na> as a class 4 verb with the expected conjugation pattern: <na>kwa:hkis</na>, <na>o:kwahkik</na>, etc. In the second pattern, with the meaning 'to come pick up and take away,' <na>wa:hki</na> is analyzed as the directional prefix <na>wa:l-</na> and the verb <nla>kwi</nla>. In those tenses and aspects in which the directional prefix <na>wa:l-</na> is used, the verbal form <na>wa:hki</na> (or, with some speakers, <na>wa:lki</na>) is used (e.g., <na>kwa:hkis</na>, <na>kwa:hkiya</na>, etc.). However, with those tenses and aspects in which suffix is used, the verb <na>kwi</na> appears as expected: <na>o:kikwiko</na>, <na>xkwiki</na>, etc. Thus the two senses of <na>wa:hki</na> could (or should, perhaps) be considered two separate entries. \ref 05626 \lxa tepoxaktetl \lxac tepoxaktetl \lxo tepoxahtetl \lxoc tepoxahtetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se crumbly stone made of hardened sand, such material is not found in the area of Ameyaltepec but is present in Oapan, where it is used for hearthstones (<nla>temanastetl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>temanistetl</nlo> (Oa)) \ss piedra hecha de arena endurecida que se desmenuza fácilmente; tal piedra no se encuentra en los alrededores de Ameyaltepec pero sí en Oapan, donde se emplea para los tres soportes de la fogata (<nla>temanastetl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>temanistetl</nlo> (Oa)) \sem stone \xrb poxa: \xrb te \nse The first element of this noun is <nla>tepoxaktik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tepoxahtik</nlo> (Oa), derived from the verb <nlao>poxa:wi</nlao>. Note that in other compounds the participial form used: <nla>poxa:hka:sowa:tl</nla> (Am) 'a sickly or weak woman.' \qry Check to determine whether both /poxaktik/ and /tepoxaktik/ exist (cf. my comments under /poxaktik/). Also check whether /poxaktetl/ is correct. \vl The first female token is /tepoxahtik/ and should be tagged with ref #04480. \grm Incorporation; modification; adjectivals: Note that there are two ways in which the stem /poxa:/ is incorporated to modify nouns. These two ways are illustrated by /poxa:hka:sowa:tl/ 'a sickly or weak woman' and /tepoxaktetl/ 'a crumbly rock of hardened sand.' The first is clearly the participial form of the verb /poxa:wi/, i.e., /poxa:hka:/, with the common phonological change of w>h in the environment indicated (before /k/, etc.). This type of incorporation of participial modifiers is quite common. However, the other incorporation is less common. Verbs that end in /-a:wa/ form an adjectival through the reduction of the stem, the aggregation of /-ktik/ and, almost always, the prefixation of the intensifier /te-/. Thus one has /toma:wi/ and /tetomaktik/, /pitsa:wi/ and /tepitsaktik/ and /poxa:wi/ and /tepoxaktik/. However, as this entry demonstrates, the adjectival form may be reduced and then placed before a noun that it modifies. One key point to investigate is when this incorporat i on is used, and when theparticipial forms are used. Would one have ?tepoxaksowa:tl and ?poxa:hka:tetl. Check here and in cognate constructions. \ref 05627 \lxa ma:tia \lxac noma:tia \lxo ma:tia \lxoc noma:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl., with <n>-pan</n>) to use ones fists (e.g., in defending oneself) \sso (refl., con <n>-pan</n>) usar los puños (p. ej., en defenderse) \pno Xkaman te:pan noma:tia, ma:si kiwi:sokih. \peo He never defends himself with his fists, even though they beat him up. \pso Nunca se defiende con los puños, aunque le dan de golpes. \pno I:pan timoma:tia te:kone:w. \peo You beat up on other children. \pso Pegas a los demás niños. \se (refl.) to have sticky fingers (i.e., to take for oneself that which is dear or precious) \ss (refl.) tener la mano larga (esto es, tomar por si mismo lo que es caro o escaso) \pna Noma:tia, konki:tskia tli:n tlasoti. \pea He has sticky fingers, he reaches out to take what is dear (e.g., money, etc.). \psa Tiene la mano larga, agarra lo que escasea (p. ej., dinero). \sea (refl.,with a second ojbect) to beat up on \ssa (refl., con un segundo objeto) golpear (a una persona que no se opone o no puede defenderse) \pna ¡Xkita deke tine:chnoma:ti:s! \pea You decide if you want to beat up on me (i.e., I won't fight back)! \psa ¡Vélo túsi quieres golpearme (no voy a devolver los golpes! \pna Misnoma:tia:ya. \pea He used to beat up on you. \psa Te daba unas tundas. \xrb ma: \nae Some Ameyaltepec consultants accepted the reflexive (with the sense of 'to beat up on') with an additional overt object if 1st or 2nd person, e.g., <nl>tine:xnoma:tia</nl> 'you beat up on me.' Note that the reflexive is that of the 3rd person, not <n>mo-</n> as expected with the 2nd person singular <n>timo-</n>. With an additional 3rd person object, the marker is not overt, which gives the impression of an absence of head marking: <na>timoma:ti:s Juan</na> 'you are going to beat up on Juan.' In Oapan this word is always used with <n>-pan</n> to indicate the additional object. It is often used with <no>te:kone:w</no> as in one example above. The sense is always that of using ones fists on someone that one knows one can beat up. In Oapan <no>noma:tia</no> (without <n>-pan</n>) has the additional sense of 'to defend oneself with ones fists,' e.g., <no>¿tlia:o:n o:timoka:wilih, timoma:ti:sia?</no> 'Why did you let yourself (be beat up), you should have defended yourself with your fists!. \qry Further determine if transitive, nonreflexive form can be used, and further clarify meaning. \ref 05628 \lxa sokimolo:nki \lxac sokimolo:nki \lxo sokimolo:nki \lxoc sokimolo:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a foul-smell from sledge and mud (water, particularly standing water) \ss tener un mal olor a causa de fango o lodo (agua, particularmente agua estancada) \pna Tikita a:tl chipa:wak, pero sokimolo:nki. Mero un sokitl xkwahli ka:n me:xtok. \pea The water looks clear but it is foul-smelling from mud (i.e., the sediment along the bottom). It is the mud itself that is no good where the water springs forth. \psa El agua se ve limpia pero huele mal por el fango. Es el mismo lodo que no está bien en el lugar donde brota (el agua). \xrb soki \xrb molo: \qry Check spelling and pronunciation of /mero/ (perhaps /me:ro/, /meroh/, /me:roh/, etc.). Make sure that /me:xtok/ in the above illustrative phrase refers to the place where the water springs forth. \ref 05629 \lxa kwa:pa:tsowa \lxac kikwa:pa:tsowa \lxo kwa:pa:tsowa \lxoc kikwa:pa:tsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to splash water on the face of \ss echarle agua a la cara de \pna Ma nimokwa:pa:tso:ti para ma:ka nikochisneki! \pea Let me go splash some water on my face so that I won't feel sleepy! \psa ¡Déjame ir a echarme agua a la cara para que no tenga sueño! \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ts \qry Check for intransitive: /kwa:pa:tsiwi/. \rt Mention that /pa:ts/ is related to /pa:/, and point out connection between /pa:/ and /pa/ or /a:/. \ref 05630 \lxa tlake:nxi:ni \lxac tlake:nxi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea (riddle) for the bark to drop off (of a tree) \ssa (adivinanza) caérsele la cáscara a (unárbol) \pna Nochipa cho tlake:nxixi:ntok \pea Clothes are just dropping off of it all the time (in this case the <nbao>kuwxio:tl</nbao>, a tree with peeling bark, as mentioned in a riddle). \psa Nomás se le está tirando ropa todo el tiempo (en este caso el <nbao>kuwxio:tl</nbao>, unárbol con cáscara que se pela, como se menciona en una adivinanza). \xrb ke:m \xrb xi: \nse The only occurrence of this word to date has been in a riddle in reference to a tree with peeling bark that all days is shedding off its"clothes"onto the ground. \ref 05631 \lxa i:xse:wi \lxac i:xse:wi \lxo i:xtse:wi \lxoc i:xtse:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become discolored or faded; to lose its luster (e.g., a colored cloth or painted surface) \ss despintarse o descolorarse; perder la vista o el brillo de los colores (p. ej., una tela o una superficie pintada) \pna Kwaltsi:n tlachia:ya. A:man xohkó:n, yo:i:xse:w. \pea It used to have a pretty appearance. Now it's no longer like that, its lost its luster. \psa Tenía una apariencia bonita. Ya no es así, perdiósu brillo. \xrb i:x \xrb se: \qry In above phrase check final root length of /tlachiaya/. Determine transitive form of /i:xse:wi/. \pqry Note s>ts / x ___ \grm Oapan phonology: Note change of /s/ to /ts/ in the following: /i:xtse:wi/. \rt Note in general the problem of etymology, should it be /se:w/ or /se:/. If the latter, then set up several different entries under /se:/ to distinguish 'one' from 'cold'. \ref 05632 \lxa pachiwi:tia \lxac kipachiwi:tia \lxo pachiwi:tia \lxoc kipachiwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to send home or away (a suitor's family and representatives [O] told to leave by a girls father [S], etc.) \ss mandar a casa (p. ej., los parientes y representantes de un pretendiente [O] por el papárenegante de la novia [S]) \pna Deke xtikmati, kwa:kon nite:pachiwi:ti:s. \pea If you don't know (a father speaking to a daughter as to whether she wants to marry a suitor), then I'll get rid of them (i.e., tell the suitor's representatives and father to leave and not come back). \psa Si no sabes (un padre preguntando a su hija si acepta casarse con su pretendiente), los voy a despedir (a los representantes y parientes del pretendiente, diciéndoles que se vayan y que no regresen). \se to allow to or let leave; to send home (e.g., a group of hired hands [O] after a day's work) \ss despachar o dejar ir (p. ej., a un grupo de trabajadores [O] después de un día de trabajo) \pna Ye tio:tlak wan xe te:chpachiwi:tia. \pea It's already late in the afternoon and he hasn't let us (in this case workers in sb's field) go home. \psa Ya es tarde y todavía no nos deja ir (en este caso trabajadores en el sembradío de otra persona). \se to fire (from a job); to relieve of a responsibility \ss despedir (de un trabajo); eximir de una responsabilidad \se to deny to (sb, a right or privilege to) \ss negar o vetar a (algn, un derecho o privilegio) \pna Ma:ka san tikwa:hkis a:tl, o:mitspachiwi:tikeh. \pea Don't try to come take any more water (e.g., at a communal well), they've closed it off to you (in this case because you've reached your cuota they won't allow you to take anymore). \psa No vayas a venir para llevarte agua (p. ej., en un pozo comunal), ya te lo vetaron (in este caso porque ya alcanzaste tu cuota y no te van a dejar sacar más). \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to take ones leave \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) despedirse \pna Ne nitlapachiwi:tia. \pea I take my leave. \psa Me despido. \se (recipr.) to take leave of each other \ss (recipr.) despedirse \pna A:man ye niaw nocha:n, xoh kaman timotaskeh, nika:n timopachiwi:tian. \pea Now I'm going home, we won't see each other anymore, here is where we take leave of each other. \psa Ahora ya me voy a ir a casa, ya no nos vamos a ver, aquínos despedimos. \se (<n>-wa:n</n> + refl.) to take leave of \ss (<n>-wa:n</n> + refl.) despedirse de \pna Mo:wa:n ye nimopachiwi:ti:s, ne:xchian nocha:n \pea I will take leave of you now, they are waiting for me at home. \psa Ya me voy a despedir de tí, me están esperando en la casa. \xrb pach \qry In /ne nitlapachiwi:tia/ check whether the /ne/ is correct and whether it is an apocapated form of /newa/. Also recheck the translation of /ne nitlapachiwi:tia/ which I have translated as"I take my leave."Perhaps /nitlapachiwi:tia/ means 'I let people go (e.g., workers whose day has come to an end).' Check. \rt Probably the root /pach/ here should be reanalyzed as homophonous to the root of /pachiwi/, cf. /pachiwi/ 'to press down on st.' However, this is still not clear, as it might be a metaphoric extension of the same root. \ref 05633 \lxa kwa:kokoto:na \lxac kikwa:kokoto:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \sea to prune or cut the top branches off (a plant), leaving it stripped of foliage on top \ssa cortarle las ramitas más altas (de una planta), dejándolo sin follaje en la parte alta \syno kwá:tsotsontéki \cfa kwa:tetepolowa \cfo kwá:tepolówa \xrb kwa: \xrb koto: \qry Check other uses as well as existence of nonreduplicated form. Also check for intransitive. \ref 05634 \lxa alba:kah \lxac alba:kah \lxo aliba:kah \lxoc aliba:kah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan albahaca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se basil, a type of small, white flowering plant \ss albahaca, tipo de pequeña planta con flores blancas \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem domesticated \cpl Schoenhals (1988) identifies albaca as <i>Ocimum basilicum</i>, 'sweet basil' and states that it is used for stomache aches. \nfc xo:chitl \qry One record has /aliba:kah/. Check pronunciation. \ref 05635 \lxa potoktli \lxac potoktli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni-k \infn Stem 1(:) \se steam (of coffee or other very hot liquids); heat given off (of moist things packed together in a hot environment) \ss vapor (de café o de otros líquidos muy calientes); calor que sale (de cosas húmedas que están apretadas en un medio caloroso) \pna... ipotokio kafé:h \pea... steam given off by coffee \psa... vapor de café \syno ítipotóhtli \xrb poto: \nae Although the verb ? <na>poto:ni</na> has not been documented in Balsas Nahuatl it is present in Classical (cf. Molina <n>potoni.ni</n> heder, o oler mal.' It is not unlikely that <na>potoktli</na> derives from this verb in the way that <nla>poposoktl</nla> derives from <nla>poso:ni</nla>. \qry Check for existence of /poto:ni/. /potoktli/ has the form of a word derived from a verb ending in /o:ni/. However, check both the existence of the supposed base verb, and its meaning. Also check the full possible meanings of /potoktli/. I have recorded only 'steam' or 'vapor.' Cf. to /poto:ni/ which is given to mean 'oler mal,' in Classical. \ref 05636 \lxa wepe:wa \lxac kwepe:wa \lxo kope:wa \lxoc kikope:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to detach; to pull off \ssao desprender; arrancar; botar \pna O:tikwepe:w moye:lo:w. \pea You pulled your green ear of corn out (of its husk, or off the stem). \psa Arrancaste tu elote (de su cáscara, o bien desprendiéndolo de su tallo). \pna O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl. \pea I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by. \psa Me chingó un caminante (en este caso algn que pasópor mi milpa); arrancó unos elotes al pasar. \se to uproot (see <nlo>wiwitla</nlo> \ss desarraigar (un objeto de donde está metido; see <nlo>wiwitla</nlo>) \xrb wepe: \xvaa wepe:wilia \dis wepe:wi; kopi:ni \qry Check whether /wepe:wa ye:lo:tl/ refers to pulling it off of the stem or to pulling it out of its husk. Check also the correctness of /xkuwepe:wa un komekatl ka:n itsmoli:ntok/. I have removed this definition: 'to uproot (see <nlo>wiwitla</nlo> ' /Xkuwepe:wa un komekatl ka:n itsmoli:ntok!/ 'Pull that vine off there where it is sending up new shoots (leaving the roots and stump in place and pulling off only the new sprouts)!' \grm Antipassive: Note the following /O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl/ 'I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by.' Note that it would have been possible, I believe, for the speaker to have uttered /...o:kuwepe:w ye:lo:tl/, but this did not occur. It would seem that one explanation for this is that the discourse topic in this sentence is the action performed by the traveler, and not the green ears of corn, which are almost incidental to the event. It seems, then, that the use of the"antipassive"formation occurs when it is the active or transitive event that is highlighted and the object itself is incidental. It is not a previous topic of discourse, nor will it be subsequently. \ref 05637 \lxa ixwa \lxac ixwa \lxo ixwa \lxoc ixwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to sprout (seedlings or cultivated plants, wild plants) \ss brotar (cultivos como maíz y frijol, plantas silvestres) \pna Yo:tlaxwak. O:nikitato. \pea It (in this case a milpa) has started to sprout up. I've already gone to take a look. \psa Ya empezó a brotar (en este caso las plantas en una milpa). Ya la he ido a ver. \pna O:tlaxwak ika miák xiwtli. \pea It got all covered up by weeds that sprouted. \psa Se cubrióde maleza que brotarópor todos lados. \se (fig.) to grow (hair, white hairs with old age, etc.) \ss (fig.) salir (pelo, cañas a la gente vieja, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w ixwa nokwa:istal. \pea I have started to get white hairs. \psa Se me empezaron a salir cañas. \xrb xwa \qry Check status of initial /i/, whether or not epenthetic, although it apparently is, viz. /tlaxwa/. Also determine whether there is a transitive/causative form. \ref 05638 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kextli:lihki \lxoc kextli:lihki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to be black-necked; to have a black neck (e.g., certain types of birds) \sso tener un cuello negro (p. ej., ciertos tipos de pájaros) \equiva kechtli:ltik \sem body-description \xrb kech \xrb tli:l \ref 05639 \lxa pi:tso:tl \lxac pi:tso:tl \lxo pi:tso:tl \lxoc pi:tso:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se woven palm container hung over ones shoulder and to ones hip that is used for storing caught grasshoppers until one arrives home to cook them on a <nlao>koma:hli</nlao> \ss recipiente de palma tejida colgado del cuerpo hasta el nivel de la cintura y utilizado para guardar chapulines cazados hasta llegar a casa, donde se cuecen sobre un comal \se hot tortilla lightly sprinkled with salt and rolled up and mushed together (used to feed very young children) \ss tortilla caliente rociada con un poquito de sal y enrollada y aplastada (para darle de comer a niños muy pequeños) \pna Xmaka pi:tso:tl un kone:tsi:ntli! \pea Give that little child a <na>pi:tso:tl.</na> ! \psa ¡Dále un <na>pi:tso:tl.</na> a ese niñito! \pna Xkwa mopi:tsow! \pea Eat your <na>pi:tso:tl</na> ! \psa ¡Come su <na>pi:tso:tl</na> ! \sem tool \xrb pi:ts \nae Etymologically <nao>pi:tso:tl</nao> seems to be related to the verb root <nr>pi:ts</nr>, which indicates a general narrowing of a material object. Both the form of the palm container (a cylinder with a narrowed opening) and the rolled up and crushed hot, salted tortilla, suggest this semantic relation. For this reason the root of <na>pi:tso:tl</na> has been given as <na>pi:ts</na> and not <na>pi:tso:</na>. \qry Check possessed form. Although I have entered /ipi:tso:w/, for the one occurrence I have written down in the example sentences I originally wrote /ipi:tsoh/. \mod illustration \ref 05640 \lxa tlai:xtechiko:ni \lxac tlai:xtechiko:ni \lxo tlaí:xtechikó:ni \lxoc tlaí:xtechikó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-inst-ni \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se fiber brush used to dust and clean off the <nlao>koma:hli</nlao> before using it to cook (particularly tortillas) \ss escobilla de fibras utilizada para limpiar el comal antes de utilizarlo para cocinar (particularmente tortillas) \pna Tlai:xtechiko:ni, ika kipupwan koma:hli \pea The <na>tlai:xtechiko:ni</na>, it is used to clean off the <na>koma:hli</na>. \psa El <na>tlai:xtechiko:ni</na>, con eso limpian el comal. \syna suwa:montli \syno siwa:montli \cfo 'techiki \sem tool \xrb i:x \xrb chiki \nse The tool is an instrument of hard grass bound together in a bundle perhaps 6 cms long, and that is used to brush the surface of the <spn>comal</spn> before starting to make tortillas. \nae The motivation for the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</no> is not entirely clear. Often the verbal stem <no>chiki</no> or <no>techiki</no> is reduplicated, though in this case the Ameyaltepec cognate is not reduplicated. However, given that there is no evidence of underlying {h} in any part of <no>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</no> it would seem that the pitch accent is a reflex of the reduplicant. If this were the case there are two possible interpretations. The first would be that the stem <no>techiki</no> reduplicates and that this is reflected in the pitch accent on the preceding long vowel of an incorporated noun stem <no>i:x-</no>. However, given that it is unusual for a long vowel preceding a reduplicated stem to accept the reduced reduplicant, this explanation might not be the most credible. The second explanation is that the compound verbal form <no>i:xtechiki</no> itself reduplicates. There is a general rule that reduplicated stems with long initial vowels simpl y acqui re pitch accent on the vowel (cf. <nlo>a:polaki</nlo> and <no>á:poláki</no>). Thus <no>i:xtechiki</no> would reduplicate as <no>í:xtechíki</no>. This, in turn, would then nominalize as <no>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</no>. \qry I had this sentence but am not sure of its correctness: check /Tlai:xtechiko:ni, tlai:xpupwa ika i:koma:l ikwa:k i tlaxkalowa./ 'The <na>tlai:xtechiko:ni</na>, she cleans off the surface of her <nlao>koma:hli</nlao> with it when she is about to make tortillas.' \grm Antipassive; null object: /Tlai:xtechiko:ni, tlai:xpupwa ika ikoma:l ikwa:k i tlaxkalowa/ Note that in this contruction is seems that the object of the transitive /i:xpupwa/ is the comal, but the marking on the verb is of the nonspecific object /tla-/ and the patient itself (that whose surface is cleaned), is expressed obliquely. It might be possible to interpret the /ika/ as marking the instrumental (as would be the case in the simple phrase /tlai:xtechikoni, tlai:xpupwa ika/), but it appears much more probable that in the full phrase of the illustrative sentence it is the"antipassive"construction that obtains. \ref 05641 \lxa ye:kma:tli \lxac ye:kma:tli \lxo ye:hma:tli \lxoc ye:hma:tli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \se right hand (as body part) \ss mano derecha (como parte del cuerpo) \se (<na>i:pan</na> ~) to the right \ss (<na>i:pan</na> ~) a la derecha \pna Tia:skeh ipan ye:kma:tli. \pea We're going to go to the right. \psa Vamos a ir a la derecha. \sem body \sem human \xrb ye:k \xrb ma: \pqry Check vowel length of /ye:k/ in Am /ye:kma:tli/, Chen Díaz asserted that it was short. \ref 05642 \lxa tei:ni \lxac tei:ni \lxo tei:ni \lxoc tei:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to break up in pieces; to shatter; to crumble (sth brittle such as dried plants, glass, egg shells, clay pots, etc.) \ss desmenuzarse; hacerse añicos (algo quebradizo como plantas resecas, vidrio, cascarón de huevo, etc.) \pna Yo:wa:tsalka:mik iswatl, o:pe:w tetei:ni. \pea The corn leaves have gotten brittle from having dried, they've started to crumble into small pieces \psa Las hojas del maíz (zacate) se quedaron todo quebradizo por haberse resecado, ya empezaron a desmenuzarse. \pna Tla: ipan ticholo:s, tei:nis nosin. \pea If you step on it, my <spn>mazorca</spn> will get broken to pieces (i.e., the kernels will fall off). \psa Si le pisas a mi mazorca se va hacer añicos (cayéndole todo el maíz). \pna Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni. \pea They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the <nla>itakatl</nla>, (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces. \psa Echaron las gorditas (<nla>itakatl</nla>) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose. \pna O:wetsiko, o:tlapa:ntekok, o:tetei:ntekok. \pea It fell to the ground, it broke when it hit, it shattered when it hit. \psa Se cayó al suelo, se rompió al contacto, se estrelló al contacto con el suelo. \xrb tei: \grm Directionals; /-teko/; vertical motion: Note how /-teko/ indicates that an action/event occurred when something hit the ground: /O:wetsiko, o:tlapa:ntekok, o:tetei:ntekok./ 'It fell to the ground, it broke when it hit, it shattered when it hit.' Note how in general the /-ko/ is parallel in meaning to /-teko/. \ref 05643 \lxa wexo:lo:tl \lxac wexo:lo:tl \lxo wéxó:lo:tl \lxop wexo:lo:tl \lxoc wéxó:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se turkey (in general) \ss guajolote (en general) \se male turkey \ss guajolote macho \pna Wexo:lo:tl notekomo:nia, kitokatinemi cha:ntsi:n. \pea The male turkey puffs up and ruffles its feathers, it is following around after a female turkey. \psa El guajolote macho se infla y eriza su plumaje, anda siguiendo un guajolote hembra. \se (<na>ia:ko:n wexo:lo:tl</na>) ball of flesh that is located on a turkey's breast \ss (<na>ia:ko:n wexo:lo:tl</na>) pelota de carne que se encuentra sobre el pecho de un guajolote \sem animal \sem bird \equivao xo:lo:tl \xrb weh \xrb xo:lo: \nse Most consultants stated that a <na>wexo:lo:tl</na> is identical to a <nla>xo:lo:tl</nla> although some stated that the <na>xo:lo:tl</na> referred to a younger turkey. The <na>wexo:lo:tl</na> is not considered a <nlao>to:to:tl</nlao> but most speakers. \qry In one file card I had the final /o/ short (e.g., /wexo:lotl/); length should be rechecked. Recheck whether /xo:lo:tl/ is acceptable and is identical to /wexo:lo:tl/. Recheck for presence of /h/, reported in other dialects. \grm Oapan phonology : Note that in /wéxó:lo:tl/ the stress is maintained over the long middle /o:/ even though the final syllable is also long. \ref 05644 \lxa tixtli \lxac tixtli \lxo tixtli \lxoc tixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(x) \se <nla>nextamahli</nla> that has been ground (on a metate, in a hand mill, or in an electric mill) and is used to make tortillas and various other foods \ss masa, nixtamal molido que se usa para hacer tortillas \se ground <na>nextamahli</na> including other ingredients (such as sugar, salt, etc.) that have been added to make any number of foods \ss nixtamal molido al que se le ha agregado varios ingredientes (p. ej., sal, azúcar, etc.) y que se emplea en una cantidad de comidas \se dough (for bread, and in general any similar substance) \ss masa (para pan u otras comidas similares) \xrb tisi \ref 05645 \lxa kwelpaxtik \lxac kwelpaxtik \lxo kwelpaxtik \lxoc kwelpaxtik; kwe:kwelpaxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com S-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be folded \ss estar doblado \pna Tiktemachi:was de kwelpaxtik. \pea You'll measure it when it's folded in half (e.g., a waistband of a trouser). \psa Lo vas a medir cuando estédoblado (p. ej., la cintura de unos pantalones). \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to be windy (a road; see <nla>chikitoltik</nla>) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ser sinuoso (un camino; vé ase <nla>chikitoltik</nla>) \pno Kwe:kwelpaxtík otlí. \peo The road is windy. \pso El camino es sinuoso. \xrb kwelpach \qry Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/. \xrb kwel \xrb pach \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this headword in reduplicated form: /kwe:kwelpaxtik/ at 6242. These should be tagged as 5645 and linked to the second pronunciation. Of the tokens (originally 6242) for /kwe:kwelpaxtik/, link the 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 05646 \lxa wa:hki \lxac wa:hki \lxo wa:hki \lxoc wa:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \infa ki>keh \se to be dried \ss ser secado \pna Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni. \pea They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the <nla>itakatl</nla>, (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces. \psa Echaron las gorditas (<nla>itakatl</nla>) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose. \smlao wa:tsaltik \xrb wa: \qry Query order for complex predicates, as indicated in the following discussion: Complex predicates; Word order; adjectives: Note the syntax in the following: /Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni/ 'They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the <nla>itakatl</nla>, (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.' The question here is the status of /wa:hki/. It describes the state of the gorditas, or masa to make them, as it/they were placed on the griddle. In this sense it is like"They set the itacates down dry on the comal,"a complex predicate construction. This would seem to be the general syntax for such constructions. One might, therefore, find a sentence such as /wekapan o:ke:kchi:w ikal/ 'he made his house tall.' My feeling on these matters is not altogether clear, but perhaps in some cases the secondary predicate can follow the object: ?/o:ke:kchi:w ikal wekapan/ or even ?/o:ke:kchi:w wekapan ikal/. However, the most natural order seems to be the one in dicated above, in the example sentence. \grm Complex predicates; Word order; adjectives: Note the syntax in the following: /Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni/ 'They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the <nla>itakatl</nla>, (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces.' The question here is the status of /wa:hki/. It describes the state of the gorditas, or masa to make them, as it/they were placed on the griddle. In this sense it is like"They set the itacates down dry on the comal,"a complex predicate construction. This would seem to be the general syntax for such constructions. One might, therefore, find a sentence such as /wekapan o:ke:kchi:w ikal/ 'he made his house tall.' My feeling on these matters is not altogether clear, but perhaps in some cases the secondary predicate can follow the object: ?/o:ke:kchi:w ikal wekapan/ or even ?/o:ke:kchi:w wekapan ikal/. However, the most natural order seems to be the one indicated above, in the example sentence. \ref 05647 \lxa yo:lchika:wa \lxac kiyo:lchika:wa \lxo yo:lchika:wa \lxoc kiyo:lchika:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to take a firm position and refuse to yield \ss (refl.) tomar una posición o asumir una actitud firme sin querer ceder \pna O:noyo:lchika:w. O:kipachiwi:tih ikni:w. \pea He took a firm, unyielding stance. He kicked his brother out (in this case of a house the first brother claimed was his in inheritance). \psa Tomó una posición firme. Corrió a su hermano (en este caso de una casa que el primer hermano reclamaba como suya por herencia). \pna Noyo:lchika:wa pa:mpa yewa ia:xka. \pea He takes a firm position because he knows that it is his. \psa Asume una posición tenaz porque sabe que es suyo. \xrb yo:l \xrb chika: \qry Check whether this verb /yo:lchika:wa/ can be used transitively, or whether there is a causative form for this. \ref 05648 \lxa tsotsole:teh \lxac tsotsole:teh \lxo tsotsole:teh \lxoc tsotsole:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>tsotsoleh</n> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be hairless; to be bald (an animal) \ss ser sin pelo (un animal) \se to be naked (fully or partially, a person, particularly from the waist up); to be topless (in dress) \ss estar desnudo (competa o parcialmente, una persona, particularmente de la cintura hacia arriba) \xrb tsol \nse The etymology of <na>tsotsole:teh</na> is uncertain, but it might well be derived from the Spanish termination <spn>-ete</spn> on Nahuatl <na>tsotsol</na>. \qry In one file card I note that /tsotsoleteh/ is used to indicate nakedness from the waist up; check this. The specific /tsi:ntetepon/ is used to indicate nakedness from the waist down. \ref 05649 \lxa a:yo:ki:sa \lxac a:yo:ki:sa \lxo a:yo:ki:sa \lxoc a:yo:ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to seep out the pus or liquid of an infection (e.g., a part of the body) \ss salirse agua del pus o líquido de una infección (p. ej., una parte del cuerpo) \pna Kipia ye:rbah. Totopo:ni, pe:wa a:yo:ki:sa ima ka:n isti. \pea It (a mule in this case) has a fungus infection (from Sp. <na>yerba</na>). It (the infected place) is bursting, it's front leg has started to get filled with pus where its hoof is. \psa Tiene yerba (en este caso una mula). se está reventando (el lugar infectado), su pierna de delante ya empezó a llenarse de pus, allípor su pezuña. \seo to secrete a liquid from inside (e.g., wood from which saps comes out, perhaps as it is cut) \sso echar o dejar salir un líquido desde adentro (p. ej., madera del cual se le sale savia al cortarse) \cfao kwitlati; kwitlatia \xrb a: \xrb ki:sa \qry I have only heard this used to refer to an infection that begins to fill with pus; check for other possible acceptations. \mod Perhaps add a discussion of the difference between /kwitlati/ and /a:yo:ki:sa/, if necessary. \grm A comment should be made on the manner in which incorporated nouns may indicate a type of specificity through the use of /-yo/, a suffix that indicates an inalienable or intrinsic relation. Thus /a:yo:tl/ is used most often for 'juice,' (of a fruit), 'broth,' (of a dish being cooked), etc. For the grammar contrast /a:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:ki:sa/. \ref 05650 \lxa kwa:sebo:ti \lxac kwa:sebo:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cebo</spn> \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to have dried soap remain in ones hair \ssa quedarse con jabón seco en el cabello \equiva kwa:sebo:tia \xrb kwa: \ref 05651 \lxa mala:ya \lxac mala:ya niá:skia \lxo mala:ya \lxoc mala:ya tia:sia \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \seo may it be so, I hope so (in reference to an event or action) \sso ojalá; espero que así sea (en referencia a un evento o acción) \seo it would have been just as well not (e.g., in reference to an action that the speaker is indifferent) \sso hubiera sido bien si no (p. ej., en referencia a una acción) \pno Mala:ya tia:sia. \sound_ref_Oa 05651_01_oa \peo It would have been just as well had you not gone. \pso Hubiera sido bien si no te fuiste. \equiva malaí:k \xrb ma \nse The meaning and use of this Oapan Nahuatl term needs further exploration. Apparently it is always found preceding a verbal predicate, unlike Ameyaltepec <nla>malaí:k</nla> which seems to function as well as a simple interjection: <na>Malaí:k!</na> 'May it never be!' However, the precise context of use of Oapan <no>mala:ya</no> needs to be further researched. For now, an approximation seems to be that it expresses a speaker's expression of disdain, that something that had occurred (in the past) might just as well have not occurred, or that something that might occur (in the future) could just as well not occur (i.e., speaker has little interest if it happens or not). However, much more research needs to be done. \nae <no>Mala:ya</no> probably derives from the optative particle <no>ma</no>, but the etymology is still not clear. Likewise, vowel length is still problematical and several more examples of this word will need to be obtained. In the eight tokens recorded so far the length relationship between the first and second /a/ is 72:96, 66:98, 85:105, and 81:107 for Florencia Marcelino, and 101:103, 96:94, 92:110, and 99:107 for Inocencio Jiménez. At times initial vowel seems definitely long, but no sure determination has yet been made. For now it has been written as short. \qry Recheck vowel length since the card on which this word is recorded was from the first set that was not checked. Note that in Ameyaltepec I was given the translation"may it be that (in reference to an event or action)"or, in Spanish"ojaláque (en referencia a un evento o acción)"and the sentence /Malaya miák yeskia/"I wish there were a lot!"or"¡Ojaláque fueran muchos!"This might be in error. Check. I have temporarily removed /mala:ya/ from Ameyaltepec even though I had the phrase /Mala:ya miák yeskia./ and the translations 'I wish there were a lot!' or '¡Ojaláque fueran muchos!' This should be checked and, if correct, added under this entry. \vl There are 4 additional tokens at #2712, which should be tagged as 5651. However, given that the sound quality is better later on, the two linked forms should be from 5651, this will also match up with the phrase /mala:ya tia:skia/. \ref 05652 \lxa kale:wahli \lxac kale:wahli \lxo kale:wahli \lxoc kale:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se flowering shoot of the maguey or agave plant, the <nbao>mexkahli</nbao> \ss quijote, la espiga y que florea del maguey o agave, <nbao>mexkahli</nbao> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kal \xrb e:wa \nse Although weak, the <nao>kale:wahli</nao> may be used as a beam in thatched roof houses, supporting light weights. \nct mexkahli \qry I believe this is called 'quijote' in Spanish, i.e. the flowering shoot of the maguey plant. Check. \ref 05653 \lxa te:nxo:pi:l \lxac i:te:nxo:pi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea spout (of a pitcher, ladle, etc.) \ssa pico (de un jarra, cucharón, etc.) \pna Kipia ite:nxo:pi:l. \pea It has a spout (e.g., a pitcher or similar object) \psa Tiene su pico (p. ej., una jarra u objeto similar). \syna xo:pi:l \cfo te:nxo:pi:ltik \xrb te:n \xrb xo:pi:l \grm Intrinsic possession: note that in /kipia i:te:nxo:pi:l/ 'it has its spout' the part/whole relation is not marked by /-yo/. \ref 05654 \lxa tlatestok \lxac tlatestok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com tla-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be packed full (e.g., an area such as a place or room with people) \ss estar apretado o apretujado (unaárea como un lugar amplio repleto de gente) \pna Ke:n tlatestok, xwel nikalakis. \pea The place is really fully packed (in this case a dance hall), I can't go in. \psa Está apretujado con gente (en este caso un salón de baile), no puedo entrar. \pna Toba:leh milá:h tlatestok icha:n ika isin. \pea Our friend, his house is really packed with his dried maize on the cob. \psa Nuestro amigo, su la casa está llenísima con mazorca. \cfo tlapi:tsko \xrb tes \xbtla testok \nse Given that this stem has only been documented when followed by <n>-tok</n> it is unclear whether the underlying root is <nr>tes</nr> or <nr>tets</nr>. No cognate forms that might clarify this issue have been found in other dialects. \qry Check whether /testok/ can also refer to a place that is crammed, or whether the /tla-/ prefix is imperative. Search for evidence of the stem. \ref 05655 \lxanotes zzz \mod Here /maxpo:ntok/ has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 27/Jul/2001 \ref 05656 \lxa tlasohloh \lxac tlasohloh \lxo tlásohlóh \lxoc tlásohlóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be full of chaff (such as broken leaves and stems, pieces of plants, etc. that are found in grain that needs to be cleaned) \ss estar lleno de granzas o ahechaduras (hojas y tallos rotas, pedazos de plantas, etc. en un grano que se necesita limpiar) \pna Tlasohloh moyew. \pea Your beans are full of chaff. \psa Tus frijoles tienen muchas granzas. \se to be dirty (e.g. water that is full of small particles such as dust, dirt, parts of plants, etc.) \ss estar sucio (p. ej., agua llena de polvo o mugre, pedacitos de plantas, etc.) \xrb hsol \ref 05657 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /kuwchi:kwepo:nki/ but has been removed as vulgar. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05658 \lxa papayextik \lxac papayextik \lxo té:paíxtik \lxoc té:paíxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \se to be coarsely ground (e.g., corn dough, <spn>masa</spn>, used for tortillas) \ss estar molido gruesamente (p. ej., masa para tortillas) \pna San kipa:pankwi tixtli. Xkwe:xtik, papayextik. \pea She just coarsely grinds the <nla>nextamahli</nla>. It's not finely ground, it's coarse. \psa Solamente muele burdamente el nixtamal. No está bien molido, está muy grueso. \se to be coarsely woven, with a very open weave (e.g., jute) \ss tener un tejido basto o burdo (p. ej., yute) \pna Tlake:ntli papayextik, ke:n yuteh, xkwe:xtik. \pea The cloth is like a coarse mesh, it is like yute, it isn't finely (woven). \psa La tela es burda, es como yute, no está finamente tejida. \xrb paya: \nae The etymology of <na>papayextik</na> is not certain, but it is apparently related to <nlao>paya:na</nlao>. A similar type of nominalization (/x/ before /-tik/ in /-ni/-final verbs) is found with Classical <n>cualaxtli</n> from <n>qualani</n> and <n>palaxtli</n> from <n>palani</n>. In the present case, however, there is an additional vowel change of /a/ to /e/. Note that at least for the elicitation forms, <nlo>papaitsa</nlo> is not marked by pitch accent (indicating, as would be expected in a frequentative, that the reduplicant does not have a coda {h}) whereas the present entry <no>té:paíxtik</no> does have pitch accent (indicating a reduplicant with a coda {h}). The reason for this variation is not clear. \pqry Check penultimate vowel /e/. Finally, check for possible intransitive: /papayaka/ or /papayeka/. For the Oapan forms, check vl as well. It appears that the length of a dipthong of vowel and glide is longer than two short vowels together because the transition from one point to the other is vocalic rather than consonantal. It will be important to determine how to measure this (cf. e.g., /pa:i/, etc.). \grmx Oapan phonology: Cf. Am /papayextik/ to Oapan /té:payítik/ and note the use of /te-/ for the reduplication. The etymology of <na>papayextik</na> is not certain, but it is apparently related to <nlao>paya:na</nlao>. A similar type of nominalization (/x/ before /-tik/ in /-ni/-final verbs) is found with Classical <n>cualaxtli</n> from <n>qualani</n> and <n>palaxtli</n> from <n>palani</n>. In the present case, however, there is an additional vowel change of /a/ to /e/. Note that at least for the elicitation forms, <nlo>papaitsa</nlo> is not marked by pitch accent (indicating, as would be expected in a frequentative, that the reduplicant does not have a coda {h}) whereas the present entry <no>té:paíxtik</no> does have pitch accent (indicating a reduplicant with a coda {h}). The reason for this variation is not clear. \ref 05659 \lxa ma:siawi \lxac ma:siawi \lxo ma:siawi \lxoc ma:siawi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones arms to become tired \ss cansarsele o agotarsele los brazos \pna Yo:nima:siaw, xok wel nitekitis. \pea My arms have gotten tired, I can't work anymore. \psa Se me agotaron los brazos, ya no puedo trabajar. \syno má:kwaló \xrb ma: \xrb siawi \nse Although uttered in an elicitation context and accepted as a correct form by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, <no>ma:siawi</no> is not a commonly used word in Oapan. More usual, and with an almost equivalent meaning, is <nlo>má:kwaló</nlo>, which is synonymous to Ameyaltepec <nla>ma:kohtia</nla>. Nevertheless, Oapan <no>ma:siawi</no> has been included. It should not be confused with <no>Ma siawi!</no>, 'Let it get tired (e.g., an ox being worked in a field)!' \qry Check for causative or transitive form. Check for minimal pair: /ma siawi/; /ma: siawi/ and /ma:siawi/. \vl Be careful here. The first female tokens is /ma siawi/. This has a short /a/ and represent the modal particle /ma/ plus the verb /siawi/. This token should be tagged as 3757, but not linked there. Simply tagged there so it will be archived under /ma/ as a modal. The next 2 female tokens and all 3 male tokens are /ma:siawi/, with a long /a:/. This is the present headword. These five tokens (2 F and 2 M) should be tagged as 5659 and two should later be linked. Please link the middle (2nd) male token of the 3 and the 1st good female token (i.e., the 2nd of all 3) If you have any doubts, please ask. Thus the sequence of the original recording is: F /ma siawi/; M /ma:siawi/; *F /ma:siawi/; *M /ma:siawi/; F /ma:siawi/; M /ma:siawi/. Only the 1st female should be tagged as 3757. The starred tokens are the ones that should be linked. \ref 05660 \lxa telowa \lxac kitelowa \lxo telowa \lxoc kitelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to hit with the fist or similar object \ss golpear con el puño u objeto similar \pna A:ra molo:lah! Tli:no:n timitschi:wilitoya? Tle:ka tine:xtelowa? \pea Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me? \psa ¡Chin!¿Quéte hacía?¿Por quéme pegas? \pna Xte:telowa pwe:rtah! \pea Pound on the door with your fist (repeatedly)! \psa ¡Tócale la puerte fuerte con el puño (repetidas veces)! \pna Note:telowa tambo:rah kwa:k kwi:tekin. \pea The drum is pounded on hard when it is played. \psa El tambor se golpea fuertemente cuando lo tocan. \sem contact \cfao telolo:tsi:n \dis telowa; tepi:nia \xrb tel \ref 05661 \lxa we:lilia \lxac kwe:lilia \lxo we:lilia \lxoc kwe:lilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to like the taste of; to find tasty \ss gustar del sabor de; hallar sabroso \pna Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwe:lili:s! \pea Break off pieces of onion into your beans so you'll make them taste better! \psa ¡Despedázale cebolla a tus frijoles para que los hagas más sabrosos! \xrb we:li \nae In Oapan although both <no>kwe:lilia</no> and <no>kiwe:lilia</no> are accepted, the former is more common. \grm Oapan grammar: Object before /w/ initial verbs: In Oapan although both <no>kwe:lilia</no> and <no>kiwe:lilia</no> are accepted, the former is more common. (NOTE: this should be checked for in normal discourse.) \ref 05662 \lxa chi:chi \lxac chi:chi \lxo chi:chi \lxoc chi:chi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to nurse; to suckle \ss mamar \pna Ok chi:chi. \pea He is still nursing. \psa Todavía mama. \pna Chi:chisneki. \pea He wants to nurse (suckle) \psa Quiere mamar. \xrb chi:chi \xvcao chi:chi:tia \vl The first female token is the plural /chi:chih/ (with final /h/). It should be tagged as 5662 but should not be chosen to be linked since we are using the 3rd person singular subject (e.g. /chi:chi/) in all cases. NOTE: the male tokens have very low levels here and probably will have to be recuperated by hand. \ref 05663 \lxa maya:ntli \lxac maya:ntli \lxo maya:ntli \lxoc maya:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \se famine; severe hunger (from a poor yield in crops, or lack of grains for other reasons) \ss hambruña (por falta de rendimiento de las milpas, o falta de granos por otras causas) \pna Unkah maya:ntli, xo:kiaw, xakah kipia. \pea There is a famine, it didn't rain, no one has anything (lit., 'no one has it'). \psa Hay hambruña, no llovió, nadie tiene nada (lit., 'nadie lo tiene'). \xrb maya:na \nse The word <nao>maya:ntli</nao> refers to a severe condition, generalized, and not just a single person's hunger. * <n>Maya:nalistli</n> is not used in Oapan (nor, probably, in Ameyaltepec). \grm /Onkah maya:ntli, xo:kiaw, xakah kipia/ 'There is a famine, it didn't rain, no one has anything.' Note how the negative indefinite is expressed: /xakah kipia/ literally 'no one has it'. But here 'it' does not reference anything, but simply implies a nonspecific, generalized thing. The best translation is 'no one has anything' Note that perhaps (and this should be checked), one could say /xaka itlah kipia/, but this might have a different sense (check). \ref 05664 \lxa kama:wak \lxac kama:wak \lxo kama:wak \lxoc kama:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be partially dried (e.g., firewood, corn cobs, washed clothes, and other things that are in the process of drying) \ss estar parcialmente seco (p. ej., leña, mazorcas, ropa lavada y otras cosas que están en el proceso de secarse) \pna A:man nomi:hlan miák kama:wak. \pea Now in my cornfield there is a lot of corn that is somewhat dried. \psa Ahora en mi milpa hay mucho maíz que es algo seco. \xrb kama: \qry Check for existence of /tekamaktik/ etc.Check syntax of exemplary phrase. \grm Syntax: existential 'be': /A:man nomi:hlan miák kama:wak./ 'Now my cornfield has a lot of corn that is somewhat dried.' Note that absence of a predicate verb such as /kipia/ before /miák/, or perhaps /unkah/ after /kama:wak/. Cf. to phrases such as /o:me nokal/ meaning 'my houses are two' or 'I have two houses.' These types of constructions should be commented on in the grammar. \ref 05665 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n/, but it has been included under /kwa:pa:ya:tl/, with a note that the diminutive form is often used (like Sp. 'tontito'). \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05666 \lxa teteitik \lxac teteitik \lxo tétéyotík \lxoc tétéyotík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik (Am) / Adj-tik-yoh (Oa) \pa yes \se to be stoney; to be full of many rocks and stones (a field) \ss ser pedregosa; tener muchas piedras (un terreno de siembra) \sem soil \dis teteitik; teteyoh; texkalitik; tepachakahloh \xrb te \xrl -itik \nse The terms <na>teteyoh</na> and <na>teteitik</na> refer to a field that has many rocks and stones in it but that still have enough soil to be planted in. On the contrary, <nla>texkahloh</nla> and <nla>texkalitik</nla> refer to areas covered completely with large, round stones, making it completely impossible to plant. \nae For a full discussion of the derivational processes involved, see <nla>tlasolitik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlásóhlotík</nlo>. \pqry Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note /tétéyotík/ there are two pitch accents inducated by underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Note that therefore in a 4=syllable word there are 3 high pitches. This is an example of three pitch-accents in a four-syllable word with all short vowels. Cf. to /tlakwátasí/. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note /tétéyotík/ there are two pitch accents inducated by underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Note that therefore in a 4=syllable word there are 3 high pitches. This is an example of three pitch-accents in a four-syllable word with all short vowels. Cf. to /tlakwátasí/. \ref 05667 \lxa tlaiya:nka:n \lxac tlaiya:nka:n \lxo tlaiya:nka:n \lxoc tlaiya:nka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se hiding place; hidden place (where one can be alone and not be seen) \ss escondite; lugar escondido (donde uno puede estar solo, sin ser visible) \xrb hya:na \xrl -ka:n \qry Get contextual use. Does this only refer to places that are hidden, or in which people and things hide. Is there a possessed form: ?/itlaiya:nka:n/?. \ref 05668 \lxa itiko:koxo:nia \lxac kitiko:koxo:nia \lxo ítiko:koxó:nia \lxop itiko:koxo:nia \lxoc kítiko:koxó:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to massage the belly of (of a person who has a very sore stomach, e.g., from having taken a <spn>remedio</spn>) \ss dar masaje a la barriga de (de una persona a quien le duele el estómago, p. ej., por haberse tomado algún remedio) \pna Xne:chitiko:koxo:ni, ne:chkukwa niti. \pea Give my belly a massaje, it hurts! \psa ¡Dáme un masaje sobre la barriga, me duele! \xrb hti \xrb koxo: \qry I have only heard this word used in reduplicated form, with long vowel reduplication. Check for occurrence of /itikoxo:nia/. Also, I have not heard the intransitive form /iti(ko:)koxo:ni/. Check for its acceptability. I had this def. which has been removed 'particularly of a pregnant female to make sure that the fetus is properly placed' along with sb who has taken a remedio. \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Reduplication: long vowel: Note how the lexicalized long vowel reduplication reflects the type of action that is engaged in, here repeated massage in a deliberate action to a specific spot. This might be one of the very few words where only a reduplicated form is found. Check. \ref 05669 \lxa sesepoka \lxac sesepoka \lxo sesepoka \lxoc sesepoka \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to be daunted (e.g., of a task that appears difficult); to get the shivers (in being confronted with certain situations); to be frightened or intimated \ss amilanarse; intimidarse (p. ej., de una tarea que parece difícil); tener o sentir escalofríos (al confrontarse con ciertas situaciones) \pna O:nontlachi:x y melá:k wekatlan, a:sta nisesepoka. \pea I took a glimpse over (in this case off the edge of a cliff) and it was really far down, I even got the shivers. \psa Me eché una mirada (en este caso por un risco alto) y era mucha distancia al fondo, hasta sentí escalofríos. \pna Asta nisesepoka, ne:si xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian. Ne:chmuwtia. \pea I am daunted, it appears that I won't be able to do what they order me (i.e., it is too big a task for the time allotted). It scares me. \psa Me siento amilanado, parece que no voy a poder con lo que me ordenan (esto es, es una tarea demasiado grande por el tiempo asignado). Me asusta. \pna Ne:chmuwtia, a:sta nisesepoka. Ne:xti:tlanin para no: ma nia ka:n te:wa:n noma:lo:s. \pea It frightens me, I even get the shivers. They send me so I that I should also go where people are fighting with others (in this case to a land dispute). \psa Me asusta, hasta tengo escalofríos. Me mandan que debo ir donde la gente está peleándose unos contra otros (en este caso a un plieto sobre tierra). \xrb sepo: \nae Although the overt form of <nao>sesepoka</nao> is that of frequentatives, there is no corresponding form with a long vowel followed by <n>-ni</n>. Rather, one finds <nlao>sepowa</nlao>, with an underlying long {o:}. Moreover, the meaning of <nao>sesepoka</nao>, at least in some dialects, seems closely related to <n>sepowa</n> (cf. FK, p. 27). This suggests a possible relation. Note that Molina has <n>cecepocatiquiça. ni.</n> 'espantarse de súpito' and <n>cecepocatiquiçaliztli</n> 'espanto súpito.' \qry Determine the precise contexts in which /sesepoka/ can be used. Check why /te:wan noma:lo:s/ is used and how this differs from /noma:lo:s/. Also cf. if /te:wan nokwala:ni:lo:s/ is also correct (and if so, the difference with simply /nokwala:ni:lo:s/. \vl Link 1st female token. \grm Frequentative: Although the form of <na>sesepoka</na> is that of frequentatives, there is no corresponding form with a long vowel followed by <na>-ni</na>. Rather, one finds <nla>sepowa</nla>, with an underlying long /o:/. Moreover, the meaning of <na>sesepoka</na>, at least in some dialects, seems closely related to <na>sepowa</na> (cf. FK, p. 27). This suggests a possible relation. Note that RS has <na>cecepocatiquiça</na> 'asustarse súbitamente' and <na>cecepocatiquiçaliztli</na> 'espanto, malestar <na>súbito</na>. Note that the fact that /sesepoka/ seems semantically related to /sepowa/ in some dialects suggests that in this case the derivation might well be similar to that of a frequentative. Note also that /-wa/ and /-ni/ verbs sometimes act alike (e.g., kwalaxtli and popoloxtik). \grm Passive; impersonal; reciprocal: /Ne:chmowtia, asta nisesepoka. Ne:xti:tlanin para no: mania ka:n te:wan noma:lo:s/ 'It frightens me, I even get the shivers. They send me so I that I should also go where people are fighting (in this case to a land dispute).' The form or sequence /te:wan + impersonal/ is interesting and needs to be further investigated. One wonders whether /te:wan nokwala:ni:lo/ is also correct, or whether it would be accpeted by native speakers. Perhaps the form /noma:lo:s/ would indicate that people are fighting among themselves, whereas /te:wan noma:lo:s/ indicates that one group of people is fighting with another. This should be checked. \ref 05670 \lxa oo:xkuwtli \lxac oo:xkuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \aff Lex rdp-s \sea tall tree as yet unidentified that bears a fruit called <nla>oo:xin</nla> \ssa árbol grande todavía no identificado que da un fruto llamado <nla>oo:xin</nla> \sem plant \sem kohtli \apa oo:xin \xrb o:x \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 05671 \lxa kia:wate:ntli \lxac kia:wate:ntli \lxo kia:wate:ntli \lxoc kia:wate:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se doorway to a house \ss entrada a una casa \pna Koya:wak mokia:wate:n. \pea The doorway to your house is wide. \psa La entrada a tu casa es ancha. \pna Xki:sa ompú:n, ipan kia:wate:ntli! \pea Go out there, through the doorway! \psa ¡Salte por allí, por la entrada! \xrb kia:wa \xrb te:n \nse <na>Kia:wate:ntli</na> refers to the opening, the doorway, and not the physical object of the door itself, for which the Spanish loan <nao>pwe:rtah</nao> is used, at least in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check to see if it can also refer to interior doorways (i.e. to rooms). In one note I have recorded that this refers to the area in front of a house, in front of the doorway, where people pass, i.e. threshhold. However, in another entry I refer to this as the /kia:wate:nko/. Check difference between /kia:wate:ntli/ and /kia:wate:nko/. \grm Note also the manner in which possessive is used here in /koya:wak mokia:wate:n/ (add to grammar notes) in which one does not say /ikia:wate:n mokal/. It is the houseowner who is the possessor. \ref 05672 \lxa tlakalilia \lxac kitlakalilia \lxo tlákalília \lxop tlakalilia \lxoc kitlákalília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to knock over (sth) on (i.e., affecting sb) \ss tirarle o tumbarle (algo) a \pna O:mitstlakalilih motra:nkah. \pea He knocked over your gate on you (i.e., affecting you personally in a negative manner). \psa Te tirótu tranca (esto es, lo tumbó al suelo, afectándote adversamente). \se to place the blame on \ss culpar; echar la culpa a \pna San o:kitlakalilikeh, xtlah o:kichi:w. \pea They just placed the blame on him, he didn't do anything. \psa Nada más le echaron la culpa, no hizo nada. \se (with inverse directional prefix <n>wa:l-</n>) to knock (sth) down to the ground on (i.e., affecting sb) \ss (con prefijo direccional <n>wa:l-</n>) tirarle o tumbarle (algo) al suelo a (esto es, tirando el objeto de una altitud al piso) \pna O:ne:cha:ltlakalilitiki:s nopla:toh, o:ne:chkwala:nih. \pea He knocked my plate down in passinng, he angered me. \psa Al pasar me tirómi plato al suelo, me hizo enojar. \se (with a directional prefix) to toss (sth) to \ss (con un prefijo direccional) aventar (algo) a \pna Xne:cha:ltlakalili! Wel nikasis. \pea Toss it over to me here! I'll be able to catch it. \psa ¡Aviéntamelo aquí! Voy a poder agarrarlo. \se (usually with long vowel reduplication) to place on top of (e.g., as paint on a surface in decorating it) \ss (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) resaltar (p. ej., pintando detalles con gotas o rayas de pintura) \pna O:kitla:tlakalilih istá:k tlapahli. \pea He painted the details on top of it with white paint. \psa Le puso los detalles con pintura blanca. \se (~ <na>istatl</na> ; usually in the negative) to believe \ss (~ <na>istatl</na> ; generalmente en el negativo) creer \pna Xtimistlakalilia istatl. \pea I don't believe you. \psa No te creo. \encyctmp amate (get terms for painting, sizes of amates, types of amates (i.e., historias and pájaros), etc. \xrb tlahkali \xvba tlakali \xvbo tlákalí \nse The three basic steps, and terms, for painting amates are <nla>tli:lwi:teki</nla>, <nla>tsatsakwa</nla>, and <na>tla:tlakalilia</na>. The first term refers to outlining the design with black paint; this is usually done by the most skilled artist in the family. The second term refers to the filling in of spaces, each one with a single color. Finally, the third term refers to painting the details on top of the flat fields of color. This term and process is particular used with painted birds, in which it is most common to paint a second color on top of the color that had been used to fill in. \qry Check the nature of reduplication in the two forms /tsatsakwa/ and /tla:tlakalilia/. \grm Reduplication: note that the use of /tlakalilia/ to indicate painting the details on top of a field of color manifests long vowel reduplication: /O:kitla:tlakalilih istá:k tlapahli/. This indicates that the action is repeated constantly and deliberately. However, my notes at this time show that with the action of filling in colors, signified by the verb /tsakwa/, the reduplication is with a short vowel. This should be confirmed once I have the entry for /tsakwa/ completed (it is still not at this point). But if it is confirmed then the explanation should be explored and included in my grammar. At present, by guess is that the reason for the two different types of reduplication is as follows. /tsatsakwa/ manifests reduplication in part as a result of lexicalization. Thus /tsakwa/ is 'to close' (as in a door, or other 'open' objects and spaces). But /tsatsakwa/ is lexicalized as 'to fill in.' And the lexicalization is the result of the fact that the action is repeated constantly ove r a s ingle space. I wouldimagine that if only one space were to be left unfilled in an amate, one would say /xtsatsakwa/ and not simply /xtsakwa/ (but this should be checked). /Tlakalilia/, on theother hand, can refer to the placement of on drop or line of paint on another. Thus /o:kitlakalilih istá:k tlapahli/ would signify that 'he put (a spot of) white paint on it.' The reduplication with a long vowel signifies the careful repetition of the very same activity. \grm Directionals: note that /o:ne:chaltakalilih/ can indicate either 'he knocked it down to the ground (on me, from me, etc.)' or 'he tossed it over to me.' In the first the ground is the lexicalized deictic point of reference and the object prefix is the malefactive Primary Object. In the second the object prefix is the deictic point of reference and, secondarily, the benefactive or destination (check precise semantic roles). \grm Oapan phonology: one can say either /kítlakalília/ or /kitlákalília/, at least according to what FM said in the session before recording. However, during recording she repeatedly said /kitlákalília/ and would not use the other form. Cf. to the noted under /tsókwilówa/. \ref 05673 \lxa kechpan \lxac i:kechpan \lxo kechpan \lxoc i:kechpan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-pan \infn N2 \se shoulders \ss hombros \sem body \cfao kechpanowa \xrb kech \xrl -pan \qry Note that the relationship of /kechpan/, /panowa/ and /kechpanow/ is interesting, i.e., whether the latter is N+V or a verbalization of /kechpan/. See discussion under /kechpanowa/. \ref 05674 \lxa Sie:teh Bi:sios \lxac *Sie:teh Bi:sios \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan Siete Vicios \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sem dance \equiva Tre:s Pote:nsias \equivo Tre:s Pote:nsiah \sea religious dance performed by young and adult men in San Francisco Ozomatlán (and perhaps other neighboring villages) \ssa danza religiosa presentada por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Francisco ozomatlán (y quizá otros pueblos circumvecinos) \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from Tre:s Pote:nsias. \ref 05675 \lxa kitowa \lxac *kitowa \lxo kítowáh \lxoc kítowáh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \pa yes-lex \se it is said; they say that \ss dicen; se dice \pna Motech wa:ltlamastiw un toba:leh, kitowa itlah tiktlane:wti:s. \pea That friend of ours is coming straight to you, it's said that you might lend him something (e.g., an ox, donkey, money, etc.) \psa Ese amigo nuestro viene directo a tí, dicen que quizále vas a prestar algo (p. ej., un buey, burro, dinero, etc.). \xrb htowa \cfa itowa \nse Although one might expect the plural <na>kitowan</na> as an evidential, all evidence so far indicates that in Ameyaltepec at least the singular form is used, literally 'he says it' though the meaning is 'it is said (that).' The citation form for Oapan Nahuatl, however, is the plural (with final /h/). This might reflect the impact of the elicitation of an isolated word. So, for now, the modal use (i.e., 'it is said that...') of Oapan <no>kítowáh</no> could perhaps be in error, and the correct form might be simply <no>kítowá</no> \qry Check number of this use of an evidential. \ref 05676 \lxa okwilxi:ntok \lxac okwilxi:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have or be infested by worms or maggots \ss tener o estar infestado de gusanos \pna Okwilxi:ntok un nakatl, o:kitlate:milikeh. \pea That meat has gotten worms (maggots), flies laid their eggs in it. \psa Esa carne se agusanó, moscas le depositaron sus huevos. \pna Xkitati mobese:rroh, san okwilxi:ntok. \pea Go take a look at your calf, it has worms (e.g., in a wound)! \psa ¡Ve a ver tu becerro, tiene gusanos (p. ej., en una herida). \syno kwikwihloh \xrb okwil \xrb xi: \nse An animal may get worms after being castrated, in its navel, where a bat bit it, or in other types of skin wounds. \qry For queries, see entry under /okwilxi:ni/. Check this with speech analyzer. \grm /Okwilxi:ntok/ is interesting in two respects. The first is that I have only heard it with /-tok/ although it would probably exist also in forms without the"progressive"ending. Second, and more significant, is the thematic roles of subject and incorporated noun. The subject is the location upon which the action or even occurs and the incorporated noun is the patientive theme (or what would be the subject of an unaccusative, in this case /xi:ni/). Note also, and more importantly, that in this case the subject is an experiencer or patient and the incorporated noun stem is a subject. This is further discussed in the grammatical notes. \sj kwikwilxi:ntok \ref 05677 \lxa tlakwa:te:kihli \lxac tlakwa:te:kihli \lxo tlakwa:te:ki:hli \lxoc tlakwa:te:ki:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se (often possessed) person who has been baptized \ss (a menudo poseído) persona que ha sido bautizada \pna Kiyeka:na itlakwa:te:kil un mihka:tsi:ntli. \pea The godchild of the deceased person is leading it (the funeral entourage, carrying a saint and candles). \psa El ahijdo de la persona fallecida está yendo adelante de ello (esto es, de la procesión funeraria, llevándo un santo y velas). \xrb kwa: \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \vl Link 1st female and 1st male token. \ref 05678 \lxa to:nati \lxac to:nati \lxo to:nati \lxoc to:nati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se for there to be sunshine and a strong sun; for the sun to clearly appear \ss hacer sol (que brilla y pega, haciendo calor) \pna Yo:tlapo:w, xok tlamoxte:ntok, yo:pe:w to:nati. \pea It (the sky) has opened up, there is no longer a cloud cover, the sun has begun to shine. \psa Ya se abrió(el cielo), ya no está tapado de nubes, el sol ya empezó a brillar. \pna A:man xto:na, pero mo:stla to:natis. \pea Today it isn't hot, but tomorrow the sun will be shining and beating down strong. \psa Hoy no hace calor, pero mañana se va a asomar y pegar el sol. \pna Ok to:natitok. \pea The sun is still shining strong. \psa El sol sigue brillando fuerte. \sem weather \equivao to:natia \xrb to:na \dis to:na; to:nati; to:natia \nse <na>To:nati</na> and <na>to:natia</na> (apparently synonyms) apparently refer to sunshine itself, to the sun shining brightly either in the sky or in a particular place (such as the inside of a house). On the other hand <na>to:na</na> refers to heat, to its being hot. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05679 \lxa niman \lxac niman \lxo niman \lxoc niman \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se right away; soon \ss luego luego; pronto \pna Xtlasiwi:ti, niman niá:s. \pea Hurry it up! I'm leaving soon. \psa ¡Apúrale! Ya mero me voy. \seao (often with <n>-tsi:n</n>) early, in the early morning \ssao (a menudo con <n>-tsi:n</n>) temprano, a buen hora \pno San ni:nimantsi:n niá:s mo:stla. \xrb niman \nse The use of <nao>niman</nao> to mean 'as well as' or 'and also,' might be a calque from the use of <spn>luego</spn> in Spanish. The term <nao>niman</nao> is often used in the diminutive, in which case it usually refers to an early hour, e.g., the early morning. With a long vowel reduplication and the diminutive it refers to a very early time, i.e., with some indication of a slightly earlier hour: <nao>ni:nimantsi:n</nao>. This reduplicated form is used both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec, although perhaps somewhat more often (though still rarely) in the former. \ref 05680 \lxa kokoxki \lxac kokoxki \lxo kokoxki \lxoc kokoxki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \se one who is ill or sick \ss uno que está enfermo \pna Kokoxki. Kwalo. \pea He is a sick person. He is ill. \psa Es una persona enferma. Está enfermo. \se (alienable possession) the sick person in ones household or family \ss (posesión enajenable) el que esté enfermo en la casa o familia de uno \pna Mokokoxka:w, xtikonta? \pea As for the sick person in your household (or family), have you taken a look at him? \psa ¿En cuanto a la persona de tu casa (o familia) que está enfermo, no lo has ido a ver? \xrb koya \qry Check to make sure that /-kokoxka:w/, possessed, can refer to an owned animal. \ref 05681 \lxa xo:chitlai:lo \lxac xo:chitlai:lo \lxo xo:chitlai:lo \lxoc xo:chitlai:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-lo \infv class-4a(pass) \se for there to be a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (<spn>música de viento</spn>) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession \ss haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado quienes accompañan a pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia \encyctmp weddings \xrb xo:chi \xrb i: \nae This verb has only been documented in the impersonal passive form though it probably could be used as a simple intransitive without the final <n>-lo</n> marker. \qry See Flk 1985 05-27.1 \ref 05682 \lxa chikimolkuwtli \lxac chikimolkuwtli \lxo chikomolkohtli \lxoc chikomolkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 1(w) \seao <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., type of <spn>guaje</spn> of the Leguminoseae family \ssao <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao chikimolin \equivao wa:xin de chikimolin \xrb chikmimol \xrb kow \ref 05683 \lxa Wepane:koh \lxac Wa:pane:koh \lxac Wepane:koh \lxo Wapane:koh \lxoc Wapane:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>Wa:pan</n> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infa Gender \se person from Oapan \ss persona de Oapan \xrb owa \xrb a: \xrl -pan \nae Although the <spn>-eco</spn> ending now so common in Spanish has its origin in Nahuatl, it seems here to be reborrowed into Nahuatl, as evidenced by the gendered ending variation <spn>-oh</spn> and <spn>-ah</spn>. \qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilico's (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village. \ref 05684 \lxa kwa:te:kilia \lxac kikwa:te:kilia \lxo kwa:te:kilia \lxoc kikwa:te:kilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to baptize (the child) of \ss bautizarle (el hijo) a \pna O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih. \pea He baptized a child of mine for me. \psa Me bautizó un niño. \pna O:ne:chkwa:te:kilih nopo:tsi:n. \pea Me baptized my little girl for me. \psa Me bautizómi pequeña hija. \xrb kwa: \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \xvba kwa:te:kia \xvbo kwa:te:kiya \nae Although (or perhaps"because") the secondary object of <nao>kwa:te:kilia</nao> is always a human (baby) the object marked used to express this nonspecific object is usually <n>tla-</n>, ostensibly for non-human nonspecific objects as opposed to <n>te-</n>, used for nonspecific human objects. Thus, as exemplified in an illustrative sentence above, the documented form is <na>O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih</na> and not ? <na>O:ne:xte:kwa:te:kilih</na>. \qry Check if other acceptations of /kwa:te:kia/ are also acceptable for the applicative. \vl Use second female and first male tokens. \grm Nonspecific objects: /tla-/ used for /te:-/: Although (or perhaps"because") the secondary object of <nao>kwa:te:kilia</nao> is always a human (baby) the object marked used to express this nonspecific object is usually <n>tla-</n>, ostensibly for non-human nonspecific objects as opposed to <n>te-</n>, used for nonspecific human objects. Thus, as exemplified in an illustrative sentence above, the documented form is <na>O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih</na> and not ? <na>O:ne:xte:kwa:te:kilih</na>. \ref 05685 \lxa kuwtilia \lxac kikuwtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to make stiff (particularly a part of the body through overwork or heavy exertion) \ssa entumecer; hacer doler (particularlmente una parte del cuerpo por demasiado trabajo o esfuerzo) \pna Tine:chkuwtilia, ye weka:wtok nika:n te:watokeh. \pea You're making me get stiff, we've been sitting here now for a long time. \psa Ya me hiciste entumecer, ya tenemos buen rato sentados aquí. \sea (refl.) to exert oneself (tensing a particular part of the body) \ssa (refl.) hacer un gran esfuerzo (apretando una parte particular del cuerpo) \pna O:nikakokw tli:n yetí:k, o:nimokuwtilih. \pea I picked up something heavy, I gave it all my force. \psa Alcé algo pesado, me esforcémucho. \xrb kow \xvba kuwtia \nse When referring to a body part in particular, the body part is often incorporated: <na>o:tine:chma:kuhtilih</na> 'you made me get a sore arm (from overwork).' In Oapan this type of expression would only be used with an incorporated body part. Moreover, with the sense of the Ameyaltepec word, Oapan would use <no>kwalo:tla</no>, but with a body part incorporated: <nlo>ne:chmá:kwaló:tla</nlo> or, if walking a long distance: <nlo>ne:chixí:kwaló:tla</nlo> (but only from walking). \ref 05686 \lxa tsontetl \lxac tsontetl \lxo tsontetl \lxoc tsontetl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of non-biting ant, of those known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla>, apparently 'carpenter ant' in English \ss tipo de hormiga, de los que se conocen como <nla>tsi:katl</nla>, que no muerde (aparentemente 'carpenter ant' in English) \se (intrinsic possession) small bulbous part of a plant, and that grows below the ground \ss (posesión intrínseca) parte pequeña y bulbosa de una planta, y que crece dentro de la tierra \pna Xiwtli pero itik tla:hli kipia itsonteyotsitsi:wa:n. Wan nekwisti me:dioh ke:n a:jos, yewa ika kihlian <r>sakaa:jos</r>. \pea It (the <na>sakaa:jos</na>) is a herbaceous plant but inside the earth it has its bulbs. And it smells somewhat like garlic, for this reason it is called <nba>sakaa:jos</nba>. \psa Es (el <na>sakaa:jos</na>) una planta herbácea pero dentro de la tierra tiene sus bulbos. Y huele como ajos, por esta razón le dicen <nba>sakaa:jos</nba>. \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb kow \xrb tsi:ka \qry I am uncertain what /tsontetl/ refers to as a plant part. This needs to be investigated. In my notes I have /i:tsonteyo/ with no definition. Check. \ref 05687 \lxa e:watok \lxac ye:watok \lxo a:watok \lxoc ya:watok; nia:watok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be seated (a person or animal capable of such positioning) \ss estar sentado (una persona o animal capaz de tal posición) \pna Ne:watoya kwa:k o:yekok. \pea I was sitting down when he arrived here. \psa Estaba sentado cuando llegó aquí. \se (~ <n>-pan</n> [noun]) to be resting on ([noun], e.g., as clouds gathered around a hilltop) \ss (~ <n>-pan</n> [noun]) estar descansando sobre ([sustantivo] p. ej., nubes sobre los cerros) \pna Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl. \pea The clouds are gathered around the top of the hill. \psa Las nubes están descansando sobre la cima del cerro. \xrb e:wa \nae At times Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, at least, has <na>tiye:watok</na>, etc. for <na>te:watok</na>. That is, occasionally the epenthetic /y/ remains after a pronominal prefix. However, with the 3rd-person the epenthetic /y/ is always present: <na>ye:watok</na> (Am) / <no>ya:watok</no> (Oa). Like other statives that indicate body position (e.g., <nlao>westok</nlao> and <nla>ikatok</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yékatók</nlo>) when used with certain aspectual markers the <n>-ti</n> is maintained: <na>e:watitiw</na>. \qry Determine nature of full aspectual compounds possible: /e:watitok/, /e:watitiw/? \vl Use both sets of tokens, that in the 3rd person (/ya:watok/) and that in the 1st person (/nia:watok/). Total is 4 words concatenated. \grm Oapan phonology: One finds /nya:watok/ but also, it seems /niya:watok/. \ref 05688 \lxa a:tetso:liwi \lxac a:tetso:liwi \lxo a:tetso:liwi \lxoc a:tetso:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to run out of water (e.g., in ones water jugs) \ss acabarsele el agua (p. ej., en la tinaja de uno) \flao tso:liwi \xrb a: \xrb tso:l \qry The correctness of /a:tetso:liwi/ meaning 'to run out of water' should be investigated. \ref 05689 \lxa te:mahli \lxac te:mahli \lxo te:mahli \lxoc te:mahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se pus \ss pus \pna O:kalak a:tl, a:man o:kasik te:mahli. \pea Water got into it (e.g., a bandage), now it's gotten infected with pus. \psa Le entró agua (p. ej., en un vendaje), ahora se infectócon pus. \xrb te:mal \nse To date a possessed form has not been documented, so it is not clear whether <nao>te:mahli</nao> can be possessed and, if so, whether the form is with alienable or intrinsic possession (or both). This needs to be checked. \qry See if a possessed form exist and, if it does, whether it has a /-yo/ form. \ref 05690 \lxa onaktok \lxac onaktok \lxo onahtok \lxoc onahtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao (<nao>kwahli</nao> ~) to be a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole) \ssao (<nao>kwahli</nao> ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero) \cfao ontestok \cfao onaki \xrb on- \xrb ak \ref 05691 \lxa ixitia \lxac kixitia \lxo íxitiá \lxop ixitia \lxoc kíxitiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \epen i>0 \pa yes-lex \se to awaken \ss despertar \pna Xkixiti! Nikno:tsa. \pea Wake him up! I'm want to speak to him. \psa ¡Despiértalo! Le hablo. \xrb hsa \xvaa ixitilia \xvao íxitília \xv1a tlaxitia \xv1o tláxitiá \xvba isa \nse The form <na>tlaxitia</na>, from <na>isa</na>, is not to be confused with <na>tlaxi:tia</na>, which is derived from <na>asi</na>. \ref 05692 \lxa tenono:ntik \lxac tenono:ntik \lxo ténonó:ntik \lxoa té:nó:ntik \lxoc ténonó:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \infa tik>tikeh \pa yes \se to be mute (but not congenitally); to be reluctant to talk or carry on a conversation \ss ser mudo (pero no por razones congénitos); ser renegante para hablar con la gente \pna San o:te:chpanawih, ni:n xo:te:chno:ts, san tenono:ntik. \pea He just passed by us, he didn't even say anything to us, he is really close-mouthed. \psa Solamente nos rebasó, no nos dijo nada, es sonso (no habla). \cfa no:ntik \xrb no:n \nse My notes indicate that <na>tenono:ntik</na>, unlike <na>no:ntik</na>, refers to a personal characteristic, to a tendency to not speak or exchange greetings with people, to remain mute and quiet. <nlao>No:ntik</nlao>, on the other hand, refers to a congenital condition or one that is a permanent characteristic of the individual. \qry Check the relative congenitalness, etc. of /no:ntik/ and /tenono:ntik/ \ref 05693 \lxa te:pa:k \lxac te:pa:k \lxo te:pa:k \lxoc te:pa:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \se happiness; peace; calm \ss felicidad; paz; calma \pna San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian. \pea They are living happily, they never get mad at each other. \psa Están viviendo felizmente, nunca se hacen enojar. \pno Te:pa:htsi:n a:tl. \peo The water is pleasing. \pso El agua hace sentir bien. \pno Kwaltsi:n pare:joh yaw nomi:l, san te:pa:k noopa:wa. \peo My cornfield is growing real evenly, it's coming up really nicely. \pso Mi milpa va parejo, da gusto como estácreciendo. \xrb pa:ki \nse The etymology, precise meaning, and syntactic behavior of <nao>te:pa:k</nao> is not entirely clear. To begin, its etymology, while apparently related to <nlao>pa:ki</nlao> is not apparent, nor is the precise derivational process that might be involved. In addition, it is still not clear what parts of speech might best describe <nao>te:pa:k</nao> nor what syntactic function is fulfills. The Oapan phrase <no>san te:pa:k noopa:wa</no> suggests that <no>te:pa:k</no> can function as a predicate modifier (adverb); the phrase <no>te:pa:htsi:n a:tl</no> suggests an adjectival function, here as an adjectival predicate. Finally, the Ameyaltepec phrase <na>san te:pa:k ika kateh</na> (which should be rechecked since it was taken from conversation notes) suggests a nominal function here in a subordinate, adverbial phrase. More research needs to be conducted on the range of meanings and uses of this term. \grm Adjunts; adverbial clauses; syntax. Note the following phrase: /San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian/ 'They are living happily, they never get mad with each other.' Note that this phrase represents an adjunct, an adverbial clause that states the 'way of being' of the subjects (i.e., 'in happiness'). Normally the syntax is Predicate + ika + subord. clause. One example might be, /nitlakwa ika noyo:hlo/ 'I eat in peace (lit., 'with my heart'). According to what I can remember, another possible syntactic sequence might be /ika noyo:hlo nitlakwa/ 'In peace I eat.' However, in this phrase we have a third word order (and one that is perhaps more in accord with Classical, although this should be checked. Adv. clause + ika + Predication. For the same sentence as given here the order would be /noyo:hlo ika nitlakwa/. This should be compared to Classical syntax. \ref 05694 \lxa ye:ixkayo:tl \lxac ye:ixkayo:tl \lxo ye:ixkayo:tl \lxoc ye:ixkayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao see <nlao>-xkayo:tl</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>-xkayo:tl</nlao> \xrb ye:i \xrb xiw \xrb kayo: \qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short. \ref 05695 \lxa tlawe:leh \lxac tlawe:leh \lxo tlawe:leh \lxoa tlawe:lih \lxoc tlawe:leh, tlawe:lih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se person or animal easily angered; person with a bad temper or hot headed \ss persona que es malhumorada; persona de mal genio; alguien que se exalta fácilmente \pna Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh. \pea He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself. \psa Es de mal genio. Siempre está enojado, nunca está en paz. \se animal that is fierce (an animal that is easily angered and attacks or threatens to attack. \ss animal que es bravo (un animal se enoja y ataca o amenaza atacar) \pna O:ne:chma:kakapa:nih noburroh. Tlawe:leh. \pea My donkey reared up and hit me with its forelegs. It is fierce. \psa Se encabritómi burro y me golpeócon las piernas de adelante. Es bravo. \pna Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. \pea The insects called <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). \psa Los insectos llamados <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). \xrb tlawe:l \vl There is an extra token at 6906; it should be tagged here at 5695. \ref 05696 \lxa tetepoltik \lxac tetepoltik \lxo tétepóltik \lxoc tétepóltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \se to be stumpy; without branches (a tree) \ss estar mocho; estar sin ramas (unárbol) \pna Sa: tetepoltik, xok kipia ima:wa:n. \pea It's just a stump, it doesn't have branches anymore. \psa Quedónomás mocho, ya no tiene sus ramas. \xrb tepol \nse Classical Nahuatl had <n>tepolli</n> meaning 'penis' (cited by FK, this is only in the Spanish to Nahuatl side of Molina). This word is not found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, but the adjectival seems to be clearly derived from this nominal stem. For this reason the entry has been categorized as a denominal adjectival. \ref 05697 \lxa pa:hka:tlai \lxac pa:hka:tlai \lxo pa:hka:tlai \lxoc pa:hka:tlai \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink (an intoxicating beverage) out of happiness (with the implication of drinking a lot, enough to get drunk) \ss beber (una bebida alcohólica) por estar feliz (con la implicación de beber mucho, bastante para emborracharse) \pna O:pa:hka:tlai:k pa:mpa o:kine:xtih yo:lka:meh. \pea He drank out of pure happiness because he found some animals (i.e., mules, cattle, etc. that had gotten lost). \psa Bebióde puro placer porque hallólos animales (p. ej., mulas, ganado, etc. que se habían perdido). \xrb pa:ki \xrb i \grm Number: /O:pa:hka:tlai:k pampa o:kine:xtih yo:lka:meh/ 'He drank out of happiness because he found some animals (i.e., mules, cattle, etc. that had gotten lost).' Note lack of number agreement on the verb marking with the noun phrase: /o:kine:xtih/ has a singular object, but /yo:lka:meh/ is plural. This dissonance between verbal marking and NP number is apparently not uncommon. Apparently it is more common to mark plurality on nouns that as objects on verbs. \ref 05698 \lxa takachwepe:wi \lxac takachwepe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to chip; to have the surface split off (e.g., a stone that easily flakes, ceramics, etc.) \ss desportillarse; desconcharse; descascararse (p. ej., una piedra que se desportilla fácilmente, una cerámica, etc.) \pna Takachwe:pe:wis i:n tetl. \pea The surface of this rock will chip (split) off. \psa Esta piedra se va a desportillar. \synao takache:wi \xrb takach \xrb wepe: \ref 05699 \lxa mamakasi \lxac kimamakasi \lxo mámakási \lxoa mámá:si \lxop mama:si \lxoc kí:makási \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:makási</no> \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to fear; to be afraid or fearful of \ss tener miedo de \pna Kipia tsotsokatewistli pa:mpa tsotsokatl iwa:n deke tikmamakasi, mitsasis. \pea He has the rash of pimples called <na>tsotsokatewistli</na> because he is stingy, and (also) if you fear it (the rash), it will get you. \psa Tiene el tipo de sarpullido llamado <na>tsotsokatewistli</na> porque es mezquino, y (también) si le tienes miedo (a este sarpullido) te va a alcanzar. \pna Te:mamakasi kaba:yoh. \pea The horse is afraid of (shies away from) people. \psa El caballo le tiene miedo a la gente (es huraño). \xrb mawi \xrb ahsi \nae The etymology and morphology of <na>mamakasi</na> (Am) / <no>mámakási</no> given the loss of underlying {h} in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl and the fact that the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl does not reveal the location of the underlying {h}. It seems clear, given the reduction of the first syllable onto the object prefix <n>ki-</n> in Oapan <no>kí:makási</no> that the first syllable was a reduplicant with an underlying {h} coda. At the same time, it would appear that the final element in this word is {ahsi}. If this were the case then there is an obvious reduction in pitch accent so that both the intonational pitch (penultimate syllable) and the pitch accent associated with {ahsi} are concentrated on a single syllable nucleus. In Oapan one also has the alternative forms <no>kí:má:si</no> and <no>kí:makási</no>. The first form is better written <no>kí:ma'asi</no> to indicate the lost intervocalic /k/. Note that this shortening does not occur in all forms, e.g., <no>ne:chmamakasi</no> b ut not * <no>ne:chmama'asi</no> \qry Comparative evidence from neighboring dialects is needed. I have also documented /tlamamakasi/, cf. to /te:mamakasi/ and to /mahki/. \grm Predication; adjectivals: Note that in many cases a verbal form, not in any participial form, can function in essence like a predicate adjective. Thus /te:mamakasi kaba:yoh/. The syntax here is of a verbal predicate: 'The horse is afraid of people'; but it is equivalent to 'The horse is shy,' 'The horse is afraid,' etc. \grm Contractions: In Oapan one also has the alternative forms <no>kí:má:si</no> and <no>kí:makási</no>. The first form is better written <no>kí:ma'asi</no> to indicate the lost intervocalic /k/. Note that this shortening does not occur in all forms, e.g., <no>ne:chmamakasi</no> but not * <no>ne:chmama'asi</no>. Thus note that there are rules for contraction that are still not determined. Perhaps only the /k/ that begins a post-phrasal stress syllable can be deleted. Or perhaps the rule is that a /k/ cannot be deleted if it is the onset of s phrasally stressed syllable. But this is belied by tlapa:'aseh. \ref 05700 \lxa te:tsa:wtli \lxac te:tsa:wtli \lxo te:tsa:htli \lxoc te:tsa:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se bad omen \ss mal agüero \xrb te:tsa:w \mod Illustrate. \snd http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/05700_snd1.htm \nse According to several Ameyaltepec consultants, the following are considered omens that foretell the death of a member of ones family: <na>m:lák o:tla:k momi:l</na> 'your corn field has a real good yield; <na>ta:tiyowa</na> 'you get covered with lice'; <na>tite:tsa:wa:ltiyowa</na> 'you get covered with white lice'; <na>timokocha:xi:xa</na> 'you urinate in your sleep'; and <na>timokochxi:xa</na> 'you defecate in your sleep.' Consultants also indicated a series of bad omens that announce the death of someone, not necessarily a relative. These included <na>tikte:miki yo:yekok ka:rroh mokia:wate:nko</na> 'you dream that a car has driven up to your patio'; <na>tikte:miki wa:hlaw ka:rroh i:pan ka:n xtlah karrete:rah</na> 'you dream that a car is coming where there is no road'; <na>kwa:k tsatsite:wa wa:ktsi:n, yekah mikis</na> 'when a guaco bird suddenly cries out, someone will die' <na>kwa:k wa:lcho:ka ko:yo:tl i:te:nko pwe:bloh tlakoiwa:n noso kwa:k tlane:stok, yekah mikis</na> 'when a coyot e comes and c ries at the edge of town at midnight or at dawn, someone will die; OR <na>kwa:k niso:tla osto:tsi:n i:tech pwe:bloh, yekah mikis</na> 'when a fox vomits close to the village, someone will die.' \ref 05701 \lxa imansa:nah kuwatl \lxaa imamansa:nah kuwatl \lxac imansa:nah kuwatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>manzana</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea <l>Lantana camara</l> L., small bush of the Verbenaceae family with brightly colored yellow and red flowers \ssa <l>Lantana camara</l> L., pequeño arbusto de la familia Verbenaceae con llamativas flores de color amarilla y roja \pna I:mansa:nah kuwatl kipia imansani:tah, xnokwa. \pea The <na>i:mansa:nah kowatl</na> plant has its <spn>manzana</spn>, it is not edible. \psa La planta <na>i:mansa:nah kowatl</na> tiene su"manzana", no se come. \equivo a:i:skitl de kowatl \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kowa \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 05702 \lxa no:liwtok \lxac no:liwtok \lxo no:lihtok \lxoc no:lihtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be bent, curved, crooked (sth long and pliable) \ss estar encorvado, torcido, o chueco (algo largo y maleable) \xrb no:liw \qry Determine all those things that can be described with the word /no:liwtok/. \qry Determine if there is a difference between /no:ltik/ and /no:liwtok/. Both seem to refer to the same state and objects, but perhaps there is a difference, e.g. in the permanence of the state, etc. If there is a difference, this might apply to the general difference between two such adjectival constructions. \ref 05703 \lxa pa:smoyowa \lxac pa:smoyowa \lxo pasma:rowa \lxoc pasma:rowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pasmo</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-owa \infv class-4a \se to become severely infected, leading to convulsions; to get tetanus \ss infectarse severamente, causando convulsiones; tener tétano \fla pa:smoh \qry See /pa:smoh/; check definition. My original spelling had /pa:smayowa/, perhaps it should be /pa:smoyowa/. Check. \ref 05704 \lxa ye:wi \lxac onye:wi \lxo ye:wi \lxoc one:wi; o:ye:wito \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se (with extraverse directional affix + [oblique]) to come up against (a barrier); to wind up confronting (a situation); to brush up against \ss (con afijo direccional extraversa + [oblicua]) toparse con (un estorbo); terminar confrontando (una situación); llegar a rozar contra \pna Teto:ktli, ipan onye:wi moara:doh. \pea It is an embedded rock, your plow runs right up against it. \psa Es una piedra enterrada, tu arado se topa con ella. \pna Segi:doh kasi tetl, onyeye:wi, teagakioh. \pea It (in this case a plow) is always hitting stones, it runs up once and again against something, it (the soil) is full of embedded rocks. \psa Seguido agarra una piedra, una y otra vez se va a parar (contra una piedra), está (el suelo) lleno de piedras enterradas. \pna O:niye:wito ika tomi:n. Xok nikpia. \pea I would up (with no) money (i.e., against the"barrier"of poverty). I don't have any anymore. \psa Me topécon (la falta de) dinero. Ya no lo tengo. \pna O:ye:wito a:tepe:ya:tl itech un tepa:ntli. \pea The flood waters stopped up against that wall (i.e., which stopped them from continuing further). \psa Las aguas torrenciales se pararon contra esa pared (que hizo que no fueran más allá). \pna Onye:wtok itech tepa:ntli. \pea It is leaning up against the wall. \psa Estárecargándose contra la pared. \pna Ma:ka tonye:wis itech un tla:katl, tla:mo mistsi:nistekwis. \pea Don't get close to that man, if you do he'll pinch your rear. \psa No vayas a acercarse a ese hombre, si lo haces, te va a pellizcar las nalgas. \pna Ma:ka tonye:wis, tla:mo mitsasis to:kes! \pea Don't lean up against it, if you do you'll get a shock (electrical)! \psa ¡No vayas a recargas contra ello, si lo haces te va a dar toques! \cfo te:liwi \xrb e:wi \nse <nao>Ye:wi</nao> is always found with an extraverse directional, <n>on-</n>, <n>-ti</n>, <n>-to</n>, or <n>-to:ya</n> as the case calls for. But because it may take either a prefix or suffix, depending upon the tenses or aspect, the verbal stem alone has been chosen for the headword entry. \qry Check to see if this should be entered as /e:wi/. I remember a phrase that was either /o:niye:wito/. Apparently this has the meaning of 'to come up against (poverty),' 'for one to be leaning against,' etc. \vl Do not tag very first female token. \ref 05705 \lxa kwa:tsonteki \lxac kikwa:tsonteki \lxo kwá:tsontéki \lxop kwá:tsonteki \lxoc kikwá:tsontéki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \sea to cut off the head of (a human or animal; see <nlo>kextsonteki</nlo> ; <nlo>kexteki</nlo>) \ssa cortarle la cabeza a (una persona o animal; vé ase <nlo>kextsonteki</nlo> ; <nlo>kexteki</nlo>) \seo (with short vowel reduplication; <no>kwá:tsontéki</no>) to cut all the branches off (a tree) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta; <no>kwá:tsontéki</no>) tumbar las ramas de (la copa de unárbol) \flao tsonteki \xrb kwa: \xrb tson \xrb teki \nse In Oapan this verb is used only to mean 'to prune or cut the branches off (a tree)' and not, as in Ameyaltepec, 'to behead.' It is for this reason, and the fact that cutting branches off is an iterative action, that the Oapan form is reduplicated (underlyingly {kwa: + rdp-s + tsonteki}), with the reduplicant being reduced to pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun. However, there is also a Oapan form <no>kwa:té:tsontéki</no> which refers to the cutting of a person's head. This word was only mentioned in passing and it needs to be researched (i.e., to what does the reduplication refer). Note that it includes the intensifier <n>te-</n>, which is common on words referring to striking the human head (e.g., <nlao>kwa:temo:tla</nlao>). \vl Link the 1st male token. The 2nd male token has a stuttered beginning; do not even tag it. \ref 05706 \lxa koko:saltsi:n \lxac koko:saltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se see <nla>ko:saltsi:n</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>ko:saltsi:n</nla> \equivo kó:skayá:ntsi:n \ref 05707 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo -timi \lxoc wetskatimi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Asp \com ti-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m)/associated motion \seo to go around [what is signified by the main verb] \sso andar [lo que se significa por el verbo principal] \equiva -tinemi \xrb nemi \ref 05708 \lxa tla:lia \lxac kitla:lia \lxo tla:lia \lxoc kitla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to put; to place down \ss poner; colocar \pna Xtla:li ipan me:sah! \pea Place it (put it down) on the table! \psa ¡Ponlo sobre la mesa! \se to put on (e.g., clothes, a hat, etc.) \ss ponerse (p. ej., ropa, sombrero, etc.) \pna Momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n oksé. Nikimpatlatok. \pea Every day I put on a different piece of clothing. I change them. \psa Cada día me pongo ropa diferente. Me la cambio. \se to record; to put down (in writing) \ss anotar; apuntar (p. ej., al escribir una lista) \pna Nika:n o:notla:lih nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh. \pea All the words that we have talked about have been put down here. \psa Todas las palabras que hemos discutidos están anotados aquí. \se (refl.) to sit down (a person standing) \ss (refl.) sentarse (una persona parada) \pna Nika:n xmotla:li, ma timonono:tsakan! \pea Sit down here, let's talk! \psa ¡Siéntate aquí, vamos a placticar! \se (refl.) to take hold (a plant) \ss (refl.) echar raices (una planta) \se to sit up (e.g., a young baby) \ss incorporarse (p. ej., un bebé) \pna Ye wel notla:lia un kone:tsi:ntli. \pea That little child can already sit up (by himself). \psa Ese niño chiquito ya puede sentarse (incorporarse, por si mismo). \se (refl.) to take root (a plant that has been uprooted) \ss (refl.) arraigar (una planta que ha sido desarraigada) \pna Xtsi:ntsetselotiw un sakaomitl, ma:ka sa: notla:li:s! \pea Go along shaking out the roots of the <na>sakaomitl</na> (e.g., when weeding a milpa) so that it doesn't take root again (as the plants are tossed back on the ground)! \psa ¡Ve sacudiendo las raices del <na>sakaomitl</na> (p. ej., al desherbar una milpa) para que no arraiguen otra vez (después de que se tiren por el suelo). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to repeat (e.g., an untrue utterance) once and again \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) repetir (e.g., una aseveración falsa) una y otra vez \pna San xoxokotin, xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian. \pea They are braggarts, what they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another. \psa Son fanfarrones, no es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra. \se to believe, to take for certain (plus a complement) \ss creer, tomar por cierto que (más un complemento) \pno Kitla:lia nika:n nemi i:kone:w, pero xa:k. \peo He thinks that his child is here, but he isn't. \pso Cree que su hijo aquíanda, pero no está. \sem motion \xrb tla:l \xvca tla:li:ltia \xvaao tla:lilia \ref 05709 \lxa ma:yo:li:k \lxac ma:yo:li:k \lxo ma:yo:li:k \lxoc ma:yo:li:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \se to be slow with ones hands \ss ser lento con las manos \pna Xmotla:tlasiw:ti, ke:n tima:yo:li:k. \pea Hurry up there (e.g., in doing a task), you are really slow with your hands! \psa ¡Apúrate (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo), eres muy lento con las manos! \xrb ma: \xrb yo:li \qry Determine whether any verbal forms exist. \rt Determine whether the root here should be /yo:l/ or /yo:li/. \ref 05710 \lxa saka \lxac kisaka \lxo saka \lxoc kisaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to truck; to remove by transporting or carrying (a material object, usually referenced by a mass noun such as water, fodder, stone, from a given location) \ss acarrear; sacar (un objeto material, usualmente no contable como zacate, agua, piedra, de un lugar donde se encuentra) \pna Kisa:saka iswatl. \pea He takes out bundles of maize leaves (e.g., from a field to a storage location) in one trip after another. \psa Acarrea hojas de maíz (p. ej., de su terreno a un lugar de almacenaje) en un viaje tras otro. \pno Motskwin kí:nsakái:kone:wan. \peo You dog is taking out its pups. \pso Tu perro estállevando sus perritos. \xrb saka \xvaa sakilia \cfa teki:xtia \nse The verb <nao>saka</nao> refers not simply to the carrying of material objects but more specifically to the transporting from one place to another, i.e., the removal of objects. For example, whereas <nla>a:tlakwi</nla> refers to 'drawing water,' in one or two trips to the source, <nao>kisaka a:tl</nao> often refers to a more prolonged process such as that involved in acquiring the necessary quantity of water for house construction. Yet most often <nao>saka</nao> is used for carrying activities (such as taking in bundles of corn leaves from the field, in one repeated trip after another, <na>kisa:saka iswatl</na>) that involve some sort of repetition. For this reason it is most often found with a reduplicant. In Ameyaltepec only the reduplicant with a long vowel is accepted: <na>kisa:saka</na>. In Oapan the most common redupicative form is with a long vowel, like in Ameyaltepec (<no>tlasa:saka</no>). However, according to Roberto Mauricio, the short vowel reduplicant, often reduced, is a lso accep table: <no>tlá:saká</no>. \ref 05711 \lxa tlatestia \lxac tlatestia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become stuffed full; to become packed (e.g., a room full of objects or people, a bag full of goods, etc.) \ss apretujarse; llenarse (p. ej., un cuarto con objetos o gente, un costal lleno de cosas, etc.) \pna Yo:tlatestiak, to:hlan. \pea It's stuffed full (e.g., a room, bus, etc.), there are a lot of people present. \psa Se apretujóde gente (p. ej., un cuarto, camión, etc.), hay mucha gente presente. \pna On suwa:montli miák o:kima:keh itra:steh. O:tlatestiak. \pea That daughter-in-law was given a lot of cooking utensils (as wedding gifts). The place (i.e., the inside of her house) filled up with things. \psa A esa nuera se le dieron muchos trastes (para su boda). El lugar (esto es, el interior de su casa) se llenómuchísimo. \cfo tlapi:tskotia \xrb tes \grm Two-place nominal predicates; kinterms: Note the following phrase /Un sowa:montli miák o:kima:keh itra:steh. O:tlatestiak/ 'That daughter-in-law was given a lot of cooking utensils (as wedding gifts). It (the inside of her house) filled up with things.' Here it is possible to see the use of a kinship term in nonpossessed form (i.e., not as a two-place predicate) even though it is obvious that the kin term makes most sense only in relation to somone, i.e., one is always a daughter-in-law to someone. However, the use of an unpossessed kinterm is not unusual in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. The use of /te:-/ is limited to mark the possessor as someone outside the speech situation or the discourse as a referent. \ref 05712 \lxa palo:mah* \lxac palo:mah \lxo palo:max* \lxoc palo:max \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan paloma \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>palo:mas</na> (Am); <no>palo:maxtih</no> (Oa) \se a variety of dove that is raised domestically for food by a few people \ss tipo de paloma o pichón criado domesticamente por algunos como comida \sem animal \sem bird \nct to:to:tl \ref 05713 \lxa akukwi \lxac kakukwi \lxo ákokwí \lxop akokwi \lxoc kákokwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \sem motion \se to pick up (e.g., some object lying on the ground); to lift up (e.g., a sack, person, etc.) \ss recoger (p. ej., algo tirado por el suelo) alzar; levantar (p. ej., algo pesado como un costal, persona, etc.) \pna O:nikakukw un tomi:n. \pea I picked up that coin. \psa Alcé esa moneda. \pna O:ne:chakukw. \pea He lifted (picked) me up. \psa El me levantó(alzó). \pna Xkakukwi! \pea Pick it up (sth fallen on the ground; or,"Lift it up,"sb or sth such as a heavy sack sitting on the ground)! \psa ¡Recógelo (algo caído en el suelo;"Levántalo,"a (a algn o algo pesado como un bulto o costal parado en el suelo)! \se (refl.) to rise or puff up (skin from a rash or burn, the top of a blister, carded cotton or wool, tortillas being cooked on a griddle, bread that is rising, a frog when mad, a fire when starting to catch, etc.); to expand (certain mixtures such as dough) or rise from the addition of water or other liquids such as yeasts \ss (refl.) hincharse, inflarse o abultarse (la piel quemada o con comezón, la capa de una ampolla, algodón cardado o algo parecido, tortillas cocidos sobre el comal, pan que se levanta, una rana al enojarse, un fuego al empezar a brotar, etc.); crecer o levantarse (ciertas mezclas como la masa) por la agregación de agua u otros líquidos; leudar \pna Mikha:siwi. Kekexkia. Nakukwi itla:kayo, poso:ni itla:kayo. \pea He has red raised marks (weals) on his body. He itches. His body is puffing out, his body is getting bloated. \psa Tiene manchas rojas por el cuerpo. Tiene comezón. se hincha su cuerpo, se infla su cuerpo. \pna Kimo:molo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakukwi. \pea She cards the cotton so that it puffs up. \psa Ella carda el algodón para que se abulte. \pna Yo:pe:w nakukwi nonexko:n. \pea Your bucket for soaking maize in lime water has started to rise up (as the maize expands from absorbing water). \psa Tu cubeta de nixtamal se ha empezado a levantar (el maíz por el líquido y cal). \pna Xnakukwtok iti, xi:hla:nkalaktok. Xixwi, xtlakwa. \pea The belly (of my ox) is not bulging, its side is sunken in. It doesn't eat enough to get full, it doesn't eat. \psa La panza (de mi buey) no está combada, su costado está hundido. No se llena (de comer), no come. \pna Nakukwtok motlaxkal. \pea Your tortilla is puffing up. \psa Se está levantando tu tortilla. \pna O:tekwi:n, o:nakukw tlitl. \pea It flared up, the flames rose up. \psa Llameó, se alzaron las llamas. \se (refl.) to curl up \ss (refl.) enroscarse \pna O:nakukw ite:n moli:broh. \pea The edge of your book (its cover) has curled up. \psa Se encorvóla orilla de tu libro (su portada). \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \xvaa akukwilia \xvao ákokwília \nae The Ameyaltepec imperfective can be either <na>akokwiya</na> or <na>akokwia</na>, i.e., [a 'ko kwia] or [a ko 'kwi ya]. The duration of the initial vowel of Oapan <no>ákokwi</no> has been measured at 87 and 76 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 68 and 54 ms for Inocencio Jiménez, a clear indication of phonological shortness. \grm Note the many significations of the reflexive marker with this verb, from a type of passive to intransitive/anticausative. \ref 05714 \lxa ma:muwtia \lxac kima:muwtia \lxo ma:mohtia \lxoc kima:mohtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to scare; to frighten \ss espantar; asustar \pna Xkimima:muwti para ma yeyekawi:lo:kan! \pea Scare them so that they suffer soul-loss! \psa ¡Espántalos para que sufran susto! \se (relf) to become frightened or scared \ss (refl.) asustarse; quedar asustado o espantado \pna Noma:muwtia. Xtla:katl! \pea He gets frightened. He's not a man! \psa Se espanta.¡No es hombre! \sem emotions \dis muhtia, ma:muhtia \xrb mawi \xvaao ma:muwtilia \xvao ma:mohtilia \nae Although historical <n>mawi</n> has become <n>mowi</n> (often [muwi]) in most of the Balsas valley villages, the reduplicated form retains the historical /a/, which here surfaces as a long vowel. \qry Note that although in one notecard I have recorded that /ma:muhtia/ is the same as /muhtia/ this should be checked. Cf. to the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/, etc: \qry Also note the different pattern of reduplication which seems hard to explain: /muhtia/ and /ma:muhtia/ vs. /mowi/ and /momowi/; perhaps include this in my grammatical notes. Cf. notes under /muhtia:/. \grm Oapan phonology: note that with imperfectives there is no \ref 05715 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be a duplicate for Am /plo:weh/ with /pro:weh/ for Oapan. If there is a sound file here, shift to the proper entry (472). The information/illustrative sentences have been moved to the Am /lxa plo:weh entry. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 05716 \lxa pe:wya:n \lxac i:pe:wya:n \lxo pe:hya:n \lxof [ i: 'pe:h ya] \lxoc i:pe:hya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2(loc) \se beginning (of sth long, of a period of time) \ss principio (de algo largo); a principios (de un periodo de tiempo) \pna Kineki xpe:wa ipe:wya:n. \pea You need to begin at its beginning. \psa Tienes que empezar por su principio. \pna Wa:hla:s ipe:wya:n me:stli. \pea He will come at the beginning of the month. \psa Viene al principios del mes. \cfa tlakotia:n; tlamia:n \cfo tlákotiá:h; tlamiya:n \xrb pe:wa \xrl -ya:n \nae This word is very interesting in that the pronuncations for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a complete lack of final consonant (i.e., no reflex of the historican {n} nor any indication of aspiration) as well as the complete absence of a glottal stop, which would be automatically inserted after phrase-final vowel. It is simply a flat final vowel with no nasalization, no aspiration, and no glottal stop. Since final vowels motivate the automatic insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position, it is obvious that writing this as /i:pe:hya/ would be infelicitous as well as morphologically inaccurate. However, the writing of /i:pe:hya:n/ is perhaps misleading as well since there is no reflex of the /n/ (it is unclear if there is a slight final aspiration in two of the tokens). What appears to be the case is that across a range of speakers and utterances the surface manifestation of final /n/ varies from velarized nasal, to aspiration, to complete absence of anyth ing, to glottal stop(some instances of <no>a:ino:no:n</no> ['a:i no: no:?]), to lexicalization of glottal stop <nlo>í:xmotlí</nlo>). Nevertheless, it is interesting that the absence of any final consonant occurs consistently across the pronunciation of <no>i:pe:hya</no> and has not yet been noticed or documented in other words. \pqry **This word is very interesting in that the pronuncations for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a complete lack of final consonant (i.e., no reflex of the historican {n} nor any indication of aspiration) as well as the complete absence of a glottal stop, which would be automatically inserted after phrase-final vowel. It is simply a flat final vowel with no nasalization, no aspiration, and no glottal stop. Since final vowels motivate the automatic insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position, it is obvious that writing this as /i:pe:hya/ would be infelicitous as well as morphologically inaccurate. However, the writing of /i:pe:hya:n/ is perhaps misleading as well since there is no reflex of the /n/ (it is unclear if there is a slight final aspiration in two of the tokens). What appears to be the case is that across a range of speakers and utterances the surface manifestation of final /n/ varies from velarized nasal, to aspiration, to complete absence o f any thing, to glottal stop (some instances of <no>a:ino:no:n</no> ['a:i no: no:?]), to lexicalization of glottal stop <nlo>í:xmotlí</nlo>). Nevertheless, it is interesting that the absence of any final consonant occurs consistently across the pronunciation of <no>i:pe:hya</no> and has not yet been noticed or documented in other words. \grm **Oapan phonology; phonetics; final /n/: This word is very interesting in that the pronuncations for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a complete lack of final consonant (i.e., no reflex of the historican {n} nor any indication of aspiration) as well as the complete absence of a glottal stop, which would be automatically inserted after phrase-final vowel. It is simply a flat final vowel with no nasalization, no aspiration, and no glottal stop. Since final vowels motivate the automatic insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position, it is obvious that writing this as /i:pe:hya/ would be infelicitous as well as morphologically inaccurate. However, the writing of /i:pe:hya:n/ is perhaps misleading as well since there is no reflex of the /n/ (it is unclear if there is a slight final aspiration in two of the tokens). What appears to be the case is that across a range of speakers and utterances the surface manifestation of final /n/ varies from velarized nasa l, to aspiration, to complete absence of anything, to glottal stop (some instances of <no>a:ino:no:n</no> ['a:i no: no:?]), to lexicalization of glottal stop <nlo>í:xmotlí</nlo>). Nevertheless, it is interesting that the absence of any final consonant occurs consistently across the pronunciation of <no>i:pe:hya</no> and has not yet been noticed or documented in other words. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05717 \lxa tlatskowa \lxac kitlatskowa \lxo tlatskowa \lxoc kitlatskowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \se to whip; to give a thrashing to; to hit hard (especially with a rope, whip, switch, etc.) \ss azotar; dar una paliza a (particularmente con un laso, látigo, vara, etc.) \se (~ <n>i:wan</n>) to mix or scramble together with ([oblique, several ingredients in cooking); to cook together with ([oblique] several ingredients) \ss (~ <n>i:wan</n>) mezclar o revolver con ([oblicua], ingredientes en cocinar); cocinar junto con ([oblicua], varios ingredientes) \pna Xiktlatsko yetl iwa:n chi:hli iwa:n to:toltetl! \pea Scramble the beans with chile and with eggs (all fried together)! \psa ¡Revuelve los frijoles con chile y con huevo (todo frito junto)! \pna Xtlatsko iwa:n chi:hli! \pea Cook it (in this case fish) together with the chile (a pot of chile in boiling water, to which the fish is added)! \psa ¡Cocínalo (en este caso pescado) junto con el chile (un caldo con chile al cual se le agrega el pescado)! \se (fig.) to make off with; to rip off; to surreptitiously steal through deception; to shoplift \ss (fig.) chingarse; hurtar surrepticiosamente (p. ej., algo de una tienda) \pna Sié:n o:niktlatskoh iwa:n sie:n o:nikmak. \pea I made off with 100 and I gave him 100. \psa Me chingué100 pesos y le dio cien \dis tlatskowa; wi:teki; tlatswi:teki; telowa \xrb tlatsk \nse Neither <nao>tlatskowa</nao> nor any cognate has been found in Classical Nahuatl or modern dialects. However the root, <nr>tlatsk</nr> seems related to <nr>tlats(2)</nr> found elsewhere. In the figurative sense <na>sié:n o:niktlatskoh</na> refers to a situation in which, for example, someone gave me a necklace to sell. Even though I sold it for 200 pesos I tell him that the sale price was 100. I give him the 100 and keep the other 100 for myself. In this way <na>sié:n o:niktlatskoh</na>. \rt Relate root /tlatsk/ to /tlats/. \ref 05718 \lxa ma:ki:sa \lxac ma:ki:sa \lxo ma:ki:sa \lxoc ma:ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to survive \ss sobrevivir; salvarse \pna Miahkeh o:mihkeh, san newa o:nima:ki:s. \pea Many died, only I survived. \psa Muchos murieron, solamente yo sobreviví. \pna O:ma:ki:s, xo:kimiktikeh. \pea He survived, they didn't kill him. \psa Se salvó, no lo mataron. \se to get out of a jam; to manage to avoid a burdensome obligation (such as obligatory village service) \ss salir de un apuro; liberarse de una obligación pesada (como un cargo en el pueblo) \pna O:ma:ki:s, xto:pi:letis. \pea He got out of it, he won't be a topile. \psa Se liberó, no va a ser topile. \seo to give birth successfully (a human or animal) \sso dar a luz conéxito (una mujer o un animal) \xrb ma: \xrb ki:sa \xvcao ma:ki:xtia \qry Note that one filecard had the following: /O:ma:ki:s, xo:te:kakaya:w/ which I had as meaning 'He fulfilled his obligation, he did not fool anyone.' Although I had this as a quote from conversation, the meaning is so different than the others that I have kept it as a query. Check other uses with this meaning. In one entry I had the note that the verb /ma:ki:sa/ in the sense of to become freed from an obligation is used only to refer to people who have managed to avoid cargo service. \vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens. The first female token is /ma ki:sa/. This should be tagged as #3757. It is the optative and the verb /ki:sa/. Then there are two additonal female tokens and 2 male tokens. Note that the 3rd female token (i.e., the 2nd and final token that represents 5718, remembering that the first token should be tagged as 3757) and the 1st male token are the ones that should be linked. \grm Vowel length: This word provides a minimal pair: /ma ki:sa/ and /ma:ki:sa/. A further contrast could be documented in Oapan with the negtive imperative: /ma: ki:sa/. \ref 05719 \lxa tlakwiste:hke:tl \lxac tlakwiste:hke:tl \lxo tlakoste:hke:tl \lxoc tlakoste:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao see <nla>tlakwite:hke:tl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakote:hke:tl</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>tlakwite:hke:tl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlakote:hke:tl</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \ref 05720 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ówimáti \lxop owimati \lxoc ówimáti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se to know ones way; to know the path (e.g., to get from one village to another, or merely to walk through an area traversed by paths) \ss saber el camino (p. ej., para ir de un pueblo a otro, o simplemente por conocer las sendas y veredas que atraviesan una zona) \se (often used in the negative) to be aware of the antecedents; to be aware of the past or how things stand; (e.g., a dispute or litigation) \ss (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) saber la historia; conocer los antecedentes (p. ej., de un litigio o pleito) \xrb oh \xrb mati \nse The status of the <na>wi</na> in <na>owimati</na> is unclear although it is not unprecedented in other dialects. Thus RS gives a Classical lexeme from Paredes <n>ouiotl</n> 'lo que concierne a los caminos.' There is a stem <n>owih</n> 'difficult,' but <na>owimati</na> does not seem to be related to this stem, but rather to <nr>oh</nr> of <na>otli</na> (Am). It is also possible that the /i/ derives from the stem <n>(i)hmati</n>. The figurative and metaphoric use of <na>owimati</na> is used most often in the negative to indicate that one does not know the past or the history of a given situation: <na>xniowimati</na> 'I'm not familiar with the history (of a particular situation).' \mod I originally had this phrase from Am, but C. Flores stated that it was only a transitive verb: /Xuwimati, xtlah o:kihlih i:tah./ 'He doesn't know where things stand, his father didn't tell him anything.' Check. Also check that the Oapan word is indeed intransitive. \ref 05721 \lxa a:tila:na \lxac ka:tila:na \lxo a:tila:na \lxoc ka:tila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to pull along in the water (sth or sb) \ss jalar dentro del agua (algo o algn) \pna Ma tika:tila:naka:n un kuwtli, tikpano:lti:skeh nepa la:doh. \pea Let's pull that log along in the water (of a river or lake), we'll pass it over to the other side. \psa Vamos a jalar ese tronco en el agua (de un río o laguna), vamos a pasarlo al otro lado. \pna Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti. \pea I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself. \psa Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) en el agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo. \se to pull (sb [O]) into the water (e.g., from the edge of a river or lake) \ss jalar (a algn [O]) abajo del agua (p. ej., desde la orilla o desde adentro de un río o laguna) \pna Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n. \pea Don't let <nla>a:lamatsi:n</nla> drag you down into in the water. \psa No dejes que <nla>a:lamatsi:n</nla> te jale abajo del agua. \se to restore a"fallen"fontanelle (for a child) by sucking on the soft spot with water in ones mouth \ss restorarle la fontanela caída a(un niño) al aspirar sobre ella con agua en la boca sobre la parte superior de la cabeza \pna Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon. \pea If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You should take water in your mouth and suck in on the top of the child's head. \psa Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). tomas agua en la boca e inhalas sobre su cabeza. \xrb a: \xrb tila:na \nse In the acceptation of <nao>a:tila:na</nao> that refers to helping someone pass from one side of a river to another, the action consists in one person holding onto a log and swiming while the other is being pulled across by holding onto the swimmers arm). The third sense of <na>a:tila:na</na> refers to taking water in ones mouth and sucking it up while ones mouth is placed on top of the"fallen"soft spot on a child's head. Note that this soft spot is called <nao>i:a:w</nao> (lit. 'his water'); thus it is not clear if the /a:-/ of <nao>a:tila:na</nao> refers to the water in ones mouth or the"water"of the child's soft spot. \ref 05722 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record, for /kulebri:tah/ has been deleted as a duplicate. See 7766. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05723 \lxa sekneka \lxac se: sekneka \lxo sehneka \lxoc se: sehneka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se in a particular or certain distict manner or way \ss en una manera o forma particular o distinta \pna Sekneka tlachia. \pea It has a different appearance (from others that are already known). \psa Tiene una apariencia distinta (de otras que ya se conocen). \pna Se: sekneka tlachian. \pea Each one is different (i.e., the way it appears, should be done, etc.). \psa Cada uno es diferente (p. ej., en apariencia, en como se debe hacer, etc.). \xrb sekneka \nse <na>Sekneka</na> appears to be related to Classical <na>cecni</na> ; the final /a/ is perhaps related to the same <na>-ah</na> that is found in such forms as <nla>kanah</nla>, <nla>yekah</nla>, etc. If so, it is likely that <na>sekneka</na> and <nla>o:ksekneka</nla> should both be written with a final /h/. \qry Determine and query whether there is a final /h/ here, i.e., /seknekah/. Cf. to other forms that end in /-ah/ and have no clear-cut etymology: /yekah/, /kanah/, etc. \ref 05724 \lxa pipi:na:hka:yoh \lxac xpipi:na:hka:yoh \lxo pi:na:hka:yoh \lxoc xpi:na:hka:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(intrans) \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se (<n>x</n> ~) to be without shame; to be shameless \ss (<n>x</n> ~) ser sin vergüenza, no tener vergüenza \pna Xpipi:na:hka:yoh, o:kawak ina:n te:i:xpan. \pea He has no shame (is shameless), he scolded his mother in front of others. \psa No tiene vergüenza, regañó a su mamáfrente a otros. \xrb pi:na: \qry Recheck long vowel in /ka/ since my original notes had a short vowel here. I also had the sequence /wk/ as /pipi:na:wkayoh/. Check. \ref 05725 \lxa tlamia \lxac kitlamia \lxo tlamia \lxoc kitlamia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi(a) \infv class-2a \se to use up (a consumible item such as a drink or food) \ss acabar con (algo que se consume como una bebida o comida) \se to finish (a task or chore) \ss terminar (una tarea o trabajo) \sea (refl. + <na>-ka</na>, usually with long vowel reduplication) to use (sb or sth) as a pretext or excuse \ssa (refl. + <na>-ka</na>, generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) utilizar (algo o algn) como pretexto o coartada \pna Moka o:nimotlamih. O:niktlatlan in tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan ma:ski xmelá:k. San para o:ne:chma:keh. \pea I used you as a pretext. I asked for what I needed, I told people that you sent me even though it was true. It was just so that they would give it to me. \psa Te utilizécomo pretexto. Pedílo que necesitaba, dije que tu me habías mandado aunque no fuera cierto. Fue solamente para que me lo dieran. \pna Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:xtlai:ti:skeh. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g., that I had an appointment with you) so that they would not invite me drinking. \psa Te usécomo pretexto (p. ej., que tenía una cita contigo) para que no me invitara a emborracharme. \pna Notla:tlamiah ika ma:s san tli:no:n para ma:ka yas. \pea He uses anything as an excuse not to go. \psa Utiliza cualquier cosa como pretexto para no ir. \seao (<na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya:</no> (Oa) + refl.) to pass free time doing \ssao (<na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya:</no> (Oa) + refl.) pasar el rato libre haciendo \pno Ya: xmotlámitóka:n! \peo Pass your free time doing it! \pso ¡Mientras que pase el tiempo, estélo haciendo! \xrb tlami \xvaa tlamilia \nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the phrase <na>-ka notlamia</na> (Am) is synonomous with <na>-ka nokopi:na</na> (Am); see <nla>kopi:na</nla>. \qry It is not clear whether both /-ka notlamiya/ and /-ka nokopi:na/ are valid expressions in Oapan Nahuatl. This should be checked and, at the same time, check to see what the oblique marker is /noka/ or /noya/, etc. \ref 05726 \lxa tomilia \lxac kitotomilia \lxo tomilia \lxoc kí:tomília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to undo for (the harm done by stepping over a child lying on the ground; this harm is undone by stepping back over the same child) \ss deshacer para (el daño hecho al pasar sobre un niño acostado en el suelo; este daño se deshace al volver a pisar sobre el mismo niño) \se to explain (the meaning of) to \ss explicar (el significado o sentido) a \pna Timistomili:s tli:no:n kito:sneki. \pea I will explain what it means to you. \psa Te voy a explicar lo que quiere decir. \pna Kwahli timitsihlia, kwahli timistomilia. \pea I tell it to you right, I explain it to you well (e.g., the meaning of a word). \psa Bien te lo digo, bien te lo explico (p. ej., el significado de una palabra). \se (usually reduplicated with a short vowel) to unhitch (an ox or team of oxen from the yoke) for \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) desatar (un buey o la yunta del yugo) para \pna Timitsintomili:s \pea I will unhitch them (oxen) for you. \psa Te los voy a desatar (a una yunta). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to untie for (e.g., a knot, cable, rope, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desatar para (p. ej., un nudo, cable, soga)un animal atado a un poste, etc.) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to unhitch (an animal) for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) soltar (un animal) para \pna Xne:xtotomili noburroh! \pea Untie (unhitch) my donkey for me! \psa ¡Desata mi burro para mí! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to unravel for (a tangled cord, etc., that must be slowly undone); to untwist for (e.g., a taught rope or <spn>riata</spn>) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desenredar o desenmarañar para (un hilo, cuerda, mecate, laso, etc., que se tiene que enderezar despacio); desenroscar o quitar lo retorcido para (p. ej., a una riata muy apretada y torcida o enroscada) \xrb tom \xv2ao tlatomilia \xvbao toma \nse The decision to enter the applicative as an unreduplicated verb <nao>tomilia</nao> was based on desire to keep all entries (e.g., <nao>tomi</nao>, <nao>toma</nao>, and <nao>tomilia</nao> close together in a potential print version of the dictionary. It was also based on the difficulty in determining which of the forms (if any) could not appear unreduplicated. It is clear that the nonreduplicated form of the transitive (<nao>toma</nao>) does occur often with the sense of to undo something, particularly the potential harm to a child lying on the ground if one steps over him. However, <nao>totomi</nao> has to date only been documented in a reduplicated form. It is listed as <nao>tomi</nao>, as there explained, simply to maintain the parallel structure of entries (e.g., if the transitive occurs unreduplicated then the intransitive is at least listed in this form also). However, the case of the ditransitive applicative (based on the transitive) is a bit more complicated. In Oapan the unredu plicated applicative occurs only with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> and with the culturally specified meaning of 'to unhitch a team of oxen for.' Thus one may find <nao>Xne:xtlatomili ya nowa:kax</nao> 'Unhitch my oxen for me.' This is an antipassive-like construction, with the valency-reducing <n>tla-</n> (resulting in a functionally intransitive <nao>tlatomilia</nao>) and the patient expressed obliquely. However, if the object is expressed specifically, then at least in Oapan the verb must be reduplicated: <nao>xne:xtotomili nowa:kax</nao>. This is not an altogether unexpected phenomenon as it reflects the fact that the more specific the object the more precise the verbal expression in terms of its temporal nature (in this case iterativity). The question remains, though, whether an unreduplicated applicative with a specific object can occur. While Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez denied the correctness of a form such as <no>xne:xtomili</no> further research might docume nt this form in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec it has been documented, although it is clearly much less common than the reduplicated <na>totomilia</na>. Whether or not the Ameyaltepec phrases with the unreduplicated applicative are to be included depends on further research and clarification. \qry Check constructions such as /xne:xtomilia noi:joh/. Make sure that /xne:xtomili/ can only be used for a yunta. Determine the difference between /xne:xtomili/ and /xne:xtotomili/, if there is one. \grm Reduplication: The decision to enter the applicative as an unreduplicated verb <nao>tomilia</nao> was based on desire to keep all entries (e.g., <nao>tomi</nao>, <nao>toma</nao>, and <nao>tomilia</nao> close together in a potential print version of the dictionary. It was also based on the difficulty in determining which of the forms (if any) could not appear unreduplicated. It is clear that the nonreduplicated form of the transitive (<nao>toma</nao>) does occur often with the sense of to undo something, particularly the potential harm to a child lying on the ground if one steps over him. However, <nao>totomi</nao> has to date only been documented in a reduplicated form. It is listed as <nao>tomi</nao>, as there explained, simply to maintain the parallel structure of entries (e.g., if the transitive occurs unreduplicated then the intransitive is at least listed in this form also). However, the case of the ditransitive applicative (based on the transitive) is a bit more complicated. In O apan the unreduplicated applicative occurs only with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> and with the culturally specified meaning of 'to unhitch a team of oxen for.' Thus one may find <nao>Xne:xtlatomili ya nowa:kax</nao> 'Unhitch my oxen for me.' This is an antipassive-like construction, with the valency-reducing <n>tla-</n> (resulting in a functionally intransitive <nao>tlatomilia</nao>) and the patient expressed obliquely. However, if the object is expressed specifically, then at least in Oapan the verb must be reduplicated: <nao>xne:xtotomili nowa:kax</nao>. This is not an altogether unexpected phenomenon as it reflects the fact that the more specific the object the more precise the verbal expression in terms of its temporal nature (in this case iterativity). The question remains, though, whether an unreduplicated applicative with a specific object can occur. While Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez denied the correctness of a form such as <no>xne:xtomili</no> further resear ch might doc ument this form in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec it has been documented, although it is clearly much less common than the reduplicated <na>totomilia</na>. Whether or not the Ameyaltepec phrases with the unreduplicated applicative are to be included depends on further research and clarification. \vl There are 4 tokens at the end for /kitlatomilia/. These should be tagged as 1401 and used there as teh links, since they are better speech signals that the words originally recorded at 1401. \ref 05727 \lxa po:cho:kuwtli \lxac po:cho:kuwtli \lxo po:cho:kohtli \lxoc po:cho:kohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seao generic name of group of trees that includes both the <na>po:cho:tl</na> and the <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> \ssao nombre genérico de un grupo deárboles que incluye el <na>po:cho:tl</na> mismo y el <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> \se <l>Ceiba sp.</l> Mill., tree of the Bombacaceae family known in Spanish as <spn>pochote</spn> \ss <l>Ceiba sp.</l> Mill.,árbol de la familia Bombacaceae conocida como pochote \equivao po:cho:tl \xrb po:cho: \xrb kow \ref 05728 \lxa moya:wi \lxac moya:wi \lxo moya:wi \lxoc moya:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to get muddy or cloudy (water with sediment that has been agitated) \ss enturbiarse (agua, como el río durante la temporada de lluvias cuando se ensucia por el lodo que se lleva por el corriente) \pna O:moya:w a:tl, chika:wak notlalowa. \pea The water got muddied, the current is strong. \psa Se enturbió el agua, está fuerte la corriente. \xrb moya: \ref 05729 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /yakah/, which is now an alternate pronunciation of /yekah/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the 4 tokens here with #02350; probably the speech tokens originally from here, 5729, are of better quality than those previously recorded, but use your judgement on which to link. \ref 05730 \lxa kekexioh \lxac kekexioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s* \sea party-goer; to be a barrel of fun (a person); to be full of energy \ssa ser alegre; estar lleno de energía y alguien que festeja mucho \syno kekextik \xrb kex \fl kekextli \nse <na>Kekexioh</na> is considered a denominal adjective based on the occurrence of <nla>kekextsi:n</nla>, a diminutive nominal form. \ref 05731 \lxa tsi:ntepi:tsiwi \lxac tsi:ntepi:tsiwi \lxo tsi:ntepi:tsiwi \lxoc tsi:n tepi:tsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become constipated \ss estar estreñido \pna O:tsi:ntepi:tsiw iburroh, kipelo:tawi:s ika untoh. \pea His donkey has become constipated, he will give it an enema with ointment. \psa Su burro está estreñido, le va a dar una enema con ungüento. \xrb tsi:n \xrb tepi:tsi \nae Although <nlao>pi:tsiwi</nlao> and <nlao>tepi:tsiwi</nlao> might well be related, the two have been analyzed as having distinct roots, the first meaning 'to narrow' and the second 'to harden.' For <nao>tsi:ntepi:tsiwi</nao> perhaps either etymology would"work"(<nr>tepi:ts</nr> referring to hardening of the intestines or <nr>pi:ts</nr> preceded by the intensifier <n>te-</n> referring to their intense narrowing), but for now the etymology has been given as <nr>tsi:n</nr> + <nr>tepi:tsiwi</nr>. \qry It is not clear whether this verb can occur without the intensifier /te-/. Check whether /tsi:npi:tsiwi/ is correct. Check also for transitive form. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05732 \lxa tsaya:nki \lxac tsaya:nki \lxo tsaya:nki \lxoc tsaya:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a fissure; to be cracked or fractured (sth hard such as ceramics or wood that is cracked or split but only partially through) \ss estar partido o rajado; tener una fisura a lo largo (algo duro como la cerámica o madera que está rajado o partido pero no de un lado a otro) \pna Tsaya:nki un ko:ntli, xok nihkwis. \pea That pot is cracked, I won't use it anymore. \psa Esa olla está rajada, ya no lo voy a usar. \dis tlapa:nki; tsaya:nki; postehki \xrb tsaya: \ref 05733 \lxa tlakwa:ya:n \lxac i:tlakwa:ya:n \lxo tlakwa:ya:n \lxoc i:tlakwa:ya:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2(loc) \sea (with human possessor) planted field of maize \ssa (con poseedor humano) sembradío de maíz \pna Yewa totlakwa:ya:n. \pea That is our field. \psa Ese es nuestro sembradío. \se (when possessor is cattle or other grazing animal) customary pasture \ss (cuando el poseedor es ganado u otro animal que apacenta) pastura predilecta \pna Nemi itlakwa:ya:n. \pea It is at its usual grazing ground. \psa Está en su pastura predilecta. \seo (with human possessor) eating time \sso (con poseedor humano) tiempo de comer \pno Totlakwa:ya:n yó:yekók. \peo He arrived while we were eating. \pso Llegóal tiempo de nuestra comida. \xrb kwa \xrl -ya:n \ref 05734 \lxa te:mati \lxac kite:mati \lxo te:mati \lxoc kite:mati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to worry about (a person); to be concerned about \ss preocuparse de (una persona) \pna Kite:maste:ewa iwe:wentsi:n, a:kino:n kitlakwalti:s. Tlayo:wi:s. \pea She is worried on her deathbed about her husband, who will feed him? He is going to suffer. \psa En el lecho de su muerte se preocupa por su marido,¿Quién le va a dar de comer?él va a sufrir. \pna Nikominte:mastok nokone:wa:n, san yewameh. A:kinon iwa:n kochiskeh? \pea I'm worried about my children there (i.e., they are not where I am), they are by themselves. With whom are they going to sleep? \psa Estoy preocupado por mis niños allá (esto es, no están donde yo estoy), están solos.¿Con quién van a dormir? \se (refl.) to worry; to feel concerned or anxious \ss (refl.) preocuparse \pna Nimote:mastok ke:n nikochis. Ke:n se:wa wan xnikpia tli:n ika nimotlapacho:s. \pea I'm worried about how I will (be able to) sleep. It's really cold and I don't have anything with which to wrap myself up in. \psa Estoy preocupado como (voy a poder) dormir. Hace mucho frío y no tengo con que taparme. \pna Nimote:mati. Ne:chnawatian se: tekitl wan hmati xniwelis. \pea I'm concerned. They tell me to do a certain job and I feel I won't be able to. \psa Me preocupo. Me mandan hacer un cierto trabajo y siento que no voy a poder. \dis ne:ntlamati; te:mati \xrb te: \xrb mati \ref 05735 \lxa lu:loh \lxac lu:loh mokone:w \lxo lo:loh \lxoc lo:loh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-bb \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cradle \ss cuna \pna Tiaweh ipan molu:loh, tikochis! \pea Beddy-bye, time to go to sleep! \psa ¡A la camita, es hora de dormir! \pno Tiaweh molo:loh! \peo Let's go to your bed! \pso ¡Vamos a tu camita! \sem Onom \sem baby \nse Apparently this word derives from the coo-ing sound made to lull a baby to sleep. Note that even though /u:/ is not contrastive with /u/, I have marked length given that the"template"for baby-talk words is CV:CVh (e.g., <nla>wi:wih</nla>). \qry Check to see if both possessed and nonpossessed forms can be used. Change /cat accordingly. \mod Check to where"bb"and"Onom"codes should be placed. \ref 05736 \lxa eskale:rah \lxac eskale:rah \lxo eskale:rah \lxoc eskale:rah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan escalera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se ladder \ss escalera \pna Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah! \pea Tie the rungs on that ladder well! \psa ¡átale bien los travesaños a esa escalera! \grm Reduplication; long vowel: Note in the phrase /Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo on eskale:rah!/ 'Tie the rungs on that ladder well!' Long vowel reduplication is used here because the rungs are tied at even intervals on the vertical posts. The tieing takes place one rung after another. Cf. this to /xiksasa:lo/, which refers to the tieing of a knot. \ref 05737 \lxa yo:lchika:wi \lxac yo:lchika:wi \lxo yo:lchika:wi \lxoc yo:lchika:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to act in a self-assured or strong-willed way; to be or become unyielding in ones perspectives, plans, and opinions \ss actuar en una manera tenaz o algo terco; ser muy determinado (para hacer algo) sin ceder \pna Yo:lchika:wiya. Pero ka:no:n? Xumpa icha:n. \pea He acted in a very self-assured manner (as if he were in his house and was the boss). But how can that be? It isn't his house there (i.e., he has no right to impose himself). \psa Actuaba en una forma tenaz (como si estuviera en su casa yél fuera el jefe).¿Pero cómo es posible? Alláno es su casa. \pna A:man ye tiyo:lchika:wi,¿Tle:ka xtine:chaka totomi:n? \pea How you've become unyielding, why don't you give me our money? \psa Ahora te has puesto algo terco,¿Por quéno me das nuestro dinero? \xrb yo:l \xrb chika: \ref 05738 \lxa nexkuwtli \lxac nexkuwtli \lxo nexkohtli \lxoc nexkohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of tree not found near Ameyaltepec, but apparently found near Ahuelicán; still not collected nor identified \ss tipo deárbol no hallado cerca de Ameyaltepec aunque si, aparentemente, cerca de Ahuelicán; todavía no colectado ni identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb nex \xrb kow \nse Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard the name of this tree but would not be able to recognize it. There are none near Ameyaltepec although, he thought, this tree is found near Ahuelicán. \nct kohtli \vl The first female token is mistaken, it is /nexko:ntli/ and should be tagged as #2868. The rest are correct. Of these, link the last female token and last male token. \ref 05739 \lxa nakastetitilak \lxaa nakastetetilak; nakastitilak \lxac nakastetitilak \lxo nakasté:tilák \lxocpend @nakasté:tilák \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seao folk generic name for several vines that grow close to the ground and are characterized by thick, fleshy leaves; to date (Sept. 2001) four plants of this name have been collected, three of the family Nyctaginaceae (<l>Allionia choisya</l> Standl.; <l>Okenia hypogaea</l> Schltdle. & Cham.; and <l>Boherhavia coccinea</l> Miller) and one of the Malvaceae family \ssao nombre genérico foklórico de varias enredaderas que crecen cerca del suelo y que se caracterizan por hojas gruesas y carnosas; hasta la fecha (sept. 2001) cuatro plantas de este nombre han sido colectadas, tres de la familia Nyctaginaceae (<l>Allionia choisya</l> Standl.; <l>Okenia hypogaea</l> Schltdle. & Cham.; y <l>Boherhavia coccinea</l> Miller) y una de la familia Malvaceae \pna Nakastetetilak | Titila:wakixiwyo, kipiaime:me:yahlo istá:k. \pea <na>Nakastetetilak</na> : Its leaves are thick, it has white sap. \psa <na>Nakastetetilak</na> : Sus hojas son gruesas, tiene la savia blanca. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb nakas \xrb tila: \nct xiwtli \cpl In a visit to Ameyaltepec Chen Díaz mentioned that the name of a potted plant on his porch was <na>nakastetitilak</na>. Later we found a wild plant that Cristino Flores also identified as <na>nakastetitilak</na>. I have heard the name of this plant given as both <na>nakastetetilak</na> and <na>nakastitilak</na> although apparently the most correct form is that given as a headword here. \ref 05740 \lxa tlane:si \lxac tlane:si \lxo tlane:si \lxoc tlane:si \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to dawn \ss alborear \pna O:tlane:s. \pea Dawn has broken. \psa Amaneció. \se for there to be a clear view \ss haber una buena y clara vista \pna Tlane:si, weka tontlachias. \pea There is a clear panoramic view (without anything blocking it), you will be able to see a long distance away. \psa Hay una vista panorámica (sin estorbos), vas a poder ver a mucha distancia. \pna Tlane:si, de nika:n kwahli ne:stok, xtlah ne:chtsakwilia. \pea There is a clear view, it is clearly visible from here, nothing obstructs my view. \psa Hay una buena vista, de aquíaparece claramente, nada me estorba. \sem weather \cfa ne:stok \xrb ne:si \xbtlao ne:si \nse Note that in non-present tenses or aspects <na>tlane:si</na> is usually taken to mean 'to dawn.' In the present (and occasionally the future), however, it can refer to a clear, unobstructed view, e.g., through an open window. Particularly used is the negative form. \ref 05741 \lxa chika:wa \lxac kichika:wa \lxo chika:wa \lxoc nochika:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to tighten up (e.g., a muscle or body part in exerting a force) \ss dar fuerza a (p. ej., un músculo al hacer un esfuerzo de trabajo, etc.) \se (refl.) to make a strong physical effort; to steel oneself; to brace oneself; to apply oneself with desire (e.g., to a task) \ss (refl.) hacer un gran esfuerzo; prepararse físcamente para un esfuerzo; aplicarse con afán (p. ej., a una tarea) \pna Xmochika:wa! Ma nimopilo! \pea Brace yourself! I'm going to pull down hard! \psa ¡Prepárate!¡Voy a jalar con fuerza! \pna Te:wan nochichika:wtinemi. \pea He (e.g., a prisoner) goes around struggling to break out of the grasp of others. \psa Anda luchando (p. ej., un prisionero) para librarse de la gente que lo está agarrando \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to be stubborn or hold ones ground \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) actuar en una manera obstinada \seo (refl.) to strain (e.g., a woman to give birth, a person or animal in defecating when constipated, etc.) \sso (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo con el cuerpo (p. ej., una mujer para dar a luz, una person o animal constipado para defecar, etc.) \cfao yo:lchika:wa \xrb chika: \xvaa chika:wilia \qry Obtain further examples of use of this verb both in reflexive and with definite object. Particularly check for the correctness of the final two meanings with a reflexive, as opposed to the use of the intransitive to express these concepts. \ref 05742 \lxa kwala:ni \lxac kwala:ni \lxo kwala:ni \lxoc kwala:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to be mad (particularly in present tense); to get mad (a person or animal) \ss estar enojado (particularmente en el presente); enojarse (una persona o animal) \pna Kwala:nini deke tiktlatekiwti:s. \pea He tends to get mad if you give him a job to do. \psa Se tiende a enojar si le encargas alguna tarea. \se to foam or bubble up (a liquid such as beer or soda) \ss echar espuma (un líquido como la cerveza o el refresco) \pna Kwala:ntok norefre:skoh, poso:ntok. \pea My soda is foaming, it is bubbling up. \psa Se está echando espuma mi refresco, está burbujando. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to sulk; to pout; to be in a bad mood \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ponerse berrinchudo; enfurruñarse; estar de mal humor \pna Xok kineki tekichi:was. San kukwala:ni, xne:si tli:n kikwala:nia. \pea He does not want to do any work anymore. He's just sulking, [though] it's not clear what is making him mad. \psa Ya no quiere hacer trabajo. Está enfurruñado, [aunque] no se ve que es lo que le hizo enojar. \sem emotions \xrb kwala: \xvka kukwalaka \xvko kwakwalaka \ref 05743 \lxa tsatsi:tia \lxac kitsatsi:tia \lxo 'tsatsí:tia \lxop tsatsitia \lxoc kítsatsí:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to make (sb) shout (e.g., from pain) \ss hacer gritar a (algn, de dolor) \se to make (a mechanical device such as the horn of a car) emit a sound \ss hacer sonar (un aparato como el klaxon de un coche, u otro objeto similar) \pna Xtsatsi:ti moko:chin! \pea ¡Honk the horn of your car! \psa ¡Haz soñar el klaxon de tu coche! \xrb tsahtsi \nae Oapan phonology: In elicitiation and recording Florencia Marcelino gave <no>kítsatsí:tia</no>, specifically denying the correctness of *kitsátsi:tiá. This is the pattern expected for lexically marked pitch-accented verbs. The heavy penultimate syllable also attracts or holds stress, another factor (though by no means necessary) to explain the HLHL sequence on a three-syllable transitive verb with the obligatory object prefix. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent Note that in elicitiation and recording I was given /kítsatsí:tia/ by FM. This is probably motivated both by a general tendency for 4-syllable lexically pitch accented words to assume the surface form HLHL as well as the preference of high, marked pitch for heavy syllables. To do this while avoiding a H-H sequence in a 4-syllable word the stress is shifted left. Rechecking FM denied the acceptability of *kitsátsi:tiá. Note that the dummy morpheme in /nokalté:sól/ solves the problem of H-H in a 4-syllable word by lengthening one syllable in the Input unit. An option such as ?nokálsosól seems awkward, but this may simply be the result of my familiarity with Oapan pitch accent patterns. \ref 05744 \lxa tekochkwitlapi:hli \lxac tekochkwitlapi:hli \lxo tekochkwitlapi:hli \lxoc tekochkwitlapi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se <l>Capparis angustifolia</l> Kunth, fine-leaved tree of the Capparaceae family \ss <l>Capparis angustifolia</l> Kunth,árbol con hojas delgadas de la familia Capparaceae \pna Tekochkwitlapi:hli | Deke peya:stik welis para kahli---mori:yoh, kabe:sah; deke o:wa:k bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. \pea <na>Tekochkwitlapi:hli</na> : If it is straight it can be used in a house---as a <spn>morillo</spn>, a <spn>cabeza</spn> ; if it has dried it's good for firewood. \psa <na>Tekochkwitlapi:hli</na> : Si es derecho se puede usar en una casa--como morillo, cabeza; si se secó es bueno para leña. \xrb tekoch \xrb kwitla \xrb pil \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>cola de pájaro carpintero</spn>. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \nct kohtli \ref 05745 \lxa kaki:tia \lxac kikaki:tia \lxo kaki:tia \lxoc kikaki:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to relate or tell to (a story, a tale, particularly with the sense that the person listening will learn it, a rumor or some occurrence, etc.) \ss relatar o decir a (un cuento, particularmente para que el que lo escuche se lo aprehenda; un chisme; algo que pasó, etc.) \pna Nikonte:kaki:ti:s, no: kinekin weliskeh. \pea I'm going to tell it to people (i.e., a story), they also want to learn. \psa Se lo voy a contar a la gente (p. ej., un cuento), también quieren aprender. \se to pronounce or articulate for \ss pronunciar o articular para \pna Xne:chkaki:ti un tlato:hli. \pea Pronounce that word for me. \psa Pronuncia esta palabra para mí. \seao (used only in the negative with <n>tla-</n>) to (not) allow (sb) to hear \ssao (utilizado solamente en el negativo con <n>tla-</n>) (no) dejar escuchar (a algn) \pno Xte:tlakaki:tia on tla:tsonahli. \peo That music doesn't let people hear. \pso Esa música no deja escuchar. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to say (a complaint, or injurious words) aloud so that it is overheard by (or, at times, to say the same directly to a person's face; note that with a nonspecific object it is the prefix <n>tla-</n> that is reduplicated) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer oir o escuchar palabras de queja (o, a veces, decir estas palabras directamente a algn; nótese que con un objeto no específico se reduplica el prefijo <n>tla-</n>) \pna Mitska:kaki:tia tlato:hli. \pea He is letting you hear his words of complaint. \psa Estáhaciendo que escuches sus palabras de queja. \pna Deke ihkón o:tikihlih, xo:tiktla:tlakaki:tih, o:tikihlih i:xko. \pea If you said it to him in that manner, you didn't say it (something bad) so that he would overhear it. You said it to his face. \psa Si se lo dijiste de esa manera, no se lo dijiste para que lo escuchara por casualidad. se lo dijiste a su cara. \seao (<no>tla:tlakaki:tia</no>) to let (sb) overhear words of complaint (without direct reference to that person) (syn. Oa <nlo>tla:tlapaló:tlatówa</nlo>) \ssao (<no>tla:tlakaki:tia</no>) dejar (a algn) escuchar palabras de queja (sin hacerle una referencia directa); echarle pedradas a (algn); (syn. Oa <nlo>tla:tlapaló:tlatówa</nlo>) \xrb kaki \xvbao kaki \nse The forms with long vowel reduplication, <na>ka:kaki:tia</na> (Am) and <nao>tla:tlakaki:tia</nao> (Am/Oa), refer to saying something insulting about a person so that the person overhears it. It often refers to actions such as that of drunks who pass in front of someone's house, shouting out an insult so that the person hears it, without addressing him directly. Indeed, the name of the person who is the object of complaint is also not uttered. Note that when a specific object is present it is the root that is reduplicated; with the nonspecific <n>tla-</n> it is the nonspecific prefix (secondary object) that is so reduplicated. The form <n>xtlakaki:tia</n> is a clear example of a"let"causative in which the sense is not"to cause action"but"to allow action."to occur. Here the action is that of someone hearing something. \grm Reduplication: The forms with long vowel reduplication, <na>ka:kaki:tia</na> (Am) and <nao>tla:tlakaki:tia</nao> (Am/Oa), refer to saying something insulting about a person so that the person overhears it. It often refers to actions such as that of drunks who pass in front of someone's house, shouting out an insult so that the person hears it, without addressing him directly. Indeed, the name of the person who is the object of complaint is also not uttered. Note that when a specific object is present it is the root that is reduplicated; with the nonspecific <n>tla-</n> it is the nonspecific prefix (secondary object) that is so reduplicated. \grm Causative: The form <n>xtlakaki:tia</n> is a clear example of a"let"causative in which the sense is not"to cause action"but"to allow action."to occur. Here the action is that of someone hearing something. \qry Check for the precise meaning of /ka:kaki:tia/, i.e., whether it always refers to things said aloud to be overheard. Also, check to see if /kakaki:tia/ also exists. Finally, cf. whether one can have /tlaka:kaki:tia/, as in /ne:chtlaka:kaki:tia/, or whether only the prefix is reduplicated in such cases. \ref 05746 \lxa pepeyotsa \lxac kipepeyotsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to give the shivers or creeps to; to make the skin of crawl \ss darle escalofríos a; ponerle los pelos de punta a \pna Mitspepeyotsa tokatl, o:kalak itik mokoto:n. \pea The spider makes your skin crawl, it got inside of your shirt. \psa La araña te pone los pelos de punta, se metiópor tu camisa. \cfa pepeyoka \xrb peyo: \qry Check for other meanings of /-pepeyotsa/ as well as presence of base verb /peyo:ni/ and intransitive /pepeyoka/. In one set of notes I have recorded that the root of /-pepeyoka/ is *peyo:ni, which I have only heard in reduplicated form, /pepeyo:ni/. The verb seems to refer to a slight and small movement that is repeated: /pe:peyo:ni/, or which happens many times rapidly: /pepeyoka/; cf. /i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni/. Cf. O entry under /papayetsa/, which is perhaps wrong. \vl The four tokens here are /papaitsa/, which was mistakenly given. All four should be tagged with ref. #03688. \ref 05747 \lxa tla:wa:ni \lxac tla:wa:ni \lxo tla:wa:ni \lxoc tla:wa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to become or get drunk \ss emborracharse \xrb tla:wa: \xvcao tla:wa:ntia \qry Check if this only refers to become drunk from alcohol. \ref 05748 \lxa a:kawtlapextli \lxac a:kawtlapextli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea raised bed-like platform made of <nla>a:kawtli</nla> that is set up in the sun and on which chile is dried \ssa plataforma como una cama hecha de <nla>a:kawtli</nla> y que se pone en el sol y se utiliza para secar chile \syno ákotlapéxtli \xrb a:kaw \xrb pech \ono a:kawtlapextli \qry Recheck vowel length in /tlapextli/. \mod Illustrate \ref 05749 \lxa ka:ka:lo:sintli \lxac ka:ka:lo:sintli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se deformed <spn>mazorca</spn> that is split open at the top point, forming something similar in appearance to a bird's beak \ss una mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y bifurcada como si fuera el pico de un pájaro \pna Ka:ka:lo:sintli pa:mpa kamacha:lotok ke:n ka:ka:lo:tl. \pea It is a"crow"corncob because its end is open like (the mouth of) a crow. \psa Es una"mazorca de cuervo"porque su punta está abierta como (la boca de) un cuervo. \equiva sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \cfa sintli de kuwatl \cfo sentli yón kowatsi:ntli \xrb ka:l \xrb sin \ref 05750 \lxa chachapaka \lxac chachapaka \lxo chachapaka \lxoc chachapaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to continually pour, spill, or fall out onto the ground (e.g., water spurting out of a container, streaming off a ledge) \ss verterse o caerse continuamente y en chorros al suelo (p. ej., agua que sale a chorros de un recipiente, de un techo o risco) \pna Yo:pe:w chachapaka a:tl, tlapa:nki moperó:l. \pea Water has started to stream out of your metal water jug, it is cracked. \psa El agua ya empezó a salir, tu perol está roto. \pna Wa:lchachapakatok ipan tla:hli. \pea It (in this case water) is pouring off onto the ground (e.g., from a roof or other high place and in a stream, not dripping). \psa Estácayéndose (en este caso agua) en chorros sobre la tierra (p. ej. del techo, en un chorro continuo, no goteándose). \pna Kwa:ltoya:wtiw, wa:lchachapakatiw \pea As he comes along he is spilling it out (e.g., water from a jug that is open or fissured), it is splattering out onto the ground. \psa Viene tirándola (p. ej., agua de un perol que está roto o tiene una fisura), viene caéndose salpicando al suelo. \xrb chapa: \xvnao chapa:ni \qry Determine whether this can only refer to water spilling in a continuous stream; cf. RS who mentions"caer grandes gotas."Check verbal inflection; is this really class 4 (o:chachapakak)? \ref 05751 \lxa teskalxo:chitl \lxac teskalxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se type of red flower with eight petals and a yellow center; it grows in particularly rock environments (hence its name) \ss tipo de flor roja con ocho pétalos y un centro amarillo; crece en lugares particularmente pedregosas (de allísu nombre) \sem plant \sem fl(pend) \equivo a:skaxo:chitl \xrb te \xrb xka \xrb xo:chi \nfc xo:chitl \nct xiwtli \nse Some Ameyaltepec consultants have referred to a plant called <na>texkalxo:chitl</na> that appears to be the same. Indeed, since the <na>te:skalxo:chitl</na> is only found <na>i:pan texkahloh</na> the two might be the same. The etymology of <na>te:skalxo:chitl</na> is unclear (and vowel length should be rechecked.). Perhaps a separate cross-referenced entry to <na>texkalxo:chitl</na> should be created. \qry Note that I also have recorded, with no further discussion, the flowering plant /te:skalxo:chitl/. Either this is indeed a different flower, or I made a mistake in writing down on version, or a speaker might have given me the wrong name and only one is actually correct. This needs to be checked and given that I have more documentation on /texkalxo:chitl/ than /te:skalxo:chitl/, I have only entered the former. Check both and with vowel length. It is also not completely clear that this flower (i.e., /texkalxo:chitl/ or /te:skalxo:chitl/) is indeed equivalent to Oa /a:skaxo:chitl/. This too should be checked. C. Flores stated that this is /teskalxo:chitl/ even though I originally had /texkalxo:chitl/. \ref 05752 \lxa akestete:ka \lxac kakestete:ka \lxo ákésteté:ka \lxoa ákésteté:ka \lxop akestete:ka \lxoc kákésteté:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V-V \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to place down face up (a person or, metaphorically, an object with a"face"or"mouth") \ss acostar boca arriba (a una persona o, metafóricamente, un objeto con una"cara"o"boca") \pna Nikakestete:kas. \pea I am going to lay it down face-up. \psa Voy a acostarlo boca arriba \pna Nakestete:katok. \pea He is lying face-up. \psa El está acostado boca arriba. \pna Xmakestete:ka. \pea Lie on the ground face-up. \psa Acuéstate en el suelo boca arriba. \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb te:ka \dis akestok \nse Although L. Lucena stated that this verb also may occur without reduplication, i.e. <na>akeste:ka</na>, I have never heard it used this way. Thus although one does find <nla>akestok</nla>, the verb to which this would seem to correspond, * <na>aketsa</na> apparently does not exist: Instead the only documented form to date is <na>akestete:ka</na>. \nae The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of <no>te:ka</no> does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ? <no>áké:sté:ka</no>. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (<nlo>tétéyotík</nlo>) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ? <no>áké:sté:ka</no> and thus although it is clear that the pri mary form is <no>ákésteté:ka</no> there re mains a possibility that <no>áké:sté:ka</no> might also be correct. \qry Check the length of initial /a/ as in one original example it was recorded long. Also recheck the possibility of a form without reduplication of the verb stem. \pqry The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of <no>te:ka</no> does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ? <no>áké:sté:ka</no>. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (<nlo>tétéyotík</nlo>) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ? <no>áké:sté:ka</no> and thus although it is clear that the pri mary form is <no>ákésteté:ka</no> there re mains a possibility that <no>áké:sté:ka</no> might also be correct. \grmx Oapan reduplication; pitch accent: The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of <no>te:ka</no> does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ? <no>áké:sté:ka</no>. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (<nlo>tétéyotík</nlo>) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ? <no>áké:sté:ka</no> and thu s although it is clear that the primary fo rm is <no>ákésteté:ka</no> there remains a possibility that <no>áké:sté:ka</no> might also be correct. \sj Check for /h/, perhaps twice: /kahkestehte:ka/. Check. Also p-a is hard to determine. \ref 05753 \lxa ichkayo:hli \lxac ichkayo:hli \lxo ichkayo:hli \lxoc ichkayo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se seed of the cotton plant \ss semilla de algodón \xrb chka \xrb yo:l \ref 05754 \lxa chikoltila:na \lxac kichikoltila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to pick or pull down with a <nla>chikohli</nla> (long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end used to pull down fruits such as <na>ma:ngoh</na>, <nla>xokotl</nla>, <nla>komo:chitl</nla>, <nla>po:cho:tl</nla>, etc., or other objects from a high place) \ssa cortar o jalar con un chicol (p. ej., fruta como <na>ma:ngoh</na>, <nla>xokotl</nla>, <nla>komo:chitl</nla>, <nla>po:cho:tl</nla>, etc., u otros objetos de lugares altos) \equivo chíkolá:na \xrb chihkol \xrb tila:na \ref 05755 \lxa chika:wilia \lxac kichika:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-3a(w) \se to insist or encourage to carry out (particularly certain tasks) \ss instistir, estimular, animar o alentar a que haga (algo, como una tarea en particular) \pna Tikchika:wilitok para kichi:was un tekitl. \pea You are encouraging him to do that job. \psa Estás alentándole a que haga ese trabajo. \pna Timitschika:wilia xtlakwa. \pea I insist that you eat. \psa Insisto que comas. \pna Ma:ka xne:xchika:wilito. \pea Don't be insisting (that I do sth)! \psa ¡No me estés insistiendo (que haga algo)! \cfo chi:waltia \xrb chika: \xvba chika:wa \qry Determine precise meaning of /chika:wilia/, whether more of insist or encourage. \grm Complementation; complementary clause: Note: /Timitschika:wilia xtlakwa/ here the phrase /xtlakwa/ is a complementary clause 'I insist that you eat.' Here the imperative functions much like the optative /ma/ in subordinate clauses that do not have a second person subject. This is a general trend. Thus, /nikneki xya/. 'I want you to do.' Or, perhaps, /nikneki tia:s/. To date two major forms of complementation have been found here: the imperative (timitschika:wilia xtekiti) or /para/ (timitschika:wilia para titekitis), etc. \ref 05756 \lxa kristia:noh \lxac kristia:noh \lxo kiristia:noh \lxoc kiristia:noh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan Cristiano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se person \ss persona; gente \pna O:mik se: kristia:noh, cho:kalo. \pea A person died, there is crying. \psa Una persona se murió, hay llanto. \cola tla:ltipan \fl kixtia:noh \ref 05757 \lxa tlawe:lia \lxac kitlawe:lia \lxo tla:tlawe:lia \lxoc kitla:tlawe:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ia \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-2a \se to feel 1malice toward and take retribution against, causing harm to (a saint [S] that has been offended, or the ants known as <nao>tsi:katl</nao> or <nao>tsontemeh</nao>, a deceased person not given offerings, fire) \ss sentir malicia hacia y castigar como represalia, haciéndole daño a (un santo [S] que ha sido ofendido, o las hormigas conocidas como <nla>tsi:katl</nla> or <nla>tsontemeh</nla>, un muerte que no recibe ofrendas, el fuego) \pna Ma:ka san tikaa:wi:lti:s, mistlawe:li:s! \pea Don't play around with it (in this case the image of a saint), it will feel malice toward you and cause you arm (e.g., making you sick)! \psa ¡No vayas a jugar conél (en este caso con la imagen de un santo), van a sentir malicia hacia tíy hacerte daño (p. ej., haciendo que te enfermes)! \pna Kitlawe:li:s Tona:ntsi:n pa:mpa o:kuwikaltih. \pea <na>Tona:ntsi:n</na> (the patron saint of Ameyaltepec) will feel malice toward him and cause him harm because he cursed her. \psa <na>Tona:ntsi:n</na> (la santa patrona de Ameyaltepec) va a sentir malicia haciaél y le va a hacer daño porque le injuriócon palabras. \pna Mistlawe:li:s tsi:kameh tla: tkontla:li:s tlitl ite:nko ikal. \pea The <na>tsi:kameh</na> ants will feel malice toward you and harm you if you place a fire at the entrance to their anthill. \psa Las hormigas llamadas <na>tsi:kameh</na> van a sentir malicia hacia tíy te van a hacer daño si colocas un fuego a la entrada de su hormiguera. \xrb tlawe:l \nse The only subjects of <na>tlawe:lia</na> that have been documented are saints who have been offended by some action and the two types of ants known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla> and <nla>tsontemeh</nla>, who are taking to be representative of the <na>yeyekameh</na> (Am). The saints or these ants act after become enraged by the actions of an individual. In Ameyaltepec it is often stated that if a citizen abandons the village to live elsewhere and no longer pays respects to the town saint, then this saint will cause one harm, perhaps making one become sick. The saint, in this case takes retribution against someone for a perceived lack of respect. \ref 05758 \lxa papatilia \lxac kipapatilia \lxo pápatília \lxop papatilia \lxoc kí:patília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:patília</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to patch up or fix (sth that has identical parts that need replacing, such as the thatching a house, or the wornout threads of a hammock, etc.) para \ss remender o arreglar (algo [OS] que tiene partes que se necesitan remplazar como el techo de palma de una casa o los hilos desgastados de una hamaca, etc.) \pna Nikpapatili:s i:n o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik. \pea I'll replace some of the worn out parts of this <na>o:lo:tetl</na> for him, the olotes are they are no longer even, some are short. \psa Voy a remplazar algunos de los olotes de este <na>o:lo:tetl</na> paraél, ya no están parejos, algunos se quedan cortos. \xrb pa \xvba papatia \xvbo pápatiá \fl papatia \nse This verb has only been documented in reduplicated form; see <nla>papatia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>pápatiá</nlo>. It appears that the object of the applicative is the human benefactive, however, this needs to be checked (the primary object might perhaps be also the object that has its parts replaced). \ref 05759 \lxa teteyoh \lxac teteyoh \lxo téteyóh \lxoc téteyóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes \se see <nlao>teyoh</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>teyoh</nlao> \xrb te \ref 05760 \lxa pa:chaka:tik \lxac pa:chaka:tik \lxo pa:chika:tik \lxoc pa:chika:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be underdeveloped; to be immature and poorly formed (particularly in reference to seeds or beans that are puny and dry, and thus inedible) \ss ser poco desarrollado; ser inmaduro y mal formado (en particular para referirse a semillas o legumbres que son chiquitos y secos, las semillas sin carne adentro y los legumbres secos dentro de una vaina) \pna Pa:chaka:tikiyo:ltsi:n ayutli. \pea The squash seeds are underdeveloped (and have no fleshy part inside). \psa Las semillas de calabaza quedaron vanas (no tienen nada de carne adentro). \xrb pa:chaka: \ref 05761 \lxa pa:chih \lxac pa:chih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of endearment for father, son, grandson, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather \ssa término cariñoso para el padre, hijo, nieto, sobrino, y a veces el abuelo \pna Pakah topa:chih! \pea There's our father! \psa ¡Allí está nuestro papá! \pna Xia ka:n topa:chih! \pea Go to where our father is! \psa ¡Ve hasta donde está nuestro papá! \equiva pá:n \cfa ma:chih \xrb pa:n \nse The etymology of <na>pa:chih</na> is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for male relations <na>pá:n</na> followed by what may be considered a suffix of endearment, <na>-chih</na> (perhaps a palatalization of <na>-tsi:n</na>). It appears that <na>pa:chih</na> and <na>pá:n</na> are identical in meaning, though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that <na>pa:chih</na> may be possessed as a term of reference (as in some of the preceding illustrative sentences). \qry Check meaning of /pa:chih/ and /pa:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /pa:n/. This should be checked. Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots are uncertain (i.e., can it be used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /pa:(n)/ for female kinwomen. \ref 05762 \lxa tetepona:la:wi \lxac tetepona:la:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea (usually with short vowel reduplication) to scrape ones knees \ssa (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) rasparse las rodillas \pna O:ni:xpoloh. O:wets, o:teteponaga:la:w. \pea He got himself messed up. He fell, he scraped his knees. \psa Quedólastimado. Se cayó, se raspólas rodillas. \syno tlankwa:i:xtexi:kole:wi \xrb tepon \xrb a:la: \ref 05763 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo cháchapólma \lxop chachapolma \lxoc cháchapólma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev) (Oa): <no>ní:chapólma</no> \infv class-1 \pa yes-rdp \seo to catch grasshoppers (grabbing them with ones hands off the maize leaves in September and October and then placing them in a container, often of palm, a <nlo>pi:tso:tl</nlo>, as one goes through the cornfields) \sso juntar chapulines (agarrándolos con las manos de las hojas de maíz en septiembre y octubre, y después metiéndolos en un recipiente, a menudo de palma, <nlo>pi:tso:tl</nlo>) \equiva chapoltlatlama \cfo tlama \encyctmp hunting \xrb chapol \xrb ma \nae As is often the case, the reduplicative pattern of Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl varies. For the same action, Ameyaltepec has <na>chapoltlatlama</na> whereas Oapan has <no>cháchapólma</no>. Both words have reduplication, no doubt related to the nature of the action of catching grasshoppers, something that is repeated once and again, with no established or measured order. subdialects have the lexicalized form <nla>tlama</nla>, derived from the transitive verb <n>ma</n> (which is not found as such in the Balsas region) and the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Note that the derived intransitive <nla>tlama</nla> functions as the verbal stem for Ameyaltepec <nla>chapoltlatlama</nla> ; the verbal stem is reduplication and modified by noun incorporation (the stem <nr>chapol</nr>) indicating the type of hunting that is being referenced. In Oapan the transitive verb <no>ma</no>, which never seems to be found with a specific object marker (<n>ki-</n>) can occur with the nonspecific object (<n >tla-</n>, forming <nlo>tlama</nlo>). This derived intransitive can, as happens in Ameyaltepec, be modified by a nominal stem that indicates the object of the hunting activity (see, for example, <nlao>masa:tlama</nlao>). However, what seems to occur with <no>cháchapólma</no> is that the valency of the transitive verb <no>ma</no> is"saturated"through the incorporation of a nominal root (<nr>chapol</nr>), which thus forms a new intransitive compound verb. It is this new verb that reduplicates, leading to the reduplication of the incorporated nominal stem. It is unclear whether a form such as ? <no>chapoltlátlamá</no> or ? <no>chapó:ltlamá</no> might also be acceptable. \qry Determine whether /tlama/ is a transitive normally. Recheck verb class; it appears to inflect like /kwa/. Check to see if nonnreduplicated form can also be used; check for /ma:satlama/. Chech with /cháchapólma/ reduces to, e.g., /ní:chapólma/. \mod Add encyclopedic entry for tlama and types of hunting. \grm Incorporation; /tla-/; valency; transitivity: The reduplicated form, which appears to be the only possible, is probably the result of the type of action (repetitive) involved. Cf. entry under /tlama:/. Interestingly this verb seems to exist only with the detransitivizing /tla-/. What this means is that the incorporation of the objects hunted occurs as a modifying (Type I) incorporation: one can have both /tlatlama/ and /michtlatlama/ etc. RS gives under /ma/ the following: nitla- cazar; frec. nitlatlama, pescar, cazar con redes; tlatlama, el que pesca, pescador. Note, then, that the reduplication might reflect the way in which hunting is effected. Cf. /michtlatlamake:tl/ and elicit whether there is a word for deerhunter. \ref 05764 \lxa ma:nekwilowa \lxac kima:nekwilowa \lxo ma:nekwilowa \lxoc kima:nekwilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to twist the arm of (sb) and make it crooked (e.g., by dislocating it) \ss torcerle el brazo a (algn) y enchuecárselo (p. ej., por luxación) \pna O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chma:tilowilih noma. \pea He made my arm become crooked, he twisted my arm (e.g., dislocating it) \psa Me enchuecó el brazo, me torciómi brazo (p. ej., causando una luxación) \xrb ma: \xrb nekwil \grm /O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chma:tilowilih noma/ 'He caused my arm to get out of wack, he twisted my arm. Note that the second verb does not manifest incorporation. The /ma:/ is part of the verbal root or stem. Note that this phrase illustrates the variation, possessor raising and applicative. \ref 05765 \lxa tlaxopo:nike:tl \lxac tlaxopo:nike:tl \lxo tlaxopó:niké:tl \lxoc tlaxopó:niké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se person who works a plough to open up the earth (particularly for the first time during the season) \ss persona que trabaja la yunta al arar la tierra (particularmente la primera vez durante la temporada) \xrb xopo: \qry Apparently, but check, the form with /-ki/ is not used. \ref 05766 \lxa koro:nah \lxac da:nsah de koro:nah \lxo da:nsah de koro:nah \lxoa koro:náwakéh \lxoc koro:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan corona \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se headdress or crown used in some religious dances (such as <nla>Da:nsah de koro:nah</nla> (Am) / <nlo>koró:nawákeh</nlo>) \ss corona utilizada en algunas danzas religiosas (como <nla>Da:nsah de koro:nah</nla> (Am) / <nlo>koró:nawákeh</nlo>) \pna Kwiyo:ti:s ikoro:nah, te:wa:n nito:ti:s. \pea She is going to place feathers in her headdress, she's going to dance with others. \psa Va a poner plumas en su corona, va a bailar con los demás. \cfao tsonkahli \nse In Oapan this dance is most often called by the name applied to the dancers, <no>koro:náwakéh</no>. \mod Illustrate. \ref 05767 \lxa tsitsilika \lxac tsitsilika \lxo tsitsilika \lxoc tsitsilika \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \infv class-4a \se to jingle (e.g., money in a purse, pieces of metal that knock against each other, etc.) \ss tintinear (p. ej., monedas en una bolsa, piezas de metal que se van golpeando, etc.) \pna Tsitsilika motomi:n \pea Your money jingles. \psa Tintinea tu dinero. \sem sound-material \cfa tsitsilka \xrb tsili: \xvnao tsili:ni \nse For a discussion of the difference between <nao>tsitsilika</nao>, which refers to a jingling or tinkling sound, and <nlao>tsitsilka</nlao>, which refers to a tingling sensation of the skin, see the entry under this latter form. \ref 05768 \lxa kwa:tila:na \lxac kikwa:tila:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to pull the hair of (in reference to the hair on a person's head) \ssa jalarle el cabello a \pna Ma:ka xne:chkwa:titila:na, te:kokoh! \pea Don't pull on my hair, it hurts! \psa ¡No me jales el cabello, duele! \equivao tsontila:na \xrb kwa: \xrb tila:na \dis kwa:momotsowa \nse Apparently <na>kwa:tila:na</na> refers directly to the pulling of hair, <na>kwa:momotsowa</na> to grabbing, like grabbing a handful of hair and pulling. \qry Determine difference between kwa:tila:na and kwa:momotsowa. Also, determine whether /kwa:tila:na/ can occur in the nonreduplicated form, or whether it is always reduplicated. If always reduplicated, then change head entry. \ref 05769 \lxa kone:tesosohli \lxac kone:tesosohli \lxo koné:sohlí \lxoc koné:sohlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-suf[sosohli] \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Am); Reduced rpd-s(prev-l) (Oa) \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se (often used as a vocative) no-good kid; little rascal \ss (a menudo utilizado como un vocativo) escuintle; pilluelo; niño maldito \pna A:man tikitas kone:tesosohli! Nimitstlakwaltitiwetsis, mlá:k o:tiweka:w! \pea Now you'll see, you little rascal! I'm going to give you a good slapping, you really took your sweet time! \psa ¡Vas a ver niño maldito!¡Te voy a dar unos manotazos, de veras tomaste tu precioso tiempo! \xrb kone: \xrb hsol \nae The Oapan form <no>koné:sohlí</no> is unusual in that the adjectival ending <no>-sósohlí</no> is reduced onto a preceding long vowel of a nominal stem, without the use of the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n>, which usually absorbs the reduction (e.g., as in the variation between <no>kalsósohlí</no>, <no>kaltésosóhli</no>, and the most common form <no>kalté:sohlí</no>). The reduction of <no>-sósohlí</no> onto final long vowels of a nominal stem is unusual though not unique to the present case. Another example that has been noted is <no>tlaké:sohlí</no>. \qry Check to see if /kone:sosohli/ is also OK. If so, change entry and add te- in /aff field. Also, check the lack of subject marker in /a:man tikitas kone:tesosohli/. \grm Note that in Ameyaltepec the ending is here, with /kone:tesosohli/ with the /te-/ element. Cf. this to Oapan where it was considered a"dummy morpheme." \grm Oapan reduplication: Note /koné:sohlí/ from Oapan/. Here the stress occurs but there is no representation of the mora of reduplication. Again, this might be explained by lexicalization. Check what the equivalent for 'woman' would be \ref 05770 \lxa te:miki \lxac te:miki \lxo te:miki \lxoc te:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-3a(k) \se to dream \ss soñar \pna Xkaman nite:miki. \pea I never dream (have dreams). \psa Nunca tengo sueños. \se to dream about; to have a dream about \ss soñar con \pna Xkaman nikte:miki. \pea I never dream about him (or it, etc.) \psa Nunca sueño conél (o con ello, etc.). \xrb te:miki \nae <na>Te:miki</na> only accepts specific objects; thus * <na>tlate:miki</na> and * <na>te:te:miki</na> are not acceptable. \ref 05771 \lxa pe:wilia \lxac kipe:wilia \lxo pe:wilia \lxoc kipe:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (often with a directional prefix) to scare away for (an animal or group of animals, particularly with a shout or by throwing an object) \ss (a menudo con un prefijo direccional) espantar, hacer huir o ahuyentar (un animal o grupo de animales, particularmente al espantarlos con un grito u objeto tirado) para \pna O:mitspe:wilikeh chichi, mitskwali:snekia motlaxkal. \pea They chased away the dog for you, it was trying to eat your tortilla. \psa Espantaron el perro para tí, quería comerte la tortilla. \xrb pe:wa \xvba pe:wia \xvbo pe:wiya \nse <na>Pe:wilia</na> might also be used, for example, in a situation in which someone is entering a place where there is a fierce dog. The person entering the yard might say to the houseowner: <na>Xne:chpe:wili motskwin</na> 'Chase your dog away for me (i.e., so that it doesn't bite me)!' \pqry The first male token of Inocencio's two-token sequence seems to have a very long initial stop /p/. Check. \ref 05772 \lxa kechpostehki \lxac *kechpostehki \lxo kechpostehki \lxoa kexpostehki \lxoc kechpostehki, kexposteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a broken neck \ss tener el cuello roto \xrb kech \xrb posteki \qry Check possible uses of this term, i.e. things as well as animates. \vl Note that the first female token is /kechposteki/, not /kechpostehki/. It should be tagged as #00044 and serve as the linked sound file. The second female token is correct for this present headword: /kechpostehki/ (with an /h/) but then the 3rd female token is again an error: /kechposteki/ and should also be linked to 00044. The other female tokens are fine as are all male tokens. \grm Oapan phonology; variable rules. There is a variation across the female and male Oapan tokens for /kechposteki/. Inocencio Jiménez loses the occlusion on the fricative /ch/ before the stop /p/ yielding /kexposteki/. He does this in both tokens. Florencia Marcelino, however, maintains the occlusion, /kechposteki/. In general note that it is often the case that the stem shows up as /kex/ for 'neck' regardless of the following consonant, i.e., it does not seem that the alternation /kech-/ and /kex-/ is entirely conditioned by phonological environment. \rt Make a note under /posteki/ as a root that this may be formed from /pos/ plus /teki/. Although /teki/ makes sense, there are no other words that come immediately to mind with /pos/. \ref 05773 \lxa kalte:nko \lxac kalte:nko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \sea the edge of town \ssa la orilla del pueblo \syno kalte:mpan \syno tlate:mpan \cfo kalte:ntitlan \xrb kal \xrl -te:nko \nse To date, at least in natural discourse context, <na>kalte:nko</na> has only been documented as referring to the edge of town and not to the area immediately adjacent to someone's house. In Oapan the edge of the village is referred to as <nlo>kalte:mpan</nlo> (if the area referred to is not adjacent to the river) and <nlo>tlate:mpan</nlo> (if the area referred to is adjacent to the river). To refer to an area adjecent to ones house, Oapan Nahuatl uses <nlo>kalte:ntitlan</nlo> ; it is not clear if Ameyaltepec has a synonymous form, I remember simply phrasal expressions such as <na>i:tech nokal</na>, etc. \qry Check for acceptability of /nokalte:nko/. If not acceptable, change code to eliminate"[poss]" \grm Note the difference in meaning of /kalte:nko/ and /kalte:ntli/. This suggests that the former is {kal + te:nko} and not {kalte:n + ko}. \ref 05774 \lxa te:kwi:tsoh \lxac te:kwi:tsoh \lxo te:kwi:tsoh \lxoc te:kwi:tsoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be unpleasant; to be boring or tiresome; to be debilitating (certain repetive, unpleasant and onerous tasks, chores that are difficult and tiring such as carrying stones and rocks to the sides of fields being cleared, or even the act of studying for those not used to it) \ss ser tedioso, enfadoso o fastidioso; ser desagradable; ser aburrido; ser debilitante (algunas tareas repetetivas, desagradables y onerosas, trabajos difíciles y cansados como la de sacar piedras a la orilla de un terreno de sembrar, o hasta el estudio es <nao>te:kwi:tsoh</nao> para los que no están acostumbrados a ello) \dis te:kuhtilih; te:siawi:tih; te:kwi:tsoh \xrb kwi:ts \qry Get list of tasks that can be described as /te:kwi:tsoh/. \ref 05775 \lxa ma:kuwso \lxac noma:kuwso \lxo ma:kohso \lxoc noma:kohso \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in the hand or arm \ss (refl.) entrarsele una astilla o espina por la mano o el brazo \xrb ma: \xrb kow \xrb so \qry Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chma:kuhso. \ref 05776 \lxa malwia \lxac kimalwia \lxo malwia \lxof [mal 'wi a] \lxoc kimalwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to take great care with; to handle delicately (a domesticated animal, a material object, etc.) \ss cuidar; manejar cuidadosamente (un animal domesticado, una herramienta u objeto material, etc.) \pna Nitlamalwia. \pea I take good care of things. \psa Cuido bien las cosas. \pna O:weka:w pa:mpa tewa o:tikmalwih. \pea It lasted a long time because you took good care of it. \psa Aguantó(o duró) mucho tiempo porque lo cuidaste bien. \xrb malwi \xvaao malwilia \dis malwia; machi:wa \nse The verb <na>malwia</na> refers to taking great care with something, such as an animal with which one is entrusted (i.e., taking care that it is well fed, etc.) or a material object that can be easily damaged or broken. \qry Check etymology, i.e. for presence of /h/ and also possible derivation from /mah/. \pqry The tokens here are good examples of devoicing of /l/. \vl The first female token is /kima:wiya/ not /kimalwiya/. It should be tagged as 01969. \ref 05777 \lxa suwa:sa:ne:hli \lxac *suwa:sa:ne:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea short spell or chant uttered to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> so that they will make a woman fall in love \ssa dicho o corta oración a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> para que hagan enamorar a una mujer \cfa sa:sa:ne:hli \encyctmp speech; sa:sa:ne:hli \xrb sowa: \xrb sa:ne:l \nse When a man uses this type of spell to make a woman fall in love, it is said that <na>kitlano:chilia on sowa:tl</na>, 'He bewitches that woman.' \mod List all riddles in encyclopedic entry under <na>sa:sa:ne:hli</na>. Determine the types of <na>sa:sa:ne:hli</na>. \grm Reduplication: Note how in this combined form the head noun is not reduplicated. Apparently in noncombined forms it is always reduplicated. \ref 05778 \lxa ka:n \lxac ka:n tiaw? \lxo ka:n \lxoc ka:n tiaw? \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer-b \se the place where; where; a place (see <nlo>ka:mpa</nlo>) \ss el lugar donde; donde; un lugar (vé ase <nlo>ka:mpa</nlo>) \pna Xtlakwa na:n, ka:n tlakwatokeh! \pea Eat here, where they are eating! \psa ¡Come aquí, donde están comiendo! \pna Xnikpia ka:n nikochis. \pea I don't have a place to sleep. \psa No tengo donde dormir. \pna Xya ka:n tlase:waya:n! \pea Go where there is shade! \psa ¡Ve donde hace sombra! \pna Ka:n tiaw? \pea Where are you going? (greeting when passing someone in the street). \psa ¿A dónde vas? (para saludar a alguien que uno pasa en la calle). \xrb ka:n \nse <nao>Ka:n</nao> is the non-interrogatory form of <na>ka:non</na> used in what have been analyzed as headless relative phrases. Thus although <na>ka:non tiaw</na> is perhaps more precise (and also often heard) as the interrogatory form, it seems that <na>ka:n tiaw?</na> is more commonly used. However, with non-second person subjects the full interrogatory form must be employed: <na>Ka:non ya:s?</na> 'Where will he go?' and not * <na>Ka:n ya:s?</na> The interrogatory <na>ka:non</na> is also used for embedded questions as sentential complements: <na>xnikmati ka:non cha:nti?</na> 'I don't know (the place) where he lives.' It is not clear how common this is in Oapan where <nlo>ka:mpa</nlo> is much used, e.g., <no>niaw ka:mpa nona:n</no> 'I am going to where my mother is.' \pqry The four tokens here (2 female and 2 male) are good examples of the variation in final /w/ between two speakers (Florencia who has a palatal fricative and Inocencio who has a more velar sound). \grm Oapan phonology: Use the recording for /ka:n tiaw?/ as a good example of differences in final /w/ as Inocencio has a back fricative and Florencia a palatal. \ref 05779 \lxa te:nchochopio \lxac ite:nchochopio \lxo te:nchopi:yah \lxoc i:te:nchopi:yah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N2 \se beak (of any bird) \ss pico (de cualquier pájaro o ave) \sem body \sem animal \cfa te:nchochopilo:l \xrb te:n \xrb chopi: \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but it might well be derived from the root <na>chopi:</na> as in Classical <na>chopinia</na>, which Molina has glossed as <na>chopinia. nite.</na> <spn>picar la biuora, o comer el paxaro</spn>. Note also the verb <na>chochopotza. nitla</na>, which Molina glosses as <spn>comer o tragar grano o semilla el paxaro</spn>. There are other apparently related words from Molina: <na>tlachochopiniliztli</na> 'herronadas o picadas frequentadas de paxaros o aves' and <na>tlachopinilli</na> 'cosa picada de aves.' The final /o/ of the Ameyaltepec form might be related to the <na>-yo</na> of inalienable possession. \ref 05780 \lxa tlapopolwia \lxac kitlapopolwia \lxo tlá:polwía \lxof [tlá: pol 'wía] \lxop tlá:polwia \lxoc kitlá:polwía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to forgive; to excuse (sb, for sth such as an error or sin) \ss perdonar \pna Xne:xtlapopolwi pi:pih! \pea Excuse me señora! \psa ¡Perdóname señora! \pna Xne:xtlapopolwi, o:nimitsihlih tlato:hli tli:n xkwahli! O:ne:chihlikeh pero nitla:wa:nke:tl katka. A:man xne:xtlapopolwi! \pea Forgive me, I said something offensive to you. They told me about it but I was drunk. Now, forgive me! \psa ¡Perdóname, te dije algo onfensivo. Me lo placticaron pero estaba borracho. Ahora,¡perdóname! \src LL GT \pna Kitlapopolwia pa:mpa xki:xmati. \pea He forgives him because he doesn't know how to read. \psa Lo perdona porque no sabe leer. \xrb pol \xvaa tlapopolwilia \xvao tlá:polwília \qry Check for form with PO and SO, as /popolwia/ \ref 05781 \lxa kwaltsi:n \lxac kwaltsi:n \lxo kwaltsi:n \lxoc kwaltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pss TM \der N-tsi:n \se to be pretty or beautiful \ss ser bonito o bello \pna Melákwaltsi:n moxo:chiw. \pea Your flowers are really pretty. \psa Tus flores son de a de veras bonitas. \pna Kwaltsi:n yo:tka:w nika:n ka:n tikteketsas mokal, tlakaltech katka. \pea You've left it nice (in this case flat) here where you're going to build your house. Previously it was steeply sloped. \psa Lo dejaste bien bonito (en este caso plano) aquídonde vas a construir tu casa. Estaba muy inclinado. \pna Melákwaltsi:n mobeserri:toh, o:tla:kat nakastewe:weyaktik. \pea Your calf it really pretty, it was born with long ears. \psa Tu becerrito es de a de veras bonito, naciócon las orejas largas. \xrb kwal \xtla tlakwaltsi:n \nse In its acceptation as 'pretty or beautiful' <nao>kwaltsi:n</nao> is used to refer to females by men and, occasionally, to refer to men by women. Nahuatl equivalent of 'handsome' has not yet been determined. \ref 05782 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /Komanko/, but it has been removed to the toponym database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05783 \lxa a:kachakalin \lxac *a:kachakalin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea type of water animal still not identified, perhaps that called <spn>acamaya</spn> in Spanish \ssa tipo de animal de agua, todavía no identificado, tal vezél que se llama 'acamaya' \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a:ka \xrb chakal \nae The etymological analysis into <nr>a:ka</nr> and <nr>chakal</nr> is not entirely certain and should be checked. \qry The roots might, however, be /a:kach/ and /chakal/. Check with other words and comparative dialects. \ref 05784 \lxa tla:lwia \lxac kitla:lwia \lxo tla:lwia \lxof [tla:l 'wi a] \lxoc kitla:lwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to place earth around (a plant [O]; by hand to an individual plant, or with a plow in working the earth in late July or early August when the maize or sesame plants have already sprouted and grown somewhat \ss echarle tierra a (una planta [O], a mano a una planta individual, o con el arado al trabajar la tierra a finales de julio o principios de agosto después de que ya creció algo la milpa o anjonjolí) \pna Tlatla:lwitok. \pea He is turning up the earth with his plow in order to give fresh soil to the plants (maize or sesame) \psa Le está echando tierra a la milpa (o al anjonjolí) con el arado. \xrb tla:l \nse <na>Tla:lwia</na> refers to the process whereby a person throws earth around the base of a plant. Although this may be done by hand to individual plants, it often refers to the process whereby a plow is run through the furrows of a field after the maize has sprouted. This serves both to turn over the weeds and throw loosened up earth against the base of the stalks. However, note that in Ameyaltepec this term us used for the final (second) pass of the plow over the milpa. It is thus equivalent to Oapan <nlo>ma:ka:wa</nlo>. In Oapan <no>tla:lwia</no> is used occasionally as the synonym of <nlo>ó:meliá</nlo> to refer to the first pass with a plow over the milpa after the maize has sprouted. For a full discussion of these terms, see the discussion under <nlao>teki</nlao> \vl There are two additional tokens of this word at #04877. \ref 05785 \lxa -xiw \lxac i:tla:kaxiw \lxo -xiw \lxoc i:tla:kaxiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Suf-poss \der Suf-poss \infn N2 \seao suffix used on possessed nominal stems indicating that subject is [noun] like possessor \ssao sufijo empleado con raíces nominales poseídos que indica que el sujeto del predicado es [sustantivo] como el poseedor \xrl -xiw \pqry Again, the Oapan tokens here provide a good example of the distinctions between final /w/ of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 05786 \lxa chi:toh \lxac chi:toh \lxo chi:to \lxoc chi:to \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan chivo (?) \psm N \der N-loan (?) \infn N1 \se goat barbecue \ss barbacoa (de chivo) \sem food \qry Check with Spanish speakers on the possibility of a loan. Check final /h/ in Am. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05787 \lxa kwa:papatia \lxac kikwa:papatia \lxo kwá:papátia \lxop kwa:papatia \lxoc kikwá:papátia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-tia \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to repair and patch up the top of (particularly the thatched roofing of a house of palm or grass) \ss reparar o remender el techo o la parte en alto de (particularly el techo de una casa de palma o zacate) \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati! \pea A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching! \psa El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo.¡Arréglale el zacate (donde está abierto)! \syna kwa:tlamanilia \xrb kwa: \xrb patla \nae The etymology of this word perhaps is related to <nlao>patla</nlao> 'to exchange.' \nde Molina has <n>papatia. nitla</n> 'reparar algo, o corregir escriptura o enmendar lo mal hecho.' \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 06326. They should be tagged as 5787 as well. \grm Oapan reduplication; reduction: Note how in /kikwá:papátia/ there is no possibility of reduction to /kikwá:patiá/ as occurs in other cases of /kwa:-/. \ref 05788 \lxa te:po:poloke:tl \lxac te:po:poloke:tl \lxo te:po:póloké:tl \lxoc te:po:póloké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se person who is bothersome, one who interrupts people, causes others to make mistakes, etc. (e.g., a child, drunk, etc.) \ss persona molestosa, que interrumpe muy seguido o que causa a otros equivocarse, etc. (p. ej., a child, drunk, etc.) \xrb pol \ref 05789 \lxa tlikechia \lxac kitlikechia \lxo tlikechia \lxoc kitlikechia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to set a light to; to light (e.g., a candle, cigarrette, garbage to be burned, etc.); to set fire to \ss poner fuego a; encender (p. ej., una vela, cigarro, basura para ser quemada, etc.); incendiar \pna Xkontlikechi para ma tlikwi! \pea Set a light to it so that it catches on fire! \psa Acércale un fuego para que se encienda! \xrb tli \xrb kechi \xvaao tlikechilia \pqry The recordings are problematic in that after the 2nd male token Inocencio says /xihki/ as if his second token was incorrent. Then Florencia reminds him that the word has to do with 'fire' /tlitl/. But I cannot here any difference on the remaining tokens. This should be checked with the Florencia and Inocencio; I do not know of any word that is homophonous or near homophonous. \vl Link 3rd male token. \ref 05790 \lxa te:maliwi \lxac te:maliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get infected with pus \ssa infectarse con pus \syna te:malkwepa \syno te:maltla:lia \syno te:malkopa \xrb te:mal \dis te:malkwepa, te:maltla:lia, te:maliwi \nse Although I have occasionally heard <na>te:maliwi</na> in natural speech, Luis Lucena, a consultant, denied that it was correct and, instead, gave the anticausative form <na>note:malkwepa</na>. \qry Check to determine if a fully transitive form exists. \ref 05791 \lxa pe:ltik \lxac pe:ltik \lxo pe:ltik \lxoc pe:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be shallow and flared out (a bowl, a tray) \ss ser poco profundo y con las orillas abriendo hacia afuera (un plato hondo, una charola) \pna Pe:ltik pa:mpa xtekontik, xwekatlan. \src DT#7:336 \pea It is described as <na>pe:ltik</na> because it is not concave, it is not deep (a bowl or tray). \psa Se le dice <na>pe:ltik</na> porque no es concavo, no está profundo (un plato hondo o charola). \sem shape \xrb pe:l \nse <na>Pe:ltik</na> is used to refer to trays, bowls, cooking pots, trays (<spn>bateas</spn>) or similarly formed objects that are either shallow or open, i.e., that are not deep with steep sides. The opposite of <na>pe:ltik</na> is <nlao>teko:ntik</nlao>. \qry Determine whether there is a verbal form, /pe:liwi/. Check whether /chikipe:ltik/ can be used to refer to these types of bowls. My impression is that /chikipe:ltik/ is used to refer to things that are cut or sliced, not simply flared. \ref 05792 \lxa a:xi:xa \lxac na:xi:xa \lxo a:xi:xa \lxoc na:xi:xa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl/dif) \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/+trans; +Caus \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to urinate (often used with an extraverse directional; without a directional the reflexive often has the sense of 'to urinate on,' i.e., 'to urinate (without moving); see below) \ss (refl.) orinar; mear (a menudo utilizado con una direccional extraversa; sin direccional el reflexivo tiende a interpretarse como 'orinar sobre', esto es, 'to urinate (without moving); vé ase abajo) \pna O:na:xi:xato. \pea He went to urinate. \psa Fue a orinar. \se (with a specific object or <n>te-</n>) to urinate on (e.g., a small baby [S] on the person [O] holding it; when the reflexive is used with this sense occasionally <na>-pan</na> will be added to reinforce the idea of 'on') \ss (con un objeto específico o <n>te-</n>) orinar sobre; mear sobre (p. ej., un bebésobre la persona [O] que lo está sosteniendo; cuando el reflexivo se emplea con este significado ocasionalmente se le agrega <na>-pan</na> para especificar el sentido de 'sobre') \pna O:na:xi:x -=i:pan o:na:xi:x-, o:kitla:n. \pea He urinated on himself, it (i.e., his need to urinate) got the better of him. \psa Orinósobre si mismo, le ganó(esto es, su necesidad de orinar). \pna O:ne:cha:xi:x. \pea He urinated on me. \psa Me orinó. \se (refl.; fig.) discharge or excrete a liquid (e.g., as a tree does sap, or stones for making lime as they are being baked) \ss (refl.; fig.) descargar o excretar un líquido (p. ej., como unárbol a su savia, o piedras al cocerse para sacar cal) \pna Yo:pe:w na:xi:xa tenextli ka:n kitokitokeh. \pea The lime has started to form liquid which is dripping down (in the oven) into where they are stoking it. \psa El líquido de la cal (en el horno) ya empezó a escurrirse hasta donde alimentan el fuego. \sem functions \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xvcao a:xi:xaltia \pqry This is a good word to determine the length of initial /a:/ from 'water'. \ref 05793 \lxa we:ika:n \lxac we:ika:n \lxo we:ika:n \lxoc we:ika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se large town or city \ss pueblo grande o ciudad \xrb we:i \xrl -ka:n \ref 05794 \lxa tlama \lxac o:tlamah \lxo tlama \lxoc tlama \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to hunt \ss cazar \pna On toba:leh melá:k tlama ika wilo:meh. \pea Our friend goes hunting a lot for <spn>huilotas</spn>. \psa Nuestro amigo caza mucho a las huilotas. \se to catch; to make a catch (in hunting animals such as <spn>huilotas</spn>, deer, <spn>tejones</spn>, iguanas, etc.) \ss cazar (en el sentido de teneréxito en la caza, p. ej., de huilotas, venado, tejones, iguanas, etc.) \pna Xo:titlamah? \pea Did you catch anything (or, Did you make a kill)? \psa ¿Cazaste algo? \se (with short vowel reduplication) to hunt down; to look for and catch or seize (a domesticated animal) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) darle caza a; buscar y agarrar (un animal domesticado) \pna Titlatlama:s ika mobese:rros. \pea You will hunt down (look for and catch) your calves. \psa Vas a darle caza a tus becerros (buscándolos y cazándolos). \pna Ye titlama ika mobwe:yeh, ye titekipano:s. \pea You will go hunt down your ox, you are about to start plowing. \psa Vas a darle caza a tu buey, ya vas a trabajar el campo. \cfo tlátlamá \xrb ma \nse The intransitive <na>tlama</na> often has an incorporated noun referencing the type of object"hunted."Documented to date are: <nla>wilo:tlama</nla>, <nla>masa:tlama</nla>, <nla>wi:lo:tlama</nla>, <nla>mixtlatlama</nla>, <nla>chapoltlatlama</nla>, and <nla>xomiltlatlama</nla>. Apparently things that are caught are incorporated into the reduplicated form, whereas things that are hunted (or chased and seized) are incorporated into the unreduplicated form. In all cases it would seem that the incorporated nominal stem functions in a modifying role. An exception is Oapan <nlo>cháchapólma</nlo>, which has a valency-reducing incorporation directly onto the transitive verb <n>ma</n> (which is not found in isolated form in the Balsas region. \nae Although historically <na>ma</na> was a transitive verb signifying 'to hunt' and was often prefixed by <n>tla-</n>, in Ameyaltepec <na>tlama</na> is the only form that exists. There are no examples of <na>ma</na> with a specific object (i.e., * <na>kima ma:satl</na>). However, the object that is being hunted or caught can still be expressed obliquely, in an antipassive-like construction: <na>tlama ika wilo:meh</na>. In the case of this verb, therefore, there is no transitive syntax and only an intransitive with oblique manifestation of the semantic patient. Moreover, the lexicalization of <na>tlama</na> is such that noun incorporation takes place on this intransitive derivative and not the transitive verbal base. Thus with words such as <nla>chapoltlatlama</nla> noun incorporation is that of an oblique argument to an intransitive. \grm Incorporation; antipassive: Although historically <na>ma</na> was a transitive verb signifying 'to hunt' and was often prefixed by <n>tla-</n>, in Ameyaltepec <na>tlama</na> is the only form that exists. There are no examples of <na>ma</na> with a specific object (i.e., * <na>kima ma:satl</na>). However, the object that is being hunted or caught can still be expressed obliquely, in an antipassive-like construction: <na>tlama ika wilo:meh</na>. In the case of this verb, therefore, there is no transitive syntax and only an intransitive with oblique manifestation of the semantic patient, even though historically the verb was transitive. Moreover, the lexicalization of <na>tlama</na> is such that noun incorporation takes place on this intransitive derivative and not the transitive verbal base. Thus with words such as <nla>chapoltlatlama</nla> noun incorporation is that of an oblique argument to an intransitive. \ref 05795 \lxa tlaka:waltia \lxac kitlaka:waltia \lxo tlaka:waltia \lxoc kitlaka:waltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to hush up or quiet (e.g., a child who is crying loudly) \ss acallar (p. ej., un niño que llora o grita) \pna Tiktlaka:waltian, ma:ka sa: tlato:s. \pea We hush him up so that he won't just be talking. \psa Lo acallamos para que no esténomás hablando. \se (refl. with <n>te:-</n>) to be prohibited \ss (refl. con <n>te:-</n>) prohibirse \pna Note:tlaka:waltia ka:n u:nkah a:tl. Xok kika:wili:skeh para ma tlapa:ka sé. \pea It is prohibited (in this case the washing of clothes) where there is water. They won't let one wash clothes (there) anymore. \psa Se le prohibe a la gente (en este caso lavar ropa) donde hay agua. Ya no van a dejar que uno lave ropa. \xrb ka:wa \nae The causative <na>ka:waltia</na>, which should be a ditransitive verb, has only been documented with either the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> or an incorporated nominal stem (as in <nla>tlakwalka:waltia</nla>). The meaning of <na>ka:waltia</na> would seem to be 'to enjoin, deter, prohibit, etc.' and the object or noun would be notionally the incorporated patient, that act or event that is prohited to someone, or that someone is enjoined from doing. In this case the <n>tlakwal</n> of <n>tlakwalka:waltia</n> refers to the food that one is deterred from eating (e.g., by an illness). Note that although Molina has an entry for <n>caualtia</n>, there are always two objects, one specific and the other not: <n>caualtia. ninotla.</n> 'irse a la mano o abstenerse de algo' and <n>caualtia. nitetla.</n> 'vedar a otro, o yrle a la mano.' \qry Check meaning with and without /tla-/. That is, check if a form such as /ne:chka:waltia/ exists (certainly /ne:chka:wilia/ does) and what its meaning might be. \qry Check how /sé/ in pronominal function should be written. Since it seems to be always phrase final, perhaps it should be written with an accented short vowel (considering phrase-final vowels are short). Check. \grm /tla-/; valency: The causative <na>ka:waltia</na>, which should be a ditransitive verb, has only been documented with either the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> or an incorporated nominal stem (as in <nla>tlakwalka:waltia</nla>). The meaning of <na>ka:waltia</na> would seem to be 'to enjoin, deter, prohibit, etc.' and the object or noun would be notionally the incorporated patient, that act or event that is prohited to someone, or that someone is enjoined from doing. In this case the <n>tlakwal</n> of <n>tlakwalka:waltia</n> refers to the food that one is deterred from eating (e.g., by an illness). Note that although Molina has an entry for <n>caualtia</n>, there are always two objects, one specific and the other not: <n>caualtia. ninotla.</n> 'irse a la mano o abstenerse de algo' and <n>caualtia. nitetla.</n> 'vedar a otro, o yrle a la mano.' \ref 05796 \lxa te:sosok \lxac te:sosok \lxo té:sosók \lxoc té:sosók \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be scratchy (e.g., wool against skin); to be prickly (some plants) \ss ser espinoso (algunas plantas); ser algo que pica (como la lana o ropaáspera) \pna Tikmatis ke:n te:sosok mopilisa:l deke xtikochis ika motlake:n. \pea You'll find your blanket (of wool) prickly if you don't sleep with your clothes on. \psa Vas a sentir que te pica tu cobija si no duermes con ropa puesta. \xrb so \ref 05797 \lxa kana:wi \lxac kana:wi \lxo kana:wi \lxoc kana:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become thin (a board with wear over time); to wear thin (clothes and cloth) \ss ponerse delgado o desgastado (una tabla de madera con el tiempo; ropa vieja y muy usada) \pna Yo:kana:w nowéra:ch. \pea My sandals (their soles) have worn thin. \psa Se desgastaron (las suelas de) mis huaraches. \pna Ye kana:wtok noka:ltson. \pea My cotton trousers (of <spn>manta</spn>) are wearing thin. \psa Se están desgastando mis calzones de manta. \se to thin out or disperse (clouds) \ss dispersarse (las nubes) \pna O:pe:w kana:wi moxtli. \pea The clouds have begun to thin out (disperse). \psa Las nubes se han empezado a dispersar. \xrb kana: \qry Check vowel length of /kalson/. Do a search and replace for any error found and corrected in this database. \ref 05798 \lxa a:wakuwtli \lxac a:wakuwtli \lxo a:wakohtli \lxocpend @a:wakohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of tree (probably a type of oak) not found near Ameyaltepec but rather at higher altitudes, e.g, near Apango \ss tipo deárbol (probablemente un tipo de encina) no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec sino en zonas más altas, como cerca de Apango \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb a:wa \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 05799 \lxa toto:nka:wi:lo \lxac toto:nka:wi:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \sea to get damaged by heat emanating from the ground (e.g., a crop during the hot summer months) \ssa dañarse por el calor que emana de la tierra (p. ej., la siembra durante los meses calorosos del verano) \pna O:toto:nka:wi:lo:k tlato:ktli, o:panwets toto:nki. \pea The planted crops got damaged by the heat, the heat came up (out of the ground). \psa La siembra se dañópor el calor, el calor salió a la superficie de la tierra (saliendo del suelo). \xrb to:n \nse In Oapan there is a word for the heat that emanates from the ground: <nlo>tla:lto:nka:listli</nlo>. Most often the condition expressed by <na>toto:nka:wi:lo</na> affects a planted crop on the day following a single, isolated rain, i.e., after it rained for one day and then stopped during the hot summer months. Heat will then rise up from the ground and possibly damage the crop. \qry Check to see if in Ameyaltepec there is also a word for heat emanating from the ground. \grm Participle: Note the headword entry /toto:nka:wi:lo/. Here, as in other cases, note that a nonverbal and a non-nominal root or stem can serve as the stem for a verbalization. In general note the way in which /-ki/ and /-tik/ adjectivals verbalize or otherwise combine. There seem to be various cases of /toto:nka-/ entering into other formations. \ref 05800 \lxa koyo:ni \lxac koyo:ni \lxo koyo:ni \lxoc koyo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to get perforated; to have a hole form in (a piece of wood with termites, a container that has gotten punctured, clothes with a hole, but not ripped) \ss perforarse; agujerearse (un pedazo de madera con polilla, un recipiente, ropa con un agujero, pero no rasgada, etc.) \pna Xwel koyo:ni, mlá:k chika:wak. \pea It can't be drilled, it is really hard (e.g., wood). \psa No se puede taladrar, de veras es muy dura (p. ej., madera). \cfao chi:koyo:ni \xrb koyo: \qry I had a definition: /(fig) to loose ones virginity (a woman)/. This should be checked. \ref 05801 \lxa ma:to:ne:wi \lxac ma:to:ne:wi \lxo ma:to:ne:wi \lxoc ma:to:ne:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se for one to feel a burning sensation in ones arm or hand (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) \ss sentir un dolor ardiente en la mano o el brazo (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) \pna Newa xnihkwe:cho:s pa:mpa niman nima:to:ne:wi. \pea I won't grind it (in this case chile) because right away I feel a burning sensation in my arm. \psa No lo voy a moler (en este caso chile) porque luego luego siento un dolor ardiente en la mano. \xrb ma: \xrb to:n \qry Determine whether the cause of the burning sensation can be something other than chile or spicy foods. Also add entries as needed. Probably a transitive exists: /ma:to:ne:wa/ (cf. /te:nto:ne:wa/). Also probably /to:ne:wi/ and /to:ne:wa/ are acceptable; check for other body part incorporations. \grm A question that has arisen concerns the morphological analysis (and semantic specificity, perhaps) of verbs that end in /-e:wi/ and /-e:wa/. It seems clear that these are limited to verbs that indicate some sort of change to the color or surface of subjects. A complete list could be generated, but I remember such color words as /chi:chi:le:wi/, /tli:le:wi/, /kose:wi/, /kweche:wi/ as well as a lot of"surface"words such as /ko:le:wi/, /-to:ne:wi/, etc. In some cases cognate /-iwi/ words exist. In other cases /-e:wa/ transitive forms exist (some of the intransitive or transitive cognates still need to be documented). In general all these words seem to relate to two general phenomenon. The first are changes to the color of. The second is changes to the surface appearance and texture of (i.e. smoothing, chipping, etc.). Under /-e:hui/, FK has the following:"to turn out in a particular manner, to become / pararse (K). This is attested in T and Z. It corresponds to the intransitive verb E :H UA, which also apears incompounds. Both correspond to transitive E:HU(A)."It would seem, then, that the best way to analyze these verbs is to consider /-e:wi/ and /-e:wa/ to be verbal (or verbalizing?) elements. Or, perhaps consider /-e:w/ as the verbalizing elements, and /-i/ and /-a/ as markers of transitivity and intransitivity. Thus there are several patterns: 1) iwi/owa. This is the most"typical"or at least common alternation representative of the"inchoative/causative"alternation (poliwi/polowa). They should be analyzed, perhaps as ROOT+Vbl(1) and ROOT+Vbl(2), where Vbl(1) and Vbl(2) respond to the endings -iwi and -owa. 2) wi/wa. This is common to verbs of the /toma:wi/ and /toma:wa/ type, again with alternation between intransitive and transitive. This could be parsed as ROOT+Vbl(1) and ROOT+Vbl(2) in which the following would be the interlinearization: toma:+wi and toma:+wa. 3) This would correspond to the -e:wi/-e:wa words just mentioned, and in which these elements co uld als o fit onto roots that have the /-iwi/ and /-owa/ distinction elsewhere. Thus one would have /ma:to:ne:wi/ as ma:+to:n+e:wi in which the final element is glossed as Vbl(1). Or, for the two forms of 'to become red' chi:chi:le:wi and chi:chi:liwi one would have rdpl+chi:l+e:wi and rdpl+chi:l+iwi. Historically of course, in some cases a vowel might have been part of the root. Thus for /poliwi/, historically it might be the case that an analysis of /poli + wi/ (or /polV + wi/) would be more accurate,but placing a final vowel on the root is problematical since it must disappear in certain other forms, including nominals (cf. /chi:hli/, /tli:hli/, etc.). \ref 05802 \lxa nakastlan \lxac inakastlan \lxo nakastlah \lxop nakastlan \lxoc i:nakastlah \dt 03/May/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se at the side of \ss al lado de \pna Monakastlan ma nikochi. \pea Let me sleep by your side. \psa Déjame dormir a tu lado. \pna Nika:n ma niktla:li inakastlan, te:wan pa ma ya. \pea Let me place it here by its side (e.g., of some object), let is be there with the rest. \psa Deja que lo coloque aquía su lado (p. ej., de otra cosa), deja que esté allá con los demás. \pna I:nakastlan metlatl. \pea It is at the side of the metate. \psa Está al lado del metate. \pna Un ne:nkah tepe:tl,inakastlan. \pea That hill over there, at its side. \psa Ese cerro allá, a su lado. \xrb nakas \xrl -tlan \qry Determine whether this can be used with a noun instead of possessive prefix. Also determine whether unpossessed form (i.e., simply /nakastlan/) can be used. \grm Word order: /Monakastlan ma nikochi/ 'Let me sleep at your side.' Note that with single word adverbs the order is usually with the adverbial clause modifier before the predicate, as in this case. Use this as an example in the grammar. \ref 05803 \lxa tekwa \lxac notekwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-1 \se (<n>-pan</n> + refl.) to get crushed or pinched ([possessor of <n>-pan</n> ]) between two sides of (reflexive subject, such as a door, two boards with a crack between them, pliers, etc., that is, things that close and catch sth in the middle, pinching it as it closes) \ss (<n>-pan</n> + refl.) prensarse o apretarse ([poseedor de <n>-pan</n> ] entre dos lados de (sujeto del reflexivo, como una puerta, dos tablas con una hendedura en medio, pinzas, etc., esto es, objetos que se cierran y agarran algo en medio, prensándolo al cerrar sobre ello) \pna Nopan o:notekwah. \pea It caught me (or part of my body) between it (as it closed). \psa Me apretó(a mío a una parte de mi cuerpo) entre sus dos lados (al cerrarse). \pna Ma:ka san ma:s xpepecho, ipan yo:notekwah i:n! \pea Don't place them any closer together (in this case two tables being pushed against each other), they've already trapped this thing between them (i.e., in being pushed together they caught sth in-between)! \psa No los vaya a juntar más (en este caso dos mesas que están siendo arrimadas), ya se cerraron sobreél (esto es, apretaron algo entre las dos)! \syno tekwaltia \xrb kwa \nse The only documentation of <na>tekwa</na> is with the reflexive prefix and an oblique object with the relational noun <n>-pan</n>. The phrase refers to an action whereby two things come together and pinch or close in on something between them, e.g.., a door closing on ones fingers, two pieces of wood closing in on a stick, piece of metal, etc. Or two tables being pushed together trapping something between them. \ref 05804 \lxa tlayeltik \lxac tlayeltik \lxo tláyeltík \lxoc tláyeltík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes-lex \se to be playful; to be mischievous; to be bothersome (because of overexuberant playfulness) \ss ser juguetón; ser latoso \xrb tlahyel \ref 05805 \lxa ma:tsowa \lxac kima:tsowa \lxo ma:tsowa \lxoc kima:tsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to fold or double over (soft, pliable items, such as a wallet in putting it away) \ss doblar (objetos suaves y blandos, como una cartera al guardarla) \pna Noma:tsotiw tla:hli. Tlakaltech, oksepa tla:lpachiwtiw surkoh. \pea The earth folds back upon itself (in this case on steep land when plowed as the earth from a furrow higher up falls over and folds back on the furrow immediately below it). It is steep, the furrow gets covered again with earth. \psa La tierra se va volviendo sobre si misma (en este caso en un lugar muy inclinado cuando la tierra de un surco cuesta arriba le cae sobre y tapa el surco inmediatamente abajo). Está inclinado (el terreno), el surco se vuelve a cubrir con tierra. \se to make a taco (by folding a hot tortilla in half, placing sth in the middle) \ss hacer un taco (al doblar una tortilla caliente, con algo en medio) \pna Xma:tso sé! \pea Make yourself a taco! \psa ¡Haz un taco! \xrb ma:ts \xrb ma: \nse The verb <nao>ma:tsowa</nao> refers to the action of folding something over on itself so that the sides meet: tortilla, petate, sombrero, etc. The most common use of this verb is in a phrase something like <na>Xma:tso sé!</na> 'Make yourself a taco' (folding over a tortilla while placing something in the middle). It can also be used for anything that folds or comes together, e.g. I have heard it (in the intransitive) used to refer to a water hose that"implodes,"preventing water from freely flowing. \nae The impersonal of this form, rarely used, is uncertain. Some individuals give <nao>tlama:tsowalo</nao> whereas others give <nao>tlama:tso:lo</nao>. Nevertheless, the form is not used. This might explain the nominal derivative <nlao>tlama:tsowahli</nlao>. \qry Again, check final decision on pronominal /sé/. \ref 05806 \lxa ma:pi:xtli \lxac ma:pi:xtli \lxo ma:pi:xtli \lxoc ma:pi:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(ch) \se a handfull \ss una puñada \pna Ke:n we:i moma:pi:ch! \pea How big your handfull is! \psa ¡Quétan grande es una puñada tuya! \pna Xne:chaka se: ma:pi:xtli moa:yowech. Ma nkwa! \pea Give me a handful of your squash seeds! Let me eat them! \psa ¡Dame una puñada de tus semillas de calabaza!¡Quiero comérmelas! \cfao tlaki:tskiltsi:n \dis ma:pi:xtli; tlaki:tskiltsi:n \xrb ma: \xrb pi:ch \nse Note that <na>pixtok</na>, the progressive of <na>pia</na> (Am), has a short vowel, <na>ma:pi:xtli</na> has a long vowel. This is because the latter is derived from the verb <nlo>ma:pi:chowa</nlo>). \qry Determine possessed form; note that in one phrase above the possessed was /moma:pi:ch/. This should be checked. \grm Xne:chaka se: ma:pi:xtli moa:yowech. Man kwa! Add to grammar notes the apocapated /man kwa/ for /ma nihkwa/. Also note that /ma:pi:xtli/ has a long /i:/ despite the fact that the progressive of /pia/ is /kipixtok/, e.g., which has a short vowel. Recheck these, but if confirmed note in the grammar. \ref 05807 \lxa itikukwa \lxac kitikukwa \lxo ítihkokówa \lxop itihkokowa \lxoc kítihkokówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am) \pa yes-lex \se to give a stomach ache or upset stomach to \ss empachar; causarle un dolor de estómago a \pna Mitsitikoko:s tli:n tihkwatok. \pea What you are eating will give you a stomach ache. \psa Lo que estás comiendo te va a dar un dolor de estómago. \xrb hti \xrb kowa \xrl -ko \nae There is a slight aspiration [h] closing the second syllable of the Oapan form, at least in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino (though not so clear in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez). It might be that this reflects variation in the use of <no>ítík</no> and not <no>ítí</no> for the incorporated noun part of this compound. \qry Check other /iti/ compounds in Oapan for presence of /h/. If Oa has /k/ and Am doesn't, perhaps create two separate entries with equivao \pqry An analysis of this is important to demonstrate the variability in the sound [h] in /itih-/; the first male token seems to have a very light presence of /h/. Check with phonetician. It might even be that there are two verbs here /ítikókowa/ and /ítihkókowa/. This should be carefully checked. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05808 \lxa tlapaya:nilia \lxac kitlapaya:nilia \lxo tlapaya:nilia \lxoc kitlapaya:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to grind <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> for (generally in a hand or mechanical grinder, but also on a metate) \ss moler nixtamal for (generalmente en un molino de mano o eléctrico, pero también sobre metate) \xrb paya: \xbtlao tlapaya:na \ref 05809 \lxa to:nalmiktia \lxac kito:nalmiktia \lxo to:nalmihtia \lxoc kito:nalmihtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (sb) hot (e.g., heavy clothes) \ss hacer (a algn) sentir el calor (p. ej., ropa gruesa y pesada) \pna Ne:xto:nalmiktia, ke:n tila:wak nokoto:n. \pea It makes me hot, my shirt is really thick. \psa Me da calor, mi camisa está de veras muy gruesa. \xrb to:na \xrb miki \xvbao to:nalmiki \ref 05810 \lxa mapiltetepon \lxac mapiltetepon \lxo mápiltetépon \lxoc mápiltetépon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-lex \se to be missing part of a finger \ss faltarsele parte de un dedo \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb tepon \ref 05811 \lxa ne: \lxac ne: tia:skeh \lxo ne: \lxoc ne: tia:skeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se there (referring to a distant place that is either visible or understood in the discourse) \ss allí(en referencia a un lugar distante que es visible o que se entiende por el discurso) \pna Ne: yaw! \pea There he goes (i.e., in reference to a visible place)! \psa ¡Allíva (en referencia a un lugar visible)! \xrb ne: \qry Apparently this refers to a distant place that is within view; check. \grm Sentential stress; extrametricality: Note that /yaw/ is extrametrical in both dialects. Thus /ne: yaw/ has intonational stress on /ne:/. \ref 05812 \lxa tepostla:hlowa \lxac tepostla:hlowa \lxo tepostla:hlowa \lxoc tepostla:hlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to become or get rusty \ss oxidarse \syno tepostla:hloki:sa \xrb tepos \xrb tla:l \qry For this and all other V-1-para-h/wa/tia determine the progressive form of the /-owa/ verbs. That is, is it /tepostla:hlotok/ or /tepostla:hlowatok/. I believe the former. Check for transitive form: ?tepostla:hlo:tia. \ref 05813 \lxa ma:ma \lxac kima:ma \lxo ma:ma \lxoc kima:ma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to carry (a beast of burden or person [S]) on the back or shoulders \ss cargar (una bestia o persona [S]) a cuestas, por la espaldo o hombros \se (fig.) to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore) \ss (fig.) tomar la responsabilidad de (p. ej., una tarea pesada, etc.) \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to be suffering under or bearing (e.g., a weight or heavy burden) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) estar cargado (con una obligación pesada, una responsabilidad, etc.) \se (with <n>tla-</n>) to be holding up; to be bearing a burden (e.g., as a cross-beam holding up other vertical beams that rest upon it, or similar material objects and supports that support a weight) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) sostener; cargar (p. ej., una viga horizontal que carga otras verticales, u otros tipos de soportes) \pna San se: kwentli tlama:matok ika kwenko:koneh. \pea Just one furrow has a lot of <spn>cornejales</spn> bearing down on it. \psa Solamente un surco está cargado con una cantidad de cornejales. \xrb ma:ma \xvcao ma:maltia \xvaao ma:malia \xv1ao tlama:ma \nse For description of the manner in which a furrow bears the burden of the <na>cornejales</na> cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. \qry Check for the sexual aspect of /ma:ma/. I believe there is one but I am not sure of the specifics. \ref 05814 \lxa i:xte:nkoya:wa \lxac ki:xte:nkoya:wa \lxo i:xte:nkoya:wa \lxoc ki:xte:nkoya:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. inflix <n>te-</n> : <nao>i:xte:ntekoya:wa</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se to pick the eye out of (e.g., a corpse or other dead animal) \ss quitarle el ojo a (una persona o animal muerto) \pna Yo:ki:xte:ntekoya:w tsopi:lo:tl moburroh. Yo:mik. \pea A buzzard has picked the eye out of your burro. It's already dead. \psa Un zopilote le ha quitado el ojo a tu burro. Ya se murió. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \qry Cf. /i:xte:nkoya:wi/ and determine whether another meaning, 'to widen an eye-like hole' is also correct. \ref 05815 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /Ka:n Chapa:ni A:tl/, which is not in the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05816 \lxa tsi:nchikipe:liwi \lxac tsi:nchikipe:liwi \lxo tsi:nchikipe:liwi \lxoc tsi:nchikipe:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have the bottom give way or rip completely or almost completely off (e.g., of a bucket, box, etc.) \ss desfondarse (p. ej., una cubeta, caja, etc., casi por completo) \xrb tsi:n \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Check for transitive form; check for /tsi:nchipatla:wi/, etc. \ref 05817 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was originally of /tlakwiste:hki/, but I believe this is erroneous. If it proves to be correct it should be reentered. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05818 \lxa a:lo \lxac a:lo \lxo a:lo; a:lomeh \lxoc a:lo; a:lomeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. <nao>a:lomeh</nao> \se type of parakeet, apparently the Pacific Parakeet, <l>Aratinga strennua</l>, or a close relative \ss tipo de perico, aparentemente el"Pacific Parakeet," <l>Aratinga strennua</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a:lo \nse Although the singular is <na>a:lo</na>, these birds are always found in groups; for this reason the plural form <nao>a:lomeh</nao> is more common and is the form used in describing them. This bird is large and not considered a <nlao>to:to:tl</nlao>. \nde Molina gives <n>alo</n> as 'papagayo grande.' \qry Check absence of final /h/. \pqry Use the plural form as a"control"for short /o/ before /-meh/ since /a:lomeh/ seems to definitely have a short /o/. \nct No overt category. \ref 05819 \lxa ko:lo:tl \lxac ko:lo:tl \lxo ko:lo:tl \lxoc ko:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se scorpion \ss alacrán \se constellation called <nao>ko:lo:tl</nao> \ss constelación llamada <nao>ko:lo:tl</nao> \pna Yewalwi:ka ko:lo:tl. \pea The constellation <nao>ko:lo:tl</nao> appears in the night. \psa La constelación <nao>ko:lo:tl</nao> aparece en la noche. \sem animal \sem insect \sem heavens \encyctmp ko:lo:tl \xrb ko:lo: \cpl There are the following types of scorpions documented so far: <na>ko:lo:tl</na>, <nla>tla:lko:lo:tl</nla>, and <nla>tliko:lo:tl</nla>. \rt Many have suggested that the stem for scorpion is related to the root <nr>ko:l</nr> 'curved.' \ref 05820 \lxa komba:teh \lxac komba:teh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan combate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. <na>komba:tes</na> \sea ritual household celebration and meal done to celebrate the termination of a task (such as plowing with the team of oxen or mules, which is usually finished in early August, the construction of a house, husking or shelling corn, etc.) \ssa comida y ceremonia ritual hecha por una familia para celebrar la terminación de una tarea (tal como el trabajo con la yunta, que por lo común termina en agosto, la construcción de una casa, el desgranar maíz, etc.) \pna Kichi:waskeh komba:tes, o:tekitlankeh. \pea They will celebrate with a ritual meal, they finished work with the yunta. \psa Van a hacer una celebración ritual, terminaron de trabajar con la yunta. \nse A chicken or pig is killed and people drink beer or sodas. It is usually only the household that celebrates (i.e., privately) although in finishing a house those who helped are invited. In Oapan sometimes when people finish planting and"unhitch"(<no>tlatoma</no>) the team of oxen, they set off fireworks: <no>tlá:topó:nia</no>. \qry Check for possible regional Spanish usage of this term. \ref 05821 \lxa tsoya:lia \lxac notsoya:lia \lxo tsóyá:lia \lxop tsoya:lia \lxoc nótsoyá:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to perfume oneself; to put on perfume \ss (refl.) ponerse perfume \pna Nimotsoya:li:s. \pea I will put some perfume on. \psa Me voy a poner perfume. \xrb tso \xrb hya \nse The reflexive meaning of <na>tsoya:lia</na> is unexpected given the meaning of the adjectival and intransitive verb. Apparently this term was used in the past when people found perfume unpleasant. Now the term more in use, at least in Oapan, is <nlo>áwiá:lia</nlo> \vl The first and second male tokens are slurred or mispronounced as /nótsola:lia/ Don't tag it. Then there are the 3rd and 4th male tokens. Both should be tagged and I think the first of these (3rd overall) is the best for linking. \qry Check meaning of reflexive. If certain, check other meanings of adjectival and intransitive verb. Cf. Gram 1979-99--. \ref 05822 \lxa kwa:texi:tlastik \lxac kwa:texi:tlastik \lxo kwa:texi:tlastik \lxoc kwa:texi:tlastik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik (?) \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seao to be bald \ssao ser calvo \apa kwa:texi:tlas \apo kwa:texi:tlats \xrb kwa: \xrb xi: \xrb tlats \nae Etymologically <na>kwa:texi:tlastik</na> is apparently related to Northern Puebla <n>xitlatztic</n> 'pulido' (polished) and Zacapoaxtla <n>xi:tatztic</n> 'desnudo.' Molina has no cognate word for 'bald' or 'naked' but does have <n>quaxipetztic</n> 'calvo' as well as related words. Since the <n>qua</n> element is easily identified as 'head' and the <n>petztic</n> element indicates smoothness, it would seem that this Classical form also contains a <n>xi:</n> element. \qry Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms. \vl The first female token has a pause in the middle, don't tag it. Then there are 2 good female and 2 good male tokens. Of these, link 2nd female speech token and 1 male token. \grm Apocopated forms; phonology: Note that both Am and Oapan have /kwa:texi:tlastik/ and /kwa:texi:tlas/ as meaning 'bald.' The latter has been categorized as a apocopated adjectival. Re; the question of the roots involved, comparative evidence suggests /tlats/ as the final element. There is a reason for the /ts/>/s/ shift in the /-tik/ adjectival, as this is a general phonological change in the Nahuatl of this reason. But if the root is /tlats/ the form /kwa:texi:tlas/ is not explainable. Either the root is actually /tlas/ or has been reinterpreted as /tlas/, or, more interesting, the phonoogical shift motivated by an ending (in this case /-tik/) is maintainedin the apocopated forms! This should be researched. \ref 05823 \lxa tla:lpipi:to \lxac tla:lpipi:to \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pito</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea natural whistle found in the ground and apparently made by some sort of unidentified animal (perhaps an insect) \ssa silbato natural que se encuentra en el suelo y que aparentemente se hace por algún tipo de animal no identificado (quizá un insecto) \xrb tla:l \ref 05824 \lxa monexowa \lxac kimonexowa \lxo mónexówa \lxop monexowa \lxoc kimónexówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <no>kitemónexówa</no> \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to make dusty \ss empolvorear \pna Yo:timotemonexoh, a:man xma:lti:ti! \pea You've gotten yourself dusty (covered with dust), now take a bath! \psa Te cubriste de polvo, ahora,¡vete a bañar! \se to cause to or make fade (e.g. clothes) \ss hacer que se destiñe (p. ej., ropa) \xrb mohnex \qry Check correctness of <no>kitemónexówa</no> \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \rt Cf. note for this root under /ma:temonex/. \ref 05825 \lxa tlayo:koyalistli \lxac *tlayo:koyalistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \sea melancholy; sadness \ssa melancolia; tristeza \xrb yo:ko \qry Check for possessed form? \ref 05826 \lxa kafe:ntsi:n \lxac kafe:ntsi:n \lxo kafe:ntsi:n \lxoc kafe:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>café</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se coffee colored \ss color café \sem color \nse <nao>Kafe:ntsi:n</nao> also occurs as the diminutive of the borrowed noun <nao>kafe:n</nao>. \ref 05827 \lxa iswate:kilistli \lxac iswate:kilistli \lxo iswate:kilistli \lxoc iswate:kilistli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se action of stripping the leaves off the drying corn plant, usually in late October or early November after the milpa has dried (see <nlao>iswate:ka</nlao>) \ss zacateo, la acción de quitar las hojas de maíz de la milpa cuando se está secando, generalmente a finales de octubre o principio de enero (vé ase <nlao>iswate:ka</nlao>) \xrb swa \xrb te:ka \ref 05828 \lxa pipitski:tia \lxac kipipitski:tia \lxo pipitski:tia \lxoc kipipitski:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to make squeak or squeal (e.g., a mouse, a <spn>tejon,</spn> or other similar small animals) \ss hacer chillar (p. ej., un ratoncito, tejón u otros animales pequeños) \pna Kipipitski:tia un kimichin. \pea He (in this case a cat) makes the mouse squeak (or squeal, as when it is caught). \psa El (en este caso un gato) hace chillar al ratoncito (p. ej., cuando se caza). \se to make (sb) emit squeaky sounds (as caused in play among children, newlyweds, etc.) \ss hacer (a algn) emitir ligeros ruidos (p. ej., al jugar niños, novios recién casados, etc.) \pna O:pe:w nopipitski:tian nokone:wa:n. Na:wiltian. \pea My children have started to make each other squeal and shriek. They are playing around. \psa Mis hijos ya empezaron a hacerse chillar. Están jugando. \xrb pits \xvbao pipitska \ref 05829 \lxa kwa:xe:hli \lxac i:kwa:xe:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn Stem 3 \sea part in ones hair (usually in reference to a woman) \ssa la raya que parte el cabello (generalmente hablando de una mujer) \equivo kéxí:hli \xrb kwa: \xrb xe:l \qry Although I have this recorded with a long /e:/ perhaps it should be short, given the meaning of 'to part in two'. The length should be rechecked. \ref 05830 \lxa a:tki \lxac a:tki \lxo a:tki \lxoc a:tki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se watery (a soup, consomé, beans cooking in broth, etc.) \ss aguado (un consomé, frijoles, etc.) \pna A:tki un yetl. We:i ia:yo wan xkipia yetl miák. \pea Those beans are watery. They have a lot of juice and not much bean. \psa Esos frijoles están aguados. tienen mucho jugo y casi nada de frijol. \pna Xkwahli un a:to:hli, a:tki. \pea That atole is no good, it's watery. \psa Ese atole no está bien, está aguado. \sem consist \xrb a: \nse The reason for the presence of the /t/ is unclear. But there is a paradigm of <nao>a:tki</nao> and <nao>a:tia</nao>, parallel to forms such as <nlao>yema:nki</nlao> and <na>yema:nia</na>. Another derivation would have a <n>-ti</n> verbalizer, but this would yield <n>*a:tik</n>, which does not exist. \mod Check difference between /a:tki/ and /a:tostik/ and add to onomasiological section. Apparently the latter is more for mixtures whereas, former for liquids, e.g. ink, etc. \grm A:tki un yetl. We:i ia:yo wa:n xkipia yetl miak. Those beans are watery. They have a lot of juice and not much bean. Note syntax. \ref 05831 \lxanotes zzz \qry This entry, formerly /maxyoh/, has been removed. \dt 04/Aug/2001 \ref 05832 \lxa chikitolowa \lxac kichikitolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to bend; to make crooked (long, straight objects such as rods and strips of wood, metal, etc.) \ss doblar; encorvar; enchuecar (objetos largos y derechos, como varitas y tiras de madera, metal, etc.) \pna O:kichikitoloh kwentli, xpeya:stik. Xwel tekiti. \pea He made his furrows come out crooked, they aren't straight. He can't work (the plow). \psa Hizo que los surcos le salieran chuecos, no derechos. No puede trabajar (la yunta). \synao chikino:lowa \xrb chiki \xrb tol \cfa chikino:liwi \ono pachowa \ref 05833 \lxa tlapacho:hli \lxac tlapacho:hli \lxo tlapacho:hli \lxoc tlapacho:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se type of seed garden (usually of chile, cilantro, or flowers) in which the seeds are scattered on the ground with a little earth sprinkled on top; the entire garden is then covered with zacate to keep water from washing away the delicate seedlings that, when fully sprouted, are transplanted \ss pachol; tipo de semillero (generalmente de chile, cilantro o flores) en que primero las semillas se esparcen por el suelo y después se rocían con algo de tierra; entonces el jardín se tapa con zacate para prevenir que se lleven por el agua las plantas de semillero, que serán transplantados una vez germinadas \pna Kwaltsi:n o:ixwak notlapacho:l. \pea My seed garden has sprouted nicely. \psa Germinóbonito mi semillero. \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. \pea My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings being cultivated got a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). \psa Ya se empezó a pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzó a disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). \pna Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas. \pea (To make a <na>tlapacho:hli</na>) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them, then you cover it with grass and water it so that they sprout. If they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them. \psa (Para hacer un <na>tlapacho:hli</na>) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballa por el suelo y le cubres con una capa delgada de tierra, después les pones encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas. \sem domesticatedivate \xrb pach \nse <nao>Tlapacho:hli</nao> refers to the first place where seeds are planted and germinated, before being transplanted to the final garden. The word is apparently derived from the fact that seed garden is covered with earth and protective grass. \qry On one file card I note:"type of garden in which seems are sprinkled on the ground and covered with a small layer of earth before being transplanted into a 'pachol.'"The implication is that a /pachol/ is distinct from a /tlapachohli/, but I am not certain of this. Check the idea of transplanting and whether this actually occurs. \qry Get special sound texts, etc. \ref 05834 \lxa tlaxelowa \lxac tlaxelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \sea to distribute ones property and belongings when near death \ssa distribuir los bienes al acercarse a la muerte \pna Tlaxelotok un kokoxki. \pea That sick person is dividing up his estate. \psa Esa persona enferma está dividiendo sus bienes. \syno testa:rowa \xrb xel \xbtlao xelowa \nse In Oapan <no>tlaxelowa</no> is used in the expected sense of dividing things up and giving them out, e.g, at a fiesta or celebration. \ref 05835 \lxa tlakaka:wa \lxac tlakaka:wa \lxo tlá:ká:wa \lxop tlá:ka:wa \lxoc tlá:ká:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to perform (or the person who performs) the ceremony known in Spanish as <spn>levantamiento de sombra</spn> in which an offering is given to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yéye:kámeh</nlo> (Oa) in exchange for the return of a soul lost through <spn>susto</spn> \ss llevar a cabo (oél que lleva a cabo) la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' que consiste en dejar una ofrenda a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> (Am) / <nlo>yéye:kámeh</nlo> (Oa) para intercambiar con un alma que ha sido perdida por el susto \xrb ka:wa \xvaa tlakaka:wilia \xvao tlá:ka:wília \xvbao ka:wa \revised 5/08/04 \ref 05836 \lxa te:ntlapa:nki \lxac te:ntlapa:nki \lxo te:ntlapa:nki \lxoc te:ntlapa:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a broken edge (e.g., a ceramic plate, etc.) \ss tener una orilla rota (p. ej., un plato de cerámica, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb tlapa: \ref 05837 \lxa kuwasiwisioh \lxac kuwasiwisioh \lxo kówasiwísioh \lxoc kówasiwísioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be painful, causing pain particularly to ones bones and joints \ss causar dolor, particularmente a los huesos y coyunturas \pna Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh, bwe:yeh kitowa kimiktia. \pea The <nla>tla:lko:lo:tl</nla> does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain; they say that it kills cattle. \psa The <na>tla:lko:lo:tl</na> no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor; dicen que mata al ganado. \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \qry Check meaning of /xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kowasiwisioh/. Perhaps translation needs to be corrected, i.e., why would something be said to not /totech ki:sa/ but then, at the same time, be called /kowasiwisioh/. \ref 05838 \lxa mapihli \lxac mapihli \lxo mápihlí \lxop mapihli \lxoc mápihlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \se finger \ss dedo de la mano \se (measure) width of a finger \ss (medida) lo ancho de un dedo \pna Kipia o:me mapihli. \pea It is two fingers wide (the first and middle fingers). \psa Tiene dos dedos de ancho (el dedo primero y en medio). \sem body \sem human \xrb mah \xrb pil \qry After checking several times I determined that the vowel length for this noun is short for all vowels, although the first vowel should be rechecked here and in compounds given that many of my entries for /ma:pihli/ had a long first vowel. However, the derivative /mapi:lwia/ apparently has a long vowel on /-pi:l/. Check Oapan and Tetelcingo cognates to verify the presence of /h/. Check also to see if /mapihli/ can be used in reference to anything but the finger of the hand. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05839 \lxa a:tlakwintsi:n \lxaa aa:tlakwintsi:n \lxac a:tlakwintsi:n \lxo á:tlakwíni \lxoa á:tlakwíne \lxoc á:tlakwíne,á:tlakwíni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-V2 \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \pa yes-rdp \se child who draws water often, whose task it is to draw water and take it to where it will be consumed \ss niño que siempre trae agua a donde se consume \pna Mlá:k a:tlakwintsi:n! \pea He's a real water-bearer (said slightly in jest)! \psa ¡Es un verdadero aguador (dicho algo irónicamente)! \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nae Oapan Nahuatl <no>á:tlakwíni</no> manifests a pitch-accented initial long vowel, the result of a reduplicant (short vowel with coda {h}). The reduplication is apparently related to the fact that any child (or person) who is known as a"water-bearer"is so known because he or she repeatedly goes to draw water, an iterative action that motivates the reduplication. \qry Cf. /a:tlahke:tl/ and determine difference, if any, between /a:tlahke:tl/ and /a:tlakwintsi:n/. The latter seems much more common, perhaps because little children are usually employed in this task, as opposed to adults. \grm Note how the agentive -ni forms a diminutive losing the final /i/ of the verbal ending. \ref 05840 \lxa tla:wi:lowa \lxac tla:wi:lowa \lxo tla:wi:lowa \lxoc tla:wi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-owa \infv class-2b \se to shine light (a person [S] with a match, candle, flashlight, torch, etc.) \ss iluminar (una persona [S] con un cerillo, vela, lámpara eléctrica, antorcha, etc.) \pna Tlaiwatok, ma nitla:wi:lo! \pea It is dark, let me shine some light! \psa Es oscuro,¡déjame echar algo de luz! \pna Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh. \pea I saw a light over there. The deerhunter is shining a light. \psa Vi una luz allí. El cazador de venado está echando una luz. \se to illuminate a religious space (such as a church) with candles \ss iluminar un espacio religioso (como una iglesia) con velas \pna I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh. Tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Diós. \pea On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God. \psa En la víspera de la Navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós. \se (with <n>wa:l-</n> and aspectual <n>-tiw</n>) to come shedding the light of dawn (the rising sun) \ss (con <n>wa:l-</n> y el marcador de aspecto <n>-tiw</n>) venir iluminando con la luz del alba (el sol al salir) \pna Xmokwiste:wa! Ye wa:ltla:wi:lotiw to:nahli! \pea Get up! The rising sun is coming along illuminating the Earth! \psa ¡Levántate! El sol saliente viene iluminando la tierra. \xrb tla:wi:l \xvca tla:wi:lwia \xvco tla:wi:lwiya \nae In the use of <na>wa:ltla:wi:lotiw</na> (Am) to signify 'to come shedding the light of dawn,' note that this is not an impersonal expression as are many verbs that indicate natural phenomena such as 'to dawn.' Here it is the sun that is the subject of the monovalent verbal predicate. Sometimes the /i/ in Oapan appears to be short, <no>tla:wilowa</no> although in other forms, e.g., <nlo>tla:wi:hli</nlo> it is definitely long. \ref 05841 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the word for /maxtli/ 'pubic hair'; it has been removed as offensive for now (but probably reinsert later). \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05842 \lxa faji:yah \lxac faji:yah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan fajilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea wattle; thin 2x2s or similar wood that runs lengthwise on the inside of the roof in a house with sheeting, similar in where it is placed to the <nla>kwihlo:tl</nla> of a house with thatching \ssa fajilla; tablas delgadas y largas que corren a lo largo en el interior de un techo de lámina, parecida en su ubicación a la del <nla>kwihlo:tl</nla> en una casa con techo de palma o zacate \encyctmp kahli \mod Illustrate. \ref 05843 \lxa tsi:npilkatok \lxac tsi:npilkatok \lxo tsi:npilkatok \lxoc tsi:npilkatok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be squatting (as in the position of going to the bathroom) \ss estar en cuclillas (como cuando uno va al baño) \xrb tsi:n \xrb pil \ref 05844 \lxa yo:lxiti:nia \lxac kiyo:lxiti:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \sea to discourage; to make (sb) lose heart (from doing what they had their heart set on doing) \ssa desanimar; quitar el deseo a (algn, de llevar a cabo lo que pensaba hacer) \pna O:tine:chyo:lxiti:ni:ko, nia:skia. \pea You came and made me lose heart, I would have gone. \psa Viniste y me desanimaste, yo hubiera ido. \syna yo:lkwepa \syno yó:litlakówa \xrb yo:l \xrb xiti: \ref 05845 \lxa boye:roh \lxac boye:roh \lxo boye:roh \lxoc boye:roh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan boyero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <na>boye:ros</na> \se worker, usually a child between 9 and 15 years old, hired for the planting season who does not work the junta but who does other tasks such a taking care of the animals by watering and grazing them, weeding and uprighting plants if earth covers them during plowing, setting stones between the furrows, and sometimes even harvesting \ss trabajador, por lo común un niño entre 9 y 15 años, alquilado por la temporada de siembra, quien no agarra la yunta pero síse encarga de otras tareas tales como apacentar y cuidar a los animales, dándoles agua, desyerbando la milpa y enderezando las plantas si se cubren de tierra al pasar la yunta, poner las piedras entre los surcos y, ocasionalmente, aun cosechando \mod Perhaps add sound file/text \ref 05846 \lxa te:si:s \lxac te:si:s \lxo te:si:s \lxoc te:si:s \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-poss \infn N1 \se type of edible grasshopper still not identified \ss tipo de chapulín comestible todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp chapolin \xrb si:s \nse Accordig to Lupe Domínguez and several other consultants from Oapan, this grasshopper is known as the spouse (male counterpart) \qry Perhaps ask why this is so called, relationship to /si:stli/??!! \ref 05847 \lxa a:komohli \lxac a:komohli \lxo a:komohli \lxoc a:komohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se large and deep area in a river where the water is calm and slow moving, circling around slowly \ss área larga, plana y profunda de un río donde el agua está calmada y algo estancada; no corre rápido y circula lentamente \xrb a: \xrb komol \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05848 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:yewál \lxoc i:xté:yewál \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have large round eyes (e.g., an owl) \sso tener ojos grandes y redondos (p. ej., un tecolote) \apo i:xté:yewáltik \syna i:xte:nyeyewal \flo i:xté:we:ítik \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb yewal \qry Check to see if this is only used in directly addressing a person. \ref 05849 \lxa a:pa:tsiwi \lxac a:pa:tsiwi \lxo a:pa:tsiwi \lxoc a:pa:tsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become moistened or wet with water \ss mojarse con agua; mezclarse con agua \xrb a: \xrb pa:ts \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \pqry The duration of the initial (long) /a:/ in Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation is significantly shortened. Under 90 ms. These should be compared to the longer duration of Inocencio's initial vowel and to the duration of Florencia's second vowel /pa:/, which is well over 110 ms (I don't have the measurements at hand). It is worth considering the possibility that there is some tendency to neutralization of initial vowels, just as occurs with final vowels. \ref 05850 \lxa xa:lmo:yo:tl \lxac xa:lmo:yo:tl \lxo xa:lmo:yo:tl \lxoc xa:lmo:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of small insect, in Spanish called <spn>jején</spn> (gnat) \ss jején \sem animal \sem insect \xrb xa:l \xrb mo:yo: \cpl Schoenhals (1988:221-22) mentions under jején:"(<na>Accacta furens</na>) 'gnat' Little stinging gnats that travel in dense clouds. The insects cartwheel to the ground after sucking blood from their victims. Also called mosco, rodador."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as 'zancudo de arena.' \pqry Determine a clear way to measure final vowels and, as well, vowels separated by semi-vowels /y/ and /w/. \ref 05851 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tsotsol/, but I have never documented it without the intensifier so I have temporarily removed it. It will be added if needs be later. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \xrb tsol \qry Pending entry: cf. /tetsotsol/. Check whether this word can occur without the /te-/ intensifying prefix. \ref 05852 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepotskohtli \lxoc tepotskohtli \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tepots \xrb kow \nct kohtli \qry Perhaps an erroneous entry for /teposkuhtli/. The relationship between /tepotskohtli/ and /teposkohtli/ needs to be determined. Cristino Flores insisted that the correct Am name was /tepotskuwtli/. In Oapan this is /teposkohtli/ although perhaps /tepotskohtli/ is simply the result of elicitation pressure. Check. \ref 05853 \lxa miktla:n \lxac miktla:n \lxo mihtla:n \lxoa mihtla:h \lxoc mihtla:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-tlan \infn N0/1(loc) \sea god-damn (used immediately followed by an insulting adjective, and often preceded by the loan <na>dia:bloh</na>) \ssa pinche (en una injuria inmediatamente seguido por un adjectivo insultante y, a veces, precedido por el préstamo <na>dia:bloh</na>) \pna A:man tikitas, dia:bloh miktla:n tlatski! \pea Now you'll see, you god-damn lazy bum! \psa ¡Ya verás, pinche diablo flojo! \pna Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. \pea Jesus that guy's a god-damn lazy bum! He never goes anywhere. \psa ¡Carajo, ese tipo es un pinche diablo flojo! Nunca va a ningún lado. \pna Melá:k timiktla:n tlatski. \pea You are a real lazy bum. \psa De veras eres un pobre diablo flojo: \pna Ara:joh! milá:k timiktla:n tlatski. \pea Shit! You're really a god-damn lazy bum. \psa ¡Chin! De veras eres un pobre diablo flojo. \pna Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok. \pea Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags. \psa No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos. \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak! \pea The hell with you, you toothless hag! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes! \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titechichikil! \pea The hell with you you bag of bones! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo pinche demacrado! \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n tikwitlatesosol! \pea The hell with you you shit bag! \psa Al diablo contigo, bola de mierda! \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n te:ntsonpochik! \pea You fuzzy-beared slime! \psa Al diablo contigo y tu barba velosa! \seao Hell (rarely used in this sense) \ssao el infierno (poco común con esta aceptación) \pna Xne:chki:tski ipan nokoli:tah, ma nontlachia miktla:n! \pea Grab me by my tail, let me peek into hell! \psa ¡Agárrame por la colita, para que me asome al infierno! \se (~ <na>tia:chkaw yeyekatl</na>) the most powerful of the <na>yeyekameh</na> or 'aires' \ss (~ <na>tia:chkaw yeyekatl</na>) el más poderoso de los <na>yeyekameh</na> o 'aires' \sea (~ <na>ikone:w</na>) dam it! (syn. Oa <nlo>a:ra i:kone:w</nlo>) \sso (~ <na>ikone:w</na>) hijo del diablo! (sin. Oa <nlo>a:ra i:kone:w</nlo>) \cfa tia:chka:w \xrb miki \xrl -tla:n \nse According to Luis Lucena only women say <na>dia:bloh miktla:n</na> [adjectival], because only they shout such types of insults. Women, in his vision, are more prone to actions covered by the phrase <na>te:uwikaltia</na>. Men either fight or use other words. Generally the form (<na>dia:bloh miktla:n</na> seems to be used without a subject prefix, constructed as an insulting vocative, although one example has an over subject prefix. It is followed by some insulting term, often an adjectival or apocopated noun that refers derrogatorily to some physical aspect of the person being insulted. Some consultants understood <na>miktla:n</na> to mean 'hell' whereas others take it to mean"the inside of the earth where the dead are buried."It is seldom so used though elders understand it to mean this. It also appears with the sense of 'Hell' in the riddle <na>xne:chki:tski i:pan noko:lah, ma nontlachia miktla:n</na>. According to Cristino Flores the"rey de yeyekatl"is one called <na>miktla:n tia :chkaw yeye katl</na>. This is according to what he was told by an old man from Ahuehuepan who has since died. \nae In Oapan there seems to be a long final vowel, as would be expected from the colonial sources. \mod Source for Cristino Flores comment, see (cf. Flk-1984-07-29.1). \mod Cf. Flk-1984-07-29.1 for an account of <na>miktlan tia:chkaw yeyekatl</na>. Cf. Gram 1985-10-18.3 \qry Note that originally I had /kwitlatetsotsol/ but I have changed this hear to /kwitlatetsotsol/ based on my understanding of these forms. Check meaning of /kwitlasosol/. Check vowel length as this /-tla:n/ historically had a long vowel. I have for now changed it to a long vowel based on Oapan acoustic evidence. \pqry Recheck vowel length, based on Oapan evidence I have changed the final /a:/ of the Am form to a long vowel. Previously I had a note that length was uncertain. I will check it acoustically, but for now a long vowel has been edited throughout. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. There is an additional token of this word from 4526. \ref 05854 \lxa xi:nka:yoh \lxac xnoxi:nka:yoh \lxo xi:nka:yoh \lxoc xnoxi:nka:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl) \se (<n>x-</n> + refl.) to be unshaven; to have gone a long time without a haircut \ss (<n>x-</n> + refl.) estar desafeitado; haber pasado mucho tiempo sin haber cortado el pelo \pna Tikwa:tepasol, xtimoxi:nka:yoh. \pea You have long, dishevelled hair, you've not had a haircut recently. \psa Tienes el pelo largo y desgreñado, ya tiene mucho que no te has cortado el pelo. \xrb xi:m \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05855 \lxa yema:nki \lxac yema:nki \lxo yema:nki \lxoc yema:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se to be soft (e.g., a cloth or other material objects) \ss ser suave (p. ej., una tela u otros objetos materiales) \se to be weak (a human body) \ss ser débil o flojo (el cuerpo humano) \pna Yema:nki itla:kayo, san a:chitsi:n tekichi:wa, niman kwalo:sneki, poxaktik suwa:tl. \pea Her body is soft, she just does a little work and right away she is about to get ill, she's a weak bodied woman. \psa Su cuerpo está débil, nada más hace un poquito de trabajo, luego luego quiere enfermarse, es una mujer débil. \xrb yema:n \ref 05856 \lxa chi:ka:lin \lxac chi:ka:lin \lxo chi:ka:lin \lxoa chi:ka:lih \lxoc chi:ka:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se folk generic name for a group that includes two species: <na>chi:ka:lin de susuwa:tl de kostik i:xo:chio</na> (Am) (<l>Solanum rostratum</l> Dunal.) and <na>chi:ka:lin de tlatla:katl istá:k i:xo:chio</na> (Am) (an unidentified plant of the Sonanceae family) \ss nombre genérico foklórico de un grupo que abarca a dos especies: <na>chi:ka:lin de susuwa:tl de kostik i:xo:chio</na> (Am) (<l>Solanum rostratum</l> Dunal.) y <na>chi:ka:lin de tlatla:katl istá:k i:xo:chio</na> (Am) (una planta no identificada de la familia Sonanceae) \pna Xiwtli, cha:nti ipan tepe:tl. \pea It (the <na>chi:ka:lin</na>) is a weed, it grows on the hills. \psa (El <na>chi:ka:lin</na>) es una mala hierba, crece en los cerros. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfa a:chi:ka:lin \xrb chi:ka:l \nse In English the <l>Solanum rostratum</l>, common in the west, has several names: Buffalobur is the most common, but it is also known as Kansas thistle, and Mala mujer. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>chikal</spn>, of the family <i>Solanaceae</i>. Schoenhals (1988) gives chicalote, whose description is somewhat similar to that of the <na>chi:ka:lin</na> :"(<i>Argemone mexicana</i>) 'Mexican prickly poppy,' 'yellow prickly poppy.' Thistle-like leaves and white or light yellow flowers. A cough remedy. Also called adormidera espoinosa, amapola aamarilla, amapola blanca, amapola mexicana, cardo santo." \nct xiwtli \ref 05857 \lxa tekpa:ntok \lxac tekpa:ntok \lxo tehpa:ntok \lxoc tehpa:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be in line or in a row (e.g., stones set on the ground) \ssao estar en línea o fila (p. ej., piedras colocadas sobre el suelo) \se to be close together, one on top of the other \ss estar encimados, muy cerca uno a otro \pna San tlayo:lwe:wekatik, xtekpa:ntok. \pea It is a cob of corn with its kernels spaced far apart, they are not close together. \psa Esa una mazorca con los granos muy abiertos, no están encimados. \sea to be stacked up (e.g., dishes; see <nlo>ne:nepanihtok</nlo>) \ssa estar apilado; estar amontonado (p. ej., platos; <nlo>ne:nepanihtok</nlo>) \cfa tlantekpa:ntok \cfo tlantehpa:ntok \xrb tekpa:n \nse Although the more proper term for stacked items is <nlo>ne:nepanihtok</nlo> or <nla>ne:nepaniwtok</nla> in Ameyaltepec there is at least one documented use of <na>tekpa:ntok</na> with this sense. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05858 \lxa peye:joh \lxaa peyeji:toh \lxac peye:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pellejo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea see <nla>tamalayutli de peye:joh</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>tamalayutli de peye:joh</nla> \ref 05859 \lxa a:te:nkuwtli \lxac a:te:nkuwtli \lxo a:te:nkohtli \lxoc a:te:nkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se <l>Bursera lancifolia</l> Schlecht, tree of the Burseraceae family \ss <l>Bursera lancifolia</l> Schlecht,árbol de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a: \xrb te:n \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 05860 \lxa kwa:koko:pi:liwi \lxac kwa:koko:pi:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones hair to hang down in strands \ss tener el pelo colgándose en hilos algo enmarranados \pna O:nima:ltih, o:nikwa:koko:pi:liw. \pea I bathed, I've been left with my hair hanging down in stands. \psa Me bané, tengo el cabello colgado como en hilos enmarranados. \equivo kwá:pipi:líwi \xrb kwa: \xrb ko:pi:l \nse <na>Kwa:koko:pi:liwi</na> refers to situations such as when one has long hair and bathes, not drying ones hair, or when one sweats and after removing ones hat notices that ones hair is flattened down. \qry Determine the precise meaning of /ko:pi:liwi/, whether it refers to the flattening, or to the fact that things are hanging down in strands. \rt Note possibility that /ko:pi:l/ might be divisible into /ko:/ and /pi:l/. \ref 05861 \lxa i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxac i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxo i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxoc i:xkwa:tili:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to have a bruise on ones forehead \ssa tener un golpe por la frente; estar golpeado por la frente \se to be with sth tied tightly around ones forehead \ss estar con algo (como una tira de tela) amarrada apretadamente por la frente \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tili: \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05862 \lxa tsi:nkestok \lxac tsi:nkestok \lxo tsi:nkestok \lxoc notsi:nkestok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be tilted with the bottom pointing up; to be upside-down (e.g., a bucket, basket, bottle, sack, etc., in order to empty it) \ss estar volteado con la parte abajo arriba; estar puesto cabeza abajo (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, botella, costal, etc., para vaciarla) \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana. \xrb tsi:n \xrb ketsa \nae Oapan Nahuatl only has this stative with a reflexive marker, a characteristic of all statives in this dialect that include the root <nr>ketsa</nr>, perhaps reflective of its resultative significance. In Ameyaltepec the same durative (and others with <nr>ketsa</nr>) is found with no valency decreasing prefix. \ref 05863 \lxa toto:nka:pachiwi \lxac toto:nka:pachiwi \lxo toto:nka:pachiwtok \lxoc toto:nka:pachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(w) \se to be under the weight or pressure of sth warm (e.g., in bearing a burden, in having a hot compress on an aching part of the body, etc.); to be pressed together and steaming or emitting heat \ss estar bajo el cargo de algo tibio o caliente (p. ej., en cargar algo, o en tener una compresa caliente, etc.); estar apretado y creando calor \pna Toto:nkapachiwtok un sintli. Kama:wtok o:kipixkakeh wan san xoto:ntok. Asta ki:sa potoktli. \pea Those <spn>mazorcas</spn> are steaming. They were harvested when they were still somewhat moist and they are all just piled together. There is even some steam coming out of them (from the moist corn cobs beings so closely packed together in a hot environment). \psa Esas mazorcas están tan apretadas que se les crea calor. Se cosecharon todavía algo húmedas y están todas apiladas. Hasta se les sale vapor (de las mazorcas húmedas por estar tan apretadas en un clima caloroso). \pna Nitoto:nka:pachiwtok, ne:chamana. \pea I have something warm pressing down on me (in this case a heavy load of green wood), it bothers me. \psa Tengo algo caliente cargado sobre mí(en este caso una carga de leña verde), me molesta. \pna Toto:nka:pachiwtok noma:se:katitlan, yo:pe:w na:yo:tia. \pea My armpit is hot and cramped, it's started to get wet from sweat. \psa Mi sobaco siento el calor al estar tan apretado, ya empezó a mojarse del sudar. \xrb to:n \xrb pach \nse The only documented uses of this word are in the progressive (e.g., <n>-tok</n>, <n>-toya</n>, etc.). \qry Check meaning of /na:yo:tia/ in final illustrative sentence. Perhaps it refers to 'blisters.' \mod Change Oapan to durative. \vl Link 2nd female token \ref 05864 \lxa nepantlah \lxac nepantlah \lxo nepantlah \lxoc nepantlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss \infn N2(rel) \se (unpossessed) in the middle \ss (no poseído) en medio \pna Nepantlah tikochis. \pea You will sleep in the middle (i.e., of two or more persons). \psa Vas a dormir en medio (p. ej., de dos o más personas). \pna Nepantlah unkah. \pea It is in the middle. \psa Está en medio. \se (alienable possession) in the middle of; at the midpoint of \ss (posesión no enajenable) en el medio de; en el punto medio de \pna I:nepantlah mi:hli, pakah a:tekomatl ika a:tl. \pea In the middle of the cornfield, there is a gourd canteen with water. \psa En medio de la milpa, allíhay un tecomate con agua. \se (with <n>tla-</n>) place or area in the middle (of an open space) \ss (con <n>tla-</n>) lugar en medio (de un espacio abierto) \pna Xkontla:li ompú:n, tlanepantlah! \pea Place it down right there, in the central area! \psa ¡Colócalo allímero, en laárea en medio! \xrl nepantlah \dis inepantlah vs. itlakotia:n \nae When possessed <nao>nepantlah</nao> functions as a relational noun; unpossessed it functions adverbially, modifying a predicate by indicating the location where the event takes place. <na>Tlanepantlah</na> refers to a space that is centrally located, e.g., the center of an area, a room, etc., though there is no direct or implied reference to a group of objects in whose middle the event occurs. In essence it functions as a headless relative clause. Note that it refers to the middle of an open space, not the midpoint of a particular object, in which case <nao>i:nepantlah</nao> or <n>i:</n> <nla>tlakotia:n</nla> would be used, with the possessor being the object whose middle is being referenced. <nao>Nepantlah</nao> often occurs with an incorporated noun stem, e.g., <nlao>kalnepantlah</nlao> 'in the middle of the house,' etc. Note that whereas <nao>tlanepantlah</nao> refers to a centrally located area or place, <nao>nepantlah</nao> functions when there is some contextual indication or topi cality of the i tems in the middle of which the predicate event will occur, e.g., <na>nepantlah nikochis</na> or <na>nepantlah onkah</na>, when speaker and hearer have an idea of the objects that have a middle. \qry The difference between <na>nepantlah</na> and <na>tlanepantlah</na>. Check whether /tonepantlah/ is correct. \ref 05865 \lxa kalwa:wtli \lxac kalwa:wtli \lxo kalwa:htli \lxoc kalwa:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of bug found on chickens, apparently called <spn>chinos</spn> or <spn>piojos de gallina</spn> in Spanish, or at least in the regional Spanish of Guerrero, and"chicken louse"in English \ss tipo de insecto que se encuentran en las gallinas, aparentemente llamados 'chinos' o 'piojos de gallina', por lo menos en el español regional \pna So:lo pio yewa kipia kalwa:wtli. \pea Only chickens have the bug called <na>kalwa:wtli</na>. \psa Sólol las gallinas tienen chinos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kal \xrb wa:w \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain though it might be that the final /w/ is a lexicalized possessed marker. \cpl Under"chino"Schoenhals (1988:217) states,"(Order: Mallophaga; Fam: Menoponidae, Fam: Philopteridae, e.g., <i>Dermanyssus gallinae, Haematopinus</i> spp.) 'chicken louse' See coruco."And under"coruco"(p. 215) she notes that other names for this are"cucultiche, chino, gorupo, piojo." \ref 05866 \lxa kabai:toh de a:ngel \lxac kabai:toh de a:ngel \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan caballito deángel \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea <l>Calliandra houstoniana</l> (Mill.) Standl, thin rod-like plant of the Leguminosae family \ssa <l>Calliandra houstoniana</l> (Mill.) Standl, planta delgada y alta de la familia Leguminosae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \qry Check phonology as to whether it should be [kabayi:toh]. \nse The Nahuatl name of this plant is a switch from a commun name in Spanish <spn>Cabellos deángel</spn>. In English it is considered a type of"powder-puff"plant. \nct tlako:tl \ref 05867 \lxa pa:mpa \lxac pa:mpa nikneki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Subord \der Subord \se because \ss porque \pna Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n. \pea It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which inhibits a solid ringing sound). \psa Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque está roto (no completamente sino con una fisura que hace que no resuene bien). \sea (<nao>ika</nao> ~) because, given that \ssa (<nao>ika</nao> ~) dado que, a causa de que, porque \pna Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi! \pea Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there! \psa Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar! \cfo ya \xrb pa:mpa \nse <na>Pa:mpa</na> is used occasionally to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses indicating a reason or cause of a particular event. In Ameyaltepec <na>ika</na> is also used to introduce an adverbial clause of reason or cause. In Oapan apparently <no>pa:mpa</no> is rarely if ever used as a subordinator: <no>O:niwa:hlah ya o:tine:chihlih</no> 'I came because you told me' (Florencia Marcelino would not accept <no>pa:mpa</no> here). However, <no>pa:mpa</no> is used with a possessor prefix to indicate 'for,' 'in the place of,' etc. In Oapan the element <na>pa:mpa</na>, common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used, and when it is it might well be a"borrowing"from Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are frequent uses of the phrase <no>yeka pa:mpa</no>. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form. \nde Pipil has a long /a:/ like in the Balsas region; in Tetelcingo, Morelos, there is a short /a/. A recheck should be done on the Ameyaltepec form and vowel length. \ref 05868 \lxa mapiltlastopo:naltia \lxac kimapiltlastopo:naltia \lxo 'mapiltlastopo:náltia \lxop mapiltlastopo:naltia \lxoc nómapiltlá:stopo:náltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl; often reduplicated; <na>mapiltlatlastopo:naltia</na> (Am) / <no>mápiltlastopo:náltia</no> (Oa)) to make ones knuckles crack loudly \ss (refl; a menudo reduplicado; <na>mapiltlatlastopo:naltia</na> (Am) / <no>mápiltlastopo:náltia</no> (Oa)) hacer tronar fuertemente los nudillos \pna O:nomapiltlatlastopo:naltih, chika:wak kakisti. \pea He loudly cracked his knuckles, it makes a loud sound. \psa Tronósus dedos fuertemente, hace un fuerte sonido. \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb tlats-2-; topo: \xvba mapiltlastopo:ni \dis mapiltopo:nia \nse <na>Mapiltlastopo:naltia</na> is the virtual equivalent of <nla>mapiltopo:nia</nla>, although perhaps <na>mapiltlastopo:naltia</na> indicates a more forceful action. The sound file for Oapan is the reduplicated"plural"event. \qry Note that <na>mapiltlastopo:naltia</na> is the virtual equivalent of <na>mapiltopo:nia</na>, although perhaps <na>mapiltlastopo:naltia</na> indicates a more forceful action: check whether this is so. Note that on one unchecked file card I had for Am /mapiltlastopo:nia/ as meaning"chasquear los dedos."Later it seems that I have found /mapiltlastopo:naltia/ to be correct. Recheck. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note the following singular and plural (ie., in ref. to the number of fingers cracked): Sg nomápiltlastopo:náltia and Pl. nomápiltlá:stopo:náltia \ref 05869 \lxa tekito:ka \lxac kitekito:ka \lxo tekito:ka \lxoc kitekito:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \sea (no object) to plant communally \sso (sin objeto) sembrar comunalmente \se (with specific object) to plant (a particular land parcel held by the village) communally \ss (con objeto específico) sembrar (un terreno particular propiedad del pueblo) comunalmente \pna Kitekito:kayan, a:man xok. \pea They used to plant it (a particular land parcel) communally, they don't anymore. \psa Antes lo sembraban (una parcela en particular) comunalmente, ya no. \xrb teki \xrb to:ka \ref 05870 \lxa chi:hli \lxac chi:hli \lxo chi:hli \lxoc chi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se generic name for chile \ss nombre genérico para el chile \se chile sauce \ss salsa de chile \se mischievous (particularly young children) \ss travieso; latoso (particularmente pequeños niños) \pna Tichi:hli. \pea You're mischievous. \psa Eres travieso. \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp chi:hli \xrb chi:l \nct chi:hli \mod Determine names of as many chiles as possible. \grm In my notes I state that the following should be compared: /miák chi:hli/ meaning 'there is a lot of chile' and /miák chi:lteh/ 'there are a lot of 'chilares' (or chile garden plots). If correct this would imply a new use/meaning of the plural, i.e., that the plural of basically mass nouns indicates the plurality of place. Cf. /miak xa:lteh/ and /miak yemeh/, etc. If this is indeed correct, then the entry and senses above should reflect the different meaning of the plura. \ref 05871 \lxa bake:ros \lxac bake:ros \lxo bake:ros \lxoc bake:ros \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan vaqueros \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of dance comprising cowboys and other characters \ss tipo de danza con vaqueros y otros carácteres \sem dance \encyctmp da:nsah \mod Add page on da:nsas including da:nsah de koro:nah, da:nsah de bo:lah, bake:ros, koneji:tos, Sie:teh Bi:sios, Tre:s Pote:nsias, Re:tos, Mo:ros, etc. Make a complete list. \ref 05872 \lxa kwa:tese:soh \lxac i:kwa:tese:soh \lxo kwa:tese:soh \lxoc i:kwa:tese:soh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>seso</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn N2 \se brains \ss sesos \sem body \xrb kwa: \qry Again, recodify this and other words that are partial loans. From my information the presence of /te-/ is mandatory, although here (as in several other words that begin /kwa:te-/ it is hard to imagine an intensifier use. Perhaps the /te-/ after /kwa:-/ is related to a classifier /tetl/. It seems to occur in all cases of /kwa:/ plus another element. \ref 05873 \lxa chi:polo:ni \lxac chi:polo:ni \lxo chi:polo:ni \lxoc chi:polo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran +Compl \infv class-3a \seao to bubble up (air from under water) \ssao subir burbujas (de aire desde el fondo del agua) \sea to spurt out (a liquid such as blood for a severe wound such as that which cuts an artery or vein) \ssa salir a chorros (un líquido como la sangre de una grave herida, como una que corta una vena o arteria) \pna Chi:polo:ni yestli, me:dioh me:ya. \pea Blood spurts out, it sort of flows out (like water from a spring). \psa Sale a chorritos la sangre, casi fluye (como agua de un manantial). \xrb chi: \xrb polo: \qry Check other possible uses of /chi:polo:ni/ and, if it exists, /polo:ni/. Check for trans. ?chi:polo:nia or ?chi:polo:naltia, etc. \rt The occurrence of /polo:/ as a root in /chi:polo:ni/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to the /pol/ in /polaki/. However, at the same time there is a /polo:ni/ meaning 'to stammer.' \ref 05874 \lxa perli:tas \lxac perli:tas \lxo pe:rlas \lxoc pe:rlas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan perlitas \psm N \der N-loan \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \se <l>Moringa oleifera</l> Lam., domesticated tree of Moringaceae family with small round flowers \ss <l>Moringa oleifera</l> Lam.,árbol domesticado de la familia Moringaceae con pequeñas flores redondas, todavía no identificado \pna Perli:tas | Nokwi ixiwyo kwa:k tlakaka:wan. \pea <na>Perli:tas</na> : Its leaves are used for offerings that are left to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla>. \psa <na>Perli:tas</na> : Su utilizan sus hojas cuando se dejan ofrendas a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 05875 \lxa mantok \lxac mantok \lxo mantok \lxoc mantok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be extended over a flat surface \ss estar extendido sobre una superficie plana \pna Notlamanal umpa mantok. \pea My offering is there (in sight) laid out flat. \psa Mi ofrenda está allá (en un lugar visible) puesta. \xrb man \qry Check whether /mani/ exists. \ref 05876 \lxa pe:wa \lxac pe:wa \lxo pe:wa \lxoc pe:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Aux \der Aux \infv class-3a(w) \se (~ + [verb]) to begin to [verb] \ss (~ + [verbo]) empezar a [verbo] \pna Pe:was timoko:koltotso:s, pe:was tikwalo:s. \pea You will begin to twist and turn (in pain), you will begin to get ill. \psa Vas a retorcerse (del dolor), te vas a empezar a enfermar. \xrb pe:wa \ref 05877 \lxa suwate:roh \lxac suwate:roh \lxo sowa:te:roh \lxoc sowa:te:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <n>sowa:tl</n> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se lady's man \ss hombre mujeriego \xrb sowa: \qry Recheck vowel length of /a:/ with speech analyzer. \ref 05878 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /ichyoh/ but has been deleted as a"chanza" \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05879 \lxa kaltsakwtok \lxac kaltsakwtok \lxo kaltsahtok \lxoc kaltsahtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be locked or shut up in a house (e.g., a child by his or her parents) \ss estar encerrado en una casa (p. ej., un niño por sus padres) \xrb kal \xrb tsakwa \ref 05880 \lxa motsi:ni \lxac motsi:ni \lxo motsi:ni \lxoc motsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to get a cracked in the surface (of [S], e.g. dry earth, a piece of wood, ceramics not well dried, skin on ones hands or feet from dryness, etc.) \ss resquebrajarse la superficie de; agrietarse ([S], p. ej., tierra resecada, madera, la cerámica no secada biel, la piel de las manos o pies, etc.) \pna O:momotsi:n un tepalkatl. \pea The surface of that bowl crackled. \psa Se agrietóla superficie de ese plato hondo. \pna O:temo:motsi:n tla:hli. \pea The earth's surface got cracked (e.g., from having gotten wet and then dried). \psa Se agrietóla superficie de la tierra (p. ej., al haberse mojado y después secado). \pna Xkwahli o:kipetsokeh, mo:motsi:ni. \pea They didn't polish it properly (in this case a ceramic bowl before firing), it's surface has gotten crackled in a few places. \psa No lo pulieron bien (en este caso una cerámica antes de cocerse), se agrietó en algunos lugares. \sem distort-fissure \dis motsi:ni; tsaya:ni; siotomi \xrb motsi: \nse As with most verbs containing the element <na>motsi:ni</na> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (usually it seems with a long vowel) depending on the circumstances. In particular earth which gets deep fissures over the course of the summer is described with the long vowel reduplicant form of <nao>motsi:ni</nao> : <nao>mo:motsi:ni</nao>. \nde Molina has <n>momotzinqui</n> 'resquebrajado', he does not have <n>motzini</n> nor <n>momotsini</n>. The latter is in RS glossed as resquebrajarse, reventar, estallar.' He also have <n>momotziniliztli</n> 'hendedura, cisura, grieta, resquicio.' \nse The verb <na>motsi:ni</na> and derived forms refer to a process whereby something dries and cracks, the cracks being very small and not going all the way through the object. Earth that is wet and dries may be said to <na>motsi:ni</na> if the cracks are small and superficial; if the cracks are deeper, farther apart, etc., the verb <na>tsomo:ni</na> is used. In regard to earth this refers to what happens when it first gets wet and then dries, leaving a cracked surface; the <n>te-</n> is the intensifier prefix. The unintensifed <na>motsi:ni</na> is documented in reference to cracks on surfaces of pieces of wood, a ceramic that is not well dried, or dried skin (on one's feet especially). Body part nouns are often incorporated into this verb, particularly the feet and hands: <na>ikxi(te)mo:motsi:ni</na>, <na>ma:(te)mo:motsi:ni</na>, <na>te:momotsi:ni</na> (in reference to lips). Besides the skin, this verb also indicates a cracked surface that occurs when dirt, soap, or other similar materi als collect a nd dry on the skin's surface. Thus the subject of <na>motsi:ni</na> can be plaster on a wall; ones skin if covered by dirt, sweat, or dust; ones lips from the cold; the surface of the ground drying up after a rain or flood; etc. \ref 05881 \lxa mona:ntli \lxac mona:ntli \lxo mona:ntli \lxoc mona:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se mother-in-law \ss suegra \sem kin \xrb mon \xrb na:n \ref 05882 \lxa tio:chi:wa \lxac kitio:chi:wa \lxo tio:chi:wa \lxoc kitio:chi:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to bless (e.g., a new saint, palm for Palm Sunday, etc.) \ss bendecir (p. ej., un santo nuevo, palma para Domingo de Ramos, etc.) \xrb tio: \xrb chi:wa \nae The /o:/ here appears long at times (according to acoustic measurements) in the four Oapan tokens recorded and measured (2 from Florencia Marcelino and 2 from Inocencio Jiménez). The difficulty in measuring stems not only from the fact of the initial palatalization of /tio:/ and the /io:/ sequence that makes it difficult to determine the initiation of the /o:/. It also stems from the fact that the target of the /o:/ is not fully back but rather a mid central vowel. Clearly more work needs to be done. For now this vowel, following determinations in other instancias, has been noted as short. \nde Tetelcingo, Morelos, also has a short vowel here: <n>teochi:wa</n> 'bendecir' (p. 203). \ref 05883 \lxa kaltso:ntotoma \lxac kikaltso:ntotoma \lxo kaso:nto:toma \lxoc kikaso:nto:toma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-3a(m) \se to untie the <spn>calzones</spn> (traditional cotton pants made of <spn>manta</spn>) of \ss desatarle los calzones a \pna Xne:chkalso:ntotoma! newa xniweli. \pea Untie my <na>calzones</na> for me! I can't do it. \psa ¡Desátame los calzones! yo no puedo. \xrb tom \nse The incorporation here reflects"possessor raising"in that the object is thematically the possessor, thus the applicative form is not used. \qry Check for intransitive form. \vl Link first female token. \grm /Xne:chkalso:ntotoma, newa xniwel/ 'Untie my calzones for me, I can't do it.' Note that in this compound, like /koma:ltlapa:na/ can me compared to applicative forms like /koma:lchi:wilia/. In the first the IN does not affect the valency of the verb (i.e., is modifying not saturating), whereas in the second it does reduce the valency (therefore the valency has to be"increased"previously through the applicative). It is interesting that here /kalso:n/ manifests the same type of incorporation. It would be interesting to determine the incorporated equivalent to something like /ne:chkalso:nsoso \ref 05884 \lxa kwaltsi:ntilia \lxac kikwaltsi:ntilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \sea to make pretty; to beautify \ssa embellecer; hacer bonito \pna On suwa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n. \pea That woman is made better looking by her clothes. \psa A esa mujer, su ropa se le hace ver mejor. \pna O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw? \pea He (my husband in this case) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"Just so that your lover will like the way you look?" \psa él (mi esposo en este caso) me preguntópor quéél me iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Nada más para que le gustes a tu amante?" \syno kwalne:xtia \xrb kwal \qry Apparently the intransitive form *kwaltsi:nti(a) does not exist. This should be checked. \grm Note word order: /Un sowa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n/ 'That woman is made better looking by her clothes.' Note how the order her, which seems to involve focalization, is OVS. \ref 05885 \lxa tsi:nka:xowa \lxac notsi:nka:xowa \lxo tsi:nka:xowa \lxoc notsi:nka:xowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to have ones shoulders thrown back and ones rear end pushed forward \ss (refl.) tener los hombros echados hacia atrás y las nalgas hacia adelante \pna Notsi:nka:xotiw pa:mpa o:tla:wa:n. \pea He goes along with his shoulders flung back and his hips thrust forward because he's gotten drunk. \psa Va yendo con los hombros echados hacia atrás y las caderas empujadas por adelante porque se emborrachó. \sem motion \xrb tsi:n \xrb ka:x \qry Check for possible use of /te-/ ?/tsi:nteka:xowa/. Check for difference between /noka:xowa/ and /notsi:nka:xowa/. Further document meaning, i.e, can this verb be used with animals; is there an intransitive? \mod Illustrate. \ref 05886 \lxa po:che:wa \lxac kipo:che:wa \lxo po:che:wa \lxoc kipo:che:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to blacken with soot or smoke (e.g., the roof of a house, clothes, etc.) \ss ennegrecer con hollín o humo (p. ej., el techo de una casa, ropa, etc.) \xrb po:ch \qry The entry under /po:chaktik/ mentions a meaning of becoming black and dirty from anything but soot. Given the meaning of /po:che:wa/, however, this might be in error. It should be checked, along with the meaning of /po:che:wa/ and /po:che:wi/. \rt The roots <nr>po:k</nr> and <nr>po:ch</nr> seem closely related. \ref 05887 \lxa pípian \lxaa pípiah \lxac pípian \lxo pipinyah \lxoc pipinyah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pipián \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se common type of squash (<nla>a:yotli</nla>), also known, at least in Ameyaltepec, as <nla>ixtla:wate:roh</nla> \ss tipo común de calabaza (<nla>a:yotli</nla>), lo mismo, por lo menos en Ameyaltepec, que <nla>ixtla:wate:roh</nla> \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp a:yotli \nct a:yotli \pqry Note the final /ah/ sound for Oapan. It appears that the vowel has a long duration. The question is whether there is a contrast in lenght on final vowels (i.e., vowels in final position followed either by nothing, and a phonetic glottal stop, or by /h/). \vl The first female token is /pípiyá:k/ and should be tagged as #00785. For /pipinyah/, link 2nd male token. \ref 05888 \lxa a:k \lxac xa:k \lxo a:k \lxoc xa:k; xa:keh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Copular \se to be present in an expected or customary place (generally humans and other animate beings, but also inanimate objects) \ss estar presente en el lugar esperado (generalmente humanos y otros seres animados, aunque también se utiliza con) \pna Xakah a:k. \pea No one is around. \psa No está nadie. \pna Xok a:k. \pea He is not here anymore. \psa El ya no está aquí. \pna Xa:k. \pea He isn't to be found. \psa El no está presente. \pna Xna:k yes. \pea I will not be present. \psa No estaré en asistencia. \pna Xa:keh katkan. \pea There weren't any (e.g., fish when one went fishing). \psa No habían (p. ej., peces cuando uno va de pesca). \pna O:nitlakwe:xtilih, wan xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. \pea I looked all over and what I was searching for wasn't there. \psa Mirépor todos lados y lo que yo estaba buscando no se encontraba. \pna Xakah nemi, xakah a:k. \pea No one is around, no one is present. \psa Nadie está, nadie se encuentra. \xrb a:k \nse This is an irregular or defective verb in that it occurs only in the negative, although the negative clitic <n>x-</n> may be placed in a position that is not directly adjacent to <nao>a:k</nao> (e.g., <na>xakah a:k</na>). If one is asked, for example, why one didn't catch any fish, one could respond: <na>Xa:keh katkan</na> 'There weren't any/No habían.' Note that <nao>a:k</nao> may occasionally be used with non-animate objects, although the most common subjects are animates. \qry For /-tete:mowa:/ Cf. note with /kwe:xtilia:/. In general this and similar lexemes have been typologized (e.g., by Andrews) as"preterit-as-present."However, it seems best to consider this a deverbal adjectival that functions only as a predicate. The grammar should be changed accordingly. Also, this seems to be the only adjective that only functions as a predicate; all others that I can think of can be either attributive or predicative. \ref 05889 \lxa tlanakastlan \lxac tlanakastlan \lxo tlanakastlah \lxop tlanakastlan \lxoc tlanakastlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1[tla-] \infn N1(loc) \se on or around the side (usuall of a hill or other topographical feature) \ss a o por el lado (generalmente de un cerrito, loma u otra cosa de la topografía) \pna Pu:n tiá:s, pun tlanakastlan. \pea You will go over that way, there around the side (in this case of a hill). \psa Para allá te vas, allá por el lado (en este caso del cerrito). \pna U:n otli pakah ne:, itlakotia:n, tlanakastlan. \pea That road that is over there, it is halfway (up the hill), it is on the side (of the hill). \psa Ese camino que está allá, está a la mitad (del cerro), está por el lado (del cerro). \cfa tlapalo:tl \xrb nakas \xrl -tlan \nse <na>Tlanakastlan</na> is documented only in reference to a hill, referring to a path that does not go over a hill but that instead winds around the side. \ref 05890 \lxa ka:ka:lo:tl \lxac ka:ka:lo:tl \lxo ka:ka:lo:tl \lxoc ka:ka:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se type of crow (not among those classified as <nao>to:to:tl</nao>), apparently the Northern (common) Raven, <l>Corvus corax</l>, or a closely related species such as the Chihuahuan (White-necked) Raven, <l>Corvus cryptoleucus</l> \ss tipo de cuervo (no clasificado como <nao>to:to:tl</nao>), aparentemente el"Northern (common) Raven," <l>Corvus corax</l>, o una especie muy cercana como el"Chihuahuan (White-necked) Raven," <l>Corvus cryptoleucus</l> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 46, pp. 547, 546 \sem animal \sem bird \cola sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \xrb ka:lo: \pqry The spectrogram and waveform of this word is an excellent illustration of vowel length. The /a:/s are, at least in one token of Florencia Marcelino, about 120 to 130 ms. \rt Apparently this is related to the verb root <nr>ka:l</nr>, cf. <na>ka:ka:liwi</na> and, for classical, <na>ka:hli</na>. \ref 05891 \lxa tlayo:ltixtli \lxac tlayo:ltixtli \lxo tlayo:ltixtli \lxoc tlayo:ltixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(x) \se corn meal (i.e., ground uncooked maize) \ss maíz molido \xrb o:ya \xrb tisi \ref 05892 \lxa parai:soh \lxac parai:soh \lxo parai:soh \lxoc parai:soh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan paraíso \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se <l>Melia azederach</l> L., domesticated tree of the Meliaceae family, noted for its flowers \ss <l>Melia azederach</l> L.,árbol domesticado de la familia Meliaceae conocido por sus flores \sem plant \sem kohtli \cpl Schoenhals (1988) under paraíso states"1. (<i>Melia azedarach</i>) 'chinaberry,' Indian lilac,' 'bead tree.' See lilaila."And under lilaila:"(<i>Melia azedarach</i>) 'chinaberry,' Indian lilac,' 'bead tree.' Originally introduced from Asia. Great clusters of lilac-like blooms. Abundant fruits the size of a cherry; stones can be used as beads. Also called granillo, hacinto, lila, paraíso, pasilla." \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \ref 05893 \lxa kokosmeh \lxac kokosmeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of small honey-making insects that live in small wax nests that they build in hollow trees \ssa tipo de insectos pequeños que producen miel y viven en nidos de cera dentro de lo hueco de losárboles \sem animal \sem insect \cfa tla:lnekwteh \cfo tla:lnehtih \encyctmp nekwtli \xrb ko:s \nse I have this word documented only in the plural. \ref 05894 \lxa ma:wa \lxac kima:wa \lxo ma:wa \lxoc kima:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to infect; to spread a disease to \ss contagiar a \pna Kichi:was tine:chma:was, xnikwalo:sneki. \pea You might just spread your illness to me, I don't want to get sick. \psa A lo mejor me vas a contagiar, no quiero enfermarme. \se to spread toward and set fire to (e.g., a fire from one location to another). \ss propagarse hacia e incendiar a (p. ej., un fuego de un lugar u objeto a otro) \pna On tlitl o:kwepaniak, o:koma:w un so:ya:tl. \pea That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire). \psa El fuego ha llameado, se propagóhacia la palma (incendiándola). \xrb ma:wa \qry Check for other, perhaps metaphoric, meanings. \ref 05895 \lxa yestli \lxac yestli \lxo yestli \lxoc yestli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se (unpossessed) blood \ss (no poseído) sangre \pna Chi:polo:ni yestli, me:dioh me:ya. \pea Blood spurts out, it sort of flows out (like water from a spring). \psa Sale a chorritos la sangre, casi fluye (como agua de un manantial). \se (intrinsic possession) blood (of the body of [possessor]) \ss (posesión intrínseca) sangre (del cuerpo del [poseedor]) \se (<na>kipia -yesio</na> (Am)) to have a good complexion or color \ss (<na>kipia -yesio</na> (Am)) tener una buena tez \pna Yo:tlatlastale:w, xok ma:s kipia iyesio. \pea He's already become pale, he doesn't have any color (complexion) left. \psa Ya se puso pálido, ya no tiene buena tez. \xrb es \nae Although undoubtedly possible in a strictly formal sense, no occurrence of the possessed form without <n>-yo</n> (e.g., <na>noyes</na>) has yet been documented. \ref 05896 \lxa kakayestik \lxaa kakayextik \lxac kakayextik \lxo kakaistik \lxoa kakaistsi:n \lxoc kakaistik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be very thin and translucent (e.g., cloth, paper) \ss ser muy delgado y casi translucente (p. ej., tela, papel) \pna Kakayestik, tlatlane:si. \pea It is very thin, you can see through it. \psa Es muy delgado, transluce luz. \cfao kana:wak \xrb kayas \nae The etymology of <na>kakayestik</na> (Am) / <no>kakaistik</no> (Oa)) is uncertain (but cf. <nlao>kana:wi</nlao>). A possible cognate is Tetelcingo, Morelos <n>kayasiwi</n> 'se desgasta (la ropa)' (which FK changes, probably erroneously, to <n>cayahsiwi</n> given what she refers to as Tetelcingo's propensity to lose internal glottal stops. The Oapan cognate of Ameyaltepec <na>kakayestik</na> is <na>kakaistik</na> with no unusual stress, suggesting that there is no underlying coda {h}. There is also a verbal form <nlo>kakaisiwi</nlo>. Molina has <n>cacayactic</n> 'cosa rola, como manta, o arboleda, etc.' Thus the comparative evidence suggests superficial vowel changes in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, and the root <nr>kayas</nr> has been postulated to facilitate future cross-dialect comparison. \ref 05897 \lxa tla:lsokitetl \lxac tla:lsokitetl \lxo tla:ltsokitetl \lxoc tla:ltsokitetl \dt 03/May/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se clod or clump of dried mud \ss terrón de lodo seco \synao tla:lsokitetl \xrb tla:l \xrb soki \xrb te \qry Cf /tla:ltesokitl/ and check to make sure both are correct. \grm Oapan phonology: Note s>ts in the following : /tla:ltsokitetl/ \grm Compounding: The evidence should be checked, but at this point it seems that there are two words with identical meanings but different compounding patters: /tla:lsokitetl/ and /tla:ltesokitl/. \ref 05898 \lxa ikxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n \lxac i:kxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea little toe \ssa dedo pequeño o meñique del pie \sem body \sem human \equivo ixipil komixtsi:n \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb xo:koyo: \qry Can one say 'dedo meñique del pie'? Check. \ref 05899 \lxa okichko:lo:tl \lxac okichko:lo:tl \lxo okichko:lo:tl \lxoc okichko:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea constellation of stars identified as identical to <nla>i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl</nla> \ssa constelación de estrellas identificables como <nla>i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl</nla> \seo type of small scorpion not yet identified (said to be male partner of <nlo>ko:lo:tl</nlo>) \sso tipo de alacrán pequeño todavía no identificado (dicen ser el compañero macho del <nlo>ko:lo:tl</nlo>) \sem heavens \sem animal \xrb okich \xrb ko:lo: \nse Marcelo Venancio, who admitted he knew little about stars, identified this constellation as <nla>okichko:lo:tl</nla>, though no other person I consulted knew of this identification. Thus it should be thoroughly checked as it might be a mistaken on Marcelo's part. \ref 05900 \lxa a:chi:wihli \lxac a:chi:wihli \lxo a:chi:wihli \lxoc a:chi:wihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se the water (and sometimes by extension the bowl used to contain it) that is used to soften a mixture that is being ground or kneaded (particularly <nla>nextamahli</nla> on a metate) \ss el agua (y a veces por extensión el recipiente) que se usa para moler o amasar algo (particularmente el nixtamal sobtre un metate) \pna Yewa ma:chi:wil. \pea That is the water (and bowl that contains it) that you use to grind <na>nextamahli</na>. \psa Es el agua (y la tasa que la contine) que utilizas para moler el nixtamal. \pna "A:chi:wihli"kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli wan ke:kchi:wan \pea <na>A:chi:wi:hli</na> is what they call a small little bowl that they make. \psa <na>A:chi:wihli</na> es lo que ellos llaman un recipiente pequeño que fabrican. \cfa a:chi:wia \cfo a:chi:wiya \xrb a: \xrb chi:wa \nse Gabriel de la Cruz (Am) used <na>a:chi:wihli</na> to refer to the bowl that holds the water used to grind corn. However, it appears that he was either in error or was using the word metaphorically since this bowl is most commonly referred to as an <nla>a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl</nla> and the water itself more correctly refered to simply as <na>a:chi:wi:hli</na>. \qry Check correctness of /wan/ in /"A:chi:wi:hli"kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli wan ke:kchi:wan/. \pqry This word, as all containing /a:chi:wil-/ should be rechecked for the length of the final /i/ of the stem. \ref 05901 \lxa ne:nka:wa \lxac none:nka:wa \lxo ne:nka:wa \lxoc none:nka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea (with <n>tla-</n> (Am)) to leave unfinished (a task or job) \ssa (con <n>tla-</n> (Am)) dejar sin terminar (una tarea o trabajo) \pna Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s. \pea Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you. \psa Aquívoy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar. \pna Tlane:nka:was, okse: la:doh ya:s. \pea He will leave without finishing, he's going to go somewhere else (e.g., to work). \psa Va a dejar sin terminar, va a ir a otro lado. \seo (refl.) to give up in vain \sso (refl.) rendirse; dejarse vencer \pno Xnone:nka:wa, ma:si xweli, ta a:man yaw. \peo He doesn't give up in vain, even though he can't (do it) up to now he continues to go (e.g., to class). \pso No se deja vencer, aunque no puede (con ello) hasta hoy sigue yendo. \xrb ne:n \xrb ka:wa \qry Check to make sure that form without /tla-/ is OK. Cf. to definition in RS. \ref 05902 \lxa maxale:wtok \lxac maxale:wtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue; or a road that splits in two, etc.) \ssa ser bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija; o un camino que se parte, etc.) \equiva maxaliwtok \equivo maxalihtok \cfao maxaltik \dis maxaltik; maxaliwtok etc. \xrb maxal \qry Determine difference between /maxaltik/ and /maxale:wtok/. Determine whether the verb exists: /maxaliwi/ and /maxale:wi/. If these forms are found, add entries and change to Stat \mod Again, determine whether verbs ending in /e:wi/ should be analyzed as the same root formation as /iwi/ verbs. Also, in the present case, determine whether the verb /maxale:wi/ exists, if it does, then the /cat field should be changed to simply Stat. Again, if /maxale:wi/ exists, determine if there is a transitive form. Cf. entry under /maxaltik/. \rt Note that there are various roots that should be combined together: /maxa/, /maxal/, etc. Determine how best to do this. \ref 05903 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komitetl \lxoc komitetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.; Ameyaltepec synonym: <nla>omitl</nla>) \sso (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.; sinónimo Ameyaltepec: <nla>omitl</nla>) \seo (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body) \sso (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno) \seo soup bone; bone (usually of a pig or cow) with meat on it used for soup (Ameyaltepec synonym: <nla>omitetl</nla>) \sso un hueso con carne (generalmente de puerco o res) que se utiliza para hacer caldo (sinónimo Ameyaltepec: <nla>omitetl</nla>) \xrb omi \xrb te \nse Note that in Oapan <no>komitetl</no> is used for 'bone' in general and for 'soup bone.' In Ameyaltepec there are two words: <nla>omitl</nla> for the former and <nla>omitetl</nla> for the latter. \qry Check to see if this can be possessed and, if so, how possession is marked (/-w/ or /-yo/). \ref 05904 \lxa tlalo:xtia \lxac kitlalo:xtia \lxo tlalo:xtia \lxoc kitlalo:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (an animal such as a beast of burden) go fast (while riding it) \ss hacer correr; apurar (a un animal como una bestia de carga, al estar montado sobre ello) \pna Xtlalo:xti tewa, newa o:nisiaw. \pea You drive it! I'm tired. \psa ¡Manéjalo tú! Yo me cansé. \se to drive (a motor vehicle) \ss manejar (un vehículo) \se (fig.) to chase after (lit. 'to make run,' as in a member of one sex to one of the opposite sex) \ss (fig.) andar correteando (lit., 'hacer correr,' como el miembro de un sexo a uno del sexo opuesto) \pna Juan, yewa te:tlalo:xtitok. \pea Juan is a woman chaser (lit., 'he makes people run') \psa Juan,él es un mujeriego (lit., 'hace correr a la gente'). \se to draw a straight line (cf. <nlao>tsi:tsikilowa</nlao>) \ss dibujar una línea recta (cf. <nlao>tsi:tsikilowa</nlao>) \pna San o:kitlalo:xtih. \pea He just drew a straight line. \psa Solamente dibujó una línea recta. \xrb tlal \xvaao tlalo:xtilia \xvbao tlalowa \nse In the sense of 'to draw a straight line,' <nlao>tsi:tsikilowa</nlao> is the opposite, i.e., to draw a zigzagged line. \qry Recheck the use of /tlalo:xtia/ to signify making an animal (such as a beast of burden) move quickly. Check for long and short reduplicated forms. Obtain different words for types of lines and drawings. \ref 05905 \lxa noxi:kwa:ni \lxac noxi:kwa:niikone:w \lxo noxi:kwa:ni \lxoa noxi:kwa:ne \lxoc noxi:kwa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se Devil \ss Diablo \pna Noxi:kwa:ni mitskone:w. \pea You are the child of the Devil. \psa Eres el hijo del Diablo. \pno Noxi:kwa:ni, yo:ne:xtla:n! \peo To the Devil, I missed it (in this case a bus)! \pso ¡Al diablo, me ganó(en este caso camión)! \se person who is selfish, invidious \ss persona envidiosa, egoísta \pna Namoxi:kwa:nimeh, melá:k nantsotsokameh. \pea You all are invidious, you really are cheap (i.e., do not share things with others). \psa Ustedes son envidiosos, son muy mezquinos (esto es, no quieren compartir con otros). \seo (as attributive + [noun]) damn [noun] \sso (como atributivo + [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo] \pno Noxi:kwa:ni fle:chah! \peo Damn bus! \pso ¡Pinche camión! \xrb xi:ko \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>noxi:kwa:ni i:kone:w</na> is used as an vocative, e.g., <na>noxi:kwa:ni i:kone:w, xyatiwetsi</na>. It is not particularly insulting but rather indicates anger and affection. \nae It appears that <nao>noxi:kwa:ni</nao> is related to the verb <n>xi:kowa</n> that, used reflexively, refers to being jealous or mad at somebody. Thus RS has <n>tetech ninoxicoa</n> 'estar irritado contra alguien, estar celoso deél.' He also has the transitive of the same verb (i.e., <n>xicoa. nite</n> as 'burlarse, befar a alguien.' The phonological shift from <na>xi:kowa</na> to <na>xi:kwa</na> would not be unusual for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (and the Nahuatl of nearby villages). However, the question is whether the root of <na>noxi:kwa:ni</na> is the same as the root of modern Ameyaltepec <nla>xi:kowa</nla>, which has the sense of 'endure.' \qry Check to see full uses of /noxi:kwa:ni/, i.e., can it refer to humans. Recheck presence of /i/ before nouns (as in /noxi:kwa:ni fle:chah/, or should it be /noxi:kwa:nfle:chah/. Also check if the verb /xi:kwa/ exists; and if /xi:kowa/ has the same meaning of jealously as in Molina when used reflexively. \ref 05906 \lxa miktilia \lxac kimiktilia \lxo mihtilia \lxoc kimihtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to kill (sth) for or adversely affecting (sb [PO]) \ss matar (algo) para o a (afectando adversamente a algn [OP]) \pna O:ne:chmiktilih nopitso. Xkwahli tla:katl. \pea He killed my pig, causing me harm. He's no good. \psa Me mataron un marrano. Es malo. \xrb miki \xvba miki \vl The male levels, particularly on one token, are very low. \ref 05907 \lxa tsoyo:nia \lxac kitsoyo:nia \lxo tsoyo:nia \lxoc kitsoyo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \tran Compl \se to fry (a food [O] in oil, butter, lard, etc.) \ss freir (una comida [O] en aceite, mantequilla, manteca, etc.) \xrb tsoyo: \vl Levels are low on the two male tokens, from 2:30 to 2:50 of session. \ref 05908 \lxa ma:tetepolowa \lxac kima:tetepolowa \lxo má:tepolówa \lxop má:tepolowa \lxoc kimá:tepolówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to prune the branches of (a tree) \ss podarle las ramas a (unárbol) \pna O:kima:tetepolokeh un kohtli, kimailia mi:hli. \pea They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize) \psa Le podaron las ramas a eseárbol, estaba echándole su calor a la milpa (dañando el maíz). \cfa kwa:tetepolowa \cfo kwá:tepolówa \dis kwa:tetepolowa \xrb ma: \xrb tepol \dis kwa:tetepolowa \nse The use of <na>mailia</na> in the phrase <na>O:kima:tetepolokeh on kohtli, kimailia mi:hli</na> refers to the action of <na>toto:nka:maka</na>, literally 'giving heat to,' which can refer to the situation whereby a tree (or perhaps other plant) affects a field with its"heat,"destroying or damaging the crop. \nae For a discussion of reduplication in this word, see <nla>kwa:tetepolowa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwá:tepolówa</nlo> (Oa). \qry Determine the difference between /ma:tetepolowa/ and /kwa:tetepolowa/ \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note /má:tepolówa/ how the pitch-accent is placed on /ma:/ instead of what seems to be a reduplication. There is no added length, thus it seems that /ma:/ acts as certain CV-nasal syllables. NOTE: It appears taht there may be another explanation: note that both /ma:-/ and /kwa:-/ have alternative forms with short vowel and /h/. Perhaps this explains, to some extent, the acceptance of reduction on these forms. \ref 05909 \lxa tlatelowa:ni \lxac tlatelowa:ni \lxo tlatelowa:ni \lxoa tlatelowa:ne \lxoc tlatelowa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seao fighter; bully; person who goes around beating up on people \ssao peleador; bravucón; persona que anda golpeando o peleándose con la gente \synao te:telowa:ni \xrb tel \pqry Note that the female tokens have a lower final front vowel than the \grm Nonspecific object: Note how in /tlatelowa:ni/, which is stated by consultants to be equivalent to /te:telowani/, the nonspecific object /tla-/ is used instead of /te:-/, even though clearly the object (that which is hit) is a person. There are other cases of this, clearly for example, with /tlakwa:te:kia/, which one seldom (if ever?) finds as ?/te:kwa:te:kia/. \ref 05910 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tlasotik/ but is apparently wrong. It was defined as 'to be scarce'. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 05911 \lxa a:skatl chi:chi:ltik \lxaa a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik \lxac a:skatl chi:chi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sem animal \sem insect \sea ant of the type known as <na>a:skatl</na> \ssa hormiga del tipo conocido como <na>a:skatl</na> \cfao a:skatl \xrb a:ska \xrb chi:l \ono hypo a:skatl \nse This is a type of <na>a:skatl</na> bites, <na>te:kwa:nimeh</na>. However, according to Florencia Marcelino, however, there is only one kind of <no>a:skatl</no> and therefore even though it is red it is still simply called <no>a:skatl</no>. \ref 05912 \lxa to:tomo:xtli \lxac to:tomo:xtli \lxo to:tomo:xtli \lxoc to:tomo:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 1(ch) \se dried corn husk \ss totomoxtle; hojas secas de la mazorca \pna Xi:lo:kakamatl -=kakamatl-, xye:lo:ti, u:nkah itik ito:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl. \pea A <nla>xi:lo:kakamatl</nla>, it doesn't mature into a green ear of corn (an <na>elote</na>), it is found inside the husk of an <na>elote</na>. \psa Un <nla>xi:lo:kakamatl</nla>, no madura para convertirse en un elote, se encuentra dentro de las hojas de la mazorca. \se (<na>i:to:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl</na>) husk of a green ear of maize \ss (<na>i:to:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl</na>) hojas verdes del elote (que lo rodean) \sem plant \sem part \xrb tomoch \nse Apparently this can be used for the husk of an <na>elote</na>, in which case it is referred to as <na>i:to:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl</na>, at least in Ameyaltepec, or it can refer to the dried husk (of a <spn>mazorca</spn>), in which case it is simply called <nao>to:tomo:xtli</nao> or, at times, <na>i:to:tomo:chio sintli</na> (Am). Most Ameyaltepec speakers maintained that <na>to:tomo:xtli</na> can refer only to the husk of maize (green or dried). However, one speaker, Felipe de la Rosa, referred to an onion has also having <na>i:to:tomo:chio</na>, i.e., its dry outside skin. This usage was not accepted by many others. \nae The initial vowel is probably phonologically long, and has so been written. However, its duration is at times rather reduced, in one token Inocencio Jiménez had an initial vowel of only 77 ms although the second vowel was much shorter, 48 ms. In general Florencia Marcelino gave words that had an initial vowel of about 85 ms and a second vowel about half that (e.g., in one token she had a ratio of 88:45 ms, in the other, 86:66 ms). \vl Link 2nd female token. \qry A recheck of vowel length revealed that it is as recorded in the headword: /to:tomo:xtli/. Note that one filecard had /ito:tomo:ch sintli/ while most others had /ito:tomo:chio sintli/. This should be checked. \ref 05913 \lxa i:xkwa:tewia \lxac ki:xkwa:tewia \lxo i:xkwa:tewia \lxof [i:x kwa: te 'wi a] \lxoc ki:xkwa:tewia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to bang or knock against the forehead of (a material object [S] against sb [O]; Oapan synonym: <nlo>i:xkwa:techakwa:nia</nlo> ; <nlo>i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia</nlo>) \ssa golpear contra la frente de (un objeto material [S] contra algn [O]; sinónimo en Oapan <nlo>i:xkwa:techakwa:nia</nlo> ; <nlo>i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia</nlo>) \pna O:ne:chi:xkwa:tewih, ke:n tla:ltech motira:nteh. \pea It knocked me in the forehead, the crossbeam of your house is very low to the ground. \psa Me golpeé en la frente, el tirante de tu casa está muy bajo. \seo to butt (sth) with its forehead (a bull [S]) \sso cornear o golpear (algo) con la frente (un toro [S]) \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te \nse The verb <na>i:xkwa:tewia</na> is derived from <na>i:xkwa:</na> 'forehead' and <na>tewia</na> a transitive verb meaning 'to strike (with sth hard).' In Oapan this word can only be used with a bull as the subject. It refers to the butting action of a bull against some person or thing. In Ameyaltepec the forehead belongs not to the subject (as is the case in Oapan) but to the"object,"i.e., the person whose forehead got hit hard or smashed. \qry Check problem of translation and agentivity, i.e. whether reflexive can be used: /o:nimi:xkwa:tewih/, as in /o:nimi:xkwa:tewih ipan tira:nteh/, etc. Note that FK analyzes this as {i:xkwa:te + wia}. Recheck. \ref 05914 \lxa ikxitl \lxac ikxitl \lxo ixitl \lxoc ixitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se leg \ss pierna \se foot \ss pie \sem body \xrb kxi \qry Make sure that it can mean both 'leg' and 'foot.' \vl First male token has low levels. \ref 05915 \lxa tla:mo \lxac xne:chpale:wi, tla:mo xnimitspale:wi:s \lxo tla:man \lxoa tla:mah \lxoa tla:mo \lxoc tla:man, tla:mah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Coord \der Coord \se function word used to coordinate two independent clauses in which the second clause indicates an event that will occur if the first clause (even if it is a negative) is negated in an action of the second; otherwise \ss palabra funcional que coordina dos cláusulas en una situación en que la negación de la primera (aunque ella misma sea negativa) resulta en el acontecimiento de la segunda \pna Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li! Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes! \pea Just salt it a little! Don't put a lot in because if you do, it will get too salty! \psa ¡Echale un poquito de sal! No le pongas mucha porque si lo haces así, se va a pasar de sal. \pna O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw? \pea He (my husband in this case) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"Just so that your lover will like the way you look?" \psa El (mi esposo en este caso) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Nada más para que le gustes a tu amante?" \pno Xmó:pextí! Tla:man tito:ne:wis! \peo You should pad yourself (in this case placing a pad on your shoulder before starting to carry a sack of chile), if you don't your skin will burn. \pso Debes acolchonarte (en este caso al poner una colcha por el hombro antes de cargar un costal de chile), si no se te va a arder la piel. \pna Ma:ka timoteketsas pu:n itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis. \pea Don't stand there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off. \psa No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar. \pna Juan, xihkwa! Tla:mo nkwa:s! \pea Juan, eat it! If you don't, I will! \psa ¡Juan, cómetelo! Si no,¡yo lo hago! \xrb tla: \xrb a:mo \qry Note use of /tla:mo/ in the example sentence, /tla:mo tonwetsis/ This should be checked. If the usage is incorrect this phrase should be deleted here and from the entry under /osto:te:ntli/. Also check use of /tla:mo/ in phrase /tla:mo mitswelitas momekas/. \mod Re: loss of object marker and initial CC sequences. This should be standardized. See comments in grammar field for this entry. \vl Link 1st male token (for final /h/). There are 5 female and 4 male tokens, select male with final /h/. \grm Orthography; object loss: A repeated problem in my texts is how to represent orthographically the initial CC sequence that results from loss of object marker /k(i)/. However, this seems to occur only after certain clitics: /o:-/ the preterite marker; /ma/ the optative marker; and /tla:mo/ the modal element. In a previous note it was determined that one orthographic rule might be to write /ma/ as a preclitic fused to the following element in the case of one-syllable following predicates. Thus /ma ninemi/ 'let me walk' and /ma kiawi/ 'Hopefully it will rain.' However, note that with /ma nia/ the stress falls on /ma/. Thus, in order to maintain the rule that final elements in phrases are stressed and that this falls on the penultimate syllable, it might be convenient to write this as /mania/ or, perhaps /mánia/. There are other cases in which CC sequences derives from pronominal prefix plus first syllable of the predicate occur. Thus one has /o:ntek/ 'I cut it.' Here tradition has it tha t /o:/ is written asa prefix, so there is little striking about the choice of this orthographic convention, instead of say ?/o: niktek/ for the non-loss case and ?/o: ntek/ for the object-loss case. Then the question comes as to how to represent orthographically phrases such as /ma nteki/. The phonetics are not such as one has an initial /nt/ sequence (i.e., it is not a prenasalized stop. It seems like there are two viable solutions. One would be to procliticize /n/ to the optative. This would yield /man teki/. The other solution would be to precliticize /ma/ to the verbal compound. This would yield /manteki/. For the present I think that the second option is perhaps better. Thus a statement may be formed in the following: the fusion of a clitic to the following transitive verbal predicate permits the shifting of the subjectprefix to coda position and the deletion of the object prefix when this is 3rd person. A further rule limits the cliticization of /ma/ and /tla:mo/ to transiti ve verbs with an overt subject prefix and a 3rd-person object prefix. Thus one does not find */man cho:ka/ or */mancho:ka/ but only /ma nicho:ka/. The rules and conditions will need to be further explored. \ref 05916 \lxa mamaya:ntsi:n \lxac mamaya:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-s \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea stalk of maize that has a lot of <na>jilotes</na>, none of which have kernels \ssa tallo de maíz que tiene muchos jilotes, ninguno de los cuales tiene granos \xrb maya: \nse The etymology of this word is a reduplicated form of the perfective of <nla>maya:na</nla>, meaning 'to suffer from famine,' which in turn is related to the fact that the <na>jilotes</na> on this maize stalk have no kernels (and thus will produce no food). \grm Deverbalization: The etymology of /mamaya:ntsi:n/ is a reduplicated form of the perfective of <na>maya:na</na>, meaning 'to suffer from famine,' which in turn is related to the fact that the <na>jilotes</na> on this maize stalk have no kernels. Note how the perfective verb stem here is used as a nominal. \ref 05917 \lxa o:kpatilia \lxac ko:kpatilia \lxo o:hpatilia \lxoc ko:hpatilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to repeat; to do again \ss repetir; volver a hacer \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \nse It is not entirely clear at this point whether the object of <na>o:kpatilia</na> is a noun the receives the effect of a repeated action, a verbal predicate (action) that is repeated, or, potentially, both. \qry Get range of potential objects, can it be a noun, or must it be a verbal predicate. \pqry Check with phonetician precise characteristics of initial transition in Oapan /ko:hpa-/. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 05918 \lxa tlakwalispan \lxac tlakwalispan \lxo tlakwalispan \lxoa tlakwalispah \lxoc tlakwalispah, tlakwalispan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1 \se lunchtime; noon \ss hora de comer; mediodía \pna Xtlatlati. Yo:asik tlakwalispan, titlakwa:skeh. \pea Start a fire! It's now noon, we are going to eat. \psa Prende un fuego! Ya es mediodía, vamos a comer. \xrb kwa \xrl -pan \qry Check for /tlakwalispantilia/. \vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token. \ref 05919 \lxa pa:n \lxac pa:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pan \psm N \der N-loan \se bread \ss pan \syno semi:tah \mod Apparently the vulgar use of <na>pa:n</na> to mean"pussy"is limited to Ameyaltepec women, who at times use it among themselves. In Oapan the absolutive form <no>pa:ntli</no> is occasionally used among men with the same meaning, but is considered vulgar. The vulgar meaning has been put in another dictionary: censored. \qry This borrowing is used as an"albur"with the meaning of"pussy"or"cunt."I have only heard it used among women. This should be checked. \ref 05920 \lxa tlamo:ltsi:n \lxac tlamo:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea stick (often of otate or a similar hard, straight material) used to stir food (such as atole) \ssa palo (generalmente de otate u otro material duro y derecho) que se emplea para menear o batir comida (como atole) \syno kóhtamó:ltsi:n \xrb mo:l \qry Recheck vowel length as this entry is from a file card on which vowel length was not recorded. Xalitla has a long /o/ as recorded in Ramírez and Dakin (1979). \mod Illustrate. \ref 05921 \lxa so:ne:wi \lxac so:ne:wi \lxo so:ne:wi \lxoc so:ne:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to puff up \ss erizarse \psa Cuando se enoja, se eriza (referencia en una adivinanza al pene). \se to have ones body hair stand up; to get goose bumps (from cold, fright, etc.) \ss pararsele el pelo del cuerpo a; tener piel de gallina (del frío, miedo, etc.) \pna Tisone:wi. \pea You have goosebumps. \psa Tienes piel de gallina. \pna O:sone:w un chichi. \pea That dog's hair is standing on end. \psa Se le paró el pelo a ese perro. \xrb so:ne: \qry Determine full uses of /so:ne:wi/ and /so:ne:wa/. Determine whether /sone:wtok/ is correct. Check if a transitive use of /sone:wa/ is correct and check the difference between /nosone:wa/ and /sone:wi/. Perhaps /sone:wi/ is limited to riddles? \mod I had the entry/ sentence /Kwa:k kwala:ni so:ne:wi./ 'When it is angry it puffs up (reference in a riddle to the penis).' / Cuando se enoja, se eriza (referencia en una adivinanza al pene). \ref 05922 \lxa kwe:chowa \lxac kikwe:chowa \lxo kwe:chowa \lxoc kikwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to finely grind (e.g., chile in a molcajete) \ss moler finamente (p. ej., chile en un molcajete) \xrb kwe:ch \qry Can this apply to nextamal, or is only /tisi/ used in this context? Other uses of /kwe:chowa/. \ref 05923 \lxa a:tepe:ya:tl \lxac a:tepe:ya:tl \lxo a:tepe:ya:tl \lxoc a:tepe:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se flood stream of water that runs off and down a hillside after a torrential rain \ss torrente de agua que baja de un cerro, o en una barranca, después de una fuerte lluvia \pna A:tepe:ya:tl o:kitetek notla:l, chika:wak o:kiaw. \pea Flash flood waters cut gullies in my land, it rained hard. \psa Aguas torrenciales cortaron mi terreno, lloviófuerte. \pna Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water. \psa Espuma saliópor la superficie de este torrente de agua. \xrb a: \xrb tepe: \nae This word should be compared to Molina (Spanish to Mexicano side) <n>atetepeyotl</n> 'ola grande' derived from the nominal roots <nr>a:</nr> 'water' and, reduplicated, <nr>tepe:</nr> 'hill.' Given the obvious etymological relationship to <nlao>a:tl</nlao> and <nlao>tepe:tl</nlao> one would expect the initial /a:/ to be long. However, acoustic measurements of the duration of 4 Oapan speech tokens show that Florencia Marcelino had initial vowels of 58 and 45 ms, while her husband Inocencio Jiménez had vowels of 91 and 68 ms. It is unlikely that the vowel is underlyingly short as the relationship to 'water' (<nao>a:tl</nao>) seems clear. It is possible that this represents a real phonological shift for undetermined reasons even though there seems to be a tendency for phonologically long vowels to have a reduced duration in word-initial position. For now the orthographic representation has been left at /a:/ despite the acoustic evidence. \ref 05924 \lxa kwa:pasolowa \lxac kikwa:pasolowa \lxo kwá:pasolówa \lxop kwa:pasolowa \lxoc kikwá:pasolówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se see <nla>kwa:tepasolowa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwa:tépasolówa</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>kwa:tepasolowa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kwa:tépasolówa</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \ref 05925 \lxa tlamoxte:ntok \lxac tlamoxte:ntok \lxo tlamoxte:ntok \lxoc tlamoxte:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be overcast; for there to be a cloud cover \ss estar lleno o tapado de nubes el cielo; estar nublado (el cielo) \pna O:tlachipa:w; xok tlamoxte:ntok. \pea The sky has cleared, it is no longer cloud-covered. \psa Se despegó el cielo, ya no está tapado de nubes. \pna Yo:tlapo:w, xok tlamoxte:ntok, yo:pe:w to:nati. \pea It (the sky) has opened up, there is no longer a cloud cover, the sun has begun to shine. \psa Ya se abrió(el cielo), ya no está tapado de nubes, el sol ya empezó a brillar. \xrb mox \xrb te:m \ref 05926 \lxa tlanxixi:ni \lxac tlanxixi:ni \lxo tlá:nxí:ni \lxop tlá:nxi:ni \lxoc tlá:nxí:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \se for ones teeth to fall out (because of age, from an accident or blow, etc.) \ss caersele los dientes (por vejez, por un accidente o golpe, etc.) \xrb tlan \xrb xi: \nse According to one consultant from Ameyaltepec, the nonreduplicated form * <n>tlanxi:ni</n> does not exist. Although no explanation was given, the reluctance to accept the nonreduplicated, singular form might be related to the semantics of <nao>xi:ni</nao>, which seems to indicate the action of multiple objects (of a mass or uncountable noun) falling out of something onto the ground (e.g., corn from a sack, money from a bag, etc.). If this is the meaning of the basic verb, then the fact that * <n>tlanxi:ni</n> is unacceptable or rare is undertandable. According to this consultant, the verb <nla>tlanwetsi</nla> (Am) is used to indicate the falling out of one tooth. A Oapan consultant, Florencia Marcelino, indicated that if one tooth falls in Oapan one would say <nlo>tlankope:wi</nlo>. Nevertheless, it is possible that other speakers would accept the unreduplicated form ? <na>tlanxi:ni</na>. This is suggested by the fact that one documented use of the verb <na>xi:ni</na> with the subject <na>tlantli</ na>is the following, <na>O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni i:tlanwa:n</na>, in which singular <na>xi:ni</na> is used with a plural noun as subject, <na>i:tlanwa:n</na>. \vl If the recording here is for the transitive, then check rec. 7569 \ref 05927 \lxa xaxa:yakatl \lxac xaxa:yakatl \lxo xáxa:yákatl \lxoc xáxa:yákatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Reduced rpd-s(pref): <no>nó:xa:yákaw</no> ; <no>í:xaxa:yákaw</no> \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao mask \ssao máscara \encyctmp mask-making \xrb xa:yaka \nse Wooden masks are preferably made of either <na>tsompantli</na>, which does not get eaten by bugs and termites, or of <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na>, which is used more now that the former has become scare (although more and more <na>tsompantli</na> is being brought into San Francisco Ozomatlán over great distances, either from Tulimán, or acquired commercially in bulk. \nae In Oapan the possessed paradigm for this word is <no>nó:xa:yákaw</no>, <no>mó:xa:yákaw</no>, and <no>í:xaxa:yákaw</no>. The situations in which the reduplicant is reduced onto the possessive prefix <no>i:-</no> are, then, perhaps limited. To date I have documented <no>í:kó:l</no> and <no>í:koné:w</no>, whereas those cases that immediately come to mind in which reduction does not occur include <no>í:kakál</no> and <no>í:xaxá:yak</no>. It would seem, therefore, that from this and other evidence the possessive marker for the 3rd person singular is a long vowel and that there are a few specific and lexicalized cases in which pitch accent is the sole reflex of the reduplicant. \grmx Reduplication; reduction; Oapan phonology: In Oapan the possessed paradigm for this word is <no>nó:xa:yákaw</no>, <no>mó:xa:yákaw</no>, and <no>í:xaxa:yákaw</no>. The situations in which the reduplicant is reduced onto the possessive prefix <no>i:-</no> are, then, perhaps limited. To date I have documented <no>í:kó:l</no> and <no>í:koné:w</no>, whereas those cases that immediately come to mind in which reduction does not occur include <no>í:kakál</no> and <no>í:xaxá:yak</no>. It would seem, therefore, that from this and other evidence the possessive marker for the 3rd person singular is a long vowel and that there are a few specific and lexicalized cases in which pitch accent is the sole reflex of the reduplicant. \qry Make sure to have an encyclopedic entry for /xaxa:yakatl/ and mask-making and mask use in general. \qry Recheck possessed form /noxaxa:yak/ or /noxaxa:yakaw/. For now the form with final vowel loss has been coded (cf. /noxa:yak/). \pqry This is a good word to use, with /xa:xa:yakatl/, to illustrate the difference between long and short vowel reduplication, in which pitch accent accompanies the short vowel reduplicant, a reflex of underlying {h}. \vl The first female form is /xa:xaya:katl/ It should be tagged with #6627. There is also an extra female token for 5927 at 6627. \ref 05928 \lxa tlakotia:nsa:lowa \lxac kitlakotia:nsa:lowa \lxo tlákotia:nsa:lówa \lxop tlakotia:nsa:lowa \lxoc kitlákotia:nsa:lówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to tie (a strap, cloth, etc. [Obl]) around the waist of \ss atar (una tela, tirante, etc. [Obl]) por la cintura \pna Suwa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa. \pea Women also have their cloth band that they tie around their waist. \psa Las mujeres también tienen su tira de tela que atan por su cintura. \syno tlákosa:lówa \xrb tlahko \xrb sa:l \nse To date <na>tlakotia:nsa:lowa</na> has only been documented in the reflexive, with the material that is tied around the waist expressed obliquely after <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa). Nevertheless, in elicitation Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez (Oa) gave the transitive form with a 3rd-person specific object. \vl The first two male tokens (of a total four uttered) are defective and should not be tagged at all (the first is broken off and the second has an unnatural pause in the midde). All female tokens should be tagged. \grm Reflexivity; valency; transitivity; middle voice; possessor raising; noun incorporation: There are several verbs that indicate an activity or action that takes place involving a material object that is part of ones clothes or similarly attached to the body. Note the case of /nokoto:na/. I believe there is another word involving tying. What is interesting about these forms is that the reflexive is not a patient but rather a middle voice form. Thus, for example, /koto:na/ can be an active verb, and as such the marked object is the patient. An example would be /kikoto:na/ 'he snaps it (e.g., a rope).' But with /nokoto:na noburroh/ the agentivity is reduced since there is no overt patient. The case of /te:nsa:lowa/ and /tlakotia:nsa:lowa/ is slightly different, since these in all cases take an object that is in a sense a benefactive. Thus /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I will tie [X] around his mouth' the construction is really like possessor raising with a transitive verb, since the object is the poss essor of the incorporated noun. Cf. to /nikma:tlatia/ 'I burn him on the arm' (i.e., 'I arm-burn him') to /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I tied him on the mouth' (i.e., 'I mouth-tie him'). When used reflexively, what simply occurs is that the possessor is coreferent with the subject/agent (e.g., /nimote:nsa:lowa/, 'I tie (sth, expressed obliquely, around) my mouth.' Here there is no difference between the reflexive and the transitive /kite:nsa:lowa/ since both have the same thematic role for the object (possessor of IN). With /koto:na/, however, the situation is different. Note also that the incorporated noun in this case is an obligatorily possessed noun ending in /-ya:n/. The fact that the incorporated noun must be possessed is interesting. Finally, note the oblique theme: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/ 'Women also have their cloth band that they tie around their waist.' It is interesting that the reflexive is in essence a benefactive and /tlakotia:n/ is the place/locative w h ere the event takes place. \ref 05929 \lxa a:pa:tsowa \lxac ka:pa:tsowa \lxo a:pa:tsowa \lxoc ka:pa:tsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to moisten with water \ss mojar con agua; mezclar con agua \pna Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n jabó:n. Tika:poso:nalti:s \pea You will moisten it in the palm of your hand, it bubbles up like soap. You will make it froth up with water. \psa Vas a echarle agua en la palma de tu mano, se hace espuma como si fuera jabón. Vas a hacerlo espumar con agua. \xrb a: \xrb pa:ts \ref 05930 \lxa tomayoh \lxac tomayoh \lxo tomayoh \lxoc tomayoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be spotted with fungus (e.g., pork that is going bad) \ss estar salpicado con hongos (p. ej., carne de puerco que está descomponiéndose) \pna Tomayoh i:n pitsonakatl. \pea This pork has raised white spots (of fungus) on it. \psa Esa carne de marrano tiene como granitos blancos (de hongos). \xrb toma \nse I have not documented <nao>tomayoh</nao> being used to indicate an abundance of tomato in a given food. It seems that for this meaning <nla>tomaxokó:k</nla> (Am) / <nla>tomaxoko:k</nla> (Oa) is used. In the aceptation given in this entry (taking from documentation from Ameyaltepec), <na>tomayoh</na> refers to raised white spots, like pimples, that appear on pork. It is not clear whether other types of meat manifest similar processes nor, at this time, whether the white spots are indeed a type of fungus. Other possible meanings have not yet been checked. \ref 05931 \lxa i:xpetsowa \lxac ki:xpetsowa \lxo i:xpetsowa \lxoc ki:xpetsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to smooth or polish (ceramics, stones, or other hard surfaces) \ss pulir o bruñir (cerámica, piedra u otras cosas duras) \se to plane (e.g., wood) \ss aplanar (p. ej., la madera) \pna Yo:pe:w ki:xpetsowa pa:mpa kixi:ma. \pea He has started to smooth its surface because he is planing it (e.g., a board). \psa Ya empezó a alisarle la superficie porque lo está aplanando (p. ej., una tabla). \se to level (e.g., by moving ones hand in a long, continuous motion over sth such as maize that protrudes above the edges of a <na>cuartillo</na> or other given measure) \ss nivelar (particularmente con la mano, al moverla sobre algo como maíz que no está plano como en algo utilizado para medir) \dis i:xmana; petsowa; i:xpetsowa \xrb i:x \xrb pets \nse Apparently <nao>i:xpetsowa</nao> refers to actions such as polishing or planing hard surfaces, whereas <nlao>i:xmana</nlao> refers to using ones hand or a stick to smooth something bumpy or that protrudes, such as grain heaped into a measure. \qry Apparently /i:xpetsowa/ refers to actions such as polishing or planing hard surfaces, whereas /i:xmana/ refers to using ones hand or a stick to smooth something bumpy or that protrudes. But this is my recollection and needs to be checked. \ref 05932 \lxa yetí:k \lxac yetí:k \lxo yeti:k \lxoc yeti:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se to be heavy \ss ser pesado \pna Yetí:k. Xikmati! Deke xtikaxi:ti:s tihki:xtili:skeh a:chitsi:n. \pea It is heavy. Feel it! If you won't be able to get it to its destination we can take a little out. \psa Estápesado.¡Siéntelo! Si no lo puedes llevar hasta el destino le vamos a sacarle un poquito. \xrb ye \vl There is an extra token from 6201. \ref 05933 \lxa kala:chin we:i \lxac kala:chin we:i \lxo kala:chin yówe:i \lxof [ka 'la: chi 'yo 'we:y] \lxoc kala:chin yówe:i \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \se type of large, flat (<nla>patlaxtik</nla>) cockroach, still not identified \ss tipo de cucaracha grande y plana (<nla>patlaxtik</nla>), todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kala:ch \xrb we:i \nae Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer <no>yón</no> in Oapan Nahuatl <no>kala:chin yón we:i</no> creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both <no>kala:chin</no> and <no>we:i</no> [ka 'la: chi 'yon 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival <no>we:i</no> was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., <no>kala:chin we:i</no> [ka la: chi 'we:y]. \qry The original note states that this is <na>kala:chin we:i, molo:nki</na>. It is not clear whether <na>molo:nki</na> is part of the name of this insect or simply a description of one of its properties. \pqry Stress and intonation: Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer <no>yón</no> in Oapan Nahuatl <no>kala:chin yón we:i</no> creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both <no>kala:chin</no> and <no>we:i</no> [ka 'la: chi 'yon 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival <no>we:i</no> was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., <no>kala:chin we:i</no> [ka la: chi 'we:y]. \grmx Oapan phonology: intonation and pitch accent: Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer <no>yón</no> in Oapan Nahuatl <no>kala:chin yówe:i</no> creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both <no>kala:chin</no> and <no>we:i</no> [ka 'la: chi 'yo 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival <no>we:i</no> was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., <no>kala:chin we:i</no> [ka la: chi 'we:y]. \nct kala:chin \ref 05934 \lxa tliwa:hki \lxac tliwa:hki \lxo tliwa:hki \lxoc tliwa:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be roasted; to be toasted (e.g., on a clay griddle or directly on embers) \ss ser asado; ser tostado (p. ej., sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas) \pna On wi:lo:tl nihkwa:s san de tliwa:hki. \pea I will eat that <spn>huilota</spn> just roasted (i.e., not in <spn>caldo</spn>, etc.) \psa Voy a comerme esa huilota asada nada más (esto es, no en caldo, etc.). \sem cook \xrb tli \xrb wa:k \nse Foods that are often cooked this way (<nao>notliwa:tsa</nao>) include fish, fowl, memelas, squash seeds, garbanzos, among other items. \vl There is an additional male token from 5589. \ref 05935 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am /katlowa/ and Oa /kátlawá/, but they have been given as alternate pronunciations; cf. 3990. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 3990. \ref 05936 \lxa chi:la:tl \lxac chi:la:tl \lxo chi:la:tl \lxoc chi:la:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of broth made with chile and <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> beans \ss tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> \qry To date (May 16 2001) I have only a mention of /ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl/ in my notes, in an original file card under /kaxtiltsi:n/. I mention that /ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl/ is one type of food that uses /kaxtiltsi:n/ in its preparation, but not other notes on this food. For now I have entered \vl There are 4 Oapan tokens for this entry from 1487. However, the sound from these at 5936 is better, so select one female and one male from these for a link. Use the 1st male token of 5936. \ref 05937 \lxa we:weyo:tl \lxac *we:weyo:tl \lxo wé:weyó:tl \lxoc wé:weyó:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se (rare) custom of petitioning for a bride with formal representatives and discourse \ss (raro) costumbre de pedir la novia con representantes y discursos formales \pno Ta a:man yo tihnemi:tia on, wé:weyó:tl? \peo You are still continuing with that, that bride-petitioning stuff? \pso ¿Hasta hoy sigues utilizando ese, eso de pedir la novia? \xrb we:weh \qry Check vowel length; the original file card had /we:we:yo:tl/. This perhaps might have a middle short /e/. Check. Note that in Am this word refers to the representatives, in Oapan to the process. Originally I had this definition: /(rare) elder who represents the groom and his family in petitioning for a bride or /(raro) representante del novio y su familia en ir a pedir la mano de la novia, but the new definition I placed above seems more accurate. But check. \ref 05938 \lxa to:nalokotl \lxac to:nalokotl \lxo to:nalo:kotl \lxocpend @to:nalo:kotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea bush collected but still unidentified, of the Euphorbiaceae family \ssa arbusto colectado pero todavía no identificado, de la familia Euphorbiaceae \pna To:nalokotl | Awiá:k iyo:l. Bwe:noh para itsontekon si:yah noso trase:rah, para trabesa:doh. \pea <na>To:nalokotl</na> : Its heartword is fragrant. It is good for the horn of a saddle or for its back, for its sides. \psa <na>To:nalokotl</na> : Su corazón es fragante. Es bueno para la"horn"de una silla (de burro, caballo, etc.), para su espalda, o para sus lados. \xrb to:nal \xrb o:ko \nse There is some confusion here. My original notes from Ameyaltepec included the preceding descriptive phrase (of the use of <na>to:nalo:kotl</na> to make parts of a wooden saddle) and the additional statement that this tree was the same as <na>kopalchi:noh</na>. It may be that this was a mistake. When we collected what in Oapan is called <no>to:nalo:kotl</no>, Inocencio Díaz (Ameyaltepec) mentioned that it was called <na>tlako:tl para tlachpanwa:stli</na>, which agreed with the use that Silvestre Pantaleón (Oapan) gave for what he called <no>to:nalo:kotl</no>. In sum, either the tree called <na>to:nalo:kotl</na> in Ameyaltepec is not the same as that which goes by the same name in Oapan, or simply stated the Ameyaltepec consultant who mentioned <na>to:nalo:kotl</na> to me was mistaken. \cpl Acording to consultants this is the same tree as the <na>kopalchi:noh</na>. \nct kohtli \qry Check meaning of /trabesa:doh/. Also check meaning of /trase:rah/. Finally, get translation of"horn"and include it in the proper entries. \pqry Check vowel length. During recording C. Flores definitely seemed to have a short first /o/ of /okotl/. \ref 05939 \lxa nesawaltia \lxac nonesawaltia \lxo nesawaltia \lxoc kinesawaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. <n>ne-</n> \infv class-2a \se to order (sb) to fast; to make (sb) fast (i.e., to abstain from eating for a curing ceremony) \ss hacer u ordenar a (algn) esté en ayunas \xrb sawa \xvba sawa \grm Ne- in derivations; reflexive. /nesawaltia/, like /nemaxtia/ is a causative construction of a reflexive action (hence the use of the /ne-/ prefix for a reflexive action. Note that the reflexive here refers to an action undertaken by the patient of the causative, i.e., the person ordered to fast. Cf. Launey and other Classical grammars for the use of /ne-/ in such constructions. \ref 05940 \lxa teko:ntli \lxac teko:ntli \lxo teko:ntli \lxoc teko:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se deep cavity formed in a hard rock on the surface of the land \ss cavidad profunda en un roca dura sobre la superficie de la tierra \xrb te \xrb ko:m \ref 05941 \lxa -ame:ch \lxac name:cha:tli:tia \lxo me:ch \lxoc me:cha:tli:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \seao you (pl. object) \ssao a uds. (objeto) \nse Used after over subject prefixes; in Ameyaltepec there is an allomorph <na>-me:ch</na> used word initially, i.e., after the 3rd person zero subject morpheme. Otherwise the /a/ surfaces (e.g., after subject prefixes: <na>name:chno:tsa</na>). Oapan never has <no>a:mech</no>, thus one finds <no>nime:chno:tsa</no>. \ref 05942 \lxa yetamahli \lxac yetamahli \lxo yetamahli \lxoc yetamahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se bean tamal, a tamal made with <nla>pi:pitikyetl</nla> in which alternating layers of bean and dough are cooked in corn leaves (not husks); the tamal is then encased in a layer of <nlao>tixtli</nlao> : <no>nokahlo:tia</no> (Oa) \ss tamal hecho con <nla>pi:pitikyetl</nla> en que el frijol y la masa va alternando uno sobre el otro y todo se cuece en hojas de maíz, no las hojas secas de mazorca; el tamal se envuelve en una capa de masa: <no>nokahlo:tia</no> (Oa) \pna Yetamahli, kitla:tlatsi:nian tixtli para patla:wi dya pani kixi:nian yetl. Oksepa kitla:lilian tixtli wan oksepa yetl. None:nepanowa tixtli iwa:n yetl, pi:pitik yetl. De iswatamahli. \pea A <na>yetamahli</na>, they pat down corn dough so that it flattens out and then on top the sprinkle beans. Once again they place corn dough (on top) and then again beans. Corn dough and beans, black beans, are placed one on top of the other. It is wrapped in corn leaves (i.e., not made in husks). \psa Un <na>yetamahli</na>, golpean repetidas veces la masa con la palma para que se ponga ancha, y entonces arriba le rocian frijoles. Otra vez le ponen masa y otra vez frijoles. Se van encimando masa y frijoles, frijoles negros. Son envueltos en hojas de maíz (esto es, no totomoxtle). \sem food \encyctmp tamahli \xrb ye \xrb tamal \qry See entry under /tamahli/. \mod Add notes under /tamahli/ to cultural encyclopedia for tamales. \ref 05943 \lxa te:tlatia pitsa:wak \lxac te:tlatia pitsa:wak \lxo te:tlatia pitsa:wak \lxocpend @te:tlatia pitsa:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao <l>Pseudosmodingium andrieuxii</l> Engl., tree of the Anacardiaceae (Sumac) family, one of the three members of the folk generic <n>te:tlatia</n> \ssao <l>Pseudosmodingium andrieuxii</l> Engl.,árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae (Sumac), uno de tres miembros del género foklórico <n>te:tlatia</n> \sem plant \sem kohtli \encyctmp te:tlatia \xrb tla \nse This is known as the male plant and although the general reference to this is as <nba>te:tlatia pitsa:wak</nba> it is also known as <nba>te:tlatia de tla:katl</nba>. \nct kohtli \qry Determine plural formation. Add to grammar as to the plural process for N-dvb-0 constructions. Check whether /tlatlatsi:n/ is another name for one of these trees. \ref 05944 \lxa weka \lxac weka \lxo wáká \lxoa wéká \lxoc wéká \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \pa yes-lex \se far away \ss lejos \pna Xweka, saniman tasis. \pea It's not far, you will arrive right away. \psa No está lejos, vas a llegar luego luego. \pna Achi weka. \src DT #1: 042 \pea It is a little further. \psa Es un poquito más lejos \se (reduplicated with long vowel) set far apart (one object from the other) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) colocado lejos (uno del otro) \pna We:weka cha:ntilo. \pea People live far apart. \psa La gente vive lejos uno del otro. \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:salo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik! \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you should sew it with the stitches close together! \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con las puntadas abiertas, es importante que la coses con las puntadas apretadas! \pna Ma:ka we:weka xtla:li, ne:netextik! \pea Don't place them far apart, place them close together (e.g., rods on the roof of a house; cf. diagram with /netextik/)! \psa ¡No los vayas a poner muy apartes, pónlos pegaditos (p. ej. varas para el techo de una casa, vé ase diagrama con /netestik/)! \pna We:weka o:nowi:pa:n tlapextli. \pea The cactus rods were tied together far apart. \psa Las varas del cactus se ataron muy abiertas (una bastante lejos de otra). \xrb wehka \nse The diminutive <na>wekatsi:n</na> (Am) indicates a mitigation of the distance referred to, it implies a distance that is less than that which would be communicated simply by <na>weka</na>. \qry In a query for /we:i/:"On DT 1:039 I have /achi we:i/, which I translate as 'It's a little bigger.' Check this. I also have as a similar phrase and interpretation under /weka/ as /achi weka/ 'It is a little further away.' This has been given as an illustrative phrase and should also be checked."I.e., check both /achi we:i/ and /achi weka/. \ref 05945 \lxa o:stli \lxac o:stli \lxo o:stli \lxoc o:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \se female animal, or woman, that is pregnant \ss animal encinta; mujer embarazada o con niño \xrb o:ts \nse Although acceptable, it is considered somewhat in poor taste to use this word in reference to a human female. \pqry Check 04371 for another example of this word. \vl One male token has very low levels. \grm Prefixation; subject: Note that in a Oapan workshop the form /nio:stli/ was accepted but not */no:stli/. This concurs with other information that I have to the effect that /ni-/ as a subject prefix maintains the /i/ before vowel-initial verbs, but not vowel-initial nouns. \ref 05946 \lxa isika:pan \lxac isika:pan \lxo ísihká:pan \lxoa ísihká:pah \lxoc ísihká:pah,ísihká:pan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(man) \com Part-Rel \der Adv-man \pa yes-lex \se right away; in a jiffy \ss luego luego; rápidamente; pronto \pna Saniman nikchi:wtiwetsi, isika:pan, ma:ka yo:li:k. \pea I'll do it in a hurry, in a jiffy, not slowly. \psa Lo voy a hacer luego luego, pronto, no lentamente. \equivo íská:pan \xrb hsi \xrl -pan \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05947 \lxa tete:mowa \lxac kitete:mowa \lxo téte:mówa \lxop tete:mowa \lxoc kí:te:mówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev): <no>kí:te:mówa</no> \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \seao see <nlao>te:mowa</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>te:mowa</nlao> \xrb te:m-2- \ref 05948 \lxa a:skatl de momolo:nkeh \lxaa a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh \lxac a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea ant of the folk generic group known as <nla>a:skatl</nla> \ssa hormiga del tipo conocido como <nla>a:skatl</nla> \sem animal \sem insect \equivo kwitlaya:keh \encyctmp a:skatl \xrb a:ska \xrb molo: \nse These ants, which don't bite (<na>xte:kwa:nimeh</na>), are very, very small and are so-called because if they get into ones tortillas (left hanging, for example, in the woods) and the tortillas are heated up, they smell. \ref 05949 \lxa te:nmelaktik \lxac te:nmelaktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea with an end that is not very curved \ssa con un fin que no está muy doblado \xrb mela: \ref 05950 \lxa tlate:ntli \lxac tlate:ntli \lxo tlate:ntli \lxoc tlate:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \se edge; border \ss orilla; filo \pna Xya nochi tlate:ntli! \pea Go along at the edge (in this case of a planted field)! \psa ¡Ve por la orilla (en este caso de una milpa)! \se ledge or narrow path at the edge of a cliff or precipitous drop \ss saliente o senda angosta a la orilla de un peñasco o risco \pna Ma:ka xia ka:n san tlate:ntli! \src DT#7: 423 \pea Don't go where there's just a narrow space at the edge! \psa ¡No vayas por donde hay nada más un saliente! \cfao a:te:ntli \xrb te:n \nae The noun <nao>tlate:ntli</nao> appears to be derived from a relational noun (<n>-te:n</n> meaning 'edge') and a nonspecific possessor (<n>tla-</n>) that has received an absolutive suffix (much like <n>teo:pantli</n> in Classical Nahuatl). This type of nominalization of a relational expression is not common in Balsas Nahuatl. \qry In DT#7: 423, listen and check meaning of /tlate:ntli/, i.e., whether it refers to a narrow ledge at the edge of some drop. \grm /tla-/; Nominalizations; compounding: Note the form /tlate:ntli/. The question is how to characterize the derivational process, and what this indicates about /tla-/ as a prefix or as"noun-like."The meaning of /tlate:ntli/ is similar to /a:te:ntli/, yet whereas the latter indicates the edge or banks of a river, /tlate:ntli/ simply indicates 'edge.' Note that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl there is /a:te:nko/ 'at the river's edge' or 'at the edge of the water' and /tlate:nko/ 'at the edge (e.g., of a village).' The two forms may be nominalized: /a:te:ntli/ 'river' and /tlate:ntli/ 'edge (of an area).' It is difficult to determine whether /tla-/ here acts as a noun root (e.g., a:+te:ntli and tla+te:ntli) or as a type of nonspecific argument of a predicate. The noun <nao>tlate:ntli</nao> appears to be derived from a relational noun (<n>-te:n</n> meaning 'edge') and a nonspecific possessor (<n>tla-</n>) that has received an absolutive suffix (much like <n>teo:pantli</n> in Classical Nahuatl). Thi s type of nominalization of a relational expression is not common in Balsas Nahuatl. \ref 05951 \lxa ye:kchi:wilia \lxac ke:kchi:wilia \lxo ye:hchi:wilia \lxoc ke:hchi:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to make or to fabricate for (particularly things that involve several parts or ingredients) \ss hacer o fabricar para (particularmente cosas que tienen varias partes o ingredientes) \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli. \pea Make me a muzzle of woven maguey fiber! I'm about to start weeding with a plow, if I don't (use one) my ox will eat the maize. \psa Hazme un bozal de fibra de maguey! Ya voy a empezar a desherbar con la yunta, si no (lo utilizo) mi buey va a comer la milpa. \se to fix or to repair (sth broken) for \ss componer o arreglar (algo descompuesto) para \pna Mitse:kchi:wili:skeh mokal. \pea They will fix up your house for you. \psa Te van a arreglar tu casa. \pna Timotlaye:kchi:wili:s ika mokal. \pea You will fix up your house for yourself. \psa Te vas a arreglar tu casa para tí. \dis chi:wilia; e:kchi:wilia \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \xv2a tlaye:kchi:wilia \xv2o tlaye:hchi:wilia \xvba ye:kchi:wa \xvbo ye:hchi:wa \nae Although historical evidence (the underlying incorporated stem {ye:k}) and phonological rules in Oapan (the shift of {k} to [h] in many contexts) suggests that the present Oapan headword should be <no>e:hchi:wilia</no>, the /h/ (or a closure) is hard to discern, particularly it seems in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. With Inocencio Jiménez there seems to be a slight aspiration in this position. However, this all needs to be carefully checked, and this form compared to others with incorporated <n>ye:k</n>. \qry Recheck that /mitse:kchi:wili:skeh mokal/ means that they will 'fix up,' or 'fix' the house, not build it. Apparently /chi:wilia/ would be used for 'to build for.' Check dif. between /timotlaye:kchi:wili:s ika mokal/ and /time:kchi:wili:s mokal/. \pqry Although historical evidence (the underlying incorporated stem {ye:k}) and phonological rules in Oapan (the shift of {k} to [h] in many contexts) suggests that the present Oapan headword should be <no>e:hchi:wilia</no>, the /h/ (or a closure) is hard to discern, particularly it seems in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. With Inocencio Jiménez there seems to be a slight aspiration in this position. However, this all needs to be carefully checked, and this form compared to others with incorporated <n>ye:k</n>. \grm Antipassive: Another example: /Timotlaye:kchi:wili:s ika mokal/ 'You will fix up your house for yourself.' Add this to the examples; also determine the difference between this phrase and one such as /time:kchi:wili:s mokal/. \ref 05952 \lxa kamatso:tso:ti \lxac kamatso:tso:ti \lxo kamatso:tso:ti \lxoc kamatso:tso:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get pimples or sores in ones mouth \ss salirsele a uno granitos o llagas en la boca \xrb kama \xrb tso:tso: \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05953 \lxa pitsaktsi:n \lxac pitsaktsi:n \lxo pitsahtsi:n \lxoc pitsahtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \se see <nla>pitsaktik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>pitsahtik</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>pitsaktik</nla> (Am) / <nlo>pitsahtik</nlo> (Oa) \xrb pitsa: \nse This is a common diminutive, hence it has been listed separately to facilitate the cross-reference to the basic form. \grm Diminutives; adjectivals: One thing to determine is the manner of alternation between /-tik/ adjectivals and the diminutives. Thus /tli:ltik/ has /tli:ltiktsi:n/; /pitsaktik/ has /pitsaktsi:n/. This appears to be the grammaticalized pattern. But it should be checked. \ref 05954 \lxa tilikichiwi \lxac tilikichiwi \lxo tilikichiwi \lxoc tilikichiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to scar; to form or leave a scar \ss cicatrizar; dejar un cicatriz \pna Tilikichiwtok. \pea It is leaving (forming) a scar. \psa Estádejando un cicatriz. \se to have or leave a bad or poorly joined and highly visible seam (e.g., cloth sewn together, leaving a ridge where the two parts meet) \ss dejar o quedar con una costura mal hecha y visible (tela cosida, con una parte subida yáspera donde los dos lados se juntan) \pna O:tilikichiw mokoto:n. \pea Your shirt has a poorly joined seam. \psa Tu camisa quedócon una costura mal hecha. \xrb tilikich \grm /-tok/; stative; resultative; progressive: One of the more difficult problems in Nahuatl is determining when /-tok/ indicates a progressive form (e.g., /cho:katok/ 'he is crying') and when it indicates a stative or resultative (e.g., /kaxa:ntok/). Moreover, there are two general patterns of contrast. On the one hand there are forms in /-ki/. Thus one has /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/, with the difference not entirely clear. My general impression is that the former is more prone to indicate the result of an agentive action, whereas the latter the resultant state of an inchoative process. Or, it might well be that /-tok/ forms are less permanent and /-ki/ participial forms more permanent. The other pattern of oppositions or contrasts is that between /-tik/ forms and /-tok/ forms. With verbs that end in /-iwi/ the opposition seems to be between states and the progressive. Thus with /pa:tsiwi/ one has /pa:stik/ 'to be wet' and /pa:tsiwtok/ 'to be getting wet.' In my notes for /tilikichiwi/ I have the form /tilikichiwtok/ as"'It is leaving a scar' (i.e., progressive tense; cf. /tilikixtik/)."This suggests that with /-iwi/ verbs, despite the fact that the intransitives are unaccusatives, the /-tok/ tends to be progressive and the /Root + tik/ form functions as the stative/resultative. Thus, /tilikixtik/ is 'scarred' and /tilikichiwtok/ is 'to be becoming scarred.' \ref 05955 \lxa techichikilka:miki \lxac techichikilka:miki \lxo téchichikilka:míki \lxop techichikilka:miki \lxoc téchichikilka:míki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se to waste away and die \ss consumirse y morir \xrb chikil \xrb miki \xvca techichikilka:miktia \xvco téchichikilka:míhtia \dis tewa:hkamiki; techichilka:miki \qry As with other forms compounded with /miki/, make sure that /techichikilmiki/ and /techichikilka:miki/ refer to the action of dying, and not simply to a state of intense suffering. \pqry Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. Note that in this word, the amplitude of the first syllable seems to be a main characteristic of its pitch-accent contour. Cf. the work of Beckman in this regard. The /te-/ syllable is prominent. Recheck its acoustic properties. Check all words with a /techichikil/ stem. \grm Compounds; incorporation: An effort should be made to find all examples of /ka:-/ compounding that do not involve a perfective verb stem. My notes need to be checked on this score, but I seem to remember that /iwi/ verbs might not act the same way as others in V-V compounds. The variant /techichikilmiki/ seems, on the other hand, to be a N-V1 compound, although the noun here is an apocopated form of the deverbal adjectival /techichikiltik/. \grmx Pitch-accent; Oapan phonology; stress: In Oapan /téchichikilka:míki/ has a pitch accented syllable (the first) that seems to be the result of a reduplicant with underlying {h} as coda. Yet in the present set of tokens, it appears that the main concomitant of pitch accent is a high amplitude. This should be checked across all words with the /techichikil/ stem. \sj Check /techihchikilka:miki/. \ref 05956 \lxanotes zzz \qry Here /kohia:yo:tl/ AM and /koha:yo:tl/ Oapan has been removed, meaning 'semen.' \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl These tokens (there are 4 male and no female) should be tagged as 5956 but, given the vulgar meaning, not linked (indeed, the entry has been removed from the online dictionary). \grm Orthography; syllables: Check the actual pronuncation of /koh a:yo:tl/. Apparently it would be OK to write an /h/ here and then specify a further rule in Oapan Nahuatl (or Balsas Nahuatl in general) that /h/ is always in coda position. Thus the only possible division and pronunciation would be [koh 'a: yo:tl]. This would not be the case with a /w/ as there are clear cases of onset, e.g., /kowaskeh/. At times I have thought of changing /hi/ to /hy/ to force a coda reading pronunciation, but this is not even possible in the Oapan term /koha:yo:tl/. Also, a word division does not seem heuristic ?/kow a:yo:tl/ or /koh a:yo:tl/. Hence the rule for coda interpretation, which seems to hold. \ref 05957 \lxa te:- \lxac te:pale:wia \lxo te:- \lxoc te:pale:wiya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(obj); Pr(poss) \der Pr \se prefix indicating an unspecified object of a transitive verb or primary object of an intransitive verb (indicating the benefactive, malefactive, recipient, etc.) \ss prefijo que indica un objeto no especificado de un verbo transitivo o el objeto primario de un verbo intransitivo (indicando el benefactivo, malefactivo, recipiente, etc.) \se prefix indicating an unspecified possessor, usually sb outside of the discourse context, i.e., 'someone else' \ss prefijo que indica un poseedor no especificado, generalmente algn fuera del contexto del discurso, esto es, 'otro', u 'otra persona' \pna O:ki:xmachilikeh te:wa:xka -=te:a:xka-. \pea They recognized what he had as something belonging to someone else. \psa Le reconocieron algo de alguien ajeno. \se prefix with certain relational nouns (e.g., <n>-wa:n</n>) that simply indicates 'with others' or 'with the others' and not specifying if these are human or nonhuman \ss prefijo con ciertos sustantivos relacionales (p. ej., <nla>wa:n</nla>) que simplemente indica 'con otros' o 'con los demás' y no especificando si son humanos o no humanos \pna Te:wa:n yo:nopo:w ne:yhka tlikohtli. \pea It got counted with the other firewood over there. \psa Se contócon la demás leña que está allá. \grm Relational nouns; nonspecific possessor: Note that there are certain relational nouns that take nonspecific possessors. \ref 05958 \lxa ne:stok \lxac ne:stok \lxo ne:stok \lxoc ne:stok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be visible; for there to be a mark (e.g., of sth having occurred, sth having passed through, etc.) \ss ser visible; haber o quedar señales (p. ej., de algo que ocurrió, de algn o algo que había pasado por un lugar, etc.) \pna Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye uunkah. \pea I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there. \psa Estoy andando mirando por aquíy por allá (en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que sembréya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas). \xrb ne:si \qry Check for use of /tla-/ with statives: ?tlate:ntok, tlatepachakahloh, tlakoto:ntok, etc. Check for /tlakiki:sa/ and contrast with /tlaki:sa/, etc. \qry Make sure that in the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah./ the reduplicant has a short not long vowel. Check and change if necessary. \grm Reduplication; statives; /tla-/: /Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye uunkah/ 'I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there.' Note in this case again the use of /tla-/ with a stative to indicate the geographical dispersion of a state, in this case that of being visible. Perhaps the use of /tla-/ can be tested with all statives. Note also how there is a difference between /tlane:stok/, which indicates the progressive of an impersonal passive or zero valency verb, and /tlanene:stok/, which indicates the geographical extension of a stative. What /tla-/ does in /tlanene:stok/ is to remove any subject referent, although interestingly the reduplication carries the semantics of plurality. Thus /tlanene:stok/ can perhaps be considered a nonspecific subject intr ansitive/stative but inwhich plurality is still marked in a distributive sense. Perhaps check for the correctness of /tlakiki:sa/ (cf. /tlaki:sa/, which is a weather phenomenon). In general note that /tla-/ can be used with a variety of grammatical forms to indicate a spatial extension of a situation, state, etc. with no clear subject. Thus one has /tlateteyoh/, /tlakwalka:n/, etc. Cf. the difference of /tlanene:stok/, which is a reduplicated stative, and /tlatlane:si/, which is a reduplicated form of the intransitive /tlane:si/. \ref 05959 \lxa pe:liwtok \lxac pe:liwtok \lxo pe:lihtok \lxoc pe:lihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be sliced, cut, or split open lengthwise (e.g., a recently slaughtered animal such as a pig) \ss estar abierto en canal (p. ej., un animal sacrificado como un marrano) \pna Sa: pe:liwtok un pitso. \pea That pig is just there cut open lengthwise along its belly. \psa Ese marrano está nomás allá abierto en canal. \xrb pe:l \ref 05960 \lxa kwa:wiwixowa \lxac nokwa:wiwixowa \lxo kwa:wiwixowa \lxoc nokwa:wiwixowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to shake ones head \ss (refl.) menearse la cabeza \pna Tle:ka timokwa:wiwixowa? \pea Why do you shake your head? \psa ¿Por quéte meneas la cabeza? \xrb kwa: \xrb wix \qry Check to make sure that intransitive does not occur. Also check if this transitive form can be used in non-reflexive. Check possible use of intensifier. \ref 05961 \lxa kwe:xi:kopi:ni \lxac kwe:xi:kopi:ni \lxo kwe:texi:kopi:ni \lxoc kwe:texi:kopi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> (Oa); Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am) \infv class-3a \se for ones skirt to be slipping down ones hips \ss bajarsele un poquito la falda (a una mujer) \cfao xi:kopi:ni \xrb kwe: \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \nse In Oapan the intensifier is constant given that the event referred to is one that results in an unnatural state. \nae In the Oapan speech tokens, the duration of the initial /e/ after the labialized /k/ is shorter than one would expect from a phonologically long vowel. However, it has been maintained as phonologically a long vowel in the orthography given the difficulty \qry Determine how far the dress slips down, and also elicit transitive form. \grm /te-/: Note that in Oapan /kwe:texi:kopi:ni/ and not /kwe:xi:kopi:ni/ is used: Note that in Oapan the intensifier is used given that the event referred to is one that results in an unnatural state. \ref 05962 \lxa pitsonakatl \lxac pitsonakatl \lxo pitsonakatl \lxoc pitsonakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao pork \ssao carne de puerco \sem food \xrb pitso \xrb naka \ref 05963 \lxa kaxti:ltsi:n \lxac kaxti:ltsi:n \lxo kaxti:ltsi:n \lxocpend kaxti:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Castilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se dried bean of the type that grows on maize planted in a milpa, in Spanish known as <spn>ejote seco</spn> or 'dried string bean \ss frijol seco del tipo que crece sobre los tallos del maíz sembrado en una milpa, conocido en español como el ejote seco \sem plant \sem domesticated \equivo kaxti:la:yetl \encyctmp yetl \cpl When green this bean and pod is called <na>yexo:tl</na>, in Spanish <na>ejote</na>. The word <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na>, however, refers to the dried bean which comes from the <na>yexo:tl</na>. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>frijol chino</spn>. The term <no>kaxti:ltsi:n</no> is not commonly used in Oapan where <nlo>kaxti:la:yetl</nlo> is the common term. \nct yetl \qry I have rechecked vowel length and found it to be /ka:xtiltsi:n/. However, Chen Diaz indicated that the spelling is /kaxti:ltsi:n/. The vowel length should again be carefully checked. Note that under /yepa:paya:n/ I don't mention this as being used. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/.Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. Finally, all the foods listed in the /nte field have their own entry except /anjolín ika mo:hli/. This should be checked. \chen Check vowel length of kaxti:ltsi:n. Cf. comments above. \ref 05964 \lxa ko:tsmatil \lxac ko:tsmatil \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) \ss tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) \se to be constantly tripping over ones own leg \ss estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna \apa ko:tsmatiltik \equivo ko:tsmatiltik \xrb ko:ts \xrb matil \qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. This might be in error. \ref 05965 \lxa ma:mah \lxac ma:mah nokone:w \lxo ma:mah \lxoc ma:mah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \se see <nlao>toma:mah</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>toma:mah</nlao> \xrb ma:mah \mod Perhaps this should be removed in the next version. \ref 05966 \lxa koxtlamela:wa \lxac koxtlamela:wa \lxo koxtlamela:wa \lxoc koxtlamela:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-[tla-V1] \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to lay down to rest and fall asleep (not completing a chore or what one intended to do) \ss acostarse para descansar y quedar dormido (no terminando una tarea o lo que uno pensaba hacer) \xrb kochi \xrb mela: \nae The valency of <nao>koxtlamela:wa</nao>, an intransitive, presents interesting problems of analysis. It seems as if the incorporation of the non-specific object <n>tla-</n> reduces the valency of transitive <nao>mela:wa</nao> to one argument, a subject, and the stem <n>koch</n> serves as an incorporated predicate modifier (in this case indicating that the verbal predicate took place because of sleepiness). The question then, concerns the referent of <n>tla-</n>, i.e., what is it that the subject/agent spreads out on the ground. Here the answer is that it references the accouterments that one lays down on the ground in going to sleep. A similar use of <n>tla-</n> is found in <nlao>tlamela:wa</nlao> meaning 'to spend the night at a place where one arrives during travel, pilgrimage, etc.' \grm Detransitivization: Note the word /koxtlamela:wa/ 'to lay down to rest and fall asleep (not completing a chore or what one intended to do)' Here note the use of a transitive verb with /tla-/, detransitivizing the construction with the modifying stem incorporation of /koch-/. A similar case is /chichitlai:ni/. What seems to be the case is that /tlamela:wa/ has acquired a meaning of its own as 'to lay ones bed down'; 'to rest', as in the phrase /icha:n nontlamela:was/ 'I will arrive and rest at his house.' Thus the morphology of the compound should probably be N-V1 (koch+tlamela:wa) rather than N-V2. \ref 05967 \lxa a:wiltia \lxac ka:wiltia \lxo a:wiltia \lxoa na:wiltia \lxoc ka:wiltia; ká:wiltiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to play around with; to make fun of; to joke around with (a person) \ss vacilar; burlarse de (una persona) \pna Mitsa:wiltitokeh. \pea They are playing around with (joking around with) you. \psa Te están vacilando \pna Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xaka ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos. \pna Ma:ka san tikaa:wilti:s. Mistlawe:li:s. \pea Don't fool around with it (in this case a saint). It will hate you (causing you harm). \psa No tu burles deél (en este caso un santo). te va a odiar (haciéndote daño). \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to play (e.g., a child) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar con (p. ej., un niño) \pno Ká:wiltiái:kone:w. \peo He plays with his child. \pso Juega con su niño. \se (refl.) to play; (refl + <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa)) to play with (e.g., an object or toy) \ss (refl.) jugar; (refl + <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa)) jugar con (p. ej., un objeto o juguete) \pna Ke:n na:wiltia:ni! \pea Oh how he plays a lot! \psa ¡Cómo juega! \pna Newa nima:wilti:s ika ma:wil. \pea I will be the one to play with your toy. \psa Jugaréyo con tu juguete. \pna Mo:stla na:wilti:lo:s. \pea Tomorrow there will be a game (e.g,. of basketball). \psa Mañana va a haber un partido (p. ej., de basketbol). \se (recipr.) to play together \ss (recipr.) jugar juntos \pna Na:wilti:skeh. \pea They will play (together). \psa Van a jugar (juntos). \se to move back and forth; to (make) wobble (sth that is loose or not steady) \ss mover de un lado a otro; hacer tambalear (algo que tiene juego o está flojo) \pna O:nikwetla:n. O:ne:cha:wiltih. \pea I got jerked (thrown quickly by sth, e.g. an animal or bus, etc., that made a sudden movement). It tossed me around. \psa Me sacudí(esto es, me sacudió algo, p. ej., un animal o camión, etc. que de repente hizo un movimiento rudo). Me sacudió. \pna Se: xne:chki:tskili! Man koyo:ni! Ke:n na:wiltia! \pea Hold on to (one side of) it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! How it moves about (has play in it)! \psa ¡Deténmelo (agárramelo) por un lado (en este caso un morillo que se va a taladrar)!¡Déjame hacerle un agujero!¡Como se mueve! \dis a:wiltia; kakaya:wa \sea (with long vowel reduplication) to rape \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) violar \cfa te:na:wiltia \cfa a:a:wiltia \cfo náná:wiltiá \xrb a:wil \xv1ao tla:wiltia \nse Like in English, the usage of <nao>a:wiltia</nao> as in <nao>ne:cha:wiltia</nao> has a sense of evil intent quite different to the kidding around of <na>/kamana:lwia</na> (Am). Note, for instance, the phrase <na>xmitsa:wiltia, san mitskamana:lwia</na> 'He's not playing around with (making fun of) you, he's just kidding you.' The reflexive <na>na:wiltia</na> (Am) implies simply playing (e.g. marbles, basketball, etc.). In Oapan the reduplicated form (<no>á:wiltiá</no>), used reflexively with an oblique object or used transitively, refers to playing with a toy, or a child. The unreduplicated form is used to refer to joking with, e.g., fooling. It appears that the alternate form <no>na:wiltia</no> is also used, e.g., <no>mitsna:wiltia</no> 'he plays jokes on you.' Finally, according to Roberto Mauricio one can reduplicate this form as in <no>mítsatsá:wiltiá</no>, which has the sense of 'to play with every now and then.' \vl Note that there are 8 tokens here. The first set of 4 is /ka:wiltia/, with the stress/pitch on the penultimate, middle vowel. The second set of 4 tokens (also to be tagged 05967, is /ká:wiltiá/, with pitch accent (stress) on the first and final syllables. The final linked file will have 4 tokens, F-M-F-M first /a:wiltia/ and then /á:wiltiá/. \grm Reduplication: Like in English, the usage of <nao>a:wiltia</nao> as in <nao>ne:cha:wiltia</nao> has a sense of evil intent quite different to the kidding around of <na>/kamana:lwia</na> (Am). Note, for instance, the phrase <na>xmitsa:wiltia, san mitskamana:lwia</na> 'He's not playing around with (making fun of) you, he's just kidding you.' The reflexive <na>na:wiltia</na> (Am) implies simply playing (e.g. marbles, basketball, etc.). In Oapan the reduplicated form (<no>á:wiltiá</no>), used reflexively with an oblique object or used transitively, refers to playing with a toy, or a child. The unreduplicated form is used to refer to joking with, e.g., fooling. It appears that the alternate form <no>na:wiltia</no> is also used, e.g., <no>mitsna:wiltia</no> 'he plays jokes on you.' Finally, according to Roberto Mauricio one can reduplicate this form as in <no>mítsatsá:wiltiá</no>, which has the sense of 'to play with every now and then.' \ref 05968 \lxa yepa:paya:n \lxac yepa:paya:n \lxo yé:payá:n \lxoc yé:payá:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes-rdp \se type of bean broth made with either <nla>pi:pitikyetl</nla>, <nla>ista:kyetl</nla>, or <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> \ss tipo de caldo de frijoles hecho con <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla> ; <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> o <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> \pna Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. \pea They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, they didn't grinding them up finely for it. \psa Machucharon los frijoles blancos para <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, no le molieron finamente. \sem food \xrb ye \xrb paya: \nse The preparation of this food is as follows. First the beans are crushed on a metate. Then they are washed and put in a pot of water, where they are cooked. After they are done onions, silantro, and salt is added. \qry Note that under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention that this bean is also used in making /yepa:paya:n/. Here I don't mention this possibility. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/. \pqry Check reduplication pattern in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan it is clearly the reduced short vowel reduplicant. My Am documentation might be in error. \grm Note the use of a perfective form as a nominal in /yepa:paya:n/. \ref 05969 \lxa a:wetsi \lxac a:wetsi \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \xrb a: \xrb wetsi \qry Check meaning as a wet dream; it appears that this is the primary meaning; this should be checked. \ref 05970 \lxa na:ntli \lxac na:ntli \lxo na:ntli \lxoc na:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se mother (human or animal) \ss madre (humano o animal) \pna Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:saikone:wa:n. \pea That very one is the mother (e.g., of my animals: pigs, burros, etc.), she has born a lot of children. \psa Esa mera es la mamá(p. ej., de mis animales: burros, marranos, etc.), le han salido muchos niños. \seo trunk (of a tree, i.e,. that which gives birth to the offshoots) \sso tronco (de unárbol, esto es, de donde nacen los retoños) \pno Yun na:nkah san te:kone:w, me:ro na:ntli katka yo:ntsontek. \peo The ones that are here are just offshoots, it was the trunk itself (of a tree) that I chopped down. \pso Los que aquíestán son puros retoños, el que era el mero tronco, yo lo tumbé. \sea (<na>i:tik</na> or <na>ara:joh</na> + <na>-na:ntsi:n</na>) phrase used to make an insulting reference to ones mother \ssa (<na>i:tik</na> o <na>ara:joh</na> + <na>-na:ntsi:n</na>) frase empleada para hacer una referencia insultante a la madre de uno \pna Ara:johitikina:ntsi:n, xmelá:k! \pea Screw his mother, it's not true! \psa ¡Chinga su madre, no es verdad! \pna A:ra mona:ntsi:n -=itik mona:ntsi:n-! \pea Screw your mother! \psa ¡Chinga tu madre! \sem kin \xrb na:n \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec the possessed diminutive, <nao>-na:ntsi:n</nao>, is often used in a negative or insulting sense. Or, in Oapan, it may be used interjectionally: <no>A:y nona:ntsi:n!</no>. \nae The plural of <nao>na:ntli</nao> is irregular (cf. <nla>tatli</nla> (Am)), as the stem is reduplicated: <na>na:na:nteh</na> (Am) and <no>na:na:ntih</no> (Oa). \ref 05971 \lxa ye \lxaa i \lxac ye kalakis \lxo i \lxoa ye \lxoc i kalakis \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se to be about to occur \ss ya (mero) \pna I kalaktok -kalakis- to:nahli. \pea The sun is about to set. \psa Ya se está poniendo el sol. \pna I ya:s. \pea He's about to go. \psa Ya se va. \seao (~ <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa)) for forever \ss (~ <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa)) para siempre \pna De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal. \pea You've killed it forever (e.g., a plant or tree) because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away. \psa Lo mataste para siempre (p. ej., una planta oárbol) porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste. \xrb ye \nse <nao>I</nao> is apparently a shortened form of <nao>ye</nao>. Both are acceptable and semantically equivalent. In Oapan <no>i</no> is much more common, in Ameyaltepec the two possibilities seem more evenly distributed. \ref 05972 \lxa paya:ni \lxac paya:ni \lxo paya:ni \lxoc paya:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to break apart; to crumble (certain rocks, cakes, etc.) \ss (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) desmoronarse; desmenuzarse (algunas piedras, pasteles, etc.) \pna Poxa:wak, san nima:n papaya:ni. \pea It is crumbly, it breaks apart right away. \psa Estámuy suelto (en este caso en referencia a la consistencia de una piedra), luego luego se desmenuza. \xrb paya: \nse To date this verb has been documented only in reduplicated form. \dis xiti:ni; poxa:wi; papaya:ni \qry I have this recorded only with reduplication. Check for unreduplicated form. \ref 05973 \lxa i:xkwa:teposwia \lxac ki:xkwa:teposwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to put ash or soot on the forehead of for Ash Wednesday \ssa poner ceniza o hollín en la frente de para Miércoles de Ceniza \syno nexkwi \cfo nexkurustsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepos \nse Note the use of <nla>teposwia</nla> here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.' \ref 05974 \lxa ka:xowa \lxac kika:xowa \lxo ka:xowa \lxoc kika:xowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to bend or cause to sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal) \ss pandear o hacer doblar hacia adentro (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal) \pna O:tihka:xoh! Ke:n tiyetí:k! \pea You made its back give in (e.g., of a burro)! You are really heavy! \psa ¡Lo hiciste pandear (p. ej., el lomo de un burro)!¡Quépesado eres! \pna O:noka:xoh noburroh kwa:k ipan o:nitleko:k. \pea My burro sagged when I got on it. \psa Se pandeómi burro cuando subí. \pna O:tine:chka:xoh. \pea You bent my back back. \psa Doblaste mi espalda hacia atrás. \xrb ka:x \qry For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity. \rt Perhaps same root is in /kaxitl/, though apparently vowel length is changed. \qry Although I have the reflexive form /noka:xowa/ in one phrase perhaps this is in error and the correct form should be simply the intransitive /ka:xiwi/. Note however, the in the case of the burro this is perhaps like Givon's"get"passive. In the form /o:tine:chka:xoh/ it is unclear whether the reference can be to pull someone's shoulders back so that their back curves, or whether it can only refer to placing such a weight on their shoulders that their back bends and sags in. However, in general it is clearly the case that the reference is to a concave form. Cf. the statement under Am /kwitlapanka:xiwi/ that in Oapan /teka:xowa/ used reflexively has the same sense. \pqry The length here is particularly clear. These tokens should be compared to /mo:lkaxitl/, etc. to demonstrate how words that contain roots that appear to be semantically related have clear vowel length distinctions. \grm Reflexive; intransitive; passive; nondirected alternation: Note that in my documentation I have /o:nika:xiw/ and /o:noka:xoh noburroh kwa:k ipan o:nitleko:k/. This perhaps provides a clue as to when the intransitive and when the reflexive might be used. The intransitve is used in the first case because the subject is a volitional agent whose back curves involuntarily (in this case because of a heavy load being born). Since the subject is volitional, it is possible that a reflexive marker would be interpreted as a true reflexive (Agent acting on Patient, with both coreferential of the same individual). The intransitive clearly indicates the involuntary nature of the action. However, with the donkey the reflexive does not mark a true reflexive but rather a passive or"get"passive. That is, the donkey's back sagged because of the volitional act of another party. The translation would be something like 'my donkey's back got bent by my mounting it.' \ref 05975 \lxa wekatlantia \lxac wekatlantia \lxo wákatlántia \lxoa wékatlántia \lxop wekatlantia \lxoc wákatlántia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes-lex \se to become deep (a river, hole, etc.) \ss hacerse profundo (un río, hoyo, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w tila:wi un a:te:ntli. Wekatlantia. \pea The river has started to rise. It has become deep (i.e., with the summer rains). \psa El río ya empezó a subir. Ya se ha hecho profundo (p. ej., con las lluvias del verano). \se to make a deep impression (e.g., a tumpline in someone's forehead, etc.) \ss dejar una impresión (p. ej., un laso empleado para cargar algo en la piel) \equiva wekatlania \xrb wehka \xrl -tlan \qry Check to determine whether /inf should be class 4a or 4c. \pqry Check quality of first vowel in Oapan pronunciation. \grm -tia: Note the use of the verbalizer /-tia/ in this case where it is added to a locative formation. \ref 05976 \lxa kapi:reskuwtli \lxac kapi:reskuwtli \lxo kapi:re:skohtli \lxoc kapi:re:skohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan capires \psm N \der N-loan \se <l>Syderoxylon capiri</l> (A. DC.) Pittier, tree of the Sapotaceae family called <spn>capire</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Syderoxylon capiri</l> (A. DC.) Pittier,árbol de la familia Sapotaceae, llamado 'capire' en español \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao kapi:res \cpl Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the <spn>capire</spn> as of the family <i>Sapotaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Sideroxylon capiri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list <spn>capire</spn>, nor the genus/species <i>Sideroxylon capiri</i>. \nae The phonological length of the middle vowels /i:/ and /e:/ in Oapan <no>kapi:re:kohtli</no> is uncertain. For these two vowels the speech tokens (two each) of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez measure 118:88 and 110:91 for Florencia and 93:96 and 81:77 for Inocencio. Thus whereas the length of the first vowel seems certain, that of the second is debatable. The fact that these are Spanish loans further complicates the situation since there are no etymological clues to the length. For now, both vowels have been written as long. \nct kohtli \qry Check final /h/ in kapi:reh kuhtli/; perhaps this should be written as two words: ?/kapi:reh kuhtli/. \xrb kow \ref 05977 \lxa ye:paso:xiwtli \lxac ye:paso:xiwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified \ss tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada \pna Ye:paso:xiwtli | Xtlah para, tlachia ke:n yepaso:tl. \pea <na>Ye:paso:xiwtli</na> : It isn't good for anything, it looks like <nla>yepaso:tl</nla> \psa <na>ye:paso:xiwtli</na> : No sirve para nada, tiene la apariencia de <nla>yepaso:tl</nla>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo yéye:páso:tl \xrb e:paso:l \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \ref 05978 \lxa ayukokone:tl \lxac ayukokone:tl \lxo ayó:koné:tl \lxoc ayó:koné:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se squash that has formed with a long, thin, and curved neck \ss calabaza que se formócon el cuello largo, delgado y encorvado \pna Kwaltsi:n noayukokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n. \pea My little, baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck. \psa Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito. \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb kone: \cfa sa:ndiakokone:tl \nse So called, it seems, for its resemblance to a doll or child. \nct a:yotli \nae The lengthened and pitch-accented /ó:/ in Oapan Nahuatl <no>ayó:koné:tl</no> is the result of a reduced reduplicant. The underlying form would be {ayo + rdp-s + kone: +tl}. \qry Query if this is an actual type of squash (i.e., species) or is simply a reference to the fact that the squash is small and perhaps doll-like in appearance. \pqry Recheck the vowel length here. Also recheck the stress pattern. As is the case throughout, the length of the first /a/ of /ayotli/ is problematical. \mod Illustrate \grm Reduplication: note metaphoric use of /kokone:tl/ and the presense of this reduplicated form in two types of plants. \grmx Oapan phonology: reduplication. Note that although in the original form one has /áyotlí/ in Oapan and there would seem to be an underlying glottal (cf. ayo?tli is Classical) for the reduplication the glottal stop and pitch accent is lost. Thus it would seem that the combination form of /áyotlí/ is simply /ayo/ without pitch accent. Note that it would not be possible to have a long vowel before a glottal. Thus in a sense reducation of reduplication to vowel lengthening conflicts at least at some level with a rule against V:? sequences (i.e., long vowel followed by a glottal stop). Recheck all instances for determination of vowel length of /a/ in the word for squash. \ref 05979 \lxa awia:yo \lxac iawia:yo \lxo áwiá:hyo \lxoc i:áwiá:hyo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se fragrance or sweet smell (e.g., of a flower) \ss fragrancia o buen olor (p. ej., de una flor) \se good flavor or taste (of a food) \ss buen sabor (de una comida) \pna Xoh kipia iawia:yo. \pea It's lost its good flavor (or smell). \psa Ya no tiene su buen sabor (o olor). \equivo áwia:ká:yo \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \nae My original notes from Ameyaltepec showed <na>i:awia:yo</na>, i.e., there was not reflex of the adjectival /k/ in the possessed nominal form as occurs in Oapan Nahuatl <no>i:áwiá:hyo</no> and its cognate <no>i:áwia:ká:yo</no>. There is a possibility that my notes for the Ameyaltepec form are erroneous at this point. Oapan Nahuatl is interesting in that both <no>i:áwiá:hyo</no> and <no>i:áwia:ká:yo</no> exist. Both seem to manifest the suffix intrinsic possession <n>-yo</n> on an adjectival form. In <no>i:áwia:ká:yo</no> the underlying {-ka:} is manifest, an ending that surfaces in combinatory forms of participials. In <no>i:áwiá:hyo</no> the suffix of possession is added directly onto the adjectival as it appears in surface form, i.e., <no>áwiá:k</no>. \qry Make sure absolutive doesn't exist. Make sure that no /h/, a reflex of /k/ from the adjectival, is present in the AM form. If not, split into two entries given that the derivational morphology would be distinct. \vl The first set of 4 tokens is /i:áwiá:hyo/. They should be tagged with this number 5979 and two chosen for linking. The next 4 tokens are /i:áwia:ká:yo/, they should be 06915. \grm Note for grammatical discussion of -yo possessive: awia:hyo as in xohkipia iawia:hyo. Here the /-yo/ is added to an adjectival. However, note that in the discussion before recording FM gave both /i:áwiá:yo/ and /i:áwiá:hyo/. In the recording studio Inocencio suggested /i:áwiá:ka:yo/ and this was accepted by Florencia. Finally, we recorded both /i:áwiá:hyo/ and /i:áwia:ká:yo/, but not ?/i:áwiá:yo/. \ref 05980 \lxa a:yema:nki \lxac a:yema:nki \lxo a:yema:nki \lxoc a:yema:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infn N1 \se lukewarm water \ss agua tibia \xrb a: \xrb yema:ni \grm For incorporation contrast the meaning of /a:yema:nki/ which is 'lukewarm water' to /a:yema:nia/, which is 'to become soft from being in water.' Discuss how, in this case the semantic function or /a:/ is distinct in each form. In /a:yema:nki/ 'water' is basically a head noun; in /a:yema:nia/ 'water' is the cause or instrument. \ref 05981 \lxa mahka:ita \lxac kimahka:ita \lxo mahka:ita \lxoc kimahka:ita \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \se to be daunted by (e.g., a task at hand); to be wary of \ss amilanarse ante (p. ej., una tarea); ser receloso frente a; sentirse intimidado por \pna Kimahka:ita un tekitl. Xwel kipe:waltia. \pea He is daunted by (the size of, the difficulty of, etc.) that job. He can't start it. \psa Se amilana ante ese trabajo (p. ej., lo difícil que es, lo grande, etc.). No lo puede empezar. \pna Kimahka:ita un chi:hli, ke:n kokó:k. \pea He is wary of that chile, it's really hot. \psa Se siente intimidado por ese chile, por lo picante que es. \se to be in awe of (the strength of a person, the high price of an item, etc.); to look upon (sb or sth) with respect mixed with fear \ss estar impresionado por; sobrecogerse frente a; ver (a algn o algo) con respeto y miedo \pna Kimahka:ita, de melá:k tlaksa. \pea He is awed by how fast he really is. \psa Está impresionado por lo rápido que es. \se to be fearful of; to be afraid of; to be frightened by \ss sentirse miedo por; asustarse por \pna Tine:chmahka:ita pa:mpa ke:n o:niwel tli:n nikitowa. \pea You are fearful of me because I've learned what to do what I say. \psa Me tienes miedo porque he aprendido hacer lo que digo. \pna De milá:h o:tlamahka:italo:k pa:mpa o:kitakeh por prime:rah bes. \src DT 1:019 \pea There was a lot of wonder because it was the first time that they saw it. \psa Había mucho asombro porque fue la primera vez que lo vieron. \xrb mawi \xrb ita \mod Determine how best to represent the root for /mawtia/, etc. \grm Nonreferentiality: /De miláh o:tlamahka:italo:k pampa o:kitakeh por prime:rah bes./ 'There was a lot of wonder because it was the first time that they saw it.' The interesing point (and here the tape should be checked) is the possible absence of any referent to the subject pronoun of /o:kitakeh/. That is, the syntactic relation between the impersonal and a fully referenced subject is not as impermeable as presented in many grammars. The translation is something like that presented above. \ref 05982 \lxa kamapo:tsakia \lxac kikamapo:tsakia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-S-V2 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kikamatepo:tsakia</na> \infv class-2a \sea to stuff the mouth of \ssa llenar la boca de \pna O:tlan kikamapo:tsakia. Xka:wa, o:tmakaton para nochimeh ma kikwa:kan. \pea He finished stuffing it into his mouth. But that wasn't the deal, we went to give it to him so that everyone could eat it (and instead he greedily ate it all). \psa Terminómetiéndolo todo en la boca. No debe haber sido así, se lo fuimos a dar para que todos lo pudieran comer (y en lugar de eso,él solo se lo acabó). \xrb kama \xrb po:ts \xrb ak \xvaa kamapo:tsakilia \qry Check for difference between this transitive form and the applicative (bitransitive?) /kamapo:tsakilia/. Also check for possible intransitive form. Cf. note under /kamapo:tsakilia:/. It will also be necessary to determine the object of /kamapo:tsakia/ and the nature of the incorporated noun. It would seem that the object of /kamapo:tsakia/ is the person whose mouth is being stuffed. But then, if this is the case, what is the object of the applicative. Thus does one say /ne:chkamapo:tsaki:s/ or /ne:chkamapo:tsakili:s/. Perhaps there is an error and /kamapo:tsakia/ is only used reflexively; this would explain the"causative"use of the transitive /kamapo:tsakilia/. Check and cf. /po:tsakia/. \ref 05983 \lxa wi:tsakatsi:n \lxac wi:tsakatsi:n \lxo wíwisakátsi:n \lxoc wíwisakátsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se folk generic for hummingbirds, of various species, most or all of the family Trochilidae \ss nombre genérico para la chuparrosa, de varias especies todavía no identificadas en su totalidad, la mayoría o todas de la familia Trochilidae \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pls. 29-32 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb witsaka \nae Florencia Marcelino related the etymology of <no>wíwisakátsi:n</no> \nct to:to:tl \nae All indications are that the vowels in this word are short. Oapan <no>wíwisakátsi:n</no> manifests a reduplicant (short vowel with {h} coda) that is not found in Ameyaltepec and the motive of which is not clear. \nse Florencia Marcelino related this word etymology to <no>wiwiyoka</no>. \qry On one file card I have noted that /wi:tsakatsi:n/ definitely has a long initial /i/; this agrees with the comparative evidence. \ref 05984 \lxa we:weti \lxac we:weti \lxo wé:wetí \lxop we:weti \lxoc wé:wetí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \irregv In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective <na>o:we:wet</na> but maintenance in the progresive <na>we:wetitok</na> ; cf. entry under <na>pati</na>. \pa yes-lex \seao to serve as a representative of the groom and his family in petitioning for a bride \ssao servir como representante del novio y su familia en pedir la mano de la novia \xrb we:weh \qry In Ameyaltepec I also was given the following, but this might not be correct. Check 'to get old'; 'envejecer' /Yotiwe:wet, xok tite:lpokawah/ 'You've gotten old, you are no longer a young man.' or 'Te envejeciste, ya no eres un joven.' \ref 05985 \lxa yeti:lia \lxac kiyeti:lia \lxo yeti:lia \lxoc kiyeti:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to feel heavy to; to weigh down on \ss sentir pesado a \pna Ne:chyeti:lia i:n, tli:n nikwi:ka. \pea This feels heavy to him, this which I have carrying. \psa Este lo siento pesado, esto que me estoy llevando. \se to make (sb) feel sluggish \ss hacer sentir pesado a (algn) \pna Ne:chyeti:lia nokoma:l. \pea My <spn>vaso</spn> (a stomach pain) slows me down (or, makes me feel sluggish). \psa Mi vaso (un dolor en el abdomen) me hace sentir pesado. \se (<n>-pan</n> + refl.) to place or press ones weight fully down on (sth, [possessor of <n>-pan</n> ]) \ss (<n>-pan</n> + refl.) poner o descansar todo el peso sobre (algo, [poseedor de <n>-pan</n> ]) \pna I:pan xmoyeti:li! \pea Press all your weight down on it! \psa ¡Descansa todo tu peso sobre ello! \pna Ma:ka mistla:ni:s, no: xmoyeti:li! \pea Don't let him beat you, you too put all your weight into it! \psa ¡No te vaya a ganar, pónle todo tu peso! \xrb ye \qry Check length of /i/ in Am, perhaps it is long. I have provisionally changed it to long based on the Oapan evidence. Nevertheless, it should be checked. \ref 05986 \lxa xa:ntli \lxac xa:ntli \lxo xa:ntli \lxoc xa:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se adobe (i.e., bricks made of) \ss adobe (esto es, ladrillos hechos de) \cola kweskomatl de xa:ntli \xrb xa:m \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05987 \lxa po:kmiki \lxac po:kmiki \lxo po:hmiki \lxoc po:hmiki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be overcome by, affected by or suffer from smoke \ss sufrir, sentirse abrumado por o afectarse por el humo \xrb po:k \xrb miki \qry Determine whether long and short vowel reduplication is acceptable, and the meaning of each. \pqry Use these speech tokens to analyze the nature of devoicing in these contexts. Rather than a devoiced vowel, it seems that the voicelessness affects the initial part of the nasal /m/. This may be a general aspect of Nahuatl phonetics (or phonetics of Oapan Nahuatl): that when a VhC sequence involves a voiceless stop it is the vowel that is devoiced toward the end and when the C is a voiced consonant (i.e., in Nahuatl this would mean a nasal), then the devoicing (/h/) affects the onset of the voiced consonant. Again, this should be checked with a phonetician. \ref 05988 \lxa ma:tetema:ts \lxac *ma:tetema:ts \lxo má:tetéma:ts \lxoc má:tetéma:ts \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be lazy or slow with ones hands \ss ser perezoso o lento con las manos \xrb ma: \xrb ma:ts \nse The lexeme <na>ma:tetema:ts</na> (Am) / <no>má:tetéma:ts</no> is apparently from <nlao>ma:tsiwi</nlao>, with the intensifier <n>te-</n> and reduplication that probably indicates that both hands are affected. It refers generally to someone lazy of slow with their hands and undoubtedly derives from the metaphor of hands that are tightly closed, folded like a taco, impeding them to be effectively used for well (e.g. grinding corn, making tortillas, grabbing tools, etc.). \ref 05989 \lxa tia:nkisko \lxac *tia:nkisko \lxo tia:nkisko \lxoc tia:nkisko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1 \se marketplace \ss tianguis \pna Ne: tia:nkisko pa:mpa lugar de ka:n tiaweh, miák yaw ge:nteh u:mpa. \src DT#1:202 \pea There is the marketplace (i.e., the place called <na>tia:nkisko</na>) because it is a place where we go, a lot of people go there. \psa Allí es el tianguis (esto es, el lugar llamado <na>tia:nkisko</na>) porque es un lugar donde vamos, mucha gente va allá. \xrb tia:nkis \xrl -ko \nae The etymology of <nao>tia:nkisko</nao> is uncertain, though it clearly includes the locative element <na>-k(o)</na> and is undoubtedly related to the intransitive verb found in Classical Nahuatl <n>tiamiqui</n> (as well as related forms), which RS gives as 'vender, dedicarse al comercio, traficar.' In the above illustrative phrase, however, it seems that the Ameyaltepec speaker related the etymology of <nao>tia:nkisko</nao> to the verb <nlao>yaw</nlao> and the fact that it, the market, is a place where many people go. In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, it is a word that was used in the past but rarely used now. It is not in her everyday vocabularly (she only remembered hearing it) and thus the vowel length is not totally reliable. \ref 05990 \lxa tepe:tomatl \lxac tepe:tomatl \lxo tepe:tomatl \lxoc tepe:tomatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se <l>Physalis aggregata</l> Waterf. small wild tomato of the Solanaceae family; when dried it is called <nla>tomatetso:hli</nla> and is ground into sauce with chile \ss <l>Physalis aggregata</l> Waterf. pequeño tomate silvestre de la familia Solanaceae, al secarse se llama <nla>tomatetso:hli</nla> y se muele con chile para hacer salsa \sem plant \sem edible \encyctmp tomatl \xrb tepe: \xrb toma \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>tomate de cerro</spn>. \pqry This word provide a good illustration of vowel length. \nct tomatl \ref 05991 \lxa kopaxokonono:tsa \lxac *kikopaxokonono:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to brag or boast to (particularly about doing sth that one cannot do, or about having sth that one does not have; to talk big to, to make promises to and not deliver; to mislead with ones words) \ssa alardear (a algn, jactándose que va a hacer algo que no puede, o de tener algo que no tiene; fantochear, jactarse, prometiendo cosas que no puede cumplir; engañar con palabras) \equivo xokó:nó:tsa \xrb kopa \xrb xoko \xrb no:tsa \nse This verb (which literally means something like 'to converse like a <nbao>kopaxokotl</nbao> tree with) and is based on a certain characteristic of the <nao>kopaxokotl</nao> tree. Some individual trees flower in the early summer but, despite flowering, often do not come to fruit. Thus the meaning of this compound verb is that of someone who, like the tree with its flowers, promises something (i.e.,"fruit") but does not deliver. \qry This word I have only heard with the reduplicated verbal root in the sense of"to talk with". Check. \ref 05992 \lxa kwi:che:wi \lxac kwi:che:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become filthy; to become dark and dirty; to get blackened \ssa quedarse mugroso; quedarse ennegrecido \pna On toba:leh o:kwi:che:w, o:tlatla:hlowak. \pea Our friend got filthy, he got covered with dirt. \psa Nuestro amigo quedómugroso, se cubrióde tierra. \xrb kwi:ch \nse Molina gives <n>cuichtli</n> 'hollín' (soot), although the meaning of Ameyaltepec <na>kwi:che:wi</na> (which is not in Molina) seems to refer to becoming"blackened"in general, with no particular reference to soot. \qry Again, decide what to do with endings /e:wi/ and /iwi/ as in /tli:liwi/, etc. The question here is whether the form /kwi:chiwi/ also exists, and whether there is a transitive form /kwi:chowa/. Both these should be checked. \ref 05993 \lxanotes zzz \mod This has been removed as a duplicate entry. \dt 06/Jun/2003 \ref 05994 \lxa tlalwiki:xtilia \lxac kitlalwiki:xtilia \lxo tlalwiki:xtilia \lxoc kitlalwiki:xtiliah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to sponsor or celebrate a fiesta in honor of (a saint, the one-year anniversary of the death of a close relative, etc.) \ss hacer o celebrar una fiesta en honra de (un santo, el aniversario después de un año de la muerte de un pariente cercano, etc.) \pna Kitlalwiki:xtilia isa:ntoh. \pea He sponsors a fiesta in honor of his saint (by killing a pig or cow, for example). \psa Le hace una fiesta a su santo (al matar un marrano o ganado, por ejemplo). \xrb lwi-2-; ki:sa \nae The trivalent <nlao>ki:xtilia</nlao>, an applicative of the causative <nlao>ki:xtia</nlao>, would take two objects (primary and secondary) along with a subject. <na>Tlalwiki:xtilia</na> however, is simply transitive. This indicates that since one argument slot is filled by the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>, the incorporated noun-stem <nr>ilwi</nr> cannot also"saturate"the verb, lowering its valency. Note that RS has as an intransitive verb <n>ilhuiquixtia</n> with the following observation: <n>n</n> (por <n>ni</n>) celebrar una fiesta. Se dice también en el mismo sentido <n>nitla-ilhuiquixtia</n>."The Classical Nahuatl agentive <n>ilhuiquixtiani</n> further suggests the monovalent nature of <n>ilhuiquixtia</n>, despite the fact that it accepts the <n>tla-</n> prefix. Note, moreover that under <n>ilhuiquixtilia</n> RS only has a transitive (not ditransitive) interpretation:" <n>nite-</n> o <na>niqu-</na> 'celebrar la fiesta de alguien.' Molina has <n>ilhuiquixtilia. nic</n> 'celebrar fiesta a alg 50;n sancto.' Molina also has separate entries for <n>ilhuiquixtia</n> and <n>tlalhuiquixtia</n> with identical meanings as intransitive verbs: 'celebrar fiesta.' Thus in Balsas Nahuatl <nao>tlalwiki:xtilia</nao> follows the same pattern found in Molina for the simple transitive <n>ilhuiquixtia</n> and <n>tlalhuiquixtia</n>. \qry Check whether /ilwiki:xtilia/ also exsits; also check for /ilwiki:xtia/ and /tlalwiki:xtia/. \ref 05995 \lxa mi:lowatl \lxac mi:lowatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se corn stalk \ss tallo de maíz; huasol \pna Xtsonteki nochi, sintli wan imi:lowayo! \pea Cut it all down (with a machete), the <spn>mazorca</spn> along with its stalk! \psa ¡Córtalo todo (con machete), la mazorca con su huasol! \pna Umpa noka:wa imi:lowayo. \pea It's stalk (of a corn plant) is left behind there. \psa Alláse deja su tallo. \sem plant \sem part \syna to:powatl \syno omi:lkohtli \encyctmp mi:hli \dis mi:lowatl; to:kowatl \xrb mi:l \xrb owa \nse <na>Mi:lowatl</na>, as well as <na>to:kowatl</na>, both words from Ameyaltepec, have been given several definitions. Some consultants state that it refers to the part of the maize plant from the elotes to the ground. Anothers define these words as referring to the stripped stalk of the maize plant left after harvest or, during the growth of the <na>mi:hli</na>, that part located below the bud, <na>i:tiyo:l</na>. \nct tlayo:hli \qry Determine exactly the part of the stalk referred to. Also important is a determination in the phrase /ompa noka:wa imi:lowayo/ what the possessive prefix references. It would be strange if it referenced the /mi:hli/ since this is part of the noun itself, i.e., as a process of possessor raising, it has already been 'raised.' In the previous example, the possessor seems to refer to the mazorca, i.e., /sintli wan imi:lowayo/. Check to determine if unpossessed form exists. \mod See the illustrative diagram with /mi:hli/. \ref 05996 \lxa techachahloh \lxac techachahloh \lxo té:chahlóh \lxoc té:chahlóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \se to be covered with or full of flat stones and rocks, about the size of a fist (a field, soil, that detail a plow when the soil is being tilled) \ss estar cubierto o lleno de piedras planas, como el tamaño de un puño (un terreno) \synao tepachakahloh \xrb te \xrb chala: \ref 05997 \lxa kamatla:ni \lxac kikamatla:ni \lxo kamatla:ni \lxoc kikamatla:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to get the last word in on (sb being argued with); to win an argument against \ss ganarle laúltima palabra a (algn); ganar un argumento contra (algn) \pna Xtihkamatla:nis, nochi kimati. \pea You won't be able to get the best of him (in a discussion, debate, or argument), he knows everything. \psa No vas a tener laúltima palabra conél, todo lo sabe. \xrb kama \xrb tla:ni \nse <nao>Kamatla:ni</nao> refers to the fact that no matter what you say, e.g. in a manner of reproach, the other person will have an answer, even it is a total lie. \qry In my Am notes I originally recorded this with a short vowel, /-tlani/, which I have"corrected"to a long vowel here. This should be checked. \ref 05998 \lxa tlaxtektli \lxac tlaxtektli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \sea something robbed \ssa algo robado \pna Tlaxtektli, xo:kiko:w. \pea It is robbed, he didn't buy it. \psa Es robado, no lo compró. \syna tlaxtekiyo:tl \syno tlaxtekihlo:tl \xrb xteki \ref 05999 \lxa koxo:nia \lxac kikoxo:nia \lxo koxo:nia \lxoc kikoxo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (like a water jug, or a gourd in order to clean it) \ss agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiar) \pna Xte:kili a:tl ma:tekon! Xkokoxo:ni para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa tlasohli noso tla:ltekwtli de ka:mpa te:ntlapo:wtok. \pea Pour water into your canteen! Slosh it around so that (the inside of the gourd) gets clean, so that the garbage inside, or the dust gets removed from its open mouth. \psa échale agua a tu cantimplora, agítale para que se limpie (lo de adentro), para que salga la basura o polvo por donde esta abierta la boca. \pna Xkokoxo:ni ma:tekon ika tekwe:xtli! \pea Shake pebbles inside your canteen (to clean it)! \psa ¡Agítales piedrecitas dentro de tu cantimplora (para limpiarla)! \pna Xko:koxo:ni para ma tili:ni! \pea Shake it (a sack full of dried maize on the cob) so that it gets stuffed full (i.e. the cobs settling and the sack getting tighter)! \psa ¡Agítalo (un costal lleno de mazorca) para que se aprete (al asentarse las mazorcas)! \pna Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli, xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl, xko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia! \pea The paint has gotten thick, pour a little water into it, shake it around so that it get better! \psa ¡La pintura se espesó, viértele un poquito de agua y agítala para que se componga! \xrb koxo: \qry Check difference between /koxo:naltia:/ and /koxo:nia:/. \vl The first female token is /koyo:nia/, which should be tagged as #1535. Note that the 2nd male token especially has low levels. \ref 06000 \lxa komo:chipepenke:tl \lxac komo:chipepenke:tl \lxo komo:chí:penké:tl \lxoc komo:chí:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who gathers <spn>guamúchil</spn> that has fallen from the tree and scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena guamúchil que ha caído delárbol y está regado por la tierra \xrb komo:chi \xrb pena \ref 06001 \lxa tlatekitia \lxac tlatekitia \lxo tlatekitia \lxoc tlatekitia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4d(tia) \der V1-d-tia \se to get sharp; to acquire a sharp edge \ss agarrar filo \pna Yo:noka:w a:watl, o:tlatekitiak. \pea It got razor sharp, it got sharp. \psa Agarrófilo de navaja, se puso cortante. \xrb teki \nse Note that in this case the verbalizing ending /-tia/ (underlying {ti + ya}) is added to a verb used as essentially as an adjectival predicate. This shows a process of secondary verbalization on a word that is morphologically already a verb though semantically functioning in an adjectival capacity. \vl The levels are low here. \grm Verbalization; adjectivals; /tla-/; /-tia/; time-stability: Note the verbal /tlateki/ and the intransitive verbalization /tlatekitia/. The first form, /tlateki/ is used in a"time-stable"manner (cf. Givón), much the same as is /tlaksa/. (An effort must be made to determine the inflectional patterns of such"verbs"since it might be that the less"action or event oriented"verbs are those that show nonverbal tense/aspect inflection. In the present case, note that in general /-tia/ or {ti-ya} is added onto nominal or adjectival stems to form a verb. Thus one finds /sowa:tia/ from /sowa:tl/ and /a:yo:tia/ from /a:yoh/. Thus one explanation for the paradigm /a:tl/, /a:tia/ and /a:yoh/, /a:yo:tia/ is that /-tia/ as an intransitive verbalizer can only be added to nominal or adjectival stems. Yet in the present case, /tlatekitia/, it is seemingly added to a verbal form, the detransitivized /tlateki/ from /teki/. Perhaps this suggests that there is an overlap in intransitive predication. \ref 06002 \lxa xa:lpachowa \lxac kixa:lpachowa \lxo xa:lpachiwi \lxoc kixa:lpachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to cover with sand \ss cubrir o tapar con arena \pna Xikxa:lpacho, ma:ka ne:stos! \pea Cover it with sand so that it is no longer visible! \psa ¡Tápalo con arena para que no sea visible! \xrb xa:l \xrb pach \ref 06003 \lxa me:dioh \lxac me:dioh \lxo me:dioh \lxoc me:dioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan medio \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se a little; somewhat \ss algo; un poco; medio \pna Pipitska motlapech kwa:k timote:ka, me:dioh kaxa:nki. \pea Your bed squeaks when you lie down, it's a little loose. \psa Rechina tu cama cuando te acuestas, está algo flojo. \pna Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpantia! \pea Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, <nla>kalma:tli</nla>), let it be a little higher! \psa ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, <nla>kalma:tli</nla>), qué esté algo más alto! \nse The borrowing here is of the idiomatic use of <spn>medio</spn> from Spanish meaning 'somewhat.' \ref 06004 \lxa tlakwalkoto:na \lxac kitlakwalkoto:na \lxo tlakwalkoto:na \lxoc kitlakwalkoto:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to keep (sb) from eating a meal; to interrupt (sb) who is eating a meal (e.g., in coming to a house at meal time an insist that particular task or question be immediately attended to) \ss interrumpir a (algn) que está comiendo (p. ej., al llegar a una casa a la hora de comer o cenar y insistir en tratar un asunto inmediatamente) \pna Tine:xtlakwalkoto:na, kemech o:pe:w ika nitlakwa:ya. \pea You've interrupted my meal (e.g., by asking me or ordering me to do sth), I've just started eating. \psa Me interrumpiste la comida (p. ej., al preguntarme u ordenarme hacer algo), apenas empezaba a comer. \se to make (sb) lose ones appetite (e.g., an illness [S]) \ss hacerle perder el apetito a (algn [O], p. ej., una enfermedad [S]) \pna Tra:goh ne:chtlakwalkoto:na. \pea Drink (i.e., alcoholic drinks) makes me lose my appetite. \psa El trago me hace perder el apetito. \dis tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia \xrb kwa \xrb koto: \ref 06005 \lxa tlakakilistli \lxac tlakakilistli \lxo tlakakilistli \lxoc tlakakilistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se (often used possessed in the negative) obedience (to oral instructions and commands) \ss (a menudo utilizado poseído en el negativo) obediencia; entendimiento (a instrucciones y mandamientos verbales) \pna Xkipia itlakakilis. \pea He doesn't listen (in the sense of obey). \psa No obedece (esto es, no hace caso a lo que se le dice). \pna San tli:mach yo:kite:chi:wilih. Xkipia itlakakilis. Xka:wa, segi:doh kitsakwan. \pea He's just did whatever sort of idiocy (to someone). He doesn't learn (e.g., from experience). Who would think it (i.e., that he would continue this way), they lock him up repeatedly. \psa Le hizo cualquier cosa a la gente. No aprende (p. ej., de experiencia). Es algo sorprendente, (porque) seguido lo encierran. \xrb kaki \ref 06006 \lxa po:tsakia \lxac nopo:tsakia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to force oneself into a tight place \ss (refl.) meterse a fuerza en un lugar apretado \pna O:nimopo:tsakih. Afwe:rsah o:nikalak. \pea I pushed myself in (to a tight place). I went in by force. \psa Me metía fuerza (en un lugar apretado). Era a fuerza que entré. \cfao testilia \xrb po:ts \xrb ak \xvaa po:tsakilia \nse Apparently this verb refers to the action of forcing an object into a tight place, one that is"stuffed"full and thus with any additional newcomer becomes stuffed and bloated. \qry Check to determine whether /te-/ intensifier is acceptable. \ref 06007 \lxa nemi:tia \lxac kinemi:tia \lxo nemi:tia \lxoc kinemi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to keep alive (a young offspring, in the sense of keeping it healthy with good prospects of surviving) \ss mantener vivo (un hijo pequeño, en el sentido de mantenerlo con salud y un buen prognóstico para sobrevivir) \pna Kinemi:tiaikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. \pea She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her. \psa Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere. \se (refl.) to make ones home; to establish ones residence (in a particular place, with the implication that this is a temporary situation) \ss (refl.) tomar o establecer residencia (en un lugar en particular, con la implicación que es temporal) \pna A:mantsi:n nika:n nimonemi:titok. \pea Right now I'm making my home here. \psa Por ahora establezco mi residencia aquí. \seo (<no>sayá</no> ~) to pester \sso (<no>sayá</no> ~) chinchear; preguntar repetidamente \pno Sayátine:chnemi:tia, yo:nimitsihlih xtlah mpiya tomi:n. \peo You are just pestering me (e.g., by asking for money I owe), I've already told you that I don't have any money. \pso No más me estás chincheando con esto (p. ej., pidiéndome dinero), ya te dije que no tengo dinero. \xrb nemi \xv1a tlanemi:tia \xvba nemi \nse In the first aceptation, the causative <nao>nemi:tia</nao> is used in reference to a mother who is able to keep her children alive or, in the negative, one whom is plagued by the death of her children, e.g., <na>xwel tlanemi:tia</na> 'she cannot keep her offspring alive (i.e., the soon die on her).' \qry Explore the meaning of /nemi:tia/ in terms of keeping ones offspring alive. \vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens. \grm Causative: Note that here the difference between the reflexive causative /nika:n nimonemi:tia/ and the basic verb, /nika:n ninemi/, is that the causative implies a temporary state. This difference should be added to the discussion of causatives in the grammar. Also important for an understanding of causatives is the"let"or mitigated causatives that are the implication of such verbs as /nemi:tia/ and /miktia/. Further explore the meaning of these words. \ref 06008 \lxa tlasoti \lxac tlasoti \lxo tlásotí \lxop tlasoti \lxoc tlásotí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to be scarce; to be dear (e.g., water during the dry season) \ss escasear; ser codiciado (p. ej., agua durante la temporada de secas) \pna Tlasoti a:tl, xikmalwi! \pea Water is scarce, take good care of it (i.e., be careful not to waste it)! \psa Escasea el agua, cuídala bien (para que no se acabe)! \se to be precious (and in need of careful treatment) \ss ser precioso (y necesitar de un buen trato) \pna Tlasoti mokone:w. \pea Your child is dear (and should be treated well). \psa Tu hijo es precioso (y debe ser tratado bien). \xrb tlasoh \nae Although given here as class-4 inflection, this verb has not been documented in the perfective. \qry Query inflection in Am vs. Oa. \ref 06009 \lxa mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n \lxac i:mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \sea pinky \ssa dedo meñique \sem body \sem human \equivo mápil kómich \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb xo:koyo: \ref 06010 \lxa tsi:tsikiliwi \lxac tsi:tsikiliwi \lxo tsi:tsikiliwi \lxoc tsi:tsikiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(w) \se to come apart leaving a ragged edge (e.g., clouds that come apart with the wind) \ss desgarrarse dejando una orilla irregular (p. ej., nubes que se desgarran con el viento) \pna O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis. \pea The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind. \psa Se han depejado las nubes en partes. se han rasgado las nubes, quizáva a llegar un aguacero con fuerte viento. \xrb tsikil \nse Luis Lucena (Am) mentioned that the ripping apart of a cloud cover is often taken as a sign of an impending earthquake. \nae The question of the phonological length of the reduplicant is reveals the important of relative duration within a word. The sound tokens here should be compared to those of the transitive form <nlao>tsi:tsikilowa</nlao>. The length of the first syllable stands out in particular when the duration of the nuclei in the first two syllables is compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino (Oa) has ratios of 77:38 and 84:22; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 91:44 and 79:38. Thus it would appear that phonological length is determined not by absolute duration of the vowels but by their comparative or relative duration in relation to the verbal stem. Note that in all cases the reduplicant is twice as long as the stem syllable and in some cases the ratio is close to 4:1. \pqry Every time I hear this I have a different interpretation of the vowel length. In the recording studio I thought that I had heard /tsitsikiliwi/. It may well be that there are two forms, depending on the type of zig-zag: /tsitsikiliwi/ and /tsi:tsikiliwi/. This should be checked. The question of the phonological length of the reduplicant is reveals the important of relative duration within a word. The sound tokens here should be compared to those of the transitive form <nlao>tsi:tsikilowa</nlao>. The length of the first syllable stands out in particular when the duration of the nuclei in the first two syllables is compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino (Oa) has ratios of 77:38 and 84:22; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 91:44 and 79:38. Thus it would appear that phonological length is determined not by absolute duration of the vowels but by their comparative or relative duration in relation to the verbal stem. Note that in all cases the reduplicant is twice as long as the stem syllable a nd i n some cases the ratio is close to 4:1. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There are 4 extra tokens from 4425. \grm Vowel length, reduplication: The question of the phonological length of the reduplicant is reveals the important of relative duration within a word. The sound tokens here should be compared to those of the transitive form <nlao>tsi:tsikilowa</nlao>. The length of the first syllable stands out in particular when the duration of the nuclei in the first two syllables is compared. Thus Florencia Marcelino (Oa) has ratios of 77:38 and 84:22; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 91:44 and 79:38. Thus it would appear that phonological length is determined not by absolute duration of the vowels but by their comparative or relative duration in relation to the verbal stem. Note that in all cases the reduplicant is twice as long as the stem syllable and in some cases the ratio is close to 4:1. \ref 06011 \lxa ma:kwi:kwi \lxac kima:kwi:kwi \lxo ma:kwi:kwi \lxoc kima:kwi:kwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \se to grab (at) the arm of \ss asir o agarrar (a) el brazo de \pna Ne:chma:kwi:kwitiw in tla:wa:nke:tl. \pea This drunkard goes along grabbing at my arm. \psa Ese borracho me va agarrando el brazo. \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \cfo má:kwí \ref 06012 \lxa china:ntli \lxac china:ntli \lxo china:ntli \lxoc china:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se wattling; type of wall or fence made of canes or rods that are interwoven around stakes placed firmly in the ground \ss chinamíl, tipo de pared o cerca cerca construido de varas entrelazadas entre estacas clavadas fuertemente en la tierra \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \encyctmp kahli; cerca \xrb china:m \nse This type of fencing is, itself, divided into two types. The first is called <na>bajere:keh</na> (Am) and the second is called <nlao>tlawi:pantli</nlao> <na>Bajere:keh</na> consists of rods twisted around stakes. <na>Tlawi:pantli</na> has upright rods tied together by interlaced twine. At either side the upright ends of these fences are tied to stakes. The better part of this <na>tlawi:pantli</na> simply rests on the ground, end up. It is thus a much weaker construction than <na>bajere:keh</na>. According to Emidgio Rosendo, the best rods for making <na>china:ntli</na>, apparently of the type known as <na>bajere:keh</na> are from <nbao>ista:kwistli</nbao>, <nba>tetekolotsi:n</nba> (Am), and <na>tlapa:nwistli</na> (a tree or bush not yet identified). Also able to be used are <nba>komalakawistli</nba>, <nba>witspatla:xtli</nba>, <nba>koo:la:wa</nba>, and <nba>kuwiya:wtli</nba>. For a more extensive discussion of the dance <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> and the name of all 12 songs, see entry unde r <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \mod Make sure both /bare:jeh/ and /tlawi:kpantli/ have separate entries. \ref 06013 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an apocopated form /pipilich/ (cf. /pipilixtik/) which had been defined as '(insulting) to be full of wrinkled (particularly the face, in reference to a person)' / '(insulting) ser bien arrugado (particularmente la cara, en referencia a una persona)'. The question, however, is whether /pipilich/ exists as anything more than an insulting term. Can it be applied to objects or just to people? And if to people is it simply an insult (e.g., a Nahuat 'prune-face'). \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 06014 \lxa chichitlayehli \lxac chichitlayehli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea to be mischievous, playful and troublesome like a dog (e.g., always getting into places, unable to stay still) \ssa ser latoso y juguetón como cachorrito (esto es, siempre metiéndose en lugares donde no se debe, muy agitado) \nse In various Ameyaltepec compound words <nla>chichi</nla> is used metaphorically to refer to someone who is"dog-like"in how he carries out certain activities, i.e., going around to and getting into many places. In Oapan <no>chichi tláyehlí</no> is only possible with <no>chichi</no> as the subject of the verbal predicate: 'mischievous or bothersome dog (e.g., that takes food, that pulls at clothes).' \ref 06015 \lxa pa:kilistlami:ltia \lxac kipa:kilistlami:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to overwhelm (sb, by giving an abundance of something desired) \ssa abrumar a (algn, al dar algo deseado en demasia) \pna O:timitspa:kilistlami:ltih, ihkón ke:n tiknekia. \pea I gave you much more of what you wanted. \psa Te di en demasia lo que querías. \xrb pa:ki \xrb tlami \xvba pa:kilistlami \nse The sense of <nla>pa:kilistlami</nla> and <na>pa:kilistlami:ltia</na> is 'too much of a good thing.' For example, if a person asks the meaning of a word and is answered, but then while he is writing the person continues to talk and talk, giving other examples and meanings, then <na>pa:kilistlami:ltia</na> is appropriate. In Oapan this is not used in the transitive. \ref 06016 \lxa papayowa \lxac papayowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses \ssa enloquecerse; perder los estribos \equiva kwa:papayotia \equivo pápayótí \xrb pahpa \nae Although the meaning of <na>papayowa</na> would seem to be related to words such as <nla>pa:ya:ti</nla> and <nla>kwa:pa:ya:ti</nla>, there is no evidence of the /ya:/ syllable nor of a long vowel in the second /pa:/. Thus the etymology of <na>papayowa</na> remains uncertain. \qry Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive form /-papayo:tia/? Cf. to /kwa:papayoh/ and /kwa:papayo:tia/. \ref 06017 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /kapa:naltia/ but it was a duplicate for 6369. Thus it (this present entry) has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the tokens here with #6369, which is the same entry headword. \ref 06018 \lxa chalalatli \lxac chalalatli \lxo chalálatlí \lxoc chalálatlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se <l>Amphipterygium adstringens</l> (Schltdl.) Standl., tree of the Anacardiaceae family, apparently the <spn>cuachalalate</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Amphipterygium adstringens</l> (Schltdl.) Standl.,árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae, aparentemente llamado <spn>cuachalalate</spn> en español \seao fruit of the above tree \ssao fruta delárbol susodicho \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva chalalakuwtli \equivo chalálakóhtli \xrb chalalah \nct kohtli \ref 06019 \lxa ikni:wtli \lxac ikni:wtli \lxo ihni:htli \lxoc ihni:htih; nohni:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se sibling (male or female, having at least one parent in common) \ss hermano(a) (con por lo menos un pariente en común) \pna Yewameh ikni:wteh. \pea They are siblings. \psa Ellos son hermanos. \se (<na>ika o:kpa</na> (Am) / <no>ya o:hpa</no> (Oa) ~) half-sibling \ss (<na>ika o:kpa</na> (Am) / <no>ya o:hpa</no> (Oa) ~) medio hermano(a) \pna Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokse: ina:n newa nokse: nona:n. \pea I have a half-sibling, (s)he has one mother and I have another. \psa Tengo un medio-hermano(a),él(la) tiene su madre y yo tengo otra. \se similar; making a matching set (e.g., an earing that matches another, or that complements it; any object that looks like or makes a pair with another) \ss parecido; igual; que hace juego con (p. ej., un arrete que hace juego con otro; o cualquier objeto que parece a o hace pareja con otro) \se synonym \ss sinónimo \pna Techichilka:miki, san no: yewa ikni:w tewa:hka:miki \pea <na>Tewa:hka:miki</na> has as a synonym <na>techichilka:miki.</na> \psa <na>Tewa:hka:miki</na> tiene su sinónimo en <na>techichilka:miki</na>. \sem kin \xrb kni:w \nse The relationship of <na>ikni:wteh</na>, at least in its extended sense, obtains between any two individuals who have at least one parent in common. Thus if a man has a child by one woman, and then remarries and has another child, the two children are considered <na>ikni:wteh</na>. \mod Perhaps give /o:kpa ikni:wtli/ a separate entry. Or, perhaps use the system used with /me:sti/ although the limited number of kinterms that can be so used suggests that separate entries might be ok, with x-reference at /okpa/ Note in general the use of /o:kpa/ with kinship terms and varied meaning, usually signifying a generation difference from two to three lineal generations. Cf. Dakin's observation that /w/ might be related to possessed suffix. Check. \vl Note that the final selection should include 4 concatenated tokens, two each of /ihni:htih/ and /nohni:w/. \grm Reciprocal: Note that the plural of nouns that usually indicate two-place predicates is used to indicate a mutual/reciprocal relation. Thus /ikniwteh/ 'they are siblings (of each other)' However, other two-place predicate nouns (i.e., those that are not reciprocal terms) in the plural indicates that the subjects share this relationship not to each other, but to a series of other individuals. \ref 06020 \lxa tamari:ndokuwtli \lxac tamari:ndokuwtli \lxo temarí:ndokóhtli \lxoc temarí:ndokóhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>tamarindo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes \se tamarind tree \ss árbol que rinde el tamarindo \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>temarí:ndokóhtli</no> is a reflex of the final underlying {h} added to the Spanish loan <spn>tamarindo</spn>. \xrb kow \ref 06021 \lxa tepe:titok \lxac tepe:titok \lxo tepe:titok \lxoc tepe:titok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be piled up; to be in a large pile (e.g., squash after the harvest, corn cobs, etc.) \ssao estar amontonado (p. ej., calabaza, mazorca, etc.) \pna San tepe:titos notepalkawa:n, xe nikimikxitia. \pea My ceramic bowls will just be piled up, I still haven't fired them. \psa Mis platos hondos de barro van a estar nada más amontonados, todavía no los he cocido. \pno Mlá:h o:htla:tla:ki:tih. Ta tepe:titokeháyotíh \peo You really made it give a good harvest, the squash are just piled up (e.g., in the corner of a house). \pso De verás los hiciste rendir una buena cosecha, la calabaza estáhasta amontonada (p. ej., en la esquina de una casa) \xrb tepe: \nae This word only exists as a stative; the intransitive verbal form * <n>tepe:ti</n> is not correct, at least in Oapan. \qry Check to determine other uses of this word. \ref 06022 \lxa tenexyepakihli \lxac tenexyepakihli \lxo tenexyepakihli \lxoc tenexyepakihli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se <l>Acacia coulteri</l> Benth. ex A. Gray, tree of the Leguminosae family, despite its Nahuatl name, this is not considered a type of <nbao>yepakihli</nbao> \ss <l>Acacia coulteri</l> Benth. ex A. Gray,árbol de la familia Leguminosae a pesar de su nombre en Nahuatl no se considera un tipo de <nbao>yepakihli</nbao> \pna Tenexyepakihli | Deke yo:wa:k, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. Tekwitlanextik itla:kayo. Kikwa:nin A:na:lko, ma:ka Ame:yaltepe:k. Deke yosese:yak, chichi:ya, xok wel tihkwa:s. \pea <na>Tenexyepakihli</na> : If it has dried it's good for firewood. It's trunk is grey. They eat it in A:na:lko, not in Ameyaltepec. If it's gotten cool it gets bitter, you can't eat it. \psa <na>Tenexyepakihli</na> : Si ya se secó es bueno para leña. Su tronco es gris. Lo comen en Analco, pero no en Ameyaltepec. Si ya se hizo frío se vuelve amargo, ya no lo puedes comer. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb yepa \xrb kil \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>quelite cenizo</spn>. See publication J. T. Jawad, D. S. Seigler, and J. E. Ebinger, A. Systematic treatment of Acacia coulteri (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) and related species in the New World, American Journal of Botany, in revision. \nct kohtli \ref 06023 \lxa i:xte:npi:pitik \lxac i:xte:npi:pitik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea to have small eyes \ssa tener los ojos pequeños \syno i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pi \nse Virtual equivalent of <na>i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik</na>. \qry Check the length of the first /i:/ in /pi:pitik/. If the reduplication with long vowel is correct, make a note for the grammar. \ref 06024 \lxa tsikwi:naltia \lxac kitsikwi:naltia \lxo tsikwi:naltia \lxoc kitsikwi:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b(ni/altia) \infv class-2a \se to make jump (e.g., a horse over a barrier); to startle (and make jump or run) \ss hacer brincar (p. ej., un caballo sobre una barrera); asustar, haciendo brincar o correr de susto \pna Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli! \pea Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground! \psa ¡Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a ese pedazo saliente de tierra! \pna Yo:kitsikwi:naltih un masa:tl, yo:kiki:xtih ka:n koxtoya. \pea He startled that deer, making it take off running, he chased it out from where it was sleeping. \psa Asustó ese venado haciéndolo correr, lo sacóde donde estaba durmiendo. \se to make move fast; to gallop (e.g., a horse being ridden) \ss hacer correr rápido; hacer galopar; echar al galope (p. ej., un caballo montado) \pna On toba:leh ne: yaw, tlatsikwi:naltitiw ipan kaba:yoh. \pea Our friend is going along over there, he's galloping along on a horse. \psa Nuestro amigo allá va, está galopando sobre un caballo. \sem motion \xrb tsikwi: \xvbao tsikwi:ni \vl Link 1st female token. \grm Antipassive; /tla-/: Note: /Un toba:leh ne: yaw, tlatsikwinaltitiw ipan kaba:yoh/ 'Our friend is going along over there, he's galloping along on a horse.' This construction is perhaps not antipassive in the sense that the oblique marker is /ipan/ and not /ika/, and thus the oblique argument is not so much a patient as a location, referencing the location of the agent (the rider). However, given that /kitsikwi:naltia kaba:yoh/ is also possible (as, perhaps would be /tlatsikwi:naltia ika kaba:yoh/). At any rate, again note that the /tla-/ is by no means completely"non-referential". \ref 06025 \lxa tepi:stik \lxac tepi:stik \lxo tepi:stik \lxoc tepi:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be hard (e.g., wood, bricks, the ground when packed down, etc.) \ss ser duro (p. ej., la madera, tabique, la tierra maciza, etc.) \se to be resistant or hard to move (e.g., a lid or cap on sth, a screw tightly put in, etc.) \ss ser resistente o difícil de mover (p. ej., una tapadera o tapón, un tortillo muy apretado, etc.) \se to be stout and strong (of body and health; see <nla>tepi:tska:suwa:tl</nla> y <nla>tepi:tska:tla:katl</nla>) \ss ser fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud; vé ase <nla>tepi:tska:suwa:tl</nla> y <nla>tepi:tska:tla:katl</nla>) \pna Poxa:hka:suwa:tl, xtepi:stik itla:kayo. \pea She is a woman who weakens easily, her body isn't tough. \psa Es una mujer débil, no está duro su cuerpo. \xrb tepi:ts \ref 06026 \lxa nika:n \lxac nika:n \lxo nika:n \lxoc nika:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se here \ss aquí; acá \se (<n>de</n> ~) from here (accepts plural: <na>de nika:meh</na>) \ss (<n>de</n> ~) de aquí(admite el plural: <na>de nika:meh</na>) \pna A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh? \pea Who are coming? Are they from here? \psa ¿Quiénes vienen?¿son de aquí? \xrb ni- \xrb ka:n \nse Note the use of a plural marker on <nao>nika:n</nao> in the Ameyaltepec phrase <na>de nika:meh</na>. This suggests that whereas <na>de</na> should be considered a predicate 'to be of,' (cf. <n>de newa</n> 'it is mine', lit., 'it is of me') or 'to be from' (cf. <n>nide Oapan</n> 'I am from Oapan') <na>nika:n</na> may be considered almost like a headless relative 'the place that is here'. Perhaps this would explain its ability to take a plural marker, a characteristic that might apply to several other adverbs of location. \grm Pluralization and clticiziation: In the phrase <na>De nika:meh</na> note the use of the plural. This suggests that <na>de nika:n</na> should be considered functionally like a headless relative clause: <na>de nika:n</na> 'a person from here' and <na>de nika:meh</na> 'people from here.' In this instance the plural marker acts as a clitic, pluralizing the relative clause on its rightmost element. In the same vein note the use of the subject marker on relative clauses: /ni de nika:n/ 'I am from here.' It might be possible to consider /de/, therefore, as potentially a predicate, 'to be of' or 'to be from' Thus /de newa/ would be analyzed as {0-de newa} 'it is of me'. What is clear from this example and from more totally Nahuatl clauses such as /niwe:i chichi/ is that person and number marking can occur at the level of the predicative clause, even though words can be distinguished morphosyntactically (e.g., /tiwe:imeh chichimeh/ in which the plural marker with /we:i/ indicates that it is not incorp orated into /chichi/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note velarization of final /n/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez. \rt The root <na>ka:n</na> seems obvious in <na>nika:n</na> although the remaining element is of unclear status, sort of like a"cran"morpheme. The key is how to reference such roots. I think that the way noted here is fine, include them as if they were regular roots, and then add a commentary to the root dictionary. \ref 06027 \lxa yechi:la:tl \lxac yechi:la:tl \lxo yechi:la:tl \lxoc yechi:la:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \infn Stem 2 \se bean broth prepared with <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> or <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> \ss caldo de frijol preparado con <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> o <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla> \pna Yechi:la:tl, weli de ista:kyetl noso kaxtiltsi:n. Kipia chi:hli, xonakatl, sila:ntroh, istatl. Kamantika kipa:lian komi:nos ika kaxtiltsi:n pero xika ista:kyetl. \pea The bean broth called <na>yechi:la:tl</na>, it can be made with <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> or <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>. It has chile, onions, cilantro, salt. Sometimes they mix in cloves with <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na> but not with <na>ista:kyetl</na>. \psa El caldo de frijo llamado <na>yechi:la:tl</na>, se puede hacer con <nla>ista:kyetl</nla> o <nla>kaxtiltsi:n</nla>. Tiene chile, cebolla, cilantro, sal. A veces se le agregan cominos al <na>kaxtiltsi:n</na> but not with <na>ista:kyetl</na>. \sem food \syno tlachi:la:te:ki:hli \xrb ye \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \qry Check recipe. The meaning of /pa:lia/ is not clear and needs to be checked. It is not on any separate file card. \pqry For a comparative study, it should be possible to example the duration/length of /a/ and /a:/ in final position before the absolutive. \ref 06028 \lxa pa:xowa \lxac kipa:xowa \lxo pa:xowa \lxoc kipa:xowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \se to flatten (a hollow ball, a tire, etc.; <n>te-</n> is used for harder objects, such as tin cans) \ss aplastar (una pelota u otra cosa hueca y blanda; <n>te-</n> se emplea para cosas más duras, como latas) \se to crush (sugar cane and other such items so processed) \ss triturar; apachurar (caña y otros objetos asíprocesados) \pna Kipa:xowan uwatl, kiki:xtian pano:chah. \pea They crush up cane to make panocha. \psa Trituran caña para hacer panocha. \pna Kipa:xo:s un mexkahli de un yo:iksik para konxi:ni:s itik ti:nah. \pea He will pound and flatten out that maguey that has already been boiled so that he can throw it into a caldron (where it will be cooked, <na>notokia</na>). \psa Va a triturar y apachurar el maguey que ya se cociópara echarle al caldero (donde se va a cocer más, <na>notokia</na>). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to pound repeatedly in order to crush or split \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) golpear repetidamente para machucar o quebrar \pna Yo:nikpa:pa:xoh noyew. \pea I pounded and split my beans (e.g., on a metate). \psa Machuquéy quebrémis frijoles (p. ej., sobre un metate). \pna Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. \pea They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, they didn't grinding them up finely for it. \psa Machucharon los frijoles blancos para <nla>yepa:paya:n</nla>, no los molieron finamente. \xrb pa:x \nse Apparently \qry Determine precisely what and what type of material can be the object of /-pa:xowa/. \ref 06029 \lxa tlatlatlami \lxac tlatlatlami \lxo tlá:tlamí \lxop tlá:temi \lxoc tlá:tlamí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se for everything to get finished up all over (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.) \ss acabarse todo por todos lados (p. ej., toda la cerveza en todos los puestos); terminarse todo (p. ej., al acabarse una fiesta, se van los vendedores, ya no hay festividades, etc.) \xrb tlami \xbtlao tlami \nae The derivational process leading to <na>tlatlatlami</na> (Am) / <no>tlá:tlamí</no> (Oa) seems to involves the prefixation of the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> combined with the reduplication of the verbal stem <nao>tlami</nao>. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {tla + rdp-s + tlami}. This analysis most easily explains the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan form. Another potential analysis would posit reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>, which is prefixed to the verbal stem to yield an impersonal construction. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {rdp-s + tla + tlami}. In Totolcintla, where the underlying {h} surfaces, the pronunciation is /o:tlatlahtlan/ suggesting that the first /tla-/ is an impersonal marker and the second /tlah-/ is the reduplicant (of a short vowel with coda /h/). They also say, more commonly, /nohnoka o:tlan/, or equivalent phrases. Nevertheless, it is interesting that another case of double <n>tla-</n> with a <n>tla-</n> initial verb is Ameyaltepec <na>tlatlatla:ki</na>. This seems to be equivalent to Oapan <no>tlá:tlá:ki</no>. Note, however, that in both dialects the forms <nao>tlatla:ki</nao> exist (in Oapan there is no pitch-accent, which suggests that the first <n>tla-</n> is the impersonal marker, not a reduplicant. Since there are no examples to date of a reduplicated impersonal marker <n>tla-</n> it would seems that the two forms of <na>tlatla:ki</na> and <na>tlatlatla:ki</na> (Am) or <no>tlatla:ki</no> and <no>tlá:tlá:ki</no> are distinct. The first would be the simple impersonal form, i.e., the impersonal marker <n>tla-</n> prefixed to an intransitive verb (here <nao>tla:ki</nao>) whereas the second would be equivalent to <na>tlatlatlami</na> (Am) or <no>tlá:tlamí</no> (Oa) in which a reduplicated form is preceded by the impersonal <n>tla-</n> which then, in Oapan, takes the reduced reduplicant. \links2 Should link to tlami 03074 \qry Check for the position of /h/ in this sequence. Is it /tlahtlatlami/ or /tlahtlahtlami/, or even /tlatlahtlami/. \grmx Reduplication; impersonal; /tla-/: The derivational process leading to <na>tlatlatlami</na> (Am) / <no>tlá:tlamí</no> (Oa) seems to involves the prefixation of the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> combined with the reduplication of the verbal stem <nao>tlami</nao>. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {tla + rdp-s + tlami}. This analysis most easily explains the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan form. Another potential analysis would posit reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>, which is prefixed to the verbal stem to yield an impersonal construction. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {rdp-s + tla + tlami}. This seems less likely to explain the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl. Undoubtedly evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where {h} surfaces as [h], would clarify matters. In Totolcintla, however, where the underlying {h} also surfaces, the pronunciation is /o:tlatlahtlan/ suggesting that the first /tla-/ is an impersonal marke r and the second /tlah-/ is the reduplicant (of a short vowel with coda /h/). Note the use of the impersonal. Note also that /tlahtlami/ does not seem to exist without the previous /tla-/. \grm Reduplication; impersonal: The derivational process leading to <na>tlatlatlami</na> (Am) / <no>tlá:tlamí</no> (Oa) seems to involves the prefixation of the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n> combined with the reduplication of the verbal stem <nao>tlami</nao>. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {tla + rdp-s + tlami}. This analysis most easily explains the pitch accent pattern of the Oapan form. Another potential analysis would posit reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>, which is prefixed to the verbal stem to yield an impersonal construction. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {rdp-s + tla + tlami}. This seems less likely to explain the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl. Undoubtedly evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where {h} surfaces as [h], would clarify matters. In Totolcintla, however, where the underlying {h} also surfaces, the pronunciation is /o:tlatlahtlan/ suggesting that the first /tla-/ is an impersonal marker and th e second /tlah-/ is the reduplicant (of a short vowel with coda /h/). They also say, more commonly, /nohnoka o:tlan/, or equivalent phrases. Nevertheless, it is interesting that another case of double <n>tla-</n> with a <n>tla-</n> initial verb is Ameyaltepec <na>tlatlatla:ki</na>. This seems to be equivalent to Oapan <no>tlá:tlá:ki</no>. Note, however, that in both dialects the forms <nao>tlatla:ki</nao> exist (in Oapan there is no pitch-accent, which suggests that the first <n>tla-</n> is the impersonal marker, not a reduplicant. Since there are no examples to date of a reduplicated impersonal marker <n>tla-</n> it would seems that the two forms of <na>tlatla:ki</na> and <na>tlatlatla:ki</na> (Am) or <no>tlatla:ki</no> and <no>tlá:tlá:ki</no> are distinct. The first would be the simple impersonal form, i.e., the impersonal marker <n>tla-</n> prefixed to an intransitive verb (here <nao>tla:ki</nao>) whereas the second would be equivalent to <na>tlatlatlami</na> (Am) or <no>tlá:tlam 37;</no> (Oa) in which a reduplicated form is preceded by the impersonal <n>tla-</n> which then, in Oapan, takes the reduced reduplicant. \ref 06030 \lxa paxtli \lxac paxtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea moss \ssa musgo \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb pach \nse Refers to moss used in Christmas birth scenes (krech). \qry Determine range of plants to which this may refer. \ref 06031 \lxa a:ko:ntli \lxac a:ko:ntli \lxo a:ko:ntli \lxoc a:ko:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \se large, standing earthenware water jug \ss tinaja amplia hecha de barro que se usa para almacenar agua \cola wexo:lo:tl \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \qry Cf. drawing with 3x5 card entry. \mod Illustrate \ref 06032 \lxa tso:ltik \lxac tso:ltik \lxo tso:ltik \lxoc tso:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \pss TM; T \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be short (a material object such as a rope or cord, in length); to be short (a person in stature) \ss ser corto (un objeto material como un laso o cuerda); ser bajito (una persona en estatura) \pna Ti:roh tso:ltik imekayo motso:tsokol. \pea The cord of your water jug is really short. \psa El mecate de tu cántaro es muy corto. \pna Melá:k tso:ltik motah. \pea Your father is really short. \psa Tu papá está muy bajito. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to have repeated, short sections (e.g., a path that has a lot of such short sections between curves located close together) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener repetidas secciones cortas (p. ej., una senda que tiene muchas secciones así, todas metidas entre curvas cerradas que están a poco distancia una de otra) \pna Tso:tso:ltik otli. \pea The path has very short straight stretches located in between curves that are close together (see illustration). \psa La senda tiene cortas secciones derechitas intercaladas entre las curvas (vé ase ilustración). \se (<na>kipia</na> or <na>kitla:lia</na> ~) to have or place a horizontal taken-in seam halfway down a skirt and all the way around (i.e., where the cloth is folded, doubled up and sewn to shorten the dress) \ss (<na>kipia</na> o <na>kitla:lia</na> ~) tener o poner una tablita o costura horizontal a la mitad de una falda y que lo rodea completamente (esto es, la tela se dobla y se cose para acortar un poquito una falda) \pna O:kitla:lih tso:ltik ikwe. \pea She put a take-in seam around her dress. \psa Le puso una pequeña tablita horizontal alrededor de su falda para acortarla un poquito. \pna Kipia tso:ltik ikwe. \pea Her dress has a take-in seam around it. \psa Su falda tiene una pequeña tablita horizontal para acortarle un poquito. \xrb tso:l \mod Illustrate several sentences. See illustration re: dress on original filecard. The phrases /O:kitla:lih tso:ltik i:kwe./ and /Kipia tso:ltik i:kwe./ have illustrations. These should eventually be linked to the illustrative sentences. \grm Parts of speech: Note that in the two sentences /O:kitla:lih tso:ltik i:kwe/ 'She put a take-in seam around her dress.' and /Kipia tso:ltik i:kwe/ 'Her dress has a take-in seam around it.' the question concerns the part of speech of the adjectival /tso:ltik/. It seems that one could analyze this as a headless relative phrase, but that this might correctly communicate the nature of the construction. I think for the purposes of analysis this is best considered part of a phrase: /kipia tso:ltik/ and /kitla:lia tso:ltik/ 'to have / place a take-in seams. \ref 06033 \lxa tlatio:chi:wala:tl \lxac tlatio:chi:wala:tl \lxo tlatio:chi:wala:tl \lxoc tlatio:chi:wala:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se holy water \ss agua bendita \xrb tio: \xrb chi:wa \xrb a: \pqry Check over vowel quantity and quality here with a phonetician. \ref 06034 \lxa tlako:tl \lxac tlako:tl \lxo tlako:tl \lxoc tlako:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se generic name for woody bush-like plants (not trees) whose branches can be used as switches \ss nombre genérico para arbustos (noárboles) cuyas ramas se pueden utilizar para varas \se switch; rod; flexible stick (e.g., such as those used for whipping beasts of burden to make them move faster) \ss vara (como las que se emplean en azotar a bestias para que caminen más rápido) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tlako: \cpl Apparently plants that are grouped in this category are characterized simply by the use to which their branches are put. According to one consultant, Juan de la Rosa, the following are <na>tlako:tl</na> : <nla>tepe:iyo:tl</nla>, <nla>tla:ltontsi:n</nla>, <nla>me:kotlako:tl</nla>, and <nla>tlachpa:nwa:stli</nla>. He also stated that the branches of certain trees can also be so used, mentioning among them <nla>tepe:i:xkihli</nla> and <nla>temomonextlako:tl</nla>. \ref 06035 \lxa makpalpepetsiwi \lxac makpalpepetsiwi \lxo ma:hpalpetsiwi \lxoc ma:hpalpetsiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. -rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a(w) \se for one to have ones palms get become smooth (from lack of work, i.e., not being calloused) \ss quedarsele las palmas lisas (esto es, por falta de trabajar y, por esta razón, no tener callos) \pna O:nimakpalpepetsiw, xkaman nitekiti. \pea My palms have become smooth, I never work (i.e., do manual labor that might have calloused by hands) \psa Se alisaron mis palmas, nunca trabajo (esto es, con las manos lo que hubiera causado callos). \xrb ma: \xrb pets \xrl -ko; -pal \qry From my notes it is not altogether clear whether this verb describes how hands that are tender from lack of work become shiny and smooth from sudden work, or whether the hands become smooth from simple inactivity; I believe the latter is the key. \vl There are 3 good female tokens and 2 male ones. Link the second female and 2nd male tokens. \grm Oapan phonology, reduplication: Note that in this form there is no reduplication of the reduplication: /ma:hpalpépe:tsíwi/. The reason for the lack of reduction is not clear at this point since it seems that the /a/ of /pal/ is short. \ref 06036 \lxa yes \lxac yo:yah yes \lxo yes \lxoc siwa:tl yes \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \se ([perfective verb] + ~) it must have been that [verb] \ss ([verbo en perfectivo] + ~) a lo mejor [verbo] \pna A: Xkitati, yo:polak! Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes! B : Ka, yo:panwetsiko. \pea A: Take a look, he's gone underwater! Maybe he's drowned! B: No, he's come to the surface. \psa A:¡Ve, ya se metió abajo del agua! A lo mejor se ahogó! B: No, ya salió a flote. \pna O:yah yes! \pea He's probably gone! \psa ¡A lo mejor se fue! \se ([noun] + ~) it's bound to be [noun]; it's sure to be [noun] \ss ([sustantivo] + ~) ha de ser [sustantivo] \dis kitekiw; kipia para; kas; yes \xrb kah \nse Used modally, the future of the verb 'to be' indicates a situation that speaker feels is bound, or was bound, to occur. Thus Oapan <no>siwá:tl yes</no> (note that the <no>yes</no> is extrametrical and does not take stress; however, for orthographic conventions it is written as a separate word) indicates the speaker's opinion that a baby (still a fetus) probably or is bound to be a girl. This modular use of <nao>yes</nao> does not indicate a future event of becoming. Thus <no>siwá:tl yes</no> is not used to refer to a young girl who will become a woman. For this, a verbalized noun expression is used: <no>siwa:tias</no> 'she will become a woman.' \grm Copula; verbalization with /-tia/: According to Florencia Marcelino the noun plus /yes/ form for cases such as /siwá:tlyes/ is not used to refer to the act of"becoming a woman"(as I mistakenly report in my grammar) but rather to the fact that something will be a girl. The example she gave with /siwá:tlyes/ is that of a pregnant woman and sb guessing that the child to be born will be a girl (not a boy). This should be discussed in the grammar and the relevant cases changed. \ref 06037 \lxa pio:kuwa \lxac pio:kuwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pio \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \sea to buy chickens \ssa comprar pollos \xrb ko:wa \qry Check vowel length of /o:/. Cf. /piomo:hli/ with a short /o/. Cf. also to some inflected forms of /pio/ that seem to show a long final vowel. This might well be a mistaken entry. In Oapan incorporation does not occur here: Rather one says /kikowa piyo/ or /ne:chkowilia nopiyo/. The lexical item /piyokowa/ is not used according to Florencia Marcelino although the agentive is used: /piyoko:hke:tl/. \grm Noun Incorporation In Oapan incorporation does not occur here: Rather one says /kikowa piyo/ or /ne:chkowilia nopiyo/. The lexical item /piyokowa/ is not used according to Florencia Marcelino although the agentive is used: /piyoko:hke:tl/. \ref 06038 \lxa te:kwa:xo:tlaltih \lxac te:kwa:xo:tlaltih \lxo te:kwa:xo:tlaltih \lxoc te:kwa:xo:tlaltih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \se to be frustrating, causing anger and exasperation, or giving headaches to people \ss ser fastidioso, que frustra o causa enojo y exasperación \pna Ke:n te:kwa:xo:tlaltih. \pea Oh, how exasperating he is (giving people a headache)! \psa ¡Quétan fastidioso esél (dándole un dolor de cabeza a la gente)! \xrb kwa: \xrb xo:tla \grm Agentives and adjectivals: Although I have not specifically noted that /te:kwa:xo:tlaltih/ can refer to people as well as to bothersome things, my filecard translation of the example sentence (which was simply /ke:n te:kwa:xo:tlaltih/ is 'Oh how he gives people a headache' implies that such forms can apply to humans, and not simply to inanimates and animals. However, this should be checked (i.e., whether /te:kwa:xo:tlaltih/ can also have human subjects). Note that /te:miktih/ apparently refers not to assassins, but to venon and other material objects that can cause death. \ref 06039 \lxa kostik \lxac kostik \lxo kostik \lxoc kostik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se yellow \ss amarillo \sem color \xrb kos \ref 06040 \lxa sombre:roh \lxac sombre:roh \lxo sombré:rotlí \lxoc sombré:rotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan sombrero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln (1=2) (Am); N1/2; stem-final saltillo; Aln (Oa) \pa yes \se hat \ss sombrero \nse In a vulgar sense, the head of the penis is referred to as its 'hat' (i.e., <nao>i:sombre:roh mokow</nao> 'the head of your penis'). \nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms of this Spanish loan differ in that the Ameyaltepec form does not have the absolutive whereas the Oapan form (when the hat is unpossessed) manifests the final <n>-tli</n> of the absolutive. Therefore the possessed coding is slightly different. For Ameyaltepec the unpossessed and possessed forms are the same; for Oapan the possessed form drops the absolutive, with the underlying {h} appearing as it is now in word final position and, as a result, the loss of the pitch accent sequence (<no>i:sombre:roh</no>, with only intonational stress). \ref 06041 \lxa tomatetso:hli \lxac tomatetso:hli \lxo tomatetso:hli \lxoc tomatetso:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \se name for the dried <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> \ss nombre del <nbao>tepe:tomatl</nbao> secado \sem plant \sem edible \xrb toma \xrb te- \xrb tso:l \nse This dried wild tomato is ground in with chile to make a chile sauce eaten cold. \nct tomatl \ref 06042 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo abare:keh \lxoc abare:keh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan bajareque \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo type of <na>chinamíl</na> fence with upright rods laced together with sections so constructed attached to upright posts sunk into the ground \sso tipo de <na>chinamíl</na> una varas verticales, atados con cuerda entrelazada; una sección de tales varas se ata a estacas empotradas en la tierra \equiva bajare:keh \cfa china:ntli \encyctmp kahli \qry Check to see if this should be like the Sp., i.e., /bajare:keh/ or another Nahuatl term that I recorded, /bajere:keh/. First /a/ should still be rechecked for length. \mod Under /ono for /kahli/ discuss the construction of the two types of chinamil. \ref 06043 \lxa tsi:na:miki \lxac notsi:na:mikin \lxo tsi:na:miki \lxoc notsi:na:mikih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se (recipr.) to be back to back (e.g., two people standing, sitting or lying down next to each other, two material objects with their bottoms flush against each other, etc.) \ss (recipr.) estar a espaldas (p. ej., dos personas parados, sentados o acostados juntos, dos objetos materiales con las partes inferiores pegadas una contra otra, etc.) \pna O:notsi:na:mihkeh. Se: na:nika tlachi:xtok wan se: na:nika tlachi:xtok. \src CF nakaskukwepach 7:40 mins \pea They placed themselves back to back (in this case two friends sleeping together). One was facing in this direction and one was facing in this (other) direction. \psa Se colocaron a espaldas (en este caso dos amigos durmiendo). Uno miraba para acá y uno (el otro) miraba para acá (al contrario). \pna Wa:lnotsi:na:miktiweh tso:tsokolteh. \pea The water jugs are coming along tied bottom to bottom (e.g., on a donkey, to protect them as they are taken to market). \psa Los cántaros vienen atados base contra base (p. ej., sobre un burro, para protejerse al ser llevados a vender en el mercado). \xrb tsi:n \xrb na:miki \mod See illustration on 3x5 file card for illustration of how canteens are carried to market with bottom tied against bottom. \vl The first female token /notsi:na:miki/ is erroneous. It has a final glottal stop and this indicates a singular, which is impossible with this verb. It should not be tagged. The following tokens (2 female and 2 male) are correct: /notsi:na:mikih/ and all should be tagged. \ref 06044 \lxa yewaltsakwa \lxac kiyewaltsakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to enclose (an area with a fence, e.g., so that animals don't enter) \ss cercar; encerrar (unaárea con una cerca, p. ej., para que los animales no se metan) \syno yewalkorra:ltia \xrb yewal \xrb tsakwa \ref 06045 \lxa tlaxtehki \lxac tlaxtehki \lxo tlaxtehki \lxoc tlaxtehki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se thief \ss ladrón \xrb xteki \nae The form <nao>tlaxtehki</nao> is one of the few agentives that have a final <n>-ki</n> instead of <n>-ke:tl</n> (cf. <nlao>tiopixki</nlao>) \ref 06046 \lxa i:xte:nka:miliwi \lxac i:xte:nka:miliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get a black eye \ssa salirsele, o tener, el ojo con moretón \syno i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ka:mil \qry Check for transitive which should exist. \ref 06047 \lxa itakatl \lxac itakatl \lxo ítakátl \lxoc ítakátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se a type of food that is toasted on a clay griddle (<nla>koma:hli</nla>) and contains a hard toasted covering of ground, spicy maize (often specially prepared to take on long trips given that it doesn't spoil or harden) \ss tipo de comida dorado sobre un comal y que tiene una capa dura y picosa de maize tostado con varias especies (se preparan para llevar de viaje dado que no se echan a perder ni se endurecen) \pna Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n. \pea You! Reach over here and flatten out my <na>itakatl</na> (by lightly pressing down on it once and again). \psa ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acá para aplanar mi <na>itakatl</na> (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez) \seao (<na>anjolí:n</na> (Am) / <no>a:jolin</no> (Oa) ~) tortilla-like food made with sesame and toasted on a clay griddle \ssao (<na>anjolí:n</na> (Am) / <no>a:jolin</no> (Oa) ~) gordita de ajonjolídorada sobre un comal \sea (~ <na>chibi:toh</na>) tortilla-like food made with <na>pi:pitik yetl de tli:ltiktsi:n</na> and <na>chi:lwa:ktli</na> and toasted on a clay griddle (synonym Oapan <nlo>ítakachí:boh</nlo>) \ssa (~ <na>chibi:toh</na>) gordita de <na>pi:pitik yetl de tli:ltiktsi:n</na> y <na>chi:lwa:ktli</na> dorada sobre un comal (sinónimo de Oapan <nlo>ítakachí:boh</nlo>) \sem food-maize \xrb htaka \nse An <na>itakatl</na> is often made with <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla>. \qry Determine precise recipe and different types of /itakatl/ that can be prepared (e.g., such as that prepared with /pi:pitik yetl/). Also check etymology and related words (or verbs). Recheck possessed form. \rt Perhaps related the nominal to an archaic verbal form; note that now one finds /itki/ as a transitive verb meaning to take along (on a trip). \ref 06048 \lxa ma:na:miki \lxac noma:na:mikin \lxo ma:na:miki \lxoc mowa:n toma:na:mikih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(k) \seao to come across accidentally with ones hands (e.g., in feeling under a bush for something, accidentally touching a scorpion) \ssao agarrar o tocar accidentalmente con las manos (p. ej., en estar tanteando abajo de un arbusto, accidentalmente tocando o agarrando un alacrán) \sea (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) to be as good with ones hands (in making sth, in carrying out a task, etc.) as \ssa (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n>) ser tan bueno con las manos (en fabricar algo, cumplir con una tarea, etc.) como \pna I:wa:n nimoma:na:miki, tekiti ke:n newa. \pea I can do a task with my hands like him, he works just like me. \psa Comoél, puedo llevar a cabo una tarea con las manos, trabaja como yo. \seo (refl., plural only) to have land bordering on that of another (expressed as [Obl]; Oapan synonym <nlo>tla:lna:miki</nlo>) \sso (refl., solamente plural) tener tierra que linda con la de otro (expresado como [Obl]; sinónimo en Oapan <nlo>tla:lna:miki</nlo>) \pno Nohniw i:wan toma:namikih ka:mpa tito:kah. \peo Where we plant, we have land bordering on that of my brother. \pso Donde sembramos, tenemos tierra que linda con la de mi hermano. \xrb ma: \xrb na:miki \qry Check to see if this verb can be used in non-reflexive form, and meaning. Check transitive and causative possibilities. For some reason both Inocencio and Florencia rejected /mowa:n noma:na:miki/ but I'm not sure why. Perhaps this verb only occurs in the first person, or perhaps only in the plural. This needs to be clarified. \vl The first two female tokens /mowa:n noma:na:miki/ (final glottal stop) are erroneous and should not be tagged. There then follow the correct tokens /mowa:n toma:na:mikih/ which has /to-/ initial and then plural (final /h/). \rt Recheck root analysis for /na:miki/, and other words with /na:-/ beginning. \ref 06049 \lxa a:tli \lxac ka:tli \lxo a:tli \lxoc ka:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to spill the liquid out of (said of what a hen [S] does to its egg; i.e., when a chicken breaks open one or more of its eggs, letting the liquid spill out and killing the embryo) \ss tirarle el líquido (una gallina de su huevo; se refiere a cuando una gallina rompe uno o más de sus huevos, dejando salir el líquido que esta adentro y asímatando el fetus) \pna O:ka:tli:k ito:toltew. O:kitlapa:n. \pea It (i.e., a hen) made the liquid run out of its egg. It broke it open. \psa Ella (esto es, una gallina) hizo que saliera el líquido de su huevo. Lo reventó. \xrb a: \xrb i: \qry Re-check and confirm correctness of the transitive use in reference to a chicken. However, note that verbs derived from /i:/ 'to drink' and an incorporated noun might well accept both intransitive and transitive; thus cf. /po:ki:/ which in Ameyaltepec, although not Oapan, is both transitive and intransitive although defective in that it only accepts definite third person objects. \grm If a:tli can be both intransitive and transitive (cf. po:ki in Ameyaltepec) then this fact should be discussed in the grammar. Check. \ref 06050 \lxa mansa:nah \lxac mansa:nah \lxo mansa:nah \lxoc mansa:nah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan manzana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se apple \ss manzana (fruta) \cfa mansani:tah \ref 06051 \lxa kuwtsi:katl \lxac kuwtsi:katl \lxo kohtsi:katl \lxoc kohtsi:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of biting ant, collected but not yet identified, of those known as <nlao>tsi:katl</nlao> ; it is half black and somewhat red on its underbelly, and lives in wood, especially firewood \ss tipo de hormiga, colectado pero no identificado, de los que se conocen como <nlao>tsi:katl</nlao>, que muerde; es negro con algo rojizo por su parte medio inferior, vive en madera, particularmente leña \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb kow \xrb tsi:ka \nse It lives in wood, often in <nba>ista:kwistli</nba>, <nba>tlakwa:mpets</nba>, <nba>tepe:mi:skitl</nba> and many other types of trees. \ref 06052 \lxa to:nalwi:lo \lxac to:nalwi:lo \lxo to:nalwi:lo \lxoc to:nalwi:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \se to get beaten down upon by the sun; to lie unprotected in the sun (only animates [S], e.g., a drunk who faints and is lying in the sun) \ss estar totalmente expuesto al sol; ser pegado o golpeado por el sol; estar tirado donde pega fuerte el sol (solamente seres animals [S], p. ej., un borrocho que se desmaya y se queda acostado en el sol) \pna Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika! Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k! \pea Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk you has lost consciousness)! Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun! \psa ¡Jálalo para acá (en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento)!¡Trá etelo acá donde hay sombra, ya quedómuy pegado por el sol¡ \pna Yo:to:nalwi:lo:k. Xkitati! Kimikti:s to:nahli, kas ke:n o:tla:wa:n. \pea He's gotten beaten down on by the sun. Go take a look at him! The sun's going to kill him, perhaps he's gotten drunk! \psa Fue pegado por el sol.¡Ve a verlo!¡El sol lo va a matar, quizáse emborrachó! \pna O:nito:nalwi:lo:k, o:ne:chmáto:nahli. \pea I lay unprotected in the sun, the sun beat down on me. \psa Me quedé expuesto al sol, el sol me pegófuerte. \xrb to:na \nse According to several consultants, the only potential subjects of <na>to:nalwi:lo</na> are animate beings. \ref 06053 \lxa xoxio:ti \lxac xio:ti \lxo xio:ti \lxoa xóxió:ti \lxoc xíxió:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to have small pimple-like bubbles or spots that form on ones skin (usually the result of a rash or overexposure to the sun); to have ones skin peel \ss tener pequeños granitos o manchitas subidas en la piel (generalmente el resultado de sarpullido o de haber sido expuesto mucho al sol); pelarse (una persona) \pna Yope:w xoxio:ti nokone:w. Melá:k tila:wak o:kasika tso:tso:tl. \pea My child's skin has started to peel in small pimple-like sections. He really got a heavy rash. \psa La piel de mi niño ya empezó a subirse como en granitos pequeños. De veras le agarró un fuerte caso de sarpullido. \pna Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nal \pea Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin covering of skin (with which he was born). \psa A tu niño (en este caso recién nacido) ya se le empezó a desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezó a pelarse.él tiene como una capa de su piel. \xrb xi \nse In Ameyaltepec, an irregular reduplicated form, <na>xoxio:ti</na> (Am) is perhaps more common than the regular <na>xixio:ti</na>. In regard to the after effects of sunburn and rashes, <na>xio:ti</na> does not refer to peeling per se, but rather to the small, pimple-like white bubbles that form on ones skin. Note that <nao>xio:ti</nao> can easily accept an incorporated body part; cf. <nla>ma:xixio:ti</nla> (Am) / <nlo>má:xixió:ti</nlo>. \qry Check the precise meaning of /xio:ti/ (as well as length of first /i/, which might be hard to determine. Apparently it refers to small bubble-like sections of ones skin that forms after a rash. Recheck also the quality of the first vowel in the reduplicated syllable. \ref 06054 \lxa sa:letli \lxac sa:letli \lxo sá:letlí \lxoc sá:letlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh-abs \infn Stem 1(l) \pa yes \seao type of fishing net with a loop of rope at the middle of a short, wide net. The fisherman places his head through the loop and holds the net, which hangs down in front of his body, out with extended arms that are placed along the inside edge of the net. As the fisherman moves the net along while swimming underwater he scoops up fish. The <na>sa:letli</na> is used in particular to trap fish, such as catfish, that hide underneath rocks near the banks of a river \ssao tipo de red de pescar con una soga en círculo colocada a la mitad de una red corta y ancha. El pescador coloca su cabeza por la soga y agarra la red, que cuelga enfrente deél, con sus dos brazos extendidos, corriendo sus brazos sobre la parte interior de la red. Al nada con la red abajo del agua, el pescador atrapa pescados con la red. El <na>sa:letli</na> se utiliza en particular para atrapar a los peces, como el bagre, que se esconden abajo de las piedras por la orilla del río. \sem tool-hunt \encyctmp michtlatlama \xrb sa:l \qry Create illustration. Also list with all words related to fishing and fishing nets. \ilus http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/dicfishing.jpg \nae The etymology of <na>sa:letli</na> (Am) / <no>sá:letlí</no> is uncertain. It would seem t be derived from the root {sa:l} although this is not entirely clear. The pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests that surface /e/ derives from the possessive ending <n>-eh</n> followed by an absolutive. Another possible derivation would be from the short (perfective) stem of ? <n>sa:le:wi</n> (which, unfortunately, has not been documented; cf. <nlao>sa:liwi</nlao>). For the moment the derivation has been linked to the root <nr>sa:l</nr> and the possessive marker <n>-eh</n>. \ref 06055 \lxa te:ntsi:tsikiltik \lxac te:ntsi:tsikiltik \lxo te:ntsi:tsikiltik \lxoc te:ntsi:tsikiltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to have a ridged edge (as in a particular style of fruit bowls commonly made for the tourist artisanry market) \ss tener la orilla mellada o recortada con picos (como es el estilo de algunos fruteros vendidos en el mercado turístico) \xrb te:n \xrb tsikil \nse The long vowel reduplication in <nao>te:ntsi:tsikiltik</nao> apparently reflects the even spacing of the ridges cut in fruit bowls, or placed at the edges of certain types of clothing. \pqry One of my note cards has the observation that the /i:/ of the reduplicated syllable is definitely long. In a visit to Oapan Thom Smith-Stark recorded this as long as well. A review of the acoustic data from Oapan confirms this. \mod Illustrate. \grm Diminutive: check diminutives of /-tik/ adjectivals, but my notes give a diminutive for /te:ntsi:tsikiltik/ as /te:ntsi:tsikiltsi:n/. \ref 06056 \lxa matlapahli \lxac matlapahli \lxo mátlapáhli \lxoc mátlapáhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \sea wing (of any bird; see <nlao>ma:stla:kapahli</nlao>) \ssa ala (de cualquier pájaro; vé ase <nlao>ma:stla:kapahli</nlao>) \pna... imatlapal pio \pea... the wing(s) of a chicken \psa... la(s) ala(s) de una gallina \seao fin (of a fish; see <nlo>tetekwitsio</nlo>) \ssao aleta (de un pez; <nlo>tetekwitsio</nlo>) \pna Michin no: kipia imatlapal. \pea Fish also have fins. \psa Los peces también tienen aletas. \seao wings (e.g., of insects, airplanes) \ssao alas (p. ej. de insectos, de un avión) \seo green above-ground shoots (of onions, garlic, etc.) \sso hojas que salen (de cebolla, ajos, etc.) \pno Xpípíxonakatlí:matlápal! \peo Pick the onion shoots (i.e., to add them to food)! \pso ¡Despréndele las hojas de la cebolla (p. ej., para agregarles a la comida)! \dis ma:stlakapahli \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain; apparently, however, there is an underlying {h}. Although most consultants gave <na>matlapahli</na> as equivalent to <na>ma:stla:ka:pahli</na>, some Ameyaltepec consultants indicated that whereas <na>matlapal</na> can refer to the fins of a fish, <na>ma:stla:ka:pahli</na> cannot be so used. However, according to Florencia Marcelino, <nao>ma:stla:kapahli</nao> refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, <no>mátlapáhli</no> (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as <na>i:matlapal</na> (Am). While it does seem clear that no one would refer to onion shoots as <nao>ma:stla:ka:pahli</nao> it does seem that at least some Ameyaltepec speakers do use <na>matlapahli</na> to refer to bent or jointed wings. \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, <nao>ma:stla:kapahli</nao> refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, <no>mátlapáhli</no> (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as <na>i:matlapal</na> (Am). \qry Note that I have /matlapahli/ with a short initial /a/, and /ma:stlakapal/ with a long initial /a/. These should be checked, as should the presence/absence of underlying /h/ in /matlapahli/. Also, check the difference between the two (e.g., can only fish have /matlapahli/, and not /ma:stlakapahli/. Note, finally, that I have noted that in /matlapahli/ all vowels are definitely short. \rt For comments on root /tlapal/, see /ma:stlakapal/ and comments on /tlakapal/. \ref 06057 \lxa kokoxka:tik \lxac kokoxka:tik \lxo kokoxka:tik \lxoc kokoxka:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-ag-tik \infa tik>tikeh \se to be sickly; to be ill \ss estar enfermizo; estar enfermo \pna Ye tlachia pe:ro ok kokoxka:tik. \pea He is conscious (has all his senses about him), but he's still ill. \psa Ya está consciente, pero sigue enfermo. \xrb koya \nse At this point the difference between <nlao>kwalo</nlao> and <nao>kokoxka:tik</nao> is not entirely clear. It appears that the former is used more to a temporary condition caused by a passing disease whereas the latter is more indicative of a long-term and enduring illness. However, this should be checked. \ref 06058 \lxa ma:tetena:wihli \lxac ma:tetena:wihli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>matatena</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \sea jacks \ssa matatena \xrb a:wil \qry Recheck vowel lenght of /i/ which I recorded short but which should perhaps be long. Also, reconfirm this game and its name in Spanish. \mod For a description of how this game is played in Ameyaltepec cf. DT #8: 783ff. and continuation on DT #7 001 ff. Also, cf. Flk 1984-03- 10.1. \ref 06059 \lxa kamanono:n \lxac kamanono:n \lxo kamano:no:n \lxoc kamano:no:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tmp \se when it is (not as a subordinator or complementizer); \ss cuando es (no como subordinador ni complementizador) \pno ¡Kitowa wa:hla:s, pero xtikmatih kamano:no:n! \peo He says he'll come, but we don't know when (it will be)! \pso ¡Dice que va a venir, pero no sabemos cuando (va a ser)! \se (<na>ye</na> ~) to be a good time ago; to be from the past \ss (<na>ye</na> ~) ser de hace mucho tiempo; ser del pasado \pna Ye kamanono:n o:nitlate:mo:to. \pea It's been some time since I went to search for my animals. \psa Ya es de hace algo de tiempo que no voy a sabanear. \xrb kaman \nse In the phrase <na>ye kamanono:n o:nitlate:mo:to</na>, it was not yesterday altough it may have been the day before, or three or four days ago, yet not too long, for as everyone says <na>deke ya:lwa, ya:lwa</na> 'it it were yesterday (one would say) yesterday.' \pqry Also, lengthening of /o:/ should be checked. Note that this is an excellent word for seeing vowel length as the nasals and initial stop are so clearly marked. Check all final /onon/ sequences. In the recording with Cristino Flores it definitely seemed that he had two long /o:/s at the end of this word. \grm Note that the meaning and use of interrogatives with an additional /-on/ is still not clear: /akinon/ to /akino:non/ etc. \ref 06060 \lxa tlapipilwa:stli \lxac *tlapipilwa:stli \lxo tlá:pilwá:stli \lxoc tlá:pilwá:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-wa:s \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 1(l) \se stick with several small branches that are cut off short; the <na>tlapipilwa:stli</na> is hung upside-down in the interior of a thatched-roof hut, allowing the short cut-off branches to serve as hooks on which other things may be hung \ss vara con varias ramitas cortadas y medio rabones; el <na>tlapipilwa:stli</na> se cuelga al revés en el interior de una casa de zacate o palma para que las ramitas, apuntando hacia arriba, sirvan como ganchos para colgar cosas \sem material \xrb pil \mod Illustrate. See illustration with original file card. \vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male tokens. Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 06061 \lxa te:mposa:wi \lxac te:mposa:wi \lxo te:mposa:wi \lxoc te:mposa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to have a swelling on ones lips or lip area \ssao con los labios o laárea por los labios hinchados \sea to pout; to have or make a pouting or scowling face \ssa hacer un mohín; hacer una cara de berrinche o una mala cara con ceño fruncido \pna San tite:nkwala:ntok, san tite:mposa:wtok. \pea You just have an angry look on your face, you are just pouting. \psa Tienes nada más una cara de enojado, tienes cara de berrinche. \pna Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa. \pea He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work. \psa Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar. \xrb te:n \xrb posa: \nse Literally 'to have puffed up lips,' <na>te:mposa:wi</na> refers to a pouting look as one purses out and puffs up ones mouth. \ref 06062 \lxa che:che:tl \lxac che:che:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-l \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of Orange Oriole, probably the Streak-backed Oriole, <l>Icterus pustulatus</l> or a closely related species; it makes a hanging nest \ssa tipo de"Orange Oriole,"proablemente el"Streak-backed Oriole," <l>Icterus pustulatus</l> o una especie cercana; construye un nido colgante \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 67, 69, pp. 748, 750 \sem animal \sem bird \equiva ichkakukwintsi:n \equivo chiá:chiá:tl \xrb che: \cpl Schoenhals (1988:391) gives several birds with the word <na>cheje</na>, all of which seem to refer to types of woodpeckers. She also give <na>chej-chej</na>, <na>Cyanocitta stelleri</na> or Steller's jay, cross-referenced with the azulejo ocotero, another name for Steller's jay:"Common, 5-13,000 in the pines of the mountains. Usually solitary. A rich blue in color. Has a high blacksih crest and a very loud call. Also called arrendajo, azulejo, copetón, cuauhgallito, cháchara, cháchara copetona, chara ocotera, chej-chej, cheje, gallito [in Michoacán], querre-querre"(p. 366). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'sinsontli.' \nct to:to:tl \ref 06063 \lxa a:polaki \lxac a:polaki \lxo a:polaki \lxoc a:polaki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to become summerged or summerge oneself completely under water (from a position already in the water) \ss sumergirse completamente en el agua (desde una posición ya dentro del agua) \pna Ne:nkah, kwaltsi:n a:polaki, weka:wi kixi:kowa itik a:tl. \pea That person there can really go under water, he can last a long time underwater. \psa Aquel bien puede sumergirse en el agua, aguanta mucho tiempo bajo el agua. \pna Kwaltsi:n a:polaki motera:yah. \pea Your fishing net goes nicely into the water (e.g., because it has a lot of lead). \psa Tu atarraya entra el agua bien (p. ej., porque tiene mucho plomo). \pna Wel na:polaki. \pea I can dive underwater. \psa Puedo sumergirme en el agua. \xrb a: \xrb polak \xvca a:polaktia \xvco a:polahtia \nse In Ameyaltepec both <na>na:polaki</na> and <na>nia:polaki</na> were accepted by consultants, though the former seems vastly more common. Note that the sense of <n>a:polaki</n>, at least in Oapan, is that one is already in the water and becomes, or is, submerged under water. \pqry Note the differnece in the duration of the initial /a/ in the two female tokens; a good example of phonetic variation. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 06064 \lxa tsomo:ni \lxac tsomo:ni \lxo tsomo:nia \lxoc tsomo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \se to rip; to get ripped (e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc.) \ss rasgarse; romperse (p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w xixi:ni notlayo:l, yo:tetsomo:n noxikipi:l. \pea My corn has started to spill out onto the ground, my sack has gotten a big rip in it. \psa Mi maíz empezó a regarse por el suelo, se rompiófeo mi costal. \pna Xkikpayo:kopi:na! Ma tsomo:ni! Oksepa tiktlamanili:s. \pea Pull the thread out of it (in this case a thread that is hanging loose from where a garment has been patched)! Let it rip open! You can patch it up again! \psa ¡Quítale el hilo (en este caso un hilo que se cuelga de donde se había remendado un vestido)!¡Que se desbarate!¡Después lo volverás a remendar! \se to crack; to split open (hard surfaces such as walls, the ground, cement floors, dried skin, certain fruits such as melons, squash, etc.) \ss agrietarse; partirse (superficies duras como paredes, la tierra, suelos de cemento, la piel resecada, ciertas frutas como melones, calabazas, etc.) \pna O:tsotsomo:nkeh kalteh, o:tla:loli:n. \pea Cracks split through the (walls of the) houses, there was an earthquake. \psa Se partieron (las paredes de) las casas, hubo un terremoto. \pna Yo:tso:tsomo:n. Pa:stik katka, o:pe:w wa:ki, o:pe:w tso:tsomo:ni. \pea It got cracked in various places (in this case the ground). It was moist, it started to dry, it started to crack in various places. \psa Se agrietó(en este caso la tierra). Estaba mojada, empezó a secarse, empezó a agrietarse en varios lugares. \pna Ka:n tli:ltik tla:hli, ke:itlah tla:ltesokitl, wel tso:tsomo:ni. \pea Where the earth is black, like sticky mud, the earth can crack (as it dries). \psa Donde la tierra es negra, como lodo pegagoso, la tierra puede agrietarse. \pna O:tso:tsomo:n itlampa nokxopal. \pea The skin on the bottom of my feet cracked (from dryness). \psa Se agrietaron las plantas de mis pies (de la sequedad). \xrb tsomo: \xvkao tsotsomoka \qry Cf. Gram 1985-10-01.1 Reduplication: Note the following examples of the same word with short and long vowel reduplication: /O:tsotsomo:nkeh kalteh, o:tla:loli:n/ 'Cracks split through the (walls of the) houses, there was an earthquake.' And /Yo:tso:tsomo:n. Pa:stik katka, o:pe:w wa:ki, o:pe:w tso:tsomo:ni/ 'It got cracked in various places (in this case the ground). It was moist, it started to dry, it started to crack in various places.' Both the subjects are hard surfaces; the difference appears to stem from the manner in which the splitting occurred. With the houses, the breaks were sudden and multiple, without any particular order. With the land, the ground slowly broke apart as the earth dried. Hence the long vowel reduplication, which indicates an action repeated over time, with slow, deliberate intervals. Nevertheless, check the difference between short and long vowel reduplication with this word. \grm Reduplication: Note the following examples of the same word with short and long vowel reduplication: /O:tsotsomo:nkeh kalteh, o:tla:loli:n/ 'Cracks split through the (walls of the) houses, there was an earthquake.' And /Yo:tso:tsomo:n. Pa:stik katka, o:pe:w wa:ki, o:pe:w tso:tsomo:ni/ 'It got cracked in various places (in this case the ground). It was moist, it started to dry, it started to crack in various places.' Both the subjects are hard surfaces; the difference appears to stem from the manner in which the splitting occurred. With the houses, the breaks were sudden and multiple, without any particular order. With the land, the ground slowly broke apart as the earth dried. Hence the long vowel reduplication, which indicates an action repeated over time, with slow, deliberate intervals. Nevertheless, check the difference between short and long vowel reduplication with this word. \ref 06065 \lxa tsi:nchi:kwati \lxac tsi:nchi:kwati \lxo tsi:nchi:kwati \lxoc tsi:nchi:kwati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get a type of rash on ones rear end, particularly that caused by heat and irritation from rubbing (a condition that frequently affects small children) \ss tener la piel de las nalgas con un sarpullido rojo, particularmente a causa del calor y la fricción; escaldarse las nalgas (una condición que frecuentemente afecta a niños pequeños) \pna Yo:pe:w nitsi:nchi:kwati ika weka o:niwa:le:w wan mlá:k to:na, o:nimi:to:nih. \pea I've started to get a red rash on my buttocks because I've come a long way and its really hot, I sweated (a lot). \psa Se me empezó a salir un sarpullido rojo por las nalgas porque vine de muy lejos y hace mucho calor, sudé(mucho). \pna O:nitsi:nchichi:kwat ipan burroh. \pea I got a rash on my rear end from riding on a donkey. \psa Se me salió un sarpullido por las nalgas por andar sobre burro. \sem disease \cfao chi:kwati \xrb tsi:n \xrb chi:kwa \qry Check whether /tsinkamachichikwa:ti/ is correct, as I had on one file card. \ref 06066 \lxa obe:jah \lxac obe:jah \lxo obeji:tah \lxoc obeji:tah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan abeja \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se bee (often in plural) \ss abeja (a menudo en el plural) \pna Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ikaitsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki. \pea It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) becomes detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes out, and then it dies right away. \psa Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere. \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp nekwtli; bees \cpl This is a type of bee that makes honey and stings. It is larger than the <na>tetekomasol</na> but rounder. Like <na>piñas</na>, this word is often used in the plural, even in the rare event it refers to a single bee. \qry The possibility of using the singular should be checked. \ref 06067 \lxa tlakotatatsi:n* \lxac tlakotatatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of large hawk-like bird as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de ave grande, como halcón, hasta ahora no identificada \pna Tlakotatatsi:n, no: kikwa kuwatl. \pea The <na>tlakotatatsi:n</na> also eats snakes. \psa El <na>tlakotatatsi:n</na> también culebras. \equivo áyokwá:ni \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tlahko \xrb tah \nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec <na>tlakotatatsi:n</na> is uncertain, and any determination is made more difficult by the fact that underlying {h} does not surface in this dialect. Also, for now, no Oapan cognate form is documented, where pitch accent would reflect coda {h}. For now the etymology has been provisionally given as <nr>tlahko</nr> and <nr>tah</nr>. \qry Etymology uncertain, particularly if an /h/ is present in the first element. \cpl This bird is not categorized as a <nla>to:to:tl</nla>. It apparently is a type of hawk. Consultants from Ameyaltepec specificed that in San Juan Tetelcingo this bird is called <nt>tsohmatatatsi:n</nt> or something to this effect. In Spanish one consultant gave the name as <spn>ograntehueso</spn> (sic). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'grifo.' \sj Check for /h/. \ref 06068 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /paika/ (Am) and cognate Oapan forms. It was deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl There are eight tokens here: four are for /paika/ (two female and two male) and four are of /payá/ (2 + 2). This entry, 6068, has been eliminated since it is a duplicate of 4235. Tag all tokens with #4235 and then use two of each to link to the two pronunciations /payá/ and /paika/ at 4235. \ref 06069 \lxa we:wewia \lxac kiwe:wewia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to take a representative to (the father of the potential bride or eloped girlfriend) in order to petition for a girl in marriage or assuage the parents' ire \ssa llevar un representante a (la casa del padre de la novia fugada) para pedir una novia en matrimonio o apaciguarle la ira \xrb we:weh \nse The verb <na>we:wewia</na> usually has the father of the groom as the subject and the father of the bride as an object. \qry Check vowel length as here the second /e/ is short but in many other related words it is long. \ref 06070 \lxa o:me \lxac o:me \lxo o:me \lxoc o:me \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Num \der Num-b \infa pl. <nao>o:memeh</nao> \seao two (as numerical modifier) \ssao dos (como modificador numérico) \seao two (of them) \ssao dos (de ellos) \pna De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis. \pea There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (into his"cargo"as juez, etc.) or he won't. \psa Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo, o no lo acepta. \se (with short vowel reduplication) two by two; in twos; in pairs \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dos por dos; en doses; en pares \pna Ne:si astah oo:meikxi o:kontla:litiah, ke:n we:weka. \pea It appears that he went along planting every two steps (i.e., dropping maize seeds every two steps), that is really far apart. \psa Parece que iba sembrando cada dos pasos (esto es, dejando caer las semillas de maíz cada dos pasos), es muy apartado (una mata de otra). \pna Oo:memeh iswate:kan. \pea They are working in pairs stripping the corn leaves from the stalks (i.e., one principal worker and <na>inana:mik</na>). \psa Están zacateando en grupos de dos (esto es, un trabajador principal y <na>inana:mik</na>). \pna Nankitla:lili:skeh oo:me kartó:n. \pea You all will each contribute with two cases of beer. \psa Cada uno de ustedes va a contribuir con dos cartones de cerveza. \se (<na>ka:dah</na> ~ (with short vowel reduplication)) every other \ss (<na>ka:dah</na> ~ (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada dos (o cada tercer como algunos cuentan) \pna Ka:dah oo:me xihpan mi:xiwtiw noba:kah. \pea Every two years my cow gives birth. \psa Cada dos años pare mi vaca. \xrb o:me \nae As with other numerals, pluralization is restricted to human subjects, e.g. Oapan <no>nio:memeh</no> 'you'all are two' or 'there are two of you.' \qry As in all cases, check reduplication of numbers for meanings: two by two, in twos, etc. \ref 06071 \lxa tsope:lilia \lxac kitsope:lilia \lxo tsope:lilia \lxoc kitsope:lilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to sweeten \ss endulzar \pna Tixtli iwa:n a:yotli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli. \pea (It is made of) <nla>tixtli</nla> and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks. \psa (Se hace de) masa y calabaza cocida, se endulze con panocha, (se envuelve con) las hojas de la mazorca. \xrb tsope:l \ref 06072 \lxa tetekwika \lxac tetekwika \lxo tetekwika \lxoc tetekwitsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to crackle (a fire) \ss crepitar (el fuego) \pna Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. \pea The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. \psa Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. \pna Yo:pe:w tetekwika tlitl, yo:tekwi:n. \pea The fire has started to crackle, it's caught on.. \psa El fuego ya empezó a crepitar, ya agarrófuerza. \se to pound; to beat fast (the heart) \ss latir fuertemente (el corazón) \pna Tetekwikatok noyo:hlo, o:nimotla:loh chika:wak. \pea My heart is pounding, I ran real hard. \psa Se me está latiendo fuerte el corazón, corrírápido. \xrb tekwi: \xvbao tekwi:ni \xv0ao tlatetekwika \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 06073 \lxa truchah \lxac truchah \lxo toro:chis \lxoa tro:ches \lxoc toro:chis \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan trucha \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se trout \ss trucha \sem animal \sem marine \ref 06074 \lxa a:chitsi:n \lxac a:chitsi:n \lxo á:chitsí:n \lxop a:chitsi:n \lxoc á:chitsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seao a little \ssao un poco \xrb a:chi \nae As FK notes under <n>achi</n> "In some, but not all, constructions this has a final glottal stop, <n>achih</n>. See <n>achihtetzin</n>, <n>achihto:n</n>, <n>achihtzi:n</n>. \qry I had originally /achi/ as an entry but this appears incorrect. I had the phrase /Ok achi xkwa:lte:ka!/ 'Pour out (serve) a little more!' but this is not correct. /Achi/ is a modifier, /achitsi:n/ a noun. NB \grmx Pitch accent; numerals: One of the major problems in analyzing Oapan Nahuatl is the occurrence of pitch accented sequences in numeral diminutives with /tetsi:n/, e.g., /ó:ntetsí:n/. It would seem that what is occurring is a suppletive form, either of the number (with a final /h/) or of /te-/. However, since I believe (check) that /séntetsí:n/ has a pitch accented sequence and obviously there could not be an {h} in /sen/, it seems reasonable to posit forms such as {sentehtsi:n}, etc. I had originally /achi/ as an entry but this appears incorrect. I had the phrase /Ok achi xkwa:lte:ka!/ 'Pour out (serve) a little more!' but this is not correct. /Achi/ is a modifier, /achitsi:n/ a noun. NB \sj Check SJ for /sentetsi:n/, etc. \ref 06075 \lxa a:po:poxowa \lxac na:po:poxowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to waddle, or roll back and forth, in water or mud (particularly animals such as pigs); to wiggle and wallow back and forth in the soft ground (as if there were water, e.g., a hen) \ssa (refl.) revolcarse en lodo o agua (particularmente un marrano); menearse en la tierra (como si fuera agua, p. ej., una gallina en la tierra suelta) \pna Yo:pe:w na:po:poxowa: un pitso. \pea That pig has started to waddle around in the mud (or a puddle or depression of mud and water). \psa Ese marrano ya empezó a revolcarse in el lodo (o en una depressión en la tierra, llena de agua y lodo). \pna Na:po:poxotok un pio. \pea That chicken is wallowing in the dirt (i.e., it wiggles back and forth to settle down into a depression it has made in the earth). \psa Esa gallina se está meneando para acomodarse en la tierra (esto es, se menea la colita de un lado a otro para hacer un lugar cómodo). \xrb a: \xrb pox \nse Apparently because of the nature of the action referred to, this verb is not used in a non-reduplicated form. \qry Check absence of transitive form. Also check to see if it is possible to use transitively. \ref 06076 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /koha:yekaxtli/, which pointed to /koha:yakaxtli/. I have eliminated /koha:yekaxtli/ and included it as an alternate pronunciation of /koha:yakaxtli/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06077 \lxa ximiktia \lxac kiximiktia \lxo xihmihtia \lxoc kixihmihtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to let (a planted field) become overgrown with weeds \ss dejar (una milpa o terreno sembrado) llenarse de maleza \pna O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xo:kitlapoh. \pea He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it. \psa Dejóque (su milpa) se llenara de maleza. Le sembrómucho;él lo provocó, no lo limpió. \pna Melá:k tila:wak un xiwtli, yo:tila:w. Ye titlaximiktitok. \pea The weeds have really gotten overgrown, they've spread all over. You are letting things (e.g., your milpa) get overgrown with weeds. \psa La maleza está muy espesa, se ha llenado de maleza. Ya estás dejando que se cubriera de hierba. \pna O:tikximiktih momi:l, xniman o:tma:te:kak. \pea You let your cornfield get overgrown, you didn't weed it right away. \psa Dejaste que tu milpa se llenara de maleza, no la deshierbaste luego. \pno Yo:kixihmiktih i:mi:l ya: xkima:te:ka. \peo He's let his corn field get overgrown with weeds because he didn't weed it. \pso He dejado que su milpa se llenara de maleza porque no lo desherbó. \xrb xiw \xrb miki \xvba ximiki \xvbo xihmiki \nse The causative <na>ximiktia</na> is an example of a causative verb that signifies an action more characterized by"allow"than"causa."The single nasal in <na>ximiktia</na> is the result of reduction. Molina has <n>ximmictia. nic</n> 'ahogar la hierba el trigo, o cosa así.' \qry All documented cases of /ximiktia/ are with /tla-/ as a prefix. Check whether the specific object /ki/ can be used, i.e., /kiximiktia imi:hlan/. If only /tla-/ can be used, then it will be necessary to change the entry or at least x-reference and note that only /tla-/ is possible. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \grm Causative: Note that in the causative /ximiktia/ the sense is to 'allow' something to occur, in this case that a field becomes overgrown with weeds. Note: /O:tlaximiktih. We:i o:kito:kak, san o:kiyo:kolih, xokitlapoh/ 'He allowed (his field) to become overgrown with weeds. He planted a lot, he provoked it (it was his fault), he didn't weed it.' It appears that perhaps with verbs that in the intransitive indicate a naturally occurring state, the causative might well indicate that the causer allows this state to occur. Further analysis of such occurrences and of incorporation such as in /ximiki/ should be conducted. Note: /Yo:kixihmiktih i:mi:l ya xkima:te:ka/ 'He let his corn field get overgrown with weeds because he didn't weed it.' \ref 06078 \lxa tsotsoliwi \lxac tsotsoliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bare (e.g., an animal that loses its hair or fur) \ss quedar pelón (p. ej., un animal que queda sin pelo) \pna O:tsotsomi:ntiak moburroh, tsotsoliwi, yo:pe:w sa:wati. \pea Your donkey has become hairless, it's become bare, it's started to get mange. \psa Tu burro se quedósin pelo, se pone pelón, ya empezó a tener sarna. \xrb tsol \nae Although Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <nla>tsotsoliwi</nla> has been documented without the intensifier <n>te-</n> both the alternate form <nla>tetsotsole:wi</nla> as well as Oapan Nahuatl <nlo>te:tsoliwi</nlo> are only reported with this form. It is possible, therefore, that the <n>te-</n> is either very common or necessary and that the form <na>tsotsoliwi</na> is relatively rare. \qry Ask, of course, what else can /tsotsoliwi/. NOTE: In the Oapan elicitation Florencia and Inocencio recorded /tetso:liwi/. This might have been an error. However, it is unclear if /tsotsoliwi/ exists as a Oapan word. For this reason it has been left blank, but it needs to be corrected and the meaning linked to the word. \vl There was a mistake here and the four tokens are actually the word /tetso:liwi/ at #2944. Thus the 4 tokens here at 6078 should be numbered 2944 and two of them used for the two linked files. \ref 06079 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:ntexoxo:wia \lxof [i:x te:n te xo xo: 'wi a] \lxoc i:xte:ntexoxo:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-k/ya/lia \tran -Adj \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seo to get a black eye \sso salirsele o tener el ojo con moretón \syna i:xte:nka:miliwi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb xo: \qry Check for transitive which should exist. \pqry The second male token manifests the almost entire deletion of the reduplicant vowel [i:xte:ntexxo:wiya]. Thus even though the second /o/ has a short duration, it is marked as phonologically long. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm /te-/ Note the obligatory use of the intensifier in this word, which indicates a state that is not normal and the result of some negative occurrence: /i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya/ \grm Phonology; phonetics: for /i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya/: The second male token manifests the almost entire deletion of the reduplicant vowel [i:xte:ntexxo:wiya]. Thus even though the second /o/ has a short duration, it is marked as phonologically long. \ref 06080 \lxa we:ika:puwa \lxac nowe:ika:puwa \lxo we:ika:powa \lxoc nowe:ika:powa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-3b(ow) \seao to brag about \ssao ensalzar \se (often used in the reflexive) to talk big; to brag \ss (a menudo utilizado en el reflexivo.) alardear; jactar; fanfarronear \pna Nowe:ika:puwa, kel melá:k kipia tomi:n. \pea He talks big, as if he really had a lot of money (i.e., but he doesn't). \psa Alardea como si de veras tuviera mucho dinero (pero no lo tiene). \xrb we:i \xrb po:wa \nse This is the virtual equivalent of <nlao>menta:rowa</nlao> (Am/Oa) as well as the following words from Oapan: <nlo>we:ika:te:ne:wa</nlo> and <nlo>iwia:npowa</nlo>. \qry Check for other forms with /we:ika:/. I seem to remember a /wa:lwe:ika:chi:was/ but haven't found the annotation in my file cards. \grm Participles; /ka:-/; grammaticalization: The /ka:-/ as a 'ligature' is often considered to be a participial formation for verbs that combine with others (e.g., kwala:nka:no:tsa). The same /ka:/ is probably found in the agentive forms and in deverbal adjectivals such as /koto:nki/, in which final /a:/ might have been shortened and raised. However, it's use as what is apparently an independent grammaticalized particle for predicate modification is not discussed. In /we:ika:powa/ there is a basic (underived) adjectival that can be considered deverbal (and hence participial). Note also that /we:i/ participates in a series of variations that often involve a denominal base: /istatl/, /ista:k/, /ista:ya/, /istalia/, and that when the adjectival forms in these series combines, it does so with /ka:/: /tsope:lika:-/, etc. Check Sullivan.\ \grm Phonology: It might be that underlying long {o:} in the context {o:wa} is always realized in Am on the surface as [u] and should be written: /kipuwa/, /kikuwa/., etc. Perhaps this should be an orthographic rule. Check. \ref 06081 \lxa ile:wia \lxac kile:wia \lxo ile:wia \lxof [i le: 'wi a] \lxoc kile:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to desire (particularly the taste of sth, such as a particular food or prepared dish) \ss antojarsele (particularmente el sabor de algo, como una comida en particular, o un guisado) \pna Nikile:wia, nihkwa:sneki. \pea I desire it, I want to eat it. \psa Se me antoja, tengo ganas de comerlo. \se to be hot for (a person's body); to lust after \ss tener ganas de (estar con una persona sexualmente); desear a (algn, sexualmente) \pna Nikile:wia un suwa:tl, kwaltsi:n. \pea I'm hot for that woman, she's pretty. \psa Tengo ganas de esa mujer, es bonita. \se to covet; to want to possess (wealth, material objects, etc.) \ss codiciar (riqueza, objetos materiales) \pna Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chtlawe:lita. \pea He covets my money, he despises me. \psa Desea mi dinero, me odia. \xrb l \xrb e:w \xvaa ile:wilia \nse The etymology of this verb is uncertain; cf. other words with initial <na>il</na> or <na>el</na> such as <na>elka:wa</na>, <na>elna:miki</na>, etc. Local dialects in the Balsas River valley seems to vary as to whether the initial syllable is <na>il</na> or <na>el</na>. In Ameyaltepec, apparently the verb <na>ile:wia</na> is only used to refer to food or, by extension a woman. For example, it is said that if a pregnant woman wants to eat a particular food while pregnant (/kile:wia:/) and doesn't, then her child will be born with some mark. In the phrase /kile:wia notomin/ the use is idiomatic; in general /ile:wia/ is not used to refer to coveting the wealth of another, or a person, but, almost always, to desiring a food. \qry Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/. \ref 06082 \lxa teololtetl \lxac teololtetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea large, round boulder \ssa roca grande y redonda \syna tebie:joh \syno tebie:joh \syno tewe:weh \xrb te \xrb olol \xrb te \qry Check for other forms, such as /teolohli/ or /ololtetl/. Recheck vowel length. \ref 06083 \lxa san \lxac san se: \lxo san \lxoc san se: \dt 06/May/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \se only (in terms of quantity) \ss solamente (en cuanto a cantidad) \pna San se: pe:soh nikpia. \pea I just have one peso. \psa Solamente tengo un peso. \se merely (in reference to the fact that it was not sth of greater impact) \ss simplemente; solamente (en referencia a que no fue otra cosa mayor) \pna San kichkone:tl o:kichi:w. \pea It was merely a child who did it. \psa Solamente fue un niño quien lo hizo. \pna Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall. \psa No voy a correr. Me voy a ir despacio, de otro modo me puedo tropezar. \pna San o:tika:sia:wte:w. Xo:tikchipa:wte:w. Tikchipa:wteko. \pea You just left it (e.g., clothes) soaking before you headed out. You didn't wash them. You'll wash them upon returning. \psa La dejaste remojando (en este caso ropa) antes de salir. No la la lavaste antes de salir. La vas a lavarla regresando. \pna Xok ne:wa, nochi to:nahli san ye:watok. \pea He can't stand up and walk anymore, all day he just sits. \psa Ya no puede incorporarse y caminar, todo el día está nomás sentado. \pna Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti. \pea I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself. \psa Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) en el agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo. \se (~ <na>no:</na> [independent pronoun]) by [one]self (e.g, myself, yourself, etc.) \ss (~ <na>no:</na> [pronombre independiente]) [si] mismo (esto es, mi mismo, ti mismo, etc.) \pna Note:i:xpantia san no: yewa. \pea He came clean all by himself (i.e., voluntarily confessed sth that he had done, e.g., that he had broken sth, he had killed a pig, etc.). \psa Confesóde su propia cuenta (por si mismo, esto es, voluntariamente confesó algo que había hecho, p. ej., haber roto algo, matado un marrano, etc.). \seo (~ <no>di</no> + [perfect]) once you have [verbed] \sso (~ <no>di</no> + [perfecto]) una vez que has [verbo] \pno San di yo:tihtlamih, tia:seh. \peo Once you have finished it (e.g., some food), we will goo. \pso Una vez que la has acabado (p. ej., una comida), vamos a ir. \se (<na>ma:s</na> ~) just \ss (<na>ma:s</na> ~) solamente \pna Ma:s san xne:xtoto:nilia notlaxkal! \pea Just heat up my tortillas for me! \psa ¡Solamente caliéntame mis tortillas! \se (~ <na>se: yewa</na>) it is the same \ss (~ <na>se: yewa</na>) es lo mismo; es igual \colao ke:nkah \colao we:i \cola ihki \cola kemech \cola kwahli \cola otli \xrb san \cfa a:kino:n; kamanon; ka:no:n; katlewa; ke:no:n; tli:no:n \dis sa:; san \nse <na>San</na> is often found is phrases with <na>ma:s</na> and an interrogative pronouns (e.g., <na>ka:non, ke:non, tli:non, katlewa, akinon</na>); these phrases function like the -ever words in English, and may be subordinators, indefinite pronouns, or headless relative clauses in Nahuatl syntax. Thus note: <na>Xtla:li ma:s san ka:non</na> 'Put it down wherever (in any place you desire).' Or, <na>Ma:s san ke:non tikneki, kon nikchi:was</na> 'I 'However you want it, that is how I will do it,' in which <na>ma:s san ke:non</na> introduces a subordinate clause. In the phrase <na>Ma:s san akinon kichi:was</na>, 'Anyone will do it,' the phrase <na>ma:s san akinon</na> functions as a headless relative clause, here the subject completement of the verb phrase <na>kichi:was</na>. And in the phrase <na>Xne:chaka ma:s san katlewa!</na> the function of <na>ma:s san katlewa</na> is that of a headless relative clause which is a object complement. \nse The difference between <na>san</na> and <nla>sa:</nla> is at times difficult to determine, perhaps given the fact that they often translate identically into English. A good strategy for distinguishing the two, therefore, is to compare minimal expressions. One might have, for example, both <na>sa: koxtok</na> and <na>san koxtok</na>. The first indicates that the subject is in a reduced state, that he or she now no longer does anything but sleep and is on the verge of death. Thus cf. <na>sa: koxtok, ti:roh kwalo</na> 'He is just sleeping, he's really sick.' The second phrase, <na>san koxtok</na> indicates that the subject is 'just sleeping,' i.e., nothing worse or nothing else has taken place. Thus one might find the phrase <na>san koxtok, xmitskwa:s</na> 'he (in this case a rattlesnake) is just sleeping, he won't bite you.' Again, <na>sa: yo:li:k</na> indicates that the subject has been reduced to a state of slowness, whereas <na>san yo:lik</na> simply suggests the speed at which somet hing should be d one: <na>san yo:lik xtlato!</na> 'Just speak in a quiet voice!' There are undoubtedly many more examples of contrasts between <na>sa:</na> and <na>san</na> that could be adduced. One can also contrast the expressions, <na>san titlakwa:skeh</na> and <na>sa: titlakwa:skeh</na>. The first might be used, for example, if we are going to travel to Mexico City and one person asks the other what they will do. The answer might be <na>san titlakwa:skeh</na> 'We're just going to eat (i.e., nothing else). However, if two people have a list of activities to do or accomplish before they part ways (i.e.,.to discuss business, to make phone calls, to eat, etc.) and only the final activity remains to be carried out, one person might say to the other, <na>a:man, sa: titlakwa:skeh</na> 'Now all that is left is to eat.' Or, another example: <na>san o:wa:hlah</na> and <na>sa: o:wa:hlah</na>. The first might be used if someone comes and just came to visit, that is the only activity, nothing else. Here one would use <na>San o:wa:hlah</na> 'He just came here (i.e., for no other reason). But one can also say <na>sa: o:wa:hlah</na> 'He just came' (e.g., a person who returns to his village but does not plan to stay, he just came and will soon leave). \qry A definite attempt should be made to offer contrasting sets of /sa: ~ / and /san ~ / phrases (as above). It will also be extremely important to determine the underlying forms for words like /sayhki/, sayhkí:n/, /sayhkón/, and /sampa/, i.e., whether these represent /sa: + / or /san + /. For /sampa/ try to elicit a contrast: /sampa/ /sa: umpa/, /san umpa/, etc. Also, recheck /san no:/ plus independent pronoun. Can one say /san no: newa/. Check and correct. \pqry Check the length of final /e/ in /san se:/, the phrase used here for elicitation. \qry Check all collocations to see if they are applicable only to Am or to both, if both change to colao and make appropriate adjustments. \ref 06084 \lxa tepo:xtok \lxac tepo:xtok \lxo tepo:xtok \lxoc tepo:xtok; notepo:xtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \tran +/-Reflexive \infv Durative \se (refl.; <nao>notepoxtok</nao>) to be wrapped up; to be covered up (e.g., a person sleeping, sb protecting himself from the cold or rain, etc.) \ss (refl.; <nao>notepoxtok</nao>) estar envuelto; estar cubierto (p. ej., una person durmiendo, algn protegiéndose del frío o de la lluvia, etc.) \se to be wrapped up; to be covered (e.g., material objects such as cement or other things covered as a protection from the rain, etc.) \ss estar envuelto; estar tapado (p. ej., objetos materiales como cemento u otras cosas envueltas como protección de la lluvia, etc.) \xrb tepoya \nse My notes are unclear as to whether this stative is found only in the reflexive (i.e., <na>notepo:xtok</na> 'it/he is wrapped up') or whether the nonreflexive form also exists, ? <na>tepo:xtok</na>. For now I have indicated that the reflexive marker is always used in the stative when the subject is a volitional agent.>From Oapan data it seems that the reflexive is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up whereas the nonreflexive is used for objects or, in certain circumstances such as when sleeping, for people (e.g., someone who has been covered up while sleeping). \qry Check vowel length of /o:/. Check nature of stative: is /tepo:xtok/ correct, or is it /notepo:xtok/ (or both, one as a stative and the other a resultative, or for agents versus patient states, etc.) \vl There are 4 additional tokens of the reflexive variant of this word, /notepo:xtok/ at 6119. I have decided to enter the nonreflexive and reflexive under one headword. Thus the 6119 tokens, /notepo:xtok/ should be tagged with #6084 and two of then chosen for the links to the second form in the lxoc field: /notepo:xtok/. Two tokens originally from 6084, /tepo:xtok/ should be linked to the first pronunciation/word in the lxoc field. \ref 06085 \lxa tlatlatsiwintsi:n \lxac tlatlatsiwintsi:n \lxo tlatsiwistli \lxocpend tlatsiwistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn Stem 1(s) \sea small ant-like nonflying insect still not identified \ssa pequeño insecto como hormiga que no vuela, todavía no identificado plenamente \pna Tlatlatsiwintsi:n, se: yo:lka:tsi:n ke:itlah tsi:katsi:ntli. San kima:maltian deke titlatsiwi mitskwa:s. Xpatla:ni, san mitsekos. \pea The <na>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</na> it is a little animal like a small ant. They say that if you are lazy it will bite you. It doesn't fly, it just crawls up on your body. \psa El <na>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</na> es un animalito como una hormiga pequeña. Dicen que si eres flojo te va a morder. No vuela, solamente te sube (del suelo). \sem animal \sem insect \syno tlatsiwistli \nse The plural form in Ameyaltepec is <na>tlatlatsiwintsitsi:nteh</na> ; in Oapan it is <no>tlatsiwistih</no>. \xrb tlats \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 06086 \lxa -tasi \lxac tlakwatasi \lxo -'tasí \lxoc komó:ntasí; tlákwatási \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Asp \der aspectual \infv class-4a/associated motion \se to occur (with an intransitive verb) or do (with a transitive verb) upon arriving there (at a particular location located away from a deictic reference point) \ss occurir (con un verbo intransitivo) o hacer (con un verbo transitivo) al llegar allá (a un lugar en una dirección extraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Nitlakwatasi Wa:pan. \pea I will eat upon arriving in Oapan. \psa Voy a comer al llegar a oapan. \pna A: Xtitlakwate:wa? B: Ka, asta:mpa nitlakwatasi! \pea A: Will you eat before heading out? B: No, I won't eat until arriving there! \psa A:¿Vas a comer antes de salir? B:¡No, no voy a comer hasta llegar allá ! \se (with an intransitive verb) to occur in hitting the ground (toward"there,"i.e., away from a particular deictic reference point, usually speaker location) \ss (con un verbo intransitivo) ocurrir en llegar a tierra allá (distante de un punto de referencia deíctica, usualmente la ubicación del hablante) \pna O:miktasik -i:pan tla:hli-, o:wetsiko chika:wak. \pea He died (upon hitting the ground) there, he fell down hard. \psa Se murió(al caer a la tierra) allá, cayócon estrépito. \pna O:tlatskwepo:ntasik. \pea He hit the ground there with a bang. \psa Cayó a la tierra allá haciendo un gran estrépito. \cfa asi \cfo ásí \xrb ahsi \nse This aspectual marker is the antonym of <nla>-teko</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-tékó</nlo> (Oa). It signifies that an action takes place over a horizontal or vertical plane, with the action signalled by the verb occuring away from a deictic reference point. Often the present is used even with a future event: <na>mo:stla nitlakwatasi te:cha:n</na> 'tomorrow I will eat upon arriving at someone's house.' \nae The impersonal of <na>asi</na> (Am) / <no>ásí</no> (Oa) manifests palatalization: <na>axilo</na> (Am) / <no>áxiló</no> (Oa). \vl Note that there are two sets of words: /tlákwatási/ and /komóntási/. The final sequence of sound tokens should have /komó:ntasí/ first and /tlakwátasí/ second, even though this was not the order in the elicitation. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that with two {h} in certain forms one pitch-accent mark disappears. Thus note /tlákwatási/ in which the underlying form is {tla-kwah-t-ahsi}. However, one does not find */tlákwátasí/. \ref 06087 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /kúkuneh kúkuneh/ (Am) and /kókoneh kókoneh/ (Oa). It has been eliminated as a duplicate and the Am form listed as an alternate pronunciation. \dt 17/Mar/2005 \vl Tag the words (4 female tokens) as 582. \ref 06088 \lxa ko:tsi:lowa \lxac kiko:tsi:lowa \lxo ko:tsi:lowa \lxoc kiko:tsi:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to twist tightly so that tight loops form (e.g., a lasso or rope, garden hose, etc.) \ss torcer o enroscar para que salga como rizos apretados (p. ej., un laso, manguera para agua, etc.) \pna O:kiko:ko:tsi:loh ila:soh. \pea He let his rope get twisted up in various places (causing it to get tight coils in it, because he did not take proper care in making it). \psa Hizo que se enroscara su laso en varios partes. (p. ej., al no prestar la atención apropriada al hacerlo). \xrb ko:tsi:l \vl There are 4 female tokens; do not link the 2nd, but tag all 4. \grm Causative; transitive, 'let': Note /O:kiko:ko:tsi:loh i:la:soh./ The sense here is one of 'letting' (e.g., by negligence) sth happen: 'He let his rope get twisted up in various places (causing it to get tight coils in it, because he did not take proper care in making it).' It does not indicate a volitional act. \ref 06089 \lxa tla:lpachiwi \lxac tla:lpachiwi \lxo tla:lpachiwi \lxoc tla:lpachiwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to get covered by earth \ssao taparse o cubrirse de tierra \pna Noma:tsotiw tla:hli. Tlakaltech, oksepa tla:lpachiwtiw surkoh. \pea The earth folds back upon itself (in this case on steep land when plowed as the earth from a furrow higher up falls over and folds back on the furrow immediately below it). It is steep, the furrow gets covered again with earth. \psa La tierra se va doblando sobre si misma (en este caso en un lugar muy inclinado cuando la tierra de un surco cuesta arriba le cae sobre y tapa el surco inmediatamente abajo). Está inclinado (el terreno), el surco se vuelve a cubrir con tierra. \xrb tla:l \xrb pach \qry Ask about transitive. \ref 06090 \lxa xa:mayo \lxac ixa:mayo \lxo xa:mayo \lxoc i:xa:mayo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \sea thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see <nlo>kakawatl</nlo>) \ssa capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; vé ase <nlo>kakawatl</nlo>) \pna Kwa:k yo:xi:pe:w ipan nexko:ntli, ki:sa ixa:mayotsi:n tlayo:hli. \pea When it (the kernels of maize) has peeled inside the pot used to make <nla>nextamahli</nla>, the skin covering comes off. \psa Cuando (los granos de maíz) se pelan dentro de la olla donde se hace nixtamal, sale su cáscara. \seo thin skin covering of babies and just born mammals \sso delgada capa de piel de los niños y otras mamalias recién nacidas \sea (~ <na>tlaxkahli</na>) thin crust that separates from the top of a tortilla as it is cooked; syn. <nla>i:xko</nla> <na>tlaxkahli</na> \ssa (~ <na>tlaxkahli</na>) costra delgada que se separa de la"frente"de una tortilla al cocerse; sin. <nla>i:xko</nla> <na>tlaxkahli</na>) \xrb xa:ma \nae The headword <nao>i:xa:mayo</nao> has not been documented unpossessed; its etymology it seems to derive from <nr>i:x</nr> and <nr>a:ma</nr>, literally 'face paper/covering.' The intrinsic possessive marker <n>-yo</n> is part of the headword entry here since the nominal stem has only been found in an intrinsic (part/whole) possessive construction. \qry In my original notes I have recorded that there is no initial /i/ in this word, as witnessed by the fact that the form I finally elicited was /xa:mayo:tl/, not /i:xa:mayo:tl/. Nevertheless, this form was only elicited with great difficulty and is obviously not used in conversation. Moreover, the nominal form here seems to be closely related to /i:xa:mia/, the verb. Note that under the definition /i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli/ I had at the end"see <nlo>i:xa:wayo</nlo> "; but there is no entry for /i:xa:wayo/. This should be checked, perhaps I simply forgot to add it; or perhaps it doesn't exist. \vl There are 2 extra tokens of this word at 6659. They should be tagged here at 6090. \ref 06091 \lxa te:ntsakwa \lxac kite:ntsakwa \lxo te:ntsakwa \lxoc kite:ntsakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to put a lid or top on (e.g., a <spn>perol</spn>, canteen, gourd); to cork (a bottle) \ss ponerle una tapadera a (p. ej., a un perol, una cantimplora, etc.); ponerle un tapón o corcho a (una botella) \xrb te:n \xrb tsakwa \ref 06092 \lxa to:nalse:wia \lxac noto:nalse:wia \lxo to:naltse:wia \lxof [to: nal tse: 'wi a] \lxoc noto:naltse:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take a rest from the sun (by sitting in the shade of a tree, etc.) \ss (refl.) tomar un descanso del sol (al sentarse en la sombra de unárbol, etc.) \pna No:to:nalse:wia, xok tekiti. \pea He takes a break from the sun (by sitting in the shade), he no longer works. \psa Toma un descanso del sol (al sentarse en la sombra), ya no trabaja. \xrb to:na \xrb se: \grm Oapan phonology: Note /s/ to /ts/: /to:naltse:wiya/. This seems quite common in the environment / l___. I believe there are many other examples. \ref 06093 \lxa kwadra:doh \lxac kwadra:doh \lxo kwadra:doh \lxoc kwadra:doh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cuadrado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <nao>kwadra:dos</nao> \se amate of the standard size (just under 40 x 60 cm) \ss amate de tamaño estandard (casi 40 x 60 cm) \encyctmp amates \mod Check names for other sizes of amates. Add to x-ref for /a:matl/. \ref 06094 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wítlátl \lxoc wítlátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seo <spn>otate</spn>, a type of reed-like plant not yet collected nor definitively identified \sso otate, tipo de planta como carrizo, todavía no identificado plenamente \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva o:tlatl \xrb ohtla \nae San Juan Tetelcingo has <nt>ohtlatl</nt>, hence the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states under otate:"1. (<na>Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Arundinaria longifolia, Bambusa</na> spp., e.g., <na>B. arundinacea</na>) 'wild cane' Any of the small bamboos with solid stalks which are used for beds. In some areas, <na>otate</na> is applied to the types of cane or bamboo with solid stalks and <na>carrizo</na> to those that are hollow. Also called caña brava, cuilote. 2. (Genera <na>Lasiacis, Panicum, Bromus</na>) See carricillo." \ref 06095 \lxa kone:tsatsi \lxac kone:tsatsi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \sea to shout like a child (said of adults and children) \ssa gritar como un niño (dicho de adultos y niños) \sem sound-human \cfo koné:tlatówa \xrb kone: \xrb tsatsi \qry Check for causative. \ref 06096 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate of Am /kwa:papayoh/ and has for this reason been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06097 \lxa ka:wte:wa \lxac kika:wte:wa \lxo ka:hte:wa \lxoc kika:hte:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc V2-asp \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to leave behind \ss dejar atrás (al salir) \pna Nihka:wte:was, mo:stla nikwa:hkis. \pea I'll leave it behind (upon heading out), tomorrow I'll come to pick it up. \psa Lo voy a dejar al salir, mañana vengo a recogerlo. \pna O:ne:chka:wte:w. \pea He left me behind. \psa Me dejó atrás. \pna Yo:kika:wte:w i:n nomi:l, yo:kika:wte:w a:tl. \pea It left my milpa behind, the rain left it behind (i.e., in reference to a situation whereby early in the planting season it rained, but then later well into the planting season it stopped, leaving the cornfield to dry up). \psa Dejó atrás mi milpa, la lluvia dejóde caer sobre ella (esto es, en referencia a una situación en la cual se sembrótemprano en la temporada pero después, más adelante hacia finales de la temporada, dejóde llover, dejando que la milpa se secara). \se to leave in inheritance \ss dejar en herencia \pna Nihka:wte:was kwa:k nimikis. \pea I'll leave it in inheritance when I die. \psa Lo voy a dejar en herencia cuando me muera. \xrb ka:wa \xrb e:wa \nse Note that a major difference between <nlao>ka:wa</nlao> and <na>ka:wte:wa</na> (Am) / <no>ka:hte:wa</no> (Oa) is that the latter implies a 'leaving behind' in going to another place. Thus, <na>nimitska:wte:wa</na> implies that the subject (in this case 1st person) leaves the object behind in going to a precise destination. It thus has the sense of 'to start out ahead of and leave behind.' Thus, when a disease or illness leaves someone as they get better, the correct form is, e.g., <na>mitska:wa</na> not <na>mitska:wte:wa</na>, since the disease has no precise or defined place to go. \qry The example sentence /Nihka:wte:was kwa:k nimikis./ was taken from memory and should be checked. \ref 06098 \lxa un \lxac un tla:katl pa:kis \lxo yo on \lxoc yo on tla:katl pa:kis \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dem \se (~ [noun]) that; those [noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo]) ese; eso; esa; eses; esos; esas [sustantivo] \pna Xte:kili a:tl un tso:tsokohli, ma a:chika:wi! \pea Pour water into that water jug so that it hardens! \psa ¡Viértele agua a ese cántaro para que se macise! \xrb on \nae It is difficult to determine the most heuristic way of representing this element <nao>on</nao>. In Oapan in can be used pronominally in a postverbal position that is"extrametrical"in the sense that it is not stressed. Thus (under <no>on</no> as a pronominal element) one finds <no>nihkwis on</no> [nih 'kwis on] 'I will use/take that one.' In this sense it appears that the post stress <no>on</no> has a long vowel, but this needs to be further checked. It has still not been definitely established whether Oapan uses <no>on</no> as a demonstrative adjective (i.e., 'that [noun]'). Apparently it does, and here it contrasts with <no>in</no>. My preliminary impression is that vowel lengthening affects the pronominal use, and <no>on</no> becomes <no>o:n</no> while <no>in</no> becomes <no>i:n</no> (although it may be the case that <no>i:n</no> can also be used in a demonstrative sense). Finally, there is the sequence <no>yon</no> or <no>yo on</no>. Again, here it still has not been definitely d etermine the nature of t he difference, if there is one. It may be that <no>yon</no> is simply a rapid pronunciation of <no>yo on</no>, or it may be that <no>yon</no> is specifically a relativizer whereas <no>yo on</no> before a noun essentially functions as a demonstrative adjective. All this needs to be further researched. For now a three part distinction is proposed: (1) <no>o:n</no> as demonstrative pronoun: this element is postverbal and extrametrical, never holding stress, and it manifests vowel lengthening. It contrasts with <no>i:n</no> as in <no>nihkwis o:n</no> vs. <no>nihkwis i:n</no>. (2) <no>yóon</no> : this is found in prenominal position and determines that the noun is a particular one, 'that,' and not any other. It can often be translated simply as a demonstrative adjective, but its syntactic status needs to be determine. (3) <no>on</no> as a demontrative adjective in a prenominal position. (4) <no>yón</no> : this is for headless relative clauses and can be translated as 'the one/thing that is'. It ofte n follows nouns and precedes adjectives or verbs in a modifying role, e.g., <no>tlake:ntli yón chi:chi:ltik</no> 'the cloth that is red,' 'the red cloth.' However, all this needs to be further researched given that the preceding is probably wrong and based on incomplete evidence. \qry Check whether there is a demonstrative, distal pronoun /un/ so that the /in/ ~ /i:n/ is paralleled by an /un/ ~ /un/ distinction. Check!!! Also, perhaps the pronominal form here is /iún/. One test is to translate"that man will go' vs. 'the one who is a man will go.' \vl Low levels, particularly male tokens. This is a pronominal use of /on/ so the phrase /nihkwis on/ should be tagged as 7478 not 6098. Two of the phrases /nihkwis on/ should then be linked at 7478. \ref 06099 \lxa tla:lwa:tsahli \lxac tla:lwa:tsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \se dry land (i.e., land that does not hold water and that therefore dries up quickly) \ss suelo seco (esto es, suelo que no retiene agua y que, por esta razón, se seca rápido) \pna Tla:lwa:tsahli. Kineki a:tl, ma kiawi. \pea It is dry land. It needs water, I hope it rains. \psa Es suelo seco. Necesita agua, ojaláque llueva. \sem soil \cfao wa:tsaltik \xrb tla:l \xrb wa: \ref 06100 \lxa te:nkuwtik \lxac te:nkuwtik \lxo te:nkohtik \lxoc te:nkohtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be hard to control (a beast of burden that is resists control by its reins) \ss ser difícil de controlar (una bestia que no responde a las riendas) \pna Te:nkohtik moburroh, xwel tikteltia. \pea Your donkey is hard to control (i.e., even by pulling on the rope tied around its snout), you can't stop it. \psa Tu burro es difícil de controlar (esto es, aún jalándole las riendas), no lo puedes detener. \dis te:ntili:ntok; te:tepi:stik; te:nkohtik \xrb te:n \xrb kow \nse According to Luis Lucena, <na>te:nkuhtik</na> is not used to refer to lids or tops that are on tight; for this <nla>te:ntepi:stik</nla> and <nla>te:ntili:ntok</nla> are used. \ref 06101 \lxa iwitl \lxac iwitl \lxo yówítl \lxoa ówítl \lxoc yówítl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \se feather (of any bird, or those used in a headdress, etc.) \ss pluma (de cualquier ave o pájaro, o plumas utilizadas en las coronas de danzantes) \pna Nihkwis iwiyo pio. \pea I will use a chicken feather. \psa Voy a utilizar una pluma de gallina. \cfa wiyo:tia \cfo yówiyó:tia \xrb hwi \nse This refers to feathers of any bird, and the feathers used in a corona for the 'danza de corona'. \vl Link first male token. Note low levels here. \grm Phonology; Ameyaltepec: Note the accent here on /wi/ cf. to [i 'xo chio]. Apparently the syllable structure, division and stress depends on the length of the word. \ref 06102 \lxa se:xtilia \lxac kise:xtilia \lxo se:xtilia \lxoc kise:xtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to celebrate or commemorate the anniversary of sb or sth (particularly the anniversary of sb's death, but also a marriage, etc.) for the number of year's time indicated by a numeral that, as a clitic, precedes this bound verb \ss celebrarle o conmemorarle a algn o algo (particularmente.ej., una muerte, un matrimonio, etc.) el número de años que se indica por un número colocado antes de este verbo \pna Nikse:xiwtili:s nowe:wentsi:n. \pea I will commemorate the one year anniversary of my husband's death. \psa Voy a conmemorarle el aniversario de la muerte de mi esposo. \cfao -xiwti \xrb se: \xrb xiw \nse The conmemoration of someone's death this involves praying at their house and then taking the cross to the church where they will place it with an offerring before it. In the morning they place the cross and offering where the person was buried; in the late evening they remove it and take it back. At this time they also give meat (chicken, pork, or beef) to those who bore the coffin when the person was first buried. \nae Whether <nao>se:xtilia</nao> should be considered an applicative or causative needs to be further researched. Semantically it seems to function as an applicative and the morphology is not inconsistent with this interpretation. However, there are many denominal verbs that have <n>-tilia</n> in a derived causative sense: 'to make [sb] become like [nominal stem]' (e.g., <nlao>kone:tilia</nlao>, <nla>plo:wetilia</nla>, etc.). Given the semantics of <nao>se:xtilia</nao>, however, for the present is has been considered an applicative derivation from the unrealized inchoative * <nao>se:xti</nao>. This should be reconsidered later. \mod Note that although the verbal intransitive can occur with any number, only the first year anniversary is celebrated and has a verbal form (at least in Oapan). It is only used in Oapan to refer to the anniversary of the death of someone. Change definition.Whether <nao>se:xtilia</nao> should be considered an applicative or causative needs to be further researched. Semantically it seems to function as an applicative and the morphology is not inconsistent with this interpretation. However, there are many denominal verbs that have <n>-tilia</n> in a derived causative sense: 'to make [sb] become like [nominal stem]' (e.g., <nlao>kone:tilia</nlao>, <nla>plo:wetilia</nla>, etc.). Given the semantics of <nao>se:xtilia</nao>, however, for the present is has been considered an applicative derivation from the unrealized inchoative * <nao>se:xti</nao>. This should be reconsidered later. \ref 06103 \lxa tsokwe:liwtok \lxac tsokwe:liwtok \lxo tsokwe:lihtok \lxoc tsokwe:lihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be slightly curved (sth lineal, such as furrows in a field, etc.); to be slightly curled (e.g. eyelashes) \ss estar ligeramente encorvado (algo delgado y largo como surcos en el campo); estar ligeramente rizado (p. ej., pestañas) \pna Tsokwe:liwtokeh, xok mela:wtokeh. \pea They (in this case furrows in a field) are slightly curved; they are no longer straight. \psa Son (en este caso surcos en un campo) ligeramente chuecos; ya no corren rectos. \xrb tsokwe:l \mod Illustrate; see illustration on original 3x5 file card. \ref 06104 \lxa kwa:chi:koya:wi \lxac kwa:chi:koya:wi \lxo kwa:chi:koya:wi \lxoc kwa:chi:koya:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <nao>kwa:techi:koya:wi</nao> \infv class-3a(w) \se for a wide hole to open up in the top of (e.g., a hut of palm or <na>zacate</na>) \ss abrirse un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate) \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati! \pea A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching! \psa El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo.¡Arréglale el zacate (donde está abierto)! \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mosombre:roh. \pea The top of your hat has come off. \psa Se desprendióla copa de tu sombrero. \dis kwa:chi:koyo:ni \xrb kwa: \xrb chi: \xrb koya: \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koyo:ni/. Given that /chi:koya:wi/ and /chi:koya:wa/ exist, one would expect that the transitive cognate of /kwa:chi:koya:wi/ also exists. \ref 06105 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mámá:wah \lxoc mámá:wah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \pss Adj \der N-posr-wah \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo something with a lot of branches (e.g., a tree, stick, etc.) \sso algon con muchas ramas (p. ej., unárbol, vara, etc.) \seo something with a lot of arms (e.g., a centipede) \sso algo con muchos brazos (p. ej., un ciénpiés) \equiva mama:yoh \xrb ma: \nae Undoubtedly the reduplicant would reduce on a preceding short vowel in a prefix but given the semantics of this term such a construction seems unlikely. \ref 06106 \lxa tsi:ntechakwa:nteko \lxac tsi:ntechakwa:nteko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc *V1-Asp \der Asp \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-4a \se to hit ones rear end hard against the ground in falling \ss darse un duro golpe por las nalgas al caerse fuertemente al suelo \pna O:nitsi:ntechakwa:ntekok, o:ne:chekwanilikeh nosi:yah. \pea I banged my rear hard (in falling to the ground), they pulled my chair out from under me. \psa Me golpeédura las nalgas (sobre el suelo), me quitaron la silla. \cfao tsi:ntechakwa:nia \xrb tsi:n \xrb chakwa: \qry Check for existence of free-standing verb /chakwa:ni(a)/, which is not yet documented. Also, note that my only documentation of this headword for the present entry was with the intensifier: /tsi:ntechakwa:ni/. It is unclear whether the form without an intensifier exists and thus even though I have decided to use it as the headword, its correctness needs to be checked. Cf. /kwa:chakwa:nia/. Check vowel length of /ekwania/ and /chakwa:nia/. This entry might be in error and perhaps should be removed. Check. Check this present entry. I originally here had /tsi:nchakwa:ni/ but all the examples were with /te-/ as an infix and an aspectual ending. Hence I changed the headword. Cf. if this exists in Oapan. \mod Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2 \ref 06107 \lxa peya:wi \lxac peya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to flow or fall off an inclined surface (e.g., water off of a sloped roof, a cloak, etc.) \ss correrse o deslizarse hacia abajo sobre la superficie de una inclinación (p. ej., agua que corre por un techo inclinado, o por un capote) \pna San peya:wi a:tl, xkalaki. \pea The water is just running off (e.g., a raincoat), it's not soaking in. \psa Nada más se corre el agua (p. ej., sobre un capote), no lo empapa. \se to slip and fall backward (e.g., a person walking down a steep incline, on a slippery surface, etc.; see <nlo>xi:la:wa</nlo> \ss resbalar y caerse hacia atrás (p. ej., una persona caminando cuesta abajo, sobre una superficie resbalosa, etc.; vé ase <nlo>xi:la:wa</nlo> \cfa tlapeya:wa \xrb peya: \nse In regards to slipping, and a human subject, this verb refers to an action such slipping on a surface with ones feet going forward as one slips backward. Note that in Classical Nahuatl <na>peyaua</na> is glossed as (Molina):"rebosar el trigo o otras cosas semejantes."However, <na>peyactic</na> and <na>peyauac</na> are given a meaning similar to that here:"corriente de tejado o cosa semejante."Thus in general the meaning does seem to indicate a flowing motion off of a slope. \qry Check for transitive. I did have an entry for /peya:wa/ but it had * before the word/head entry. \mod Note that perhaps a new coding should be used to distinguish these verbs with a long stem-final vowel from those like /poliwi/. \ref 06108 \lxa cho:kwitla \lxac cho:kwitla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N(?) \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. <na>cho:kwitlameh</na> \sea crybaby; a big cryer \ssa llorón; mezquino \pna Cho:kwitla. Ke:n cho:kani! \pea He is a crybaby. Oh, how he cries! \psa Es un llorón.¿Cómo se la pasa llorando? \cfao cho:kwi:tl \xrb cho:ka \xrb kwi \nse The etymology of <na>cho:kwitla</na> is uncertain. It seems to be closely related to <na>cho:kwitl</na>, though with the slight difference in meaning between the two noted in the definitions. Note that <na>cho:kwitla</na> refers to someone, particularly small children, who cry a lot. <na>Cho:kwitl</na> refers more to figurative, metaphoric crying, such as that which is 'after money.' \qry For <na>cho:kwitla</na>, see GRAM 1984-09-02.1 Although it is usually used to indicate a crybaby, one entry stated that at times it can also be used interchangeably with <na>cho:kwi:tl</na>. \grm Determine meaning of both /cho:kwitl/ and /cho:kwitla/ and discuss derivational process. \ref 06109 \lxa to:nalte:mowa \lxac kito:nalte:mowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \sea to divine for; to tell the fortune of (sb who has lost sth, who is ill or has an ill family member, etc.) \ssa adivinar o echar suertes para; interpretar la suerte de (algn que ha perdido algo, o que está enfermo o tiene un miembro de su familia enferma) \pna O:noto:nalte:mo:to. \pea He went to have his fortune told. \psa Fue a que se le adivinararan el futuro. \cfa tete:mowilia \cfo téte:mowília \xrb to:na \xrb te:m-2- \ref 06110 \lxa kiawpale:wia \lxac nokiawpale:wia \lxo kiahpale:wia \lxof [ki ah pa le: 'wi a] \lxoc nokiahpale:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to protect or shelter oneself from the rain \ss (refl.) protegerse o albergarse de la lluvia \pna Umpa wel timokiawpale:wi:s. \pea There you can protect yourself from the rain. \psa Alláte puedes proteger de la lluvia. \pna Tekakahli, kó:n wel timokiawpale:wi:s. \pea It is a shelter (below a ledge of outcropping rocks), that way you will be able to protect yourself from the rain. \psa Es un risco sobresaliente de piedra, de esta manera (esto es, metiéndote abajo de ello) te puedes proteger de la lluvia. \xrb ki \xrb yawi \xrb pale: \qry Check use of non-reflexive form. \pqry Check for glide ?kiyawi... \vl There are 5 tokens that were originally recorded at 3301. The first of these, female, is mistakenly /nokiahpale:wiyah/ (or -n), i.e., it ends with a plural marker. Do not link this, but tage as 6110 also. Thus there should be 9 total tokens (5 originally from 3301 and 4 from 6110. Given the better quality of the later sound files, the links should probably be from those originally at 6110. \rt Perhaps /pale:wia:/ can be further etymologized into /pal/, etc. \ref 06111 \lxa pati \lxac pati \lxo pátí \lxop pati \lxoc pátí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \irregv In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective <na>o:pat</na> but maintenance in the progresive <na>patitok</na>, as in Oapan. See also <na>we:weti</na>. \pa yes-lex \se to get better, to recover ones health \ss aliviarse, recuperarse; convalecer \pna Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n. \pea He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better. \psa Estaba enfermo, ahora poco a poco ya empezó a convalecer, ya está un poquito mejor. \xrb pah \nae The phonological rule eliminating surface /h/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (i.e., {pahti}>/pati/) has affected the verbal class of this verb by feeding the rule for perfective (short) stem formation. Given that after {h} deletion the final sequence of the verb is no longer CCV, the perfective (short) stem is formed by simply deleting the final vowel: <na>o:pat</na> 'he got better' (Am). In Oapan, however, the deletion is"not complete"in the sense that it creates a pitch accent on the syllable nucleus. This apparently prevents stem shortening and the Oapan perfective (short) stem is <no>ó:patík</no>. The dialect in both communities uses the lexical stem for the durative and aspectual forms: <na>patitok</na>, <na>patitiw</na> (Am) and <no>pátitók</no>, <no>pátitíw</no> (Oa). \qry Check for other meanings of /pati/. \grm Diminutive with verbs: /Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n/ 'He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.' Note that this verb is one of the few (cf. /poliwi/) that accepts the diminutive /-tsi:n/ in the present indicative. This should be noted in the grammar. \grm Inflection: perfective The fact that /pati/ is now in Ameyaltepec inflected as /o:pat/ for the perfective demonstrates that the underlying or historical {h} has been completely lost, as otherwise one would find the unallowed *{o:paht}, and that this loss has occurred in such a way so as to permit loss of /t/ in these circumstances. \ref 06112 \lxa kukuwi \lxac kukuwi \lxo kókowí \lxop kokowi \lxoc kókowí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:nkowís</no> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se (almost always with a directional affix) to (go/come) chop wood \ss (casi siempre con un afijo direccional) (ir/venir a) leñar \pna O:kukuwito, xiska:n yekos. \pea He went to chop wood, he won't be back soon. \psa Fue a leñar, no va a llegar pronto. \pna O:nikontak. Ko:kukuwtok, pero xnikmati tla: kaxi:ti:s se: burroh. \pea I saw him there. He was chopping wood here and there, but I don't know if he will even complete a load for one donkey. \psa Lo vi hacia allá. Estaba leñando por acá y allá, pero no sési va a completar ni una carga de burro. \pna Nika:n niko:kukuwi. \pea Here I chop a little wood here and there. \psa Aquícorto un poco de leña por aquíy por allá. \pna Kineki xko:kukuwi, ma:ka tikwa:ltitila:ntia:s ipan otli xo:pantlah. \pea You need to chop wood whenever you get the chance (every once in a while, in reference to during the dry season) so that in the summer months (during the rainy season and planting) you don't have to just come along the path (on your way back from the field) picking up firewood as you come (because of lack of time to properly chop wood). \psa Tienes que ir leñando de vez en cuando (cuando tengas oportunidad, en referencia a la temporada de secas), para que durante la temporada de lluvias no tienes que venir recogiendo leña sobre el camino (por no haber juntado leña cuando hubieras podido). \xrb kow \xvaa kukuwilia \xvao kókowília \nae In Oapan, when there is a preceding short vowel the reduplicant is almost always reduced: <no>nó:nkowís</no>. I have heard words such as <no>nónkokówis</no> uttered in natural conversation (as in response to a question <no>ka:n tiaw?</no> 'Where are you going?). However, one woman, after using this unreduced term, <no>nónkokówis</no> (I am not sure whether she used the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl) mentioned that she was talking like those of Ameyaltepec (in recognition of the fact that I had lived there a long time and tend to have an Ameyaltepec accent). However, it is interesting that even when there is a preceding long vowel (as in the perfective marker <n>o:-</n>) the reduplicant is often reduced, leaving as a reflex only pitch accent: <no>ó:kowíto</no> 'he went to chop wood (for firewood).' In fact, some consultants stated that the form <no>ó:kowíto</no> was more usual than <no>ó:kokowíto</no>, even though I have heard both often in conversation. Since the pitch accent i s a clear reflex of the reduplicant (with a coda {h}), it is equally clear that in <no>ó:kokowíto</no> the only reflex of the reduplicant is pitch accent, and not vowel lengthening. \qry Check length of /i/ in impersonal /kukowilo/ or /kukowi:lo/; cf. entry under /tekoncho:ka/. \qry Re: /kukowi/: check to see if there are other verbs which seem to be formed from a noun root with the ending /i/. \grmx Pitch accent; reduplication; reduction: In Oapan, when there is a preceding short vowel the reduplicant is almost always reduced: <no>nó:nkowís</no>. I have heard words such as <no>nónkokówis</no> uttered in natural conversation (as in response to a question <no>ka:n tiaw?</no> 'Where are you going?). However, one woman, after using this unreduced term, <no>nónkokówis</no> (I am not sure whether she used the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl) mentioned that she was talking like those of Ameyaltepec (in recognition of the fact that I had lived there a long time and tend to have an Ameyaltepec accent). However, it is interesting that even when there is a preceding long vowel (as in the perfective marker <n>o:-</n>) the reduplicant is often reduced, leaving as a reflex only pitch accent: <no>ó:kowíto</no> 'he went to chop wood (for firewood).' In fact, some consultants stated that the form <no>ó:kowíto</no> was more usual than <no>ó:kokowí ;to</no>, even though I have heard both often i n conversation. Since the pitch accent is a clear reflex of the reduplicant (with a coda {h}), it is equally clear that in <no>ó:kokowíto</no> the only reflex of the reduplicant is pitch accent, and not vowel lengthening. This adds to the problem of reduction and pitch accent on long vowels preceding reduplicated stems. There are three major cases in which this occurs. First, it appears to occur with many incorporated body parts. This is amply documented and discussed in the lexicon. Second, it occurs in several cases of possessive noun constructions: /í:kó:l/, /í:koné:w/, /í:metlátsi:n/. In all these cases the reduced form was considered much more correct than the unreduced form. Indeed, Florencia Marcelino stated that /í:kokó:l/ was an Ameyaltepec form. Nevertheless, there are several nouns in which speakers did not reduce. Thus for /kákahlí/ 'awning', I only obtained the form /& #237;:kakál/ except for one person, Carlota Pantaleón, who gave /í:kál/. I had tried to relate the lack of redu ction of /kákahlí/ to metrical factors, but no explanation has proved satisfactory. I asked several consultantsfor the possessed form of /kókomá:hli/ 'toy clay griddle'; many denied the existence of such a form, though I have documented it. Nevertheless, several speakers accepted it and gave the correct meaning. All gave the possessed form without reduction: /íkokóma:l/. Finally, there are forms such as /ó:kowíto/, which show reduction onto the long vowel of the perfective marker /o:-/ preceding the reduplicated stem. The only explanation I have been able to come up with is that in certain cases the question of lexicalization plays a part. That is, pitch accent is used as a reflex of a reduplicant on those cases in which the terms are frequently used (cf. the cases mentioned above). There is also the possibility that reduplication reduction functions differently with nouns (in which case reduplication is not productive) and verbs (possibly including adjectives). This interpretation is supported by some evidence from Ahuelicán where (pending further study) it appears that the underlying {h} of thereduplicant is conserved in the reduction with nouns but not with verbs. Thus one has /nó:hkól/ 'my grandfather'; /í:hkó:l/ 'his grandfather' but apparently (and this should be checked) /né:xtehte:mówa/ and /mí:ste:mówa/ and /kí:te:mówa/ (recheck this last form). \vl Low levels for all tokens. \grm Note the following: /Kineki xko:kukowi, ma:ka tikwa:ltitila:ntia:s ipan otli xo:pantlah/ 'You need to chop wood whenever you get the chance (every once in a while, in reference to during the dry season) so that in the summer months (during the rainy season and planting) you don't have to just come along the path (on your way back from the field) picking up firewood as you go (because of lack of time to properly chop wood).' First note that the vowel surfaces as /o:/ in long vowel reduplication. However, note also the meaning of this reduplication, clearly indicating actions that are repeated at very long intervals. \ref 06113 \lxa tsomo:nki \lxac tsomo:nki \lxo tsomo:nki \lxoc tsomo:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be torn or ripped (cloth or similar materials) \ss estar rasgado o roto (tela o material parecido) \pna Niktlatlamanili:s nokosta:l, tsomo:nki. \pea I'm going to patch up my sack, it is ripped \psa Voy a remender mi costal, está rasgado. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be cracked; to be split or fissured (a hard surface or material such as earth that dries and cracks in the process, a poorly plastered wall, dry parts of ones feet, etc.) \ss (con reduplication de vocal larga) estar agrietado; estar partido (una superficie o materia dura como la tierra que se reseca y se agrieta, un pared mal enyesada, la piel reseca de los pies, etc.) \pna Tso:tsomo:nki un tla:hli. \pea The land has been left with many fissures (or cracks). \psa La tierra quedócon muchas grietas. \xrb tsomo: \qry Check to see if /te-/ is possible. Check to see if /tsomo:ntok/ is possible. In general for all V-alt cases check the durative and the participial forms (e.g., /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/, etc. Create a new field for this, perhaps /xvj for deverbal adjectives. Make sure all intransitive verbs have been tested for this. Thus in /xvj for the headword /kaxa:ni/ one would have kaxa:ntok; kaxa:nki. For /kwepa/ one would have kweptok; ---- etc. This will not include the Stat-x forms for which no intransitive exists. It will also not apply to unergative verbs in which the durative is a progressive and no adjectival with /-ki/ exists. Thus no /xvj field under /cho:ka/ since /cho:katok/ is a progressive. Check difference of potential subjects with /tsotsomo:nki/ and /tso:tsomo:nki/. \grm Reduplication; Statives; Resultatives: Note that /tsomo:nki/ indicates 'to be ripped' or 'to be fissured.' Note however that the semantics of reduplication continue to affect the resultatives/statives despite the fact that a state, with no direct temporal dimension, is signified by the stative. Thus earth that has become fissured in the months following the rains, as the land dries up, is referred to by /tso:tsomo:nki/, with the long-vowel reduplication signalling the temporal extension of the original cause of the state, i.e., that the cracking occurred slowly over time. \ref 06114 \lxa kostiktsi:n seliktsi:n \lxac kostiktsi:n seliktsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea watered down or whitened yellow (e.g., paint) \ssa amarrillo aguado, que tiene algo de blanco agregado (p. ej., pintura) \sem color \xrb kos \xrb sel \nse Originally the entry here was for <na>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</na>, but Cristino Flores (Am) suggested that the present entry was by far the more common term. \qry Check other uses of /seseltsi:n/ and perhaps give further definitions under this headword. Check whether it can be used with other colors: ?tli:ltik seseltsi:n, chichi:ltik seseltsi:n, etc. \grm Diminutive: note the double diminutive here: /kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n/. In general determine the way in which the diminutive is used with colors to indicate, I think, less intensity of the color. This should be investigated with native speakers, but it seems that the /-tsi:n/ indicates less of a given color, i.e., less red, less yellow, etc. \ref 06115 \lxa mi:hli \lxac mi:hli \lxo mi:hli \lxoc mi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se maize plant \ss planta de maíz \se planted cornfield (i.e., <nao>mi:hlan</nao>, by extension from <nao>mi:hli</nao>) \ss terreno sembrado (esto es, <nao>mi:hlan</nao>, por extensión del significado de <nao>mi:hli</nao>) \xrb mi:l \ref 06116 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:ntexoxo:wilia \lxoc ki:xte:ntexoxo:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-para-k/ya/lia \tran -Adj \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo to give a black eye to \sso hacerle salir un moretón en el ojo a \cfa i:xte:nka:miliwi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb xo: \qry Recheck this entry as it might be erroneous. \ref 06117 \lxa mia:wati \lxac mia:wati \lxo mia:wati \lxoc mia:wati \dt 26/Mar/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to send up a tassle and flower (the maize plant) \ss brotarle la espiga y flor (a una planta de maíz) \se to send up a shoot from the center (certain grasses, <nbao>sakatl</nbao>) \ss echar un retoño del centro (como hacen ciertos zacates) \xrb mia:wa \qry Determine the precise scientific name for this process as well as all the plants that can be the subject of this verb. \ref 06118 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koró:nawáke:tl \lxoc koró:nawákeh; koró:nawáke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Danza de Corona \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo dancer in a certain religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week \sso danzante en una cierta danza religiosa de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa \seo (plural: <no>koró:nawákeh</no>) (by extension) dance in which the dancers are called by this name \sso (plural: <no>koró:nawákeh</no>) (por extensión) danza en que los danzantes se conocen por este nombre \sem dance \cfa Da:nsah de koro:nah \encyctmp danza \nae Although underlying {koro:nahwahke:tl} suggests a multiple pitch accent surface form, this is not realized, apparently because of surface limitations on pitch accent patterning. \qry For this and <na>Da:nsah de Bo:lah</na> check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. \vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens of /koro:náwaké:tl/ and 2 each of /koró:nawákeh. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note reduction of pitch-accent since one would expect another from /-wah/: /koró:nawákeh/. Although underlying {koro:nahwahke:tl} suggests a multiple pitch accent surface form, this is not realized, apparently because of surface limitations on pitch accent patterning. \ref 06119 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tepo:xtok/ and a reflexive stative/resultative: /notepo:xtok/. This has been combined under /tepo:xtok/. In the future it will be necessary to determine how best to enter this.. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The four tokens here should be tagged with #6084. \ref 06120 \lxa sapan \lxac sapan tla:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \sea just on \ssa solamente sobre \pna Xtla:li ipan tetl! Ma:ka sapan tla:hli! \pea Place it on a rock! not just on the ground! \psa Pónlo sobre una piedra, no simplemente sobre la tierra. \pna O:kiye:w itlayo:l, xok sapan tla:hli unkah. \pea He stored his shelled corn, it's no longer just lying on the ground. \psa Guardósu maíz desgranado, ya no está solamente sobre el suelo. \cfo san \xrb san \xrl -pan \nse <na>Sapan</na> seems to be a shortened form of the sequence <na>san ipan</na>, though perhaps the first element might be <nla>sa:</nla> (i.e., from <na>sa: ipan</na>. There is a general tendency, it seems, for /n/ to get lost in certain word-final contexts, a tendency that is particularly pronounced in Oapan. Note also that in Oapan the shortened form <na>sapan</na> is not used but rather <no>sa i:pan</no>, with the first element <no>sa</no> probably derived from <no>san</no> after the loss of final /n/ before a following vowel-initial word. \qry Again, check to whether a careful pronunciation of <na>sapan</na> is the equivalent of /sa: ipan/ or /san ipan/. \mod Perhaps a separate morphological or other category should be developed for abbreviations. \ref 06121 \lxa kakasoliwi \lxac kakasoliwi \lxo kakasoliwi \lxoc kakasoliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se to become light (sth that once had a heavier weight: some woods, particularly firewood; squash and other fruits that dry up; tortillas as they get old; often this verb is used for materials that become light because they have dried up) \ss secarse y quedarse ligero, de poco peso (algo que antes pesaba más: algunas maderas, particularmente leña; calabazas secadas por el sol; tortillas viejas; a menudo se utiliza este verbo para materiales que se ponen ligero porque se secaron) \pna Yo:kakasoliw motlikuw. \pea Your firewood became light from drying. \psa Tu leña quedómuy ligera por haberse secada. \pna Yo:kakasoliw un kwe:roh, xok bwe:noh para nokurti:ro:s. \pea That hide has become dry and light (from being old), it's no longer good for tanning. \psa Ese cuero ya se secó y se puso ligero (de viejo), ya no sirve curtirlo. \pna O:kakasoliw un ayutli, xo:tiktlapa:n. O:wa:tsalka:mik. \pea That squash dried up and got light, you didn't cut it in half (taking out the seeds). It shrivled up and got brittle. \psa Esa calabaza se secó y se puso ligera, no la partiste (para quitarle las semillas). Se marchitó y se puso quebradizo. \cfao kakasolwa:ki \xrb kasol \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. In Oapan, the cognate form is <na>ikakasoliwi</na>, with no unusual stress, a fact that indicates that the underlying form is neither * <na>kahkasoliwi</na> nor * <na>kakahsoliwi</na>, i.e., from <na>ihsoliwi</na>. However, note that the cognate for <na>kakasolwa:ki</na> is Oapan <na>/kosolwa:ki</na>, in which, perhaps, there was a change from vowel harmony. At any rate, the root given here for <na>kakasoliwi</na> is at present <na>kasol</na>. In one entry I have recorded that this verb refers to the action of drying up but maintaining the same form, i.e., squash, watermelon, left on the vine; firewood that is very dry. \vl There are four extra Oapan tokens from 04290. These should be c and d for 6121. \ref 06122 \lxa po:kyoh \lxac po:kyoh \lxo po:hyoh \lxoc po:hyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \se to give off a lot of smoke (such as green wood) \ss echar mucho humo (como leña verde) \pna On tlikuwtli melá:k po:kyoh! Xkwahli. \pea That piece of firewood really gives off a lot of smoke! It's no good. \psa ¡Ese pedazo de leña echa muchísimo humo! No está bien. \seo to be covered with soot and smoke (e.g., the inside of a house; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>po:ktik</nla>) \sso estar cubierto con tizne y humo (p. ej., la parte interior de una casa; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>po:ktik</nla>) \dis po:kioh; po:ktlan \xrb po:k \nse <na>Po:kyoh</na> refers to a property of materials (such as certain woods or plants) that give off a lot of smoke. It is not used to reference a place filled with a lot of smoke, for which <nla>po:ktlan</nla> (Am) / <nlo>po:htlan</nlo> (Oa) is used. \nde Molina glosses <n>pocyo</n> as 'cosa que tiene humo'; RS has the same word as 'que produce o contiene humo', which seems more in line with the Balsas definition. \vl Link 1st female token. \mod Perhpas compare this as minimal pair to /po:yoh/. Check. \ref 06123 \lxa po:cho:ko:niah \lxac po:cho:ko:niah \lxo po:cho:ko:niah \lxoc po:cho:ko:niah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se edible, bulbous growth that forms underground on the root of the <nbao>po:cho:tl</nbao> or <nba>tla:lto:ntsi:n</nba> (Am) / <nbo>tla:ltepisolin</nbo> (Oa) trees; its texture and taste is much like that of the <spn>jícama</spn> \ss la parte bulbosa y comestible que crece bajo la tierra sobre la raíz del <nbao>po:cho:tl</nbao> o <nba>tla:lto:ntsi:n</nba> (Am) / <nbo>tla:ltepisolin</nbo> ; tiene la textura y sabor de la jícama \pna Kipia ipo:cho:ko:niah. \pea It (the <na>po:cho:tl</na> or <na>tla:lto:ntsi:n</na> tree) has long, tuber-like (edible) growths on its roots. \psa Tiene (elárbol llamado <na>po:cho:tl</na> o <na>tla:lto:ntsi:n</na>) una parte bulbosa (y comestible) que crece sobre sus raíces. \pna Po:cho:ko:niah | I:nelwayo po:cho:tl, de un seselik wel tihkwa:s, ke:n xi:kamah. \pea <na>Po:cho:ko:niah</na> : It is the root of the pochote tree, if young and tender you can eat it, it is like the jicama. \psa <na>Po:cho:ko:niah</na> : Es la raíz del pochote, si es tierno lo puedes comer, es como la jícama. \sem plant \sem tuber \sem edible \equiva tla:ltepo:cho:ko:niah \xrb po:cho: \xrb ko:n \qry Check for any other plant that has /iko:niah/. Also check for whether when formed on a /tla:ltontsi:n/ tree it is also called /ipo:cho:koniah/ or simply /iko:niah/. Check for unpossessed form, i.e., whether one can simply say, /nihkwa:s po:cho:ko:niah/. \nae The etymology of <nao>po:cho:ko:niah</nao> is not totally transparent. Clearly there are the elements <nr>po:cho:</nr> and <nr>ko:m</nr>. The termination is not clear. In Oapan this noun refers only to the tuberous root of the pochote. It is never possessed, while in Ameyaltepec <na>po:cho:ko:niah</na> can apparently be either possessed or non-possessed. \ref 06124 \lxa tlanwepe:wi \lxac tlanwepe:wi \lxo tlankope:wi \lxoc tlankope:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones tooth to become loose and fall out \ss aflojarsele y caersele un diente a \syna tlanwetsi \cfa tlanxixi:ni \cfo tlá:nxí:ni \xrb tlan \xrb wepe: \nse When Florencia Marcelino, a consultant, was asked for the Oapan equivalent of Ameyaltepec <nla>tlanwetsi</nla>, she gave <no>tlankope:wi</no>, itself cognate to Ameyaltepec <na>tlanwepe:wi</na>. She did not accept <no>tlanwetsi</no> as a valid Oapan form. \nae If several teach come loose and fall out the verbal stem is reduplicated, e.g., <na>tlanuwepe:wi</na> (Am) / <no>tlá:nkopé:wi</no> (Oa). The difference from <nla>tlanxixi:ni</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:nxí:ni</nlo> (Oa) is not entirely clear. \grm Reduplication: /o:tlanuwepe:w/ 'several of his teeth fell out.' Note the use of reduplication of the verbal stem to indicate plurality within a single event/environment. \ref 06125 \lxa popoye:ktsi:n \lxac popoye:ktsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea type of <spn>gordita</spn> or <spn>memela</spn> made of <nla>tixtli</nla> and salt, and occasionally some lard, often taken as food on long trips given that it does not spoil \ssa tipo de gordita o memela de masa y sal, y a veces un poquito de manteca, que a menudo se llevan en los viajes dado que no se echa a perder \equivo tlaxkalpoye:k \sem food \xrb poye: \ref 06126 \lxa kaltsakwa \lxac kikaltsakwa \lxo kaltsakwa \lxoc kikaltsakwa; o:kikaltsak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to lock up in a house \ss encerrar en una casa \pna O:kikaltsahkeh un kone:tl para o:pe:w kwi:tekin, te:muwtih itah wan ina:n. \pea They locked that kid up in the house (i.e., closed the door behind them) in order to start thrashing him, his parents are mean. \psa Encerraron ese niño en la casa (cerrando la puerta atrás de ellos) para empezar a azotarlo, son bravos sus padres. \se (refl.) to shut oneself up inside a house; to close the door to ones house (e.g., for privacy) \ss (refl.) encerrarse a si mismo dentro de una casa; cerrar la puerta de la casa para estar solo \pna Xmokaltsakwa, ma:ka mitsitaka:n ke:n tikchi:wtok! \pea Shut yourself up in your house, don't let them see what you are doing! \psa ¡Enciérrate en la casa, no dejes que vean lo que estás haciendo! \xrb kal \xrb tsakwa \nae The loss of final vowel in the perfective leads to a final /kw/ consonant. In Oapan this often surfaces as /k/ in a what appears to be a variable rule that is not true for all speakers. \pqry Check nature of final /h/ in Oapan form. Is there an aspiration and is the phonetics different from normal final /k/. \grm Oapan phonology; perfective: This entry has a recording of the perfective /o:kikaltsak/. Check final /k/ for any aspiration, etc. \ref 06127 \lxa kwa:tenexyowa \lxac kwa:tenexyowa \lxo kwa:tenexyowa \lxoc kwa:tenexyowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seao to get dandruff \ssao tener o llegar a tener caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb nex \qry Check to see if transitive form can be used /kwa:tenexyo:tia/. Originally I had this definition for Am: 'to get ringworm' or 'enfermarse de tiña' but this is probably in error. See /tsonawatl/. \ref 06128 \lxa yo:lkwepa \lxac kiyo:lkwepa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to change the mind or desires of \ss cambiar de parecer o idea a; cambiar la voluntad de \pna Yo:kina:nkilika un te:lpokawah, a:man yo:kiyo:lkwepkeh. \pea She had accepted the proposition of that boy (in this case to marry him), now they (e.g., friends, other women) have changed her mind. \psa Ella le había aceptado su proposición (en este caso de matrimonio), ahora la hicieron (p. ej., otras amigas) cambiar de idea. \se (refl.) to change ones mind; to have a change of heart \ss (refl.) cambiarse de parecer o idea \pna Xok tiknamakas, yo:timoyo:lkwep. \pea You won't sell it anymore, you've changed your mind (or, had a change of heart). \psa Ya no lo vas a vender, te cambiaste de parecer. \syna yo:lxiti:nia \syno yó:litlakówa \xrb yo:l \xrb kwepa \grm Pluperfect: Note the following example of use: /Yo:kina:nkilika on te:lpokawa, a:man yo:kiyo:lkwepkeh/ 'She had accepted the proposition of that boy (in this case to marry him), now they (e.g., friends, other women) ha've changed her mind.' The pluperfect here is a classic case of its use: it indicates a situation that is no longer valid. In this case, since the girl had changed her mind about marrying the boy, her initial acceptance was no longer"active."Thus it is in the pluperfect, which more than anything is not a tense, but indicates a counterfactual situation. \ref 06129 \lxa mawistla:katl \lxac mawistla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea (ritual) father of the bride \ssa (ritual) padre de la novia \sem ritual \syna mawistlatowa:ni \xrb mawis \xrb tla:ka \nse This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's father in addressing the bride's father. \ref 06130 \lxa i:xtla:watl \lxaa i:xtla:watl \lxac i:xtla:watl \lxo ixtla:watl \lxoc ixtla:watl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se plain; savanna \ss llano; sabana \pno Xtepe:k nito:ka, san nochi nika:n i:pan ixtla:watl. \peo I don't plant in the hills, just all here on the plain. \pso No siembro en los cerros sino todo aquíen el llano. \sem topography \xrb xtla:wa \nse This form is relatively rare in Oapan and Ameyaltepec, where <nla>ixtla:waka:n</nla> is much more common. \nae Apparently the initial vowel is long in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but short in Oapan. However, this needs to be rechecked. \chen Check initial vowel length. \ref 06131 \lxa ma:a:xoto:ni \lxac ma:a:xoto:ni \lxo ma:á:xotó:ni \lxoc ma:á:xotó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to get blisters on ones hands \ss salirse ampollas en las manos \pna O:nima:aga:xoto:n, chika:wak o:nitekit. \pea I got blisters on my hands (in various places), I worked hard. \psa Se me salieron ampollas por las manos, trabajéduro. \xrb ma: \xrb xoto: \nse The verb <na>ma:a:xoto:ni</na> often occurs with short vowel reduplication indicating that the blisters occur in various parts of the hand. When there is such reduplication in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl a [g] is inserted to break up the triple vowel sequence. In Oapan, I have only heard this in the reduplicated form, and Florencia Marcelino would only accept the reduplicated (reduced to pitch accent on the long initial vowel of the stem <no>a:xoto:ni</no>) form, here given as the Oapan headword. \ref 06132 \lxa kakalakatsi:n \lxac kakalakatsi:n \lxo kakalakatsi:n \lxoc kakalakatsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea <l>Caesalpinia cacalaco</l> Kunth, tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family so called because of the characteristics of its fruit \ssa <l>Caesalpinia cacalaco</l> Kunth,árbol de la familia Fabaceae (Leguminosae) asíllamado por las características de su fruta \se fruit of the tree <l>Caesalpinia cacalaco</l>, also called <nao>kakalakatsi:n</nao> \ss fruta delárbol <l>Caesalpinia cacalaco</l>, también llamado <nao>kakalakatsi:n</nao> \se design of woven palm, flat with small pebbles inside, used on Palm Sunday and that makes a rattling sound when shaken \ss diseño de palma tejida, plano con piedrecitas colocadas adentro, para Domingo de Ramos y que hace un cascabeleo al agitarse \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili nokakalakatsi:n! \pea Weave my palm together as a <na>kakalakatsin</na> ! \psa ¡Téjeme mi palma en la forma de <na>kakalakatsin</na> ! \pna Wel kichichiwa so:ya:tl ke:n kakalakatsi:n. \pea He can make palm into the shape of a <na>kakalakatsin</na>. \psa El puede hacer la palma en forma de <na>kakalakatsin</na>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp Easter \xrb kala: \nct kohtli \qry Check to see if this fruit is edible. \ref 06133 \lxa tsomo:nia \lxac kitsomo:nia \lxo tsomo:nia \lxoc kitsomo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to rip (e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc.) \ss rasgar; romper (p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc.) \pna Xtsomo:ni tlakotsi:n moa:maw! \pea Rip off a piece of your paper (e.g., for me to use)! \psa ¡Arráncale un pedazo de tu papel (p. ej., para que yo lo pueda usar)! \pna Kitsotsomo:nia so:ya:tl para iswasa:lo:s. \pea He rips the palm (in long strips) so that he can (use it to) tie up corn leaves stripped from the dried plant just before harvest. \psa Rasga la palma (en tiras largas) para (utilizarla en) atar las hojas de maíz que habían sido arrancadas de la milpa justamente antes de la cosecha. \xrb tsomo: \xvaao tsomo:nilia \vl Extremely low levels all tokens. \ref 06134 \lxa tlatsiwi \lxac tlatsiwi \lxo tlatsiwi \lxoc tlatsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a(w) \se to feel lazy; to be or become lazy; to get tired of doing sth (e.g., painting, writing, etc.) \ss sentirse flojera; ser o ponerse flojo; cansarse de hacer algo (p. ej., pintar, escribir, etc.) \pna O:tlatsiw, xoh kineki tekichi:was. \pea He got lazy, he no longer wants to do any work. \psa Se puso flojo, ya no quiere trabajar. \seo to develop late in the planting season (e.g., beans; cf. <nlo>ísiwí</nlo>) \sso desarrollarse tarde en el ciclo agrícola (p. ej., frijoles; cf. <nlo>ísiwí</nlo>) \xrb tlats \xvaao tlatsiwilia \flo ísiwí \dis tlatsiwi; tlatska:ki:sa \ref 06135 \lxa tla:kayo:xi:kopi:ni \lxac tla:kayo:xi:kopi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to have ones skin peel (e.g., from sunburn) \ssa pelarsele a un la piel (p. ej., después de haberse quemado por el sol) \pna O:pe:w nitla:kayo:xi:kopi:ni. \pea My skin has started to peel. \psa La piel se me empezó a pelar. \xrb tla:ka \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \qry Check for transitive; check to whether this applies to only humans, or includes animals. \ref 06136 \lxa tlato:lkaki \lxac kitlato:lkaki \lxo tláto:lkáki \lxop tlato:lkaki \lxoc kitláto:lkáki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \sea to understand the speech or utterances of \ssa entender las palabras o discurso de \pna Xtimotlato:lkakin, nokse: motlato:l. \pea We don't understand each other, you speak a different language. \psa No nos entendemos, tu hablas otra lengua. \sea (recipr.) to come to an agreement; to negotiate a settlement \ssa (recipr.) llegar a un acuerdo; negociar un arreglo \pna Xnotlato:lkakilo. Seki no: ihkón kitowan, seki no: ok sekneka kitowan. \pea An agreement cannot be reached (e.g., in a town meeting). Some say it that way (e.g., how sth should be done), others offer a different perspective. \psa No se puede llegar a un acuerdo (p. ej., en una junta del pueblo). Algunos lo dicen de esa manera (p. ej., como se debe hacer algo), otros ofrecen una perspectiva distinta. \seo to listen to the advice of \sso escuchar y atenderse al consejo de \xrb hto \xrb kaki \pqry The fact that the pitch accent is on /tlá/ provides some evidence perhaps that the p-a is applied to the nucleus of the syllable with coda {h} and then readjusted if necessary. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that in /kitláto:lkáki/ the pitch accent is directly on the nucleus of the syllable with coda {h}, this is to be expected if the coda {h} is the reason for pitch accent; and then there is no motive for reassigment. It would appear that in general with 5 syllable words there is little reassignment, but this should be checked. \ref 06137 \lxa tlatska:ki:sa \lxac tlatska:ki:sa \lxo tlatska:ki:sa \lxoc tlatska:ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to laze around; to hang out being lazy \ss holgazanear; flojear; andar con flojera; estar sin hacer nada \pna Nika:n nitlatska:ki:stok, xkanah nia:sneki. \pea I'm here hanging out being lazy, I don't want to go anywhere. \psa Aquí estoy holgazaneando, no quiero ir a ningún lado. \pna San titlatska:ki:stinemi. \pea You just go around being lazy. \psa Nada más andas holgazando. \dis tlatsiwi; tlatska:ki:sa \xrb tlats \xrb ki:sa \nse <nlao>Tlatsiwi</nlao> has the sense of 'to feel lazy' or 'to become lazy.' For example, when one gets up in the morning without any desire to do any work, one might say <nao>nitlatsiwi</nao> ; or if one gets tired of a particular chore of task, one may say <nao>o:nitlatsiw</nao> ('I got lazy'; 'I got tired (of doing it),' etc.) However, if one is actually acting lazy, lolling about without doing anything, the word <nao>tlatska:ki:sa</nao> may be used. In essence, then, <na>tlatska:ki:sa</na> refer more to the action of acting lazy, whereas <na>tlatsiwi</na> to the feeling of being lazy. \qry One entry filecard has: /no: nika:n titlatska:ki:salo:tok ke:n motah, mocha:n puroh tlatska:ki:salo:tok/ 'You are here also being lazy like your father, in your household everyone goes around being lazy.' This seems an unusual form and might be in error. Hence it has not yet been entered in the database. \qry Check for causative. Check for possible difference of /san titlatska:ki:stinemi/ and /sa: titlatska:ki:stinemi/. \pqry This is a particularly good token word for the long vowel /a:/ in the participles. \ref 06138 \lxa kwite:wa \lxac kikwite:wa \lxo kote:wa \lxoa kwite:wa \lxoc kikote:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc V2-asp \der Asp \infv class-3a(w) \se see <nla>kwiste:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>koste:wa</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>kwiste:wa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>koste:wa</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \nse The Oapan use of <no>kwite:wa</no> is found in a story by Juvenal Ramírez. According to Roberto Mauricio Juvenal and his family all use this form, and this is because for many years they planted in the area of Xa:la:tlahko, where many Ameyaltepequeños have their fields. \pqry Check for /h/ in Oapan i.e., should /kote:wa/ be /kohte:wa/; if it is there it is very light. Check both /kote:wa/ and /tlakote:wa/ (entry 5311). \ref 06139 \lxa ye:ixiwti \lxac ye:ixiwti \lxo ye:ixihti \lxoc ye:ixihti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao see <nla>-xiwti</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-xihti</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>-xiwti</nla> (Am) / <nlo>-xihti</nlo> (Oa) \nse More common than the verbal form, at least in Oapan, is a phrase such as <no>a:man i:n kitlamiya ye:i xihpan</no>. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06140 \lxa ma:tlawia \lxac kima:tlawia \lxo ma:tlawia \lxof [ma: tla 'wi a] \lxoc kima:tlawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to trap or snare with a net \ss atrapar con red \pna Kima:tlawia wi:lo:meh. \pea He snares <spn>huilotas</spn> with a net. \psa Atrapa huilotas con una red. \se to snare, trap, compel, or snare (sb) into doing a job, fulfilling a function, etc. \ss obligar o compeler (a algn) para hacer un trabajo, desempeñar una función, etc. \pna Ne:nkah un tikma:tlawi:skeh, yewa tekipano:s. \pea There's the one that we will snare, he will work (in this case in a community <na>cargo</na>). \psa Ese que está allá la vamos a atrapar,él va a trabajar (en este caso en un cargo del pueblo). \encyctmp hunting \xrb ma:tla \mod Illustration: Cf. drawing with original 3x5 file card for how the net is laid and the birds snared. \ref 06141 \lxa suwa:tl \lxac suwa:tl \lxo siwa:tl \lxoc siwa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se married woman \ss mujer casada \se woman who has already given birth or had sexual intercourse \ss mujer que ya tiene un niño o que ha tenido relaciones sexuales \pna Ye suwa:tl, xok ichpokawah. \pea She's already a woman (i.e., has had sexual intercourse), she is no longer a maiden. \psa Ya es mujer (esto es, ya ha tenido relaciones sexuales), ya no es una doncella. \se female (particularly when compounded with other nouns <nla>suwa:kone:tl</nla> 'young girl') \ss del sexo feminino; hembra (particularmente en composición con otros sustantivos, <nla>suwa:kone:tl</nla> 'mujer joven') \pna Suwa:tl noso tla:katl? \pea Was it (in this case a child just born) a girl or a boy? \psa ¿Era niña (en este caso un niño recién nacido) o niño? \se (poss.) wife \ss (pos.) esposa \pna Kicho:kilia isuwa:w, o:mik. \pea He is crying for his wife, she died. \psa Estállorando por su esposa, se murió. \se (possessed with short vowel reduplication) lover \ss (poseído con reduplicación de vocal corta) amante \pna San isusuwa:w. \src DT1:288 \pea She's like his wife (i.e., not really his wife). \psa Es como (si fuera) su esposa (esto es, no es de veras su esposa) \pna Hermelinda García isusuwa:w, xmelá:k isuwa:w, san de kamana:lowa. \pea Hermelinda García is his lover, she's not really his wife, just in"play." \psa Hermelinda García es su amante, no es su esposa de veras, solamente de vacilada. \se (in composition with [animal]) female [of the indicated species]; see <nla>suwa:pitso</nla>, etc. \ss (compuesto con [animal]) hembra [de la especie indicada]; vé ase <nla>suwa:pitso</nla>, etc. \se (inalienable possession) genitalia of (a woman; Ameyaltepec synonym <nla>suwa:chiwa:yo</nla>) \ss (posesión no enajenable) genitalia de (una mujer; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec <nla>suwa:chiwa:yo</nla>) \xrb sowa: \nse The reduplicated form <na>sosowa:tl</na> (Am) / <no>sísiwá:tl</no> (Oa) can be used instead of <nla>mo:sah</nla>, a Spanish borrowing. Note that the possessed form of <na>sosowa:tl</na> indicates that the man was not really serious about the woman; it does not simply indicate that they were not married. That is, if a man is serious about a woman and sets up a household with her, the verb <nla>nepanowa</nla> is used and she is referred to as <na>i:sowa:w</na> and not <na>isosowa:w</na>. The reduplicated form, as a consultant explained, indicates that the man is planning on being with the woman only for a while, that he does not consider her his <spn>compañera</spn>. The denominal adjectival form <na>sosowa:tik</na> (Am) / <no>sísiwá:tik</no> (Oa) is used to indicate effeminateness. Finally note that in composition with an animal <na>sowa:</na> indicates that the animal is the female of the species; the male is usually not marked. \nae The Oapan plural form is irrregular: <no>síwaméh</no>. The pitch accent here suggests an underlying glottal or 'saltillo' after the noun root that creates the pitch accent mark: {siwah + meh}. This is not the case with <no>tla:kameh</no>, which has regular stress, even though historically the plural was <n>tla:kah</n>. In Ameyaltepec the plural form has a short /a/, <na>suwameh</na>, clearly the result of the same form as Oapan after the loss of the plural marker /h/. In Totolcintla the plural is <n>siwahmeh</n>, which evidences the presence of /h/. \qry Check whether /kich/ or /okich/ can be used to mark masculinity in a species. \pqry The length is difficult to hear in final syllable position, although comparative evidence, as well as evidence from compounds, suggests that the /a:/ is long. However, the acoustic evidence from this form /siwa:tl/, should be analyzed to determine if there is indeed a clear difference between long and short /a/ in this context. \grm Reduplication: note that there is a conversation about reduplication following DT1:288. \grmx Plural Oapan: Note the Oapan plural form: <no>síwaméh</no>, which suggests an underlying glottal or 'saltillo' after the noun root that creates the pitch accent mark. This is not the case with <no>tla:kameh</no>, which has regular stress. \ref 06142 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo -we:weh \lxoc michwe:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \seo ending adding to certain nouns to indicate large size \sso terminación agregada a varios sustantivos para indicar gran tamaño \xrb we:weh \ref 06143 \lxa ikuwsa:wananakayo ikwitl bu:rroh \lxac ikuwsa:wananakayo ikwitl bu:rroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of mushroom that grows on burro or cow dung \ssa tipo de hongo que crece sobre el excremento de burro o vaca \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo kuhsa:wananakatl \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \xrb kwitla \ref 06144 \lxa kwa:tewia \lxac nokwa:tewia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sem contact \se (refl.) to hit ones head against \ss (refl.) golpearse la cabeza contra \pna O:nimokwa:tewih pan tepa:ntli. \pea I knocked my head against the wall. \psa Golpeémi cabeza contra la pared. \pna O:timokwa:tewikeh. \pea We hit our heads together. \psa Nos chocamos las cabezas. \syna kwa:chakwa:nia \syno kwa:techakwa:nia \syno kwá:tsatsí:tia \xrb kwa: \xrb te \qry Check for possibility of transitive use. However, also note that in many cases compounds with /-tewia/ are used only reflexively. \mod Perhaps add separate sense of the reciprocal. \ref 06145 \lxa rradurah \lxac rradurah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan herradura \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea constellation of stars that form a U or horseshoe shape, still not identified \ssa constelación de estrellas en forma de U o herradura, todavía no identificada \sem heavens \encyctmp si:tlalin \ref 06146 \lxa iswasa:lowa \lxac iswasa:lowa \lxo iswasa:lowa \lxoc iswasa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to tie fodder of stripped maize leaves into bundles with strips of palm \ss atar en manojos con tiras de palma las hojas del maíz sacadas en el zacateo \cfao iswate:ka \xrb swa \xrb sa:l \nse This intransitive verb, <nao>iswasa:lowa</nao> refers to an action related to stripping the corn leaves, <nlao>iswatl</nlao>, from the corn stalks to preserve as fodder. One takes handfuls of the stripped leavs and slams them down between two standing stalks. Later, one goes along with palm to tie the corn leaves into bundles. Before this action the corn leaves, while still not completely dry, are stripped from the plant in an action called <nlao>iswate:kilistli</nlao>, each worker working 3 zurcos at once. The corn leaves are then placed between maize stalks where they are left to dry. Some weeks later the bundles are tied together with palm, and taken out of the field to be stored, either in the village or in an <nlao>iswakohtli</nlao> located near the milpa. \qry Elicit nominal form ?iswasalowistli \ref 06147 \lxa tetsotsol \lxac tetsotsol \lxo te:tsol \lxoc te:tsol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \se to be featherless (e.g., a chicken); to be hairless (an animal such as an ox) \ss estar sin plumaje (p. ej., una gallina); estar sin pelo (un animal como un buey) \pna Tetsotsol mópio. \pea Your chicken is featherless. \psa Tu gallina no tiene plumas. \se person who is destitute, in extreme poverty \ss persona indigente \pna Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol. \pea When all is said and done you don't have anything, you are destitute (i.e., so don't brag about anything). \psa A fin de cuentas no tienes nada, eres una persona indigente (y, por eso, no vayas a jactar de nada). \se (with diminutive <n>-tsi:n</n>) maize without its husk \ss (con el diminutivivo <n>tsi:n</n>) mazorca sin su cáscara, pelón \pna Xpixkatiw tetsotsoltsi:n! \pea Go along harvesting the maize taking off the husk as you go (leaving the ear of corn"nude")! \psa ¡Ve cosechando el maíz quitándole su cáscara mientras vayas yendo (dejando la mazorca"desnuda")! \pna Nikpia sintli puroh tetsotsoltsi:n. \pea I have maize on the cob that is all without its husk. \psa Tengo mazorcas que están todos sin su cáscara. \seo (<nlo>pio</nlo> ~) featherless chicken \sso (<nlo>pio</nlo> ~) gallina sin plumas \xrb tsol \encyctmp mi:hli \nae It appears that in Oapan <n>te-</n> (as a"dummy morpheme") is always found with <no>tsotsol</no> (which reduces to <no>te:tsol</no>). In Ameyaltepec, however, the"intensifier"is not always present. This is the case with compounds (e.g., <nla>kextsotsol</nla>) and in the Ameyaltepec word for 'naked' (<nla>tsotsoltetl</nla> ; cf. Oapan <nlo>te:tsoltetl</nlo>). However, when an isolated word <na>tetsotsol</na> appears to be the only acceptable form. Note, finally, that Ameyaltepec consultants indicated that when referrring to maize on the cob without its husk, the <n>te-</n> is necessary, as is the diminutive ending <na>-tsi:n</na> : <na>tetsotsoltsi:n</na>. \qry Recheck plural form. I have heard 'asoleado' used in reference to a buey without hair. Also check whether form without /te-/ occurs. This also holds for /tetsotsole:wi/, i.e., check whether ?/tsotsole:wi/ occurs. Check final /h/ in /puroh/ \mod Include /tetsotsoltsi:n/ as a type of maize/mazorca. \ref 06148 \lxa tlayo:lkwa \lxac tlayo:lkwa \lxo tlayo:lkwa \lxoc tlayo:lkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to eat maize (e.g, an animal) \ss comer maíz (p. ej., un animal) \xrb o:ya \xrb kwa \nse This is used to refer to animals that are feed maize to eat. \ref 06149 \lxa tlaxtla:wa \lxac kitlaxtla:wa \lxo tlaxtla:wa \lxoc kitlaxtla:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to pay for (particularly in compensation for a debt, work done for wages, the cost of sth acquired, etc. [O]) \ss pagar para (particularmente en compensa, p. ej., para cubrir una deuda, trabajo hecho, el costo de algo adquirido, etc. [O]) \pna Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was. \pea His son-in-law has debts, but everything will come from our friend pocket, he will be the one to pay for everything. \psa Su yerno tiene deudas, pero todo va a salir a cuenta de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo. \pna Tia:skeh ne: ina:k un toba:leh, yewa sie:mpreh ma:s kitlaxtla:wa! \pea Let's go there to where that friend of ours is, he always pays more (e.g., in wages, for work done)! \psa ¡Vamos allídonde está nuestro amigo,él siempre paga más (p. ej., en sueldo, para trabajo hecho)! \pna Ma:s patioh kitlaxtla:wan. \pea They pay a higher price for it. \psa Pagan un precio más alto por ello. \se to compensate; indemnify; to pay compensation to (e.g., an aggrieved person [O]) \ss compensar (con dinero) a; indemnificar (p. ej., una persona agredida o merecedor de una compensa [O]) \pna Ne:xtlaxtla:was. \pea He will indemnify me (e.g., in a judicial settlement). \psa Me va a indemnificar (p. ej., después de un juicio) \dis tlaxtla:wa; tlaxtla:wilia \xrb xtla: \xvaa tlaxtlawilia; tlaxtla:wia \nae The underlying verb form is apparently <n>(i)xtla:wa</n>, perhaps a ditransitive, although this form is seldom used. Rather, one finds <n>tlaxtla:wa</n>, a transitive verb, which has the nonspecific object prefix. In one acceptation the object of <nao>tlaxtla:wa</nao> is the item paid for (e.g., <na>... nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was</na> 'he will pay for everything'). However, in another acceptation the object is the person receiving the payment, in compensation. For example, a speaker might threaten someone who has done something harmful by saying <na>I:tekiw tine:xtlaxtla:was</na> 'For sure you're going to have to pay me (i.e., compensate me)!' Thus <na>tlaxtla:wa</na> with a human object is used to refer to someone who receives payment in a court settlement, or even out of court, for example for damage done. This may be paid by a drunk you splits open someone's head or sleeps with a virgen daughter. However, if one accidently kills someone's animal (such as a pig) the form <nao>ne:xtlaxt la:wilia</ nao>'he will pay me for it' is used (and not <na>ne:xtlaxtla:was</na> 'he will indemnify me') and the thing paid for is the secondary object \qry Check whether /tlaxtla:wa/ is acceptable with no other object, i.e., /nitlaxtla:wa/, or whether it is acceptable with a nonspecific object, e.g., /nitlatlaxtla:was/. Both of these seem erroreous, and my recollection at this point is that only /kitlaxtla:wa/ is acceptable. I also seem to remember that if one pays the fine of someone, a human object is possible. This should be checked (e.g., /timitstlaxtla:was/) 'I will pay for you.' In general check this and the difference with / \ref 06150 \lxa yo:lkatsitsi:nteh de mi:hli \lxac yo:lkatsitsi:nteh de mi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \sea type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants \ssa tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se hallan en las plantas de maíz \sem animal \sem insect \equiva tijeri:tas \equivo a:ma:xtlatsi:n \xrb yo:l \xrb mi:l \ref 06151 \lxa pitso \lxac pitso \lxo pitso \lxoc pitso \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se pig \ss marrano; cerdo \se (fig.) wedding in which the bridewealth was only a pig or two \ss (fig.) boda en que el"pago"para la novia (<i>bridewealth</i>) es solamente uno o dos marranos \pna Kineki xo:chitl. Xkineki pitso. \pea He wants a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate. He doesn't want just a pig (as bridewealth). \psa Quiere una boda elegante con músicos, pan y chocolate. No quiere solamente un marrano (como regalo a los padres de la novia). \se large biceps \ss bíceps grandes; conejos \pna Nikpia pitso. \pea I have large biceps. \psa Tengo bíceps grandes. \pna Ki:sa pitso. \pea His biceps bulge (when he makes a muscle). \psa Salen sus conejos (cuando hace esfuerzos para resaltar sus músculos). \sem animal \sem domes \xrb pitso \ref 06152 \lxa tewi:kpa:ntli \lxaa tewi:pantli \lxac tewi:kpa:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \sea row of stones or rocks piled up and set in a line like a low-lying wall (such as <nla>temantli</nla>, the rows of stones placed in the mounds between furrows of a planted field) \ssa línea de piedras amontonadas y colocadas en una hilera en un corral de poca altura (como los <nla>temantli</nla>, las hileras de piedras puestas en los montículos entre los surcos de un terreno cultivado) \sea short rise or cliff-like break in the terrain, perhaps some one or two meters high, where water has cut into stone ground \ssa pequeño risco o rompimiento en la tierra, de como uno o dos metros de altura, donde agua le ha cortado un terreno pedregoso \sem topography \xrb te \xrb wi:pa: \dis temantli; tewipa:ntli; tekorra:l \nse Although some speakers gave the form <na>tewi:kpa:ntli</na>, Luis Lucena stated that this was incorrect, and that the proper term was <na>tewi:pa:ntli</na>. \qry Recheck vowel length. I originally had /wipa:/ here and /wi:pa:/ in other entries, but the roots seem the same and therefore I have changed /tewipa:ntli/ to /tewi:pa:ntli/. \mod See illustration on filecard. \ref 06153 \lxa potihki \lxac potihki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea mealy; having a fine-grained texture (e.g., certain fruits and vegetables such as lima beans, camote, potato, squash, and overripe cantaloupe or watermelon) \ssa arenosa; con una textura muy fina (p. ej., ciertas frutas y verduras como habas, camote, papa, calabaza y melón o sandía muy maduro) \sem texture \xrb poti \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. No cognates have yet been found in other dialects. \qry Etymology uncertain; check for related verb forms such as ?potiwi. Also check for vowel length, perhaps entry should be ?poti:hki. \ref 06154 \lxa tamala:yutli kipia ikakawayo \lxac tamala:yutli kipia ikakawayo \lxo tamaláyotli yón kakawáyoh \lxop tamalayotli yon kakawayoh \lxoc tamaláyotli yón kakawáyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se certain variety of the small, thin-skinned type of squash called <nla>tamalayutli</nla> \ss tipo de calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada de los llamados <nla>tamalayutli</nla> \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp tamala:yotli \xrb tamal \xrb ayoh \xrb kawa \nct a:yotli \nae The vowel length of the /a:/ of <na>tamala:yutli</na> / <no>tamaláyotlí</no> has been problematical. It may be that some speakers have a short vowel here. \vl There are 3 female and 3 male tokens. However, the first male token is stuttered/broken and should not be tagged. \grmx Pitch accent; relative clauses: the particle /yón/ seems to require intonational stress and, at the same time, break up the relative clause between head and modifier so that each element receives at least intonational pitch accent. This needs to be checked over the course of many relative phrases. \ref 06155 \lxa petlasa:kah \lxac petlasa:kah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea petate that has been rolled and tied into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains \ss petate enrollado y atado como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos \sem tool \syn sa:kah \syno petlakoxta:l \xrb petla \xrb sa:ka \nse <na>Petlasa:kah</na> might be derived from the verb <na>saka</na>, meaning 'to transport,' although the long vowel would seem to negate this. \qry Recheck the vowel in /petlasa:kah/ and determine etymology if possible. \mod Make illustration. \ref 06156 \lxa ma:kokoh \lxaa ma:kokon \lxac ma:kokoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \se type of non-biting ant, still unidentified \ss tipo de hormiga todavía no identificado, y que no muerde \pna Ma:kokoh, ke:n tsi:katl tlachia, san yewa ma:s pitsa:wak, itlakotiá:n pitsako:tsi:n. \pea The <na>ma:kokon</na> looks like the ant called <na>tsi:katl</na>, just that it's narrower, it's middle is really tiny and thin. \psa El <na>ma:kokon</na> parece como la hormiga que se llama <na>tsi:katl</na> sólo que es más delgado, en la parte en medio es chiquitito. \sem animal \sem insect \equivo ma:we:weyak \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb ma: \xrb kon \nae The etymology of <na>ma:kokon</na> is uncertain (and the vowel length should be checked). However, animals are usually called by a name that in some way refers to their physical characteristics and this might be the case with <na>ma:kokon</na>, which might indicate something about the"arms"of this ant; or the etymology might be entirely different. \mod /ma:kokoh/ used to be another entry (#2002). Now this has been entered as an alternate pronunciation for /ma:kokon/, this entry. Check which is more common, and this should be made into the principal entry. \ref 06157 \lxa tekoxtik \lxac tekoxtik \lxo tekoxtik \lxoc tekoxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denon-tik \seo to have black and white spots or stripes such as those found on the lineated woodpecker (<i>Dryocopus lineatus</i>) \sso tener rayas de negro y blanco, como el carpintero real (<i>Dryocopus lineatus</i>) \xrb tekoch \xrl -pan \ref 06158 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo petlakoxta:l \lxoc petlakoxta:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>costal</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo petate that has been rolled and sewn into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains or chile \sso petate enrollado y atado o cosido como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos o chile \sem tool \syna petlasa:kah \syna sa:kah \xrb petla \mod Make illustration. \ref 06159 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítia:po:té:tia \lxop itia:po:te:tia \lxoc ítia:po:té:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo to get a large, round belly or midsection; to have a bloated belly \sso llegar a tener una barriga hinchada, grande y redonda \syna po:te:tia \xrb hti \xrb a: \xrb po:te: \ref 06160 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:nkwetóhli \lxoc i:xté:nkwetóhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \seo eyelids \sso párpados \sem body \sem human \syna i:xte:nkweri:toh \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kweh \xrb tol \qry Check stress pattern. \ref 06161 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mihká:chichi:wa \lxop mihka:chichi:wa \lxoc nomihká:chichí:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo (refl.) to lie down as if dead; to play dead \sso (refl.) acostarse como muerto; jugar al muerto \syna mihka:tete:ka \xrb miki \xrb chi:wa \ref 06162 \lxa kamayo:li:k \lxac kamayo:li:k \lxo kamayo:li:k \lxoc kamayo:li:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo to be a slow-eater or drinker \sso ser lento en comer o beber \syna kamasasa:l \xrb kama \xrb yo:l \qry I had as a Oapan synonym listed here /te:nyo:li:k/ (Oa). However, this is not in the database. Check if it is correct and, if so, add. Also clarify differences, if any, with /kamayo:li:k/. \ref 06163 \lxa tsi:npachowa \lxac kitsi:npachowa \lxo tsi:npachowa \lxoc kitsi:npachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to give an enema with a ball of cotton (to a person or animal) \sso darle unaénema con una bolita de algodón (a una persona o animal) \syna pelo:tawia \xrb tsi:n \xrb pach \ref 06164 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixonak a:ketspalin \lxoa ixonak a:kitspalin; ixonak a:ispalin; a:ketspalin ixonak \lxoc ixonak a:ketspalin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \seo <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic \sso <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva sakaa:jos \equivo a:xonakatl \equivo xóxonakátsi:n \xrb xonak \xrb a: \xrb ketspal \qry At one time Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that this was different from the /xoxonakatsi:n/. This should be checked. \pqry Notice the difference between the 1st and 2nd female tokens in regard to the velar between /a/ and /ets/. In the first it is voiced and perhaps somewhat open; this should be compared to the second. In general an analysis needs to be conducted on stops and voicing. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \nct xiwtli \ref 06165 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komo:n \lxoc komo:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo tarantula \sso tarantula \sem animal \sem insect \equiva tokatl de un totomioh \xrb toka \xrb tomi \pqry The duration of the final vowel is strikingly long. Note also the difference in the pitch peak between Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 06166 \lxa xiwyo:xi:ni \lxac xiwyo:xi:ni \lxo xihyo:xi:ni \lxoc xihyo:xi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo to lose leaves (a tree during the dry season) \sso perder las hojas (unárbol durante la temporada de secas) \syna xiwyo:tepe:wi \xrb xiw \xrb xi: \vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male tokens. \grm Noun incorporation; intrinsic possession: The word /xihyo:xi:ni/ seems to illustrate the incorporation either of an abstract noun, /xiwyo:tl/ that is not otherwise found in Balsas Nahuatl, or the fact that the incorporation for such items (i.e., when the relationship of the incorporated noun to the subject is one of part/whole). Note, however, that the nominalization, incorporation, etc. of noun when they are in a part/whole relation with an argument (subject or object) are manifested with the /-yo:/ possessed marker (e.g., /ki:xteyo:tia/ 'he places eyes (part/whole) on it'). It would be wrong in this case (as probably with /xihyo:xi:in/ to consider the /yo:/ part of an abstract incorporated noun. Rather, it suggests a part/whole relationship to the main arguments of the predicate. \pqry Cf. notes under / \ref 06167 \lxa tsonakayeti:ya \lxac tsonakayeti:ya \lxo tsonakayeti:ya \lxocpend @tsonakayeti:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-para-k/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seo to have one side heavier than other (e.g., scales, a donkey with a load, etc.) \sso tener un lado más pesado que otro (p. ej., un balance, un burro con una carga, etc.) \xrb tsonaka \xrb ye \ref 06168 \lxa itiyo:lkwa \lxac kitiyo:lkwa \lxo ítiyó:lkwa \lxop itiyo:lkwa \lxoc kítiyó:lkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \pa yes-lex \seo to eat the center of the maize stalks (e.g., worms or insects [S], when the milpa is still young, perhaps a foot or so high in August) \sso comer el centro de las plantas de maíz (p. ej., gusanos o insectos [S], cuando la milpa es todavía joven, quizámedio metro, en agosto) \xrb hti \xrb yo:l \xrb kwa \ref 06169 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:tepail \lxoc kwa:tepail \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. <no>kwa:tepai:ltih</no> \seo female dancer in a religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week \sso danzante en una danza religiosa de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y Semana Santa \sem dance \cfa Da:nsah de Bo:lah \encyctmp da:nsah \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb payol \nse This dance is traditionally performed during the fiesta of San Agustín (in August and now in February), San Miguel, and <nlo>a:wihli</nlo> (Carnival). It may, unlike the <no>koro:náwakéh</no> (see <nlo>koro:nah</nlo>), which is only performed during Carnival, also be performed during other fiestas. There are 12 sones (songs) of this dance, plus another tune that is unnamed and employed when the dancers enter and leave the church yard or other place of performance. The 12 sones are named for the patterns or movements which the dancers make: 1) <nlo>tsi:ntemowah</nlo>, <nlo>korrali:toh</nlo>, <nlo>san se: weyak</nlo>, <nlo>china:ntli</nlo>, <nlo>tepailtsi:n</nlo>, <nlo>mona:rkah</nlo>, <nlo>kalma:tli</nlo>, <nlo>ilakastsi:n</nlo>, <nlo>koro:stsi:n</nlo>, <nlo>nomá:kwíh</nlo>, <nlo>mona:rkah</nlo>, and <nlo>we:i korra:l</nlo>. There are two versions (apparently in both dancer movements and music) of <nlo>mona:rkah</nlo>. The plural name for the dances is <nlo>kwa:tepailtih</nlo>. \qry For this and <na>Da:nsah de Bo:lah</na> check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. \pqry The length of the vowels in the sequence /ai/ is hard to determine and much more research will need to be conducted. It might be that the /i/ is lengthened, or undergoes compensatory lengthening from the reduction of /yol/ to /i:l/, i.e., the loss of the /o/. All this needs to be checked across the board. Perhaps the elicitation of the plural form /kwa:tepailtih/ would help clarify length. \ref 06170 \lxa te:i:xna:mikini \lxac te:i:xna:mikini \lxo te:í:xna:mikíni \lxoc te:í:xna:mikíni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \seao person who stands up to and challenges people; person who talks back and argues with people \ssao persona que enfrenta a la gente, discutiendo y no dejándose; respondón \syna te:nana:nkilia:ni \xrb i:x \xrb na:miki \nae The pitch accent in <no>te:í:xna:mikíni</no> is a reflex of the reduplication of the verbal stem <no>i:xna:miki</no> ; vowel initial stems simply acquire a pitch accented initial vowel which is lengthened if it were underlyingly short. In this case the long initial vowel is unchanged in regard to quantity. \pqry Check quality of final vowel, I have written /i/ for both although Florencia Marcelino's vowel is lower. \grm Oapan phonology and reduplication: Note /te:í:xna:mikíne/ where the stem initial vowel is stressed in lieu of reduplication. \ref 06171 \lxa kwilintsi:n \lxac nokwilintsi:n \lxo kwilintsi:n \lxoc kwilintsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo very little baby, recently born \sso bebérecién nacido \cfao kone:kwilintsi:n \xrb kwil \nse The term <no>kwilintsi:h</no> is applied to very little babies who squirm a lot, hence the use (in the diminutive) of the word for 'worm.' \ref 06172 \lxa kone:kwilintsi:n \lxac kone:kwilintsi:n \lxo kone:kwilintsi:n \lxoc kone:kwilintsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo woman with a recently born baby \sso mujer con un bebérecién nacido \cfao kwilintsi:n \xrb kone: \xrb kwil \ref 06173 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a repeat entry of /tepo:tskalaktia/ in 5294. For this reason it has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tokens here should be tagged with #05294. \ref 06174 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sa:yo:lwia \lxof [sa: yo:l 'wi ya] \lxoc kisa:yo:lwiyah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seo to have flies swarm around one ([S] in English, expressed as Nahuatl [O]) \sso tener muchas moscas a su alrededor ([S] en español expresado como [O] en náhuatl) \xrb sa:yo:l \nae The grammatical subject of <no>sa:yo:lwia</no> is always 3rd-person plural, effectively the same"flies"that are expressed by the verbalized nominal stem <nr>sa:yo:l</nr>. Thus a construction such as <no>te:chsa:yo:lwiyah</no> could be translated as 'the flies swarm around us' although a strict translation of the Nahuatl would be 'they (the flies) affect us with flies,' or something to that effect. Cf. the discussion under <nlo>a:skawia</nlo>. \grm Subject; cognate subjects; deverbal nouns; /-wia/: Note that in /sa:yo:lwiya/, from Oapan, the nominal roots it the necessarily implied subject of the derived verb: The potential subjects of <no>sa:yo:lwiya</no> are apparently limited to the single item of <n>sa:yo:limeh</n>, 'flies.' That is, it is the flies that cause flies to be around one (the grammatical object in Nahuatl). Thus a construction such as <no>te:chsa:yo:lwiyah</no> could be translated as 'the flies swarm around us' although a strict translation of the Nahuatl would be 'they (the flies) affect us with flies.' \ref 06175 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:kasísiwá:tl \lxoc tla:kasísiwá:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \seo effeminate man; homosexual \sso hombre afeminado; homosexual \xrb tla:ka \xrb sowa: \nae For a reason not understood at present, the citation form of this nominal compound did not manifest reduction of the reduplicant onto the final short vowel of the preceding nominal stem: ? <no>tla:ká:siwá:tl</no>. Whether or not this would be an acceptable alternate form still needs to be determined. \mod Determine single root for /sowa:tl/ Am or /siwa:tl/ Oa. \grmx Oapan reduplication; reduction; pitch accent: For a reason not understood at present, the citation form of this nominal compound (/tla:kasísiwá:tl/) did not manifest reduction of the reduplicant onto the final short vowel of the preceding nominal stem: ? <no>tla:ká:siwá:tl</no>. Whether or not this would be an acceptable alternate form still needs to be determined. \qry Check why reduction does not occur. \ref 06176 \lxa suwa:tik \lxac suwa:tik \lxo siwa:tik \lxoc siwa:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo to be gossipy \sso ser chismoso \xrb sowa: \nse In Oapan this is said only of men who are said to display the gossipy tendencies attributed to women. \ref 06177 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:jo:hloh \lxoa a:johloh \lxoc a:jo:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan ajonjolí \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo full or covered with sesame (e.g., a sesame roll or similar type of bread) \sso cubierto o lleno de ajonjolí(p. ej., un pan cubierto de ajonjolí) \nae Vowel length in Spanish loans is nortoriously difficult to determine. The number of tokens available for acoustic measurement is often limited and insufficient for an statistical determination. Moreover, vowel length seems to change depending upon the syllabic structure. The borrowed word for sesame <spn>ajonjolí</spn> (Oapan Nahuatl <no>a:jolin</no>) seems to manifest these difficulties. The nominal borrowing seems to have a long initial vowel and the remainder short, although this needs to be checked. Based on acoustic measurements, the present headword, <no>a:jo:hloh</no>, seems to have two long vowels, though the second has a shorter duration across all tokens than the first. Indeed, in some cases it might be better written as a phonologically short vowel. For this reason the short-vowel orthography has been entered as an alternate pronunciation. \pqry The vowel length in this word and all contained the same borrowed Spanish stem should be checked. \vl Tag 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 06178 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:mpachka:yo \lxoc i:te:mpachka:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-ki \infn N2 \seo folded and sewn hem around the edge of an item of clothing (e.g., the hem of a dress) \sso dobladillo cosido alrededor de alguna pieza de ropa (p. ej., una falda) \cfo kechpachka:yo \xrb te:m \xrb pach \ono tlake:ntli \mod Create an /ono page on clothes: pants, mens shirts, sandals, hats, womens clothes (blusa, falta, vestido, corpiño, etc.). Also jewelry, etc. \ref 06179 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:tewa:ts \lxoc te:tewa:ts \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-part \seo to cause weight loss \sso hacer enflaquecer \xrb tewa: \ref 06180 \lxa ma:tla:ki \lxac ma:tla:ki \lxo ma:tla:ki \lxoc ma:tla:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit) \sso tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembra rinde bien) \syna ma:teyo:ti \xrb ma: \xrb tla:ki \nde Apparently <nla>ma:teyo:ti</nla> in Ameyaltepec has a more diverse meaning than <nlo>ma:tla:ki</nlo> for whereas the former refers to a person whose efforts lead to the multiplication of cooked and natural fruits, the second refers only to fruits of the earth. \vl The first female token (of three) is erroneous: /ma tla:ki/ (the optative particle /ma/; this should be tagged with ref. 3757). The next four tokens, two female and two male, are correct utterances of /ma:tla:ki/ (the major difference between these four and the first is the vowel length of the first /a/) and should be tagged as 6180, with one female and one male linked. \ref 06181 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /ma:kakapaka/, it has been removed as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06182 \lxa tla:lko:nchi:wilia \lxac notla:lko:nchi:wilia \lxo tla:lko:nchi:wilia \lxoc notla:lko:nchi:wilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to make a small concavity for oneself in the ground (e.g., a dog or pig about to have a litter) \sso (refl.) hacer una pequeña concavidad en la tierra para si mismo (p. ej., una perra o marrana a puntar de parir) \pno Chichiíkwa:h ni:xiwi, notla:lko:nchi:wilia. Tlatekomolowa, kichi:wa i:tla:lko:n para ni:xiwis. \peo A dog when it is giving birth, it makes a hole for itself in the ground. It scratches out a hole, it makes its depression in the earth so that it can give birth. \pso Una perra cuando va a parir, se hace una cavidad en la tierra. Excava, hace una hoyito para que pueda parir. \cfa tla:lko:nwia \xrb tla:l \xrb ko:m \xrb chi:wa \qry Check whether transitive form exists, or if only the reflexive is possible. \ref 06183 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xonakayoh \lxoc xonakayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have a lot of onions (e.g., a salad) \sso tener mucha cebolla (p. ej., una ensalada) \xrb xonaka \ref 06184 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo po:tsihtok \lxoc po:tsihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv V1-Durative \seo to be stuffed full (e.g,. sb's mouth, a stuffed tortilla, etc.) \sso estar atestado; estar muy lleno (una cosa abierta como la boca de algn, o una tortilla de frijol, etc.) \xrb po:ts \rt Perhaps compare many of the roots that have /po:/: /po:ts/, /po:te/, /po:cho:/, etc. \ref 06185 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo po:tsiwi \lxoc po:tsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo to become stuffed full (e.g,. sb's mouth, a pot with beans that have increased in size with cooking, etc.) \sso llenarse; atestarse (una cosa abierta como la boca de algn, o una tortilla de frijol, etc.) \dis po:tsiwi; tewitsiwi \xrb po:ts \ref 06186 \lxa tlachapa:ni:hli \lxac tlachapa:ni:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \sea branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals) \ssa ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen) \sea (<na>korrá:l de</na> ~) a fence made of thorn bushes heaped on the ground \ssa (<na>korrá:l de</na> ~) cerca hecha de ramas espinosas colocadas y apiladas por el suelo \sem material \equivao wistlachapa:ni:hli \equivo tlawistlachapa:nihli \encyctmp fences and fencing \xrb chapa: \qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. Perhaps this should be short. \ref 06187 \lxa itipi:tsmiki \lxac itipi:tsmiki \lxo ítipi:tsmíki \lxop itipi:tsmiki \lxoc ítipi:tsmíki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to feel bad from having eaten or drunken in excess \sso sentirse mal del estómago por haber comido o bebido demasiado \xrb hti \xrb pi:ts \xrb miki \ref 06188 \lxa teyoyo:li:tik \lxac teyoyo:li:tik \lxo té:yo:lí:tik \lxoc té:yo:lí:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-ki \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be a slowpoke; to be very slow in what one does (e.g., walking, working, performing a task, etc.) \sso ser lentón; ser muy lenta en hacer cosas (en caminar, trabajar, hacer algo, etc.) \syna sasa:l \xrb yo:l \nae Although the exact derivational process of <no>té:yo:lí:tik</no> is not entirely clear, it seems to be formed from the adjectival <nlo>yo:li:k</nlo> and the intensifier <n>te-</n>, onto which the reduplicant is reduced (creating the lengthened, pitch-accented vowel). The adjectival ending <n>-tik</n> is apparently in paradigmatic relationship with the <n>-k</n> of <no>yo:li:k</no>. \qry Check meaning and vowel length; determine whether this is a close synonym to Ameyaltepec /sasa:l/. \ref 06189 \lxa chi:ltepapaye:xtli \lxac chi:ltepapaye:xtli \lxo chi:lté:paíxtli \lxoc chi:lté:paíxtli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-? \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \infn Stem 1(:) \pa yes-rdp \seo crushed dried peppers (e.g., of the type used on pizza) \sso chile seco y triturado (p. ej., el tipo empleado con pizza) \xrb chi:l \xrb paya: \nae The word <no>chi:lté:paíxtli</no> is clearly related to Oapan <nlo>papaitsa</nlo> (cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>papayetsa</nla>), in turn derived from <nlo>paya:ni</nlo>. The"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n> takes the lengthening and pitch accent that is a reflex of the reduplicant. \ref 06190 \lxa ma:kwe:chowa \lxac kima:kwe:chowa \lxo ma:kwe:chowa \lxoc kima:kwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to crush or grind up in ones hand (e.g., chile seco) \ss triturar en las manos (p. ej., chile seco) \xrb ma: \xrb kwe:cho \ref 06191 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ma:xtlatsi:n \lxoc a:ma:xtlatsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants \sso tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se hallan en las plantas de maíz \sem animal \sem insect \equiva yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh de mi:hli \equiva tijeri:tas \cfo a:ma:xtlatl \xrb a: \xrb ma:xtla \vl There are 4 extra tokens at 6307. Link 2nd female token from 6307 and 2nd male token from 6307. \ref 06192 \lxa ma:kuwtilia \lxac noma:kuwtilia \lxo ma:kohtilia \lxoc noma:kohtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.) \ss (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo se le vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.) \pna Xmoma:kohtili, ma:ka mitsma:tla:nis! \pea Tense your arm, don't let it win out over you! \psa ¡Pon fuerte a tu brazo, quéno se te vaya a ganar! \xrb ma: \xrb kow \cfa ma:chika:wa \dis makuhtilia; ma:chika:wa \ref 06193 \lxa xo:wi:lin \lxac xo:wi:lin \lxo xo:wi:lin \lxoc xo:wi:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se catfish (precise species not yet identified) \ss bagre (especie preciso todavía no identificado) \sem animal \sem marine \xrb xo:wi:l \qry On one file card I mention that both vowels here are definitely long; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) record the first /i/ as short. \ref 06194 \lxa tio:panki:sa \lxac tio:panki:sa \lxo tio:panki:sa \lxoc tio:panki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to get married in a church ceremony (i.e., lit. 'to emerge from church') \ss casarse en una ceremonia religiosa (de la iglesia; lit. 'salir de la iglesia') \pna O:tio:panki:s ika ino:biah. \pea He got married in the church to his girlfriend. \psa Se casó en una ceremonia religiosa (en la iglesia) con su novia. \xrb tio: \xrb ki:sa \xrl -pan \xvca tio:panki:xtia \qry Check vowel length here and in all words with /tio/. Here I definitely heard a short vowel in the recording for Oapan. \ref 06195 \lxa tla:ltewistika:n \lxac tla:ltewistika:n \lxo tla:ltewistika:n \lxoc tla:ltewistika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla:l-ka:n \infn N1(N2-tla) \se see <nla>tla:lte:tewistika:n</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tla:lte:tewitska:n</nlo> (Oa) \ss vé ase <nla>tla:lte:tewistika:n</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tla:lte:tewitska:n</nlo> (Oa) \xrb tla:l \xrb tewits \ref 06196 \lxa a:tonkwitsmeh \lxac *a:tonkwitsmeh \lxo á:tonkwístih \lxoc á:tonkwístih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seao type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao> or water tank) \ssao tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao> o tanque) \equiva a:tonkwilin \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb kwits \nse For Ameyaltepec <na>a:tonkwitsmeh</na> appears to be idiosyncratic (it is rarely used); the more common form is <nla>a:tonkwilin</nla>. In Acatlán, they are called <n>ahtonquiztle</n> :"maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). Cristino Flores stated that this term is used in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec they are called <nla>a:tompitsmeh</nla>. \nae Apparently reduplication is the motive for Oapan Nahuatl pitch accent in <no>á:tonkwístih</no>. However, there are two scenarios. The first is that the vowel is underlyingly long (perhaps from the root <nr>a:</nr> 'water') and that reduplication is reflected simply in pitch accent (with no lengthening of an already long vowel). This is perhaps the most likely scenario (cf. <no>a:polaki</no>, unreduplicated, and <no>á:poláki</no>, reduplicated). However, it might be that the vowel is originally short with pitch accent and reduplication has led to lengthening (? <no>átonkwístih</no>, unreduplicated, and <no>á:tonkwístih</no>, reduplicated). It is interesting that the only cognate form from another dialect obtained to date, from Acatlán, Guerrero, has an /h/ closing the first syllable, <na>ahtonquiztle</na>. If this were representative of the underlying morphology, then Oapan would have a surface form (after the predictable phonological changes) of <no>átonkwístih</no>. With this analysis the pitch accent derives from an underlying {h} and not reduplication; reduplication, however, would lead to vowel lengthening. However, given the probably relation of <no>á:tonkwístih</no> to <no>a:tl</no> 'water,' with a long vowel, the first interpretation seems more likely. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \sj atonkwitsmeh. \rt Note that /kwits/ might here be an allomorph of /kwil/ as in /kwilin/. \ref 06197 \lxa kextsakwa \lxac nokextsakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(kw) \se (refl.) to become hoarse \ss (refl.) quedarse o ponerse ronco; cerrarsele a la gargante a \pna O:nokextsakw, xtikmatin tli:n kokolistli kipia. \pea He got hoarse, we don't know what illness he has. \psa Se puso ronco, no sabemos que enfermedad tiene. \syno kopa:htsakwa \xrb kech \xrb tsakwa \qry Check to see if possibly used in non-reflexive form. Also check for transitive/causative forms. Finally, since I had once recorded this as /kechtsakwa/, the use of /ch/ or /x/ should be checked. \ref 06198 \lxa nakastekontitlan \lxac inakastekontitlan \lxo nakastekontitlan \lxoa nakastekontitlah \lxoc i:nakastekontitlah, i:nakastekontitlan \dt 10/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-titlan \infn N2 \se inside or concave part of the ear (see Oapan synonym: <nlo>nakasko</nlo>) \ss parte interior o concava de la oreja (vé ase sinónimo de Oapan: <nlo>nakasko</nlo>) \seo concave area immediately behind the ear \sso área concava inmediatamente atrás de la oreja \sem body \xrb nakas \xrb tekom \xrl -titlan \nse The etymology of <na>nakastekontitlan</na> would seem to be related to that of, for example, <na>a:xi:xtekon</na> in which the <na>-tekon</na> element apparently refers to a container or round hollow location. \ref 06199 \lxa asi \lxac asi \lxo ásí \lxop asi \lxoc ásí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \pa yes-lex \infv class-4a \irregv In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the impersonal manifests the change /s/ to /x/: <na>axilo</na> (Am) / <no>áxiló</no> (Oa) \se to arrive at a destination (there, i.e., away from a deictic reference point and toward which one is going) \ss llegar a una destinación (allí, esto es, en sentido extraverso de un punto de referencia y hacia donde uno está yendo) \pna Ye tasitokeh. \pea We are about to arrive. \psa Estamos por llegar. \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti icha:n! Kwahli ma asi! \pea Take him right to his house! Have him get there OK! \psa ¡Hazlo llegar bien a su casa!¡Quéllegue bien! \se to be able to reach with ones hands (e.g., sth high) \ss poder alcanzar con las manos (p. ej., algo colgado en lo alto) \pna Xwel tasis pa:mpa titla:ltech. \pea You won't be able to reach it because you are short. \psa No lo vas a poder alcanzar porque estás chaparrito. \se (<n>~pan</n> ~) to arrive (there) at a location where someone ([possessor of <n>-pan</n> ]) is already located \ss (<n>~pan</n> ~) llegar (allí) a un lugar donde alguien ([poseedor de <n>-pan</n> ]) ya está \pna Mopan nasi, xyatiw. \pea Go along! I (will) arrive (where you will be) later. \psa ¡Ve yendo! Llego (allá donde estarás) después. \se (<nao>san</nao> + with a directional affix) to arrive and quickly head back without much delay \ss (<nao>san</nao> + con un afijo direccional) llegar y luego luego estar de regreso \pna San o:tasiko. \pea You just arrived here and headed right back. \psa Solamente llegaste y luego luego te fuiste. \pna San tonasis. Ma:ka tiweka:wis! \pea You will just arrive there and come right back. Don't spend a long time (daudle) there! \psa Solamente vas a llegar allá y en seguido regresarás.¡No te vayas a tardar allá ! \sem motion \colao to:nahli \xrb ahsi \xvaa axilia \xvao áxília \xvca axi:tia \xvca axi:ltia \xvco áxí:tia \xvco áxí:ltia \cfa -tasi \nse Note that without a directional or with <na>~pan</na> the verb <na>asi</na> contrasts with <na>yeko</na> : <na>asi</na> vs. <na>yeko</na> and <na>ipan asi</na> vs. <na>ipan yeko</na>. <na>Asi</na> indicates movement away from and <na>yeko</na> toward a given reference pont. However, with a directional indicating to go/come to a particular place and immediately head right out again, only <na>asi</na> is used: <na>san tonasis</na> or <na>san tiwa:lasis</na> but not * <na>san tiwa:lekos</na>, etc. \ref 06200 \lxa ikxipeya:stik \lxac ikxipeya:stik \lxo ixipeya:stik \lxoc ixipeya:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo to have a stiff leg that can't be bent \sso tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar \syna ikximelaktik \syna ikxito:pi:ltik \xrb kxi \xrb to:pi:l \nse Same as /ikximelaktik/. \qry Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same. Check the Oapan equivalent. \ref 06201 \lxa yeteteki \lxac yeteteki \lxo yé:tekí \lxoa yetétekí \lxop yé:teki \lxoc yé:tekí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seo to pick beans (in harvesting) \sso cortar o cosechar frijoles (en la milpa) \xrb e \xrb teki \nse This refers to the action of pinching the stem of the beans with ones fingers in order to detach them, not to pulling the beans off the stem (hence the use of the verbal root <nlo>teki</nlo>). \nae In Oapan one may find reduplication with a long vowel: <no>ye:yé:tekí</no>. Interestingly, this reduplicant form was not accepted when the noun stem was not incorporated: <no>kiteki yetl</no> but ? <no>kite:teki yetl</no>. This might reflect the lexicalized meaning of <no>te:teki</no> ('to slice'), which would not be appropriate here. \grm Reduplication: In Oapan one may find reduplication with a long vowel: <no>ye:yé:tekí</no>. Interestingly, this reduplicant form was not accepted when the noun stem was not incorporated: <no>kiteki yetl</no> but ? <no>kite:teki yetl</no>. This might reflect the lexicalized meaning of <no>te:teki</no> ('to slice'), which would not be appropriate here. \vl The first female token here is /yeti:k/ and should be tagged as #5932. After this there are 3 female and 3 male correct tokens. \ref 06202 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlaa:yawtok/, but C. Flores denied that this was a valid word. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06203 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /Texi:ntlan/, which has now been placed on the toponymic database. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06204 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koxtlakwa \lxoc koxtlakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-[tla-V1] \der V1-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat in ones sleep \sso comer entre sueños \xrb koch \xrb kwa \ref 06205 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koxtetsoyo:tia \lxoc koxtetsoyo:tia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to fail to grow as a result of lack of sleep \sso quedarse pequeño de estatura por falta de dormir \xrb koch \xrb tsoyo: \pqry Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/. \grm Noun incorporation: Note the semantic implications of this incorporation \ref 06206 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo áxoké:n \lxoa áxoké:h \lxoc áxoké:n,áxoké:h;áxoké:meh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of grey-colored heron, with a long neck extended as it flies; of the family Ardeidae (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb) \sso tipo de garza gris, con un cuello largo que se extiende al volar; de la familia Ardeidae (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb) \equiva ga:rsah \equivo a:rsah \sem animal \sem bird \xrb axoh \nse Inocencio Jiménez stated that this is the bird known as the <spn>garza</spn> (i.e., heron) in Spanish, a bird with a long neck that is rarely seen (though it does show up) in Oapan. The <nlo>a:sta:tl</nlo> on the other hand is a small egret-like bird. Miguelálvarez del Toro, in his commentary on Francisco Hernández, identifies this as the <l>Anhinga anhinga</l>. \nae The etymology of this Oapan word is unclear. The pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, but the location of this is not readily apparent. One might posit either {ahxoke:n} or {axohke:n}. Although the length of the first vowel is unclear. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino is seems to have a short duration, with Inocencio Jiménez it is slightly longer, more in accord with a phonologically long vowel. For the present a short vowel has been recorded given the possibility of an underlying {ah} sequence. \nde No cognate forms in other dialects have been documented except Classical. Molina has <n>axoquen</n> 'cierto páxaro de pluma blanca.{ \vl Note that this word should have a female singular: /áxoké:n/ then a male singular /áxoké:h/. This will be followed by another sequence of equal tokens, female and then male, plural /áxoké:meh/. \sj Locate /h/. \ref 06207 \lxa nakasko \lxac i:nakasko \lxo nakasko \lxoc i:nakasko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \seo inside or concave part of the ear \sso parte interior o concava de la oreja \sem body \syna nakastekontitlan \xrb nakas \xrl -ko \ref 06208 \lxa mahka:tsi:n \lxac mahka:tsi:n \lxo mahka:tsi:n \lxoc mahka:tsi:n \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \se to be easily frightened (particularly a young child, but also any person or animal) \ss ser asustadiza o miedosa (particularmente un niño joven, pero además cualquier persona o animal) \xrb maw \xrb miki \nse <na>Mahka:tsi:n</na> is the diminuative of <nla>mahki</nla> although given that <na>mahki</na> and <nla>i:xmahki</nla> are often applied to animals <na>mahka:tsi:n</na> is applied to humans, such as little children who are easily frightened. \ref 06209 \lxa to:mouwe:i \lxaa to:mouwe:i \lxac ---- \lxo tó:mowéwé:i \lxoa tó:mokóhtli de wéwé:i \lxocpend @tómowéwé:i \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-b \aff Lex rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo type of large cactus still not definitively identified \sso órgano, tipo de cactus grande todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva ó:rganoh \ono ó:rganoh \fl ó:rganoh \nct to:motli \ref 06210 \lxa chika:walistli \lxac chika:walistli \lxo chika:walistli \lxoc chika:walistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(:) \seo resistence (to illness); strength (in regard to health) \sso resistencia (en cuanto a las enfermedades); fortaleza (en cuanto a la salud) \pno Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis. \peo I ask for his strong health (in this case case in leaving an offering in the church). \pso Pido que tenga su fuerza (en este caso al dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia). \xrb chika: \ref 06211 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kapostik \lxoc kapostik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo jet black \sso negro \xrb kapots \nse <no>Kapostik</no> is used in Oapan, though rarely; it is not documented in Ameyaltepec, though it seems that some people know this word, who mentioned that it was commonly used in Acatlán. Whether Oapan has a verbal form still needs to be checked. However, <no>kapostik</no> is very rarely used and the more common form is <no>tli:lihki</no>. \nde Molina has several cognate words including <n>caputzaui</n> 'pararse negro' and <n>caputztic</n> 'cosa negra.' \ref 06212 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo í:xteyó:tia \lxop í:xteyo:tia \lxoc kí:xteyó:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to place (e.g., paint) the eyes on (in this case on a figure painted on an amate) \sso poner (esto es, pintar) los ojos a (en este caso una figura dibujada sobre un amate) \xrb i:x \xrb te \nae The pitch accent noted is due to reduplication of the verbal stem, indicating that two eyes were painted or placed on the object in question. \grmx /-yo/: The pitch-accent marking should definitely be checked here. However what is interesting about this verb is the use of /-yo/ for the eyes of the moon; this should be checked and how this verb may be used. \ref 06213 \lxa kwa:kon \lxac kwa:kon tia:skeh \lxo kwa:kon \lxoc kwa:kon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm; Adv-man \se then \ss entonces; en ese moment; es cuando \pna Ok ma nima:lti! Kwa:kon tia:skeh. \pea Just let me bathe! Then we'll go. \psa ¡Deja que me bañe! Entonces iremos. \pna Me:roh kwa:kon niá:s! \pea That's precisely when I will go. \psa Es precisamente entonces cuando voy a ir. \pna Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:kon tia:skeh. \pea First let me bathe, then we will go. \psa Primero, déjame bañar, entonces vamos. \se (interjection) you bet! that's right! of course! \ss (interjección)¡así es!¡seguro! \pna A: Xtikpale:wis? B: Kwa:kon! \pea A: Are you going to help him? B: You bet! \psa A:¿Lo vas a ayudar? B:¡Así es! \xrb hkwa:k \nae The \qry In one entry I have this recorded with a long final /o:/; in others a short (for Am). This should be checked. Now check this in tapes of Oapan. \ref 06214 \lxa pa:kilismaka \lxac nopa:kilismaka \lxo pa:ilismaka \lxoc nopa:ilismaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \seo (refl.) to make oneself happy (e.g., in painting something that one takes pleasure in) \sso (refl.) hacerse feliz (p. ej., al pintar algo que le gusta a uno) \xrb pa:ki \xrb maka \grm Oapan phonology: k-deletion. Note the intervocalic deletion of /k/ in /pa:ilismaka/. \ref 06215 \lxa tlako:pepenke:tl \lxac tlako:pepenke:tl \lxo tlakó:penké:tl \lxoc tlakó:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-l) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who gathers small branches of wood that are scattered on the ground (for firewood) \sso persona que pepena ramas de losárboles que están regadas por la tierra (para leña) \xrb tlako: \xrb pena \grmx Oapan phonology: reduplication: Note here that the reduplicant reduces to pitch accent only on a preceding long vowel of the incorporated nominal stem. \ref 06216 \lxa ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxac ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxo ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxoc ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \se type of agave still not identified \ss tipo de agave todavía no identificado \pna Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para la:soh, para tema:tlatl. \pea <na>Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</na> : It is good for string, for rope, for woven net bags (of the type called <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>). \psa <na>Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</na> : Es bueno para hilo, para laso, para bolsas tejidas (del tipo llamado <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \equivo kwahli mexkahli \equivo mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \xrb ka:lo: \xrb te:n \cpl This type of maguey is processed and used in making fiber bags although the fiber of this maguey cannot be used in bird snares because it is too short. Compare to <nla>to:to:lasi:toh</nla> and <nla>rrea:lixtli</nla>. \nct mexkahli \ref 06217 \lxa tsi:npwe:nteh \lxac i:tsi:npwe:nteh \lxo tsi:npwe:nteh \lxoc i:tsi:npwe:nteh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>puente</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se tailbone; coccyx (of a person or animal) \ss rabadilla; coxis (de un ser humano o un animal) \sem body \xrb tsi:n \ref 06218 \lxa so:ya:wi:teki \lxac kiso:ya:wi:teki \lxo so:ya:wi:teki \lxoc kiso:ya:wi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infn N-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to whip with palm \sso azotar con palma \cfa so:ya:wia \xrb so:ya: \xrb wi:teki \qry Check meaning and see if this also has the meaning of /so:ya:wia/ in Ameyaltepec, i.e., to wave and make noise with palm to scare (e.g., chicks) away. \ref 06219 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlipili:ni \lxoc tlipili:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \seo to become slightly cooked (usually things such as meat that are place on a <nlo>koma:hli</nlo> or cooked in a pan; e.g., birds are made to <no>tlipili:ni</no> on the clay griddle so that they don't go bad overnight, meat is partially cooked in a pan or pot, maybe 15 minutes or so when it is late at night so that it doesn't spoil) \sso cocerse ligeramente (algo como un pájaro sobre el comal ligeramente, o carne en agua hervida en un sarten o olla; no se cocina bien, se hace para evitar que se eche a perder con el calor, p. ej., carne) \sem cook \syna tlimiki \xrb tli \xrb pili: \xvco tlipili:naltia \ref 06220 \lxa ilteki \lxac kilteki \lxo ilteki \lxoc kilteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to sip or sip up the juice of (a solid food with a great amount of tasty broth, such as beans, while leaving on the plate the solid food, to be eaten later) \ss sober, beber o chupar el líquido de (un guisado preparado con mucho caldo sabroso, como los frijoles, dejando la comida sólida en el plato, para ser comido después) \pna Xkilteki! \pea Sip its juice! \psa ¡Chúpale el caldo! \se to absorb a liquid (e.g., a rag used to absorb and clean a spilled liquid; a porous paper absorbing ink) \ss absober un líquido (p. ej., un trapo empleado para quitar un líquido que se tiró; un papel a porous paper absorbing ink) \pna Kilteki we:i tlapahli a:matl, koo:ni. \pea Amates absorb a lot of paint, they suck it up. \psa Los amates aborben mucha pintura, la beben. \se (refl.) to wheeze \ss (refl.) resollar \pna Sa: noltektok, xok weli tlato:hli. \pea He's reduced to just wheezing, he can't talk anymore. \psa Estáreducido a resollar, ya no puede con palabras. \xrb lteki \xvco ilteki:ltia \qry Check for possible further etimological division to /(h)l/. Another entry I have not recorded is /kilteki we:i un tlapahli a:matl/. Check for syntax, i.e. whether /un/ should be placed here; cf. the phrase also recorded without /un/. I have an entry /tlalteki:ltia/ which was a mistaken Oapan utterance for /tlateki:tia/. This was located at 05118. I have created a new entry /tlateki:ltia/; but I was not sure what the word meant. Provisionally I have entered it as /iltekiltia/. This should be checked and the xrefs changed as necesary. \grm /Kilteki we:i un tlapahli a:matl, koo:ni/ 'Amates absorb a lot of paint, they suck it up' Note VOS word order. \rt The root /teki/ here is perhaps related to the /tek/ of /teka/ 'to pour out' and /tekilia/ 'to pour or serve sth to sb'; check vowel lengths. \ref 06221 \lxa isoliwi \lxac isoliwi \lxo ísolíwi \lxop isoliwi \lxocpend ísolíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to become worn out; to become thin with wear (e.g., clothes by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.) \ss luirse (ropa); desgastarse (y ponerse delgado, p. ej., ropa o tela, en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) \pna Yo:isoliw motlake:n, o:pe:w tlatlankwi:tsowa. \pea Your clothes are worn out, their weave has started to open up (as a number of threads have started to break). \psa Tu ropa está bien luida, el tejido ha empezado a abrirse (al reventarse algunos hilos) \pna Tetsi:ltik katka, pero a:man yo:poxa:w, ye isoliwtiw. \pea It was tightly wound (the strands of a rope), but now it's become loose, it's getting old and worn out. \psa Estaba apretada (una soga), pero ahora ya se aflojó, ya se desgastando. \pna O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti. \pea The <na>chinamíl</na> of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) was of <na>chinamíl</na> for it! \psa Se envejeció el chinamíl de tu casa.¡Póngale uno (nuevo)! \pna A:man o:noka:w chi:koyaktik ikal, o:kika:wilih ma isoliwi. \pea Now his house has wound up split open on top (i.e., in the thatching for the roof), he let it get old. \psa Se casa (esto es, el techo de palma) ya quedó abierto, dejóque se envejeciera. \xrb hsol \vl The tokens here are mistakenly of the transitive /kísolówa/ and should be tagged with #04233. Unfortunately, when I did the elicitation I had two entries for the transitive form and non for the intransitive. I have since changed 6221 from /isolowa/ to /isoliwi/, but since this was done after the Oapan recordings there is no token here. \ref 06222 \lxa lá:minah \lxaa lá:minah de asbe:stoh \lxac lá:minah \lxo lá:minah \lxoc lá:minah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan lá:mina \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo asbestos sheeting used for house roofs \sso lámina de asbesto para techar \equiva albe:stoh \ref 06223 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaxipacho:lo:ni \lxoc tlaxipacho:lo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-inst-ni \infn N1 \seo part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the <nlo>sole:rah</nlo> \sso parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera \sem construct-part \equiva ko:ntrasole:rah \equivo tlaxipacho:hli \encyctmp kahli \xrb kxi \xrb pach \nse The etymology of Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlaxipacho:lo:ni</no> is not clear, though provisionally it has been analyzed as containing the root from 'leg' or 'foot,' i.e., <nr>kxi</nr> and <nlo>pachowa</nlo>. Florencia Marcelino stated that in her household it is called <nlo>tlaxipacho:hli</nlo> ; the form here was given by her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. \qry Check neighboring dialects. \ref 06224 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákaltetso:tsóna \lxop wakaltetso:tsona \lxoc kiwákaltetso:tsóna \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \pa yes-lex \seo to hold a gourd or gourd-like object over (a chick [O]) and tap on it lightly \sso sostener una jícara o algo parecido sobre (un pollito [o]) darle golpecitos ligeros \syna tekontetso:tsona \xrb wehka \xrb tsona \nae The vowel length of the reduplicant is probably long despite ambigous evidence from the two speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez. He was not familiar with the meaning of the term, and this might account for some variation. Also, despite the fairly short duration of the reduplicant vowel, the ratio between this vowel and the initial vowel of the verbal stem <n>tsona</n> is still within a range that would suggest a phonologically long vowel in the reduplicant. \qry Check the vowel length of the first /o:/ of the final verbal element. Note that in genereal this verb is usually found with short vowel reduplication (e.g., /tlatsotsona/). In Florencia Marcelino's speech I seemed to have heard a long vowel, and a short one with Inocencio. He did not seem familiar with the meaning of this term and this may have lead to the difference. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 06225 \lxa na:ntia \lxac nona:ntia \lxo na:ntia \lxoc kinona:ntia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to claim or treat as one's mother (e.g., a neice of the adult woman) \ss (refl.) reclamar o tratar como madre (p. ej., la sobrina de una mujer adulta) \xrb na:n \cfa ikni:wtia; suwa:wtia; tatia \cfo ihni:htia; siwa:wtia; tátiá \nae Although Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has <n>nantia. nino</n> 'tomar a alguna como madre' other similar forms include a specific object, e.g., <n>tatia. nicno</n> 'tomar a otro por padre.' This might well represent a simple error or variation in Classical, but it does perhpas reflect the tentative nature of overt marking of the specific object. Note that in Ameyaltepec the tendency is to not overtly represent the object, i.e., <na>nona:ntia</na>, whereas in Oapan this is overtly marked: <no>kinona:ntia</no>. \nde As expeced the Oapan form has both objects marked. The reflexive coreferences the subject, the child who takes an adult as a father, and the specific object references the adult. Thus one might have <no>mitsnótatiía</no> 'he takes you as a father.' \qry Check for /na:ntia/. Check for meaning of /tatia/; does it mean to take sb for ones father, or does it make to reclaim/recognize one as one's father. This is important. Perhaps both are correct. Check how specific object is incorporated, i.e., nimitsna:ntia or nimitsnona:ntia, etc. \ref 06226 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry originally had a blank for /lxa and te:tekets for /lxo. However, since the latter is already documented and recorded at 2131, this entry, 6226 has been deleted and the information encoded elsewhere. \vl There are 8 tokens here for 6226 which should be coded as additional instances of 2131. Also, it is the 6226 tokens that should be linked, not those from 2131. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 06227 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chala \lxoc chala \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo bird known in Spanish as chachalaca, probably the West Mexican Chachalaca, <l>Ortalis poliocephala</l>, or the White-bellied Chachalaca, <l>O. leucogastra</l> \sso ave conocida como chachalaca, probablemente el"West Mexican Chachalaca," <l>Ortalis poliocephala</l> o el"White-bellied Chachalaca," <l>O. leucogastra</l> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 14, p. 222 \sem animal \sem bird \equivao chalto:n \xrb chal \cpl Some informants identified this as the <spn>chachalaca</spn> in Spanish, as does Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The species identification is from Leopold (1959). \nde In Oapan this bird is also called <nlo>chalto:n</nlo>, as it is in Ameyaltepec. \qry Recheck length of /o:/; cf. to /miston/ or /misto:n/. \ref 06228 \lxa sepa se: \lxaa sepa okse:; oksepa se: \lxac sepa se: tlaxkahli \lxo sápáse: \lxop sapa se: \lxoc sápáse: tlaxkáhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Adj-Adj \der Adj-b \pa yes \seo once again another different \sso otra vez otro diferente o distinto \seo (~ [day of the week]) the following [day of the week] \sso (~ [día de la semana]) el otro [día de la semana] \pno... sápáse: sá:badoh \peo... the following Saturday (i.e., the Saturday after this upcoming one) \pso... el otro sábado (esto es, el que le sigue a este) \cfa ok se: \xrb se: \xrb seh \xrl -pa \nae The formsápásé: \nae Apparently, uttered in isolationsápásé: \mod Make sure /coga link is to the correct entry for this. \pqry \nae The formsápásé: \vl The first female token is simply /sápa sé:/ and should not be tagged. There are 4 good tags of /sápa sé: tlaxkáhli/. \grmx \nae \ref 06229 \lxa tsa:tsa:stik \lxac tsa:tsa:stik \lxo tsa:tsa:stik \lxoc tsa:tsa:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik (?) \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo to be translucent (e.g., cloth that is worn out) \sso ser casi tranlucente (p. ej., tela luida) \sea to be finely woven or meshed (e.g., woven or meshed objects such as an <nla>a:ya:tl</nla>, <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>, hammock, screen such as that to clean grain, the edge of a shawl, very open cloth such as that used for straining cheese, etc.) \ssa estar bien tejido o tener malla muy cerrada (p. ej., ayate, <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>, hamaca, arnero, borda de un rebozo, tela muy abierta como la que se usa para filtrar queso, etc.) \pna Bwe:noh o:ne:che:kchi:wilikeh, melá:k tsa:tsa:stik. \pea They really made it nicely for me (sth woven or meshed), it is really finely woven (or with a fine mesh). \psa Me lo hiceron bien (algo tejido o con malla), tiene el tejido muy cerrado (o mella muy fina) \pna Kwaltsi:n kwe:xtik, xtsa:tsa:stik. \pea It is finely woven, it is not open. \psa Estébien tejido (cerrado) no está abierto. \xrb tsa:ts \dis teskaltik; tetsi:ltik (in regard to cloth); tetsi:liwtok; tsa:tsa:stik \nse The meaning of <nao>tsa:tsa:stik</nao> is not entirely clear, and no cognates from other dialects have been documented that might clarify the semantics of this term. In notes from Ameyaltepec it was noted that whereas <nla>tetsi:ltik</nla> and <nla>teskaltik</nla> most often refer to cloth that is tightly woven, <na>tsa:tsa:stik</na> is used for things that are more openly woven, such as hammocks, nets, meshes, etc. It may also be used to refer to certain types of cloth, but here apparently the cloth must be open, such as that used to strain coagulated milk that is being made into cheese. However, these observations might be slightly erroneous. In Oapan, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez mentioned that <nao>tsa:tsa:stik</nao> refers only to cloth that has become thin and translucent with wear. Later, Inocencio mentioned that mosquito netting, <no>kwe:xtsi:n wa:n pipi:stik</no> can also be described as <no>tsa:tsa:stik</no>. Here it might be not simply because it is finel woven, but be cause the resulting cloth is light (an effective of the small threads that are used). They both explicitly denied that any material items such as <spn>ayates</spn>, meshes, hammocks, etc., could be described by this adjectival term. At another time, however, Florencia mentioned that things (such as ayates and gunnysacks) that have an opened-up weave, from being old can be described as <no>tsa:tsa:stik</no>. The contrary would be <no>netextik</no>, in reference to a weave. Thus if a sack or ayate is worn in places, one might say <no>tsa:tsa:tsa:stik</no>. She gave as an example of this type of weave the cheap plastic sacks in which chile is stored, transported and sold. However, Inocencio Jimenez mentioned that he would not so use this word, although it could be used to reer to a fineness such as that found in a mosquitero. \nae The etymology of <nao>tsa:tsa:stik</nao> is very uncertain. The long vowel reduplication is perhaps related to the nature of the pattern involved: evenly spaced repetitions of a closed mesh. Yet the sequence <n>tsa:s</n> is not immediately recognizable. One question is whether the final /s/ represents underlying {s} or {ts} although regardless of the answer the element is not recognizable. \qry Check what may be /tsa:tsa:stik/. Can it refer to cloth used to strain cheese. \ref 06230 \lxa kochka:wa \lxac nokochka:wa \lxo kochka:wa \lxoc nokochka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to oversleep (and miss sth such as a task one was supposed to perform, a bus, etc.) \ss (refl.) quedar dormido (no despertando a tiempo y faltando a algo como un camión, una cita, etc.) \pna O:nokochka:w, o:isak yo:tlane:s. \pea He overslept, he awoke when dawn had already broken. \psa Quedódormido, despertócuando ya había amanecido. \se (refl.) to go to sleep and leave sth undone (e.g., food unfinished, a radio or light on, or even failing to make love to a partner---wife, girlfriend, husband, lover---because one is too tired and falls asleep) \ss (refl.) dormirse dejando algo sin hacer (p. ej., comida sin terminar, un radio o luz dejado prendido, o hasta quedarse dormido sin hacerle el amor a un esposo, esposa, novio, o novia, porque uno estaba demasiado cansado y quedódormido) \xrb kochi \xrb ka:wa \qry Check and make sure that this is used only in the reflexive. Also, note the two different meanings above and check whether both are correct. \grm /O:nokochka:w, o:isak yo:tlane:s/ 'He overslept, he awoke when dawn had already broken' Note the syntax, without the subordinator 'when'. \ref 06231 \lxa te:ilwia \lxac kite:ilwia \lxo te:ilwia \lxof [te: il 'wi ya] \lxoc kite:ilwia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc te:-V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \se to bring charges against; to denounce (sb, in particular, before judicial authorities; in Ameyaltepec this involves going before the <nla>komisá:rioh</nla>) \ss acusar a; denunciar a (algn, en particular, frente a las autoridades judiciales; en Ameyaltepec esto implica ir frente al <nla>komisá:rioh</nla>) \pna Xtepostoka, tla:mo kwala:nis. Miste:ilwi:s. \pea Follow it up (in this case the addressee's child has hurt another child and the addressee is advised to visit the house of the hurt child's parents to console them), if you don't he (the father of the hurt child) will get mad. He will denounce you (before the village authorities). \psa ¡Dale seguimiento (en este caso el niño del sujeto ha lastimado a otro niño y el hablante le aconseja visitar la casa del niño lastimado para consolar a los padres)! si no lo haces, se va a enojar (el padre del niño lastimado). te va a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo). \pna Timiste:ilwi:s deke tine:chasis. \pea I will bring charges against you (before the village authorities) if you touch me (said by a girl to a boy who was bothering her). \psa Te voy a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo) si me tocas (dicho de una muchacha a un muchacho quien la estaba molestando). \se (refl.) to bring charges (before judicial authorities) \ss (refl.) hacer una denuncia o acusación (frente a las autoridades judiciales) \pna Note:ilwi:lo. \pea A charge is being presented (e.g., before the village <nla>komisa:rioh</nla>) \psa Se está presentando una denuncia (p. ej., frente al <nla>komisa:rioh</nla> del pueblo) \sem communicate \cfao ihlia; te:i:xpantia \xrb lwia \nse Although in other dialects <n>ilwia</n> in a ditransitive verb, in Oapan and the Balsas region villages it is documented only with the nonspecific object prefix for humans, <n>te:-</n>. In this lexicon, therefore, <na>te:ilwia</na> has been entered as a transitive (bivalent) verb with its own entry, rather than under <nla>ilwia</nla>, which appears only in some ritual texts. \qry Check to determine whether this is used only in the sense of to bring charges against (in a court situation) or whether the person being complained to can be an authority figure, such as a parent. \grm Detransitivization: a major concern in Nahuatl is whether the nonspecific object prefixes should be considered object prefixes or detransitivizing morphemes. Viewed from another perspective, the question is whether <na>te:-</na> and <n>tla-</n> have more in common with the object prefixes or with incorporated nouns. Certainly they differ from objects in that they occur to the right of the directional prefixes, and thus closer to the verb stem. <n>tla-</n>, unlike <na>te:-</na> can be reduplicated, a clear indication that it is close to, and perhaps part of, the stem. Moreover, words with <na>te:-</na> and <n>tla-</n> often have highly lexicalized and particular meanings. <n>tla-</n>, in particular, reduces the valency of intransitives to form impersonals. Another factor is that both affect the nature of specific prefixes. Thus <na>te:-</na> on ditransitive verbs indicates that the specific object be interpreted as a"secondary"object (or base object rather than applicative object). <n>tla-</n>, on the other hand, sets the other object as an applicative object. With <na>maka</na> note that <n>tla-</n> takes the place of the specific object syntactically: <na>kimaka xo:chitl</na> 'he gives him flowers' and <na>kitlamaka</na> 'he gives him things (e.g., fodder).' With <na>te:-</na> the semantic role shifts: <na>kite:maka xo:chitl</na> 'he gives flowers away (to people)' Thus with <na>kimaka xo:chitl</na> the <na>ki</na> references the recipient/benefactive; with <na>kite:maka xo:chitl</na> the <na>ki</na> references the flowers. In this sense, <na>te:-</na> changes the argument structure whereas <n>tla-</n> simply replaces a specific with a nonspecific object. Thus there are reasons for arguing that both prefixes are derivational prefixes and not simply"objects."However, there are arguments against this, for when valency increases (e.g., /miki/ to /miktia/) it would be erroneous to assume that the nonspecific objects simply re-reduce the valency. The question is how to entry these into the dictionary. For n ow some have been accorded separate entries (e.g., <na>te:ilwia</na>) while others have not (e.g., <na>te:miktia</na>). Others, such as <na>te:maka</na> and <na>tlamaka</na> have been cross-referenced from separate entries back to the basic one. \ref 06232 \lxanotes zzz \mod Becuase it is vulgar /kuwtechi:mal/ has been removed. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl Given the somewhat vulgar nature of this term, it should be tagged but not linked to the headword. Only Inocencio Jiménez uttered this token, hence it has 4 male tokens. \ref 06233 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ti \lxoc a:ti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seo Good mourning (from midmorning to noon)! \sso ¡Buenos días (desde mediados de la mañana hasta mediodía)! \syna pano:ltih \nse The etymology of <no>a:ti</no> is not clear, though it is probably a shortened form of former greeting term, perhaps even <no>pano:ltih</no>. Nevertheless, unlike most greeting terms <no>a:ti</no> has a final glottal stop and no plural formation. \nae There is no plural to this form. \ref 06234 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nkomiteyo \lxoc i:te:nkomiteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo bone of the chin \sso hueso de la barba \sem body \equiva te:nkwalkaxtli \equivo te:nkokaxtli \xrb te:n \xrb omi \ref 06235 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for Oapan /tekechilia/, which was an alternate pronunciation of /telkechilia/. It has been eliminated and given as an alternate pronunciation of /telkechilia/; see -#2706. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl There are 6 tokens here (3 female and 3 male). They should be tagged as #2706 and linked there. \ref 06236 \lxa tlapiloke:tl \lxac tlapiloke:tl \lxo tlapíloké:tl \lxoc tlapíloké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo fisherman who fishes by hanging hooks from stakes sunken into the river \sso pescador que pesca al colgar anzuelos de estakas metidas en el fondo del río \xrb pil \qry Check if this can only refer to a fisherman, or whether it can be used to refer to others who hang things such as nets (e.g., to catch birds). \ref 06237 \lxa ma:i:to:nia \lxac noma:i:to:nia \lxo ma:i:to:nia \lxoc noma:i:to:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo to have ones hand sweat (on one) \sso sudarsele la mano \syno ma:papachka \syna ma:papachka \xrb ma: \xrb pach \qry Check length of /i/. I had originally had it long, but then changed it to short when revising, based on comparative data from other cases of /ito:nia/. Check. \ref 06238 \lxa a:xi:xtewe:i \lxac a:xi:xtewe:i \lxo a:xi:xtewe:i \lxoc a:xi:xtewe:i \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo to be a person who urinates a lot \sso ser meón; ser una persona que orina mucho \syna a:xi:xpal \syna a:xi:xaleh \syno a:xi:xte:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \ref 06239 \lxa pa:pa:lo:yowa \lxac pa:pa:lo:yowa \lxo pa:pa:lo:yowa \lxoc pa:pa:lo:yowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to become full of moths (e.g., maize stored in a granary) \sso llenarse de polilla (p. ej., maíz guardado en una troje) \xrb pa:lo: \ref 06240 \lxa tenaltia \lxac kitenaltia \lxo tenaltia \lxoc kitenaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cause to groan or grunt, or to emit sounds of complaint from suffering or pain (such as from illness, pain, or heavy exertion) \ss hacer gemir o emitir sonidos de queja por el sufrimiento o dolor (como la enfermedad, el dolor o un gran esfuerzo) \pna Melá:k o:ne:xtetenaltih un kokolistli. \pea That illness really made me groan and complain in suffering. \psa Esa enfermedad me hizo gemir del dolor mucho. \pna Kitenaltia, yetí:k. \pea He makes it groan (in this case an animal being loaded), it is heavy. \psa Lo hace quejar (en este caso un animal que se carga), es pesado. \xrb tena \xvnao tena \ref 06241 \lxa temasoltik \lxac temasoltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea fat; squat \ssa gordo; reconcho y bajo \sem shape \dis temasoltik; poti:xah; toma:wak, etc. \xrb temasol \nse The etymology of <na>temasoltik</na> is uncertain, but it is perhaps related to the word <na>tamasoltik</na>, found in Classical Nahuatl as meaning <spn>sapo o rana</spn>. \qry Check to determine whether this should be written (and if it is pronounced) [temasoltik] or perhaps it is/should be [tamasoltik]. Also determine whether /temasohli/ or /temasolin/ exist in Ameyaltepec. Ramírez and Dakin give /temasohli/ for 'sapo'. \ref 06242 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry had been for /kwe:kwelpaxtik/ in Oapan Nahuatl. However, it has been deleted and the example sentence, definition, etc., placed under /kwelpaxtik/, which is found in both dialects. The sound file for the headword /kwelpaxtik/, therefore, should be linked to the entry for /kwelpaxtik/, as a second utterance. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 5645 and then two of them linked to the second pronunciation: /kwe:kwelpaxtik/. \ref 06243 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mimilka:ki:sa \lxoc mimilka:ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \seo to rise thickly (smoke; see <nla>toma:hka:ki:sa</nla>) \sso salir en una gruesa columna (humo; vé ase see <nla>toma:hka:ki:sa</nla>) \pno Mimilka:ki:sa po:htli. \peo The smoke was rising up thickly. \pso El humo estaba saliendo en una gruesa columna. \xrb mil \xrb ki:sa \pqry Oapan phonology: use the tape of the Oapan sound here to illustrate extreme shortness of vowels. The first is extremely short, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: The pronunciation of /mimilka:ki:sa/ involves an extremely short reduplicant vowel, particularly the 2nd token of Florencia's pronunciation. \grm Adjectival incorporation: One problem in Nahuatl morphosyntax has been how adjectivals ending in /-tik/ can take on an attributive function in compounds. Note how the deverbal adjectival from /mimiliwi/ is /mimiltik/ and */mimilki/ does not exist. However, in combination the participial form (for -iwi verbs, i.e., with loss of /iwi/ and replacement with /-ka:/). In general an effort should be made to determine the manner in which /-tik/ final adjectivals can be incorporated in an attributive function. \ref 06244 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaá:yahpachíhtok \lxop tlaá:yahpachihtok \lxoc tlaá:yahpachíhtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv Durative \pa yes-rdp \seo to be foggy all over \sso estar con neblina por todos lados \syna tlaa:yawtitlan \xrb a:yawi \xrb pach \ref 06245 \lxa mahka:listli \lxac mahka:listli \lxo mahka:listli \lxoc mahka:listli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \se fear \ss miedo \pna O:kinamak de mahka:listli, pa:mpa o:kikak kikwi:li:skeh. \pea He sold it out of fear (in this case a piece of land) because he heard they were going to forcibly take it away from him. \psa Lo vendióde miedo (en este caso una parcela de terreno) porque escuchóque se lo iban a quitar a fuerzas. \pna Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh. \pea Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come. \psa Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden (en este caso los ladrones) venir. \syno nemohti:hli \xrb mawi \grm Nominalization/deverbalization: The derivation is interesting and should be checked in grammars. I do not know of other cases in which the compound for with the 'ligature' /ka:/ is used in nominal derivatives. \ref 06246 \lxa i:xte:nka:wa \lxac ki:xte:nka:wa \lxo i:xte:nka:wa \lxoc ki:xte:nka:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two perhaps, by mistake) \sso pasar sobre (algo, p. ej., algo escrito) sin verlo; olvidarse de y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia imperfectamente, dejando una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera) \syna i:xka:wa \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ka:wa \ref 06247 \lxa a:neki \lxac a:neki \lxo a:neki \lxoc a:neki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to be thirsting for water (a plant) \sso estar sediente (una planta) \xrb a: \xrb neki \pqry This word, considering the facility of measuring vowel length before a nasal, provides a good example of initial vowel length (also, considering that the first element /a:/ 'water' is known to have a long vowel. Measurements for the 4 tokens show: Florencia Marcelino: 122 and 125 ms; Inocencio Jiménez: 114 and 112 ms. \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Re /a:neki/: This word, considering the facility of measuring vowel length before a nasal, provides a good example of initial vowel length (also, considering that the first element /a:/ 'water' is known to have a long vowel. Measurements for the 4 tokens show: Florencia Marcelino: 122 and 125 ms; Inocencio Jiménez: 114 and 112 ms. \ref 06248 \lxa okichka:wahli \lxac okichka:wahli \lxo oichka:wahli \lxoc oichka:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo widower \sso viudo (masculino) \syna ka:wahli \xrb okich \xrb ka:wa \nse Although <no>oichka:wahli</no> is used in Oapan to mean 'widower,' the unmarked form <nlo>ka:wahli</nlo> may indicate both widow and widower, without reference to sex. \ref 06249 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixia:po:tetl \lxoc i:xia:po:te \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo calf \sso pantorilla \sem body \equiva ko:stamal \equivo ixitoma:hka:n \xrb kxi \xrb a: \xrb po:te \nae The fact that there is no possessed marker (<n>-w</n>) on the possessed form of this body part seems to confirm the hypothesis that body part possession is zero-marked. Most often this is hard to determine because possession is of consonant-final stems and the plural marker use on these nouns (e.g., <na>nomapilwa:n</na>) is innovative and not part of the historical pattern of possession. Most vowel final forms (e.g., <n>nokxi</n> 'my leg/foot') have final CC so the presence of final /i/ can be analyzed as epenthetic (or maintained to avoid final CC sequences). But in the case of Oapan <no>noxia:po:te</no> there is no such motive and one can only posit loss of the absolutive with no possessed marker <n>-w</n>. \grm Oapan phonology; body part possession: <n>i:xia:po:te</n> : The fact that there is no possessed marker (<n>-w</n>) on the possessed form of this body part seems to confirm the hypothesis that body part possession is zero-marked. Most often this is hard to determine because possession is of consonant-final stems and the plural marker use on these nouns (e.g., <na>nomapilwa:n</na>) is innovative and not part of the historical pattern of possession. Most vowel final forms (e.g., <n>nokxi</n> 'my leg/foot') have final CC so the presence of final /i/ can be analyzed as epenthetic (or maintained to avoid final CC sequences). But in the case of Oapan <no>noxia:po:te</no> there is no such motive and one can only posit loss of the absolutive with no possessed marker <n>-w</n>.This is perhaps the only case in which I have found a body-part that ends in VCV before the absolutive except those that end in the element /te/ suffixed to a body part (e.g., /i:xtetl/). This confirms that the suffix for i nalien able body-part possession is zero (as in /i:ma/ and other similar terms. To confirm this, however, perhaps the possessed form of /a:po:tetl/ should be obtained. \ref 06250 \lxa tla:lmati \lxac *kitla:lmati \lxo tla:lmati \lxoc kitla:lmati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to know where (sb) plants \ss conocer donde siembra (algn) \xrb tla:l \xrb mati \ref 06251 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:a:po:tetl \lxoc i:ma:a:po:te \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo biceps \sso bicéps \sem body \sem human \equiva ma:xi:lo \xrb ma: \xrb a: \xrb po:te \nae For a fuller explanation of this lexical item, see <nlo>ixia:po:tetl</nlo> \ref 06252 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tomayo:tia \lxoc kitomayo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-2a \seo to add tomato to (particularly to a sauce so that it becomes less spicy) \sso agregarle tomate a (especialmente a salsas para que se hagan menos picosas) \xrb toma \ref 06253 \lxa a:yo:tsi:n \lxac a:yo:tsi:n \lxo a:yo:tsi:n \lxoc a:yo:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo tortoise \sso tortuga \sea (rare) armadillo \ssa (raro) armadillo \equiva tortugah \pqry Use this to measure vowel length of vowels on either side of glide /y/. \ref 06254 \lxa nenenke:tl \lxac nenenke:tl \lxo nénenké:tl \lxoc nénenké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:nenké:tl</no> \seo walker \sso caminante \xrb nemi \ref 06255 \lxa chikino:ltik \lxac chikino:ltik \lxo chikino:ltik \lxoc chikino:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object) \sso estar chueco; estar torcido; estar encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado) \syna chikitoltik \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \qry Determine whether both /chikitoltik/ and /chikinoltik/ exist in Ameyaltepec. \vl Recheck vowel length. I originally had it short for /chikino:ltik/ here, but found it long elsewhere. Therefore I have changed it here, provisionally, to a long vowel as well. \ref 06256 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be a Oapan entry for /tlachikipé:lotók/ that was eliminated as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This is a duplicate entry that has been eliminted; tag speech tokens with #4642. \ref 06257 \lxa tliko \lxac tliko \lxo tliko \lxoc tliko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se in the fire (of the hearth) \ss en el fuego (del hogar) \xrb tli \xrl -ko \ref 06258 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nónoká \lxoc nónoká \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo everywhere \sso por todos lados \pno Nónokátlá:se:wíya:n. \peo There is shade everywhere. \pso Hay sombra por todos lados. \syna nowiá:n \syna nochiwiá:n \syno nowiya:n \xrb no: \nae The precise etymology of this term, <no>nónoká</no> is not entirely clear. \ref 06259 \lxa tle:ka \lxac tle:ka \lxo tlia:o:n \lxoa tliá: \lxoa tli:ka \lxoc tlia:o:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-int \se why? \ss ¿por qué? \xrb tle: \nse The full range of use of the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms needs to be investigated. It seems that the Ameyaltepec form can be used both as a complementizer (<na>xnikmati tle:ka ya:s</na> 'I don't know why he is going?') and as an interrogative (<na>Tle:ka tikneki?</na> 'Why do you want it?'). It may also be used as a full predicate: <na>Tle:ka?</na> 'Why is it?' It is not clear at this point whether Oapan Nahuatl <no>tliáo:n</no> has all these functions. \pqry These tokens should be examined/analyzed by a phonetician. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 06260 \lxa tekontsatsi:tia \lxac kitekontsatsi:tia \lxo tekóntsatsí:tia \lxop tekontsatsi:tia \lxoc kitekóntsatsí:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to cause to emit a loud, hollow, resonant sound \sso hacer emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco \sem sound-material \syno tekoncho:ktia \xrb tekoma \xrb tsahtsi \ref 06261 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:hlotík \lxoc tlá:hlotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes \seo to be covered with a layer of loose earth \sso estar cubierto o tapado con una capa de tierra suelta \syna tla:litik \xrb tla:l \ref 06262 \lxa wa:xyo:xi:ni \lxac wa:xyo:xi:ni \lxo wa:xyo:xi:ni \lxoc wa:xyo:xi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo to lose seed pods as they fall off (of certain types of legumes or related genera) \sso caersele los legumes (a ciertos tipos deárboles) \xrb wa:x \xrb xi: \pqry Check length of /o:/ and do this across similar words; cf. /-yo:tia/ which always has a long vowel. \ref 06263 \lxa tla:listatl \lxac tla:listatl \lxo tla:listatl \lxoc tla:listatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo salt from ones sweat that remains behind (e.g., on clothes) as it dries \sso sal del sudor que se queda (p. ej., en la ropa) \equiva tla:lti:satl \xrb tla:l \xrb sta \ref 06264 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xtliki:sa \lxoc i:xtliki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seo for ones eyes to feel hot \sso sentir los ojos calientes \syna i:xte:ntlitliki:sa \xrb i:x \xrb tli \xrb ki:s \qry Check for existence of the word /tliki:sa/. \grm Note that reduplication is common in words refering to eyes. However, here as in a few other cases (I believe one also involving /ki:sa/, it is an incorporated and new lexical item, /tliki:sa/ that is reduplicated. Check for existence of word /tliki:sa/. \ref 06265 \lxa tla:listayowa \lxac tla:listayowa \lxo tla:listayowa \lxoc tla:listayowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to become covered with white spots from dried sweat (e.g., clothes) \sso cubrirse de manchas blancas por sudor secado (p. ej., la ropa) \equiva tla:lti:sayowa \xrb tla:l \xrb sta \ref 06266 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekachi:lmo:ltia \lxoc kiyekachi:lmo:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to give a bloody nose to \sso sacarle sangre a la nariz de \synao yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia \dis yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia \xrb yeka \xrb chi:l \xrb mo:l \xrb kwa \ref 06267 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was a duplicate of Oapan /tsopilote:rah/ and has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the 4 tokens here with 4268, of which this present entry was a duplicate. \ref 06268 \lxa oksepa se: \lxaa oksepa okse: \lxac oksepa se: \lxo sápa sé: \lxoc sápa sé: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \pa yes \seo a different one \sso uno diferente; uno distinto \pno Xne:chmaka sápa sé:! \peo Give me a different one! \pso ¡Dáme otro diferente! \xrb sepa \xrb se: \nae The final stress characteristic of <na>o:ksé</na> suggests that this"lexeme"is in fact two words that always occur in phrase-final position, thus motivating the stress on <na>sé:</na>, i.e., <na>o:k sé:</na>. In fact, the same two-word analysis could be applied to <na>o:k se:</na> and the absence of a stressed final element can be related to the fact that this pair of words modifies a nominal head that follows (and thus is assigned stress): <na>nikno:tsas o:kse tla:katl</na> 'I will speak to another man' (vs. <na>nikno:tsas o:ksé</na> 'I will speak to a different one (i.e., person)"). \qry Note that in at least one case I have recorded /o:ksé/ with stress on the final syllable. My understanding of the difference (which should parallel the difference between /no:kse:/ and /no:ksé:/ is that the first is adjectival and the second pronominal. This should, however, be checked. Certainly when pronounced alone the final syllable is stressed, which suggests an analysis of two words /o:k se:/ which would by general rule lead to stress on the final word. Moreover, when uttered in isolation this would seem to have a clear pronominal function. In the phrase /momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n o:kse:, nikimpatlatok/ note the placement of /o:kse:/. I did not originally record stress on /o:kse:/ in this occurrence, but have added it in the above phrase based on my understanding of the meaning of this word. This should be rechecked. Finally, I think that there might be a different between /o:kse: nikneki/"I want another one"and /o:ksé: nikneki/, or /nikneki o:ksé:/"I wan t a distinct/diff erent one."This too should be checked. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word from 4531 which should be tagged as 6268. \ref 06269 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sempa:pa:ntsi:n \lxoc sempa:pa:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo ear of maize that remained small, poorly formed, and immature (in reference to an ear still on the stalk, or even already cooked) \sso elote que quedómal formado, pequeño e inmaduro (en referencia a un elote todavía sobre la planta o hasta cuando ya se coció) \encyctmp maize \equiva pa:pa:ntsi:n \xrb sin \xrb pa:n \ref 06270 \lxa sentetla:lia \lxac nosentetla:lia \lxo sentetla:lia \lxoc nosentetla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to become completely formed (e.g., a fetus) \sso (refl.) formarse enteramente (un fetu) \equiva sentechi:wa \xrb sem \xrb te \xrb tla:l \ref 06271 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:tesi:gritilia \lxoc kikwa:tesi:gritilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tilia \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seo to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \sso cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \syna kwa:tetesonowa \syno kwa:tesmero:ntilia \xrb kwa: \xrb tesi:gri \nae The etymology of this and related Oapan words is unclear, as is the best phonological representation. For now this word (or stem) has been written as <no>tesi:gri</no> though obviously the /g/ and /r/ are not within the standard phonological repertorie of Nahuatl. It is possible that this involves a loan from Spanish (though /r/ does show up in historically Nahuatl words such as Ameyaltepec <nla>tekwisiri</nla>); on th eother hand it might involve some phonological shift within Nahuatl (e.g., from underlying or historical * <n>tesikili</n>). Within the Nahuatl parameter, the initial <n>te-</n> might well be the intensifier, which often occurs in this context (e.g., <nlo>kwa:temo:tla</nlo>). Clearly more evidence is needed. \pqry Check the phonetics of this word. The [g] is unclear, perhaps another sound. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 07011 \ref 06272 \lxa saniman kayo:tl \lxac saniman kayo:tl \lxo saniman kayo:tl \lxoc saniman kayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seo something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season) \sso algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias) \syno bwe:nóra káyo:tl \xrb san \xrb niman \xrb kayo: \ref 06273 \lxa kuwyowa \lxac kuwyowa \lxo kohyowa \lxoc kohyowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to become overgrown after having once been cleared (a field for planting) \sso volverse monte después de haber sido desmontado (un terreno de siembra) \syna mo:nteyowa \qry Check for transitive form \ref 06274 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xteyo:hli \lxoc i:xteyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo eyeball \sso globo ocular \sem body \sem human \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb yo:l \ref 06275 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yékatsó:lko \lxoc i:yékatsó:lko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \pa yes \seo nostrils \sso ventana de la nariz \sem body \sem human \xrb yaka \xrb tso:l \xrl -ko \grm Locatives; /-ko/; possession: Note that in general it is assumed that /-ko/ constructions cannot function in fully nominal form (e.g., be possessed). However, note that although /yékatsó:lko/ represents a locative with /-ko/, what Launey refers to as the only locative, it can be possessed and function in a two-place predicate construction. \ref 06276 \lxa xa:yakatsotsoneh \lxac xa:yakatsotsoneh \lxo xa:yaká:tsonéh \lxoa xa:yakátsotsóneh \lxoc xa:yaká:tsonéh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo person with a lot of facial hair \sso persona con mucho pelo por la cara \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tson \nae The loss of /k/ has not been documented in this form ? <no>xa:yá:tsotsóneh</no>. The headword <no>xa:yaká:tsonéh</no> manifests the reduction of the reduplicant onto the final short vowel of the compounded nominal stem, i.e., it represents underlying {xa:yaya + tsoh + tson + eh}. \ref 06277 \lxa te:nxi:pal \lxac i:te:nxi:pal \lxo te:nxi:pal \lxoc i:te:nxi:pal \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N(?) \der N-b \infn N2 \se lips \ss labios \sem body \sem human \xrb te:n \xrb xi:pal \nae The phonological length of /i:/ is clear in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino but not so marked in the speech of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. Indeed, in his speech the final /a/ occasionally has a longer duration than the /i:/. Note also that the initial <n>i:-</n> of the possessed marker is unusually short in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino although it is clearly a phonologically long monovocalic morpheme. Given the comparative evidence and information from other speakers (not recorded) the proper vowel length representation has been determined to be <no>te:nxi:pal</no>, as indicated. \ref 06278 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásoltipántia \lxop tlasoltipantia \lxoc tlásoltipántia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo to become covered with garbage, particularly organic material such as pieces of dried plants (a patio or house floor, etc.) \sso cubrirse de desechos y basura, particularmente materia orgánica como pedazos rotos de plantas secas (el suelo de un patio o interior de una casa) \equiva tlasolitia \xrb hsol \grm Verbalization; /-tia/: Note the many ways in which denominal verbs may be created with /-tia/. Here the intransitive is derivation from a nominal stem comprising a deverbal noun /tlásohlí/ and a relational noun /-pan/ that creates a nominal form then verbalized. \ref 06279 \lxa tsi:nyewaltik \lxac tsi:nyewaltik \lxo tsi:nyewaltik \lxoc tsi:nyewaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to have a specific cut on the bottom (of a shirt) in which the edge goes straight around, with no inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side seams \ss tipo de corte por la orilla inferior (de una camisa) en el cual la orilla va recta alrededor de la camisa, sin ninguna sección en forma de"u"invertida sacada de los lados, abajo de la costura \sem clothing \cfa tsi:ntlatektli \xrb tsi:n \xrb yewal \nse Florencia Marcelino defined <nlo>tsi:nyewaltik</nlo> as referring to a shirt without an inverted"u-shaped"cut at the side. According to my notes, which might be in error, in Ameyaltepec this type of shirt was called <nla>tsi:ntlatektli</nla>. However, in Oapan it is shirts that have the"u-shaped"that are referred to as <no>kipiya tlatehtli</no>, i.e., a phrasal expression. Most importantly, then, the Ameyaltepec speaker who mentioned that <na>tsi:ntlatektli</na> referred to a shirt with a straight bottom edge might have been in error. \mod See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \ref 06280 \lxa kexsawa:nki \lxac kexsawa:nki \lxo kexsawa:nki \lxoa kextsawa:nki; kéxsasawá:nki \lxoc kextsawa:nki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to be hoarse \sso estar ronco \syna kexsasawaktik \xrb kech \xrb sawa:ni \nse Apparently in Oapan this compound verb may occur with an unreduplicated (the more common form) or reduplicated verbal stem (i.e., <no>kextsawa:nki</no> The reduplicated and nonreduplicated forms in Oapan seem to have the same meaning. My original notes from Ameyaltepec had <na>kexsasawatik</na> with this same meaning, but this needs to be confirmed. \nae Oapan Nahuatl here has an alternation between <no>kexsawa:nki</no> (the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez) and <no>kextsawa:nki</no> (the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino), in which a stop, [t], is inserted between the double fricatives. The shift of /s/ to /ts/ is not uncommon in Oapan Nahuatl (it occurs, for example, after /l/), but the example here shows that at least in some contexts it is perhaps best considered a variable rule. \nde Molina has <n>yçauaca n</n> 'estar ronco, o sonar las cosas huecas y vazias, como el cacao dañado.' Tetelcingo, Morelos, has <n>sahuani</n> 'estar ronco,' with a short final /a/. Oapan Nahuatl seems to have a clear long vowel in this position. \vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token. \grm Oapan phonology: Note also the s>ts change here, after /x/. This parallels other examples/contexts of the identical change of fricative to affricate. \ref 06281 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlipili:naltia \lxoc kitlipili:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to slightly cook (either on a griddle or in boiling water, so that the meat does not spoil overnight or during the day) \sso cocer ligeramente (o sobre el comal o en agua hervida para evitar que se eche a perder por la noche o con el calor del día) \sem cook \syna tlimiktia \syno tlimihtia \fl tlimiki \xrb tli \xrb pili: \xvbo tlipili:ni \vl There are 3 extra female and 2 extra male tokens at 6513. \ref 06282 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nkokaxtli \lxoc i:te:nkokax \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Loc-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seo chin \sso barbilla; mentón \sem body \sem human \equiva te:nkwalkaxtli \equivo te:nkomiteyo \xrb te:n \xrb kax \xrl -ko \nae In <no>te:nkomitetl</no> it is clear that the /ko/ syllable is part of the nominal head <nlo>komitetl</nlo>, the standard Oapan Nahuatl word for 'bone.' However, in the equivalent form <nlo>te:nkokaxtli</nlo>, the same syllable seems more like a locative <no>te:nko</no>, even though the compound form <no>te:nko</no> + <no>kaxtli</no> is unusual. \vl The first male token, /i:te:nkokex/ is erroneous and should not be tagged; it should be /i:te:nkokax/. The next 2 male tokens are correct and both should be tagged (one one linked). \ref 06283 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nkomitetl \lxoc i:te:nkomiteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo chin \sso barbilla; mentón \sem body \sem human \equiva te:nkwalkaxtli \equivo te:nkokaxtli \xrb te:n \xrb omi \xrb te \nae For a discussion of the etymology of <no>te:nkomitetl</no>, see <nlo>te:nkokaxtli</nlo>. \ref 06284 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo kopa:hyo:ltsi:n \lxoc i:kopa:hyo:ltsi:n \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \seo úvula \sso uvula \sem body \sem human \syna ko:kobande:rah \xrb kopa: \xrb yo:l \xrl -ko \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 06285 \lxa kamachahli \lxac kamachahli \lxo kamacha:hli \lxoc i:kamacha:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seo jawbone \sso mandíbula \seo area where the jawbone meets the skull \sso área donde la mandíbula se junta con la cabeza \xrb kama \xrb chal \nse Consultants gave two senses: the jawbone proper and the place in the mouth where the jawbone joins the full skull. Both meanings may be correct, or one definition might be in error. \nae The final /a:/ appears to be long in the possessed form. But given the difficulty in determining the length of final vowels, the unpossessed form <no>kamacha:hli</no> should be checked as well. Note also that in all four Oapan tokens analyzed (two by Florencia Marcelino and two by Inocencio Jiménez) the initial /i:/ of the possessed marker is quite long (in ever case over 100 ms). There is in general great variation in the vowel quanitity of this morpheme. It might reflect simple arbitrary variation or might be related to prosodic features. Note that in the present case, <no>i:kamacha:l</no>, the word is four syllables and the initial syllable would receive secondary stress. \qry Check vowel length and meaning. Note long vowel in Florencia Marcelino /kamachalko/ \ref 06286 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ye:hli \lxoc i:ye:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo liver \sso hígado \sem body \cfa chichi:katl \xrb ye:l \vl There are 8 tokens for this word (4 + 4). All are correct and should be tagged. \ref 06287 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlankwa:ix \lxoc i:tlankwa:ix \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo knee \sso rodilla \sem body \sem human \syna tetepon \xrb tlankwa: \xrb i:x \nae The Oapan form <no>tlankwa:ix</no> seemingly derives from the basic stem for 'knee' (<no>tlankwa:</no>) and the element <no>i:x</no>, probably related to <no>i:xtli</no>, the stem for 'face.' However, it might be related to the form <n>tlakwa:itl</n> with a final fricative surfacing through reinterpretation. \qry Check vowel length and etymology. \ref 06288 \lxa xa:lkwe:xtli \lxac xa:lkwe:xtli \lxo xa:lkwe:xtli \lxoc xa:lkwe:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \sea fine-grained sand \sso arena fina \syno xa:lpitsa:wak \syno xa:lkwe:xtik \xrb xa:l \xrb pitsa: \equiva xa:lpi:si:hli \cfo xa:ltoma:wak \xrb xa:l \xrb kwe:ch \ref 06289 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo metskomiteyo \lxoc i:metskomiteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo thigh bone \sso hueso del muslo \sem body \sem human \equiva metsa:kayo \xrb mets \xrb omi \xrb te \ref 06290 \lxa to:tolteyoh \lxac to:tolteyoh \lxo to:tolteyoh \lxoc to:tolteyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have eggs (a dish such as <nlo>chi:lmante:ka</nlo>) \sso tener huevos (una comida como <nlo>chi:lma:nteka</nlo>) \xrb to:tol \xrb te \nse Although often with words pertaining to food the ending <n>-yoh</n> indicates abundance (e.g., <nlao>istayoh</nlao> meaning 'to be salty' and not simply 'to have salt'), in this case <no>to:tolteyoh</no> seems to simply indicate 'to have eggs,' not necessarily in abundance. \ref 06291 \lxa chi:ltlasektli \lxac chi:ltlasektli \lxo chí:ltlaséhtli \lxoc chí:ltlaséhtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \pa yes-lex \seo chile that has been dry-roasted on a clay griddle \sso chile que ha sido tostado sobre un comal \sem food \sem chile \xrb chi:l \xrb hseki \nae The standard pronunciation is <no>chí:ltlaséhtli</no>. When asked, Inocencio Jiménez accepted, and uttered, the form <no>chi:ltlásehtli</no>, in which the pitch accent is immediately on the syllable nucleus that as the coda {h} (i.e., {chi:l + tla + hsek + tli}). He said that the two forms were equivalent although Florencia Marcelino was reluctant to accept the second form. Given this. it is most likely <no>chi:ltlásehtli</no> is not an acceptable or common form. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note /chí:ltlaséhtli/. Here there is a leftward shift of pitch from /tlásehtlí/. I.e., the Input Output identity is not maximized but a more favorable stress pattern is (i.e., long vowels stressed and final syllables unstressed). Florencia Marcelino stated that /chi:ltlásehtlí/ was not acceptable at all; Inocencio Jimenez did accept it as an alternative pronunciation. The standard pronunciation is <no>chí:ltlaséhtli</no>. When asked, Inocencio Jiménez accepted, and uttered, the form <no>chi:ltlásehtli</no>, in which the pitch accent is immediately on the syllable nucleus that as the coda {h} (i.e., {chi:l + tla + hsek + tli}). He said that the two forms were equivalent although Florencia Marcelino was reluctant to accept the second form. Given this. it is most likely <no>chi:ltlásehtli</no> is not an acceptable or common form. \ref 06292 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mesté:tomáhtik \lxoc mesté:tomáhtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infa tik>tikeh \pa yes-rdp \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas); tener los muslos llenos. \apo mesté:tomák \syna metskuwyotetotomaktik \xrb mets \xrb toma: \nae The present word, <no>mesté:tomáhtik</no>, demonstrates that in a form such as <no>tetomahtik</no> the initial <n>te-</n> is a prefix (in this case both an intensifier and, for Oapan Nahuatl, a"dummy morpheme"onto which a redupicant may reduce). It is the primary stem that reduplicates and the underlying form of the present entry would be {mets + te + rdp-s(toh) + toma: + k + tik}. The reduplicant, which is used to indicate that both thighs are thick, is reflected in the lengthened and pitch accented preceding vowel. Note that a plural subject would be expressed as <no>mesté:tomaíkeh</no>. \vl There are 4 more tokens of this word at 6875. Tag these also as 6292 and pick the best for linking. \ref 06293 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo iswamo:xo:hli \lxoc iswamo:xo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn N1 \se small pieces of <no>iswatl</no> that have broken off in small pieces from the leaf and are left on the ground \ss pequeños pedazos de <no>iswatl</no> que se caen de la hoja y se dejan tirados por el suelo \synao iswakwe:xtli \xrb swa \xrb mo:xo: \nae The etymology of the final element of this word, <no>mo:xo:hli</no> is unclear. It would seem to be deverbal noun, but neither the nominal form nor the potential verbal form ? <n>mo:xo:</n> has been documented in any other dialect. Note that the initial /i/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez is quite long, reflective of his general tendency to lengthen initial /i/. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 06294 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kechkwitlapi:hli \lxoc i:kechkwitlapi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cola \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo hair that goes down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to men) \sso pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse a un hombre) \syna kechko:lah \xrb kech \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \nde This usually, but not always, refers to men. \ref 06295 \lxa wa:lma:chapa:nia \lxac kwa:lma:chapa:nia \lxo wa:hma:chapa:nia \lxoa ma:chapa:nia \lxoc kwa:hma:chapa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seao (with inverse directional prefix) to cut the branches down of (a tree) tossing them to the ground \ssao (con prefijo direccional inverso) cortarle las ramas de (unárbol) tirándolas al suelo \syna ma:xi:nia \xrb ma: \xrb chapa: \nae According to both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez this verb exists only with the directional prefix <n>wa:l-</n>. This is because the action of cutting the branches (<no>i:ma:wa:n</no>) off a tree implicitly involves tossing them or letting them fall to the ground. For this reason the primary entry is <no>wa:hma:chapa:nia</no> although the verbal stem <no>ma:chapa:nia</no> is given as an alternate in order to facilitate searhes. \pqry Note that it is not entirely clear what the sequence is /kwa:hma:chapa:nia/ (which I expected) or /kwa:ma:chapa:nia/ (which I hear). For now I have recorded/written down /kwa:hma:chapa:nia/, i.e., that there is an /h/ in the surface form. This should be checked with a phonetician. Note that there seems to be a slight devoicing of the vowel or nasal where they join. However, this definitely needs to be confirmed. \vl The first female token is /kima:chapa:nia/. This should be tagged but not linked. For semantic reasons it is an unusual or unacceptable form. The following 4 tokens: /kwa:hma:chapa:nia/ should all be tagged and two should be linked. \grm Oapan phonology; directionals. Re: /ma:chapa:nia/ and the elicitaiton form /kwa:hma:chapa:nia/. According to both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez this verb exists only with the directional prefix /wa:l-/. Note that it is not entirely clear that there is an /h/ in the surface form. There might be a slight devoicing. If this is not the case then it might be that there are 3 allomorphs of {wa:l-}: /wa:l-/ before vowels and perhaps, for some speakers, before some consonants; /wa:h-/ before voiceless consonants; /wa:-/ before voiced consonants (e.g. nasals). This needs to be checked. \ref 06296 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlankeltik \lxoc tlankeltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have a constant smile (i.e., a person who has a cheerful disposition) \sso risueño, tener una sonrisa tenerstante (p. ej., una persona alegre y de buen caracter) \xrb tlan \xrb kel \ref 06297 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tótolí:nia \lxop totoli:nia \lxoc kí:tolí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:tolí:nia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting \ss (refl.) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas \equiva toli:nwia \xrb toli: \nae Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez only accepted the reduplicative form which is reduced with a prefix having a short vowel, e.g., <no>kí:tolí:nia</no>, but is maintained on the surface with a prefix having a long vowel, e.g., <no>né:xtotolí:nia</no>. \qry Check for nonreflexive use. \ref 06298 \lxa isoltik \lxac isoltik \lxo ísoltík \lxoc ísoltík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \seao to be worn out (items such as clothes, or the thatch roof of a house of palm or grass) \ssao estar desgastado; estar luido (algo como ropa o tela, el techo de una casa de palma o zacate, etc.) \seo to be outgoing or"lame-duck"(from an office or village <spn>cargo</spn>, e.g, the <no>tlayeka:nkeh</no> and other officials in Oapan) \sso estar saliente (en referencia a un puesto o cargo del pueblo, p. ej., los <no>tlayeka:nkeh</no> y otros que tienen una"carga"en Oapan) \xrb hsol \ref 06299 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:yakwitlatl \lxoc tsi:yakwitlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of earthy material carried by the <nla>tsontetl</nla> (carrier) ant; it is used as fertilizer (particularly for onions, corriander, etc.) \sso tipo de tierra o despercidio llevado por la hormiga llamada <na>tsontetl</na> y utilizado como fertilizante (particularmente para cebollas, cilantro, etc.) \equiva tsontekwitlatl \xrb tsi:ka \xrb kwitla \nae Vowel length determination here has been based in part on etymological analysis. It is possible that there has been some compensatory lengthening from the deletion of underlying intervocalic /k/ ({tsi:ka + kwitlatl}) although this is not certain. In addition, it appears that Florencia Marcelino has a much more rapid transition to the target lower back vowel than Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, in which the duration of the /i:/ is more pronounced. Although more research needs to be done on this vowel sequence (and on glides in general), provisionally the present headword has been written as <no>tsi:yakwitlatl</no>. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06300 \lxa kuwxi:mahli \lxac kuwxi:mahli \lxo kohxi:mahli \lxoc kohxi:mahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo wood shaving(s) (Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>kuwxi:ntli</nla>) \sso viruta(s) de madera (equivalente en Ameyaltepec: <nla>kuwxi:ntli</nla>) \seao (rare in Am) wood that has been planed (Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>tlaxi:mahli</nla>) \ssao (raro en Am) madera cepillada (equivalente en Ameyaltepec: <nla>tlaxi:mahli</nla>) \xrb kow \xrb xi:m \nse Both definitions were given by Oapan consultants and it remains to be checked whether both are indeed correct. The Ameyaltepec equivalents for each aceptation are given in parentheses in the sense definition. \qry Check meaning of this Oapan word as in another entry I had this as meaning 'wood that has been planed (see <nla>tlaxi:mahli</nla>)' ; madera cepillada (véase <nla>tlaxi:mahli</nla>) \ref 06301 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo síwaméh \lxoa síwamíh \lxoc síwaméh, síwamih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes \seo irregular plural of <nlo>siwa:tl</nlo> \sso plural irregular de <nlo>siwa:tl</nlo> \xrb siwa: \vl Tag 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 06302 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo séntli yóde metlatsí:ntli \lxop sentli yo de metlatsi:ntli \lxoc séntli yóde metlatsí:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(n) \seo deformed <spn>mazorca</spn> with one side flat and smooth, with kernels part of the way up \sso mazorca (o elote) deformada, con un lado plano y liso, con granos nada más por como la mitad \equiva sintli de kuwatl \equivo sentli yón kowatsi:n \xrb sin \xrb metla \cfa sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \vl 1st male token is stuttered, do not tag. Tag other 2 male tokens and 2 female tokens; link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \pqry Note that there is no /n/ in /yón/. This might be from deletion of /n/ or it might be because the underlying form here is /yo/, the short 3rd person pronoun. Nevertheless, it is stressed as is the relativizer. \grmx Relativizer; pitch accent; stress: Note the compound noun form: /séntli yóde metlatsí:ntli/ which contains the relativizer /yó/. There are two things to note there. The first is that the stress (intonational) is placed on both the head and the attributive (as well as the relativizer). This pattern has been documented enough to warrant a generalized (though tentative) statement that the relativizer is +stress and divided the noun head and attributive into two stress groups. Thus it should not be considered a single noun. The other point to be noted (and worthy of further investigation) is that the relativizer here is simply /yó/. There is no /n/. This may be because of deletion before /de/; note that there are many contexts in which such deletion occurs. Or it may be that /yóde/ should be considered a single relativizing term. Finally, it could be that the relativizer here is the pronoun /yo/ and that we can consider two relativizing (grammaticalized forms) /yo + on/>/yón/; and /yo + de/>/yóde/. This needs to be thoroughly checked, particularly whether /yóde/ always occurs when the attributive quality is a material that the head noun is made of. \ref 06303 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo temunye:kos \lxoc temunye:kos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>muñeco</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo prehispanic figurines \sso figura prehispánicas \equiva í:dolos \ref 06304 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pih \lxoc pih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seo shit! \sso ¡chin! \sem Gender: female \cfa kow \xrb pih \vl Tag but do not link any of these tokens to the dictionary as the term is offensive, basically meaning something like"cunt!"as a female interjection of disapproval. \ref 06305 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:pia:skwalo \lxoc tla:pia:skwalo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(pass) \seo to feel pain when urinating \sso sentir dolor al orinar \equiva a:xi:xkwalo \xrb a: \xrb peya: \xrb kwa \ref 06306 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:man i:n \lxof [a: 'man i:n] \lxoc a:man i:n \dt 01/Mar/2005 \psm Adv-tm \der Adv-complex \seo today \sso hoy \pno A:man i:n mitspale:wi:s! \peo Today he is going to help you! \pso ¡Hoy te va a ayudar! \seo (<nlo>ke:n</nlo> ~) at this time of day \sso (<nlo>ke:n</nlo> ~) a estas horas del día \pno Totaseh mo:stla ke:n a:man i:n! \peo We'll see each other tomorrow at about this time of day! \pso ¡Nos vemos mañana como a estas horas! \xrb a:man \xrb i:n \mod Perhaps this entry should be removed and placed under /a:man/. \ref 06307 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry, Oapan /a:ma:xtlatsi:n/ has been removed since it is a duplicate of 6191. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged with 6191. \ref 06308 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:pia:smiki \lxoc tla:pia:smiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to need to urinate badly \sso necesitar o tener muchas ganas de orinar \equiva a:xi:xmiki \xrb a: \xrb peya:s \xrb miki \ono miki \mod Add onomasiological entry discussing /miki/ as a compound verb. \ref 06309 \lxa tariatia \lxac notariatia \lxo táriatiá \lxop tariatia \lxoc notáriatiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>tarea</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to give a lot of work to \sso dar mucho trabajo o muchas tareas a \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>taréatiá</no> clearly derives from the final {h} of the Spanish loan <no>táreah</no>. \ref 06310 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:pextlí \lxoc tlá:pextlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-wi \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \pa yes \seo grating made of grass placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (particularly used in cooking tamals) \sso rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se está cociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales) \syna sakapepextli \xrb pech \qry Check to determine if /tlapepextli/ exists in Am with this or another meaning. If it does, make appropriate change here and in entry #652. \mod Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. Originally I had this as an entry for Oapan; however, in Oapan <no>saká:pextlí</no> refers only to the grass as it grows. Thus I have removed the entry of Oapan for this word here and substituted a cross-reference to the term used: \ref 06311 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:xi:xtekimaka \lxoc na:xi:xtekimaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \seo (refl.) to make an effort to urinate \sso (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo para orinar \pno Antes tiá:s xma:xi:xtekimakate:wa! \peo Before you go (e.g., boarding a bus) make an effort to urinate! \pso ¡Antes de que te vayas (p. ej., subiendo un camión) haz un esfuerzo para orinar (para que después no te den ganas de orinar)! \equiva a:xi:xtekiwia \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb maka \qry Determine whether only reflexive is used. Also, cf. use of /tekiwia/ in other contexts to indicate making an effort. Question Launey re: use of /-tekiwia/ to indicate making an effort to do sth. Check if there is a causative form. \ref 06312 \lxa xa:yakakwepa \lxac kixa:yakakwepa \lxo xa:ya:kopa \lxoa xa:yakakopa \lxoc kixa:ya:kopa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to turn the head of (e.g., an animal such as a donkey, mule, or horse, by pulling on its reins) \sso voltear la cabeza de (p. ej., un animal como un burro, mula o caballo, al jalar las riendas por un lado) \equiva te:nkwepa \xrb xa:yaka \xrb kwepa \ref 06313 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo malwi:hli \lxoc malwi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo something needing to be handled with great care (e.g., a certain type of animal in a delicate state, or sth manufactured that is particularly easy to damage) \sso algo que require ser manejado o tratado con cuidado (p. ej., un animal que es algo delicado, o un objeto que necesita ser cuidado en su fabricación) \syna malwilistli \xrb malwi \nae The length of the vowel in the penultimate syllable is somewhat uncertain although probably long. The target position is reached late, with the majority of the syllable consisting of the gradual fronting of the vowel, from high back to high front. \pqry The length of the vowel in the penultimate syllable is uncertain. The target position is reached late, with the majority of the syllable consisting of the gradual fronting of the vowel, from high back to high front. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06314 \lxa a:pantetl \lxac a:pantetl \lxo a:pantetl \lxoc a:pantetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea child who wants to play, or often plays, in the water \ssa niño que quiere jugar, o que siempre juega, en el agua \seo stone found by or in the river that has been smooth by the action of running water (Am. synonym <nla>a:te:ntetl</nla>) \sso piedra lisa que se encuentra por la orilla o dentro del río y que ha sido pulida por la acción de agua corriente (Am. sinónimo <nla>a:te:ntetl</nla>) \xrb a: \xrb te \xrl -pan \nae The first element of the compound noun <no>a:pantetl</no> is <nlo>a:pan</nlo> a locative noun used to be 'river.' \pqry Oapan phonology: The 4 tokens here provide a good illustration of variation in vowel length both within a word (long vs. short) and between speakers (Florencia has a smaller ratio between /a:/ and /a/, first and second syllables of /a:pantetl/, based on a long duration to her short vowel). \grm Oapan phonology: The 4 tokens here provide a good illustration of variation in vowel length both within a word (long vs. short) and between speakers (Florencia has a smaller ratio between /a:/ and /a/, first and second syllables of /a:pantetl/, based on a long duration to her short vowel). \ref 06315 \lxa toto:nka:kwa \lxac kitoto:nka:kwa \lxo toto:nka:kwa \lxoc kitoto:nka:kwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat while hot (e.g., directly from the pot) \sso comer caliente (p. ej., directamente del sarten u olla) \xrb to:n \xrb kwa \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06316 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaxipacho:lhli \lxocpend @tlaxipacho:lhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-inst-ni \infn N1 \seo part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the <nlo>sole:rah</nlo> \sso parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera \sem construct-part \equiva ko:ntrasole:rah \equivo tlaxipacho:lo:ni \encyctmp kahli \xrb kxi \xrb pach \nae For a discussion, see <nlo>tlaxipacho:lo:ni</nlo>. \ref 06317 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pi:pilo:leh \lxoc pi:pilo:leh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \seo person who has earings \sso persona que tiene aretes \pno Pi:pilo:leh tla:katl. \peo He is a man with earings. \pso Es un hombre con aretes. \xrb pil \qry Check vowel length. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. There are 4 extra tokens at 6423. \ref 06318 \lxa pi:pilo:ltia \lxac nopi:pilo:ltia \lxo pi:pilo:ltia \lxoc nopi:pilo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to wear or put on earings \sso (refl.) ponerse o vestirse con arretes \xrb pil \nae The duration measurements of the initial vowel are not as conclusively long as they are for other related words such as <nlo>pi:pilo:leh</nlo>. Florencia Marcelino has a ratio of first to second vowel of 80:60 and 86:56 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 68:58 and 75:53. Nevertheless, given the evidence from other headwords the first vowel has been maintained as long in the orthographic representation of <no>pi:pilo:ltia</no>. \ref 06319 \lxa yo:lpachiwi \lxac yo:lpachiwi \lxo yo:lpachiwi \lxoc yo:lpachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones fill; to be satisfied (from a meal) \ss hartarse (de demasiado comida) \xrb yo:l \xrb pach \ref 06320 \lxa tlamimi:ntik \lxac tlamimi:ntik \lxo té:mí:ntik \lxoa témimí:ntik \lxoc té:mí:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have very small, sparse leaves (that should be large, e.g., a plant poorly watered whose leaves don't grow) \sso tener las hojas pequeñas y poco densas (que debe ser grandes, p. ej., en una planta que no ha recibido agua suficiente) \seo to have sparse hair (e.g., a person in quimotherapy, an animal with little hair on its tail, etc.; Am synonym <nla>kwa:tlamimi:ntik</nla>) \sso tener el pelo o cabello ralo (p. ej., una persona en quimoterapia, un animal con poco pelo por la cola, etc.; Am sinónimo <nla>kwa:tlamimi:ntik</nla>) \xrb mi:n \mod The word <no>té:mí:ntik</no> alone and in compounds refers to sparse. This should be changed in all entries. \vl The first female token is /te:mihtih/ and should be tagged as 03054. The following 4 (2 F and 2 M) are correct and should be tagged as 6320. \ref 06321 \lxa ma:kwepa \lxac kima:kwepa \lxo ma:kopa \lxoc kima:kopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to turn over with ones hand \sso voltear con la mano \xrb ma: \xrb kwepa \qry The meaning is uncertain and has been derived from my understanding of the meaning of the component parts and the nature of Nahuat incorporation. It should be checked. \ref 06322 \lxanotes zzz \qry The entry here was for Oapan Nahuatl /kechpetska:yo/ but in recording both Inocencio and Florencia rejected this in favor of /i:kechpachka:yo/. Nevertheless, there is one pronounced token of this word which should be tagged. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl There is one token of /i:kechpetska:yo/. Apparently this is not the correct form (Florencia was not too familiar with the proper term /i:kechpachka:yo/. For this reason simply tag this one female token as 6322, but do not link it (this entry has been removed anyway). Then the 4 tokens /i:kechpachka:yo/ should be tagged as. \ref 06323 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:pachka:yo \lxoc i:ma:pachka:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-ki \infn N2 \seo cuff (of a shirt) \sso puño (de una camisa) \xrb ma: \xrb pach \nse To date this term has only been documented in possessed form. \ref 06324 \lxa china:nkahli \lxac china:nkahli \lxo china:nkahli \lxoc china:nkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seo house made of wattling \sso casa de chinamitl \cfo china:ntli \encyctmp kahli; china:ntli (and fencing) \xrb china:m \xrb kal \ref 06325 \lxa kakawayo:ki:sa \lxac kakawayo:ki:sa \lxo kakawayo:ki:sa \lxoc kakawayo:ki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \seo to shed bark (a tree) \sso caersele la cáscara (a unárbol) \xrb kawa \xrb ki:sa \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06326 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been deleted as a duplicate of 5787. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 5787, of which they are duplicated. \ref 06327 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ko:snetextik \lxoc ko:snetextik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Adj-N \der Adj-dvb-tik \seo to have ones legs so close together so that when one walks often the knees or ankles knock against each other (either a person or animal) \sso tener las piernas tan cerradas que a menudo se golpean las rodillas o tobillos al caminar (o una persona o un animal) \equiva ko:tsnetech \xrb ko:ts \xrl -netech \nse Apparently the /ne/ of 'mutually' and the /tech/ of 'close to'. Cf. entry under /ko:tsko/. Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one entry I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. \qry Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one original I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. Determine whether there is a form /ko:tsnetextik/ and a verb /ko:tsnetechiwi/ or /ko:tsnetechowa/. Also check for the existence of a verb /netechiwi/. There is probably an Am form /ko:tsnetextik/. Check. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 06328 \lxa ma:kakapaka \lxac ma:kakapakatiw \lxo ma:kakapaka \lxoc ma:kakapakatiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to make a drumming or clattering sound with ones hands or fingers \sso hacer un sonido como de traqueteo con las manos o dedos \seao to make a clattering sound with ones front hooves (e.g., a horse that is galloping) \ssao hacer un sonido como golpeteo con las patas delanteras (p. ej., un caballo galopeando) \xrb ma: \xrb kapa: \nse The word <no>ma:kakapaka</no> is often found with the aspectual endings <no>-tiw</no>, hence the Oapan citation form <no>ma:kakapakatiw</no>. \qry Check meaning, the present meaning given was elaborated from memory since no notes could be found. Recheck. \vl There are 7 female tokens of this word; all but the 5th, which is stuttered, should be tagged. There are also 6 male tokens. The first 3 are stuttered and should not be tagged. The last three should be tagged. Link the final (6th overall, 3rd and last of the good tokens) to the headword. Finally, after 6400 I asked Florencia and Inocencio to again repeat this word, it is not in sequence there, but the 4 tokens should be tagged as 6328. I believe that the male tokens there might provide the one to be linked, but check. \ref 06329 \lxa tlatlaxiskomok \lxac tlatlaxiskomok \lxo tlatlaxiskomok \lxoc tlatlaxiskomok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo to have a very bad cough, dry and hard with phlegm or mucous dislodged with the cough \sso tener un tos muy fuerte, seco y duro con flema que sale al toser \sem disease \equiva tlatlaxistopok \xrb tlasi \xrb komo: \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: This and related words might provide a good example of the nature of short vowel reduplication (here without pitch accent) in terms of the relative duration of the stem and reduplicant syllable). \ref 06330 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamachiliswah \lxoc tlamachiliswah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se person who is intelligent, wise \ss persona inteligente; sabio \equiva tlamachilisioh \equivo tlamachiliseh \xrb mati \qry Note that the file card on which this was recorded did not have vowel length specified. But given that /machi:lia/ has a long vowel (as do the cognates reported in FK), it is likely that /tlamachi:listli/ and /tlamachi:lisioh/ both have the long /i:/ as marked. Nevertheless, for now this has been kept short in the data entries. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of /tlamachiliswah/ recorded at 6722. They should be tagged with #6330. \ref 06331 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mápilówa \lxop mapilowa \lxoc mápilówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-owa \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to point ones finger \sso apuntar con el dedo \xrb mah \xrb pil \ref 06332 \lxa tlamuwti:lo:ni \lxaa tlamamuwti:lo:ni \lxac tlamuwti:lo:ni \lxo tlá:mohti:ló:ni \lxoc tlá:mohti:ló:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-inst-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo scarecrow \sso espantapájaros \sem material \syna tlatla:katl \xrb ma:wi \nae The /i:/ in the third syllable is clearly of long duration in the speech of Florencia Marcelino (Oa); in the utterances of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, this vowel is less clearly long but, given the overall context of vowel duration in the word, probably should also be considered phonologically long. The initial /á:/ carried a high pitch. Again, its length is more marked in the speech of Florencia Marcelino than that of her husband. Moreover, given that pitch here must be the result of a reduced reduplicant (from underlying {tla + rdp-s + muwi) \mod Cf. Gram 1985-04-23.1 \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06333 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:kwitsahlo:tl \lxoc tla:kwitsahlo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo crooked bolt of lightening \sso rayos chuecos que atraviesan el cielo \sem weather \cfa kuwatsi:ntli \xrb a: \xrb kwitsa \nae The etymology of <no>tla:kwitsahlo:tl</no> is not clear. Provisionally it has been analyzed as a deverbal noun involving the stem <nr>kwitsa</nr> and the nominal stem <nr>a:</nr> 'water.' The former might well have something to do with things that are crooked or zig-zag and the nominal stem adds the implication of 'water', which is often associated with lightening. No cognate forms have been found in the published sources for Nahuatl; neighboring villages should be checked. Note, finally, that the vowel length still needs to be carefully checked. The duration of the first syllable, with /a:/ as its nucleus, varied from about 78 and 88 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 89 and 82 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Thus it could well represent a phonologically short vowel. \pqry Carefully recheck this word's vowels, particularly the initial one. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 06334 \lxa i:xte:nakatl \lxaa i:xte:nnakatl \lxac i:xte:nakatl \lxo i:xte:nakatl \lxoc i:xte:nakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se light translucent film that progressively spreads over the eyes \ss carnosidad, capa delgada y translucente que va cubriendo el ojo \sem disease \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb naka \qry Check whether this word is possessed and the type of possession: /ni:xte:nakaw/, /ni:xte:nakayo/, etc.? \ref 06335 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:machília \lxop tlá:machilia \lxoc kitlá:machília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to feel around the body of for the location of sth (e.g., a robber in looking for money) \sso tantear el cuerpo de para encontrar la ubicación de algo (p. ej., un ladrón que busca dinero) \cfa tlama:machilia \cfo tlátlachília \xrb mati \mod If Am entry 5352 proves to be /tlamamachilia/ and not /tlama:machilia/, then it should be combined with 6335 or 6335 should be combined with 5352. At any rate, only one entry should be used. \mod If this entry proves to be /tlamamachilia/ and not /tlama:machilia/, then it should be combined with 6335 and cfa here should be changed. \vl There are 4 additional speech tokens from 5352. Do not link 1st female token from tokens originally at 6335. \ref 06336 \lxa tlamachi:lia \lxac kitlamachi:lia \lxo tlamachilia \lxoc kitlamachilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to know (sth, such as a secret) about (sb) \ss saber (algo que es un secreto) de (algn) \pna Timistlamachilia, pero xnikte:ihli:s. \pea I know something about you, but I'm not going to tell. \psa Sé algo de tí, pero no lo voy a decir. \xrb mati \vl There is an added single female token of this from 5352. \pqry Check vowel length in both dialects. During the recording session I seem to have perceived Cristino Flores as having a long /i:/ as indicated. Check! \ref 06337 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixisa:yo:lin \lxoc ixisa:yo:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seo fly; type of insect called in Spanish <spn>mosca</spn>, still not definitively identified \sso mosca, tipo de insecto todavía no identificado plenamente \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp insects \xrb kxi \xrb sa:yo:l \qry Dif. between /ixisa:yo:lin/ and /sa:yo:lin/. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'mosca verde, mosca filaria.' \ref 06338 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:kwa:ntik \lxoc te:kwa:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo tiger colored (yellow and black) \sso color y patrón de tigre (tener amarrillo y negro) \sem color \xrb kwa \grm /-tik/; adjectives: Note the following denominal adjective from Oapan: /te:kwa:ntik/, said in reference to a tiger lily. \ref 06339 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo boto:ntekoya:wi \lxoc boto:ntekoya:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>botón</spn> \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \seo to widen (a hole such as a buttonhole, a hole in ones belt, etc.) \sso ensancharse (un agujero o ojal de la ropa, etc.) \syna i:xte:ntekoya:wi \xrb koya: \ref 06340 \lxa a:ki:lia \lxac ka:ki:lia \lxo a:ki:lia \lxoc ka:ki:lia \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to put on (an item of clothing) of \sso ponerse (algo de ropa, etc.) de \pno O:ne:cha:ki:lih nowe:rach. \peo He put on my sandals. \pso Se puso mis weraches. \xrb a:k \xvbo a:kia \pqry This word, /ka:ki:lia/ is particularly good to demonstrate the vowel length in the applicative. \grm Applicative; vowel lengthening: Note that the final vowel is lengthened here; the motivating factor is not apparent. \vl There are four tokens of this word mistakenly uttered at 3827. These should be tagged as 6340 additional tokens. Note that the linked tokens should be those recorded at 6340. \ref 06341 \lxa mora:doh \lxac mora:doh \lxo mora:doh \lxoa moradi:toh \lxoc mora:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan morado \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \se light purple \ss morado o color lila \sem color \cfa kakamotsi:n \cfo kámotík \nse Apparently <nao>mora:doh</nao> is a lighter shade of purple than <nla>kakamotsi:n</nla> (Am) or <nlo>kámotík</nlo> (Oa), although this should be checked. \ref 06342 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kámotík \lxoc kámotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes-lex \seo dark purple \sso morado oscuro \sem color \equiva kakamotsi:n \cfo mora:doh \xrb kamoh \ref 06343 \lxa a:to:lnelowa \lxac a:to:lnelowa \lxo a:to:lnelowa \lxoc a:to:lnelowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to stir atole (so that it doesn't burn) \sso batir o revolver atole (para que no se queme) \xrb a:to:l \xrb nel \nae The phonological length of the initial /a/ of <no>a:to:hli</no> is at times difficult to determine with absolute certainty as its duration is highly variable. This is particularly true when it is in word initial position, though it also is problematical in other contexts (e.g., <nlo>poye:h a:to:hli</nlo>). In the present case, <no>a:to:lnelowa</no>, the initial /a:/ varies in duration. The two speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) are between 60 and 70 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has vowel durations of 74 and 94 ms. (Note that in Pipil the initial vowel of <spn>atole</spn> has been documented as short.) The problem of shortening of word initial vowels needs to be examined. For now the general policy in terms of orthography is to standardize all written forms to a single vowel length except in cases where a clear phonological rule for shortening can be determined (e.g., as occurs with frequentatives). \pqry Vowel length The phonological length of the initial /a/ of <no>a:to:hli</no> is at times difficult to determine with absolute certainty as its duration is highly variable. This is particularly true when it is in word initial position, though it also is problematical in other contexts (e.g., <nlo>poye:h a:to:hli</nlo>). In the present case, <no>a:to:lnelowa</no>, the initial /a:/ varies in duration. The two speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) are between 60 and 70 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has vowel durations of 74 and 94 ms. The problem of shortening of word initial vowels needs to be examined. For now the general policy in terms of orthography is to standardize all written forms to a single vowel length except in cases where a clear phonological rule for shortening can be determined (e.g., as occurs with frequentatives). \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06344 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chí:ltamó:ltsi:n \lxoc chí:ltamó:ltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo stone pestle used for grinding up chile in a mortar \sso mano de piedra para moler chile en un molcajete \syna temo:ltsi:n \xrb chi:l \xrb tah-2-; mo:l \ref 06345 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kóhtamó:ltsi:n \lxoc kóhtamó:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes-lex \seo wooden stick (often of otate or a similar hard, straight, material) used for stirring a liquid (generally atole) as it cooks \sso palo de madera (generalmente de otate u otro material duro y derecho) para revolver un líquido que se cuece (generalmente atole) \syna tlamo:ltsi:n \xrb kow \xrb tah-2-; mo:l \nse This stick is used for stirring atole. However, when vast amounts of mole are made (e.g., by the fiscal during Carnival), this same stick may be used for stirring mole. But when small amounts of mole are made a large spoon is used. \pqry Recheck vowel length as this entry is from a file card on which vowel length was not recorded. Xalitla has a long /o/ as recorded in Ramírez and Dakin (1979). \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6678; these too should be tagged as 6345. \ref 06346 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo támó:ltsi:n \lxoc támó:ltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes-lex \seo stone pestle used for grinding in a mortar \sso mano de piedra para moler en un molcajete \syna temo:ltsi:n \xrb tah-2-; mo:l \nae The motivation for pitch accent in Oapan <no>támó:ltsi:n</no> is unclear. Zacapoaxtla (cf. comments in FK) has <n>temo:lotl</n>, suggesting an etymology from <n>tetl</n> 'stone' and the verb <n>mo:la</n>. However, this would not explain the pitch accent. The only syllable that could have a coda {h} would be the initial syllable (which would have to be {tah} or {teh}). \qry This might refer instead or also to a wooden stick used for stirring atole. Check. The etymology is unclear. Check in San Juan, for if the etymoloyg is from /te-/ of stone, then the pitch accent is not explainable. \pqry Check quality of initial /a/ in all forms /chi:ltamo:ltsi:n/, /kohtamo:ltsi:n/ and /tamo:ltsi:n/. \sj tamoltsin \grm Check all the compound forms with /támó:ltsi:n/ to document p-a shift. \ref 06347 \lxa tlate:moke:tl \lxac tlate:moke:tl \lxo tlaté:moké:tl \lxoc tlaté:moké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who goes looking for animals that have been left out to graze \sso persona que va a buscar animales que han sido dejados a apacentar \xrb te:mo \ref 06348 \lxa kextelolo:tsi:n \lxac i:kextelolo:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \sea round bone at the base of the neck \ssa hueso redondo a la base del cuello \sem body \equivo kéxtamó:ltsi:n \xrb kech \xrb te \xrb olo: \nae The /l/ in <na>telolotsi:n</na> might represent the same process that yields an /l/ in words like <na>a:ltepe:tl</na>. \pqry In one entry I have the second /o:/ long; I believe this is wrong but it should be checked. Check etymology of /telolo-/. Note: I have written in long based on acoustic information from Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 06349 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:chiwalxakwaliwi \lxoc chi:chiwalxakwaliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to have ones breasts get crushed (e.g., a woman by a young child who jumps on her chest) \sso aplastarsele los senos a (p. ej., una mujer por un niño que le brinque al pecho) \xrb chi:chi \xrb xakwal \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 06350 \lxa ma:tolopochiwi \lxac ma:tolopochiwi \lxo ma:tolopochiwi \lxoc ma:tolopochiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get a ball-like swelling on ones arm \sso hincharsele algo como una bolita al brazo \xrb ma: \xrb tolopoch \ref 06351 \lxa te:nyo:tia \lxac kite:nyo:tia \lxo te:nyo:tia \lxoc kite:nyo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seo to put a lip, rim, or edge on (e.g., a ceramic pot or bowl that one is making) \sso ponerle una borde o orilla a (p. ej., a una olla o plato hondo de cerámica que uno está fabricando) \sea to put a cuff on \xrb te:n \mod Determine how to classify these verbs, whether as part of the paradigm V2-para-h/wa/tia or as a denominal verb. It might be that the latter is better since the full paradigm is not available in many of these cases. \mod Note to make a comment in the grammar of the relationship between paradigms such as \ref 06352 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:mposa:hlo:tia \lxoc kite:mposa:hlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bozal</spn> \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to tie a rope around the snout of an animal (such as a mule, donkey, or horse) to serve as a rein \sso amarrar un laso por el hocico de un animal (como una mula, burro o caballo) para servir como riendas \equiva te:mbosa:ltia \equivo te:mposa:ltia \xrb te:n \qry Check /a/ length beflore /hlo:tia/. \ref 06353 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma: \lxoc ma: cho:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal \seo negative imperative and optative clitic, generally immediately to the left of a verbal predicate \sso clítico del imperativo y optativo negativo, generalmente inmediatamente antes del predicado verbal \seo (~ <no>hkon</no>) not like that! \sso (~ <no>hkon</no>)¡asíno! \equiva ma:ka \xrb ma: \nse It appears that Oapan Nahuatl <no>má:</no> is usually found with verbal predicates. It is not clear whether it can be used with nominal and adjectival predicates. This needs to be determined. In Oapan one finds both <no>ma: hkon</no> and <no>ma: hkión</no> with the same meaning. \pqry An effort must be made to determine whether there is a minimal pair /ma: + / and /ma:-/ the first being the negative optative and the second the incorporating stem for /ma:/ 'hand.' Perhaps elicit: /ma posteki/, /ma:posteki/ and /ma: posteki/. It there is a length distinction this would be very important. Unfortunately I don't have /ma:posteki/ in the lexicon. \ref 06354 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ma:xtlatl \lxoc a:ma:xtlatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo diaper \sso pañal \syna tsi:nkwe:tli \cfo a:ma:xtlatsi:n \xrb a: \xrb ma:xtla \nse According to Florencia Marcelino the possessed form of this noun is <no>i:a:ma:xtla</no>, i.e., with no <n>-w</n> possessed marker. In this way it manifests inalienable possession and parallels the possessed paradigm of <nlo>kwe:tli</nlo>. The possessed form of <no>a:ma:xtlatl</no>, therefore, lends support to the hypothesis that inalienable possession is zero-marked and not simply limited to certain forms that, in some dialects, have final /itl/ (e.g., <n>kweitl</n>). Another example that parallels the present case is <nlo>ixia:po:tetl</nlo>. \grm Nahuatl possession; inalienable: According to Florencia Marcelino the possessed form of /a:ma:xtlatl/ is <no>i:a:ma:xtla</no>, i.e., with no <n>-w</n> possessed marker. In this way it manifests inalienable possession and parallels the possessed paradigm of <nlo>kwe:tli</nlo>. The possessed form of <no>a:ma:xtlatl</no>, therefore, lends support to the hypothesis that inalienable possession is zero-marked and not simply limited to certain forms that, in some dialects, have final /itl/ (e.g., <n>kweitl</n>). Another example that parallels the present case is <nlo>ixia:po:tetl</nlo>. \ref 06355 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kalwa:xkohtli \lxoc kalwa:xkohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seo <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit \sso <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles \equiva a:wa:xkohtli \equiva a:wa:xin \equivo kalwa:xin \syna a:wa:xkohtli \xrb kal \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \vl There are 4 good female tokens and 3 male tokens. One male token is stuttered. \ref 06356 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kalwa:xin \lxoa kalwa:xih \lxop kalwa:xin \lxoc kalwa:xin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \seo <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit \sso <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles \seo fruit of the tree of this name \sso fruta delárbol de este nombre \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva a:wa:xin \equiva a:wa:xkohtli \equivo kalwa:xkohtli \xrb kal \xrb wa:x \nct kohtli; wa:xin \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06357 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:me:tsíwi \lxop i:xté:me:tsiwi \lxoc i:xté:me:tsíwi; o:i:xté:mé:tsiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have ones eyes wide open and alert \sso estar con los ojos bien abiertos y alertos \syna i:xte:mpopo:ni \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb me:ts \grm Derivation from nouns: Apparently /i:xte:me:tsiwi/ is derived from the root for 'moon' and thus its meaning, 'to have eyes wide open like moons.' \ref 06358 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepe:yo:lki \lxoc tepe:yo:lki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1; pl. <no>tepe:yo:lka:meh</no> \seo wild animal (any wild animal, tiger, wolf, deer, coyote, <spn>tejón</spn>, that lives in the woods or forest) \sso animal silvestre (cualquier animal, tigre, lobo, venado, coyote, tejón, que vive en el bosque) \sem animal \sem cat \equiva kuwyo:lki \xrb tepe: \xrb yo:l \ref 06359 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepe:michin \lxoc tepe:michin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seo (fig.) snake \sso (fig.) culebra \sem animal \sem sn \xrb tepe: \xrb mich \ref 06360 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:tema:tlatsi:ntli \lxoc te:tema:tlatsi:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo steps; stairway \sso escalera \pno Ma tose:wi:tin ne: ka:mpa te:tema:tlatsi:ntli! \peo Let's got sit down and rest there on the steps! \pso ¡Vamos a ir a descansar allídonde estála escalera. \xrb te \xrb ma:tla \nse <no>Te:tema:tlatsi:ntli</no> is a word that is rarely used by younger speakers but known by those of more advanced age. \nae The etymology of <no>Te:tema:tlatsi:ntli</no> is not entirely clear. Provisionally it has been analyzed as a compound noun from the roots for 'stone' (<nr>te</nr>) and 'net' (<nr>ma:tla</nr>) with the first nominal stem reduplicated with a long vowel. \nde Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has <n>tlamamatlatl</n> 'escalón, o grade' as well as both <n>tlamaamatlayaualli</n> and <n>tlamamatla ilacatztli</n>, both glossed as 'caracol de escalera.' \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 06361 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:npa:lakaxtlalowa \lxoc notsi:npa:lakaxtlalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V1 \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \seo (refl.) to go speeding along with the rear swerving around (e.g., a car from excess speed after having made a sharp turn) \sso (refl.) ir corriendo con la parte trasera corriendo de un lado a otro (p. ej., un coche por un exceso de velocidad después de haber dado la vuelta) \xrb tsi:n \xrb pa:lakach \xrb tlal \qry Check for transitive and causative forms. \ref 06362 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pa:lakaxtla:lia \lxoc kipa:lakaxtla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to turn sharply (e.g., a car such as a patrol car chasing a thief, etc.) \sso girar fuertemente (p. ej., una patrulla que va en pos de un ladrón) \pno Sa: sápatípan kipa:lakaxtla:lia i:ka:rroh. \peo Just once he makes his car take a sharp turn. \pso Nada más una vez hace su coche girar fuertemente. \seo (refl.) to do a pirouette (a ballet dancer) \sso (refl.) hacer una pirouette (una bailarina) \xrb pa:lakach \xrb tla:l \nse In terms of degrees of turn, the transitive <nlo>pa:lakachowa</nlo> indicates a much less radical or hard turn than <no>pa:lakaxtla:lia</no>. \ref 06363 \lxa tsi:ntechiki \lxac notsi:ntechiki \lxo tsí:ntechíki \lxop tsí:ntechki \lxoc notsí:ntechíki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to scratch ones rear end (particularly in reference to a pig, e.g., just after having bathed in mud) \sso (refl.) rasgar la parte trasera (particularmente en referencia a un marrano, p. ej., inmediatamente después de haberse bañado en el lodo) \cfo 'techiki \xrb tsi:n \xrb te \xrb hchiki \nae The Oapan form <no>tsí:ntechíki</no> results from the reduplication of the verbal stem <no>techiki</no>, with the reduplicant reduced on the long vowel nucleus of the incorporated noun stem <nr>tsi:n</nr>. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. The Oapan form <no>tsí:ntechíki</no> results from the reduplication of the verbal stem <no>techiki</no>. Note how the CVN syllable, even with a long vowel, can take reduced reduplication. \ref 06364 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:panowa \lxoc ma:panowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \seo to cross (the deep part of a river) raising one arm to keep clothes (or other material) dry and the other to pull ones self across \sso atravesar (la parte honda de un río) con un brazo levantado para mantener seco la ropa (u otra cosa) y la otra para ir nadando \seo to cross a river (e.g., a dog, horse, or head of cattle that uses its arms to doggy-paddle through the water) \sso cruzar un río (p. ej., un perro, caballo o ganado que utiliza sus patas para ir nadando) \xrb ma: \xrb pano \qry Recheck the meaning of this verb; also check to see whether it should be analyzed as /ma: + a: + panowa/. Check for /ixipanowa/, etc. \ref 06365 \lxa te:mpapalowa \lxac note:mpapalowa \lxo té:mpalówa \lxop té:mpalowa \lxoc noté:mpalówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \seo (refl.) to lick ones lips (e.g., after eating) \sso (refl.) limpiarse los labios con la lengua (p. ej., después de comer) \xrb te:n \xrb palo \qry Check for transitive use. \ref 06366 \lxa mapilpapalowa \lxac nomapilpapalowa \lxo 'mapilpápalówa \lxop mapilpapalowa \lxoc nómapilpápalówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to lick ones fingers (e.g., after eating) \sso (refl.) chuparse los dedos (p. ej., después de comer) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb palo \nae No reduced form is accepted: * <no>nómapí:lpalówa</no>. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: No reduced form is accepted: * <no>nómapí:lpalówa</no> does not exist but only /nómapilpápalówa/. Duration elicitation of /nómapilpápalówa/ both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez specifically rejected the reduction of the reduplicant */nómapí:lpalówa/. I have been unable to come up with any reason for this. From the independent word /mápihlí/, as well as duration itself, it is clear that the final /i/ of the stem is short. Therefore it should accept reduction of the reduplicant. Moreover, in a previous word (6365) /noté:mpalówa/ reduction occurs on the long vowel of an incorporated nominal stem. For now /'mapilpápalówa/ simply has to be considered an exception. \ref 06367 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ihpátlawía \lxop ihpatlawia \lxof ['pa tla 'wi a] \lxoc kihpátlawía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to carry (e.g., a heavy weight) balanced on ones head \sso cargar (p. ej., algo pesado) balanceado sobre la cabeza \xrb pahtla \nae There is no immediate clue as to the etymology of this word nor the motive for the pitch accent pattern found in Oapan Nahuatl <no>kipátlawíya</no>. Usually such pitch accent derives from a coda {h} somewhere in the verbal stem. Here the only two possibilities are {pahtla} and {patlah}. Neither of these forms coincides with anything documented in other dialects. One possibility would be a root of {pahtla} and the other would be {patlah}. If the root were {patla:}, found in <no>patla:wi</no> 'to become flat,' then the pitch accent would be left unexplained. \grm Transitivity: cf. /patla:wa/ vs. /patla:wia/. \sj Check for location of /h/. \ref 06368 \lxa sandiapepenke:tl \lxac sandiapepenke:tl \lxo sandiá:penké:tl \lxoc sandiá:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>sandía</spn> \der [N-V2]ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo person who picks watermelon in harvesting them \sso persona que corta sándia para cosecharlas \xrb pena \nae The initial consonant of the borrowed sequence /día/ is devoiced and then undergoes palatalization as any /tia/ sequence in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 06369 \lxa kapa:naltia \lxac kikapa:naltia \lxo kapa:naltia \lxoc kikapa:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to give a hard slap to, provoking a loud slapping sound (like wet clothes against a rock) as two surfaces come together hard (e.g., a woman with clothes as she washes them, beating them against a hard flat surface to remove the soap; a man of a woman in having sexual intercourse; a person slapping another on bare skin with the palm of the hand; a person smashing an insect against a wall or table, etc.) \ss dar una fuerte palmada o golpe a, causando un fuerte sonido como de una palmada al golpearse dos superficies, una contra otra (p. ej. una persona al golpear ropa mojada contra una superficie dura y plana al lavar; un hombre a una mujer al tener relaciones sexuales con ella; una persona a otra al darle una fuerte palmada sobre su cuerpo; una persona a un animalito al aplastarlo contra algo, etc.) \pna O:tikwi:tek un xiwsa:yo:lin. Kwaltsi:n o:tihkapa:naltih ipan me:sah. \pea You swatted that fly. You smashed it hard against the table (causing a loud slapping sound). \psa Le diste bien a esa mosca. La aplastaste sobre la mesa (causando un fuerte sonido en el momento). \pna O:tine:chtekapa:naltih ika moma:kpal. \pea You gave me a hard slap (made a slapping sound come out of me) with the palm of your hand. \psa Me diste una fuerte palmada (haciendo salir un sonido como de palmada) con la palma de tu mano. \pna Kikapa:nalti:s un sokitl, tlaxakwalotok. \pea She will make a slapping sound with the mud; he is kneading it. \psa Va a hacer que el lodo haga sonidos como palmadas; lo está amasando. \seo to drench \sso empapar \pno Ma:si san tlapayahtli, no: te:kapa:naltia. \peo Even though it is just a drizzle, it also gets people soaked. \pso Aunque es nada más una llovizna, también empapa a la gente. \cfao tlatskapa:naltia \dis kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia \xrb kapa: \xvbao kapa:ni \qry Check possible occurrence of simple transitive form /kapa:nia:/ and if it exists, cf. to /kapa:naltia:/. I originally had this sentence which I have removed to check: /Kwaltsi:n kikapa:naltitok a:te:ntli, tlapa:kalo/ 'She is really causing it (in this instance her clothes) to make a slapping sound at the river. People wash there.' / 'Estáhaciendola (la ropa) emitir un sonido como de palmadas por el río. Hay gente lavando.' Check this. \ref 06370 \lxa iyo:maka \lxac kiyo:maka \lxo 'iyo:máka \lxop iyo:maka \lxoc kíyo:máka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \pa yes-lex \se to fill up with air \ss llenar con aire (p. ej., una llanta) \xrb hyo \xrb maka \qry This word was uttered during elicitation with Florencia and Inocencio, but the sense was not given. Pending. \vl Link 2nd female token. \pqry Check vl of Oapan. \ref 06371 \lxa kapa:nia \lxac kikapa:nia \lxo kapa:nia \lxoc kikapa:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo to slap down hard on the ground or a flat stone (sth wet such as mud in making ceramics, always with an open hand, with the palm) \sso azotar fuertemente contra una superficie plana y dura (algo mojado como el barro para hacer cerámica, siempre con la mano abierta, con la palma) \cfo korrali:toh \xrb kapa: \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6395, though here they have the optional intensifier prefix /te-/. They should all be tagged as 06371. The linked words, however, should be from 6371 and be /kikapa:nia/, NOT /kitekapa:nia/ from 6395. \ref 06372 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo piochi:la:tl \lxoc piochi:la:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo chicken broth \sso caldo de pollo \sem food \equiva pioka:ldoh \ref 06373 \lxa suwa:kwe:tli \lxac suwa:kwe:tli \lxo siwa:kwe:tli \lxoc siwa:kwe:tli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo skirt of a type of woman's outfit with a blouse separate from the skirt, i.e., they are not sewn together in one piece \sso falda del vestido de mujer que tiene una blusa separada de la falda, esto es, las dos partes no están cosidas en una sola pieza \sem clothing \equiva kwe:tli de koto:ntok \encyctmp tlake:ntli; kwe:tli \xrb sowa: \xrb kwe: \ref 06374 \lxa ikne:li:listli \lxacpend ikne:li:listli \lxo ihne:li:listli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \seao see <nla>xikne:li:listli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>xihne:li:listli</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>xikne:li:listli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>xihne:li:listli</nlo> (Oa) \xrb kne:li \ref 06375 \lxa komaxaltsi:ntli \lxac komaxaltsi:ntli \lxo komaxaltsi:ntli \lxoc komaxaltsi:ntli \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo forked stick used for holding down the branches of a thorn bush so that it can be chopped down with a machete. By bending over the branches, the <no>komaxaltsi:ntli</no> faciliates access to the main stem close to the ground \sso vara bifurcada que se utiliza para mantener las ramas de un arbusto de espinas cerca del suelo, así exponiendo la parte inferior del tronco principal \sem tool \equiva kuwchahli \xrb kow \xrb maxa \ref 06376 \lxa chi:ladi:toh \lxac chi:ladi:toh \lxo chi:ladi:toh \lxocpend @chi:ladi:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan chilado \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seo color that is a type of peach red-orange (a color between red and orange) \sso color entre rojo y naranjo, un tipo de rojo durazno o bermejón \sem color \equiva chi:la:to:ltsi:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is a type of 'watery' red. Some consultants translated this as <spn>bermejón</spn>. \qry The /a/ was recorded short in all my notes except one final check in which I recorded a long /a:/ and stated:"... all entires should be corrected to have the long /a:/. This change should be noted in my grammar notes as well. Thus, there appears a clear connection with the root /a:to:l/. Nevertheless, the vowel length of the /a:/ should be rechecked, in fact, in one entry I have /chi:lato:ltsi:n/, i.e. the length of the /a:/ should be rechecked. \vl Apparently this word was not elicited. \rt Discuss possibility of further dividing /a:to:l/. \ref 06377 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been deleted and incorporated as a particular sense under #5280. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The four tokens here should be tagged as 05280. Two of the tokens should then be linked to the second, pitch-accented pronunciation of this word, /ná:watekétsa/. \ref 06378 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tétemichma:yáwi \lxop tetemichma:yawi \lxoc tétemichma:yáwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \seo to extend ones hand underneath a rock in the water in search of fish \sso extender la mano abajo de las piedras en el río en busca de peces \xrb te \xrb mich \xrb ma: \xrb yaw \ref 06379 \lxa tomi:ntlatlanke:tl \lxac tomi:ntlatlanke:tl \lxo tomí:ntlatlanké:tl \lxoc tomí:ntlatlanké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se beggar \ss limosnero \xrb tomi:n \qry Check to determine if /tlatlanke:tl/ is a word. If not then this is a nominalization: N<(N-V2) and this should be coded in the inflectional field. Com is used for word+word sequences. \ref 06380 \lxa a:koxo:nia \lxac ka:koxo:nia \lxo a:koxo:nia \lxoc ka:koxo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seo to slosh around in water (e.g., vegetables, beans, fruit such as strawberries, etc. to wash them) \sso agitar en agua (p. ej., verduras, frijoles, frutas como fresas, etc., para limpiarlas) \xrb a: \xrb koxo: \ref 06381 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:xopó:nia \lxop á:xopo:nia \lxoc ká:xopó:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to cause a small water-filled blister on the skin of (sb, e.g., the animal known as <na>mi:te:katl</na> that alights on ones skins and leaves a small wet spot, <na>i:a:xi:x</na>, that turns into a small pimple-like blister) \sso hacerle salir una ampollita llena de agua a (algn, p. ej., como lo que pasa cuando el insecto llamado <na>mi:te:katl</na> se pone sobre la piel, dejando unas gotas de líquido, <na>i:a:xi:x</na>, en la piel donde después salen una erupción como granito) \xrb a: \xrb xopo: \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 06382 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:mihká:tia \lxop tlá:mihka:tia \lxoc tlá:mihká:tia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes-rdp \seo to remain hard even after being cooked in boiling water (particularly beans, but also squash and tamals) \sso quedar duro aun después de cocerse en agua hirviendo (particularmente frijoles, pero también calabaza y tamales) \equiva tlatlaka:mihka:ti \equivo tla:mihka:kwi \xrb miki \qry Determine precise meaning and explore further examples. This might well be a word from Oapan; check. Determine whether there are other forms, e.g., ?/tlatlamiki/, etc. Get precise definition. \ref 06383 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:mihká:kwi \lxoc tlá:mihká:kwi \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-Part-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to remain hard even after being cooked in boiling water (particularly beans, but also squash and tamals) \sso quedar duro aun después de cocerse en agua hirviendo (particularmente frijoles, pero también calabaza y tamales) \equiva tlatlaka:mihka:ti \equivo tlá:mihká:tia \xrb miki \xrb kwi \qry Determine precise meaning and explore further examples. This might well be a word from Oapan; check. Determine whether there are other forms, e.g., ?/tlatlamiki/, etc. Get precise definition. \ref 06384 \lxa kuwtije:ras \lxac kuwtije:ras \lxo kohteje:res \lxoc kohteje:res \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>tijeras</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se forked posts that are used to prop up a <na>kasti:yoh</na> \ss horcones bifurcados que se emplean para parar a los castillos de cohetes \equiva tije:ras \xrb kow \ref 06385 \lxa tla:lkwaltia \lxac kitla:lkwaltia \lxo tla:lkwaltia \lxoc kitla:lkwaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to throw dirt or sand at the face of \sso echar tierra o arena en la cara de \dis tla:lte:mia; tla:lkwaltia \xrb tla:l \xrb kwa \nse Whereas in Oapan <no>tla:lkwaltia</no> refers to throwing sand or earth in someones face, <no>tla:lte:mia</no> refers to the action or throwing sand or dirt at someone's body. \ref 06386 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komitetl \lxoc i:komiteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.) \sso (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.) \seo (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body) \sso (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno) \sem body \equiva omitl \xrb omi \ref 06387 \lxa iyo:miki \lxac iyo:miki \lxo íyo:míki \lxop iyo:miki \lxoc íyo:míki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to have a heavy stomach (particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work or has difficulty working) \sso sentir el estómago pesado (particularmente por comer demasiado, hasta que no se puede trabajar, o que llega a ser difícil) \syna itipa:tsmiki \xrb hyo: \xrb miki \qry Recheck meaning and possible other uses. Note also problem of morphology; check for other apparent verb roots without /ka:/. \ref 06388 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwitlaxahtli \lxoc kwitlaxahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \seo sandal \sso huarach \equiva wera:ch \equivo kahtli \equivo wera:ch \xrb kwetlax \xrb ak \ref 06389 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kahtli \lxoc kahtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan huarach \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \seo sandal \sso huarach \equiva we:rach \equivo kwitlaxahtli \equivo wera:ch \xrb kak \nse The form <no>kahtli</no> is used occasionally, but only by the very oldest members of the village. The most common term for 'sandal' is <nlo>kwitlaxahtli</nlo>. \ref 06390 \lxa kwe:pi:stik \lxac kwe:pi:stik \lxo kwe:pi:stik \lxoc kwe:pi:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der N-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have (a woman) a tight-fitting dress \sso tener (una mujer) una falda muy apretada \syna tsi:ntlapi:tsal \syna tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik \xrb kwe: \xrb pi:ts \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 6694 \ref 06391 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kó:kotolopóchyo \lxoc i:a:kó:kotolopóchyo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seo Adam's apple \sso nuez de la garganta \sem body \equiva buchih \equiva ko:kobuchih \equiva ko:kobande:rah \equiva a:ko:koh \equivo kechtolopochyo \equivo a:ko:koh \equivo ko:kobande:rah \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb tolopoch \nae Etymologically, Oapan Nahuatl <no>i:a:kó:kotolopóchyo</no> seems to derive from an compound noun whose second element is an undocumented abstract noun ? <no>tolopochyo:tl</no>. This analysis is based on the fact that body parts are possessed with <n>-yo</n> only when there is a contrasting type of alienable possession (as occurs with Oapan <no>i:komitew</no> and <no>i:komiteyo</no>). Since there is no potential contrast of <no>i:a:kó:kotolopóchyo</no> with ? <no>i:a:kó:kotolópoch</no> it would seem more plausible to interpret the final <n>-yo</n> as part of the noun stem itself, not a possessed marker. Pending evidence to the contrary, this is the analysis held for the morphological interpretation presented in this entry. Note, finall, that the pitch accent marked on <no>i:a:kó:kotolópoch</no> is a reflex of the final {h} in <no>ko:koh</no> 'front of the throat.'. \qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/. \ref 06392 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kechtolopochyo \lxoc i:kechtolopochyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \infn N2 \seo Adam's apple \sso nuez de la garganta \sem body \equiva buchih \equiva ko:kobuchih \equiva ko:kobande:rah \equiva a:ko:koh \equivo a:kó:kotolopóchyo \equivo a:ko:koh \equivo ko:kobande:rah \xrb kech \xrb tolopoch \nae For further discussion of this headword and its etymology, see <nlo>a:kó:kotolopóchyo</nlo>. \qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/. \ref 06393 \lxa kechpantlatsi:nia \lxac kikechpantlatsi:nia \lxo kechpantlatsi:nia \lxoc kikechpantlatsi:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to slap on the back or shoulders (a person) \ss dar una palmada por la espalda o hombro (a algn) \syno kechpantekapa:nia \xrb kech \xrb tlatsi: \ref 06394 \lxa kechpantekapa:nia \lxac kikechpantekapa:nia \lxo kechpantekapa:nia \lxoc kikechpantekapa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo to slap on the back or shoulders (a person) \sso dar una palmada por la espalda o hombro (a algn) \equivao kechpantlatsi:nia \xrb kech \xrb kapa: \ref 06395 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was /tekapa:nia/, but it has been eliminated and fused with /kapa:nia/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag these entries as 6371, /kapa:nia/. \ref 06396 \lxa tsi:ntekapa:nia \lxac kitsi:ntekapa:nia \lxo tsi:ntekapa:nia \lxoc kitsi:ntekapa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo to give a sharp slap on the butt to (a person who is wearing clothes) \sso darle una fuerte palmada en el trasero a (a algn que tiene ropa puesta) \synao tsi:ntlatsi:nia \xrb tsi:n \xrb kapa: \ref 06397 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:pia:stli \lxoc tla:pia:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(s) \seo urine \sso orina \syna a:xi:xtli \xrb a: \xrb piya:s \pqry This word might well provide a very good acoustic illustraiton of the sequence /ia:/. Check and compare with other /ia/ sequences with a short /a/. \ref 06398 \lxa kuwtlatlika:wahli \lxac kuwtlatlika:wahli \lxo kohtlatlika:wahli \lxoc kohtlatlika:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo firewood that is partially burned \sso leña que está parcialmente quemada \equivo tlatlika:wahli \xrb kow \xrb tli \xrb ka:wa \ref 06399 \lxa tlatlika:wahli \lxac tlatlika:wahli \lxo tlatlika:wahli \lxoc tlatlika:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo firewood that is partially burned \sso leña que está parcialmente quemada \equivo kohtlatlika:wahli \xrb tli \xrb ka:wa \ref 06400 \lxa tsi:ntlatektli \lxac tsi:ntlatektli \lxo tsi:ntlatehtli \lxoc tsi:ntlatehtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(k) \seao shirt with a particular type of cut on in which the bottom edge has a u-shaped section cut out at the side seams \ssao camisa con un tipo de corte particular en que la orilla inferior tiene una sección en forma de"u"invertida recortada de los lados, por donde termina la costura \pna Niktekis para tsi:nte:nkwah i:n koto:ntli, xok tsi:nteyewahli, yes tsi:ntlatektli. \pea I will cut it (a man's shirt sewn by hand) so that it has an inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side, it won't go straight around from one side to other, it will have a section of its lower part cut out. \psa Lo voy a cortar (una camisa para hombres) para que la parte inferior estérecortada en forma de"u", ya no va a tener la orilla inferior recta por toda la camisa, tendrá una sección de abajo recortada. \sem clothing \equiva tsi:nte:nkwah \cfa tsi:nteyewahli \cfo tsi:nteyewaltik \xrb tsi:n \xrb teki \mod Illustrate. See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \vl Note that after this word, and at the end of the session, I asked Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez to repeat /ma:kakapakatiw/ 4 times (twice each). This did this. Thus the 4 tokens here can also be tagged with 6328, a word that has many female tokens but only 1 correct male one, I believe. Perhpas one of the male tokens here, after 6400, is better. \ref 06401 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepe:htla:hli \lxoc tepe:htla:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Loc-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo land located in the hills, well above the sandy valley near the river \sso tierra que está en los cerros, bastante arriba del valle arenoso junto al río \equiva tepe:tla:hli \xrb tepe: \xrb tla:l \xrl -ko \pqry If the transcriptions are right, the Oapan form has an /h/ derived from a geminate consonant cluster; the Ameyaltepec form is simply based on <na>tepe:tl</na>. If this proves not to be correct, then change the entries. \ref 06402 \lxa e:watetla:lia \lxac ke:watetla:lia \lxo a:watetla:lia \lxoc ka:watetla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp2 \infv class-2a \seo to place (sb) in an upright sitting position \sso incorporar (a algn) en una posición asentada pero más vertical \xrb e:wa \xrb tla:l \nae As with other cases of verbs that end in <n>tetla:lia</n> it seems likely that this is a reinterpretation of the Classical Nahuatl form <n>-titla:lia</n>, a transitive, nonreflexive auxiliar. Launey (p. 251) has the example sentence <n>Nique:huatitla:lia in coco:xqui</n> 'Levanto al enfermo y lo siento' (I raise up the sick person and sit him down.' The meaning of Classical <n>e:huatitla:lia</n> is identical to Oapan Nahuatl <no>a:watetla:lia</no>, which lends great support to the hypothesis that Balsas <n>-tetla:lia</n> is equivalent to the cited Classical form. \grm Aspectuals; auxiliaries: Note that the form /tetla:lia/ is very common as a verbal ending in Oapan and Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Thus we have /xoto:ntetla:lia/, /a:watetla:lia/, etc., etc. I believe that there are many verbs like this. As with other cases of verbs that end in <n>tetla:lia</n> it seems likely that this is a reinterpretation of the Classical Nahuatl form <n>-titla:lia</n>, a transitive, nonreflexive auxiliar. Launey (p. 251) has the example sentence <n>Nique:huatitla:lia in coco:xqui</n> 'Levanto al enfermo y lo siento' (I raise up the sick person and sit him down.' The meaning of Classical <n>e:huatitla:lia</n> is identical to Oapan Nahuatl <no>a:watetla:lia</no>, which lends great support to the hypothesis that Balsas <n>-tetla:lia</n> is equivalent to the cited Classical form. \ref 06403 \lxa momotsowa \lxac kimomotsowa \lxo te:motsowa \lxoc kite:motsowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rpd-s*(prev-te); Op. prefix <n>te-</n> (Am) \infv class-2b \se to grapple at; to grab; to seize \ss agarrar; asir; coger \pna Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh. \pea Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle. \psa ¡Mira! Ya se agarraron, van a pegarse, van a luchar (jugar paraso). \pna Xmomotso un pio! Xkasi! \pea Grab that chicken! Catch it! \psa ¡Agarre esa gallina!¡Alcáncele! \pna Xkwa:ltemomotso, xkwa tlakotsi:n! \pea Reach over and grab a piece (in this case of bread), eat half of it! \psa ¡Estírate para agarrarlo (en este caso algo de pan), cómete la mitad! \se (refl.) to grab onto; to hold firmly or tightly onto \ss (refl.) agarrarse; aferrarse \pna Kwahli xmomotso, kwahli xmoki:tski! Ma:ka mitsa:ltlakalis! \pea Grab on tightly, hold on tightly! Don't let it (in this case a bull) throw you to the ground! \psa ¡Agárrate bien, aférrate bien!¡Quéno te vaya a tirar al suelo! \seo to grab and pull off a small piece (e.g., of bread, chicken, etc.) \sso agarrar y desprender una pequeña sección de (p. ej., pan, pollo, etc.) \seo to pinch (e.g., one child playing roughly with another) \sso pellizcar (p. ej., un niño pequeño jugando y enojándose con otro) \seo (refl.) to scratch oneself lightly, leaving a mark (e.g., a very small baby on its face) \sso (refl.) rasgarse ligeramente, dejando una ligera huella (p. ej., un bebépor la cara) \nse It appears that across the board (i.e., in isolated forms and with nominal incorporation: <na>xa:yakamomotsowa, nakamomotsowa, kwa:momotsowa</na>) Ameyaltepec accepts the reduplicated form <na>momotsowa</na> with the possibility of infixing <n>te-</n> whereas Oapan Nahuatl only accepts <no>te:motsowa</no>, i.e., with the reduplicant reduced on the dummny morpheme <n>te-</n>. According to Luis Lucena (Am) the form * <n>kimotsowa</n> is not acceptable (i.e., the unreduplicated form with a specific object) although when a reflexive is used the unreduplicated verbal form <na>nomotsowa</na> is acceptable, meaning 'to wrestle'. It appears that <na>momotsowa</na> refers more to a grappling action than to grabbing per se. \equiva momotsowa \cfo tlatemó:motsówa \xrb te- \xrb mots \qry Check L. Lucena's statement:"According to Luis Lucena the form *kimotsowa is not acceptable (i.e., the unreduplicated form with a specific object) but with the reflexive the unreduplicated is acceptable (meaning 'to wrestle')."If the unreduplicated is not acceptable, then the entry should be changed to /momotsowa:/ with the appropriate notes. \rt Re: roots, cf. all the words that have /mots/ as part of them \ref 06404 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kone:po:wi \lxoc kone:po:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3b(ow) \seo to act like a child \sso portarse como niño \equivao kone:powa \xrb kone: \xrb po:wa \qry Elicit the progressive or preterite but it is like that there is a long /o:/ neutralized before /wa/. Elicit all N-V forms in which the verb is /powa/, e.g. this entry, /tla:kapowa/, etc. \ref 06405 \lxa pitentsi:ntilia \lxac nopitentsi:ntilia \lxo pitentsi:ntilia \lxoc nopitentsi:ntilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to give ones age as less than it really is (an adult) \sso (refl.) dar su edad menos de como es de verdad (un adulto) \syno kone:tilia \cfao kone:powa \dis Disambiguate /kone:tilia/ and /kone:powa/. \xrb kone: \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-20.1 for additional notes. \ref 06406 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl \lxop yo:yotli yón sisiwa:tl \lxoc yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-complex \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo <l>Thevetia ovata</l> (Cav.) A. DC., a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called <na>toto:roh</na> \sso <l>Thevetia ovata</l> (Cav.) A. DC.,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama <na>toto:roh</na> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl \xrb yoh \xrb sowa: \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \pqry This sequence of /yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl/ is interesting in that there are several factors that lead to the unusual pitch accent. First, there are two underlying {h}: {yo:yohtli yon sihsiwa:tl}. This creates two pitch accents, at least on first analysis at the syllable nucleus. Then, apparently the relativizer /yón/ creates two stress or intonational groups: the nominal head and the adjectival modifier. As seems to be the case in such situations, both parts of the relative clause receive intonational stress at first. This is documented in other cases such as /kala:chin yówé:i/. Normally /yó:yotlí/ shows pitch accent on the first and final syllable. However, here it shows pitch accent on the first syllable as well as perhaps on the second syllable (this needs to be carefully checked). This is clearly a reflex of the underlying {h}. However, it seems that the intonational stress is no longer on the final syllable as it is on the unmodifie d /yó:yotlí/ but rather on the penultimate syllab le. This suggests that the relativizer /yón/, which is obligatorily stressed, serves to prevent rightward shift of pitch accent onto the final syllable. Nevertheless, if the pitch contour is high on the penultimate /yo/ of /yóyotlí/ it is somewhat mitigated, perhaps better described as a secondary accent. However, what seems clear from cases such as /kalá:chi yówé:i/ is that the relativizer does indeed create two intonational phrases, both of which receive intonational stress. When one or both of the now"separated"nouns also has underlying {h} then it too manifests both lexical pitch accent and intonational stress. The first from the underlying {h} and the second from intonation, although it usually shifts rightward (note that this rightward shift occurs unless the middle syllable is heavy, i.e., has a long vowel). In the present case, however, the rightward shift is inhibited by the stressed (hig h pitched) relativizer. Then the final element, the attributive noun, has pitch accent from the underlying {h} and from the intonational sequence. Here there is rightward shift toward the phrase boundary. \vl Link 2nd female token. \grmx This sequence of /yó:yótli yón sísiwá:tl/ is interesting in that there are several factors that lead to the unusual pitch accent. First, there are two underlying {h}: {yo:yohtli yon sihsiwa:tl}. This creates two pitch accents, at least on first analysis at the syllable nucleus. Then, apparently the relativizer /yón/ creates two stress or intonational groups: the nominal head and the adjectival modifier. As seems to be the case in such situations, both parts of the relative clause receive intonational stress at first. This is documented in other cases such as /kala:chin yówé:i/. Normally /yó:yotlí/ shows pitch accent on the first and final syllable. However, here it shows pitch accent on the first syllable as well as perhaps on the second syllable (this needs to be carefully checked). This is clearly a reflex of the underlying {h}. However, it seems that the intonational stress is no longer on the final syllable as it is on the unmodifie d /yó:yotlí/ but rather on the penultimate syllab le. This suggests that the relativizer /yón/, which is obligatorily stressed, serves to prevent rightward shift of pitch accent onto the final syllable. Nevertheless, if the pitch contour is high on the penultimate /yo/ of /yóyotlí/ it is somewhat mitigated, perhaps better described as a secondary accent. However, what seems clear from cases such as /kalá:chi yówé:i/ is that the relativizer does indeed create two intonational phrases, both of which receive intonational stress. When one or both of the now"separated"nouns also has underlying {h} then it too manifests both lexical pitch accent and intonational stress. The first from the underlying {h} and the second from intonation, although it usually shifts rightward (note that this rightward shift occurs unless the middle syllable is heavy, i.e., has a long vowel). In the present case, however, the rightward shift is inhibited by the stressed (hig h pitched) relativizer. Then the final element, the attributive noun, has pitch accent from the underlying {h} and from the intonational sequence. Here there is rightward shift toward the phrase boundary. \ref 06407 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yó:yotli yón tlá:katl \lxop yo:yotli yón tla:katl \lxoc yó:yotli yón tlá:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-complex \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo <l>Thevetia pinifolia</l> (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams, a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called <na>toto:roh</na> \sso <l>Thevetia pinifolia</l> (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama <na>toto:roh</na> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl \xrb yoh \xrb tla:ka \cpl Note that in Oapan there are two types of <no>yó:yotlí</no> one considered male and the other female. The male has smaller yellow flowers than the female. <no>Sowa:tl má:s wéwé:i</no>. The flowers of the female are also sweeter smelling. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \ref 06408 \lxa ma:xeliwi \lxac ma:xeliwi \lxo ma:xeliwi \lxoc ma:xeliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo (usually in the progressive) to have its branches swaying back and forth (e.g., a tall tree blowing in the wind) \sso (usually en el progresivo) estar con las ramas meneándose de un lado a otro (p. ej., unárbol alto cuando hay fuerte viento) \xrb ma: \xrb xe:l \pqry Recheck this vowel length. I originally had it recorded as a short vowel for Oapan. \ref 06409 \lxa ma:xi:ntok \lxac ma:xi:ntok \lxo ma:xi:ntok \lxoc ma:xi:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be lying down with ones arms extended out to the side (e.g., sb sleeping) \sso estar acostado con los brazos extendidos hacia el lado (p. ej., algn durmiendo) \cfo tlasemá:yékotók \xrb ma: xi: \ref 06410 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo semá:yekówa \lxop semá:yekowa \lxoc kisemá:yekówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-N-V1 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \seo to measure by extending ones arm straight out to the side \sso medir al extender el brazo directamente al lado, paralelo a la tierra \pno Kisemá:yekówa tla: kásís chikwasen ma:tli. \peo He measures it with his arms extended to see if it reaches six arms length. \pso Lo mide con el brazo extendido para ver si alcanza seis brazadas. \xrb sen \xrb ma: \xrb ekowa \nae The etymology of <no>semá:yekówa</no> needs further research. Provisionally it has been analyzed as contained a reduplicant of the verb <nlo>yekowa</nlo> \sj Check for location of /h/. \ref 06411 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlasemá:yékotók \lxop tlasemá:yekotok \lxoc tlasemá:yékotók \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der (tla-V2)-Stat \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-lex \infv Durative \seo to be lying down with ones arms extended out to the side (e.g., sb sleeping) \sso estar acostado con los brazos extendidos hacia el lado (p. ej., algn durmiendo) \cfo ma:xi:ntok \xrb ma: \xrb ekowa \nae The pitch accent contour on this headword is not completely clear. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a high pitched long vowel on /má:/, which seems to be the obvious reflex of an underlying reduplicant. The speech token of Inocencio Jiménez seems to offer a clear final HLH sequence, as would be expected. The pattern for Florencia Marcelino is less clear. \qry Check stress pattern on speech analyzer. It is still unclear and SG should be consulted. \grmx The pitch accent contour on this headword is not completely clear. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest a high pitched long vowel on /má:/, which seems to be the obvious reflex of an underlying reduplicant. The speech token of Inocencio Jiménez seems to offer a clear final HLH sequence, as would be expected. The pattern for Florencia Marcelino is less clear. \ref 06412 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo semí:tachí:hke:tl \lxoc semí:tachí:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>semita</spn> \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \equivao pa:nchi:hke:tl \equiva pana:deroh \se baker \ss panadero \ref 06413 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo semí:tanemá:ke:tl \lxoa semí:tanamá:ke:tl \lxoc semí:tanemá:ke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>semita</spn> \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who sells bread; baker; breadseller \sso vendedor de pan; panadero \xrb namaka \ref 06414 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mahki \lxoc mahki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \seo no then \sso ya no! \pno Mahki ma: xpale:wi! \peo Don't help him then (e.g., I will pay you better, so don't go help him)! \pso ¡No le ayudes pues (p. ej., voy a pagarte más)! \seo Forget it! \sso ¡A poco! \xrb ma: \xrb iw \nse This may be contrasted with <nlo>mahki</nlo> meaning <spn>serrero</spn>. The term listed in this entry is most often used either alone, as <no>ma:hki!</no> or followed by a negative imperative beginning with <no>ma:</no> or <no>ma:ka</no>. The difference between a direct negative imperative: <no>ma:[ka] xkuwa</no> and its use with <no>ma:hki</no> as in <no>ma:hki ma: xkuwa</no> seems to be that the latter indicates a change in the situation, e.g., someone was thinking of buying something and a friend says <no>ma:hki ma: xkuwa</no>, or someone was thinking of helping others, etc. When used by itself <no>ma:hki</no> seems to indicate that the speaker is content with a change in the situation. For example, a someone was going to help me but then changes his mind and says he'll go to sleep: <no>ma:hki</no> ! 'Fine then!' However, <no>ma:hki</no> is often used as an interjection to indicate playful displeasure at something another has said he will do. For example, if I have a water gun and s ay I'm going to sho ot you with it, you might say, ' <no>Ma:hki!</no> ' with a meaning of something like 'Oh, come on, please don't!' \ref 06415 \lxa a:xopo:ni \lxac a:xopo:ni \lxo á:xopó:ni \lxoc á:xopó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a \seo to get blisters (on a part of the body) \sso salirle ampollas (a una persona sobre una parte del cuerpo) \equiva a:xoto:ni \equivo á:xotó:ni \xrb a: \xrb xopo: \qry All words with /xopo:ni/ and /xoto:ni/ need to be checked and reviewed. \pqry Use the first high-pitched vowel here to determine possible duration of a long, high-pitched, initial /á:/. Depending on how one measures vowel length (i.e., Florencia's /a/ seems to devoice earlier than Inocencio's before the fricative /sh/) the duration here is between 90 and 114 ms. This should give an idea of how initial long vowels seem quite a bit shorter than long vowels that are word internal. A study should be carried out on, for instance /a:/ from 'water' to determine the conditions leading to variation. \grmx Oapan phonology; vowel length: Note in /á:xopó:ni/ has a definite long, high-pitched vowel. The duration seems to vary between 80 and 114 ms, although much depends on the measurement process (and decisions as to when to start/end the vowel measurement). But the very longest duration, from earliest incipient sound to the beginning of the fricative /sh/ is 114 ms. with Inocencio Jiménez. This is quite a bit shorter than long vowels that are word internal. \ref 06416 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komo:lo \lxoa komolo \lxoc komo:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \seo type of small insect, still unidentified, that burrows into the ground \sso tipo de pequeño insecto, todavía no identificado, que escarba o cava en la tierra \pno Koko:neh kítsatsíliah, kihliah,"Komo:lo, komo:lo, si ma nikoni ma:w."Miakpa hkon kítsatsíliah, yo kine wa:hpowetsi. \peo Children shout to it, they say to it,"Komo:lo, komo:lo, let me have a little of your water!"They shout it to many times like this, and it then comes to the surface. \pso Los niños le gritan, le dicen,"Komo:lo, komo:lo, dáme un poquito de tu agua!"Asíle gritan muchas veces y entoncesél viene a la superficie. \sem animal \sem insect \equiva tla:ltekomolotsi:n \xrb komol \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \nae The factors that influence vowel length change in Nahuatl are not well understood, although word classes such as baby talk and shortened words seem to manifest vowel length of surface forms that is not in accord with the underlying root or stem. Likewise, reborrowings from Spanish often manifest vowel length patterns at odds with the original Nahuatl. In the present case it seems clear that the Oapan insect name <no>komo:lo</no> is related to the verbal root <nr>komol</nr> despite the vowel length difference. The motive for the change in quantity is, however, not clear. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length change: The factors that influence vowel length change in Nahuatl are not well understood, although word classes such as baby talk and shortened words seem to manifest vowel length of surface forms that is not in accord with the underlying root or stem. Likewise, reborrowings from Spanish often manifest vowel length patterns at odds with the original Nahuatl. In the present case it seems clear that the Oapan insect name <no>komo:lo</no> is related to the verbal root <nr>komol</nr> despite the vowel length difference. The motive for the change in quantity is, however, not clear. \ref 06417 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo la: \lxoa la:h \lxoc la: kana:wak; la: i:xtetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv \seo really; quite \sso muy; algo \pno Xni:htis la: kana:wak. \peo I'm not going to take it (i.e., buy it), it's really thin. \pso No me lo voy a llevar (esto es, comprarlo), es muy delgado. \syna melá:k \syno mélá:k \nse <no>La:</no> is a shortened form of <no>mela:k</no> ; the precise relationship between the two terms, i.e., whether one indicates a lesser degree of modification of a predicate, is not certain. Since this word is almost always followed by another term, pronunciation of this term in isolation can vary according to speaker. However, it appears that this is best represented as <no>la:</no>, that is, with a long vowel and no following /h/ or /k/. \pqry Check devoicing of vowel toward end. \vl There are three sets of tokens: /lah kana:wak/, /lah panitsi:n/ and /lah i:xtetl/. Tag all with 6417. That is, there should be 12 total tokens, female and male of each set of utterances. Then link only one female and one male from each /lah kana:wak/ and /lah i:xtetl/, i.e., there will be 4 tokens linked in the order expressed above. \ref 06418 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ma:xtlatia \lxoc na:ma:xtlatia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to wrap (a cloth, skirt, etc.) around ones waist and legs (Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>ma:xtlatia</nla>) \sso (refl.) envolverse (con tela, una falda, etc.) por la cintura y piernas (equivalente de Ameyaltepec: <nla>ma:xtlatia</nla>) \seo (refl.) to pull ones skirt up and wrap it around ones legs (e.g., in order to climb up a ladder or a hill, when going to the fields to work; Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>ma:xtlatia</nla>) \sso (refl.) jalar la falda y envolverse las piernas con ella (p. ej., al subir una escalera o un cuesta arriba, o al ir a trabajar en el campo; equivalente de Ameyaltepec: <nla>ma:xtlatia</nla>) \pno Xma:ma:xtlati! \peo Draw your skirt around your legs. \pso Jale tu falda justo a tus piernas. \seo to put diapers on (Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>tsi:nkwe:tia</nla>) \sso poner panales a (equivalente de Ameyaltepec: <nla>tsi:nkwe:tia</nla>) \xrb a: \xrb ma:xtla \nse Note that one acceptation is that of a woman pulling her skirt up tight around her legs in order to make it easier to work. However, in many villages when women go to the field to work they will wear pants. The reason for the <no>a:-</no> in Oapan Nahuatl is not clear. \ref 06419 \lxa ma:tepachowa \lxac kima:tepachowa \lxo ma:tepachowa \lxoc kima:tepachowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to crush or hit the hand of with a stone (Oapan synonym: <nlo>ma:te:tso:tsona</nlo>) \ssa machucar o golpear con una piedra la mano de (sinónimo de Oapan: <nlo>ma:te:tso:tsona</nlo>) \pna O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw. O:noyeskwep, xotopo:n. \pea I hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple from the bruise. A blood blister formed, [but] it didn't pop. \psa Golpee: la mano con una piedra y se puso morada, salió una ampolla con sangre, pero no se reventó. \seo (refl.) to have ones arm or hand crushed by a rock (e.g., that falls down from a cliff, wall, etc.) \sso (refl.) aplastarsele el brazo o la mano por una piedra (p. ej., que cae de un risco, cerca, etc.) \seo to take an offshoot of (i.e., a plant or small bush so that the branch takes root), bend it down, place a rock over it \sso tomar una ramita (de una flor o arbusto), doblarlo y poner una piedra sobre la ramita (para que eche raíz) \sem contact \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb pach \nse In Oapan the reflexive <no>noma:tepachowa</no> can be used to refer to an event whereby rocks fall down and crush someone's arm beneath them. However, this verb is not used transitively to refer to the action of crushing someone's arm or hand with a stone. \qry Check etymological analysis for /tepachowa/ and make sure there is agreement. Check to see if /ma:pachowa/ is correct. Also, check the vowel length. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has /quimötepöchoa/, equivalent to long /a:/. Thus the possibility that the correct entry should be /ma:tepa:chowa/ should be rechechecked. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this Oapan headword at 5504. They should be tagged as 6419 and the best two overall should be linked (one female and one male). \ref 06420 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo cho:kwitik \lxoc cho:kwitik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \seo to be cheap; to be miserly (i.e., a cheapskate) \sso ser codo; ser mezquino \syna cho:kwi:tl \xrb cho:ka \xrb kwi \ref 06421 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tomi:ncho:kwi:tl \lxoc tomi:ncho:kwi:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-0 \seo cheap; cheapskate; miser \sso codo; mezquino \cfa cho:kwi:tl \xrb cho:ka \xrb kwi \nae The final vowel length in <no>tomi:ncho:kwi:tl</no> and <no>cho:kwitik</no> is uncertain and needs to be carefully checked. For the present the former has been written with a long final vowel and the latter with a short penultimate vowel. These determinations will need to be carefully checked in the future. \pqry The final vowel length in <no>tomi:ncho:kwi:tl</no> and <no>cho:kwitik</no> is uncertain and needs to be carefully checked. For the present the former has been written with a long final vowel and the latter with a short penultimate vowel. These determinations will need to be carefully checked in the future. \ref 06422 \lxa tlano:ki:hli \lxac tlano:ki:hli \lxo tlano:ki:hli \lxoc tlano:ki:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo (<no>kásí</no> ~) to get diarrhea \sso (<no>kásí</no> ~) tener diarrea \equivao tlano:ki:listli \syna a:pi:tsalistli \syna ko:lah \xrb no:ki \qry Check to see if same idiomatic expression exists in Spanish. \ref 06423 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been deleted as a duplicate of 6317. \dt 14/May/2002 \vl Link tokens here to 6317. \ref 06424 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamaxaka:na \lxoc tlamaxaka:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-[N-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to put oneself in a straddling position; to sit astride \sso sentarse o estar a horcajadas \syna tlamaxakape:lowa \syna maxakawia \syno tlamaxikipe:lowa \xrb maxa \xrb a:na \xrl -ko \qry Note that the object of /maxakapelo:wa/ is not clear, when (and if) it has (or can have) a specific object. The only form I have cited is that of /tlamaxakape:lowa/. Also, determine the difference, if there is one (and if there is it might be in the nature of the object) between /maxakape:lowa/ and /maxakawia/. In one note I have mentioned /maxakape:lo:tia/ as a word, but I had no entry for this. Check to see if it does indeed exist and, if so, its meaning. \qry The reason or motivation for /a/ after /k/ is not certain, check length. \ref 06425 \lxa ikxipilisti \lxac ikxipilisti \lxo ixipilisti \lxoc i:xipilisti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com [N-N]-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo toenail \sso uña del pie \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb sti \ref 06426 \lxa ma:tla:lkalaki \lxac ma:tla:lkalaki \lxo ma:tla:lkalaki \lxoc ma:tla:lkalaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[N-V1] \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to have ones front legs sink into the ground (e.g., a mule that steps where an animal has burrowed in the ground) \sso sumirsele las patas delanteras en la tierra (p. ej., una mula que pisa por donde un animal ha excavado bajo la tierra) \xrb ma: \xrb tla:l \xrb kala \ref 06427 \lxa tsonxi:ni \lxac tsonxi:ni \lxo tsonxi:ni \lxoc tsonxi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo to have ones hair fall out (in going bald) \sso caersele el pelo a (uno que está quedando calvo) \xrb tson \xrb xi: \ref 06428 \lxa xa:yakaposa:wi \lxac xa:yakaposa:wi \lxo xa:ya:posa:wi \lxoa xa:yakaposa:wi \lxoc xa:ya:posa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo for ones face to swell or puff up \sso hincharsele la cara \syna xa:yakatili:ni \xrb xa:yaka \xrb posa: \qry Check for transitive form. \ref 06429 \lxa yeyemaxtik \lxac yeyemaxtik \lxo yemaxtik \lxoc yemaxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-adj-tik \seo to be squishy (e.g., certain soft cheeses, some leather, bananas, etc.) \sso ser blando (p. ej., ciertos quesos, algunos cueros, plátanos, etc.) \xrb yema:n \nse As opposed to <nlo>yema:nki</nlo>, <no>yemaxtik</no> indicates a plush softness, of something that is thick and more or less able to be squeezed. \ref 06430 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo teno:xlámatsí:n \lxoc teno:xlámatsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \seo specific dancer in the Oapan dance called <no>teno:xtih</no> \sso danzante en particular que baila en la danza de Oapan llamada <no>teno:xtih</no> \xrb te \xrb no:ch \xrb lamah \ref 06431 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tetso:tsona \lxoc kima:tetso:tsona \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seo to crush or hit the hand of with a stone \sso machucar o golpear con una piedra la mano de \sem contact \syna ma:tepachowa \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb tsona \ref 06432 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:ltsokité:kwichí:ltsi:n \lxoc tla:ltsokité:kwichí:ltsi:n \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \com [N-N]-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seo type of non-biting insect that makes solitary nests of grey earth that are open-ended cocoons \sso tipo de insecto que no muerde y que construye nidos solitarios de tierra color gris que son como capullos abierto por las extremedades \sem animal \sem insect \equiva tla:lkukwilchi:ltsi:n \xrb tla:l \xrb soki \xrb kwilchi:l \nse For the description, this might be the animal known in English as the 'mud dauber wasp,' and in Spanish as the <spn>embarradora de lodo</spn>. Schoenhals (1988:218) describes this as follows:"(Subfam.: Sphecinae, Subfam.: Trypoxyloninae) 'mud dauber wasp.' A family of wasps that includes the organ pipe mud dauber whose nest may be called <spn>chachuaco</spn> or <spn>jolón</spn> Wasp also called overo." \qry Check etymology and vowel length; as well as precise meaning. \grm Oapan phonology: Note phonological rule of s>ts / l ___. \ref 06433 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixtakakoné:watí \lxop ixtakakone:wati \lxoc ixtakakoné:watí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \pa yes \seo to become pregnant out of wedlock \sso quedar embarazada fuera del matrimonio \syna ixtakao:sti \xrb xtaka \xrb kone: \nae The pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>ixtakakoné:watí</no> is a reflex of the final /h/ in the possessor ending <n>-wah</n>. \ref 06434 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:pixtok \lxoc kima:pixtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-Durative \infv Durative \seo to be holding or grabbing (sth) in ones hand \sso estar agarrando o asiendo (algo) en la mano \syna ma:kwixtok \xrb ma: \xrb piya \nse Both <na>ma:kwixtok</na> (Am) and <no>ma:pixtok</no> (Oa) have only been documented with a durative (progressive) or with certain aspectual endings (such as <na>-tinemi</na> (Am) / <no>-timi</no> (Oa)). They have not been found without one of these two types of endings. The inflectional paradigm (verb class) varies in accord with the ending. \ref 06435 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítiko:pa:xówa \lxop itiko:pa:xowa \lxoc nítiko:pa:xówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; Compl \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to pull in ones stomach \sso (refl.) sumirse el estómago \pno Nítiko:pa:xówa para nonakisítík pantalo:n, para nihtsakwas nopantalo:n. \peo I suck in my gut so that I fit into my pants, so that I can close them. \pso Me súmo la barriga para que pueda caber dentro de mis pantalones, para que los puedo abrochar. \syna itika:xowa \xrb hti \xrb ko: \xrb pa:x \nse According to Florencia Marcelino the root <no>ka:x-</no> is used in words that refer to the bending of ones back, e.g., <no>noka:xowa</no>. \nae The etymology of <no>ítiko:pa:xówa</no> is unclear, particularly the identity or origin of the <no>ko:</no> syllable, since <nr>pa:x</nr> has been identified elsewhere. \ref 06436 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was Oapan entry for /a:kó:kokopitsíwi/. It is a duplicate of 464 and all tokens here should be tagged as 00464 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the tokens as #00464. Note that these later tokens (6436) are clearer than the earlier ones (464) and should be the ones tagged. \ref 06437 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:tonkwístli \lxoc á:tonkwístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \pa yes \seo see <nlo>á:tonkwístih</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>á:tonkwístih</nlo> \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb kwits \nse Given that this word usually is found in the plural, it has been listed under <nlo>á:tonkwístli</nlo>. \grm The form /a:tonkwilin/ is interesting for its morphology. It seems to take a reflexive verb (V-1-refl) and use the shortened stem as a modifier for the head noun form /kwilin/. Certainly, this would seem to be an unusual combination, and perhaps might be coded as S-N. \ref 06438 \lxa ikxikukwalo \lxac ikxikukwalo \lxo ixí:kwaló \lxop ixi:kwalo \lxoc ixí:kwaló \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pass \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4a(pass) \pa yes-rdp \seo for ones legs to stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.) \ssa agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno las piernas, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.) \equiva ikxikuwtia \xrb kxi \xrb kwa \xvco ixí:kwaló:tla \nse The reduced reduplication of the Oapan headword <no>ixí:kwaló</no> is a simple reflection of the fact that two legs are affected at the same time. It has never been documented in the nonreduplicated (i.e., singular) form. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6998, these later tokens should also be tagged as 6438. \ref 06439 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:kayo:tl \lxoc tla:kayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \se principal (of money or other items lent) \ss principal (de dinero u otras cosas prestadas) \xrb tla:ka \nse The other term used, both in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, is the obligatorily possessed <nlao>tla:nka</nlao>. \ref 06440 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kopa:htestia \lxoc kopa:htestia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc Loc-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo for something to get stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down) \sso atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que se queda atorado) \syna kechsa:liwi \syna ko:kopitsiwi \syna a:ko:kopitsiwi \syno a:kó:kokopitsíwi \xrb kopa: \xrb tes \xrl -ko \ref 06441 \lxa kwa:tsonteki \lxac kikwa:tsotsonteki \lxo kwa:tsonteki \lxop kwa:tsonteki \lxoc kikwá:tsotsontéki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \seo to prune or cut the top branches off (a plant or tree), leaving it stripped of foliage on top \sso cortarle las ramitas más altas (de una planta oárbol), dejándolo sin follaje en la parte alta \syna kwa:kokoto:na \xrb kwa: \xrb koto: \nae In notes it was recorded that the alternate form <no>kwá:tsontéki</no>, with reduction of the reduplicant onto a preceding long vowel, is also possible. \qry Check other uses as well as existence of nonreduplicated form. Also check for intransitive. The possibility of /kwá:tsontéki/ needs to be confirmed. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: note the equivalence of the following two forms: /kwá:tsotsontéki/ and /kwá:tsontéki/. \ref 06442 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítipotóhtli \lxoc ítipotóhtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \pa yes-lex \seo steam (of coffee or other very hot liquids); heat given off (of moist things packed together in a hot environment) \sso vapor (de café o de otros líquidos muy calientes); calor que sale (de cosas húmedas que están apretadas en un medio caloroso) \equiva potoktli \xrb hti \xrb potok \qry Check for existence of /poto:ni/. /potoktli/ has the form of a word derived from a verb ending in /o:ni/. However, check both the existence of the supposed base verb, and its meaning. Also check the full possible meanings of /potoktli/. I have recorded only 'steam' or 'vapor.' Cf. to /poto:ni/ which is given to mean 'oler mal,' in Classical. \pqry Check final stem sound before the absolutive with phonetician. \ref 06443 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kala:n \lxoc kala:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln \seo (often possessed) chile sauce ground in a mortar \sso (a menudo poseído) salsa de chile hecho en un molcajete \equiva chi:ltekakala:n \syno chi:lmo:hli \xrb kala: \nse <no>Kala:n</no> is a word used occasionally by elder women of Oapan. It is synonymous to <nlo>chi:lmo:hli</nlo> and the name derives from the sound the pestle makes as it hits against the side of the mortar. \ref 06444 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlankwa:i:xtexi:kole:wi \lxoc tlankwa:i:xtexi:kole:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \seo to scrape ones knees \sso rasparse las rodillas \syna tetepona:la:wi \xrb tlan \xrb kwa: \xrb i:x \xrb xi:kol \nae The length of the /i/ following <no>tlankwa:-</no> is uncertain. In certain speech tokens (here particularly) it appears short, as if it were related to the short /i/ of <n>kwa:itl</n>, which is documented in the Balsas region only in compounds as <n>kwa:</n> and <n>kwah</n>. In other pronounciations however, the /i:/ appears long, as it does in <nlo>tlankwa:ix</nlo>. A careful acoustic study should be made of these forms to determine the proper way in which length should be written on this vowel. \pqry The length of the /i/ following <no>tlankwa:-</no> is uncertain. In certain speech tokens (here particularly) it appears short, as if it were related to the short /i/ of <n>kwa:itl</n>, which is documented in the Balsas region only in compounds as <n>kwa:</n> and <n>kwah</n>. In other pronounciations however, the /i:/ appears long, as it does in <nlo>tlankwa:ix</nlo>. A careful acoustic study should be made of these forms to determine the proper way in which length should be written on this vowel. \ref 06445 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo í:xtsetselówa \lxop í:xtsetselowa \lxoc kí:xtsetselówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \seo to dust off the surface of (by hitting it with sth such as a rag or other similar item, or with an open hand) \sso despolvorear la superficie de (al azotarla con un trapo o algo parecido, o con la mano abierta) \sem contact \syna i:xwi:teki \xrb i:x \xrb tsel \nse This is the virtual synonym of <nlo>i:xpopowa</nlo>. \ref 06446 \lxa pa:pa:lo:yoh \lxac pa:pa:lo:yoh \lxo pa:pa:lo:yoh \lxoc pa:pa:lo:yoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \seo to have a lot full of poorly formed seeds (squash seeds) \sso tener muchas semillas mal formadas (semilla de calabaza) \xrb pa:lo: \nse The term <no>pa:pa:lo:yoh</no> is used for a large quantity of squash seeds in which many are poorly formed. Apparently this is because when the seeds are tossed around (<no>nó:tselówa</no>) to remove the chaff, the lighter, poorly formed seeds fly off like butterflies. \ref 06447 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ákestewéstok \lxop akestewestok \lxoc ákestewéstok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Mod-*V1-Asp-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be lying down face up (a person or animal and, by extension, certain objects with a"face"or"mouth") \ss estar acostado boca arriba (una persona o animal y, por extensión metafórica, algunos objetos con una"boca"o"cara") \syna a:kestok \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb wes \nae The etymology of Oapan Nahuatl <no>ákestewéstok</no> is uncertain. It is clearly closely related to forms such as Ameyaltepec <na>a:kestok</na> (vowel length here should be checked) and thus one can posit initial elements of <n>ah(ko)</n> and <n>ketsa</n>, which in the durative would translate as 'to be face up (boca arriba).' Apparently Oapan Nahuatl adds the stative element <no>westok</no> 'to be lying down,' so that the entire compound means 'to be lying down face up.' A problem arises, however, in the interpretation of the /te/ sequence between <no>ákes-</no> and <no>wéstok</no>. One would not expect the"ligature" <n>ti-</n> to occur in this position as <no>westok</no> is a stative and not the aspectual marker <no>-tiwetsi</no>, which indicates the hurried nature with which a verbal predicate is carried out. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has (with the spelling conventions standardized to Balsas Nahuatl) <n>kahketstetlahkali</n> 'tumba boca arriba (to knock down face up).' What is interesting is the appearance of the same vowel sequence <n>te-</n> (note that for an unknown reason FK changes this to <n>ahquetztitlahcali</n>, but the <n>te-</n> sequence appears both time this word occurs in the Tetelcingo, Morelos, dictionary. For now the <n>te-</n> has been left unanalyzed. \vl Check vl and p-a; cf. to Am /a:kestok/. Cf. vl and p-a, etc. \grm Statives: Apparently this is <no>ákestiwéstok</no> in which there is a combination of statives: <no>ákestók</no> plus <no>westok</no>. Note that statives followed by another ending often surface as <no>-ti-</no> as in <no>westitiw</no>. \ref 06448 \lxa a:kestiw \lxac o:ta:kestiah \lxo ákestíw \lxop akestiw \lxocpend @ákestíw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der Mod-*V1-Asp \infv Irregular, see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \pa yes-lex \seo to fall backward (e.g., on a chair) landing on ones back facing face up \sso caerse hacia atrás (p. ej., al estar sentado sobre una silla) y quedar tirado boca arriba \cfa a:kestok \cfo ákestewéstok \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \qry Check whether Ameyaltepec has this form, and whether Oapan has /akestok/. \nse This verb is inflected as the aspectual ending <n>-tiw</n>. \ref 06449 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koska:tlastaltik \lxoc koska:tlastaltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo light yellow (as the color of certain cakes) \sso amarillo pálido o pastel \syna kostik de un tlatlastaltik \xrb kos \xrb tlastal \vl There are 9 female tokens for this word, all good and all should be tagged. For the male tokens. There are 9 male tokens, but only 3, 5, 8, and 9 are good. The others (1, 2, 4, 6, 7) should not be tagged. Some are stuttered. Others have /-tlastastik/ instead of /-tlastaltik/. I think that the 8th is the best and should be linked. \ref 06450 \lxa kamachaltlapa:na \lxac kikamachaltlapa:na \lxo kamachaltlapa:na \lxoc kikamachaltlapa:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seao to split the mount open of (e.g., the head of a slaughtered pig in order to cook it) \ssao por la mandíbula, partir la cabeza de (p. ej., un marrano sacrificado para cocinar su cabeza) \seo to split open (e.g., a piece of wood) at a place that is forked \sso partir (p. ej., un pedazo de leña) donde hay una bifurcación \xrb kama \xrb chal \xrb tlapa: \pqry The /a/ is definitely short here by acoustical measurement of Oapan Nahuatl; check other words with /chal/. \ref 06451 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:we:weyak \lxoc ma:we:weyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1; pl. <no>ma:we:weyakeh</no> \seo type of non-biting ant, as yet still unidentified \sso tipo de hormiga todavía no identificado, y que no muerde \sem animal \sem insect \equiva ma:kokon \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb ma: \xrb weya \pqry It is difficult to determine the vowel length of the reduplicant. It should be checked and compared with other words that have /we:weyak/ (or /weweyak/) reduplicant. For now I have written it has long. \ref 06452 \lxa to:to:tlama \lxac to:to:tlama \lxo to:to:tlama \lxoc to:to:tlama \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V1-b \infv class-1 \seo to hunt birds (with a net, rifle, slighshot, etc.) \sso cazar pájaros (con una red, rifle, resortera, etc.) \syna wi:lo:tlama \cfao tlama \encyctmp hunting \xrb to:to: \xrb ma \ref 06453 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chichi:koxo:chitl \lxoc chichi:koxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N-N \der N-b \seo type of small tree still not identified \sso tipo deárbol pequeño todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb chichi: \xrb xo:chi \nse This small tree is called by this name because it is bitter. It is a remedy, it's bark is boiled or soaked, Florencia Marcelino was not sure. She thought that the Spanish name is <spn>quina</spn>. In a discussion with Manuel Jiménez, he seemed to indicate that the <no>chichi:koxo:chitl</no> is different from <spn>quina</spn> ; at one point he referred to <no>chichi:koxo:chitl</no> as <no>siwa:tl</no>, giving the indication that it was the female counterpart to <spn>quina</spn>. This needs to be checked. \nae Two lexical elements of <no>chichi:koxo:chitl</no> are clear: <no>chichi:k</no> 'bitter' and <no>xo:chitl</no> 'flower.' The reason for the /o/, or /ko/, is not clear. \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 06454 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo moyahtik \lxoc moyahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to be muddied (but less so than indicated by <nlo>moya:wak</nlo>) \sso estar agitado y sucio (un líquido, pero de menos intensidad que <nlo>moya:wak</nlo>) \xrb moya: \ref 06455 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapia:stlami \lxoc tlapia:stlami \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \equivo a:xi:xtlami \seo to urinate completely (emptying ones bladder so that one does not immediately need to go again) \sso terminar con la necesidad de orinar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida) \xrb a: \xrb piya:s \xrb tlami \nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term <nlo>xi:xtlami</nlo>, indicating that the subject did not completely relieve himself. \ref 06456 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo teyowa \lxoc teyowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \seo to form seeds (certain plants such as corriander and onions in which the seeds are left when the flowers drop off) \sso formarse semillas (ciertas plantas como cilantro y cebolla donde se quedan las semillas después de que se caen las flores) \seo to form a pit (certain fruits such as avocado, plums, etc.) \sso formarse el hueso (ciertas frutas como aguacate, ciruelas, etc.) \xrb te \nse The following herbaceous plants have <no>i:teyo</no> : <nbo>kola:ntoh</nbo>, <nbo>xonakatl</nbo>, <nbo>ye:paso:tl</nbo>, <nbo>kókihlí</nbo>. The following fruits have <no>i:teyo</no> : <nbo>a:wakatl</nbo>, <nbo>xokotl</nbo>, etc. \ref 06457 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kolá:ntoteyó:hli \lxoc kolá:ntoteyó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cilantro</spn> \psm N \com N-[N-N] \der N-b \infn N1 \seo corriander seeds \sso semilla de cilatro \sem plant \sem domesticated \syna sila:ntroteyo:hli \xrb te \xrb yo:l \ref 06458 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xonakateyo:hli \lxoc xonakateyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-[N-N] \infn N1 \seo onion seeds \sso semilla de cebolla \der Nat-pl-cult \xrb xonaka \xrb te \xrb yo:l \ref 06459 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kó:kilteyó:hli \lxoa kó:ilteyó:hli \lxoc kó:kilteyó:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-[N-N] \der N-b \seo seed of the <nbo>kó:kihlí</nbo>, i.e., <spn>huazontle</spn> plant \sso semilla de <nbo>kó:kihlí</nbo>, esto es, el huazontle \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb koko \xrb kil \xrb te \xrb yo:l \nae Although the vowel duration of the first syllable in the Oapan speech tokens here is not markedly long, evidence from the isolated form <nlo>kó:kihlí</nlo> suggests a phonologically long initial vowel. The motivation for the pitch accent is not clear. \qry Check vowel length carefully, as in the word for the plant itself. \ref 06460 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo takalkope:wa \lxoc kitakalkope:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seo to pull the scab off (a wound) \sso arrancar la costra de (una herida) \xrb takal \xrb wepa: \ref 06461 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo takahlo \lxoc i:takahlo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo scab (of a wound) \sso costra (de una herida) \pno O:wets itakahlo. \peo Its scab fell off. \pso Se le cayósu costra. \xrb takal \ref 06462 \lxa takalwepe:wi \lxacpend takalwepe:wi \lxo takalkope:wi \lxoc takalkope:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo for a scab to fall off (of a wound) \sso caerse la costra (de una herida) \xrb takal \xrb wepa: \qry Check potential subjects of this verb. Is it the wound or the person? \ref 06463 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xwi:hloh \lxoc i:xwi:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have the evil eye (a child) \sso tener mal de ojo (un niño) \cfa tlai:xwi:hli; tlai:xwi:hloh \xrb i:x \qry Make sure that Am /tlai:xwi:hli/ is correct. \ref 06464 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kowatl \lxoc a:kowatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of striped snake still not identified \sso tipo de culebra con rayas, aparentemente llamada chicote en español \sem animal \sem sn \equiva kuwi:xkuwatl \equiva chikote:roh \encyctmp kowatl \xrb a: \xrb kowa \nse Apparently Oapan <no>a:kowatl</no> is the same as Ameyaltepec <nla>kowi:xkowatl</nla> or <nla>chikote:roh</nla> although this should be checked. \nae The /o/ in the speech tokens for <no>a:kowatl</no> seems to have an extended duration, although previously I had considered length to be neutralized in this position. It should be checked and compared with other tokens of the word <no>kowatl</no> as well as other cases of /o/ preceding /w/. \pqry Check /o/ here in /a:kowatl/. The spectrogram suggests the possibility of a long vowel. Note: The /o/ in the speech tokens for <no>a:kowatl</no> seems to have an extended duration, although previously I had considered length to be neutralized in this position. It should be checked and compared with other tokens of the word <no>kowatl</no> as well as other cases of /o/ preceding /w/. \ref 06465 \lxa pitsa:hka:nki:tskia \lxac nopitsa:hka:nki:tskia \lxo pitsa:hka:nki:tsia \lxoc nopitsa:hka:nki:tsia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to be with arms akimbo; to have ones hands holding ones hips \sso (refl.) estar con los brazos en jarras \syna xi:hla:nki:tskia \xrb pitsa: \xrb ki:tski \xrl -ka:n \vl The first 2 female tokens and the first male tokens are of a word I don't know: /nopi:tsa:hka:nki:tia/ (the first female token is slightly mispronounced as /nopi:tsanka:nki:tia/). At any rate these first two female tokens and 1st male token should be tagged 99999_06465_OF1, etc. There then follow 4 valid tokens of this headword. They should all be tagged at 6465. \ref 06466 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xi:komo:nia \lxoc noxi:komo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to spread out and ruffle its feathers (a male turkey when angry or agitated) \sso (refl.) extender y abrir su plumaje (un guajolote macho cuando se agita o se enoja) \cfao komo:nia \xrb xi: \xrb komo: \nse The etymology of this verb is unclear; to date it has only been documented in a reflexive form and in reference to male turkeys. \nae The incorporated element seems to be simply <no>xi:</no> although perhaps one would expect <no>xi:h</no>, from the nominal stem <nr>xi:k</nr> before a <n>k-</n> initial verb. However, no [h] is audible between the /i/ and /k/ of <no>xi:komo:nia</no>. There is no cognate form in other dialects, so it is not possble to offer any comparative data. Perhaps a more precise acoustic analysis will shed some light on whether the proper orthography should include /h/. \pqry Check /h/ after the first syllable. The incorporated element seems to be simply <no>xi:</no> although perhaps one would expect <no>xi:h</no>, from the nominal stem <nr>xi:k</nr> before a <n>k-</n> initial verb. However, no [h] is audible between the /i/ and /k/ of <no>xi:komo:nia</no>. There is no cognate form in other dialects, so it is not possble to offer any comparative data. Perhaps a more precise acoustic analysis will shed some light on whether the proper orthography should include /h/. \ref 06467 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Oapan /peya:sowa/. It has been eliminated as a duplicate for 4742. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This entry was for /peya:sowa/ and has been eliminated as a duplicate entry. The tokens should be given ref. #4742. \ref 06468 \lxa sisi:tlaltik \lxac sisi:tlaltik \lxo sísi:tláltik \lxoc sísi:tláltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te): <no>té:si:tláltik</no> \pa yes-rdp \seo to be of a certain color and pattern with light-colored shapes on a dark background (e.g., the skin or certain squashes or gourds) \sso ser de un cierto color con cosas claras salpicada sobre un fondo oscuro (p. ej., la cáscara de ciertas calabazas) \sem color \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb si:tlal \ilustmp Take photograph of cloth of this pattern.. \ref 06469 \lxa kekextik \lxac kekextik \lxo kekextik \lxocpend @kekextik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo to be a a barrel of fun or full of energy; to be a live wire; to be a party-goer \sso ser alegre o lleno de energía; ser aliviando, esto es, alguien que festeja mucho \syna kekexioh \syna kekextsi:n \xrb kex \ref 06470 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:skaxo:chitl \lxoc a:skaxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of red flower with eight petals and a yellow center; it grows in particularly rocky environments \sso tipo de flor roja con ocho pétalos y un centro amarillo; crece en lugares particularmente pedregosas \sem plant \sem fl \equiva texkalxo:chitl \xrb a:ska \xrb xo:chi \nse Some consultants suggested that Ameyaltepec <nla>texkalxo:chitl</nla> and Oapan <no>a:skaxo:chitl</no> were equivalent. This needs to be investigated; provisionally they have been related through the equivalence field, but this might need to be changed. Note that I have also documented a Oapan name for a flower, <nlo>a:skalxo:chitl</nlo>. This might simply be an error and the two might be equivalent. However, there might also be two distinct flowers. Unfortunately, to date none have been collected. \nfc xo:chitl \nct xiwtli \ref 06471 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chícolá:na \lxoc kichícolá:na \lxop chicola:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to pick or pull down with a <na>chicol</na> (i.e., fruit such as <na>ma:ngoh</na>, <na>xokotl</na>, <na>komo:chitl</na>, <na>po:cho:tl</na>, etc., or other objects from a high place) \ss enganchar, agarrar o jalar con un chicol (p. ej., fruta como <na>ma:ngoh</na>, <na>xokotl</na>, <na>komo:chitl</na>, <na>po:cho:tl</na>, etc., u otros objetos de lugares altos) \equiva chicoltila:na \xrb chihkol \xrb a:na \sj kichícolá:na \vl There are 4 extra tokens from 03434 that should be tagged as 6471. However, note \ref 06472 \lxa tlapi:tskotia \lxaa tlapi:tskotia \lxac tlapi:tskotia \lxo tlapi:tskotia \lxoc tlapi:tskotia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to become stuffed full; to become packed (e.g., a room full of objects or people) \sso apretujarse; llenarse (p. ej., un cuarto con objetos o gente) \pno Xoh tlawe:i, yo:tlapi:tskotiak. \peo There's no longer any room, it's gotten stuffed full (e.g., a room, bus, etc.). \pso Ya no hay campo, se apretujóde gente (p. ej., un cuarto, camión, etc.). \cfa tlatestia \xrb pi:ts \xrl -ko \ref 06473 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo cháchapólmaké:tl \lxoc cháchapólmaké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who gathers grasshoppers \sso persona que caza chapulines \syna chapoltlatlamake:tl \xrb chapol \xrb ma \ref 06474 \lxa tsontila:na \lxac kitsontila:na \lxo tsontila:na \lxoc kitsontila:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to pull the hair of (in reference to the hair on a person's head) \sso jalarle el cabello a \equiva kwa:tila:na \xrb tson \xrb tila:na \ref 06475 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kalte:mpah \lxop kalte:mpan \lxoc kalte:mpah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \seo the edge of town \sso la orilla del pueblo \syna kalte:nko \xrb kal \xrl -te:npan \nse In Oapan this refers to the edge of the village that is not adjacent to the river; see <nlo>tlate:mpan</nlo> and, for a more extensive discussion, <nla>kalte:nko</nla>. \qry Check for acceptability of /nokalte:nko/. If not acceptable, change code to eliminate"[poss]" \grm Note the difference in meaning of /kalte:nko/ and /kalte:ntli/. This suggests that the former is {kal + te:nko} and not {kalte:n + ko}. \ref 06476 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:si:tláltik \lxoc i:xté:si:tláltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be spotted (particularly some cloth with white spots or patterns on a dark background) \sso estar salpicado de color (particularmente tela con un patrón de algo blanco o de color claro sobre un fondo oscuro) \sem color \syna sisi:tlaltik \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb si:tlal \mod Take photograph of cloth of this pattern.. \ref 06477 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapia \lxof [tla 'pi ya] \lxoc tlapia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \seo to have a boyfriend (or girlfriend) \sso tener un novio (o novia) \xrb piya \xbtla pia \ref 06478 \lxa tetexowa \lxac kitetexowa \lxo tetexowa \lxoc kitetexowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to gnaw at; to nibble at \sso roer a \xrb tex \ref 06479 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ihno:pia \lxof [ih no: 'pi a] \lxoc kihno:pia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \seo to have as an adopted child; to adopt (a child) \sso tener como hijo adoptivo; adoptar (un niño) \xrb kno: \xrb piya \ref 06480 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo westli \lxoc i:wes \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo sister-in-law (of female speaker, or possessor) \sso cuñada (de un hablante mujer, o poseedora) \sem Gender: female \xrb wes \qry Check whether this is from a female ego or whether only women utter this word. \ref 06481 \lxa kuwatsi:n \lxac kuwatsi:n \lxo kowatsi:n \lxoc kowatsi:n; kowa:tsi:ntih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1; irregular pl. <no>kowa:tsi:ntih</no> \seo twin \sso gemelo \syna kwa:teh \xrb kowa \nae In Oapan Nahuatl the forms <no>kowatsi:n</no> and <no>kowa:tsi:ntih</no> refer to human twins; <nlo>kowatl</nlo> and <no>kowatsitsi:ntih</no> to snakes. In the first acceptation the final vowel of the stem, /a/, is lengthened to compensate for the reduction of the reduplicant of the diminutive. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel lengthening: The forms <no>kowatsi:n</no> and <no>kowa:tsi:ntih</no> refer to human twins; <nlo>kowatl</nlo> and <no>kowatsitsi:ntih</no> to snakes. In the plural of the first definition the reduplicant \ref 06482 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yo:lka:wah \lxoc yo:lka:wah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo person with animals (e.g., cattle) \sso persona con animales (p. ej., ganado) \xrb yo:l \ref 06483 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntéchiwilá:na \lxop tsi:ntechiwila:na \lxoc kitsi:ntéchiwilá:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \pa yes \seo to drag the bottom of (e.g., a heavy sack of maize or other grain, a child on a mat, etc.) along on the ground \sso arrastrar la parte inferior de (p. ej., un costal pesado, un niño sentado sobre una tela o algo parecido, etc.) sobre el suelo \sem motion \syna tsi:ntewila:na \xrb tsi:n \xrb techih \xrb wila:na \mod NOTE that originally I had /tsí:ntechiwilá:na/ with p-a on /tsí:n-/. However, after consulting with Roberto Mauricio I have noted this as /tsi:ntéchiwilá:na/, which is not problematical (cf. /téchiwilá:na/). Thus the following note is in reserve pending checking of the p-a pattern in the original recording. If the original is correct then there are two patterns, and the /tsí:ntechiwilá:na/ pattern most likely reflects reinterpretation of the placement of underlying {h}. The original note was as follows: The motivation for the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl <no>tsí:ntechiwilá:na</no> is unclear as it is for <nlo>téchiwilá:na</nlo>, which is also pitch accented, suggesting that either the first or second syllable has a coda {h}. However, note that in the pronunciation of Robert Mauricio it is the /te/ syllable that is pitch accented: l <no>tsi:ntéchiwilá:na</no>. Thus it might well be that the transciption of t he speech token is incorrect. If <no>tsi:ntéchiwilá:na</no> is the corr ect transcription/pronunciation, then this would suggest that the {chih} syllable has, underlyingly, a coda {h}. Cf. also <nlo>téchiwilá:na</nlo>. \grmx The motivation for the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl <no>tsí:ntechiwilá:na</no> is unclear as it is for <nlo>téchiwilá:na</nlo>. which is also pitch accented, suggesting that either the first or second syllable has a coda {h}. \vl The first male token is mispronounced as /kitsi:ntéchiwilá:na/ with the stress on /té/ and should not be tagged. The following two male tokens are correct and should be tagged: /kitsí:ntechiwilá:na/. \sj kitsí:ntechiwilá:na \ref 06484 \lxa techwila:na \lxac kitechwila:na \lxo téchiwilá:na \lxop techiwila:na \lxoc kitéchiwilá:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to pull or drag along on the ground (e.g., a dead animal that is being tossed into the river or gully, a thorn bush, etc.) \sso arrastrar por el suelo (p. ej., un animal muerto que va a ser tirado, un arbusto espinoso, etc.) \pno Xkwa:ltechwila:ntiw! \peo Drag it over here! \pso ¡Tráelo arrastrando hacia acá! \dis techwila:na; (te)koyo:tsa \sem motion \syna tewila:na \xrb techih \xrb wila: \nae The pitch accent in <no>téchiwilá:na</no> indicates that here as in <no>tsí:ntechiwilá:na</no> there is an underlying {h} as a coda element in one of the syllables. Yet there is no comparative evidence as yet that suggests where the coda element might be. Provisionally, it has been placed at the end of the second syllable. The origin of the /i/ in Oapan Nahuatl <no>techiwila:na</no> is not clear; it might well be epenthetic. \qry Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in some circumstances. Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in some circumstances. \sj Check for /h/ \ref 06485 \lxa tlachi:chi:tike:tl \lxac tlachi:chi:tike:tl \lxo tlachi:chí:tiké:tl \lxoc tlachi:chí:tiké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo mother (either human or other) who is nursing her young \sso madre (o una mujer o un animal) que está dando pecho a sus niños \xrb chi:chi \ref 06486 \lxa chichina:ntli \lxac chichina:ntli \lxo chichina:ntli \lxoc chichina:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo female dog that is nursing its young \sso perra que está amamantando su cría \xrb chichi \xrb na:n \ref 06487 \lxa pitsona:ntli \lxac pitsona:ntli \lxo pitsona:ntli \lxoc pitsona:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo female pig that is nursing its young \sso marrana que está amamantando su cría \xrb pitiso \xrb na:n \ref 06488 \lxa piona:ntli \lxac piona:ntli \lxo piona:ntli \lxoc piona:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo hen that is has its young \sso gallina con su cría \xrb na:n \ref 06489 \lxa pilowah \lxac pilowah \lxo pilowah \lxoc pilowah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seo to have chicks (a hen with recently born offspring) \sso tener pollitos (una gallina que tiene cría) \xrb pil \ref 06490 \lxa kakawapepenke:tl \lxac kakawapepenke:tl \lxo kakawá:penké:tl \lxoc kakawá:penké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao person who gleans peanuts from the field \ssao persona que recoge cacahuates que han quedado en el campo \xrb kawa \xrb pena \ref 06491 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kechpitsi:nia \lxoc kikechpitsi:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seo to choke, squeeze, or wring the neck of (but not necessarily to strangle and kill) \sso apretar el cuello de (pero no necesariamente estrangular y matar) \syna kechpa:tska \xrb kech \xrb pitsi: \nse Check for other acceptations of this word. \ref 06492 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ix:té:mé:ts \lxoc ix:té:mé:ts \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com [N-N]-N \der N-ap \pa yes \seo (insult) person have large eyes that emerge slightly from their sockets \sso (insulto) persona con ojos grandes que salen un poco de sus cuencas \cfa i:xte:mpoponi \cfo i:xté:me:tsíwi \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb me:ts \nse This is very similar in meaning to <no>i:xki:ki:sa</no> \ref 06493 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:ki:sáltia \lxop i:xté:ki:saltia \lxoc ki:xté:ki:sáltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo (fig.) to startle \sso (fig.) asustar; espantar \pno O:ne:chi:xté:ki:sáltikéh kítowa náwáo:nki:tskih tomi:n. \peo They startled me by saying that I had taken some money. \pso Me asustaron al decir que yo había agarrado dinero. \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb ki:sa \vl First female token should not be tagged. Tag 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Causative: Note the causative construction /i:xté:ki:sáltia/ and cf. to /ki:xtia/. Discuss. \ref 06494 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mómoló:nia \lxop momolo:nia \lxoc kí:moló:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>kí:moló:nia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to fluff up or become fluffed up (cotton, maguey fiber, etc., before it is carded \sso esponjarse (algodón o fibra de maguey al agitar y doblarla rápido) \equiva momolo:naltia \cfao pochi:na \xrb molo: \ref 06495 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sé:piyá:ka:tl \lxoc sé:piyá:ka:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-lex \seo <l>Vallesia glabra</l> (Cav.) Link, bush of the Apocynaceae family \sso <l>Vallesia glabra</l> (Cav.) Link, arbusto de la familia Apocynaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb saka \xrb hya \nae The etymology of Oapan Nahuatl <no>sé:piyá:ka:tl</no> is unclear, atlhough it is probable that the surface form has undergone some transformation. One clue is found in the San Juan Tetelcingo equivalent, <nt>sakapihya:k</nt>, which suggests perhaps <nr>saka</nr> and <nr>hya</nr> in the roots. For now these two elements have been included in the etymology, though further research might well clarify the composition of this word. \cpl This plant is used in offerings to the <no>yéye:kámeh</no>. \nct xiwtl \ref 06496 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chipa:wi:lo \lxoc chipa:wi:lo \dt 19/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \seo to become clean of sin \sso llegar a ser limpio de pecado \xrb chipa: \nse This can refer to individuals who are clear of sin, who pass through the Infierno but then go to the side of <no>Tota:tah</no>. Note also that one may become <no>chipa:wi:lo</no> even if one has killed. For example, if someone kills a murderer, he then "seizes" the sin away from the murderer (<no>kitlátlakolkwí:lia</no>)" with the result that the original murderer is cleansed (<no>chipa:wi:lo:s</no>) and the one who killed him takes on the burden of the original sin. \ref 06497 \lxa tlamamana \lxac tlamamana \lxo tlá:maná \lxop tlá:mana \lxoc tlá:maná \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to use a string or cord to set a snare trap (for birds, e.g., in a field where sesame has been cut and birds alight to feed) \sso utilizar un mecate para tender una trampa (para atrapar pajaritos, p. ej., en un campo donde se ha cortado anjolin y donde los pájaros van a comer) \syna tlamemekawia \xrb mana \encyctmp hunting \mod Illustrate. Give a description of the various types of traps and hunting/fishing that occurs. Add illustration of how these traps are set. \vl The first female token is /tlamana/ and should be tagged as #7781 \ilustmp illustrate. \ref 06498 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:manké:tl \lxoc tlá:manké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \seo person who sets snare traps for birds \sso persona que pone trampas de hilitos para atrapar a los pajaritos \xrb mana \vl The first two female tokens (of 6) are /tlá:maké:tl/. The meaning of this word has not been definitively determined, so it should be temporarily tagged with 9999_06498. \ref 06499 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlante:poyotik \lxoc tlante:poyotik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \seo to have yellowed teeth \sso tener los dientes amarillientos \cfa tlanpopo:yomeh \xrb tlan \xrb poyo \pqry Vowel length here as with all words having the /poyo[:]/ element in their etymology need to be carefully studied. \ref 06500 \lxa akotlapextli \lxac makotlapech \lxo ákotlapéxtli \lxoc ákotlapéxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes-lex \seo raised platform of corn stalks or cactus rods on which chile is laid out to dry \sso plataforma alzada hecha de los tallos de maíz o de varas de cactus y que se utiliza para secar chile \sem material \cfa a:kawtlapextli \xrb ahko \xrb pech \nse The Ameyaltepec synonym is <na>a:kawtlapextli</na>, named for the kind of material of which it is made. The Oapan form, <no>ákotlapéxtli</no> apparently refers to the fact that it is a raised platform, hence <nr>ahko</nr>, the stem for this meaning. \ref 06501 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapo:htla:líliké:tl \lxoc tlapo:htla:líliké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \inc [N-N]-V3-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \pa yes \syno tlapopotske:tl \seo person who is responsible for releasing smoke to keep mosquitos or bugs away (particularly around a <spn>guamúchil</spn> tree so that they bear fruit and do not become infested with bugs) \sso persona que se encarga de echar humo a algo para ahuyentar a los mosquitos o insectos (particularmente a los guamúchiles para que rindan y no se llenen de insectos) \xrb po:k \xrb tla:l \ref 06502 \lxa tlapopo:hke:tl \lxac tlapopo:hke:tl \lxo tlá:pó:hke:tl \lxoc tlá:pó:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo person who clears fields; person who cleans windows \sso persona que limpia el campo antes de sembrar; limpiaventanas \xrb po:wa \vl The first female token is /tlapo:hke:tl/. The entry for this word has not yet been determined and it should be tagged as 99999_06502, etc. \ref 06503 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapó:hwiké:tl \lxoc tlapó:hwiké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who uses an incense burner to release incense (e.g., during processions, a curing ceremony, etc.) \sso persona que utiliza un sahumario para echar inciensio (p. ej., durante una procesión, una ceremonia de curación, etc.) \xrb po:k \ref 06504 \lxa isolowilia \lxac kisolowilia \lxo 'isolówilia \lxop isolowilia \lxoc kísolówilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to wear out on (e.g., the clothes of another by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.) \ss desgastar (p. ej., algo como ropa o tela, en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) a \xrb hsol \xvba isolowa \xvbo ísolówa \ref 06505 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapopo:tske:tl \lxoc tlapopo:tske:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \inc [tla-V2]-N \infn Stem 2 \seo person who is responsible for releasing smoke to keep mosquitos or bugs away (particularly around a <spn>guamúchil</spn> tree so that they bear fruit and do not become infested with bugs) \sso persona que se encarga de echar humo a algo para ahuyentar a los mosquitos o insectos (particularmente a los guamúchiles para que rindan y no se llenen de insectos) \equivo tlapo:htla:líliké:tl \xrb po:tsa \ref 06506 \lxa popo:tsa \lxac tlapopo:tsa \lxo popo:tsa \lxoc kipopo:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to burn (e.g., dried leaves and brush, e.g., the fallen and dried leaves of the <spn>guamúchil</spn>) so that smoke is released \sso quemar (p. ej., hojas secas de los guamúchiles) para que salga mucho humo \xrb po:k \xvao tlapopo:chilia \ref 06507 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo 'chikóhlo \lxop chikohlo \lxoc í:chikóhlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seo small crosspiece tied onto a rod [possessor], used to hook and pull things (such as fruit plucked from a tree) \sso pequeño travesaño atado a una caña o vara [poseedor] que se utiliza para enganchar y jalar cosas (como la fruta jalada de unárbol) \pno Mówitláw, xtla:lilií:chikóhlo! \peo Put the little crosspiece on your (long stick of) otate! \pso ¡Ponle un travesañito a su (vara larga de) otate! \sem tool-cultivate \syna tlanchikohlo \xrb chihkol \qry If there is an underlying /h/, check and correct for other entries. For this and all words with /chihkol/ as part of the stem or root, check length of final /o/ as FK has a long vowel here. \sj í:chikóhlo check. \grmx Oapan orthography: Note the difficulty of writing pitch accent on words that have a headword entry form with p-a but where the p-a is always on the syllable preceding the stem. In this case the pitch-accent mark is written as a preceding apostrophe. This needs to be generalized. Note that many bird names are pitch accented. \ref 06508 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo toli:nia \lxoc notoli:nia; nó:tolí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl., often with short vowel reduplication) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting \ss (refl., a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas \syna toli:nwia \xrb toli: \nae In Oapan both the unreduplicated and reduplicated forms are used, with apparent little change in meaning. \qry Check for nonreflexive use. \vl The first female and first male tokens are /notoli:nia/; then there are two tokens of /nó:tolí:nia/. The two initial tokens of /notoli:nia/ should both be linked as the initial pronunciation in the lxoc field. Then two tokens from the following pronunciation /nó:tolí:nia/ should be chosen for the links to the second pronunciation. \ref 06509 \lxa arro:tewia \lxac mitsarro:tewia \lxo karro:tewia \lxof [ka rro: te 'wi a] \lxoc kikarro:tewia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <n>garrote</n> \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seo to beat with a stick \sso pegar con un palo \pno Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkowia. \peo A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. \pso Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. \syna kowia \ref 06510 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwi:katla:lia \lxoc kikwi:katla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to play or sing a song for or to \sso tocar o cantar una canción para o a \pno Nihkwi:katla:lia nokone:w para ma kochi. \peo I sing to my child so that he falls asleep. \pso Le canto a mi niño para que se duerma. \syna kwi:katilia \xrb kwi:ka \xrb tla:l \vl Link 2nd female token. There are 4 additional tokens for this word at 6721; they should be tagged with this reference number, 6510. \grm Applicative: Note that of course the basic sense of many word might be applicative. In the present case of /kwi:katla:lia/ \ref 06511 \lxa techikaktik \lxac techikaktik \lxo techikahtik \lxoc techikahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo fruit (only watermelon) that has remained small and not formed its meat \sso fruta (como sandía) que está mal formada sin mucha fruta adento \pno Se: sá:ntiah techikahtik, xkipiaí:tikwítl, san nochi tepi:stik tláitík. \peo A watermelon that is <no>techikahtik</no>, it doesn't have any fruit, it's just all hard inside. \pso Una sandía que es <no>techikahtik</no>, no tiene su carne, adentro todo estámuy duro. \xrb chika: \ref 06512 \lxa kechmalakache:wi \lxac *kechmalakache:wi \lxo kechmalakache:wi \lxoc kechmalakache:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao see <nlao>kechmalakachiwi</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>kechmalakachiwi</nlao> \sem motion \equivao kechmalakachiwi \xrb kech \xrb malakach \vl The first token is /kechmalakachiwi/ and should be tagged as 05457 \ref 06513 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was previously for /tlipili:naltia/, which is a repeated entry. Hence it was deleted. \vl Tag 3 female and 2 male tokens here as 6281. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06514 \lxa koxtesotla:wi \lxac koxtesotla:wi \lxo koxtsotla:wi \lxoc koxtsotla:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be frightened in ones sleep and be unable to move or shout \ssa estar asustado entre sueño y no poder moverse ni gritar) \cfa tla:lmiki \xrb koch \xrb sotla: \mod Get text on /koxtsotla:wi/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note s>ts /koxtsola:wi/. \ref 06515 \lxa kwe:tekoyaktik \lxac kwe:tekoyaktik \lxo kwe:tekoyahtik \lxoc kwe:tekoyahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to have a baggy or loose skirt \sso tener una falda holgada y grande \apao kwe:tekoyak \syna kwe:kokoxoktik \xrb kwe: \xrb koya: \vl There is an additional female token from 6516 that should be tagged 6515. \ref 06516 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwe:tekoyak \lxoc kwe:tekoyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to have (a woman) a baggy or loose skirt \sso tener (una mujer) una falda holgada y grande \apa kwe:tekoyaktik \apo kwe:tekoyahtik \syna kwe:kokoxoktik \xrb kwe: \xrb koya: \vl The first female token is erroneous and is the previous entry /kwe:tekoyahtik/; it should be tagged as 6515. \ref 06517 \lxa koto:ntekoyaktik \lxac koto:ntekoyaktik \lxo koto:ntekoyahtik \lxoc koto:ntekoyahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to have a baggy or loose shirt \sso tener la camisa holgada y grande \apo koto:ntekoyak \xrb koya: \qry Check to determine whether /koto:nkokoxoktik/ is an Am word \ref 06518 \lxa koto:ntekoyak \lxac koto:ntekoyak \lxo koto:ntekoyak \lxoc koto:ntekoyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to have a baggy or loose shirt \sso tener la camisa holgada y grande \xrb kwe: \xrb koya: \ref 06519 \lxa so:ya:yo:tia \lxac kiso:ya:yo:tia \lxo so:ya:yo:tia \lxoc kiso:ya:yo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seo to weave palm into (e.g., in making the seat of a chair, the roof of a house, etc.) \sso entretejerle palma a (p. ej., el asiento de una silla, el techo de una casa, etc.) \xrb so:ya: \vl There are an extra 4 female and 2 male tokens at 6581. \ref 06520 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ísitími \lxop isitimi \lxoc ísitími \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der V1-Asp \infv Irregular: Aspectual: <no>-timi</no> \pa yes-lex \seo to be going along in a hurry \sso andar con prisa \xrb hsi \nae The inflectional paradigm for <no>-timi</no> uses the supplective stem <n>-mi</n> for all but the perfective, in which <n>-tinemi</n> is used, yielding the perfective <no>-tinen</no>. \pqry Check for any aspiration or other sound between /isi/ and /timi/. \grm Verbal inflection Oapan: The inflectional paradigm for <no>-timi</no> uses the supplective stem <n>-mi</n> for all but the perfective, in which <n>-tinemi</n> is used, yielding the perfective <no>-tinen</no>. \ref 06521 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo texoloxtik \lxoc texoloxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to be wrinkled; to be crumpled (clothes and cloth, paper) \sso estar arrugado (ropa, papel, etc.) \syna xaxakwaxtik \xrb xoloch \nse Note that in Oapan whereas <no>xoloxtik</no> refers to something that is pleated or evenly bunched together, <no>texoloxtik</no> refers to things that are wrinkled, crumpled, etc. For example, if the thread is pulled but doesn't come out, the clothes might become wrinkled and pulled together: <no>texoloxtik</no>. \grm /te-/ and unnatural state. Note that in Oapan whereas <no>xoloxtik</no> refers to something that is pleated or evenly bunched together, <no>texoloxtik</no> refers to things that are wrinkled, crumpled, etc. For example, if the thread is pulled but doesn't come out, the clothes might become wrinkled and pulled together: <no>texoloxtik</no>. \ref 06522 \lxa texolochiwi \lxac texolochiwi \lxo texolochiwi \lxoc texolochiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao see <nlao>xolochiwi</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>xolochiwi</nlao> \xrb xoloch \ref 06523 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásohló:tia \lxop tlasohlo:tia \lxoc kitlásohló:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to add brush to (e.g., mud that is used for a wattle and daub wall) \sso agregarle zacate a (p. ej., lodo que se usa para hacer una pared de chinamitl) \xrb hsol \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 06524 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlikonextipan \lxoc tlikonextipan \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1(loc) \seo on the ashes \sso sobre la ceniza \pno Tlikonextipan kochi motskwin, kwelmati ya: toto:nki. \peo Your dog sleeps in the ashes, it likes the feel of the heat. \pso Tu perro duerme sobra las cenizas, le gusta el sentir del calor. \xrb tli \xrb nex \xrl -ko; -tipan \ref 06525 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlayema:nka:nkochi \lxoa tlayema:nka:kochi \lxoc tlayema:nka:nkochi, tlayema:nka:nkochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Loc-V1 \der V1-b \infv irregular; cf. <nlo>kochi</nlo> \seo to sleep on a soft bed or mattress \sso dormir sobre una cama o colchón muy suave \xrb yema:n \xrb kochi \xrl -ka:n \nae Florencia Marcelino kept the /n/ of the locative while Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, did not. Although this might represent the impact of the fairly common deletion of /n/ in a variety of phonological contexts, it might also represent a reinterpretation of the initial element of this word as the participial form of <nlo>yema:nki</nlo>. It appears, given the sense of the compound and the presence of the prefix <n>tla-</n> that the basic form is with the locative ending <n>-ka:n</n>. \vl Note that female has /n/, /tlayema:nka:nkochi/ while make speaker does not: /tlayema:nka:kochi/. \grm Oapan phonology: /tlayema:nka:(n)kochi/ Note that in the pronunciation for this word Florencia Marcelino kept the /n/ of the locative while Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, did not. \ref 06526 \lxa metlakuwtli \lxac metlakuwtli \lxo metlakohtli \lxoc metlakohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seo the forked stick that is placed at the top of a metate to hold it up and in place \sso el horconcito que se coloca al lado superior de un metate para sostener en su lugar \sem material \xrb metla \xrb kow \ref 06527 \lxa moli:nokuwtli \lxac moli:nokuwtli \lxo molí:nokóhtli \lxoc molí:nokóhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>molino</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes \seo dog-legged stick that is placed in the ground and to which a metal hand mill is attached \sso palo chueco a noventa grados que sostiene un molino de mano \sem material \xrb kow \nae The pitch accent of <no>molí:nokóhtli</no> derives from the final {h} of the Spanish loan <no>moli:noh</no>. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06528 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:ponchá:doyó \lxoc i:ma:ponchá:doyó \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>ponchado</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \pa yes \seo large biceps \sso bíceps grandes;"conejos" \syna ma:xi:lo:w \xrb ma: \nae The form <no>i:ma:ponchá:doyó</no> could perhaps be interpreted as the possessed form of an abstract ? <no>ma:poncha:doyo:tl</no> or as the intrinsically possessed form of the compound <no>ma:poncha:doh</no>. It would seen that the pitch accent pattern of <no>i:ma:ponchá:doyó</no> is most easily explained as the result of the latter (even though it is not markedly a nominal construction) in which underlying {h} has a reflex in the pitch accent of the possessed form. \grm /-yo/: Note the use of /-yo/ in /i:ma:ponchá:doyó/. \ref 06529 \lxa a:xkan \lxaa a:xkia:n \lxac a:xka:n ke:mah \lxo a:xká \lxoc a:xká \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Mod \pa yes \seo interjection with modal implications used to express surprise \sso interjección modal para expresar sorpresa \pno á:xká! Simi ta ya: hkîon patioh? \peo Damn! Is it still as expensive as that? \pso ¡Híjole!¿Todavía es asíde caro? \sem Gender: male \xrb ach \xrb ka \nae The etymology of this term is uncertain, but provisionally it has been analyzed as the particles <n>ach</n> and <n>ka</n>. In Classical Nahuatl (see Launey 1992:332) it had the meaning of"es muy cierto que..."(it is very certain that...). It is now seldom used, mostly be a few elder men and thus the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez and Florencia Marcelino might differ from that of elder men of Oapan. Given the pitch accent or stress on the final syllable, perhaps this word would be best written as separated: <no>a:x ka</no> as it was in Classical although for orthographic simplicity for now it has been written as one word. \vl Given that this might be a word only used by men, please link only one male token. There were three recorded tokens and I think the best for linking is the last one. Tag, but do not link, the female tokens. \ref 06530 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:maltla:lia \lxoc note:maltla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \seo (refl-anticaus) to get infected with pus \sso (refl-anticaus) infectarse con pus \syna te:malkwepa \syna te:maliwi \syno te:malkopa \xrb te:mal \xrb tla:l \mod Perhaps a coding for anticausative should be determined. The best way might be to simply write (refl-anticaus) instead of just (refl.). Indeed, it might be best to simply code all uses of the reflexive morpheme according to function: refl-recipr; refl-anticaus, refl-pas \vl Link 1st male file. \ref 06531 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepostla:hlo:ki:sa \lxoc tepostla:hlo:ki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seo to become or get rusty \sso oxidarse \syna tepostlalki:sa \synao tepostla:hlowa \xrb tepos \xrb tla:l \xrb ki:sa \grm Noun incorporation; /-yo:/. In general when the relationship of a noun stem to the subject of a verbal compound (N-V) or a verbalization is one of part-to-whole then the /-yo:/ suffix is used (which, given that it is not in word-final position is manifested with a long vowel). This is good evidence that the underlying vowel length of the intrinsic possessive suffix is /o:/. Examples of this type of construction include verbs such as /ixiyo:tia/ 'to place legs on' and the present /tepostla:hlo:ki:sa/, where the subject of the verb (the metal upon which rust forms) is in a whole-to-part relation with the incorporated noun. \ref 06532 \lxa kexi:hli \lxac i:kexi:l \lxo kéxí:hli \lxoc nókexí:l;í:kexí:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \pa yes-lex \sea groin \ssa ingle \seo part in ones hair (usually in reference to a woman; Ameyaltepec equivalent: <nla>kwa:xe:hli</nla>) \sso raya que parte el cabello (generalmente hablando de una mujer; equivalente de Ameyaltepec <nla>kwa:xe:hli</nla>) \sem body \xrb kehxi:l \nse In Ameyaltepec <na>kexi:l</na> refers to the part of the body located from where the pubic hair is to where the legs join the lower abdomen. People have described it, or referred to its location, as the <na>a:tlawtli</na>, the 'gorge,' i.e., the crease that forms where the legs meet the lower torso. The signification as 'part in ones hair' in Oapan Nahuatl is perhaps related to the 'crease' interpretation in Ameyaltepequeños description of <na>kexi:l</na> meaning 'groin.' Nevertheless, it should be further checked. \nae The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests underlying {h}, which perhaps is the coda for the first syllable (i.e., {kehxi:l}). Nevertheless, the cognate form in Tetelcingo, Morelos, has no coda in this syllable \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 1246 that should be tagged with 06532. However, given the better quality of the later tokens, use these as links. Make sure to concatenate \sj nokexi:l, etc. Check for /h/ given that Oa has p-a but /h/ is not reported in other dialects. \ref 06533 \lxa yo:litlakowa \lxac kiyo:litlakowa \lxo yó:litlakówa \lxop yo:litlakowa \lxoc kiyó:litlakówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to discourage; to make (sb) lose heart (from doing what they had their heart set on doing); to change the mind or desires of \sso desanimar; quitar el deseo a (algn, de llevar a cabo lo que pensaba hacer); cambiar de parecer o idea a; cambiar la voluntad de \se (refl.) to change ones mind \ss (refl.) cambiarse de parecer o idea \syna yo:lxiti:nia \syna yo:lkwepa \xrb yo:l \xrb htlako \vl There are four additional tokens of this word at 6651 which should be tagged here at 6533. \ref 06534 \lxa yelki:sa \lxac yelki:sa \lxo yelki:sa \lxoc yelki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seo to let out a fart \sso dejar salir un pedo \xrb yel \xrb ki:sa \ref 06535 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsonté:wilá:na \lxop tsonté:wila:na \lxoc kitsonté:wilá:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \infv class-3a \pa yes-reduced-rdp-s \seo to grab and pull the hair of \sso agarrarle y jalarle el cabello a \equiva kwa:momotsowa \xrb tson \xrb tewila: \nae The headword for this entry represents the reduplicated form (with the reduplicant reduced onto the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n>), used when the hair is grabbed and pulled repeatedly. The unredupicated form would be <no>tsontewila:na</no>. \pqry This is a good minimal pair showing reduplication that is reduced onto a"dummy"intensifying morpheme. \ref 06536 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatemó:motsówa \lxop tlatemó:motsowa \lxoc tlatemó:motsówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \pa yes-rdp \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \seo to pull up grass (a donkey, goat, sheep, horse, etc., or even pig, with its mouth) while grazing \sso arrancar zacate (un burro, chivo, borrego, caballo, etc., o hasta marrano, con la boca) al estar apacentando \pno Nika:n mantsa:lo noburroh, nika:n ma tlatemómótsotó! \peo Let me tie up my donkey here, let it be grazing here! \pso ¡Déjame atar mi burro aquí, quéestéapacentando aquí. \xrb mots \nse The verb <no>tlatemó:motsówa</no> is used in reference to animals that graze by pulling out clumps of grass with their mouths. \nae The motives for the pitch accent pattern in <no>tlatemó:motsówa</no> seems to be that of secondary reduplication on a reduplicated stem, much as occurs with <nlo>pepetlaka</nlo> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. In the present case the underlying verb form is <no>temomotsowa</no> in which the reduplicative pattern is not with a coda {h} (as often occurs when the consonant has a labial component). If there were no further reduplication (as in the present case) reduction occurs to <nlo>te:motsowa</nlo>. However, the meaning of the present entry seems to be that of an animal plucking up grass here and there, in parts and only sporadically, hence the long, pitch-accented reduplicant, shifting <no>momotsowa</no> to <no>mó:motsówa</no>. \grmx The motives for the pitch accent pattern in <no>tlatemó:motsówa</no> seems to be that of secondary reduplication on a reduplicated stem, much as occurs with <nlo>pepetlaka</nlo> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. In the present case the underlying verb form is <no>temomotsowa</no> in which the reduplicative pattern is not with a coda {h} (as often occurs when the consonant has a labial component). If there were no further reduplication (as in the present case) reduction could occur to <nlo>te:motsowa</nlo>. However, the meaning of the present entry seems to be that of an animal plucking up grass here and there, in parts and only sporadically, hence the reduplication on the reduplicant. \ref 06537 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:mekatla:lília \lxop tlá:mekatla:lilia \lxoc kitlá:mekatla:lília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to lasso (by hiding in a tree and tossing the lasso down on an animal as it passes) \sso lazar; echarle le laso a (un animal, al esconderse una persona en unárbol y aventarle el laso desde arriba al animal cuando pase) \syna tsonwa:swia \xrb meka \xrb tla:l \fla tsonwaswia \ref 06538 \lxa tetsotso:yo \lxaa tetsotso:yo:tsi:n \lxac tetsotso:yo \lxo té:tsó:yo \lxoa tétsotsó:yo \lxoc té:tsó:yo; tétsotsó:yo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \pa yes \seo short or small (in stature) \sso bajo o pequeño (en estatura) \apo té:tso:yótik \apo té:tsó:yo:tl \equiva tetsoko \cfo techi:pa:lo \xrb te- \xrb tso:yo: \dis tetsoko; tetsapa; te:tso:yo \vl There are two pronunciations of this word, one with reduced reduplication and the other with the full form. Tag all with 06538 and link two (F and M) of each. \ref 06539 \lxa tetsotso:yo:tik \lxac tetsotso:yo:tik \lxo té:tso:yó:tik \lxoc té:tso:yó:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denon-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be short (in stature) \sso estar bajo (en estatura) \apo té:tsó:yo \equiva tetsoko \xrb tso:yo: \cfo techi:pa:lo \dis tetsoko; tetsapa; tetso:yo \nde For Classical Nahuatl RS reports <n>tsocoton</n> as a diminutive adjective meaning 'pequeño, muy pequeño,' and undoubtedly formed of <n>tsoko</n> and the diminutive <n>-ton</n>. This strongly implies that the <n>te</n> in <n>té:tso:yótik</n> and <na>tetsoko</na> is the"intensifier."Balsas area consultants stated that these two terms were the equivalent of <na>tetsapa</na>. \qry Check whether simply /tsoko/ exists. This should be given a separate entry in Oapan. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6693; they should be tagged as 6539. \ref 06540 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was Oapan /tlá:kí:ltia/, a transitive verb (kitlá:kí:ltia). The record has been deleted as a duplicate of 3820. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag all recordings here as 3820, c, d, etc. \ref 06541 \lxa kechnekwilkochi \lxac kechnekwilkochi \lxo kechnekwilkochi \lxocpend @kechnekwilkochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[S-V1] \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seo to sleep with ones neck crooked (usually causing one to wake up with a sore neck) \sso dormir con el cuello chueco (generalmente dejando a uno con el cuelo adolorido) \syna nekwilkochi \xrb kech \xrb nekwil \xrb kochi \vl Check whether there is a recording for this. For some reason I have teh /lxoc blank in this record. \ref 06542 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo toto:katiw \lxoc toto:katiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-Asp \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv Irregular, see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \seo (usually used in the imperative) to go along walking quickly \sso (generalmente utilizado en el imperativo) ir caminado rápido \xrb to:ka \nae This is derived from <nlo>to:ka</nlo> with a reduplication that does not include the 'saltillo' (hence the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan as well as in other dialects, see FK). It seems to be always used with the aspectual ending <no>-tiw</no> or one of its tense/aspect inflections. \ref 06543 \lxa te:ikne:lika:yoh \lxac xte:ikne:lika:yoh \lxo te:ihné:liká:yoh \lxoc xte:ihné:liká:yoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg \pa yes \seo (<no>x</no> ~) to be pitiless; to be without feeling or compassion \sso (<no>x</no> ~) ser sin piedad; no sentir compasión \xrb kne:l \nse This term can be used not only in relation to lack of compassion for people, but for animals as well. Thus of someone who slaughters animals it may be said <no>xte:ihné:liká:yoh</no>. \grm /te:-/ <no>xte:ihné:liká:yoh</no> can be used not only in relation to lack of compassion for people, but for animals as well. Thus someone who slaughters animals may be said to be <no>xte:ihné:liká:yoh</no>. \ref 06544 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:nki:xtia \lxoc xa:nki:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make adobe (said because the adobe is made in molds and then pulled out) \sso hacer adobe (asídicho porque el adobe se forma en moldes y después se quita) \encyctmp adobe making \syno xa:nkopi:na \xrb xa:m \xrb ki:sa \ref 06545 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:nkopi:na \lxoc xa:nkopi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make adobe (said because the adobe is made in molds and then pulled out) \sso hacer adobe (asídicho porque el adobe se forma en moldes y después se quita) } \syno xa:nki:xtia \encyctmp adobe making \xrb xa:m \xrb kopi: \ref 06546 \lxa kwa:pipi:liwi \lxac kwa:pipi:liwi \lxo kwá:pipi:lîwi \lxoc kwá:pipi:lîwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to have ones hair be hanging down in strands (e.g., after washing it or getting it wet) \sso tener el pelo colgado como en hebras (p. ej., después de lavarlo o mojarlo) \equiva kwa:kokopi:liwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pi:l \nse Although the equivalent verb form in Ameyaltepec is given as <na>kwa:koko:pi:liwi</na> Florencia Marcelino stated that <no>kwá:pipi:líwi</no> is correct. Note that the adjectival in both villages is derived from <n>pipi:liwi</n>. The Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked. \ref 06547 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:kiá \lxoc notlá:kiá \lxop notlá:kia \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm V2(refl) \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo (refl.) to put on ones clothes; to get dressed \sso (refl.) ponerse la ropa; vestirse \syna tlake:ntia \xrb a:k \xvco tlá:ki:ltiá \xvbo a:kiya \nae The pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlá:kiyá</no> derives from the reduplication of the verbal stem on its long initial vowel manifested by pitch accent. This reduplication is used in <no>notlá:kiá</no> in sense of 'to get dressed.' However, the verb itself, <nlao>a:kia</nlao> is not reduplicated when referring to the putting on of one item of clothing. \ref 06548 \lxa toponyoh \lxac toponyoh \lxo tóponyóh \lxoc tóponyóh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \seo to have a swelling (of the type called <nlo>tópontlí</nlo>) \sso tener un hinchazón (del tipo llamado <nlo>tópontlí</nlo>) \xrb tohpon \nse The etymology of <na>topontli</na> is still not entirely clear; although it would seem to be related to the root <nr>topo:</nr> and the verb <nla>topo:ni</nla> I seem to remember having checked in the dialect of San Juan Tetelcingo and heard an /h/ closing the first syllable. However, my notes do not indicate this and it should be checked in the future. Consultants mentioned that twins can cause a <na>topontli</na> to develop on a person that they hate or envy, particularly when the victim is eating something that they (the twins or one of them) desire. \sj Check for /h/, /tohpontli/. \ref 06549 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tepi:tskwaltia \lxoc noma:tepi:tskwaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo (often used reflexively) to catch or crush the hand of (sb, in a place that closes in on it, like a door or drawer that closes) \sso (generalmente en el reflexivo) apachurar la mano de (en un lugar que se cierra sobre ella, como un cajón, puerta, etc.) \cfa tekwa \xrb ma: \xrb tepi:ts \xrb kwa \ref 06550 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:pixtli \lxoc ma:pixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-dvb-wi \seo whistle (i.e., the sound of whistling by placing ones fingers in ones mouth) \sso silbido (esto es, el sonido de chiflar al colocar los dedos en la boca) \cfa ma:pipichowa \xrb ma: \xrb pich \ref 06551 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:pi:chowa \lxoc kima:pi:chowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to grab (e.g., a grain, beans, etc.) in a handfull \sso agarrar (p. ej., maíz, frijoles) en una puñada \xrb ma: \xrb pi:ch \nse Note that whereas <nao>pixtok</nao>, the progressive of <nlo>pia</nlo>, has a short vowel, <nlao>ma:pi:xtli</nlao> has a long vowel. This is because the latter is derived from the verb <n>ma:pi:chowa</n>) \ref 06552 \lxa xi:tlatsiwi \lxac xi:tlatsiwi \lxo xi:tlatsiwi \lxoc xi:tlatsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to shine or glean (e.g., sth polished or worn out such as ceramics, a metate, a stone for polishing, etc.) \sso brillar (p. ej., algo pulido o gastado como cerámica, un metate, una piedra para pulir, etc.) \xrb xi:tlats \ref 06553 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo simi \lxoc simi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \der Mod \seo certainly; indeed (indicating surprise); it is surprising that \sso ciertamente (indicando sorpresa); es sorprendente que \pno Simi i tlayowa ka ni: xnitlami. \peo Indeed, it's already evening and I haven't even finished. \pso Ciertamente ya es noche y ni he terminado. \pno Símío:nikilka:w! \peo Indeed, I forgot! \pso Es cierto, se me olvidó. \pno Simi a:man ti'ita, xnikaxilia! \peo Is is indeed today that you have selected, I don't have time! \pso Tenía que ser hoy, no tengo tiempo. \pno Simi a:mani:n! Xnikaxi:lia. \xrb simi \nae The motivation for the pitch accent is unclear, as no evidence of an underlying {h} is present in the comparative material. It may be that the final syllable stress is simply a result of the modal nature of this word and that in phrases the accent would be lost. The length appears to be that of two short vowels, perhaps somewhat lengthened because of stress (high pitch). It certainly seems that the final /i/ is longer than would be expected. \nde The Oapan form is cognate to classical <n>semi</n> which Carochi (Lockhart, p. 464) gives as 'de una vez.' Tetelcingo, Morelos, gives simply <n>seme</n> 'siempre.' \pqry /símí/: The motivation for the pitch accent is unclear, as no evidence of an underlying {h} is present in the comparative material. It may be that the final syllable stress is simply a result of the modal nature of this word and that in phrases the accent would be lost. The length appears to be that of two short vowels, perhaps somewhat lengthened because of stress (high pitch). It certainly seems that the final /i/ is longer than would be expected. \ref 06554 \lxa xa:yakakwa:kwa \lxac kixa:yakakwa:kwa \lxo xa:ya:kwa:kwa \lxoa xa:ya:kwa:kwa \lxoc kixa:ya:kwa:kwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-1 \seo to leave pockmarks on the face of (e.g., sores or large pimples) \sso dejar la cara picada (p. ej., llagitas oúlceras) \pno Xa:ya:ta:takaltik ya: o:kixa:ya:kwa:kwah tso:tso:tl. \peo His face is pockmarked because sores marked up his face. \pso Su cara estámarcada como con viruelas porque unasúlceras le comieron la cara. \xrb xa:yaka \xrb kwa \grm Reduplication: long vowel: Note the use of long vowel in the following reduplicant: /Xa:ya:ta:takaltik ya o:kixa:ya:kwa:kwah tso:tso:tl/ 'His face is pockmarked because sores marked up his face.' \ref 06555 \lxa xa:yakata:takaltik \lxac xa:yakata:takaltik \lxo xa:ya:ta:takaltik \lxoc xa:ya:ta:takaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo to have a pockmarked face \sso tener la cara picada de viruelas \xrb xa:yaka \xrb takal \vl The first token is /ra:yata:takaliwi/. It should be tagged 99999_06555_ OF1a. \ref 06556 \lxa xa:yakata:takaliwi \lxac xa:yakata:takaliwi \lxo xa:ya:ta:takaliwi \lxoc xa:ya:ta:takaliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to have ones face become pockmarked \sso quedarsele la cara como picada de viruelas \xrb xa:yaka \xrb takal \ref 06557 \lxa mahkitik \lxac mahkitik \lxo mahkitik \lxoc mahkitik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \seo to be wild \sso ser serrero \seo to be easily frightened (an animal); to be skittish \sso ser asustadizo \apo mahki \syno simaro:ntik \xrb ma:wi \ref 06558 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo si:ma:ro:ntik \lxoc si:ma:ro:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>simarrón</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo to be wild (an animal) \sso ser serrero (un animal) \seo to be easily frightened (an animal); to be skittish \sso ser asustadizo \syna mahki \syno mahki \syno mahkitik \nae The vowel length pattern manifested in <no>si:ma:ro:ntik</no> is unusual, and clear the result of the word being a loan form. In all four speech tokens analyzed the three initial vowels all seemed equally long, with no one single vowel more pronounced than another. \ref 06559 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo temantok \lxoc temantok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \inc *V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seo to be lined up in rows (stones that have been placed between the maize plants to avoid being flung against them by the plow) \sso estar alineados (piedras que han sido colocadas entre las matas de maíz para evitar que el arado las aviente) \xrb te \xrb mana \nse The form <no>temantok</no> can refer to a resultative, i.e. the stones that have been placed in rows between the corn plants, and to a progressive, the action of placing stones in rows <no>temantok nokone:w</no> 'My child is placing stones in rows (between the maize plants). In Ameyaltepec <na>temantok</na> is apparently used only as a progressive form of <na>temana</na>. \ref 06560 \lxa tsi:ntewe:i \lxac tsi:ntewe:i \lxo tsi:ntewe:i \lxoc tsi:ntewe:i \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo to have a big butt \sso tener nalgas grandes o gruesas \syna tsi:ntebo:lah \xrb tsi:n \xrb we:i \grm /te-/: Note the use of /te-/ between nouns and adjectival modifiers: /tla:katéwakápan/, /tsi:ntewe:i/, etc. \ref 06561 \lxa tenextesokoyá:k \lxac tenextesokoyá:k \lxo tenextésokwíya:k \lxoc tenextésokwíya:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \seo to be smelling of lime (e.g., tortillas made from <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> that had too much lime in it) \sso tener el olor de cal (p. ej., tortillas hechas de nixtamal que tiene demasiado cal) \cfo a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb sohkwi \xrb hya: \qry Check whether use of /te-/ is here necessary or not (i.e., lexicalized). If not one would expect /tenexsókwiyá:k/, which should become the headword and the aff field changed to Op. <n>te-</n>. \nae The \ref 06562 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nexkostik \lxoc nexkostik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to be yellow-looking (e.g., tortillas, <nlo>tixtli</nlo>, etc.) from having had too much lime in the <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> \sso estar amarillento (p. ej., tortillas, masa, etc.) por tener demasiado cal en el nixtamal \xrb nex \xrb kos \qry Check here and in /nexkostia/ for possibility of infixation of /te-/. \vl Link first male token. \ref 06563 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nexkostia \lxoc nexkostia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-2a \seo to turn yellow (e.g., tortillas, <nlo>tixtli</nlo>, etc.) from having had too much lime in the <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> \sso ponerse amarillento (p. ej., tortillas, masa, etc.) por tener demasiado cal en el nixtamal \xrb nex \xrb kos \ref 06564 \lxa ma:chichi:wa \lxac kima:chichi:wa \lxo má:chichí:wa \lxop ma:chichi:wa \lxoc kimá:chichí:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to do, to make (sth) completely with ones hands (e.g., wooden masks that are not molded, or in combing a childs hair with ones hand, not a comb) \sso hacer o fabricar completamente con las manos (p. ej., máscaras de madera, o al peinar el cabello de un niño con la mano y no con cepillo) \nae Although occasionally reduplication of verb stems is reduced onto preceding heavy (long-voweled) syllables, such as <nr>ma:</nr>, this does not occur in the present case (i.e., one does not find Oapan Nahuatl ? <no>má:chí:wa</no>). The reason for the variation on when such reduction occurs is still not well understood, but it may have something to do with the semantic role of the Note also that although the verbal <no>má:chichí:wa</no> occurs in Oapan, the nominalization is not found. On the other hand, Ameyaltepec has a documented nominal, <nla>tlama:chichi:wtli</nla> but not a verbal. \xrb ma: \xrb chi:wa \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that in this case the reduplication does not reduce on the long vowel of /ma:/. It is not clear when this occurs and when it doesn't (cf. other entries and discussion). It might be that this is a completely lexical process, or even that in the other examples the underlying root is {mah}, with a short vowel, and not {ma:}. The only evidence either way will be comparative from neighboring dialects, or perhaps Oapan speaker production of alternative forms. \ref 06565 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipeya:stik \lxoc ixipeya:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo to have a stiff leg (i.e., one that that can't be bent) \sso tener una pierna tiesa (que no se puede doblar) \cfa ikxito:pi:ltik \xrb kxi \xrb peya:s \ref 06566 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipeya:stia \lxoc ixipeya:stia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se for ones leg to stiffen so that it can't be bent \ss quedarsele la pierna tiesa y sin poder doblar \xrb kxi \xrb peya:s \ref 06567 \lxa tekpa:na \lxac notekpa:nan \lxo tekpa:na \lxoc notekpa:nah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se (recipr.) to line oneself up (dancers getting ready to dance, children in a school who line up for class) \ss (recipr.) colocarse en línea (danzantes al principio de una danza, niños en la escuela que se forman en línea) \syna tekpa:ntla:lia \xrb tekpa:n \dis tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia; wi:pa:na \qry Determine the difference between /tekpa:na/ and /tekpa:ntla:lia/; the only filecard I have of the latter discusses the reflexive use in which individuals line themselves up at the start of working in furrows in the /iswatekilistli/. There is no mention in the original card of lining up at the start of a race, although this would seem to fit the characteristics of the documented definition. However, uses should be determined and and difference with /tekpa:na/ clearly stated. Also determine nature of /cat field for this entry. Should it be N-V2; if so, determine whether /tekpa:ntli/ exists as a noun. \ref 06568 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:peto:ni \lxoc ma:peto:ni \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo to dislocate a bone in ones arm or hand (i.e., ones wrist or even shoulder; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>ma:kelo:ni</nla>) \sso luxar un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hasta el hombro; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>ma:kelo:ni</nla>) \seo for ones hand to slip off (a surface); for one to lose grasp of (sth such as a tree limb that one is holding onto; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>tlapeto:nilia</nla>) \sso resbalarsele la mano (sobre una superficie); desaferrarse de algo asido (p. ej., la rama de unárbol que uno estaba trepando; cf. Ameyaltepec <nla>tlapeto:nilia</nla>) \xrb ma: \xrb peto: \qry Recheck if both meanings are correct. \ref 06569 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipeto:ni \lxoc ixipeto:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seo to dislocate a bone in ones leg or foot (cf. Ameyaltepec: <nla>ikxikelo:ni</nla>) \sso luxar un hueso en la pierna o pie (cf. Ameyaltepec: <nla>ikxikelo:ni</nla>) \xrb kxi \xrb peto: \qry Check to see if the intensifier /te-/ can be use, ?ikxitekelo:ni, etc. \ref 06570 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:yapa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc tsi:yapa:pa:lo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo ant of the type called <no>tsi:katl</no> that has gotten wings (and often die soon after) \sso hormiga del tipo llamado <no>tsi:katl</no> a que se le han salido alas (y que mueren en poco tiempo) \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tsi:ka \xrb pa:lo: \grm Oapan phonology: Note k>y intervocallically: /tsi:yapa:pa:lo:tl/. \ref 06571 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mátlapáleh \lxoc mátlapáleh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo animal (particularly insects) that has straight wings coming out of its body \sso animal (particularmente insectos) que tiene alas que salen derechas del cuerpo \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \ref 06572 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikasó:ntlakó:ltia \lxoc noxikasó:ntlakó:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>calzon</spn> \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to push ones pants legs up \sso (refl.) subirse los pantalones \equivo ixipantaló:ntlakó:ltia \xrb kxi \xrb tlehko: \ref 06573 \lxa patia \lxac kipatia \lxo 'patiá \lxop patia \lxoc kípatiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to cure (sb, an animal, etc.) \ss curar (a algn, un animal, etc.) \xrb pah \ref 06574 \lxa matlapalki:sa \lxac matlapalki:sa \lxo mátlapalkí:sa \lxop matlapalki:sa \lxoc mátlapalkí:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to get wings (e.g., the ants known as <nlo>tsi:katl</nlo> that soon after a rain will acquire wings that drop off the following day) \sso salirsele alas (p. ej., a las hormigas conocidas como <nlo>tsi:katl</nlo> a que se les salen alitas después de una lluvia para caerse el día siguiente) \equivo mátlapáhlo:tia \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \xrb ki:sa \nse <no>Tsi:kameh</no> are the only insects that have wings that emerge during their lifecycle (i.e., they are not born with wings) \ref 06575 \lxa so:ya:patla:wak \lxac so:ya:patla:wak \lxo so:ya:patla:wak \lxoc so:ya:patla:wak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \infn N1 \seo wide fan-like palm, like this because it has been pressed and dried under rocks, used for thatched house roofs or, ripped into strips, for tying palm to roof frames, for bundling maize leaves, etc. \sso palma ancha como abanico, asíporque se colocó y se secó abajo de piedras, que se usa para los techos o, hecho tiras, para atar manojos de <no>iswatl</no> \xrb so:ya: \xrb patla: \qry Check for possessed form?! Check whether this refers to the palm itself or to the leaves after they have been pressed under rock. \ref 06576 \lxanotes yzzz \lxaa ---- \lxo tlaso:ya:sohli \lxoc tlaso:ya:sohli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo shingle of palm that comprises 2 or 3 (if thin) fans of palm (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) along with the <no>o:me nepahli so:ya:xoxo:hki</no> that are used to tie the palm to the <nlo>kwihlo:tl</nlo> (i.e., the rods of cactus that run parallel to the ground) \sso algo como un gijarro de palma que consiste en 2 o 3 (si delgados) abanicos de palma ancha (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) con los <no>o:me nepahli so:ya:xoxo:hki</no> que se usan para atar la palma al <nlo>kwihlo:tl</nlo> (esto es, las varas de cactus que van paralelo al suelo) \xrb so:ya: \xrb so \ref 06577 \lxa nepahli \lxac nepahli \lxo nepahli \lxoc nepahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seo part of a palm that refers to a unit of face-to-face strips of palm \sso parte de la palma que se refiere a una unidad de dos tiras de palma que se encuentran como parte de un abanico \pno óó:me nepahli nokwi para ya: nosa:lowa so:ya:patla:wak. \peo Two double-stranded strips of palm are used to tie flat palm (i.e., to <nlo>kwihlo:tl</nlo> in thatching a roof) \pso Dos tiras dobles de palma se emplean para atar la palma ancha (p. ej., al <nlo>kwihlo:tl</nlo> para hacer el techo de una casa de palma) \xrb nepal \ilustmp Create illustration or photo. \ref 06578 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlaso:ya:sohli/, which repeats an entry at 6576. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl There were no speech tokens for this. \ref 06579 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yó:lesó:ya:tl \lxoc yó:lesó:ya:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo green palm that has not yet fanned out into the typical pattern (see <nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) \sso palma verde que todavía no se ha abierto en forma de abanico (vé ase <nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) \syno so:ya:xoxo:hki \encyctmp create study of palm \xrb yo:l \xrb so:ya: \nse Literally this term derives from <no>yo:leh</no> 'it that has a heart' and <no>so:ya:tl</no> 'palm' and it refers to the green palm that has still not opened up. The pitch accent derives from the underlying {h} in <no>yo:leh</no>, which is lost word internally and has its reflex as pitch accent. \ref 06580 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipantaló:ntlakó:ltia \lxoc noxipantaló:ntlakó:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pantalón</spn> \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \equivo ixikasó:ntlakó:ltia \seo (refl.) to push ones pants legs up \sso (refl.) subirse los pantalones \xrb kxi \xrb tlehko: \ref 06581 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for Oapan /so:ya:yo:tia/ has been removed as a duplicate of 6519. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The 4 female and 2 male tokens are duplicates of 6519 and should be tagged with this latter number. \ref 06582 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo so:ya:so \lxoc kiso:ya:so \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>so</nlao> \seo to pierce palm with a short wooden stick with attached strands of palm that are used to tie wide palm (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) to a roof frame \sso penetrar y atravesar palma ancha (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) con un garrote con tiras de palma (<nlo>nepahli</nlo>) que se emplean para atar la palma ancha al <nlo>kwihlo:tl</nlo> \pno Kipe:walti:skeh kiso:ya:yo:ti:skeh i:kal, kitowa, kiso:ya:sososkeh para ma:s kixi:ko:s. \peo They're going to start putting palm on his house, they say they will tie the palm down (lit., 'to penetrate with palm') so that it (the roof) lasts a long time. \pso Van a empezar a ponerle palma a su casa, dicen que van a atarse la palma (lit., 'penetrar con palma') para que aguante (el techo) mucho tiempo \nse Some people don't tie the palm like this, rather they just tie strands of palm around the <no>so:ya:patla:wak</no>, which is said to be less lasting; see <nlo>so:ya:matilowa</nlo> \xrb so:ya: \xrb so \qry Check inflectional pattern. \ref 06583 \lxa so:ya:matilowa \lxac kiso:ya:matilowa \lxo so:ya:matilowa \lxoc kiso:ya:matilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \infv class-2b \seo to tie wide palm (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) to a roof frame by simply taking palm twisted together and tied into long strands and tieing one set of (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) after another \sso atar la palma ancha (<nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) al <nlo>kwihlo:tl</nlo> de un techo con tiras largas de palma que se hacen de <nlo>yó:leso:yá:tl</nlo> y se van juntando, amarrando un cabo a otro \flo so:ya:so \xrb so:ya: \xrb matil \ref 06584 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlakwa:sa:lo:hli \lxoc tlakwa:sa:lo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo strands made of palm, with one end tied to another \sso tiras de palma hechas con un cabo de palma atada a otro \xrb kwa: \xrb sa:l \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 06585 \lxa ma:tsihtok \lxac ma:tsihtok \lxo ma:tsihtok \lxoc ma:tsihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seo to be folded over (as a tortilla made into a taco) \sso estar doblado (como una tortilla hecha un taco) \xrb ma:ts \nse Also possible is the derived <nlo>tema:tsihtok</nlo> \ref 06586 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapani \lxoc tlapani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der Loc \infn N(loc) \seo place on the very top; topmost place (e.g., of a building, or the highest shelf of shelving, etc.) \sso lugar mero arriba; el lugar más arriba (p. ej., sobre un techo, o elúltimo estante de un librero) \xrb pan \qry Determine best way to represent this grammatically and in various fields here. Definitely determine the best translation and characterization. It appears that /tlapani/ is used when no reference is involved in the discourse. \pqry NOTE: determine whether the verb /tlapani/ and this locative /tlapani/ are different. They are most likely equivalent. \grm Locatives: Note the difference between /pani/ and /tlapani/. The latter refers to the final, or topmost place, e.g., the top shelve, the highest floor in a building, etc. \ref 06587 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:ltemolóhtli \lxop tla:ltemolohtli \lxoc tlá:ltemolóhtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(k) \pa yes \seo dust (on a floor, furniture, etc.) \sso polvo (sobre un piso, muebles, etc.) \xrb tla:l \xrb temolok \dis tla:ltehtli; tla:ltemolohtli \nse In Oapan the difference between <no>tla:ltehtli</no> and <nlo>tla:ltemolohtli</nlo> is that the former refers to dust that is stirred up outside by the wind and the latter to dust that is within a space, such as a house. \qry Check possession with /-yo/: ?i:tla:ltemolohyo. Check. \sj Check in SJ \ref 06588 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:ltemolóhyoh \lxoc tlá:ltemolóhyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to be dusty \sso ser polvoroso; estar cubierto de polvo \syno tla:ltekwyoh \xrb tla:l \xrb tehmolok \qry Check pronunciation and orthography. My original filecard had /tla:ltekwioh/, which would have /kw/ as onset. Check for /-yowa/ and if this verb exists (or even a transitive), then perhaps change category in der field. \ref 06589 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mí:ska:xí:xtli \lxoc mí:ska:xí:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seo balls of partially dried up resin or sap of the mesquite tree \sso bolitas de resina o savia parcialmente secas del misquite \sem plant \sem part \equiva a:xi:xmi:skitl \encyctmp barro; kuhtli \xrb mi:ski \xrb a: \xrb xi:x \nae The motivation for pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>mí:ska:xí:xtli</no> is unclear. There appears to be no underlying coda {h} in any of the roots that make up this word, nor is there any obvious reduplicant. Perhaps the only possible analysis is that the initial /a:/ of <no>a:xi:xtli</no> reduplicates in a type of plural marking and that this pitch accent is then shifted to the left. But there is no reason, besides trying to explain pitch accent, to posit a reduplicant and, moreover, such reduplicants (pitch accent on the initial vowel of a vowel-initial stem) never seem to manifest readjustment or shift (cf. <no>nokalté:sól</no> and not * <no>nokálté:sol</no> or * <no>nokálte:sól</no>. \mod Add onomasiological discussion under barro on how ceramics are made, and under /kuhtli/ on the parts of a tree. \mod Add -w/yo inf under kopal and made sure -yo definition is given. \sj Check SJ or sim. dialects for motivation of p-a \grmx Pitch accent; Oapan phonology: The motivation for pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>mí:ska:xí:xtli</no> is unclear. There appears to be no underlying coda {h} in any of the roots that make up this word, nor is there any obvious reduplicant. Perhaps the only possible analysis is that the initial /a:/ of <no>a:xi:xtli</no> reduplicates in a type of plural marking and that this pitch accent is then shifted to the left. But there is no reason, besides trying to explain pitch accent, to posit a reduplicant and, moreover, such reduplicants (pitch accent on the initial vowel of a vowel-initial stem) never seem to manifest readjustment or shift (cf. <no>nokalté:sól</no> and not * <no>nokálté:sol</no>). \ref 06590 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kopalpo:tsahli \lxoc kopalpo:tsahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \seo store-bought copal that is used for incense during religious ceremonies (i.e., <no>íkwá:k tlapo:hwi:lo</no>) \sso copal comprado en las tiendas que se usa para echar incienso durante ceremonias religiosas (esto es, <no>íkwá:k tlapo:hwi:lo</no>) \xrb kopal \xrb po:ts \ref 06591 \lxa tili:nka:sa:lowa \lxac kitili:nka:sa:lowa \lxo tili:nka:sa:lowa \lxoc kitili:nka:sa:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to tie tightly (e.g, a cord around ones arm so that the venom of a scorpion bite doesn't get into the bloodstream, or a sack so that nothing can fall out) \sso amarrar apretadamente (p. ej., un cordón por el brazo para que no se extienda el veneno del piquete de alacrán, o un costal para que nada se le caiga) \xrb tili:n \xrb sa:l \vl There are 4 good female tokens and 3 male ones (one is uttered hoarse and should not be tagged). \ref 06592 \lxa te:ntili:nka:sa:lowa \lxac kite:ntili:nka:sa:lowa \lxo te:ntili:nka:sa:lowa \lxoc kite:ntili:nka:sa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[Part-V2] \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to tightly tie the mouth of (e.g., a sack so that nothing can fall out, or a donkey so that one has control over it with reins of rope) \sso amarrar apretadamente la boca de (p. ej., un costal para que nada se le caiga, o el hocico de un burro con un lazo para poderlo controlar) \xrb te:n \xrb tili:n \xrb sa:l \pqry The 1st female token is a good example of the effective loss of the 3rd-person singular object, there might be a small amount of preglottalization. At any rate, this is not a generalized phonological process, but does occasionally occur as a sort of rapid speech/careless speech phenomenon. \vl There are 3 female tokens and 2 male ones; tag all. However, link the second female token. \grm Oapan phonology; object deletion: The 1st female token is a good example of the effective loss of the 3rd-person singular object, there might be a small amount of preglottalization. At any rate, this is not a generalized phonological process, but does occasionally occur as a sort of rapid speech/careless speech phenomenon. \ref 06593 \lxa mache:teh pia:stli \lxac mache:teh pia:stli \lxo machí:te peyá:stli \lxop machi:teh peyas:stli \lxoc machí:te peyá:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>machete</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 1(s) \seo straight machete \sso machete derecho \sem tool \equiva mache:teh la:rgoh \equivo machí:teh lá:rgoh \ono machete \grm Oapan orthography: With words such as /machi:te peyá:stli/ determine whether to write the /h/, the PA, or both. \xrb peya:s \ref 06594 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:apanka:xowa \lxoa tla:kapanka:xowa \lxoc notla:apanka:xowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo (refl.) for the middle of the back to give in (e.g., a donkey loaded with a heavy carga, or a mule with a bad sore in the middle of its back) \sso (refl.) pandearsele el lomo (p. ej., a un burro a que se le ha subido una carga pesada, una mula con el lomo lastimado conúlceras) \xrb tla:ka \xrb ka:x \xrl -pan \ref 06595 \lxa tlatsatsako:ni \lxac tlatsatsako:ni \lxo tlá:tsekó:ni \lxoa tlá:tsekó:ne \lxoc tlá:tsekó:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seao ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as <spn>elotes</spn> and tamales are cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the <na>tlatsatsakwalo:ni</na> often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle \ssao plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se está cocinando con vapor cosas como elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los <na>tlatsatsako:ni</na> a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio \sem tool-cook \syna tlatsatsakwalo:ni \fla tlatsatsakwalo:ni \xrb tsakwa \xrb ko:n \ref 06596 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mimihlo:tl \lxocpend mimihlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \seo buds (of certain flowers) \sso botones (de ciertas flores) \syna totopoyo \syna xo:chitemimihli \xrb mil \dis xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo \ref 06597 \lxa a:wia:hka:inekwi \lxac ka:wia:hka:inekwi \lxo áwia:ká:inékwi \lxop awia:ka:inekwi \lxoc káwia:ká:inékwi; o:káwia:ká:inék, o:káwia:ká:inékw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \seo to find fragrant; to like the smell of \sso gustarle el olor a; hallar fragrante el olor de \cfa a:wiá:k \cfo áwiá:k \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \xrb hnekwi \nae The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by two syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:ka:ihnekwi}. Note that in the perfective there is no leftward shift of the pitch accent on the first syllable of the verbal compound. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}. \pqry Note re: /káwia:ká:inékwi/; /o:káwia:ká:inék/, and /o:káwia:ká:inékw/: The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by three syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:hka:ihnekwi}. One might have expected, therefore, an additional pitch accented syllable ? <no>káwiá:ká:inékwi</no>, with the pitch accents motivated by underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}. \grmx Oapan phonology: On the lexical DAT tape it is clear that Inocencio Jiménez had difficulty with this word, particularly with the perfective form. More importantly during one pronunciation he gava a final /kw/ rather than /k/. This does not seem to be usual with Florencia Marcelino, but perhaps it is among certain speakers. In the future care should be taken to determine the pronunciation of final /kw/, or underlying {kw} in both perfective verbs and possessed nouns. The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by two syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:ka:ihnekwi}. Note that in the perfective there is no leftward shift of the pitch accent on the first syllable of the verbal compound. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}. \vl There are 3 good female tokens of /káwia:ka:ínekwí/ and then 2 good male tokens. Don't tag the stuttered male token; of the next two, tag both and link the second. Then there follows an attempt to pronounce /o:nikáwia:ká:inék/. Virtually all, if not all the 8 female tokens are good and should be tagged. I think the penultimate might be the best. One should be linked as the second pronunciation. Then there are the male tokens! There are I think 5 (this is apart from the two previous tokens that are the present tense ending in /-kwi/). The first and fourth, I think, are bad. The 2nd and 3rd are somewhat slowly pronounced, tag them but make sure they are not the links. As I heard it, the best for linking is the penultimate; the important thing is the final labialized /k/: /---inekw/. Florencia has a final /k/. Thus final sound file should have two words: present /káwia:ka:ínekwí/ and past, with two pronunciatoins: /onikáwia:ka:ínek/ and /onikáwia:ka:ínekw/. Please ask me if you have any questions. \ref 06598 \lxa i:xtakakone:watia \lxac ki:xtakakone:watia \lxo i:xtakakoné:watiá \lxop i:xtakakone:watia \lxoc ki:xtakakoné:watiáh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to make pregnant out of wedlock \sso dejar a (una mujer) embarazada fuera del matrimonio \xrb i:xtaka \xrb kone: \ref 06599 \lxa tla:ke:wahli \lxac tla:ke:wahli \lxo tla:ke:wahli \lxoc tla:ke:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo hired hand \sso peón \xrb tla:k \xrb e:wa \nse This word is commonly used in Oapan, must less common in Ameyaltepec. \ref 06600 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kó:kotolopóxtik \lxoc a:kó:kotolopóxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \seo to have a big Adam's apple \sso tener una nuez de la garganta grande \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb tolopoch \ref 06601 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kechtolopochyo \lxoc i:kechtolopochyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N2 \se Adam's apple \sso nuez de la garganta \sem body \syna ko:kobande:rah \syna buchih \syna ko:kobuchih \syna ko:koh \syno a:ko:kotolopochyo \xrb kech \xrb tolopoch \ref 06602 \lxa tlaxi:ntli \lxac tlaxi:ntli \lxo tlaxi:ntli \lxoc tlaxi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(n) \seo quaried stone with smooth cut sides \sso cantera \xrb xi:ma \ref 06603 \lxa tsi:ntla:hlo \lxac i:tsi:ntla:hlo \lxo tsi:ntla:hlo \lxoc i:tsi:ntla:hlo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo clumps of moist, muddy earth stuck to the roots of uprooted plants \sso terrones de tierra huméda y lodosa que queda pegado a las raíces de plantas desarraigadas \pno Xtsí:ntsetsélo para ma xi:ni i:tsi:ntla:hlo! \peo Shake its roots (lit., 'bottom') so that the earth that clings to its roots falls off! \pso ¡Sacúdele las raíces (lit., 'base') para que se le caiga la tierra que le estápegada. \syna tsi:ntla:ltesokitl \xrb tsi:n \xrb tla:l \ref 06604 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chikotia \lxoc chikotia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to get crooked (e.g., a drawer that used to close flush but that now has one side sticking slightly out, or, reduplicated as <no>chíchikótia</no> in reference to a bed of cactus rods the edge of which is no longer even, with some rods protruding more than others) \sso ponerse chueco (p. ej., un cajón que antes entraba bien pero que ahora tiene un lado chueco, que sobresale un poco, o, reduplicado como <no>chíchikótia</no>, en reference a una cada de varas que tiene la orilla chueca, con unas varas saliendo más que otras) \xrb chiko \ref 06605 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipantaló:ntlakó:tok \lxop ixipantalo:ntlako:tok \lxoc ixipantaló:ntlakó:tok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pantalón</spn> \psm Stat \com [N-N]-V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seo to have ones pant legs pushed up \sso estar con los pantalones subidos \syno ixikasó:ntlakó:tok \xrb kxi \xrb tlehko: \ref 06606 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikasó:ntlakó:tok \lxop ixikaso:ntlako:tok \lxoc ixikasó:ntlakó:tok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>calzón</spn> \psm Stat \com [N-N]-V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seo to have ones pant legs pushed up \sso estar con los pantalones subidos \syno ixipantaló:ntlakó:tok \xrb kxi \xrb tlehko: \ref 06607 \lxa matlapahlo:tia \lxac nomatlapahlo:tia \lxo mátlapahló:tia \lxop matlapahlo:tia \lxoc nomátlapahló:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to get wings (e.g., the ants known as <nlo>tsi:katl</nlo> that soon after a rain will acquire wings that drop off the following day) \sso (refl.) salirsele alas (p. ej., a las hormigas conocidas como <nlo>tsi:katl</nlo> a que se les salen alitas después de una lluvia para caerse el día siguiente) \equivo mátlapalkí:sa \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse <no>Tsi:kameh</no> are the only insects that have wings that emerge during their lifecycle (i.e., they are not born with wings) \qry Check whether one can also say /kimátlapáhlo:tia/. \ref 06608 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo so:ya:xoxo:hki \lxoc so:ya:xoxo:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seo green palm that has not yet fanned out into the typical pattern (see <nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) \sso palma verde que todavía no se ha abierto en forma de abanico (vé ase <nlo>so:ya:patla:wak</nlo>) \syno yó:lesó:ya:tl \xrb so:ya: \xrb xo: \ref 06609 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo na:natsi:ntia \lxoc kinona:natsi:ntia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \tran +Refl \infv class-2a \seo (refl. with [SO]) to treat and call an elder woman as ones aunt (e.g., a child that plays with another and treats this second child's aunt as his or her own, addressing or referring to her as such) \sso (refl. con [OS]) llamar y tratar como tía (p. ej., un niño que juega con otro y le dice y refiere a la tía de este otro como si fuera su propia tía) \sem kin \cfa ikni:wtia; suwa:wtia; tatia \cfo ihni:htia; siwa:tia; 'tatiá \xrb na:na \nae The phonological length of the first /a:/ in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino is very clear, with her husband Inocencio Jiménez it is less so, but a comparison of the duration of the first and second /a/s strongly suggests a long first vowel. \ref 06610 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipantaló:ntepailowa \lxoc noxipantaló:ntepailowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pantalón</spn> \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2b \syno ixikasó:ntepai:lowa \seo (refl.) to roll ones pants legs up \sso (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb payol \ref 06611 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikasó:ntepailowa \lxoc noxikasó:ntepailowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>calzon</spn> \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo (refl.) to roll ones pants legs up \sso (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones \syno ixipantaló:ntepai:lowa \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb payol \pqry The question as to whether there has been compensatory lengthening of the /i/ in Oapan Nahuatl /tepai:lowa/ is very uncertain. For now, all documented cases of this root (i.e., /tepai:l/) have been written with a long vowel. However, it is very difficult to determine the length of /a/ and /i/ in this sequence. It might be that both should be considered phonemically short, or even long. What is necessary is a complete study of length in words that have this sequence and morphology. \ref 06612 \lxanotes zzz \mod There is a duplicate entry for this verb at 5486. Thus this present entry has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 5486; tag the 4 speech tokens here as 5486 and pick the best there for linking. \ref 06613 \lxa kuwmi:na \lxac kuwmi:na \lxo kohmi:niki \lxoc kikohmi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-3a \seo to prop up with a stick \sso apuntalar con un palo \syna kuwmi:naltia \xrb kow \xrb mi:na \dis kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia \qry Check vowel quality: /koh/ or /kuh/. Determine a standardized expression/orthography. \ref 06614 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlákoma:xá:hli \lxoc tlákoma:xá:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Mod-[N-N] \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo sandbar that appears in the middle of a river that recedes during the dry season \sso barra de arena que aparece al bajarse el rio durante la temporada de secas \xrb tlahko \xrb ma: \xrb xa:l \ref 06615 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlákoma:xa:ltipan \lxoc tlákoma:xá:ltipan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com Mod-N-Loc \der Loc \infn N1(loc) \pa yes-lex-lex \seo on a sandbar that appears in the middle of a river as the water recedes during the dry season \sso sobre una barra de arena que aparece al bajarse el rio durante la temporada de secas \xrb tlahko \xrb ma: \xrb xa:l \xrl -tipan \ref 06616 \lxa tlapepenia \lxac kitlapepenia \lxo tlá:peniá \lxop tlá:penia \lxoc kitlá:peniá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to pick through (sth such as beans to take out stones or chaff, or maize seed to take out that which is bug eaten) \sso revisar (algo como frijoles para sacar piedras y basura, o semilla de maiz para sacar lo carcomido) para sacar lo malo \pno Kitlá:peniátlayo:hli, kiki:xtia yón tsi:nkopi:nki, yón tsi:npostehki. \peo He picks through the maize (seed), he takes out that which has its end missing, which has its end broken off (i.e., in reference to the little part that sticks out of a kernel). \pso Revisa y sacar lo malo de su maíz, a los que les faltan la punta, a los que tienen la punta rota (en referencia a la parte puntiagudo de la semilla). \xrb pe:na \ref 06617 \lxa tsi:nkopi:nki \lxac tsi:nkopi:nki \lxo tsi:nkopi:nki \lxoc tsi:nkopi:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to have its point missing (e.g. a maize kernel); to be missing the bottm of its stem (e.g., a chile missing the part where the stem joins the fruit) \sso no tener su punta (p. ej., una semilla de maíz); faltando su tallito (un chile donde la fruta se junta tener el tallito) \xrb tsi:n \xrb kopi: \ref 06618 \lxa tsi:npostehki \lxac tsi:npostehki \lxo tsi:npostehki \lxoc tsi:npostehki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to have a broken bottom \sso tener la parte posterior o inferior roto \seo to have a broken stem (e.g., chile, a flower, etc.) \sso tener el tallo roto (p. ej., chile, una flor, etc.) \xrb tsi:n \xrb posteki \ref 06619 \lxa ikxitesasa:wa \lxac ikxitesasa:wa \lxo ixité:sá:wa \lxoc ixité:sá:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-N(ap) \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \seo person with legs covered by a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions (often due to lack of cleanliness) \sso persona con la pierna cubierta de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel (que generalmente se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.) \sem disease \cfa sasa:wa; ma:té:sá:wa \xrb kxi \xrb sa:wa \qry Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. \ref 06620 \lxa ma:tesasa:wa \lxac ma:tesasa:wa \lxo ma:té:sá:wa \lxocpend @ma:té:sá:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-N(ap) \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \seo person with arms covered by a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions (often due to lack of cleanliness) \sso persona con el brazo cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel (que generalmente se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.) \sem disease \cfa sasa:wa; ixité:sá:wa \xrb ma: \xrb sa:wa \qry Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Perhaps this was wrongly elicited. \vl This word in the lxoc field was mistakenly given as /ixité:sá:wa/ in the original recording and not recorded. Thus there is no sound file to correspond with /ma:té:sá:wa/. \ref 06621 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipil komich \lxoa ixipil komixtsi:n \lxoc i:xipil komixtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \seo little toe \sso dedo pequeño o meñique del pie \sem body \sem human \equiva ikxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n \xrb xki \xrb pil \xrb xo:koyo: \nse This term is almost always used in the diminutive. \vl There are 5 male tokens, but only the last two are correctly pronounced and should be tagged (and one of these chosen for a link); apparently all five female tokens are correct and should be tagged. I think the 1st token is best for the link. There are 4 additional tokens from 435. These should be tagged as 6621 but given the poor quality of the early recordings these should not be linked. \ref 06622 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komitechi:la:tl \lxoc komitechi:la:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-[N-N] \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo broth with chile and one or various soup bones \sso caldo de chile con uno o más huesos \syna ka:ldoh de omitetl \xrb omi \xrb te \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \ref 06623 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntlaké:sohlí \lxoc tsi:ntlaké:sohlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-adj \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes \seo diapers \sso panales \syna tsi:nkwe:tli \syno a:ma:xtlatl \xrb tsi:n \xrb tlake:n \nae <no>Tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</no> manifests the loss of /n/ before /s/ and, more interestingly, the reduction of the reduplicant of <no>sósohlí</no> onto the long vowel, /e:/, of the preceding nominal stem. The conditions under which long vowels can accept a reduced reduplicant are not well known. This is one of the few cases that has been documented in which the long vowel is part of a stem that does not refer to a body part. \pqry <no>Tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</no> manifests the loss of /n/ before /s/ and, more interestingly, the reduction of the reduplicant of <no>sósohlí</no> onto the long vowel, /e:/, of the preceding nominal stem. The conditions under which long vowels can accept a reduced reduplicant are not well known. This is one of the few cases that has been documented in which the long vowel is part of a stem that does not refer to a body part. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: <no>Tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</no> manifests the loss of /n/ before /s/ and, more interestingly, the reduction of the reduplicant of <no>sósohlí</no> onto the long vowel, /e:/, of the preceding nominal stem. The conditions under which long vowels can accept a reduced reduplicant are not well known. This is one of the few cases that has been documented in which the long vowel is part of a stem that does not refer to a body part. \ref 06624 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwítlayá:k \lxoa kwítlayá:kih \lxoc kwítlayá:keh, kwítlayá:kih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \pss N \der N-Adj \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo ant of the type known as <nlo>a:skatl</nlo> \sso hormiga del tipo conocido como <nlo>a:skatl</nlo> \sem animal \sem insect \equiva a:skatl de momolo:nkeh \encyctmp a:skatl \xrb kwitla \xrb hya: \nse These ants, which don't bite (<no>xte:kwa:nimeh</no>), are very, very small and are so-called because if they get into ones tortillas (left hanging, for example, in the woods) and when the tortillas are heated up, they smell. \nae The name of these ants is, in effect, a plural predicate adjective, hence the part of speech categorization as 'adjective'; however, syntactically the word apparently functions as a noun. There is an alternative plural form <no>kwítlayá:hmeh</no> \ref 06625 \lxa i:xkwa:techakwa:nia \lxac ki:xkwa:techakwa:nia \lxo i:xkwa:techakwa:nia \lxoc ki:xkwa:techakwa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seao to bang or knock (an object [S]) against the forehead of \ssao golpear (un objeto [S]) contra la frente de (algn [O]) \syna i:xkwa:tewia \syno i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb chakwa: \qry Check meaning whether it refers to banging something against the forehead of [O] or 'to bang [O] with ones forehead.' \ref 06626 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia \lxop i:xkwa:tsatsi:tia \lxoc ki:xkwá:tsatsí:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to bang or knock (an object [S]) against the forehead of \sso golpear (un objeto [S]) contra la frente de (algn [O]) \pno Ay! o:ne:chi:xkwá:tsatsítih tso:tso:kohli, tlía xma:s tlahpak o:tpiloh? \peo Ay! the water jug smashed me on the forehead! Why didn't you hang it higher up? \pso ¡Ay, el cántaro me dióen la frente!¿Por quéno lo colgaste más arriba? \syna i:xkwa:tewia \syno i:xkwa:techakwa:nia \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tsahtsi \grmx Pitch accent: Note the pattern of pitch accent in /ki:xkwá:tsatsí:tia/. If we assume that {h} produces high pitch in the preceding syllable, then the surface form manifests readjustment and leftward shift. \ref 06627 \lxa xa:xa:yakatl \lxac xaxa:yakatl \lxo xa:xa:yakatl \lxoc xa:xa:yakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn Stem 2 \se horsefly \ss tábano \sem animal \sem insect \xrb xa:yaka \nae The penultimate /a/ is apparently fronted and raised in the pronunciation of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Nevertheless, pending further study it has been recorded as /a/ in the orthography. Note that according to Cristino Flores there is no difference in pronunciation between <na>xaxa:yakatl</na> meaning 'mask' and <na>xa:xa:yakatl</na> meaning 'horsefly.' However, the Nahuatl word for 'horsefly' is seldom used in Ameyaltepec and it is likely that Cristino Flores heard it elsewhere and may have equivocated in the vowel length. \cpl Schoenhals (1988:228) says of the tábano:"(Fam: Tabanidae, <na>e.g., Tabanus atratus</na>) 'horse fly' Medium to large in size. Females are bloodsucking but males feed on flowers. Also called mosca caballo, moscardón."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give <n>xaxa:ya:katsin</n> for the <n>tábano</n>. \vl The first token, female, is mistaken. It is <no>xáxa:yákatl</no>, with pitch accent and a short initial vowel, and should be tagged at 5927. The following 4 tokens are correct and should be tagged as 6627. There is also an additional female token for /xa:xa:yakatl/ at 5927, and this should be tagged as 6627. \ref 06628 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlákosa:lówa \lxop tlakosa:lowa \lxoc kitlákosa:lówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to tie (a strap, cloth, etc. [Obl]) around the waist of \ss atar (una tela, tirante, etc. [Obl]) por la cintura de \syna tlakotia:nsa:lowa \syno tlákotia:nsa:lówa \xrb tlahko \xrb sa:l \grm Reflexivity; valency; transitivity; middle voice; possessor raising; noun incorporation: There are several verbs that indicate an activity or action that takes place involving a material object that is part of ones clothes or similarly attached to the body. Note the case of /nokoto:na/. I believe there is another word involving tying. What is interesting about these forms is that the reflexive is not a patient but rather a middle voice form. Thus, for example, /koto:na/ can be an active verb, and as such the marked object is the patient. An example would be /kikoto:na/ 'he snaps it (e.g., a rope).' But with /nokoto:na noburroh/ the agentivity is reduced since there is no overt patient. The case of /te:nsa:lowa/ and /tlakotia:nsa:lowa/ is slightly different, since these in all cases take an object that is in a sense a benefactive. Thus /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I will tie [X] around his mouth' the construction is really like possessor raising with a transitive verb, since the object is the poss essor of the incorporated noun. Cf. to /nikma:tlatia/ 'I burn him on the arm' (i.e., 'I arm-burn him') to /nikte:nsa:lowa/ 'I tied him on the mouth' (i.e., 'I mouth-tie him'). When used reflexively, what simply occurs is that the possessor is coreferent with the subject/agent (e.g., /nimote:nsa:lowa/, 'I tie (sth, expressed obliquely, around) my mouth.' Here there is no difference between the reflexive and the transitive /kite:nsa:lowa/ since both have the same thematic role for the object (possessor of IN). With /koto:na/, however, the situation is different. Note also that the incorporated noun in this case is an obligatorily possessed noun ending in /-ya:n/. The fact that the incorporated noun must be possessed is interesting. Finally, note the oblique theme: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/ 'Women also have their cloth band that they tie around their waist.' It is interesting that the reflexive is in essence a benefactive and /tlakotia:n/ is the place/locative w h ere the event takes place. \ref 06629 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo íská:pan \lxoa íská:pah \lxoc íská:pah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \pss Adv \com Part-Rel \der N(rel) \pa yes-lex \seo right away; in a jiffy \sso luego luego; rápidamente; pronto \equiva isika:pan \equivo ísihká:pan \xrb hsi \xrl -pan \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06630 \mod Entry for /kohtexina:xtli/ has here been removed. \vl Tag the male tokens of /i:kohtexina:ch/ here as 6630, but do not link. The word is a vulgar reference to 'semen' and has been removed from the dictionary. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06631 \lxa kaxti:la:n yetl \lxac kaxti:la:n yetl \lxo kaxti:la:yetl \lxoc kaxti:la:yetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>Castilla</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn Stem 2 \seo dried bean of the type that grows on maize planted in a milpa, in Spanish known as <spn>ejote seco</spn> or 'dried string bean \sso frijol seco del tipo que crece sobre los tallos del maíz sembrado en una milpa, conocido en español como el ejote seco \sem plant \sem domesticated \equiva kaxti:ltsi:n \encyctmp yetl \xrb ye \nse When still green the <no>kaxti:la:yetl</no> (bean and pod) is called <na>yexo:tl</na>, in Spanish <spn>ejote</spn>. The word <na>kaxti:la:yetl</na>, however, refers to the dried bean which comes from the <no>yexo:tl</no>. The term for this type of bean (called <spn>frijol</spn> chino) in Ameyaltepec is more commonly <nla>kaxti:ltsi:n</nla>. This is also used in Oapan, but less often. \qry Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>frijol chino</spn>. \vl Link first male token. \qry Note that under /yepa:paya:n/ I don't mention this as being used. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/.Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. Finally, all the foods listed in the /nte field have their own entry except /anjolín ika mo:hli/. This should be checked. \ref 06632 \lxa ko:tsmatiltik \lxac ko:tsmatiltik \lxo ko:tsmatiltik \lxoc ko:tsmatiltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a bad leg that is dragged behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) \ss tener una pierna mala que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) \se to be always tripping over ones own leg \ss estar constantemente tropezando con la propia pierna \apa ko:tsmatil \xrb ko:ts \xrb matil \qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. This might be in error. \ref 06633 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nexkwi \lxocpend @nexkwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to put ash or soot on the forehead of (sb) for Ash Wednesday \sso poner ceniza o hollín en la frente de (algn) para Miércoles de Ceniza \syna i:xkwa:teposwia \cfo nexkurustsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepos \nse Note the use of <nla>teposwia</nla> here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.' \ref 06634 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlase:wia:ntilia \lxoc kitlase:wia:ntilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to cast a shadow on; to create shade around (e.g., a person, material object, clouds, etc.) \sso echar una sombra a (p. ej., una persona, objeto material, nubes, etc.) \xrb se: \ref 06635 \lxa xokonono:tsa \lxac kixokonono:tsa \lxo xokó:nó:tsa \lxoc kixokó:nó:tsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to brag or boast to (particularly about doing sth that one cannot do, or about having sth that one does not have); to talk big to; to make promises to and not deliver; to mislead (sb) with ones words \sso alardear (a algn) jactándose que va a hacer algo que no puede, o de tener algo que no tiene; fantochear, jactarse, prometiendo cosas que no puede cumplir; engañar con palabras \equiva kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb xoko \xrb no:tsa \qry This word I have only heard with the reduplicated verbal root in the sense of"to talk with". Check. Check wether /kopaxokononootsa/ remains dict. \ref 06636 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tli:ltsi:n \lxoc tli:ltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \seo blackish \sso algo negro \xrb tli:l \nse This is a diminutive of <no>tli:ltik</no>. \mod This was originally mistakenly considered a bird and given an entry; it is a diminutive of /tli:ltik/ and should be removed. \grm Diminutives: Note how \ref 06637 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo omi:lkohtli \lxoc omi:lkohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seo dried corn stalk \sso tallo de maíz; huasol \sem plant \sem part \syna mi:lowatl \syna to:powatl \encyctmp mi:hli \xrb owa \xrb mi:l \xrb kow \nse According to several consultants in Oapan <nlo>mi:hli</nlo> refers to the corn plant in its entirety, before it dries. <no>Omi:lkohtli</no> refers to the dried stalk that is left in the field after harvest and which can be used in fencing for <nlo>china:ntli</nlo>. Finally, <nlo>omi:hli</nlo> refers to the stalk (<spn>tallo</spn>) itself, particularly when the plant is still green. Thus one might say of a maize plant: <no>ye kipiya i:omi:hlo</no> 'it already has its stalk' in the sense that the plant has grown high enough to manifest a stalk. In Ameyaltepec <nla>mi:lowatl</nla>, as well as <nla>to:kowatl</nla> were said to refer the part of the maize plant from the elotes below, with no distinction by time, dryness, etc. Another definition gives this to be the part of the maize plant after harvest, or during the growth of the <na>mi:hli</na>, located below the <na>i:tiyo:l</na>. The source of the initial /o/ in the Oapan word is not clear, but it is probably related to <n>owatl</n>. \qry Determine exactly the part of the stalk referred to. Also important is a determination in the phrase /ompa noka:wa imi:lowayo/ what the possessive prefix references. It would be strange if it referenced the /mi:hli/ since this is part of the noun itself, i.e., as a process of possessor raising, it has already been 'raised.' In the previous example, the possessor seems to refer to the mazorca, i.e., /sintli wan imi:lowayo/. Check to determine if unpossessed form exists. \mod See the illustrative diagram with /mi:hli/. \ref 06638 \lxa tlaxtekio:tl \lxac tlaxtekio:tl \lxo tlaxtekihlo:tl \lxoc tlaxtekihlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 2 \seo something robbed \sso algo robado \equiva tlaxtektli \xrb xteki \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 06639 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:í:také:tl \lxoc te:í:také:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo visitor (from the same village, i.e., <no>cha:neh</no>) \sso visita (del mismo pueblo, <no>cha:neh</no>) \cfa yekoke:tl \cfo yékoká:tl \xrb ta \ref 06640 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mápil kómich \lxoa mápil komíxtsi:n \lxoc í:mapil kómich \lxocpend i:mápil komíxtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seo pinky \sso dedo meñique \sem body \sem human \equiva mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n \cfo ixipil komich \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb xo:koyo: \nse <no>Mápil kómich</no> is almost always used in the diminutive: <no>mápil komíxtsi:n</no>. \nae The pitch accent in this complex noun is due to the coda {h} at the end of the first syllable of the nominal head: {mahpil}. Note, however, the leftward shift of the pitch accent on the syllable <no>má</no> occurs with the non-diminutive form <no>í:mapil kómich</no> whereas with the diminutive <no>i:mápil komíxtsi:n</no> has the pitch accent on the same syllable with coda {h}. The reason for the shift is not clear, but apparently it is also correct to maintain the pitch accent on the initial stem syllable: ? <no>i:mápil kómich</no>. \pqry Note: The pitch accent in this complex noun is due to the coda {h} at the end of the first syllable of the nominal head: {mahpil}. Note, however, the leftward shift of the pitch accent on the syllable <no>má</no> occurs with the non-diminutive form <no>í:mapil kómich</no> whereas with the diminutive <no>i:mápil komíxtsi:n</no> has the pitch accent on the same syllable with coda {h}. The reason for the shift is not clear, but apparently it is also correct to maintain the pitch accent on the initial stem syllable: ? <no>i:mápil kómich</no>. \grmx Oapan pitch accent; reassignment: The pitch accent in this complex noun is due to the coda {h} at the end of the first syllable of the nominal head: {mahpil}. Note, however, the leftward shift of the pitch accent on the syllable <no>má</no> occurs with the non-diminutive form <no>í:mapil kómich</no> whereas with the diminutive <no>i:mápil komíxtsi:n</no> has the pitch accent on the same syllable with coda {h}. The reason for the shift is not clear, but apparently it is also correct to maintain the pitch accent on the initial stem syllable: ? <no>i:mápil kómich</no>. \ref 06641 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih \lxoa i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih \lxoc i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih; i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \seo to have small eyes \sso tener los ojos pequeños \equiva i:xte:npi:pitik \syna i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \syno i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pi \nse Virtual equivalent of <na>i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik</na>. \nae Although the most common form is <no>i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih</no>, with the reduplication of the diminutive ending, the reduplicated form (with no coda {h}) is also at times, though less often, used: <no>i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih</no>. Florencia Marcelino stated that she never used the reduplicated diminutive; her husband used both forms. \qry Check the length of the first /i:/ in /pi:pitik/. If the reduplication with long vowel is correct, make a note for the grammar. \vl Note that the 1st male token is /i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih/. Florencia Marcelino only utters /i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih/. The final sound file should run F and M /i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih/ and then simply male /i:xte:mpitika:tsitsi:ntih/. Thus there should be 3 tokens in all. \ref 06642 \lxa pioko:hke:tl \lxac pioko:hke:tl \lxo pioko:hke:tl \lxoc pioko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo chicken-buyer \sso comprador de pollos \xrb kowa \qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/. \ref 06643 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo palo:maxko:hke:tl \lxoc palo:maxko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>paloma</spn> \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo pidgeon-buyer \sso comprador de palomas \xrb kowa \nae Vowel duration in the borrwed term <no>palo:max</no> varies somewhat, but the most consistent pattern seems to be with a long /o:/, as indicated in the headword. \qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/. \ref 06644 \lxa chi:boko:hke:tl \lxacpend chi:boko:hke:tl \lxo chí:boko:hke:tl \lxoc chí:boko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>chivo</spn> \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo goat-buyer \sso comprador de chivos \xrb kowa \nae The /b/ in intervocalic context achieves the same voiced fricative status it does in Spanish; by convention the Spanish orthography is here used. \qry Determine whether the form in /-ki/ is possible. Also, recheck final sequence /ko:hke:tl/ since I originally had /-ko:wke:tl/. \pqry Check nature of bilabial fricative. With Inocencio it seems at times to have a /w/ quality. Check. \ref 06645 \lxa yewalkorra:ltia \lxac kiyewalkorra:ltia \lxo yewalkorra:ltia \lxoc kiyewalkorra:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>corral</spn> \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seo to enclose (an area with a fence, e.g., so that animals don't enter) \sso cercar; encerrar (unaárea con una cerca, p. ej., para que los animales no se metan) \syna yewaltsakwa \xrb yewal \vl The first male token is stuttered and should not be tagged. \ref 06646 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapalo:te:ka \lxoc kitlapalo:te:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to lay (sth such as a cross-rod in wooden fencing) across horizontally \sso colocar (algo como un travesano de una cerca) horizontalmente \xrb tlapalo: \xrb te:ka \qry Check meaning as this word was entered and recorded, but there was no meaning associated. \ref 06647 \lxa tlapalo:westok \lxac tlapalo:westok \lxo tlapalo:westok \lxoc tlapalo:westok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc Mod-V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seo to be lying across horizontally (but apparently off the ground) \sso estar tirado horizontalmente (pero no sobre el suelo) \xrb tlapalo: \xrb wetsi \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06648 \lxa ye:ltsakwa \lxac noye:ltsakwa \lxo ye:ltsakwa \lxoc kiye:ltsakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \seo to close off (e.g., the opening that allows people to pass between one house and another) \sso cerrarle el paso (p. ej., de un pasillo que permite que la gente pase entre una casa y otra) \xrb ye:l \xrb tsakwa \qry Check meaning as I have added this from my recollection only. \ref 06649 \lxa tla:lna:miki \lxac i:wa:n notla:lna:miki \lxo tla:lna:miki \lxoc i:wa:n notla:lna:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(k) \seo (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n> [noun]) to have land bordering on that of (another person [noun] expressed as [Obl]) \sso (refl. + <n>-wa:n</n> [sustantivo]) tener tierra que linda con (la de otra persona [sustantivo] expresado como [Obl]) \synao ma:na:miki \xrb tla:l \xrb na:miki \qry Check to see if this verb can be used in non-reflexive form, and meaning. Check transitive and causative possibilities. \rt Recheck root analysis for /na:miki/, and other words with /na:-/ beginning. \ref 06650 \lxa to:mokuwtli \lxac to:mokuwtli \lxo tó:mokóhtli \lxoc tó:mokóhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \pa yes-lex \se generic name for cactus, with prickly pear fruit \ss nombre genérico para cactaceae, con tuna como fruta \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb to:moh \xrb kow \nse It is still not completely clear if this is a generic term for large cactii or whether it refers to a specific species. \nct to:motli \qry Check exact meaning; it is not clear. \ref 06651 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry of 6533, /yó:litlakówa/, and has therefore been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This record is a duplicate of 6533, therefore tag the speech tokens here as 6533. \ref 06652 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been removed; it was blank in the original database except for /pi/. Thus it might have been the entry for the vulgar term used by women, /pih/, which is 6304. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 06653 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tótlí \lxoc tótlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex-lex \seo type of falcon, apparently the peregrine falcon, <l>Falco peregrinus tundrius</l> \sso tipo de halcón, aparentemente el <l>Falco peregrinus tundrius</l> o algo muy cercano \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 13, p. 218 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb toh \ref 06654 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chiá:chiá:tl \lxoc chiá:chiá:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-l \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of Orange Oriole, probably the Streak-backed Oriole, <l>Icterus pustulatus</l> or a closely related species; it makes a hanging nest \sso tipo de"Orange Oriole,"proablemente el"Streak-backed Oriole," <l>Icterus pustulatus</l> o una especie cercana; construye un nido colgante \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 67, 69, pp. 748, 750 \sem animal \sem bird \equiva che:che:tl \equiva ichkakukwintsi:n \xrb chia: \vl Do not tag 1st male token, which is stuttered. There are thus 3 female and 2 male tokens total. \cpl Schoenhals (1988:391) gives several birds with the word <na>cheje</na>, all of which seem to refer to types of woodpeckers. She also give <na>chej-chej</na>, <na>Cyanocitta stelleri</na> or Steller's jay, cross-referenced with the azulejo ocotero, another name for Steller's jay:"Common, 5-13,000 in the pines of the mountains. Usually solitary. A rich blue in color. Has a high blacksih crest and a very loud call. Also called arrendajo, azulejo, copetón, cuauhgallito, cháchara, cháchara copetona, chara ocotera, chej-chej, cheje, gallito [in Michoacán], querre-querre"(p. 366). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'sinsontli.' \nct to:to:tl \ref 06655 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tebie:joh \lxoc tebie:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>viejo</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \infn N1 \se large, round boulder \ss roca grande y redonda \syna teololtetl \syno tewe:weh \xrb te \qry Recheck vowel length. I did not have this in my original notes from Am, but given my understanding of the use of /bie:joh/ this might be correct. Check. \ref 06656 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tewe:weh \lxoc tewe:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \seo large, round boulder \sso roca grande y redonda \syna tebie:joh \syna teololtetl \syno tebie:joh \xrb te \xrb we:weh \ref 06657 \lxa papayoti \lxac papayoti \lxo pápayótí \lxop papayoti \lxoc pápayótí; tí:páyotís \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>tí:páyotís</no> \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex; yes-deriv \seo to become crazy, having lost ones senses \sso quedar loco; habiendo perdido los estribos \equiva kwa:papayotia \xrb pahpa \nae The etymology of <na>kwa:papayoh</na> is not apparent, and it is classified as a denominal adjective even though the nominal base is not immediately apparent. The <n>kwa:-</n> element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival <n>-yoh</n> are transparent. This leaves <n>papa</n>, which, like <nla>papayoh</nla> and related forms, is not attested in any of the sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the unreduplicated form would be <n>pa</n>, which is also unattested. Nor is there a nominal form * <n>papatl</n> or * <n>patl</n>. It is conceivable that <na>papayoh</na> derives from a reinterpretation of <nla>pa:ya:tl</nla>, which has a similar meaning in combination (e.g., <nla>kwa:pa:ya:tl</nla>), but this interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of <na>kwa:papayoh</na> and <na>papayoh</na>, as well as all related derivations, needs to be examined. \mod Note that there are two forms: /payoh/ indicates craziness. In Oapan this is generally used as a verb ending in /-ti/ and perhaps other forms should be removed from the next version of the dictionary. This word should be compared to /papa:ya:tik/ which indicates foolishness. Correct all entries. \qry Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc. \pqry For a long time I have assumed that words such as Oapan /pápayótí/ were underlyingly {pahpayohti}. However, they might be {pahpahyoti}. If this is the case, then all the root xrefs for these words should be changed from /pahpa/ to /pahpah/. Check in San Juan. Indeed, if the root is /pahpah/ this might explain the meaning as 'drugged' i.e., having been affected by /pahtli/. \grmx Oapan phonoloyg; reduplication; pitch accent: The word /pápayótí/ is interesting in that it manifests 3 pitch accented syllables in one word (predicate). Two of the pitch accents derive from underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Unfortunately, it is not clear where the underlying {h} is. Certainly one is in the reduplicant: {pah}. However, the other may either be part of the verbal stem {pahyoti} from {pah} the root for medicine/poison, or it might be from the adjectival ending {yoh}. Only comparative evidence from San Juan or other villages will determine whether the underlying form is {pahpahyoti} or {pahpayohti}. The former seems, in fact, more likely. If so all root analyses for this word should be changed to {pah}. \sj pahpahyoti or pahpayohti. Check. \ref 06658 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaxkalpoye:k \lxoa tlaxkalpoye:htsi:n \lxoc tlaxkalpoye:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo type of <spn>gordita</spn> or <spn>memela</spn> made of <nlo>tixtli</nlo> and salt, and occasionally some lard, often taken as food on long trips given that it does not spoil \sso tipo de gordita o memela de masa y sal, y a veces un poquito de manteca, que a menudo se llevan en los viajes dado que no se echa a perder \sem food \equiva popoye:ktsi:n \xrb xka \xrb poye: \ref 06659 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:mayoh \lxoc xa:mayoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have a thin skin covering at birth (e.g., babies and just born mammals) \sso tener una delgada capa de piel (los niños y otras mamalias recién nacidas) \nse Although this has not been documented unpossessed, it seems to derive from <nr>i:x</nr> and <nr>a:ma</nr>, literally 'face paper/covering.' \qry In my original notes I have recorded that there is no initial /i/ in this word, as witnessed by the fact that the form I finally elicited was /xa:mayo:tl/, not /i:xa:mayo:tl/. Nevertheless, this form was only elicited with great difficulty and is obviously not used in conversation. Moreover, the nominal form here seems to be closely related to /i:xa:mia/, the verb. Check. \vl The first two tokens are /i:xa:mayo/ with a final glottal stop. These should be tagged as #6090. The next 4 tokens are correctly pronounced with final aspiration, which is the entry here. They should be tagged as 6659. \mod Note that this was apparently mistakenly recorded as /i:xa:mayoh/. This should be rerecorded. \ref 06660 \lxa kone:tlatowa \lxac kone:tlatowa \lxo koné:tlatówa \lxop kone:tlatowa \lxoc koné:tlatówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to speak like a child (said of adults or young adolescents) \sso hablar como un niño (dicho de adultos o jovenes adolescentes) \sem sound-human \cfa kone:tsatsi \xrb kone: \xrb hto \qry Check for causative. \ref 06661 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been eliminated as a repeat. \dt 24/Apr/2002 \ref 06662 \lxa peya:wa \lxaa nopeya:wa \lxo peya:wa \lxoa nopeya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to let slide \ss dejar deslizarse \pna Xikpeya:wa pan moma! \pea Let it slide down your arm (e.g., a heavy sack)! \psa ¡Déjalo caer (deslizarse) por tu brazo (p. ej., un costal pesado)! \seao (refl.) to slip, to slide (e.g., off a slippery surface); to let oneself slide off (e.g., a slippery surface) \ssao (refl.) deslizarse, resbalarse, dejarse resbalar \seo (refl.) to flow or fall off an inclined surface (e.g., water off of a sloped roof, a cloak, etc.) \sso (refl.) correrse o deslizarse hacia abajo sobre la superficie de una inclinación (p. ej., agua que corre por un techo inclinado, o por un capote) \mod This was an entry for Oapan /peya:wa/, but no examples, definitions, etc. were given. It was stated taht this was an obligatorily reflexive verb. This should be checked \ref 06663 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepéchikó:tik \lxoc tepéchikó:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes-lex \seo to be extremely thin; to be wasted (a man, having lost a lot of weight) \sso estar demacrado; estar muy delgado (por falta de alimentación) \xrb tepeh \xrb chiko: \nae The etymology of Oapan <no>tepéchikó:tik</no> is not entirely clear. A preliminary analysis of {tepeh + chiko: + tik} is suggested, pending further analysis. \sj Check for /h/: /tepehchiko:tik/ or /tepechihko:tik/? \ref 06664 \lxa kopa:ktsakwa \lxac nokopa:ktsakwa \lxo kopa:htsakwa \lxoc nokopa:htsakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(kw) \seo (refl.) to become hoarse \sso (refl.) quedarse o ponerse ronco; cerrarsele a la gargante a \syna kextsakwa \xrb kopa: \xrb tsakwa \xrl -ko \qry Check to see if possibly used in non-reflexive form. Also check for transitive/causative forms. Finally, since I had once recorded this as /kechtsakwa/, the use of /ch/ or /x/ should be checked. \ref 06665 \lxa aija:doh \lxac aija:doh \lxo aija:doh \lxocpend @aija:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan ahijado(a) \psm N \der N-loan \infn Gender; N0/2; Aln(0=2) \seao godchild \ssao ahijado, ahijada \equivo kompa:lkone:tl \nse This can be a vocative for godchild (male/female). It also may be used in the possessed form, with all possessive prefixes: <na>noaija:doh</na> 'my godson.' In Oapan this is a loan that is fully recognized as such. The Nahuatl term <no>kompa:lkone:tl</no> is used in fully Nahuatl discourse. \qry Make sure this can be used as a vocative. \ref 06666 \lxa ikxike:ketsi:hli \lxacpend ikxike:ketsi:l \lxo ixike:ketsí:hli \lxoc i:xi:ké:ketsí:l \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn Stem 3 \seo narrow part of the leg above the heel and below the calf \sso la parte angosta de la pierna, arriba del talón y abajo de la pantorilla \sem body \syna ke:ketsi:l \syno ké:ketsí:l \xrb kehtsi \nse This word refers to the narrow part of the leg immediately above the heel, where the strap of a sandle passes. \qry RS glosses /quequetsolli/ as referring to the heel itself. In one entry I have noted that the vowel length is definite as recorded (three long vowels). However, if derived from /-ketsa/ as probable at least the second vowel should be short. Recheck vowel length. In Oapan ithe middle vowel is definitely short. \ref 06667 \lxa te:to:kake:h \lxac te:to:kake:h \lxo te:to:kake:tl \lxoc te:to:kake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [ <n>te:</n> -V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo undertaker; person who is in charge of burying people \sso director de funeraria; persona encargada de enterrar a la gente \xrb to:ka \ref 06668 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kochpe:wia \lxof [koch pe: 'wi a] \lxoc kikochpe:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seo (+ <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa) [verbal predicate]) to do ([verbal predicate]) to keep (sb) from falling asleep \sso (+ <na>ika</na> (Am) / <no>ya</no> (Oa) [predicado verbal]) hacer ([predicado verbal]) para ahuyentar el sueño a (algn) \xrb pe:wa \nse <no>Kochpe:wiya</no> can also be used reflexively with an oblique having the sense of doing something to keep oneself from sleeping. \ref 06669 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tláxitília \lxop tlaxitilia \lxoc kitláxitília \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to wake up the child of \sso despertar el niño de \pno Ma: xnawatika:n, nine:xtláxitilí:skeh! \sound_ref_Oa 06669_01_oa \peo Don't make noise, you're going to wake my child up! \pso ¡No hagan ruido, me van a despertar a mi niño! \xrb ísá \xvba tlaxitia \xvbo tláxitiá \ref 06670 \lxa pitsonamakake:tl \lxaa pitsonemakake:tl \lxac pitsonamakake:tl \lxo pitsonema:ke:tl \lxoa pitsonama:ke:tl \lxoc pitsonema:ke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who sells pigs \sso persona que vende marranos \xrb pitso \xrb namaka \ref 06671 \lxa kwa:xnamakake:tl \lxaa kwa:xnemakake:tl \lxac kwa:xnamakake:tl \lxo kwa:xnema:ke:tl \lxoa kwa:xnama:ke:tl \lxoc kwa:xnema:ke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who sells saddle pads \sso persona que vende colchas de palma para burros y mulas \xrb kwa:x \xrb namaka \pqry Previous and comparative evidence suggests that the first /a:/ is long phonologically. However, the duration of this vowel is not that long; this adds to the problem of measuring the length of vowels after a labialized velar, /kw/. The length here of /kwa:x/ should be rechecked, and the root should be examined in a variety of contexts. \ref 06672 \lxa wa:xnamakake:tl \lxaa wa:xnemakake:tl \lxac wa:xnamakake:tl \lxo wa:xnemake:tl \lxoa wa:xnamake:tl \lxoc wa:xnemake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>vaca</spn> \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seao person who sells <spn>guajes</spn> \ssao persona que vende guajes \seo person who sells cattle (Oapan equivalent: <nlo>wa:kaxnemake:tl</nlo>) \sso persona que vende ganado (equivalente en Oapan: <nlo>wa:kaxnemake:tl</nlo>) \xrb wa:kax \xrb namaka \nse Given that many Oapan Nahuatl speakers abbreviate <no>wa:kax</no> to <no>wa:x</no>, which is homophonous with the root of <no>wa:xin</no>, the nominalized compound <no>wa:xnema:ke:tl</no> acquires two significations: a seller of <spn>guajes</spn> and a seller of cattle. \ref 06673 \lxa ye:lo:namakake:tl \lxaa ye:lo:nemakake:tl \lxac ye:lo:namakake:tl \lxo ye:lo:nema:ke:tl \lxoa ye:lo:nama:ke:tl \lxoc ye:lo:nema:ke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who sells elotes \sso vendedor de elotes \xrb ye:lo: \xrb namaka \ref 06674 \lxa xo:chinamakake:tl \lxaa xo:chinemakake:tl \lxac xo:chinamakake:tl \lxo xo:chinema:ke:tl \lxoa xo:chinama:ke:tl \lxoc xo:chinema:ke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who sells flowers \sso vendedor de flores \xrb ye:lo: \xrb namaka \ref 06675 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:pitsahko \lxoc a:pitsahko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \com N-Loc \der N-loc-? \infn N1(loc) \seo small stream of water that is left between a sandbar and the bank during the dry season \sso arroyito de agua que se corre en una vara de arena y la ribera del río durante la temporada de secas \syno a:pitsahtli \xrb a: \xrb pitsa: \xrl -ko \qry Check for /tla:lpitsahko/. \pqry The problem of duration of initial vowels is here illustrated. Florencia Marcelino has lengths of 78 and 84 ms; Inocencio Jiménez of 86 and 104 ms. Clearly with Florencia it would be hard to inequivocably state that the initial vowel is phonologically long. Probably a study should be conducted of the morpheme /a:/, one of the most common in Nahuatl, in different contexts. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06676 \lxa sentekone:tl \lxac i:sentekone:w \lxo sentekone:tl \lxoc sentekone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo (usually poss.) beloved child; dear child \sso (generalmente pos.) querido hijo \xrb sen \xrb te \xrb kone: \ref 06677 \lxa tsi:npitsaktik \lxac tsi:npitsaktik \lxo tsi:npitsahtik \lxoc tsi:npitsahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to have a small or tapered base \sso tener la base o parte inferior delgada \xrb tsi:n \xrb pitsa: \ref 06678 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a duplicate entry for Oapan Nahuatl /kóhtamó:ltsi:n/, 6345. It has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the 4 words here as 6345 since this present entry duplicates taht of 6345. \ref 06679 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo weli:pan \lxoa weli:pah \lxop weli:pan \lxoc we:li:pan, weli:pah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \pss N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo at a good hour (e.g., in the morning, early, or in the afternoon, when there is still a lot of daylight) \sso en buena hora (p. ej., en la mañana, temprano, o en la tarde cuando todavía hay mucha luz) \seo late afternoon when there is still a lot of light left \sso en la tarde (como de las tres a las cuatro, más o menos) cuando todavía hay mucha luz \pno Tontla:lkwitiwetsiskeh, a:mantsi:n oh weli:pantsi:n. \peo We're going to go get some earth (for ceramics), it's still light out. \pso Vamos a ir a conseguir tierra (para la cerámica), todavía queda bastante luz. \xrb wel \xrl -pan \nae The word <no>weli:pan</no> is of unusual construction. It is considered a single word, though it is apparently made up of an adverbial marker (<no>wel</no>) and a possessed relational noun (<no>i:pan</no>). The entire phrase seems to function nominally to indicate a time in the late afternoon; it has been documented only preceded by the adverbial <no>ok</no> 'still.' Although the final /n/ often reduces to final aspiration, it appears clearly in the diminutive, <no>weli:pantsi:n</no>. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male token. \ref 06680 \lxanotes zzz \lxo te:nkokaxpale:wia \lxof [te:n ko kax pa le: 'wi a] \lxoc note:nkokaxpale:wia \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \com N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to rest ones chin in ones hand \sso (refl.) descansar o sostener la barba en la mano (p. ej., para apoyarse) \xrb te:n \xrb kax \xrb pale: \xrl -ko \ref 06681 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lchi:koyahko \lxoc tla:lchi:koyahko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-ko \infn N1(loc) \se place where the land has a hole in it (e.g., because an animal has dug a hole that has collapsed) \ss lugar donde hay un pocito o agujero (p. ej., porque un animal ha excavado abajo de la tierra y se hundió, tal vez porque algo o algn pisó arriba) \equiva tla:lchi:koyahka:n \xrb tla:l \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \xrl -ko \ref 06682 \lxa i:xtlamaxtia \lxac ki:xtlamaxtia \lxo í:xtlamáxtia \lxop í:xtlamaxtia \lxoc kí:xtlamáxtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to teach the lay of the land to; to take around and show places on the land's surface to (i.e., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.) \ss enseñar bien el terreno a; recorrer la tierra con para enseñar (en su aspecto geográfico, p. ej., donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.) \syna tla:lmamaxtia \xrb i:x \xrb mati \nse The Oapan form is apparently based on the reduplication of a vowel-initial verbal stem: <no>i:xtlamati</no>. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec equivalent shows reduplication on the verbal stem <na>maxtia</na>, the Oapan form reduplicates the incorporated nominal stem <no>i:x</no>. \vl The first female token is mispronounced and should not be tagged. \grm Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form is apparently based on the reduplication of a vowel-initial verbal stem: <no>i:xtlamati</no>. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec equivalent shows reduplication on the verbal stem <na>maxtia</na>, the Oapan form reduplicates the incorporated nominal stem <no>i:x</no>. \ref 06683 \lxa ye:rbah \lxac ye:rbah \lxo ye:rbah \lxoc ye:rbah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan yerba \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se fungus or infection that affects animals on the mouth, hooves, etc. \ss hongos o una infección que afecta a los animales en la boca, pata, etc. \qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines. \ref 06684 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixiyé:rbayóh \lxoc ixiyé:rbayóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>yerba</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes \seo to have a fungus or infection on the leg or hoof (an animal such as a horse, mule, burro, etc.) \sso tener hongos o una infección en la pata (un animal como caballo, mula, burro, etc.) \cfa ye:rbah \xrb kxi \qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines. \pqry The length of the vowels in this word are not clear. Check with phonetician. \ref 06685 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tá:tamalówa \lxop tá:tamalowa \lxoc kitá:tamalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a)[e] \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to cause red, weal-like bumps (like those of an allergy) to appear on the skin of \sso hacer salir ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) en la piel de \cfa tatapale:wia \xrb tahmal \nse The cause may be insects such as <no>a:saktl</no>, which can get on ones skin without one noticing and whose bites causes ones skin to get covered all over by pimples. \dis ta:tapachiwi; ta:tamale:wi; ta:tapale:wi \mod Although /ta:tapale:wi/ is recorded here, the sound should be linked to another entry for this word. \sj Check location of /h/. \rt Clearly <na>tapal</na> is related to <na>tlapal</na>, the stem that appears in the word for 'color' and words with related meanings. \ref 06686 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tá:tamale:wi \lxop ta:tamale:wi \lxoc tá:tamale:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to have red bumps (like those of an allergy) appear on ones skin \sso salirsele ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) a \syna tatapale:wi \xrb tahmal \nse This occurs as the result of bites from <no>a:saktl</no>, which can get on ones skin without one noticing. Ones skin gets pimples on it all over. \dis ta:tapachiwi; ta:tamale:wi; ta:tapale:wi \mod Although /ta:tapale:wi/ is recorded here, the sound should be linked to another entry for this word. \sj Check /h/. \rt Clearly <na>tapal</na> is related to <na>tlapal</na>, the stem that appears in the word for 'color' and words with related meanings. \ref 06687 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tá:tapachíwi \lxop ta:tapachiwi \lxoc tá:tapachíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to have red bumps (like those of an allergy) appear on ones skin (not from a bite of any animal, but just by themselves as when one has <no>míhka:síwi</no>) \sso salirsele ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) a (no por una mordida de cualquier animal o insecto, pero solo, como cuando uno <no>míhka:síwi</no>) \equivo tá:tapaché:wi \xrb tahpach \vl There are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male) of /tá:tapachíwi/. These should be tagged as 6687. Then there are 4 female and 3 male tokens of /tá:tapaché:wi/. These should be tagged as 7774. \sj Check location of /h/. \ref 06688 \lxa kwitlakochyoh \lxac kwitlakochyoh \lxo kwitlakochyoh \lxoc kwitlakochyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have (green or dried corn [S]) a certain type of black fungus \sso tener huitlacoche (elote o mazorca) \xrb kwitla \xrb koch \ref 06689 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:tla:ília \lxop tlá:tla:ilia \lxoc kitlá:tla:ília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to give bewitched food or drink to (e.g., a drink that causes little animals, or an illness, to materialize inside the person's intestines, stomach, or body); to cause harm to through witchcraft \ss darle una bebida o comida hechizada a (una bebida que hace crecer animalitos, o una enfermedad, dentro de los intestinos, estómago, o cuerpo de algn) hacer daño a por la brujería \pno I:pan tra:goh o:mistla:tla:ílikéh. \peo He bewitched you (in this case with a type of poisoning) through drink. \pso Te embrujócon trago. \cfa mi:na \cfo mi:ni \xrb tla:l \xvbo tla:lia \nae It appears that <no>tlá:tla:ília</no> is derived from the reduplicated applicative of <nlo>tla:lia</nlo>, i.e., <no>tla:lilia</no>. The secondary object is <n>tla-</n> which accepts the reduction of the reduplicant (i.e., {tla + rdp-s + tla:lia + applicative}). This is quite in accord with general patterns of reduplication reduction in Oapan Nahuatl and the use of <n>tla-</n> to signify a culturally determined object. However, the loss of /l/, from <no>tlá:tla:lília</no> to <no>tlá:tla:ília</no> is irregular and not explained by general rule. \qry Check for difference in meaning in Oapan Nahuatl between /kimi:ni/ and /kitla:tla:ilia/. Make sure that the derivation is indeed form /tla:lilia/ by asking speakers to interpret this form. \sj kitla:tla:lilia \ref 06690 \lxa kipapayexowa \lxac kipapayexowa \lxo papaixowa \lxoc ki:paixowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s*(pref): <no>ki:paixowa</no> \infv class-2b \seo to grind up coarsely in ones mouth (e.g., a pig that is <nlo>tomayoh</nlo>, eating only a little with the greater part falling out) \sso moler burdamente en la boca (p. ej., un marrano <nlo>tomayoh</nlo> a maíz, comiendo solamente un poquito con lo demás cayendo al lado) \xrb payex \nae There is no documented evidence of the reduplicant given that this word has only been found with the 3rd-person object. However, the length of the /i/ of the object prefix suggests a reduced reduplicant; the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. More word needs to be done on this word, its etymology and phonological representation. \qry Check etymology. Check to make sure there is a reduplicant. \pqry The vowel length pattern here is not clear, nor is the etymology. Obviously the word is somewhat related to forms such as /paya:na/, /papaitsa/ (Oa) or /papayetsa/ (Am), but the relation is not clear. At times the /i/ of /papaixowa/ seems long, but this is not clear. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06691 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:latetl \lxoc a:latetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo person who is naked or in the buff \sso persona desnuda \seo bird without feathers (e.g., a newly born bird); animal without hair (a newly born animal) \sso ave o pájaro sin plumas (p. ej., un pájaro recién nacido); animal sin pelos (un animal recién nacido) \syna nakatetl \flao -tetl \xrb a:la \xrb te \qry Check to make sure the meaning 'without hair' is correct; I added it on my own based on the meaning 'without feathers' but do not have documentation of this use in my notes. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06692 \lxa tomiyo:tia \lxac notomiyo:tia \lxo tómiyó:tia \lxop tomiyo:tia \lxoc notómiyó:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to acquire fur or body hair (e.g., an animal as it grows) \sso (refl.) adquirir pelo del cuerpo (p. ej., un animal al crecer) \xrb tohmi \ref 06693 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for Oapan Nahuatl /té:tso:yótik/. It has been eliminated as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06694 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for Oapan /kwe:pi:stik/. \dt 02/Apr/2003 \vl The tokens for this word should be tagged with #6390. \ref 06695 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /xi:teyo:lxakwaliwi/; it was removed as vulgar. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06696 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l \lxoc ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon \sso constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion está cerca del horizonte del sur \sem heavens \cfa okichko:lo:tl \equiva i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl \equivo ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli \encyctmp stars \xrb ko:lo: \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \vl The first female token is /ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli/ and should be tagged as 6727. For this entry, 6696, link the 1st male token. There are 4 additonal tokens of /ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l/ at 6726, which should be tagged here with #06696. \ref 06697 \lxa kamaye:rbayo:h \lxac kamaye:rbayo:h \lxo kamayé:rbayóh \lxoc kamayé:rbayóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>yerba</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes \seo to have a fungus or infection in the mouth (an animal such as a horse, mule, burro, etc.) \sso tener hongos o una infección en la boca (un animal como caballo, mula, burro, etc.) \cfa ye:rbah \xrb kama \nae The pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl <no>kamayé:rbayóh</no> is a reflex of the underlying {h} in the Spanish loan <no>ye:rbah</no>. \qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines. \ref 06698 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /tsi:npi:stik/ was removed as not appropriate, even though it was given in citation/elicitaiton by Florencia and Inocencio. She stated it was equivalent to /kwe:pi:stik/. However, check whether this should be reentered. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl Tag the speech tokens here as 6698, but given that this term was not confirmed as existing. Do not link the tokens to the lexicon. \ref 06699 \lxa ma:tepostli \lxac ma:tepostli \lxo ma:tepostli \lxoc ma:tepostli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo ring (of metal for the finger) \sso anillo (de metal para el dedo) \seo horseshoe \sso herradura \xrb ma: \xrb tepos \vl There are 4 extra tokens from 331; however, these are of poor quality and it is the later ones, from this entry of 6699, that should be linked to the lexicon. \ref 06700 \lxa tlawe:lmiki \lxac tlawe:lmiki \lxo tlawe:lmiki \lxoc tlawe:lmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to get boiling mad, really mad; to be in a foul mood \sso ponerse furioso, muy enojado; estar o ponerse de mal humor \syna kwala:nka:miki \xrb tlawe:l \xrb miki \ref 06701 \lxa puntá:l \lxac puntá:l \lxo punta:l \lxoc punta:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo gable, part of a house with a ceramic tile roof, the beam that is located between the <nlo>tra:nteh</nlo> and the <nlo>tsopilote:rah</nlo> \sso mojinete, parte de una casa con techo de teja, la viga que se encuentra entre el <nlo>tra:nteh</nlo> y la <nla>tsopi:lo:te:rah</nla> \sem construct-part \encyctmp kahli \qry Check precisely the location of this, also that it is a beam since the file card indicates only that it is"parte de una casa de teja." \mod Illustrate \ref 06702 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:la:tekomatl \lxoc tla:la:tekomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of pitcher with one handle or ear \sso tipo de jarro con un solo agarradero \sem tool-house \cfa tla:ltekomatl \xrb tla:l \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \qry Make sure that Oa /tla:la:tekomatl/ is the equivalent of Am /tla:ltekomatl/. At least the former seems to refer to a one-handled water jug. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 06703 \lxa kwa:tetepoltik \lxac kwa:tetepoltik \lxo kwá:tepóltik \lxoc kwá:tepóltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes \seo to be without branches on top (a plant or tree) \sso estar sin ramas en lo alto (una planta oárbol) \syna kwa:tetepon \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \qry Check for other uses of /tepol/. \ref 06704 \lxa te:ntlapo:wtok \lxac te:ntlapo:wtok \lxo te:ntlapo:htok \lxoc te:ntlapo:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seo to be with its top open (e.g., a jar, sack, or similar item with a 'mouth' and 'lips') \sso estar con la tapadera o boca abierta (p. ej., un frasco, costal etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb tlapo: \mod Check how etymology of /tlapowi/ should be analyzed. \pqry Recheck vowel length. Here the /o/ seems definitely short. \ref 06705 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /tlapo:wtok/ (Am) and /tlapohtok/ (Oa) has been eliminated as it duplicates 5244. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The 4 tokens here should be tagged as 5244 as this present entry is a duplicate of a previous one. \ref 06706 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:nalmihka:tsi:n \lxoc to:nalmihka:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \seo person who is easily overcome by the heat \sso persona que luego luego se afecta por el calor \xrb to:na \xrb miki \pqry The grammar predicts that there would be an /h/ before the participial /ka:/. However, the aspiration seems very light (perhaps some 25 ms) and should be checked. I seem to perceive in the spetrogram some slight aspiration. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Nominalization: Note the following nominalization from /to:nalmiki/: /to:nalmihka:tsi:n/. \ref 06707 \lxa tlaxkalmanilia \lxac kitlaxkalmanilia \lxo tlaxkalmanilia \lxoc kitlaxkalmanilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to make tortillas for \sso echar tortillas para \xrb xka \xrb man \qry Check for non applicative ?/tlaxkalmana/? \ref 06708 \lxa kwe:tlapo:wi \lxac kwe:tlapo:wi \lxo kwe:tlapo:wi \lxoc kwe:tlapo:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up \sso abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve) \syna ke:tspantlapo:wi \xrb kwe: \xrb tlapo: \pqry Check /owi/ sequence in all intransitives with final /owi/. At times it seems that the /o/ is long on the surface: ?/kwe:tlapo:wi/. Determien how to represnet the final /owi/ sequence: /o:wi/ or /owi/. \grm Orthography: note the problem of representing (and analyzing) final /owi/ as in /te:ntlapowi/ (and all other verbs ending in /tlapowi/). At times, particularly in the pronunciation of C. Flores, the /o/ seems long. \ref 06709 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sié:rratlapó:wi \lxop sie:rratlapo:wi \lxoc sié:rratlapó:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>sierra</spn> \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \seo to have ones fly to open up on one (of a male) \sso abrirsele la bragueta a (un hombre) \syna ke:tspantlapowi \xrb tlapo: \nae The unusual pitch accent pattern derives from the final /h/ on the Spanish loan <no>sie:rrah</no>. \qry Check stress pattern. \ref 06710 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:to:tlámaké:tl \lxoc to:to:tlámaké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo person who hunts or traps birds \sso cazador de pájaros \syna wi:lo:tlamake:tl \xrb to:to: \xrb ma \encyctmp hunting \ref 06711 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koxte:kwalaka \lxoc koxte:kwalaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infv class-4a \se to snore \ss roncar \syna kechkukwalaka \xrb kochi \xrb kwala: \nae In the case of <no>koxte:kwalaka</no> the reduplicant of the frequentative <nlo>kwakwalaka</nlo> is reduced onto the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n>. In general reduplication in frequentatives tends not to reduce onto a preceding short vowel although most of the cases that have been documented involve the frequentative <no>kwakwalaka</no>. <no>Koxte:kwalaka</no> is even more unusual in that the non-reduced forms ? <no>koxkwakwalaka</no> and ? <no>koxtekwakwalaka</no> were not accepted by either Florencia Marcelino nor Inocencio Jiménez. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note the use of the dummy morpheme /te-/ here plus the reduction of the reduplicated syllable. Other expected forms were not accepted, e.g., /koxkwakwalaka/ and /koxtekwakwalaka/. \ref 06712 \lxanotes zzz \qry Originally I had /te:nyo:li:k/ here but on a second pass through the dictionary FM and IJ stated that this word is not used, but rather /te:ntsoltlakwa/. See this. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06713 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo me:tspan \lxoc i:me:tspan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \seo lap \sso rezago \sem body \sem human \xrb me:ts \xrl -pan \ref 06714 \lxa pantalo:ntekoyak \lxac pantalo:ntekoyak \lxo pantalo:ntekoyak \lxoc pantalo:ntekoyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pantalón</spn> \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-dvb-ni-k[ap] \seo to have baggy pants \sso tener los pantalones holgados \syna ikxikokoxok \xrb koya: \ref 06715 \lxa ikxitipan \lxac se: ikxitipan \lxo ixitipan \lxoa ixitipah \lxoc ixitipan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1(loc) \seo step \sso paso \pno... ka:da se: ixitipan. \peo... every step \pso... cada paso \xrb kxi \xrl -tipan \ref 06716 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásohlo:kí:xtia \lxop tlasohlo:ki:xtia \lxoc kitlásohlo:kí:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to remove the chaff or brush from (e.g., beans that have been placed in water to boil) \sso quitarle la basura a (p. ej., frijoles que han sido puestos en una olla para hervir) \xrb tlahsol \xrb ki:sa \nae The aspiration of the /hlo:/ sequence here is practically inaudible, but is expected given Nahuatl grammar. Likewise for the long /o:/, which is fairly pronounced in the speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) but quite mitigated in duration in the pronunciation of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. However, neither a sequence ? <no>tlásolokí:xtia</no> nor ? <no>tlásolo:kí:xtia</no> is concordant with Nahuatl grammar. Undoubtedly then, <no>tlásohlo:kí:xtia</no> simply manifests a very reduced aspiration marked by slight devoicing of the vowel before the liquid. \pqry Check for aspiration: The aspiration of the /hlo:/ sequence here is practically inaudible, but is expected given Nahuatl grammar. Likewise for the long /o:/, which is fairly pronounced in the speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) but quite mitigated in duration in the pronunciation of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. However, neither a sequence ? <no>tlásolokí:xtia</no> nor ? <no>tlásolo:kí:xtia</no> is concordant with Nahuatl grammar. Undoubtedly then, <no>tlásohlo:kí:xtia</no> simply manifests a very reduced aspiration marked by slight devoicing of the vowel before the liquid. \ref 06717 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:katéwakapántik \lxoa tla:katéwekapántik \lxoc tla:katéwakapántik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com NAdj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex-lex \seo man who is unusually tall \sso hombre que es insólitamente alto \apo tla:katéwakápan \xrb tla:ka \xrb wehka \xrl -pan \grm Modification: Note that it is difficult to determine the precise way in which modification (attribution) takes place. In this construction we see a noun /tla:katl/ with a subsequent attributive adjective: /wákapántik/. Note that this seems to be the way in which adjectivals ending in /-tik/ are joined to the nouns they modify: they are placed after the noun with an intermediate /te-/. This should be confirmed. \vl There are four additional token of this word at 07041. These later tokens should also be tagged as 06717. \ref 06718 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohtetepontli \lxoc kohtetepontli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 1(n) \seo tree stump \sso tocón \equiva kuwtsontetl \xrb kow \xrb tepon \ref 06719 \lxa kamapipi:na:wi \lxac kamapipi:na:wi \lxo kamá:pi:ná:wi \lxop kamá:pi:na:wi \lxoc kamá:pi:ná:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be timid or embarrassed in carrying out an activity that involves the mouth or lips (such as eating or speaking) \sso ser tímido o tener vergüenza en llevar a cabo una actividad que involucra la boca (como el comer o hablar) \xrb kama \xrb pi:na: \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06720 \lxa a:pan \lxac a:pan \lxo a:pan \lxoa a:pah \lxoc a:pah, a:pan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \sea village well \ssa pozo del pueblo \seo river \sso río \xrb a: \xrl -pan \nse In Oapan <no>a:pan</no> is used in reference to the river and <no>a:te:nko</no> to the river's edge. On the other hand, in Ameyaltepec the village well is referred to as <na>a:pan</na> whereas the river is called <na>a:te:nko</na>. \vl Link 1st female token /a:pah/ and 1st male token. \ref 06721 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /kwi:katla:lia/ but has been removed as a duplicate of 6510. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06722 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamachiliseh \lxoc tlamachiliseh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo person who is intelligent or wise \sso alguien que es inteligente o un sabio \equiva tlamachilisioh \equivo tlamachiliswah \xrb mati \nae The vowels have been measured and their duration indicates a phonologically short /i/ in the third syllable. \qry Note that the file card on which this was recorded did not have vowel length specified. But given that /machi:lia/ has a long vowel (as do the cognates reported in FK), it is likely that /tlamachi:listli/ and /tlamachi:lisioh/ both have the long /i:/ as marked. Nevertheless, for now this has been kept short in the data entries. \qry NOTE: cf to 6330; correct as needed. \mod Take extra pronunciation for /tlamachiliseh/ and add to previous entry where this term was mistakenly not recorded. \vl The first 4 tokens here are /tlamachiliswah/ and should be tagged as 6330. The following are /tlamachiliseh/ which are to be tagged 6722. \ref 06723 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia \lxoc kitsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seo to place or tie diapers on \sso poner pañales a \syna tsi:nkwe:tia \syno a:ma:xtlatia \xrb tsi:n \xrb tlake:n \ref 06724 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:lmo:hla \lxoc chi:lmo:hla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \syno mo:hla \seo to make <nlo>chi:lmo:hli</nlo> by grinding in a bowl with mortar and pestle \sso hacer salsa de chile en un molcajete \xrb mo:l \xrb a \ref 06725 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mo:hla \lxoc mo:hla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \syno chi:lmo:hla \seo to make <nlo>chi:lmo:hli</nlo> by grinding in a bowl with mortar and pestle \sso hacer salsa de chile en un molcajete \xrb mo:l \xrb a \nde Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the transitive verb <n>mo:la</n> 'to grind (chile, tomato, etc.).' Classical Nahuatl (RS) has <n>moloa. nitla</n> 'desleír [una salsa],' which seems clearly related. \qry Make sure that /chi:lmo:hla/ and /mo:hla/ are equivalent in meaning. \ref 06726 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record for Oapan /ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l/ has been deleted as it duplicates 6696. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the speech tokens here with #6696. \ref 06727 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli \lxoc ko:lo:kwitlapi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon \sso constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion está cerca del horizonte del sur \sem heavens \equiva i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl \equivo ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l \cfa okichko:lo:tl \encyctmp ci:tlalin \ref 06728 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntexi:kopi:ni \lxoc tsi:ntexi:kopi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \seo to have ones rear end exposed because ones pants slip down \sso tener las nalgas expuestas por haberse caído los pantalones \xrb tsi:n \xrb kopi: \grm /te-/: Note that because of the fact that this is not a 'normal state' the intensifier /te-/ is obligatory. \ref 06729 \lxa ke:chkitsi:n \lxac ke:chkitsi:n? \lxo ke:chkitsi:n \lxoc ke:chkitsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Quant \der Adj-num \seo a few \sso unos cuantos o pocos \pno San ke:chkitsi:n xkowa para xmopanítlakáwis. \peo Just buy a few so that they don't go bad on you. \pso Solamente compra unos pocos para que no se te echen a perder. \equiva ke:ski \xrb ke:ch \nse The etymology of this word is not clear. \qry Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used. The first female token is /kikechki:tsia/ which should be tagged as 4504. The next 4 tokens are correct and should be tagged as 6729. \ref 06730 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:tsono:kía \lxop á:tsono:kia \lxoc ná:tsono:kía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo (refl.) to pour water over oneself (e.g., in bathing, instead of soaping oneself up and washing) \sso (refl.) verter agua sobre si mismo (p. ej., al bañarse, en lugar de usar jabón y bañarse bien) \nae In Ameyaltepec the cognate <nla>a:tsotsono:kia</nla> is an intransitive verb meaning 'to vomit.' It has been given a different entry. \xrb a: \xrb tson \xrb no:ki \ref 06731 \lxa xaxa:yakatia \lxac noxaxaya:katia \lxo xáxa:yakátia \lxop xaxa:yakatia \lxoc nó:xa:yakátia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo (refl.) to put a mask on \sso (refl.) ponerse una máscara \xrb xa:yaka \ref 06732 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:kwitlaxtli \lxoc i:kwa:kwitlaxyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seo scalp \sso pericráneo \sem body \encyctmp body \syna kwa:tekakawayo \xrb kwa: \xrb kwetlax \ref 06733 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:tepetlatl \lxoc i:kwa:tepetlayo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-[N-N] \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo cranium \sso cráneo \sem body \syna kwa:tekakawayo \syno kwa:kwitlaxtli \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb petla \ono body \ref 06734 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwitlaxtli \lxoc kwitlaxtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seao leather \ssao cuero \seo (intrinsic posession) skin (of an animal or, occasionally, a person) \sso (posesión intrínseca) pellejo (de un animal o, ocasionalmente, un animal) \seo (intrinsic possession) thin bark (of trees, sometimes this is the only covering, at other times it is a layer located beneath the exterior rough bark) \sso (posesión intrínseca) cáscara delgada de ciertosárboles (a veces loúnico que tienen, a veces lo que queda abajo de la cáscara gruesa) \xrb kwetlax \nse Like other \ref 06735 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo té:mí:ntia \lxop té:mi:ntia \lxoc té:mí:ntia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to become leafless; to lose its leaves (a tree or plant) \sso quedar sin hojas (unárbol o planta) \syna tsotsomi:ntia \syno tsótsomí:ntia \xrb te- \xrb mi:n \qry Check other cognate forms to develop a clear understanding of the etymology. \ref 06736 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohtixtli \lxoc kohtixtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \seo powder that falls out of wood eaten by insects (like the <nlo>xíkotlí</nlo>) \sso polvo de madera que sale de losárboles carcomidos por insectos (como el <nlo>xíkotlí</nlo>) \syna pino:hli \xrb kow \xrb tisi \vl There are 3 tokens of each speaker. Tag all; do not link 1st male token. \ref 06737 \lxa wa:tsaltik \lxac wa:tsaltik \lxo wa:tsaltik \lxoc wa:tsaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se dry and brittle (e.g., an <nlo>ítakátl</nlo> (Oa)) \ss seco y quebradizo (p. ej., un <nlo>ítakátl</nlo> (Oa)) \smlao wa:hki \xrb wa:k \pqry The speech tokens here might be good as files that document a long /wa:-/ in initial position. \ref 06738 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwá:tsatsí:tia \lxop kwa:tsatsi:tia \lxoc kikwá:tsatsí:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to bang or knock against the head of \sso golpear contra la cabeza de \syna kwa:tewia \syno kwa:techakwa:nia \xrb kwa: \xrb tsahtsi \ref 06739 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlápixká:tsi:n \lxoc tlápixká:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-V2]-N \der N-dvb-ag-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes \seo small elote-type fruit that grows directly out of the top of a maize plant, where the <nlo>mia:watl</nlo> normally grows; it is not edible \sso pequeña fruta como elote que sale de la parte superior de la milpa donde debe salir el <nla>mia:watl</nla> ; no se come \sem plant \sem part \xrb piya \ono mi:hli \nse The <no>tlápixká:tsi:n</no> is undoubtedly named for the place at which it grows, at the top of the plant like a sentinnel. \ref 06740 \lxanotes zzz \lxac ---- \mod This entry for /kohtexina:xtli/ has been removed after recording; the term was given. \vl This term is vulgar and only Inocencio Jiménez uttered it. Tag the male tokens but do not link (this record has been deleted anyway). \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 06741 \lxa kwa:xi:ma \lxac kikwa:xi:ma \lxo kwa:xi:ma \lxoc kikwa:xi:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(m) \seo to prune (the points of a tree or shrub) \sso podar (un arbusto oárbol pequeño) \xrb kwa: \xrb xi:ma \qry Check whether other meanings are possible. \ref 06742 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:ltli:lihki \lxoc tla:ltli:lihki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo black soil (fertil for planting) \sso tierra negra (fertil para la siembra) \sem soil \xrb tla:l \xrb tli:l \qry Check definition as this was done from memory. \ref 06743 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lxoxohtli \lxoc tla:lxoxohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo clayish soil of a greenish color \sso tierra con mucha arcilla \sem soil \syna tla:lamo:hli \xrb tla:l \xrb xo: \qry Check definition as this was done from memory. Recheck vowel length of final /o/. \vl Note that the first 4 tokens are /tla:lxoxo:hki/. This is apparently not a word from Oapan; nevertheless tag it as 99999_06743_OF1a, etc. Then there follow 4 tokens of the correct word. These should be tagged 06743_OF1a, F1b, M1a, M1b. Link 2nd female token. \ref 06744 \lxa tla:lnextli \lxac tla:lnextik \lxo tla:lnextli \lxoc tla:lnextli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo greyish, dusty soil \sso tierra polvorosa \sem soil \xrb tla:l \xrb nex \qry Check definition as this was done from memory. \ref 06745 \lxa tla:katlachia \lxac tla:katlachia \lxo tla:katlachia \lxoc tla:katlachia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-V1 \der V1-tla \seo to be a masculine-looking (a woman) \sso ser (una mujer) con apariencia masculina \cfa suwa:tla:katl \xrb tla:ka \xrb chia \qry Check further meanings. \ref 06746 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepostla:lilia \lxoc kitepostla:lilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to brand (an animal) \sso herrar; marcar con hierro candente (a un animal) \seo to put ones fingerprint on (e.g., in lieu of signature) \sso poner la huella digital sobre (p. ej., como firma) \syna teposwia \xrb tepos \xrb tla:l \ref 06747 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítiko:pa:xíwi \lxop itiko:pa:xiwi \lxoc ítiko:pa:xíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to have ones stomach or midsection sunken in \sso sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga \syna itipa:xiwi \syna itika:xiwi \xrb hti \xrb ko:pa:x \ref 06748 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yeschipi:ni \lxoc yeschipi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo for blood to drip out of (a wound or of a person or animal with a wound) \sso salirsele o gotearsele sangre a (una herida o una persona o animal con una herida) \xrb yes \xrb chipi: \ref 06749 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkwa:pets \lxoc i:xkwa:pets \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \sso tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:pestik \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:tetsolak \syno i:xkwa:tetsolahtik \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \ref 06750 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkwa:tetsolahtik \lxoc i:xkwa:tetsolahtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-? \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo with a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \sso tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:tetsolak \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:pestik \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tsola: \cfa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \grm /te-/; intensifier: Note that /i:xkwa:tetsolak/ has the intensifier /te-/, as expected in Oapan in many adjectives or other parts of speech that indicate a state that is somewhat out of the ordinary (cf. /tsontewe:weyak/ referring to men with long hair). \ref 06751 \lxa i:xkwa:teki \lxac ki:xkwa:teteki \lxo i:xkwa:teki \lxoc ki:xkwa:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao (often with sort vowel reduplication) to cut the hair of, leaving the forehead bare; to cut the bangs off of \ssao (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortarle el pelo a, dejando la frente expuesta; cortarle los flecos a \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb teki \ref 06752 \lxa i:xkwa:pestik \lxac i:xkwa:pestik \lxo i:xkwa:pestik \lxoc i:xkwa:pestik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \sso tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:pestik \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:tetsolak \syno i:xkwa:tetsolahtik \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \ref 06753 \lxa chikino:lkochi \lxac chikino:lkochi \lxo chikino:lkochi \lxocpend @chikino:lkochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seo to sleep crookedly (i.e., with ones body laying crooked) \sso dormir chueco (con el cuerpo chueco) \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \xrb kochi \qry Check vowel length of /chiki/ here against other forms of this word. \ref 06754 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkwa:tetsolak \lxoc i:xkwa:tetsolak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se person with a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ss persona tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tsola: \apo i:xkwa:tetsotlahtik \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:pets \cfa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \grm /te-/; intensifier: Note that /i:xkwa:tetsolak/ has the intensifier /te-/, as expected in Oapan in many adjectives or other parts of speech that indicate a state that is somewhat out of the ordinary (cf. /tsontewe:weyak/ referring to men with long hair). \ref 06755 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapalo:te:ka \lxoc kitlapalo:te:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to lay down crosswise (e.g., a rod that supports the middle of an upright stick fence) \sso poner como travesaño (p. ej., una vara que se pone de apoyo a la mitad de una cerca de palos verticales) \xrb tlapalo: \xrb te:ka \nae The duration of the vowels of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez differ significantly and there certainly exists the possibility that each individual has a lexicon with different vowel length for the /o(:)/ of this word. However, given that comparative evidence suggests a long vowel, it has so been notated. \mod Check for /ki-/ as I originally didn't have it. \ref 06756 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo neno:ltia \lxoc kineno:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seo to mix in (an ingredient into a food) \sso mezclar; agregar (un ingrediente a una comida) \pno Para nó:chí:wa mo:hli, prime:roh nokwe:chowaá:yowaxtíxtli, tla: ye kwahli nokwe:chowa chi:lwa:hki. Noneno:ltia para nó:chí:wa mo:hli. Kineno:ltiah chi:hli i:wa:ná:yowaxtíxtli. \peo To make mole sauce first squash seeds are gound up and then dried chile. They are mixed together to make mole. Chile is mixed in the paste made of squash seeds. \pso Para hacer mole, primero se muele semilla de calabaza, entonces se muele chile seco. Se mezclan para hacer mole. Ponen el chile con la pasta de semilla de calabaza molida. \equiva nelo:ltia \xrb nel \xvbo nelowa \ref 06757 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo áyowaxtíxtli \lxoc áyowaxtíxtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \pa yes-lex \seo ground squash seeds (e.g., for making mole) \sso semilla de calabaza molida (p. ej., para hacer mole) \xrb ayoh \xrb wach \xrb tisi \ref 06758 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kosawiya \lxoc kosawiya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \seo to turn yellow (e.g., green chile in water that is not boiling) \sso amarillarse (p. ej., chile verde cuando se echa en agua caliente que no está hirviendo) \xrb kos \nse According to Florencia Marcelino <nlo>kose:wi</nlo> is used when things just start to turn yellow whereas <no>kosawiya</no> is used for processes in which things turn completely yellow. \ref 06759 \lxa iksika:miki \lxac iksika:miki \lxo ísika:míki \lxop isika:miki \lxoc ísika:míki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes \seo to get overdone in boiling water or sauce \sso pasarse de cocido en agua o un líquido herviendo \xrb ksi \xrb miki \nse This word is only used for things that are overcooked in boiling liquids, and that start to fall apart (e.g., chicken being boiled). If things are overdone while being roasted a word such as <nlo>tliwa:ki</nlo> might be used, or <nlo>tepi:tsiwi</nlo>. \ref 06760 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlayó:yotlí \lxoc tlayó:yotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1/2; Aln \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo type of bean tamal that is cut off from the sides of a <nlo>ma:htli</nlo> and not encased in a final thick outside covering of <nlo>tixtli</nlo> (i.e., <no>xnokahlo:tia san nowi:pa:na</no>) \sso tipo de tamal de frijol cortado de los lados de un <nlo>ma:htli</nlo> y que no se envuelve en una capa gruesa de <nlo>tixtli</nlo> (esto es, <no>xnokahlo:tia san nowi:pa:na</no>) \xrb yo:yoh \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. \ref 06761 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:htli \lxoc ma:htli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seo layered beans and <no>tixtli</no> (4 of each) used in preparing bean tamals \sso preparación de frijoles y masa (4 niveles de cada uno) que se usa en preparar tamales de frijol \xrb ma:h \sem food \sem maize \nse A eight-layered <no>ma:htli</no> is then cut in half and one half folded on top of the other yielding a formation of 16 levels. This is then cut on the sides with two tamales resulting from each side (four in total). These four thin tamales are called <nlo>tlayó:yotlí</nlo>. \ref 06762 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kahlo:tia \lxoc kikahlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seo to encase (e.g., a <nlo>yetamahli</nlo> or <nlo>yetlaxkahli</nlo>) in a layer of <nlo>tixtli</nlo> \sso envolver (p. ej., un <nlo>yetamahli</nlo> o <nlo>yetlaxkahli</nlo>) en una capa de <nlo>tixtli</nlo> \xrb kal \nse This involves making, for example, a <no>yetamahli</no> and then making a separate tortilla which is then folded around the tamal. \ref 06763 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:skitamahli \lxoc i:skitamahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo tamal made with corn that is toasted with salt on a griddle and then ground and mixed together with whole cooked black beans \sso tamal que se hace con maíz tostado sobre comal con sal y después molido y mezclado con frijoles negros (no molidos) \sem food \sem tamal \xrb i:ski \xrb tamal \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \qry Check for simple /i:skitl/, which is not in the dictionary. \ref 06764 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nexkwitlatl \lxoc nexkwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo dirty water from making <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> containing <nlo>tenextli</nlo> and <no>tlayo:hli i:kawayotsi:n</no> \sso agua sucia de la cubeta para hacer <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> que contiene <nlo>tenextli</nlo> y <no>tlayo:hli i:kawayotsi:n</no> \cfao nexa:yo:tl \xrb nex \xrb kwitla \ref 06765 \lxa i:xkwitlatl \lxac i:xkwitlatl \lxo i:xkwitlatl \lxoc i:xkwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo inedible portion of the inside of squash that is blackish and attached to the seeds \sso parte no comestible de lo que está adentro de la cabaza, de color negro y junto con las semillas \sea foam and chaff that floats to the top of liquid (such as boiling beans) \ssa espuma y basura que sale a flote en algunos líquidos (como frijoles hirviendo) \xrb i:x \xrb kwitla \nse With intrinsic possession <no>i:xkwitlayo</no> has the squash fruit itself as possessor. \pqry This word, unpossessed, seems to provide a good example of initial vowel length. \ref 06766 \lxa brenya:keh \lxac brenya:keh \lxo berinya:keh \lxoc berinya:keh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm N \der N-loan \seo very thin cotton cloth used as a filter to strain atole \sso tela delgada de manta para colar atole \ref 06767 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlalka:wa \lxoc tlalka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to forget ones origins, from where one came \sso olvidarse \pno Yon te:lpo:xtli, yo:tlalka:w i:cha:n, xoh kaman wa:hlaw. \peo That young man has forgotten his origins, he no longer comes (to visit). \pso Ese jovencito se olvidóde sus orígenes, ya no viene (a visitar). \xrb el \xrb ka:wa \ref 06768 \lxa ma:kukwalo \lxac ma:kukwalo \lxo má:kwaló \lxop ma:kwalo \lxoc má:kwaló \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pass \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a(pass) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have ones arms stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from excessive work; see <nlo>ixí:kwaló</nlo> \sso agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno los brazos o manos, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber trabajado mucho; vé ase <nlo>ixí:kwaló</nlo> \syna ma:kuwtia \syno má:kokóhtia \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \xvco má:kwaló:tla \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at the record 6997, which should be tagged as 6768. \ref 06769 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo no:chki \lxoc no:chki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Adj-Adv \der Adv-man \seo all in the same way \sso todos iguales o de la misma manera \pno San no:chki tlachiah. \peo They all look the same. \pso Todos se ven iguales. \xrb nochi \xrb hki \ref 06770 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo akó:xatomá:wak \lxoc akó:xatomá:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>aguja</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \pa yes \seo large needle (used in Oapan for stringing garlands of flower) \sso aguja grande (utilizada en Oapan para ensartar flores) \xrb toma: \nae The pitch accent \ref 06771 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:nkoyo:nki \lxoc tsi:nkoyo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to have a hole in the bottom (e.g., a bucket) \sso tener un agujero en su fondo (p. ej., una cubeta) \seo to have (a needle) an eye in its thickest part \sso tener una abertura (ojo) en su parte gruesa (una aguja) \xrb tsi:n \xrb koyo: \ref 06772 \lxa mapilkwe:chowa \lxac nomapilkwe:chowa \lxo 'mapiltekwe:chówa \lxop mapiltekwe:chowa \lxoc nómapiltekwe:chówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to smash the finger of (e.g, while pounding sth with a rock, using a hammer, etc.) \sso machucar el dedo de (p. ej., al estar golpeando algo con una piedra, martillo, etc.) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb kwe:ch \pqry Check pitch accent and whether high pitched syllable is in fact the initial one. \grm /te-/: Note the obligatory use of /te-/ in this word, a clear reflection of the fact that it indicates a damage done to a body part. The /te-/ is obligatory! \ref 06773 \lxa mapilkwe:chiwi \lxac mapilkwe:chiwi \lxo mápiltekwe:chíwi \lxop mapiltekwe:chiwi \lxoc mápiltekwe:chíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to smash ones finger (e.g, while pounding sth with a rock, using a hammer, etc.) \sso machucarse el dedo (p. ej., al estar golpeando algo con una piedra, martillo, etc.) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb kwe:ch \ref 06774 \lxa tatsi:n \lxac notatsi:n Dió:s \lxo tahtsi:n \lxoc notahtsi:n Dió:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \seo (only with 1st-person possessor) Father \sso (solamente con 1a persona poseedor) Padre \pno Notahtsi:n Dió:s téwáxtlatiochi:wa, mápatínokone:w! \peo My Father God, you are the one who blesses, let my child be cured! \pso ¡Mi Padre Diós, eres túquien bendice las cosas, que se alivie mi hijo! \xrb tat \nae The word <no>tahtsi:n</no> is only used when possessed in the first person and only when praying to God. The presence of surface /h/ is probably a reflex of underlying {t}. \grm Oapan phonology: The word <no>tahtsi:n</no> is only used when possessed in the first person and only when praying to God. The presence of /h/ is probably a reflex of underlying {t}. \mod Although in the discussion C. Flores pronounced /notahtsi:n/, he was simply pronouncing the form of San Juan. The Am form is /notatsi:n/. Make sure not to use /notahtsi:n/ from the discussion if it is there. \ref 06775 \lxa a:tili:ni \lxac a:tili:ni \lxo a:tili:ni \lxoc a:tili:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seo to be satiated from drinking water (or similar liquids) \sso quedar satisfecho y lleno de haber bebido agua (u otro líquido) \xrb a: \xrb tili: \ref 06776 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:chi:poláki \lxop á:chi:polaki \lxoc á:chi:poláki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \seo to sink to the bottom of a body of water (a person who is drowning) \sso hundirse hasta en fondo en el agua (una persona ahogándose) \xrb a: \xrb chi:- \xrb polak \xvco á:chi:poláhtia \nse The use of <no>chi:-</no> with the verb compound <no>a:polaki</no> indicates that the person is drowning. On the other hand <nlo>a:polaki</nlo> simply indicates that a person already in the water goes underneath the surface, voluntarily as in swimming or bathing. In Oapan <no>á:chi:poláki</no> is always used in the (reduced) reduplicated form. \grm /chi:-/: Re: /á:chi:poláki/. The use of <no>chi:-</no> with the verb compound <no>a:polaki</no> indicates that the person is drowning. On the other hand <nlo>a:polaki</nlo> simply indicates that a person already in the water goes underneath the surface, voluntarily as in swimming or bathing. In Oapan <no>á:chi:poláki</no> is always used in the (reduced) reduplicated form. \ref 06777 \lxa burromo:choh \lxac burromo:choh \lxo bú:rromó:nchoh \lxoc bú:rromó:nchoh \dt 23/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>burro; mocho</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \seo donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno b-rronakastetépon \syno b-rronakaskarábo:n \ref 06778 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaí:lakastéhtli \lxoc tlaí:lakastéhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s(vowel-s) \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-rdp \seo type of apron (<nlo>dela:ntar</nlo>) that has its lowest part (<no>i:jola:nyo</no>) made up of strips of cloth that are sewn together one to the other \sso tipo de delantal que tiene su parte inferior (<no>i:jola:nyo</no>) hecho de tiras de tela cosidas una tras otra \sem clothing \cfa kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli \encyctmp delantal \xrb i:lakas \xrb teki \ref 06779 \lxa ola:n \lxac i:ola:n \lxo jola:nyo \lxoc i:jola:nyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2; Intrin(yo) \seao part of an apron, the lowest part just below <no>i:kwe:yo</no> and that cover from the upper thighs to the knees \ssao parte de un delantal, la parte más abajo que se cose a <no>i:kwe:yo</no> y cubre desde la muslo superior a las rodillas \equiva te:nola:n \ono tlake:ntli \ref 06780 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo trá:nteyó \lxoc i:trá:nteyó \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tirante \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \pa yes \seo part of an apron, the strip of cloth that goes horizontally across the upper back, between <no>i:ma:wa:n</no> \sso parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va horizontalmente por la espalda superior, entre <no>i:ma:wa:n</no> \syno pwe:nteyo \encyctmp clothing; tlake:ntli \vl Check for pitch accent in this entry; I would have imagined there would be; if there is, search in all fields for /tra:nte/ and change to p-a marked. \ref 06781 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pwé:nteyó \lxoc i:pwé:nteyó \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan puente \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \pa yes \seo part of an apron, the strip of cloth that goes horizontally across the upper back, between <no>i:ma:wa:n</no> (its arms) \sso parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va horizontalmente por la espalda superior, entre <no>i:ma:wa:n</no> (sus brazos) \syno tra:nteyo \encyctmp tlake:ntli; clothing \vl Check for p-a; if there is, recheck all entries all fields for /pwe:nteyo/ and make sure p-a is written in. \ref 06782 \lxa te:kalpo:hke:tl \lxac te:kalpo:hke:tl \lxo te:kalpo:hke:tl \lxoc te:kalpo:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \sea lazy person who just goes around from house to house \ssa holgazán que nada más anda de casa a casa \seo census taker \sso persona que toma el censo \xrb kal \xrb po:wa \ref 06783 \lxa peya:wilia \lxac kipeya:wilia \lxo peya:wilia \lxoc kipeya:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to tilt horizontally (a machete or similar cutting instrument when cutting weeds or grass) \sso inclinar horizontalmente (un machete u otro instrumento parecido cuando se corta hierba o pasto) \xrb peya: \nse The transitive verb <nlo>tsonakate:ka</nlo> may also be used to refer to this action, particularly when applied to a machete. \nae The verb <no>peya:wilia</no> appears to be a ditransitive applicative. Further research needs to be conducted, however, to determine the primary and secondary objects of this verb. One analysis would have something such as a machete as the primary object, with the unexpressed secondary object being something like the blade. Another analysis would have the earth or ground as the primary ("indirect") object and the machete or similar object as secondary. The meaning and morphosyntactical behavior of this verb needs further research. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 06784 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pitsonakaskarrabon \lxoc pitsonakaskarrabon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>rabo</spn> \psm N \com N-[N-Adj] \der Adj-loan \seo pig that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso marrano que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno pitsomo:nchoh \syno pitsonakastetepon \xrb pitso \xrb nakas \ref 06785 \lxa burronakastetepon \lxac burronakastetepon \lxo bú:rronakastetépon \lxoc bú:rronakastetépon \dt 23/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>burro</spn> \psm N \com N-[N-Adj] \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-rdp \seo donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno b-rromó:nchoh \syno b-rronakaskarrábon \xrb nakas \xrb tepon \pqry Recheck pitch accent. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 06786 \lxa pitsonakastetepon \lxac pitsonakastetepon \lxo pitsonakastetepon \lxoc pitsonakastetepon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>mocho</spn> \psm N \com N-[N-Adj] \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo pig that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso marrano que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno pitsomo:nchoh \syno pitsonakaskarabo:n \xrb pitso \xrb nakas \xrb tepon \ref 06787 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaka:wilia \lxoc tlaka:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to leave an offering in the church for (e.g., a child so that he becomes strong and healthy, sells his wares well, etc.) \sso dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia para (p. ej., un hijo para que no se enferme, para que no le pase nada, para que venda bien, etc.) \xrb ka:wa \xbtlo ka:wilia \nse This should be kept distinct from <nlo>tlá:ka:wília</nlo> or <nla>tlakaka:wilia</nla>, which refer (in Oapan and Ameyaltepec respectively) to leaving offerings for the 'aires' (<na>yeyekameh</na>). \ref 06788 \lxa pitsomo:choh \lxac pitsomo:choh \lxo pitsomo:nchoh \lxoc pitsomo:nchoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>mocho</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \seo pig that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso marrano que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno pitsonakastetepon \syno pitsonakaskarabo:n \xrb pitso \ref 06789 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ko:lo:xa:yakatl \lxoc ko:lo:xa:yakatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon \sso constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion está cerca del horizonte del sur \sem heavens \encyctmp ci:tlalin \nae The penultimate vowel of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez is raised and fronted, clearly influenced by the point of articulation of the following /y/. \ref 06790 \lxa suwa:ka:wani \lxac suwa:ka:wani \lxo siwa:ka:wani \lxoa siwa:ka:wane \lxoc siwa:ka:wane, siwa:ka:wani \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-ni \infn N1 \seo man who leaves his wife repeatedly \sso hombre que seguido deja a su esposa \xrb sowa: \xrb ka:wa \ref 06791 \lxa xi:pe:hki \lxac xi:pe:hki \lxo xi:pe:hki \lxoc xi:pe:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo to be skinless, having lost its outer shell (e.g., grain such as maize that has been made into <nlo>nextamahli</nlo>) \sso estar o haberse quedado sin cáscara (p. ej., maíz que se ha pelado al convertirse en nixtamal) \pno Xchi:pe:hki nextamahli, xtlateki tenextli. \peo The maize of the <no>nextamahli</no> hasn't lost its outer shell, the lime is not strong. \pso El maíz del nixtamal no estápelado, el cal no estáfuerte. \cfa xio:tl \xrb xi: \xrb pe:wa \grm Oapan phonology: Note the shift x>ch after the /x/ of the negative: x + xi:pe:hki>xchi:pe:hki. \ref 06792 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kexno:lkochi \lxoc kexno:lkochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seo to sleep with ones neck in a crooked position \sso dormir con el cuello chueco \xrb kech \xrb no:l \xrb kochi \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06793 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohtsontebie:joh \lxoc kohtsontebie:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>viejo</spn> \psm N \com [N-N-N]-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo large felled tree trunk \sso tronco grande \syno kohtsontewe:weh \xrb kow \xrb tson \xrb te \ref 06794 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohtsontewe:weh \lxoc kohtsontewe:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com [N-N-N]-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo large felled tree trunk \sso tronco grande \syno kohtsontebie:joh \xrb kow \xrb tson \xrb te \xrb we:weh \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06795 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo michwe:weh \lxoc michwe:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <no>michtewe:weh</no> \seo large fish \sso pez o pescado grande \syno michbie:joh \xrb mich \xrb we:weh \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06796 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo michbie:joh \lxoc michbie:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>viejo</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <no>michtebie:joh</no> \seo large fish \sso pez o pescado grande \syno michwe:weh \xrb mich \ref 06797 \lxa kalte:ntla:lia \lxac nokalte:ntla:lia \lxo kalte:ntla:lia \lxoc nokalte:ntla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \com [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \seo (refl.) to form a canopy (clouds) \sso (refl.) juntarse en una capa sobre la tierra (las nubes) \pno Kiawis. Yo:nokalte:ntla:lih moxtli, san na:kopas. \peo It's going to rain. The clouds have formed a canopy, they are just going to turn dark grey. \pso Va a llover. Las nubes han formado una capa sobre la tierra, falta solamente para que se vuelvan negras. \pno Ye wa:hlatikah a:tl, ta wa:lnokalte:ntlá:litíw moxtli. \peo The rains are coming, the clouds qre even coming along forming a low cover. \pso Va viniendo el agua, hasta las nubes se vienen formando una capa sobre la tierra. \xrb kal \xrb te:n \xrb tla:l \ref 06798 \lxa kwe:pachó:n \lxac kwe:pachó:n \lxo kwe:pacho:n \lxocpend kwe:pacho:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj-ap \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \infn N1 \se to have or be dressed in a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet) \ss tener o estar vestida en una falda la tela del cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo) \apo kwe:pachontik \syna kwe:momoloka \xrb kwe: \xrb pach \qry Check whether this can be used with a subject-as-possessor: /nikwe:pachon/ 'I am fuzzy-dressed'. \ref 06799 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwe:pacho:ntik \lxocpend kwe:pacho:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo to have or be dressed in a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet) \sso tener o estar vestida en una falda la tela del cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo) \apo kwe:pachon \equiva kwe:pachó:n \syna kwe:momoloka \xrb kwe: \xrb pach \ref 06800 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:tsikihloh \lxoc tsi:tsikihloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-?-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo to have a zig-zag edge (e.g. women's clothes) \sso tener una orilla en zig-zag (p. ej. ropa de mujer) \xrb tsikil \grm Adjectivals; /-yoh/: the derivational process leading to /tsi:tsikihloh/ is not clear. It should be checked in the literature. Perhaps there is a noun ?/tsi:tsikihli/?? \ref 06801 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kalte:ntitlan \lxoa kalte:ntitlah \lxoc kalte:ntitlan \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-? \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo at the edge of a house (e.g., <no>nokalte:ntitlan</no> 'at the edge of my house,' 'next to my house') \sso a la orilla de la casa; junto a la casa (p. ej., <no>nokalte:ntitlan</no> 'al lado de mi casa', 'junto a mi casa') \xrb kal \xrb te:n \xrl -titlan \nse Apparently <no>kalte:ntitlan</no> is obligatorily possessed and only indicates an area adjacent to a specific possessed house. For a discussion of <nla>kalte:nko</nla> and related terms that indicate a location at the edge of a group of houses (town or village), see <nla>kalte:nko</nla>. \ref 06802 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlate:mpah \lxop tlate:mpan \lxoc tlate:mpah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-pan \infn N1(N2-tla) \seo at the edge of the village (next to the river; cf. <nlo>kalte:mpan</nlo>) \sso a la orilla del pueblo (junto al río; cfa. <nlo>kalte:mpan</nlo>) \xrb kal \xrl -te:mpan \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06803 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipiltechakwa:nia \lxoc noxipiltechakwa:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-wia[refl] \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to stub ones toe or foot \sso (refl.) darse en el dedo de pie o en el pie \equiva ikxipiltewia \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb chakwa: \ref 06804 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:pechyó:tia \lxop tlá:pechyo:tia \lxoc kitlá:pechyó:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to place a grating made of grass placed on the bottom of (pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water; particularly used in cooking tamals) \sso poner una rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo a (una olla para separar lo que se está cociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo; empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales) \xrb pech \ref 06805 \lxa tla:li:ntsi:n \lxac tla:li:ntsi:n nokone:w \lxo tla:li:ntsi:n \lxoc tla:li:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Baby \der N-tsi:n \seo sit down! \sso siéntate \pno Tla:lintsi:n ne:neh! \peo Sit down baby! \pso ¡Siéntate bebé! \synao che:ncheh \sem baby \xrb tla:l \ref 06806 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítipotohkí:sa \lxop itipotohki:sa \lxoc ítipotohkí:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to emit vapor or steam (from inside, e.g., a container such as a pot used for cooking tamales) \sso echar vapor (desde adentro, p. ej., una olla para hervir tamales) \cfa potohki:sa \xrb hti \xrb potok \xrb ki:sa \ref 06807 \lxa i:xmonpepeya:stik \lxac i:xmonpepeya:stik \lxo í:xmopépeyá:stik \lxop i:xmopepeya:stik \lxoc í:xmopépeyá:stik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo to have long straight eyelashes \sso tener las pestañas largas y derechas \equiva i:xmonmemelaktik \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb peya:s \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note the word /í:xmopépeyá:stik/. The first pitch accent is from the reanalyzed {h} in /í:xmotlí/. The second is from the coda {h} in the reduplicant, and the final is intonational. It is not clear what precisely blocks the reduction of the reduplicant on the final /o/ of the incorporated noun. It might be the fact that underlyingly (because of the reanalysis) closed syllable with coda {h} does not accept a reduced reduplicant (remembering that vowels before the 'saltillo' are never long). It might also be related to some clash of the sequence that would result with a lengthened and pitch-accented /ó:/. However, this does not appear to coincide with pitch-accent patterns in other words. The same situation occurs with /a:kókotétekí/. \ref 06808 \lxa na:chka:w \lxac na:chka:w \lxo na:chka:w \lxoc na:chka:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1(Poss) \seo term of address or greeting for a village elder \sso término para dirigirse a un hombre de edad avanzada y respetado dentro del pueblo \cfo ta:chka:w \nse The plural form is <no>na:chka:wa:n</no>. \xrb a:chka: \ref 06809 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo bú:rronakaskarrábo:n \lxoc bú:rronakaskarrábo:n \dt 23/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>rabo</spn> \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \pa yes \syno bú:rromó:nchoh \syno bú:rronakastetépon \seo donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \xrb nakas \ref 06810 \lxa te:nteteketsa \lxac note:nteteketsa \lxo té:ntetekétsa \lxop te:nteteketsa \lxoc noté:ntetekétsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex rpd-s \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes \seo (refl.) for the edge of to turn upwards (e.g., a hat that has gotten wet and then dries) \sso (refl.) pararsele la orilla de (p. ej., las alas de un sombrero que se mojó) \xrb te:n \xrb te- \xrb ketsa \ref 06811 \lxa a:ko:koteteki \lxac ka:ko:koteteki \lxo a:kó:kotétekí \lxop a:ko:koteteki \lxoc ka:kó:kotétekí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to cause a sharp pain in the throat of (e.g., strong drink, sth very salty, etc.) \sso causar un dolor en la garganta a (p. ej., una bebida fuerte, algo muy salado, etc.) \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb teki \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note the word /a:kó:kotétekí/. The first pitch accent is from the {h} of /a:ko:koh/. The second is from the coda {h} in the reduplicant, and the final is intonational. For an analysis of the possible reasons, cf /í:xmopépeyá:stik/. Note that Florencia and Inocencio specifically denied the acceptability of */a:kó:kó:tekí/ or similar forms. \ref 06812 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:patla:naltia \lxoc kichi:patla:naltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to forcefully blow or carry away (e.g., the wind [S] of an object) \sso hacer volar con fuerza (p. ej., el viento [S] a un objeto) \cfao patla:naltia \xrb chi: \xrb patla: \qry Determine whether there is a noncausative, e.g., ?/chipatla:ni/. \vl The first female token is /kí:chipatla:náltia/, with a high pitched initial syllable. This should be tagged with 06812, but should not be linked. The linked files should be the non pitch-accented /kichipatla:naltia/. \pqry Check lenght of /i/ in /chipa.../. \ref 06813 \lxa kochyamana \lxac kikochyamana \lxo kochyámaná \lxop kochyamana \lxoc kikochyámaná; kikóchyamána \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to disturb the sleep of \sso interrumpir el sueño de; molestar para que no pueda dormir a \xrb koch \xrb ahmana \vl Note the two different forms. Tag all 8 tokens and select one F and one M from each of the two pronunciations; /kikochyámaná/ and /kikóchyamána/. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent Note that both /kikochyámaná/ and /kikóchyamána/ are equally acceptable according to FM and IJ although I have the impression that the former is more common. \ref 06814 \lxa tlanwe:wekatik \lxac tlanwe:wekatik \lxo tlanwá:wakátik \lxoc tlanwá:wakátik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-adv \aff Lex. rdp-l \pa yes-lex \seo to have gaps between ones teeth (as a result of several having fallen out) \sso tener espacio entre los dientes (por haberse caido algunos) \xrb tlan \xrb wehka \vl Link 2nd female token, 1st male token. \ref 06815 \lxa tsokwe:lowa \lxac kitsokwe:lowa \lxo tsokwe:lowa \lxoc kitsokwe:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl (Oa) \infv class-2a \seo to make slightly curved (e.g., furrows as one is plowing so that they retain water) \sso hacer ligeramente encorvados (p. ej., los surcos para que retengan el agua) \xrb tsokwe:l \ref 06816 \lxa chi:ltla:lia \lxac chi:ltla:lia \lxo chi:ltla:lia \lxoc chi:ltla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to transplant chile \sso transplantar chile \syno chi:ltla:lahtia \syna chi:lmamana \xrb chi:l \xrb tla:l \ref 06817 \lxa tlayo:lchika:hke:tl \lxac tlayo:lchika:hke:tl \lxo tlayo:lchika:hke:tl \lxoc tlayo:lchika:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who serves as a go-between in courting between a young boy and young girl \sso persona que sirve para ayudar un joven a cortejar una joven \xrb yo:l \xrb chika: \ref 06818 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohkahli \lxoc kohkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo type of small cage of wood used during traditional marriages and in which a <nlo>wetskistli</nlo> carries chickens to the house of the bridgegroom \sso tipo de pequeño caja hecha de varas que se usa durante una boda tradicional que dentro del cual un <nlo>wetskistli</nlo> lleva gallinas a la casa del novio \syna ka:ka:xtli \xrb kow \xrb kal \ilus Pending illustration \ref 06819 \lxa a:bentado:r \lxac a:bentado:r \lxo á:pinté:do:r \lxoc á:pinté:do:r \lxop á:pinte:do:r \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan aventador \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \rdp Reduced rdp-s \pa yes \seo fan of woven palm used to fan the flames under a <nlo>koma:hli</nlo> \sso abanico de palma tejida para abanicar la leña abajo de un comal \sem tool \sem kitchen \grmx Oapan pitch accent: the reason for the pitch accent in Oapan /á:pinté:do:r/ unless it was simply applied on the basis of analogy with other Spanish loans or perhaps the result of reduplication on a long initial stem vowel. \ref 06820 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo piotia \lxoc nopiotia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to acquire many chickens (e.g., from the offspring of a chicken one has) \sso (refl.) adquirir muchas gallinas (p. ej., por las crías de una gallina que uno tiene) \ref 06821 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pitsotia \lxoc nopitsotia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to acquire many pigs (e.g., from the offspring of a sow one has) \sso (refl.) adquirir muchos marranos (p. ej., por las crías de una cerda que uno tiene) \xrb pitso \ref 06822 \lxa te:tlatlatake:tl \lxac te:tlatlatake:tl \lxo té:tlatlatáke:tl \lxo té:tlatáke:tl \lxoc té:tlatáke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \inc [te:-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \seo person who observes, or stares at, people (e.g., dancers) \sso persona que observa, o clava la vista, en la gente (p. ej., danzantes) \cfo té:tlatláta \xrb ta \nae The pitch accent on the long vowel of the nonspecific human object prefix <n>te:-</n> is highly unusual; I don't think it has been documented in other cases. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: /té:tlatáke:tl/ The pitch accent on the long vowel of the nonspecific human object prefix <n>te:-</n> is highly unusual; I don't think it has been documented in other cases. Check whether /té:tlatlatake:tl/ is acceptable. \ref 06823 \lxa i:xte:nilpi:tsa \lxac ki:xte:nilpi:tsa \lxo i:xteilpi:tsa \lxoc ki:xteilpi:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to blow on the eyes of (e.g., to clear sth out of sb's eye) \sso soplar sobre el ojo de (p. ej., para quitarle algo que tiene adentro) \xrb i:x \xrb il \xrb pi:tsa \qry Check whether the /te/ is mandatory. \ref 06824 \lxa kopa:kpachowa \lxac kikopa:kpachowa \lxo kopa:hpachowa \lxoc kikopa:hpachowa \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to place sth on the inside of the throat of (e.g., an ointment or oil) \sso poner algo dentro de la garganta de (p. ej., un aciete o ungüento) \xrb kopa: \xrb pach \xrl -ko \ref 06825 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo siwa:tlámaké:tl \lxoc siwa:tlámaké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2)]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo young man who courts a woman by cutting into her path as she takes back water drawn from the river \sso joven que corteja a una muchacha al cortarle el paso cuando regresa al pueblo con agua del río \xrb sowa: \xrb ma \nae The pitch accent in Oapan <no>siwa:tlámaké:tl</no> is created by the final {h} in the shorten stem (perfective) of the verb <nlo>tlama</nlo>. \ref 06826 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:chi:poláhtia \lxop á:chi:polahtia \lxoc ká:chi:poláhtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to pull under water (as in drowning or trying to drown sb) \sso hundir en el agua (p. ej., en intentar ahogar o ahogar a algn) \seo (refl.) to splash around in the water (e.g., a pig in a puddle) \sso (refl.) revolcarse en el agua (p. ej., un marrano en un charco) \xrb a: \xrb chi: \xrb polak \xvbo á:chi:poláki \qry Check whether this is always reduplicated with reduction on initial vowel. \ref 06827 \lxa a:mi:miki \lxac a:mi:miki \lxo a:mi:miki \lxocpend @a:mi:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff -rdp-l- \infv class-3a(k) \se to drown (a person in water); to drown or to suffer from an abundance of water (a plant from too much water that comes from either rain or artificial watering) \ss ahogarse (una persona en agua); ahogarse o sufrir por una abundancia de agua (una planta por demasiada agua que viene de la lluvia o de medios artificiales) \pna Na:mi:mikis. \pea I will drown. \psa Me voy a ahogar. \pna O:a:mi:mik nomi:l, xo:tla:k. \pea My cornfield got too much water (i.e., got root rot from too much water), it didn't yield. \psa Mi milpa se echó a perder por demasiada agua (esto es, se pudrieron las raices por tanta agua), no rindió. \pna Xkwahli tla:hli, a:mi:mikis, kose:wis. \pea The land is no good (in this case because it retains too much water), it (e.g., maize, sesame, etc.) will die from too much water, it will turn yellow. \psa La tierra no es buena (en este caso porque retiene demasiado agua), se va a morir (el maíz, ajonjolí, etc.) por tanta agua, se va a amarillar. \se to be unable to breathe (see <nlo>íyo:mi:miki</nlo>) \ss no poder respirar (vé ase <nlo>íyo:mi:miki</nlo>) \pna I:tech yo:ki:s ko:lo:tl, a:mi:mikis. \pea He has been affected by the bite of a scorpion, he will be unable to breathe. \psa Ya se le trabó el piquete de un alacrán, no va a poder respirar. \xrb a: \xrb miki \xvca a:mi:miktia \ref 06828 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:patla:ni \lxoc chi:patla:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seo to be carried away by the wind \sso llevarse por el viento \xrb chi: \xrb patla: \qry Check for transitive/causative form. \ref 06829 \lxa suwa:tlatowa \lxac suwa:tlatowa \lxo siwá:tlatówa \lxop siwa:tlatowa \lxoc siwá:tlatówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-(tla-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to speak in a woman's voice (i.e., a man who so speaks) \sso hablar con la voz de mujer (esto es, un hombre que asíhabla) \cfo siwá:tlátlatówa \cfo tla:kátlatówa \xrb siwa: \xrb hto \mod Determine the best way to represent the \grm Metaphor and cultural coding: Note the following three words: /siwá:tlatówa/: 'to speak in a woman's voice (referring to a man who speaks so)'; /siwá:tlátlatówa/ 'to gossip'; and /tla:kátlatówa/ 'to speak in a man's voice (referring to a woman who speaks so)'. Note, however, that Florencia Marcelino did not accept */tla:kátlátlatówa/. The reason seems to be the following. The unreduplicated form means 'to speak like' with the incorporated noun indicating the manner in which the speech occurs. However, the reduplicated form indicates a metaphoric extension in regard to speaking. That is, the meaning is that one speaks in a manner connotated by the speech of the incorporated noun. It seems that only women are culturally stigmatized for speaking in a certain way. Women are considered"gossips"hence the acceptability of the term. Men are not considered to speak in any particular way (other than that of their sex). \ref 06830 \lxa suwa:tlatlatowa \lxac suwa:tlatlatowa \lxo siwá:tlátlatówa \lxop siwa:tlatlatowa \lxoc siwá:tlátlatówa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-(tla-V2) \der Vb-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to gossip (referring to a man who so acts) \sso chismear (en referencia a un hombre que actua así) \cfo siwá:tlatówa \xrb siwa: \xrb hto \nae The pitch accent pattern of Oapan <no>siwá:tlatlatówa</no> apparently manifests only a single pitch accent from underlying {h}, the rising pitch on <n>wá:-</n>. The pitch accent from the underlying {h} of {tla + htowa} is not realized on the surface, for reasons not immediately apparent. \pqry Check for pitch accent pattern in <no>siwá:tlatlatówa</no>. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note apparent loss of one pitch accent in /siwá:tlatlatówa/. The pitch accent pattern of Oapan <no>siwá:tlatlatówa</no> apparently manifests only a single pitch accent from underlying {h}, the rising pitch on <n>wá:-</n>. The pitch accent from the underlying {h} of {tla + htowa} is not realized on the surface, for reasons not immediately apparent. \ref 06831 \lxa tla:katlatowa \lxac tla:katlatowa \lxo tla:katlátowá \lxop tla:katlatowa \lxoc tla:katlátowá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-(tla-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to speak in a man's voice (e.g., a woman who so speaks) \sso hablar con la voz de hombre (esto es, una mujer que asíhabla) \cfo siwá:tlatówa \xrb tla:ka \xrb hto \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note in /tla:katlátowá/ \ref 06832 \lxa i:xte:nkwalo:listli \lxac i:xte:nkwalo:listli \lxo i:xté:lakwalo:lístli \lxoa i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli \lxoc i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \seo conjuntivitis, eye disease that is marked by reddening and the excretion of mucous from ones eyes \sso conjuntivitis, enfermedad de los ojos que se caracteriza por el enrojecimiento de los ojos y muchas lagañas \sem disease \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb kwa \nse Occasionally this disease may cause one eyes to become shut closed. The disease is said to be worsened by eating meat and chile. It affects children more than adults and occurs (or used to occur) in August; it is now rare. Florencia Marcelino also said that when ones eyes are so affected the small insect called <no>i:xpi:limeh</no> swarm around them: <no>mistepailo:seh</no>. \nae The pitch accent pattern on <no>i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli</no> is apparently the result of a reduplicant (the underlying form would be {i:xtetlahtlakwalo:listli}) that is reduced onto a preceding vowel, probably the short vowel of <no>i:xtetl</no>. However, the noun stem might also be <no>i:xte:n</no>, with loss of final /n/ and reduction of a reduplicant onto a preceding long vowel. Note also that the duration of the initial /i:/ is very short for a long vowel. Despite this, <no>i:xté:lakwalo:lístli</no> has been written with a long initial vowel given the transparent etymology. In the verbal form <no>i:xté:lakwálo</no> the speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino also manifest extremely short duration of the initial vowel. However, the speech of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, shows a clear long initial vowel. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note in /i:xté:lakwalo:lístli/ the pitch accent that is probably the result of reduplication on a nasal-final syllable \ref 06833 \lxa i:xte:nkwalo \lxac i:xte:nkwalo \lxo i:xté:lakwálo \lxoa i:xté:tlakwálo \lxop i:xté:tlakwalo \lxoc i:xté:lakwálo, i:xté:tlakwálo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \infv class-4a(pass) \seo to be affected by the eye disease called <nlo>i:xté:lakwalo:lístli</nlo>, or conjuntivitis \sso afectarse por la enfermedad de los ojos llamada <nlo>i:xté:lakwalo:lístli</nlo>, o conjuntivitis \sem disease \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \nae For a discussion of initial vowel length, see <nlo>i:xté:lakwalo:lístli</nlo> \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token \ref 06834 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:ya:komiteyoh \lxoc xa:ya:komiteyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have the cheeks so sunken in that the facial bones protrude \sso estar con las mejillas sumidas con tal de que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara \equiva xa:yakateoomi \xrb xa:yaka \xrb omi \xrb te \ref 06835 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:nakas komichin \lxoc i:nakas komichin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \seo <l>Desmodium procumbens</l> (Mill.) Hitchc. var. <l>exiguum</l> (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \sso <l>Desmodium procumbens</l> (Mill.) Hitchc. var. <l>exiguum</l> (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., planta herbácea de la familia Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva meme:lioh \xrb nakas \xrb komich \nct xiwtli \ref 06836 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:yo:tlami \lxoc a:yo:tlami \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \seo for the water of to boil away (e.g., beans being boiled, tamales, corn, squash, etc., being steamed) \sso terminarsele el agua con que se cuece (p. ej., a frijoles cocidos, o elotes, tamales, calabaza, etc. cocidos al vapor) \synao a:yo:tetso:liwi \xrb a: \xrb tlami \grm Noun incorporation; intrinsic possession: Note here, and in other processes such as verbalizations in /-yo:tia/, how the intrinsic possession marker /yo:/ is part of the incorporated noun (or nominal stem with the verbalization). In the present case it is because the water that boils away is part of something (e.g., broth, fruits and vegetables, etc.). \ref 06837 \lxa a:yo:tetso:liwi \lxac a:yo:tetso:liwi \lxo a:yo:tetso:liwi \lxoc a:yo:tetso:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo for the water of to boil away (e.g., beans being boiled, tamales, corn, squash, etc., being steamed) \sso terminarsele el agua con que se cuece (p. ej., a frijoles cocidos, o elotes, tamales, calabaza, etc. cocidos al vapor) \syno a:yo:tlami \xrb a: \xrb tso:l \ref 06838 \lxa tla:ltekwi:lo \lxac tla:ltekwi:lo \lxo tla:ltehwi:lo \lxoc tla:ltehwi:lo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(pass) \seo to get covered with dust (e.g., ones household furniture, etc.) \sso cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., los muebles de una casa) \xrb tlal \xrb tekw \vl Link 2nd male token. \grm Passive: Note with the many other case of natural phenomena and passive construction: /tla:ltehwi:lo/. \ref 06839 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo si:stli \lxoc si:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo grandmother (of humans or animals) \sso abuela (de personas o animales) \sem kin \equiva lo:latli \xrb si:s \ref 06840 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ke:némitík \lxoa ke:némitsí:n \lxoc ke:némitík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \der Adj-tik-adv \pa yes-lex \seo how? \sso ¿cómo? \pno Ke:némitík awiá:k? \peo How does it smell? \pso ¿Cómo es su olor? \seo (<no>ma:si san</no> ~) in whatever way (i.e., without particular skill or care; see also <no>san ke:n ihka:tsi:n</no>) \sso (<no>ma:si san</no> ~) comoquiera (esto es, sin ninguna habilidad o cuidado en particular; vé ase también <no>san ke:n ihka:tsi:n</no>) \pno San náwánihtsa:lowa nodela:ntar ma:si san ke:némitík. \peo I just sewed my apron by myself in whatever way I could. \pso Yo solo cosémi delantal comoquiera que pude. \seo (<no>san ke:némitíkínekwísti</no>) to smell bad \sso (<no>san ke:némitíkínekwísti</no>) oler mal \cfo ke:nemih \xrb ke:nemih \nse Oapan <no>ke:némitík</no> is often preceded by <no>san</no> when it has a disrespective meaning. However, it may also be used as an interrogative in question about the appearance, color, or smell of a particular object. \nae Oapan Nahuatl <no>ke:némitík</no> seems to clearly contain the element <n>ke:n</n> though this has not been parsed out in the root field for this present entry. FK notes under <n>que:namih</n> that ' <n>amih</n> is separable to the point that <n>mach</n> can be inserted to form <n>que:mmachamih</n>. \nde Molina has <n>quenami?</n> 'de que manera, o de que condición es? o que arte o condición tiene?' The irregular pitch accent of Oapan <no>ke:némitík</no> is the result of the final {h}. \ref 06841 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlakwa:w \lxoc sa: tlakwa:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-b \seo (<no>sa:</no> ~) very much \sso (<no>sa:</no> ~) mucho \pno Sa: tlakwa:w yo:nisiaw, ya: mila:k wékáyo:tí:nenkéh. \peo I got dead tired because we walked really far. \pso Me cansémuchísimo porque caminamos muy lejos. \xrb tlakwa: \nse The element <no>tlakwa:w</no> is invariably preceded by <n>sa:</n>. \qry Check Am forms. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06842 \lxa tla:lte:ntli \lxac tla:lte:ntli \lxo tla:lte:ntli \lxoc tla:lte:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo small raised ledge of ground \sso pequeña parte subida de tierra \syna tla:losto:tsi:ntli \xrb tla:l \xrb te:n \vl Link 1st male token \ref 06843 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwe:tewela:xkoh \lxoc kwe:tewela:xkoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground \sso tener una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo \syna kwe:uwelax \syna kwe:uwelaxtik \syno kwe:teweya:k \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \nae The plural is irregular, taking either the Spanish or the Nahuatl plural marker: <no>kwe:tewela:xkos</no> or <no>kwe:tewela:xko:meh</no>. The origin of the ending <no>-koh</no> is unclear. The lack of a gendered ending <n>-kah</n> argues against a Spanish derivation. \pqry Recheck vowel length and correct /a:/ if necessary. \grm /te-/: Note the use of /te-/ in the following, which indicates a dress that is very long, usually long: /kwe:tewela:xkoh/ \ref 06844 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was duplicated /te:witlani/ and has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag all the tokens here with #2924. See notes there on how to link, etc. \ref 06845 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo po:chkaxitl \lxoa po:xkaxitl \lxoc po:chkaxitl, po:xkaxitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo incense burner (a three-legged bowl with one extended as a handle) \sso sahumerio (una ollita con tres patas una de las cuales se extiende como agarradera) \xrb po:ch \xrb kax \cfo po:chko:ni \sem tool \qry Check \mod Illustration \grm Oapan phonology: Note the difference between the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino (Oa): /po:chkaxitl/ and of her husband /po:xkaxitl/. \ref 06846 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record of /te:witlani/ has been deleted as a duplicate. There was no sound recorded. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 06847 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xmantla:lia \lxoc ki:xmantla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-S]-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to smooth over of the surface with ones hand (e.g., maize being spread out in the sun, earth before one lays a floor, etc.) \sso alisar la superficie de (p. ej., maíz que está siendo puesto al sol, el suelo antes de colocar un piso, etc.) \sem surface_alteration \synao i:xmana \xrb ix: \xrb man \xrb tla:l \grm Compounding; incorporation: Determine the best grammatical analysis of the combination/compounding in /i:xmantla:lia/. \ref 06848 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:xi:xte:roh \lxoc a:xi:xte:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <nlao>a:xi:xa</nlao> \psm N \der N-loan \seo person who urinates a lot \sso meón; alguien que orina mucho \seo bed-wetter \sso niño que orina en la cama \cfa a:xi:xpal \cfa a:xi:xaleh \cfo a:xi:xtewe:i \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \ref 06849 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mápilyesté:mi \lxop mapilyeste:mi \lxoc mápilyesté:mi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc (N-N)-(N-V1) \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \seo to get a blood blister on ones finger \sso salirsele una ampolla con sangre en el dedo \sem body \sem injury \syna mapilyestia \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb yes \xrb te:m \nse This refers to a blister that forms, and has blood inside, but does not burst open, <na>xyeski:sa</na>. \ref 06850 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yeste:mi \lxoc yeste:mi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \infv class-3a(m) \seo for a blood blister to form (on a part of the body) \sso formarse un ampolla con sangre adentro (en una parte del cuerpo) \synao yestia \cfo mápilyesté:mi \sem body \sem injury \xrb yes \xrb te:m \qry Check to make sure that the subject of this verb is the place that blisters, and not the human individual. \ref 06851 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo o:ntétlakówa \lxop o:ntetlakowa \lxoc o:ntétlakówah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \pa yes-lex \seo to share a mount together (with one person mounted behind the sadddle on a beast of burden such as a horse or mule) \sso montar una bestia (como una mula o caballo) juntos (con una persona montada atrás de la silla) \syna tema:ma \xrb o:m \xrb tlehko: \nae This verb is most often used with the aspectual ending <no>-tiw</no> or its inflected forms: <no>o:ntétlako:tíwih</no>. It is defective in that it is always used with a plural (reciprocal) subject. \ref 06852 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kamá:po:tsíwi \lxop kamá:po:tsiwi \lxoc kamá:po:tsíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo for ones cheeks to bulge (particularly from having ones mouth stuffed with food) \sso tener la boca llena y abultada (particularmente por tenerla atestada de comida) \syna kamapopo:xa:wi \xrb kama \xrb po:ts \ref 06853 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kamá:pó:xatiá \lxop kamá:po:xatia \lxoc kamá:pó:xatiá \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4d(tia) \pa yes-rdp \seo for ones cheeks to bulge (e.g., when playing a musical instrument) \sso abultarsele las mejillas a (p. ej., un músico cuando está tocando un intrumento de viento) \xrb kama \vl There are 5 female tokens of /kamá:pó:xatiá/. All should be tagged and 1 linked. Then there are 5 male tokens of the same word. However, only the 1st, 4th, and 5th are correctly pronounced. Only these should be tagged. And it is the fourth, penultimate, that should be linked. There then follow 4 tokens of /kamá:pó:xaíhtok/. All should be tagged as 6853. (see next entry) \grm Progressive/durative: CC sequences: The progressive form of <no>kamá:pó:xatiá</no> is <no>kamá:pó:xaíhtok</no> which is the perfective <no>o:kamá:pó:xaít</no> with the aspectual ending <no>-tok</no>, motivating the /h/ from the /tt/ sequence. \ref 06854 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kamá:pó:xaíhtok \lxop kamá:po:xaihtok \lxoc kamá:pó:xaíhtok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bolsa</spn> \psm V1 \inc N-*V1-Stat \der *V1-tok \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv Durative \pa yes-rdp \seo see <nlo>kamá:pó:xatiá</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>kamá:pó:xatiá</nlo> \xrb kama \nae The durative <no>kamá:pó:xaíhtok</no> is of unclear derivation. It would appear that the leftmost pitch accent results from a reduplicant reduced onto the short vowel of the incorporated noun stem <nr>kama-</nr> and the following high pitch is from the final {h} of {po:xah}. What is problematical, however, is the origin of the /h/ before the durative ending <n>-tok</n> ; there is no obvious verb form that has a shortened stem which would yield <no>kamá:pó:xaíw-</no> or other forms that would result in surface /h/. \vl There are 4 tokens (on the log file they were included, I think, with the previous ref. #). These should be tagged as 06854 and two linked. \ref 06855 \lxa osto:cha:neh \lxac osto:cha:neh \lxo osto:cha:neh \lxoa osto:cha:nih \lxoa osto:k cha:neh \lxoc osto:cha:neh, osto:cha:nih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo the Devil \sso el Diablo \sem religion \syno totioh \xrb osto: \xrb cha:n \nse One also hears <no>totioh osto:cha:neh</no> in reference to the fact that the Devil is considered to have been a brother of God. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male. \ref 06856 \lxa totioh \lxac totioh \lxo totioh \lxoc totioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>tío</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \seo the Devil \sso el Diablo \sea (rare) elder of the village \ssa (raro) hombre mayor de edad del pueblo \sem religion \syno osto:cha:neh \nse One also hears <no>totioh osto:cha:neh</no> in reference to the fact that the Devil is considered to have been a brother of God. \ref 06857 \lxa te:nwi:teki \lxac kite:nwi:teki \lxo te:nwi:teki \lxoc kite:nwi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to hit (e.g., a donkey, pig, etc., with a hard stick) on the snout \sso golpear (p. ej., un burro, marrano, etc., con un garrote) en hocico \xrb te:n \xrb wi:teki \pqry Check the difference in voicing between F and M /w/ in /kite:nwi:teki/. \ref 06858 \lxa kamatelowa \lxac kikamatelowa \lxo kamatelowa \lxoc kikamatelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to slap on the mouth (with an open hand, e.g., a child who is acting up) \sso dar una palmada por la boca a (p. ej., un niño grosero o latoso) \xrb kama \xrb tel \ref 06859 \lxa tro:mpokuwtli \lxac tro:mpokuwtli \lxo torompokohtli \lxoc torompokohtli \dt 04/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>trompo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sem games \seo stick with a short cord attached to its end that is wrapped around a top to thow it and make it spin \sso palito con un corto lasito atado a un cabo que se enreda a un trompo para aventarlo y hacerlo bailar \xrb kow \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06860 \lxa tro:mpo \lxac tro:mpo \lxo torompo \lxoc torompo \dt 04/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>trompo</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo top \sso trompo \sem games \ref 06861 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo blipiltsi:n \lxoc blipiltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) diablo \seo see <nlo>diablipiltsi:n</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>diablipiltsi:n</nlo> \apo diablipiltsi:n \xrb pil \nae This is a shortened form of <nlo>diablipi:ltsi:n</nlo>. \vl Given that this is a curse word, tag it but do not link. \ref 06862 \lxa diabli:piltsi:n \lxac diabli:piltsi:n \lxo diablipiltsi:n \lxoc diablipiltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>diablo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \seo (curse) God-damm (you) \sso (injuria) hijo del diablo \pno Diablipiltsi:n,¿xtitlachia? \peo God damn you! Can't you see (e.g., said to sb who knocks one over)? \pso ¡Hijo del diablo!¿No puedes ver (p. ej., dicho a algn que te atropella)? \sem Gender: male \apo blipiltsi:n \nse This is used as a curse when someone or something causes one harm, e.g., in cursing at an animal, a person, etc. Apparently it literally means 'hijo del diablo' (child of the devil). \pqry Check length of /i:/ in Am word as well as Oa form. \vl Given that this is a curse word, tag it but do not link. \ref 06863 \lxa ikxiyo:tia \lxac kikxiyo:tia \lxo í:xiyó:tia \lxop í:xiyo:tia \lxoc kí:xiyó:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to place legs on (e.g., a water jug, animal figurines, etc.) \sso ponerle las patas a (p. ej., un cántaro, figuras de animales, etc.) \pno A:ko:ntli, kwa:h kámách kichi:wah, kí:xiyó:tiah. \peo Water jugs, when they are just making them, they put legs on them. \pso Tinajas cuando apenas las hacen, le ponen patas. \xrb kxi \vl The first female token and male token are not the word here. Rather, they are 7167, /kixihyo:tia/. However, given the low level this first female token, which is 07167, might not be segmented. If this is the case there would be only 2 females and 3 males, with the first male as 7167. \ref 06864 \lxa ma:so:wtok \lxac ma:so:wtok \lxo ma:so:htok \lxoc ma:so:htok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc N-V2-Stat \der V2-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be with ones hand spread out (flat on a surface; e.g., <no>i:pan me:sah</no>) \sso estar con la mano extendida (y puesta sobre una superficie; p. ej., <no>i:pan me:sah</no>) \xrb ma: \xrb so:wa \vl Link 1st male token. \pqry Check difference in /h/ and /w/ as written. \ref 06865 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xá:hlotík \lxoc xá:hlotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-yoh-tik \pa yes \seo to be sandy (e.g., as in a beach) \sso estar cubierto de arena (p. ej., una playa) \equiva xa:litik \xrb xa:l \ref 06866 \lxa ma:chi:chi \lxac noma:chi:chi \lxo ma:chi:chi \lxoc noma:chi:chi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \tran +Refl/-trans \com N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \synao ma:pipi:na \syno ma:pa:chi:na \xrb ma: \xrb chi:chi \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \ref 06867 \lxa ma:pipi:na \lxac noma:pipi:na \lxo ma:pipi:na \lxoc noma:pipi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \seao (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \ssao (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \synao ma:chi:chi \syno ma:pa:chi:na \xrb ma: \xrb pi:na \qry Check for these and synonyms in transitive form. \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \ref 06868 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:pa:chi:na \lxoc noma:pa:chi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \synao ma:chi:chi \synao ma:pipi:na \xrb ma: \xrb pa: \xrb chi:na \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \pqry This word, /ma:pa:chi:na/ provides an excellent example of long vowels in consecutive syllables. \grm Phonology; vowel length: This word, /ma:pa:chi:na/ provides an excellent example of long vowels in consecutive syllables. \ref 06869 \lxa mapilchi:chi \lxac nomapilchi:chi \lxo 'mapilchí:chi \lxop mapilchi:chi \lxoc nómapilchí:chi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or fingers \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \syna mapilpipi:na \syno mápilpipí:na \syno mápilpa:chí:na \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb chi:chi \nae See discussion of pitch accent under <nlo>'mapilpa:chí:na</nlo>. \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \ref 06870 \lxa mapilpipi:na \lxac nomapilpipi:na \lxo 'mapilpipí:na \lxoc nómapilpipí:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \syno mápilchí:chi \syna mapilchi:chi \syno mápilpa:chí:na \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb pi:na \nae See discussion of pitch accent under <nlo>'mapilpa:chí:na</nlo>. \ref 06871 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo 'mapilpa:chí:na \lxoc nómapilpa:chí:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \syno mápilchí:chi \syna mapilchi:chi \syno mápilpipí:na \syna mapilpipi:na \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb pa: \xrb chi:na \nae In <no>nómapilpa:chí:na</no> as well as the synonymous forms <no>nómapilchí:chi</no> and <no>nómapilpipí:na</no> the pitch accent shifts leftwards over the stem boundary and onto the reflexive prefix. Whether or not this is the case with all prefixes is not certain. \ref 06872 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlalwayoh \lxoc tlalwayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have a lot of tendons or veins (e.g., the meat of a thin animal) \sso tener muchos tendones o venas (p. ej., la carne de un animal flaco) \xrb tlalwa \ref 06873 \lxa popo:yoti \lxac popo:yoti \lxo pó:yotí \lxop po:yoti \lxoc pó:yotí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pollo</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \pa yes \seo to go around with a lot of women (a man) \sso andar con muchas mujeres (un hombre) \ref 06874 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mesté:tomák \lxop mesté:tomak \lxoc mesté:tomák \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik(ap) \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \infa pl. <no>mesté:tomáhmeh</no> \pa yes-rdp \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas); tener los muslos llenos. \apo mesté:tomáhtik \xrb mets \xrb toma \ref 06875 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record has been deleted as a duplicate of 06292 \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag these tokens with #6292, which is the same headword. The first female token is /mesté:tomáhtikeh/; it should be tagged as 6282, but not linked. \ref 06876 \lxa kawa:ni \lxac kawa:ni \lxo kawa:ni \lxoc kawa:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni/altia \infv class-3a \seo to catch fire (e.g., brush placed on top of embers of coals, sth one which a cigarrette has fallen, etc.) \sso prenderse (p. ej., pasto o pequeñas ramitas puestos sobre las brazas, hojas secas sobre que se cae un cigarro encendido) \xrb kawa: \xvco kawa:naltia \nse The word <no>kawa:ni</no> is used to refer to things such as dry brush at the moment it starts to catch fire, before it is fully ablaze; see <nlo>tlikwi</nlo>. \ref 06877 \lxa kawa:naltia \lxac kikawa:naltia \lxo kawa:naltia \lxoc kikawa:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni/altia \infv class-2a \seo to set afire (e.g., brush placed on top of embers of coals, sth one which a cigarrette has fallen, etc.) \sso prender (p. ej., pasto o pequeñas ramitas puestos sobre las brazas, hojas secas sobre que se cae un cigarro encendido) \xrb kawa: \xvba kawa:ni \ref 06878 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:tala \lxoc a:tala \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \seo person who drinks a lot of water; person who drinks a lot of water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) \sso algn quien toma mucha agua; algn que toma mucha agua al comer (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) \syna a:chi:kwa \syna a:tlakwa:ni \xrb a: \xrb tala \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06879 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koloxsa:lowa \lxoc kikoloxsa:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to tie up in a bundle (certain plants that have dried such as <no>kó:ihlí</no> to hang them up for next year's seed) \sso atar en manojos (ciertas plantas que se han secadas con sus semillas, como <no>kó:ihlí</no>, para guardar colgadas para semilla del otro año) \xrb kolox \xrb sa:l \xrb sa:l \ref 06880 \lxa tlakwalititia \lxac kitlakwalititia \lxo tlakwalititia \lxoc kitlakwalititia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to infect with the desire to eat \sso contagiar con el deseo de comer \pno Yo:htlámikéh totlaxkal, kas ya: timiakeh totlakwalititiah. \peo We've finished up our tortillas, perhaps because there are so many of us we've infected each other with the desire to eat. \pso Ya terminamos las tortillas, quizácon eso de que somos muchos, nos contagiamos con el deseo de comer. \xrb kwa \xrb ta \nae Apparently Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlakwalititia</no> is derived from the causative of <nlo>ita</nlo> 'to see', with valency-reducing incorporation of the nominal element <no>tlakwahli</no> 'food.' \ref 06881 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:rokórra:l \lxoc tó:rokórra:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan <spn>toro</spn> ; <spn>corral</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes \seo bull ring \sso rueda de toros \ref 06882 \lxa ma:kukwalotla \lxac kima:kukwalotla \lxo má:kwaló:tla \lxop má:kwalo:tla \lxoc kimá:kwaló:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \seo to make (sb) get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles aching and stiff) \sso hacer que se le quede el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se entumece el cuerpo) \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \xvba má:kwaló \ref 06883 \lxa tixwa:ki \lxac tixwa:ki \lxo tixwa:ki \lxoc tixwa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \infv class-3a(k) \seo for the <no>tixtli</no> to dry up on (the type of food called <nlo>tlaxkalte:tso:tsontsi:n</nlo> when it is placed on the clay griddle) \sso secarsele la masa a (el tipo de tortilla preparada que se llama <nlo>tlaxkalte:tso:tsontsi:n</nlo> cuando se pone sobre el comal) \xrb tisi \xrb wa:k \nse The <no>tlaxkalte:tso:tsontsi:n</no> dries up because it is not turned over like an ordinary tortilla, but rather left to dry up on the hot griddle as salt is sprinkled on its surface. \ref 06884 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaxilahka:n \lxoa tlatexilahka:n \lxoc tlaxilahka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-tla-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \seo place on an incline that is slippery (from being wet, being covered with loose earth, having a smooth and hard surface, etc.) \sso cuesta resbalosa (por estar mojada, tener una capa de tierra, suelta, tener una superficie lisa y dura, etc.) \equiva tlaxola:wa \equivo tlaxilahko \xrb xola: \ref 06885 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsompilkatok \lxoc tsompilkatok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be with ones head hanging down, slumped over (e.g., a person sleeping, drunk, etc.) \sso estar con la cabeza colgada (p. ej., una persona dormida, borracha, etc.) \xrb tsom \xrb pil \ref 06886 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo petlawia \lxof [pe tla 'wi a] \lxoc kipetlawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seo to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, such as to often making a loud sound upon striking the object \sso golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces haciendo un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe \sem contact \syna petlasa:kawi:teki \syno petlá:solwíya \xrb petla \ref 06887 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo petlá:solwía \lxop petlá:solwia \lxoc kipetlá:solwía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, often to such a degree that a loud sound is made upon the object being struck \sso golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces causando un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe \sem contact \syna petlasa:kawi:teki \equivo petlawiya \xrb petla \xrb -sosol \ref 06888 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo weyaka:westok \lxoc weyaka:westok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \com Part-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seo to be lying down on the ground fully stretched out \sso estar acostada por el suelo bien estirado \xrb weya \xrb wetsi \ref 06889 \lxa weyahka:te:ka \lxac noweyahka:te:ka \lxo weyaka:te:ka \lxoc noweyaka:te:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com Part-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \seo (refl.) to lay or fall down with ones body fully stretched out \sso (refl.) acostarse o caerse con el cuerpo bien estirado \pno O:ninotexila:w, ta o:ninoweyaka:te:kak. \peo My feet slipped out from under me, I even landed fully stretched out. \pso Se me fueron los pies, hasta caítodo estirado. \xrb weya \xrb te:ka \pqry Check Oapan form. There is a def. /h/ here. \ref 06890 \lxa wechyo \lxac i:wechyo \lxo wechyo \lxoc i:wechyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo dried heavily seeded portions of certain plants (e.g., <nbo>kó:ihlí</nbo>) \sso las ramas secas y llenas de semillas de ciertas plantas (p. ej., <nbo>kó:ihlí</nbo>) \xrb wech \nse According to Florencia Marcelino only huazontle is so described. \ref 06891 \lxa tsompiliwi \lxacpend tsompiliwi \lxo tsompiliwi \lxoc tsompiliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo for ones head to droop down; to slump over (e.g., a large sunflower, a person very tired, etc.) \sso tener la cabeza inclinada hacia abajo (p. ej., un girasol grande, una persona con mucho sueño, etc.) \xrb tsom \xrb pil \nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, much more common is the stative <nla>tsompilkatok</nla>. \vl The first female token (of three) is /tsompi:liwi/ with a long /i:/ as indicated. Note that this first token might not have segmented, in which case there will be 2 F and 2 M tokens. \ref 06892 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tsompilowa \lxoc kima:tsompilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-(N-V2) \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to bend the branches of a tree down (e.g., to pick its fruit) \sso doblar las ramas de unárbol hacia abajo (p. ej., para piscarle la fruta) \xrb ma: \xrb tsom \xrb pil \ref 06893 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo iximali:ntok \lxoc iximali:ntok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \com N-V1 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be sitting with ones legs crossed near the ankles \sso estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas por cerca de los tobillos \cfa ikxinepaniwtok \cfo ixinepanihtok \xrb kxi \xrb mali: \qry Note that in the original cross-reference from /ikxinepaniwtok/ I had this Oa word written as /ixí:malí:ntok/. Check which form, the reduplicated one with reduction on /ixi-/ or the headword here /iximali:ntok/. \ref 06894 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mesnepanihtok \lxoc mesnepanihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \com N-V1 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be sitting with ones legs crossed at the thighs \ss estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas por los muslos \syna ikxinepaniwtok \syno ixinepanihtok \xrb mets \xrb nepan \grm Oapan phonology: ts>s /___ n. Check whether this occurs always. \ref 06895 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \lxop a:xi:xtesokwiya:ya \lxoc a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-S-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo to acquire or become covered with the smell of urine \sso agarrar el olor a orina \syna a:xi:xkokoya:ya \xrb a: \xrb xi:x \xrb sohkwi \xrb hya: \nae The etymology of <no>a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya</no> is not completely clear. The pitch accent derives at least from the final verbal root <n>hya:</n>, but this does not explain the shift of rising pitch to the /te-/ syllable. Usually incorporated nouns on the verbal or participial forms involving <n>hya:</n> are pitch accented on their penultimate syllable. Thus one has <nlo>a:kwítlayá:ya</nlo>, etc. It is possible that a form such as <no>a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya</no> involves another underlying {h} in a position that cannot be determined since no comparative data (historical or from neighboring villages) are available. If the {h} were to close the syllable {teh} it is unclear why the high pitch would not shift left to /xi:x/, which has a long vowel and thus should attract stress, particularly to avoid clash. It might be, therefore, that the syllable {soh} has an underlying {h} and that there is some deletion of pitch accent based on the clash that derives from underlying {-te sohkwihya:ya}. Though at this point the reconstruction is speculative, this is perhaps the most likely explanation. There is evidence elsewhere that when there are two consecutive syllables with coda {h} that the consecutive pitch accents are reduced to one. Thus, it would be understandable, given this, that {a:xi:xtesohkwihya:ya} would reduce to [a:xi:xtesòkwiy'a:ya] and that then there was a subsequen le \grmx The etymology of <no>a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya</no> is not completely clear. The pitch accent derives at least from the final verbal root <n>hya:</n>, but this does not explain the shift of rising pitch to the /te-/ syllable. Usually incorporated nouns on the verbal or participial forms involving <n>hya:</n> are pitch accented on their penultimate syllable. Thus one has <nlo>a:kwítlayá:ya</nlo>, etc. It is possible that a form such as <no>a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya</no> involves another underlying {h} in a position that cannot be determined since no comparative data (historical or from neighboring villages) are available. However, if the {h} were to close the syllable {teh} it is unclear why the high pitch would not shift left to /xi:x/, which has a long vowel and thus should attract stress. It might be, therefore, that the syllable {soh} has an underlying {h} and that there is some deletion of pitch accent based on the clash that derives from underlying {-tesohkwihya:ya}. This is perhaps the most li kely explanation, though at this point it is completely speculative. \ref 06896 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:xi:xtésokwíya:k \lxoc a:xi:xtésokwíya:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \seo to smell of urine \sso oler a orina \syna a:xi:xkokoyá:k \cfo a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb sohkwi \xrb hya: \qry Check vowel pitch pattern. \ref 06897 \lxa tsi:npaxia:ltik \lxac tsi:npaxia:ltik \lxo tsi:npaxia:ltik \lxoc tsi:npaxia:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>pasear</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be a rover; to be a vagabond; to be a person who travels a lot, or who goes around the village a lot visiting many people \ss ser vagabundo; ser un trotamundos; ser una persona que viaja mucho o que anda mucho en el pueblo de una casa a otra \apao tsi:npaxia:l \xrb tsi:n \xrb paxia:l \qry Check Am /tsi:npaxia:ltik/. I have added it based on Oapan evidence, but it needs to be rechecked. If wrong, change xref links as needed. \ref 06898 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixipilteki \lxoc kixipilteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to cut (sb) on the bottom of the toe (where the toe joins the bottom of the foot) \sso cortar a (algn) por la parte inferior del dedo de pie (por donde se junta con la planta del pie) \pno O:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n. \peo A guaco bird cut the bottom of your toe. \pso Un guaco te cortóel dedo de pie. \cfo wa:ktsi:n \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb teki \ref 06899 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni \lxoc tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn N1 \seo lightning bolt \sso rayo \xrb tson \xrb wi:teki \sem weather \nse This should be compared to lightning (<spn>relámpago</spn>) which is indicated by the term <no>tlapetla:ni</no>. The use of what is essentially an instrumental ending <n>-lo:ni</n> is interesting, but coincides with the fact that the Nahuatl translation of 'to get hit by lightening' is with the victim as object of a transitive verb with unnamed plural 3rd-person agents. \nae The acoustic evidence suggests a short first /i/ in the middle of <no>tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni</no> as the duration is quite short for a phonologically long vowel. However, given that the etymology seems to clearly relate to <nlo>wi:teki</nlo> the vowel has been orthographically represented as long, pending further study and analysis of a greater number of speech tokens. \ref 06900 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:kwitsa:wi \lxoc tla:kwitsa:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo for there to be crooked bolts of lightning (accompanied by thunder) \sso haber rayos que atraviesan el cielo (con truenos) \sem weather \xrb a: kwitsa: \nde No cognate forms have yet been noted in other dialects. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06901 \lxa tlantsitsilka \lxac tlantsitsilka \lxo tlantsitsilka \lxoc tlantsitsilka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to feel small sharp tingling in ones teeth (from drinking sth very cold) \sso sentir algo como los dientes hormigueando (por haber bebido algo muy frio) \xrb tlan \xrb tsili: \ref 06902 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kó:koye:hchí:wa \lxop a:ko:koye:hchi:wa \lxoc na:kó:koye:hchí:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \com N-N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to clear ones throat \sso (refl.) despejarse la garganta \equiva ko:koye:kchi:wa \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb ye:k \xrb chi:wa \ref 06903 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ma:xtlayoh \lxoc a:ma:xtlayoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have a diaper on \sso tener un pañal puesto \xrb a: \xrb ma:xtl \ref 06904 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo na:natsi:n \lxoc i:na:natsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo aunt \sso tía \sem kin \xrb na:na \qry Check whether this can be used as a term of address. I believe it can be. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6992; they should be tagged with #06904. \ref 06905 \lxa ti:yoh \lxac i:ti:yoh \lxo tiótlí \lxoc i:tioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan tío \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln (Am); N1/2; Aln(1=2) (Oa) \pa yes \seo uncle \sso tío \sem kin \nse It seems that in Ameyaltepec the loan <na>ti:yo</na> is used in both possessed form and as a term of address. \nae The final /h/ in Oapan <no>i:tioh</no> illustrates the manner in which Spanish loans are often adopted into the Nahuatl language with final /h/. \qry In Oapan it is not clear what the address term is. \ref 06906 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:welí \lxop tlá:weli \lxoc tlá:welí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \rdp Reduced rdp-s \pa yes-lex \seo to be an expert at a particular task (a <spn>nahual</spn>, a good painter, a professor, etc.); to be adept at various things (e.g., sewing, making pottery, etc.) \sso ser experto en una cosa en particular (un nahual, un buen pintor, un profesor); ser adepto a varias cosas (p. ej., coser, hacer cerámica, etc.) \xrb hwel \nae The perfective of Oapan <no>tlá:welí</no> is <no>o:tlá:wél</no> ; the pitch accent is not shifted left to the completive clitic. \vl The first female token is /tlawe:leh/ and should be tagged as #5695. The second is /tlá:welí/ and should be the one chosen for the link. The first male token should also be linked. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: The perfective of Oapan <no>tlá:welí</no> is <no>o:tlá:wél</no> ; the pitch accent is not shifted left to the completive clitic. \ref 06907 \lxa komo:chiyo:hli \lxac komo:chiyo:hli \lxo komo:chyo:hli \lxoc komo:chyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seo birthmark \sso lunar \sea seeds of the <nba>komo:chitl</nba> tree \ssa semillas delárbol llamado <nba>komo:chitl</nba> \xrb komo:ch \xrb yo:l \nse Apparently birthmarks are so called because they often look like the seeds of the <spn>guamúchil</spn>. \ref 06908 \lxa pa:ya:kwi \lxac pa:ya:kwi \lxo pa:ya:kwi \lxoc pa:ya:kwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to become woozy or dizzy; to become light-headed (for not eating, from a bad cold, from drink, etc.) \sso ponerse mareado, aturdido o como embriagado (por no comer, por una gripa fuerte, de bebida) \syna kwa:pa:ya:ti \xrb pa:ya: \xrb kwi \xvco pa:ya:kwi:tia \ref 06909 \lxa pa:ya:kwi:tia \lxac kipa:ya:kwi:tia \lxo pa:ya:kwi:tia \lxocpend kipa:ya:kwi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make woozy or dizzy; to make light-headed (hunger, a cold, alcohol, etc.) \sso marear o poner mareado, aturdir o dejar como embriagado (hambre, una gripa fuerte, la borrachera) \syna kwa:pa:ya:tilia \xrb pa:ya: \xrb kwi \xvbo pa:ya:kwi: \vl For some reason this word wasn't taped although it was presented to the consultants. \ref 06910 \lxa ye:lpanakatl \lxac ye:lpanakatl \lxo ye:lpanakatl \lxoc ye:lpanakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo breast meat (in reference to a chicken) \sso pechuga (en referencia a la carne de un pollo) \sem body \sem animal \sem food \xrb e:l \xrb naka \xrl -pan \pqry Note that with C. Flores (Am), even here with careful pronunciation there is no /nn/. \ref 06911 \lxa mexkalteki \lxac mexkalteki \lxo mexkalteki \lxoc mexkalteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to cut maguey (for fiber) \sso cortar maguey (para la fibra) \syna ixteki \xrb mexkal \xrb teki \ref 06912 \lxa mexkaltehke:tl \lxac mexkaltehke:tl \lxo mexkaltehke:tl \lxoc mexkaltehke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who cuts maguey (for fiber) \sso persona que corta maguey (para la fibra) \xrb mexkal \xrb teki \ref 06913 \lxa mexkalpa:ka \lxac mexkalpa:ka \lxo mexkalpa:ka \lxocpend mexkalpa:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to place cut maguey leaves in a river to soften it and extract fiber \sso poner las pencas cortadas de maguey en el río para hacerlas blandas y sacarles fibra \xrb mexkal \xrb pa:ka \vl No speech token for this word although the consultants were apparently asked. \ref 06914 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:tlatsi:ni \lxoc tla:tlatsi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seo for ones skin to get a dried layer of dirty skin (during the winter months when it is dry and cold) \sso quedarsele la piel resecada y sucia (durante los meses secos y fríos del invierno) \xrb tlatsi: \nse This skin condition occurs only in the dry winter months and when one does not scrape ones skin (<no>noté:chikí</no>) with a rough stone while bathing in order to clear off the dried, dead skin cells.. \ref 06915 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo áwia:ká:yo \lxoc i:áwia:ká:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seo fragrance or sweet smell (e.g., of a flower) \sso fragrancia o buen olor (p. ej., de una flor) \seo good flavor or taste (of a food) \sso buen sabor (de una comida) \pa yes-lex \equiva awia:yo \equivo áwiá:hyo \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \qry Make sure absolutive doesn't exist. Make sure that no /h/, a reflex of /k/ from the adjectival, is present in the AM form. \vl There are four extra tokens at 05979. Link the best tokens. Here two of the female tokens (if they all segment) are stuttered and should not be tagged. \grm Note for grammatical discussion of -yo possessive: awia:hyo as in xohkipia iawia:hyo. Note that in elicitation FM gave both /i:áwiá:yo/ and /i:áwiá:hyo/ but in recording IJ gave /i:áwia:ká:yo/ and FM agreed after having given //i:áwiá:hyo/. She did not give /i:áwiá:yo/ \ref 06916 \lxa kextsonteki \lxac kikextsonteki \lxo kextsonteki \lxoc kikextsonteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-(N-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to decapitate (an animal or person, with a machete, e.g., the action of cutting off the head of a slaughtered pig) \sso decapitar (un animal o persona, con un machete; p. ej., decapitar un marrano que ha sido sacrificado); degollar \sem cutting \cfao kexteki \xrb kech \xrb tson \xrb teki \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06917 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tla:tlatsi:ni \lxoc ma:tla:tlatsi:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seo for the skin on ones arm (or hand) to get a dried layer of dirty skin (during the winter months when it is dry and cold) \sso quedarsele la piel del brazo (o la mano) resecada y sucia (durante los meses secos y fríos del invierno) \xrb ma: \xrb tlatsi: \nse This skin condition occurs only in the dry winter months and when one does not scrape ones skin (<no>noté:chikí</no>) with a rough stone while bathing to removed the dead and dry skin cells. \ref 06918 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tsa:tsaya:ni \lxoc ma:tsa:tsaya:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seo for the skin on ones arms to split open in places from drying and cold (particularly affecting those who work clay a lot) \sso rajarsele la piel del brazo a, por lo seco y frío (particularmente a las mujeres que hacen cerámica) \xrb ma: \xrb tsaya: \nse This word is now rarely used in Oapan because more care is placed on ones skin, e.g., with skin creams. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06919 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chiachia:wa \lxoc chiachia:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1 \seo type of grasshopper, still not identified \sso tipo de chapulín, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equiva chia:wak chapolin \encyctmp chapolin \xrb chiya: \nse This grasshopper is called by this name because when cooked it is very fatty; cf. <nlo>chiya:wak</nlo>. \pqry The length of the first vowel is uncertain; I have provisionally given it as short, with no pitch accent. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06920 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatekoyo:wia \lxof [tla te ko yo: 'wi a] \lxoc tlatekoyo:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo to cry loudly (particularly in reference to older children o adults) \sso llorar fuertemente (particularmente en reference a adolescentes o adultos) \xrb koyo: \nse This word is used in reference to crying by those who allegedly too old to cry but who do cry, and loudly because of their age. Note the use of the"intensifier" <n>te-</n> as an infix, apparently in reference to the fact that this action results in a"non-normal"state. \ref 06921 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for Oapan /tlawi:pa:ntli/, but it was a duplicate of 2647 and has therefore been eliminated. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The four tokens here should be numbered #2647 since this entry (6921) is a duplicate. Note that the two linked sound files at 2647 should be the ones originally from 6921 as the sound is better. \ref 06922 \lxa a:a:wiltia \lxacpend ka:a:wiltia \lxo náná:wiltiá \lxop naná:wiltia \lxoc kí:ná:wiltiá; o:kí:ná:wíltikéh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>o:kí:ná:wíltikéh</no> \pa yes-rdp \seo to rape (a woman by a man) \sso violar (una mujer por un hombre) \cfao a:wiltia \xrb a:wil \nae The origin of this unusual Oapan Nahuatl word seems to be a reduplicated (reduced with a vowel initial stem) form of <n>a:wiltia</n> (yielding <no>á:wiltiá</no>) which has then had the reflexive object prefix <n>ne-</n> added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be <no>ná:wiltiá</no>. This form then became reduplicated and lexicalized, meaning 'to rape', yielding <no>náná:wiltiá</no>. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in <no>o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh</no> 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: <no>kí:ná:wiltiá</no>. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the perfective stem. Thus one finds <no>o:kí:ná:wíltikéh</no>, which has four pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date <no>náná:wiltiá</no> i s the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. In Ameyaltepec, according to Inocencio Díaz the reduplicant is with a long vowel. \pqry With a vowel initial stem form of <n>a:wiltia</n> (yielding <no>á:wiltiá</no>) which has then had the reflexive object prefix <n>ne-</n> added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be <no>ná:wiltiá</no>. This form then became lexicalized and reduplicated, yielding <no>náná:wiltiá</no>. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in <no>o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh</no> 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: <no>kí:ná:wiltiá</no>. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the perfective stem. Thus one finds <no>o:kí:ná:wíltikéh</no>, which has four pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date <no>náná:wiltiá</no> is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note the following /kí:ná:wiltiá/ and /o:kí:ná:wíltikéh/: The origin of this unusual Oapan Nahuatl word seems to be a reduplicated (reduced with a vowel initial stem) form of <n>a:wiltia</n> (yielding <no>á:wiltiá</no>) which has then had the reflexive object prefix <n>ne-</n> added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be <no>ná:wiltiá</no>. This form then became lexicalized and reduplicated, yielding <no>náná:wiltiá</no>. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in <no>o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh</no> 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: <no>kí:ná:wiltiá</no>. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the pe rfective stem. Thus one finds <no>o:kí:ná:wíltikéh</no>, which has four pitch-accented syllable s in a six syllable word. To date <no>náná:wiltiá</no> is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. Note that it appears this verb appears to derive from /a:wiltia/, reduplicated and with the reflexive or reflexive impersonal prefix /no-/ or /ne-/ added. The resulting verb is thus /ná:wiltiá/. All the examples I have of this verb are further reduplicated as /né:xnaná:wiltiáh/ or, when the prefix has a short vowel, /mí:sná:wiltiáh/. However, all the examples I have on tape, at least the minimal pairs tape, have a plural subject. Thus it remains to be seen whether this non-lexicalized reduplication only occurs with a plural subject and, therefore, whether or not one finds the unreduplicated /misná:wiltiá/ with a single subject. Check! \vl There are 3 forms of this verb : /kí:ná:wiltiá/ /o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh/ and /o:kí:ná:wíltikéh/. Tag all three forms with 6922 but only link the first and last. \ref 06923 \lxa a:mi:miktia \lxac ka:mi:miktia \lxo a:mi:mihtia \lxoc ka:mi:mihtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \seao to drown (sb, e.g, by forcing them underwater and holding them there) \ssao ahogar a (algn, p. ej., al sumergirlo en el agua a fuerza) \xrb a: \xrb miki \ref 06924 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo íyo:mi:míki \lxop iyo:mi:miki \lxoc íyo:mi:míki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to be unable to breathe (e.g., por el piquete de un alacrán); to feel suffocated \sso no poder respirar (p. ej., por un piquete de alacrán); sentir suffocado \syna a:mimi:ka \xrb hyo: \xrb miki \xvco íyo:mi:miíhtia \vl The first female token is simply /íyo:míki/. It should be tagged here at 6925, but not linked. For the links use the reduplicated /íyo:mi:míki/. \ref 06925 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo í:yo:mi:míhtia \lxop í:yo:mi:mihtia \lxoc kí:yo:mi:míhtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to suffocate; to make it difficult for (sb) to breathe \sso suffocar; hacerle la respiración difícil a (algn) \xrb hyo: \xrb miki \xvba iyo:mi:miki \xvbo íyo:mi:míki \ref 06926 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:tlatla \lxoc a:tlatla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \seao to get burned from too much water (e.g., a maize plant in depressed land after heavy rains) \ssao quemarse por una abundancia de agua (p. ej., la milpa en un terreno sumido después de mucha lluvia) \sem agriculture \sem blight \syna a:chichinawi \xrb a: \xrb tla \ref 06927 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sokipachiwi \lxoc sokipachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get covered with mud (e.g., maize plants when small, chile, etc., by mud that slides across it after a heavy rain) \sso taparse por lodo (p. ej., plantas como la milpa pequeña, chile, etc., por lodo que se arrastra por una fuerte lluvia) \xrb soki \xrb pach \ref 06928 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sawatik \lxoc sawatik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <no>té:sawatik</no> \seo hoarse \sso ronco \sem disease \xrb sawa \nse The definition of this word, 'hoarse' needs to be checked with consultants. \pqry Check this definition for Oapan. It might simply mean mangy??? \pqry Note that I originally had written /sawahtik/. However, this does not seem to conform to the acoustic analysis and has been changed. But note what appears to be a really long stop from the /t/. Check! \ref 06929 \lxa kexsawa:ni \lxac kexsawa:ni \lxo kexsawa:ni \lxoa kextsawa:ni \lxoc kexsawa:ni,kextsawa:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to be or become hoarse \ssao estar o ponerse ronco \syna kexsasawati \xrb kech \xrb sawa: \nde Classical Nahuatl has no cognate form yet noted. However, Tetelcingo, Morelos has two intransitive verbs, <n>sahuani</n> and <n>sahuana</n> (note that all vowels are short) both glossed as 'estáronco.' The former forms the impersonal with <n>-lo</n> whereas the latter uses <n>-hua</n>. Vowel length in the Oapan form should be rechecked. \vl Link 2nd male token and 1st female. \qry Check whether /sawa:ni/ is an acceptable entry. Check vowel length. Check for stative, etc. \ref 06930 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepi:tilia \lxoc kitepi:tilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \se to make hard (in general the the earth by pounding, a bag or stack of sth by pushing and crushing together) \ss macizar; endurecer (en general la tierra al golpearla fuerte, o un conjunto de algo al empujar y apretujar) \synao tepi:tsowa \cfo tepi:xte:ma \xrb tepi: \rt The relationship between /tepi:/ and /tepi:ts/ should be explored. Cf. /tepi:tka:tla:katl/. \ref 06931 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepi:xte:ma \lxoc kitepi:xte:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(m) \syno tepi:tilia \seo to stuff tightly (e.g., sth such as corn cobs (<spn>mazorca</spn>) in a sack by pushing and crushing together, or even the earth by pounding it) \sso macizar; endurecer (p. ej., algo como mazorcas en un costal al empujar y apretujarlas, o hasta la tierra y suelo al golpearla) \seo (refl.) to settle down and harden (e.g., loose earth after water has been poured on it, cut weeds after being rained on, etc.) \sso (refl.) asentarse y endurecerse (p. ej., tierra suelta después de que agua le había sido vertido, hierba y maleza cortada después de una lluvia, etc.) \synao tepi:tsowa \cfo tepi:tilia \xrb tepi: \ref 06932 \lxa ma:tsitsilka \lxac ma:tsitsilka \lxo ma:tsitsilka \lxoc ma:tsitsilka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to feel a tingling in ones arm or hand (e.g., numbness such as that when ones arm falls asleep, from a scorpion bite, etc.) \sso sentir un hormigueo en la mano o brazo (p. ej., por el frío, por un piquete como de alacrán, etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb tsili: \dis tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka \xvca ma:tsitsika:ltia \ref 06933 \lxa ikxitsitsilka \lxac ikxitsitsilka \lxo ixitsitsilka \lxoc ixitsitsilka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to feel a tingling in ones foot or leg (e.g., numbness such as that when ones arm falls asleep, from a scorpion bite, etc.) \sso sentir un hormigueo en el pie o pierna (p. ej., por el frío, por un piquete como de alacrán, etc.) \xrb kxi \xrb tsili: \dis tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka \nae The reduced form * <no>ixi:tsilka</no> is not possible. \grm Oapan reduplication: The reduced form * <no>ixi:tsilka</no> is not possible. \ref 06934 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tekoxokotl \lxoc tekoxokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-ed(pend) \seo type of wild plum tree; it is not found near Ameyaltepec nor Oapan but rather in the lands around San Francisco Ozomatlán; its fruit is purple and edible (occasionally its fruit, and by extension the tree, is called <n>moradi:toh</n>) \sso tipo de ciruelo silvestre; no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec ni Oapan sino más bien en los alrededores de san Francisco Ozomatlán; su fruta es moradita y comestible (a veces la fruta, y por extensión elárbol, se llama <n>moradi:toh</n>) \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem hypo xokotl \equiva tekonxokotl \xrb tekoma \xrb xoko \ref 06935 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo bié:jotília \lxop bie:jotilia \lxoc mitsbié:jotília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>viejo</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to make old (a person) \sso envejecer a; hacer viejo a (algn) \pno Dilah titlai:ni, mitsbié:jotíli:s tra:goh. \peo If you get drunk a lot, the drink will make you old. \pso Si te emborrachas mucho, la bebida te va a envejeder. \ref 06936 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo di:lah \lxoc di:lah titekitki; di:lah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>de</spn> \psm Adv \der Adv-man \seo if really \sso si de veras \pno Dilah titekitki, san niman tibié:jotiás. \peo If you work really hard, you'll get old quickly. \pso Si eres muy trabajador, luego luego te quedas viejo. \nae Pronounced by itself one finds <no>di:lah</no> with final /h/. However, unlike other words that manifest pitch accent when in non-phrase final position, the sequence <no>di:lah titekiti</no> does not seem to show marked pitch on the first syllable ? <no>dí:lah titekiti</no>. The reason for this is not clear. Likely, in isolation the length seems clearly to be <no>di:lah</no>, however, in combination the length of the first and second syllables of <no>di:lah</no> is not so easy to distinguish. \ref 06937 \lxa bie:jotia \lxac bie:jotia \lxo bié:jotiá \lxop bie:jotia \lxoc bié:jotiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>de</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4a \pa yes-loan \seo if really \sso si de veras \pno Dilah titekitki, san niman tibié:jotiás. \peo If you work really hard, you'll get old quickly. \pso Si eres muy trabajador, luego luego te quedas viejo. \pqry Check vowel length in the Ameyaltepec form. I might have gotten this wrong. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note how the pitch-accent system affects length in borrowed words, here the /e/, not the /o/, is long. \ref 06938 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pitsako:tsi:n \lxoc pitsako:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \seo to be very, very narrow (e.g., a needle, a brush, thread, etc.) \sso ser muy, muy delgado (p. ej., un aguja, un pincel, hilo, etc.) \xrb pitsa: \nse Semantically, <no>pitsako:tsi:n</no> represents an intensification of <nlo>pitsa:wak</nlo>. \ref 06939 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekapitsako:tsi:n \lxoc yekapitsako:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \seo to have a very, very narrow tip (e.g., a fine brush for painting, a rapidograph, etc.) \sso tener la punta muy, muy delgada (p. ej., un pincel, una pluma de arquitecto, etc.) \xrb yeka \xrb pitsa: \ref 06940 \lxa tla:lpachowa \lxac kitla:lpachowa \lxo tla:lpachowa \lxoc kitla:lpachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to place or bury in the ground; to cover with earth \ss enterrar; meter abajo de la tierra; tapar o cubrir con tierra \syna tla:lto:ka \xrb tla:l \xrb pach \ref 06941 \lxa tesa:liwi \lxac tesa:liwi \lxo tesa:liwi \lxoc tesa:liwi \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \se to become tightly tied (a knot in a rope, cord, etc., that cannot be easily untied); to get tangled \ss quedar atado apretadamente (un nudo en una laso, cordón, etc., que no se puede desatar fácilmente); quedarse con muchos nudos bien apretados (p. ej., una cuerda, mecate, etc.) \cfao sa:liwi \xrb te- \xrb sa:l \nae Note that in reduplication it is the <n>te-</n> element that is reduplicated, as in Oapan <no>te:tesaliwi</no> or <no>tétesalíwi</no>. \ref 06942 \lxa tesa:lowa \lxac kitesa:lowa \lxo tesa:lowa \lxoc kitesa:lowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \seo to tightly tie (a knot in a rope, cord, etc., that cannot be easily untied) \sso atar apretadamente (un nudo en una laso, cordón, etc., que no se puede desatar fácilmente) \cfao sa:lowa \xrb sa:l \nse In tying up an animal the form <no>sa:lowa</no> is used since one will want to untie it; <no>tesa:lowa</no> is used for things that are not going to untied or that should not untie easily. Thus in hanging a hammock one may use either form. \ref 06943 \lxa kwe:teweyak \lxaa kwe:teweyak \lxac kwe:teweyak \lxo kwe:teweyak \lxoa kwe:tewiyak \lxoc kwe:teweyak, kwe:tewiyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground \sso tener una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo \syna kwe:uwelax \syna kwe:uwelaxtik \syno kwe:tewela:xkoh \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06944 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:kotó:ntekwíya \lxop ma:koto:ntekwiya \lxoc noma:kotó:ntekwíya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>algodón</spn> \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to fold up the sleeves of ones shirt \sso (refl.) doblar las mangas de la camisa \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \ref 06945 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was Oapan /chakailiwi/, but it has been deleted and included under Am /chakayoliwi/, 06947. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \mod Tag all tokens here with 06947. \ref 06946 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry used to be for /chakailowa/ but has since been deleted as a copy of that in 4348. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag tokens here with ref. 4348. \ref 06947 \lxa chakayoliwi \lxac chakayoliwi \lxo chakailiwi \lxoc chakailiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become pockmarked or acquire a rough surface (a hard surface such as clay or stone) \ssao cacarañarse o quedar muyápera (una superficie dura como de cerámica o piedra, un plato hondo de cerámica) \pno Kitetso:tsona para ma chakailiwi. \peo He hits it repeatedly with a stone so that its surface gets pockmarked. \pso Le golpea repetidas veces con una piedra para que su superficie quede cacarañada. \sem texture \xrb chakayol \ref 06948 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatlaka:miki \lxoc tlatlaka:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(k) \seo to feel ones body hot and radiating (when one is sick, but without a fever; or after being bitten by a scorpion or other poisonous animal, etc.) \sso sentir el cuerpo caliente y radiante (cuando uno está enfermo, o por el efecto de un piquete de alacrán o de otro animal venenoso) \xrb tla \xrb miki \ref 06949 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlachi:la:te:ki:hli \lxoc tlachi:la:te:ki:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-V2]-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \seo bean broth prepared with <nlo>ista:yetl</nlo> or <nlo>ka:xtilayetl</nlo> \sso caldo de frijol preparado con <nlo>ista:kyetl</nlo> o <nlo>ka:xtilayetl</nlo> \sem food \synao yechi:la:tl \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \mod NOTE: for the field com. This should be carefully checked and include only compounding, i.e., an element compounded onto another, and not simply a string of roots. All this should be rechecked. I.e., it may be used for verbal compounds or nominal compounds, but not for nominalizations of various roots concatenated. \ref 06950 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:ma:w \lxoc te:ma:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo to be contagious; to be infectuous \sso ser infectuoso; ser contagioso \xrb ma:wa \grm Adjectivals: Note the use of /te:ma:w/ as a warning. \ref 06951 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kaje:lkakawatl \lxoc kaje:lkakawatl \loan (part) <spn>caja</spn> (?) \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \seo orange peel \sso cáscara de una naranja \xrb kawa \ref 06952 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo pola:nkakawatl \lxoc pola:nkakawatl \loan (part) <spn>plátano</spn> \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \seo banana peel \sso cáscara de un plátano \xrb kawa \vl Link second female token. \ref 06953 \lxa se:pama:wa \lxac nose:pama:wan \lxo se:pama:wa \lxoc nose:pama:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo (recipr.) to get joined together into one single unit (sth negative, e.g., several candles that are set up next to each other, one falls and the wax starts spreading until a single fire is produced; or separate balls of dough one of which goes bad and this spreads to the others) \sso (recipr.) juntarse en una sola unidad (algo mal, p. ej., varias velas paradas una junto a otra, una vela se cae y la cera se extiende hasta producir una sola llama; o bolas de masa una de las cuales se echa a perder, después las demás bolas se contagian) \xrb se: \xrb ma:wa \xrl -pan \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \mod Check whether Oapan token is plural, as it perhaps should be. \ref 06954 \lxa yekaseselik \lxac yekaseselik \lxo yeká:selík \lxoc yeká:selík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-k/ya/lia \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have tender points or offshoots (e.g., the <nlo>yepakihli</nlo> tree after early rains) \sso tener los retoños o las puntas tiernos (p. ej., elárbol <nlo>yepakihli</nlo> después de las lluvias tempranas) \equiva yekapuntaseselik \xrb yeka \xrb sel \nae The pitch accented second syllable in Oapan <no>yeká:selík</no> reflects a stem reduplicant reduced onto the short vowel of the preceding nominal stem, indicative of the fact that this adjectival refers to the many shoots of a plant, which is the subject of the predication. \ref 06955 \lxa xa:yakakomoliwi \lxac xa:yakakomoliwi \lxo xa:yá:komolíwi \lxop xa:yá:komoliwi \lxoc xa:yá:komolíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to get dimples \sso dibujarsele hoyuelos en las mejillas a \xrb xa:yaka \xrb komol \nae Other more extended forms, e.g., * <no>xa:yaká:kokomolíwi</no>, * <no>xa:yá:kokomolíwi</no>, etc., were not accepted in Oapan Nahuatl. Although I have tentatively analyzed this as pitch accent on a preceding long vowel, the situation is more complicated. One could posit that first the reduplicant is reduced onto /xa:yaká:komolíwi/ and then the /k/ is lost intervocalically. Of course the k-loss might occur first, in which case the reduction would be on the lengthened vowel that results: /xa:ya: + rdp-s komoliwi/. There doesn't seem to be a reason to favor one analysis over the other. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in /xa:yá:komolíwi/ the long /a/ results from the reduction of a /aka/ sequence to /a:/. At the same time, this syllable accepts reduplication reduction, which is in effect marked by pitch only since the lengthening is a reflex of the lost /k/. \ref 06956 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xayá:komóltik \lxoc xayá:komóltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Redyced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have dimples \sso tener hoyuelos en las mejillas \xrb xa:yaka \xrb komol \nae See <nlo>xayá:komolíwi</nlo>. \ref 06957 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkotia:mpa \lxoc i:xkotia:mpa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-? \seo by oneself; alone \sso estar solo \xrb i:x \xrl -i:xko \nde In Oapan this refers to the action of isolating oneself in doing something. \grm Note the use of /-wia/ with the nominalized /i:xkotiya:n/. Cf. RS who has /ixcoyan/ and /ixcoyantia/. \ref 06958 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:tsi:nkwe:tli \lxoc a:tsi:nkwe:tli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \seo dress that is put on especially for crossing the river \sso falda que se utiliza especialmente para cruzar el río \xrb a: \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwe: \nse This is a word mostly used in Analco, across the river from Oapan. It refers to a dress that is put on specifically to cross the river. Upon reaching the other side, Oapan, the <no>a:tsi:nkwe:tli</no> is left on the bank and a dry skirt is put on. Since women from Oapan seldom go to Analco, they have no need for an <no>a:tsi:nkwe:tli</no>. \ref 06959 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo a:chi:patlatsa \lxoc na:chi:patlatsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infv class-3a(ts) \seo (refl.) to flap around (a fish on a wooden tray or on the earth) making a splashing sound; to flop around in water (e.g., a pig in a puddle) \sso (refl.) dar coletazos (un pez en una batea de madera, o sobre la tierra; un marrano en un charco) haciendo un ruido en el agua \xrb a: \xrb chi: \xrb patla: \nae The verb <no>a:chi:patlatsa</no> is perhaps a frequentative that has its reduplicant reduced onto the short vowel of the preceding modifying element <no>chi-</no>. Such reduction of the reduplicants of frequentatives is not common, but it is not undocumented. Nevertheless, although the /i:/ of <n>chi:-</n> appears to be of long duration, the acoustic evidence is not inequivocal. However, considering all possibilities, the most likely etymology and underlying form would be {a: + chi + rdp-s + patlatsa}. The absence of pitch accent is also in accord with a frequentative since these forms do not have coda {h} in the reduplicants. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 06960 \lxa a:komo:nia \lxac na:komo:nia \lxo a:komo:nia \lxoc na:komo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to make water splash loudly by hitting it hard with one hand (e.g., young people playing in the river) \sso (refl.) chapotear el agua para que hace un ruido fuerte al golpearla con la mano (p. ej., jovenes jugando en el río) \xrb a: \xrb komo: \ref 06961 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lwah \lxoc tla:lwah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seo landowner \sso dueño de tierra \equivo tla:leh \syna tla:le:roh \xrb tla:l \ref 06962 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:leh \lxoa tla:lih \lxoc tla:leh, tla:lih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo landowner \sso dueño de tierra \equivo tla:lwah \syna tla:le:roh \xrb tla:l \nae The varying height of final front vowels in Oapan Nahuatl is well illustrated in this example where the final vowel of Inocencio Jiménez is much higher than that of his wife Florencia Marcelino. The variation is final /h/ is also exemplified by this speech token. \pqry The varying height of final front vowels in Oapan Nahuatl is well illustrated in this example where the final vowel of Inocencio Jiménez is much higher than that of his wife Florencia Marcelino. The variation is final /h/ is also exemplified by this speech token. \grm Oapan phonology: The varying height of final front vowels in Oapan Nahuatl is well illustrated in this example where the final vowel of Inocencio Jiménez is much higher than that of his wife Florencia Marcelino. The variation is final /h/ is also exemplified by this speech token. \vl Link 2nd male token, /tla:lih/. \ref 06963 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:wi:kaltí:hli \lxoc tlá:wi:kaltí:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \seo curse; insult \sso injuria; insulto \xrb wi:kal \ref 06964 \lxa uwi:kaltia \lxac kuwi:kaltia \lxo wíwi:káltia \lxop wiwi:kaltia \lxoc kí:wi:káltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s.h(pref): <no>mí:tswi:káltia</no> \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to insult; to curse at \sso insultar; injuriar; maldecir \xrb wi:kal \nae Morphologically it is quite possible that <na>uwi:kaltia</na> (Am) / <no>wíwi:káltia</no> (Oa) is derived from a reduplicated form of the verb <nlao>wi:ka</nlao> that has been causativized. However, the semantics of such a derivation (i.e., how a reduplicated and causative form of <nao>wi:ka</nao> would acquire the meaning of 'to insult' or 'to curse at.' For this reason the etymology of this headword has provisionally been kept at the clearest surface form: <nr>wi:kal</nr>. \ref 06965 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:patlaka \lxoc chi:patlaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infv class-4a \seo to flap in the wind making a slapping noise (e.g., a nylon hanging to dry) \sso alatear en el viento haciendo mucho ruido (p. ej., un nylon colgado para secar) \xrb chi: \xrb patla: \nae For a fuller explanation, see <nlo>a:chi:patlatsa</nlo>. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06966 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo toromposo:lin \lxoc toromposo:lin \dt 25/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>trompo</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \seo type of top used in Oapan that is pointed at both ends \sso tipo de trompo utilizado en Oapan con los dos lados puntiagudos \sem game \xrb so:l \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 06967 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:yo:leh \lxoa kwa:yo:lih \lxoc kwa:yo:leh, kwa:yo:lih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo see <nlo>torompo kwa:yo:leh</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>torompo kwa:yo:leh</nlo> \sem game \xrb kwa:; yo:l \vl Link 1st male token. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06968 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo torompokwa:yo:leh \lxoa torompokwa:yo:lih \lxoc torompokwa:yo:lih, torompokwa:yo:leh \dt 25/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>trompo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo type of top with a short stem-like piece of wood on top around which a cord is wrapped for throwing \sso tipo de trompo con un pedazo redondo de madera por la cabeza sobre el cual se envuelve el hilo para aventar \sem game \xrb kwa: \xrb yo:l \qry Check for possessed form. ?/i:torompokwa:yó:leká:w/. \ilustmp Make illustration \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06969 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo torompokwa:mantik \lxoc torompokwa:mantik \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-complex \der Adj-dvb-tik \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo top that is flat-topped \sso trompo con la cabeza o la parte superior plana \sem game \xrb kwa: \xrb man \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06970 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tolompa:x \lxoc tolompa:x \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>trompo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \seo type of store-bought top that is thrown by wrapping a string around its body \sso tipo de trompo comprado en las tiendas que se avienta por un hilo envuelto sobre su cuerpo \sem game \xrb pa:x \vl Link 1st female token. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06971 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo torompo bie:joh \lxoc torompo bie:joh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>trompo</spn> ; <spn>viejo</spn> \psm N \com N-complex \der Adj-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo large handmade top that is spun by wrapping a cord attached to a stick around it and throwing it, then whipping the spinning top with the cord \sso trompo grande, hecho a mano que se avienta por un lasito atado a un palo y después se azota por el mismo lasito \sem game \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06972 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo teko:ko \lxoc teko:ko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-bb \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \seo owl \sso tecolote \pno Xkoxtiwetsi tla:man wa:hla:s teko:ko! \peo Got to sleep right away, otherwise an owl will come! \pso ¡Duerméte de una vez, si no el tecolote va a venir! \sem baby \xrb tekolo:tl \nae It is not clear what the best orthography for this word is. The final vowel seems to have an extremely long duration, but in the orthography that has been used up till now no distinction has been made between word-ending long and short vowels. For now this convention has been maintained although further analysis might suggest an orthography of <no>teko:ko:</no>, an ending perhaps limited to certain classes of words. The other question about <no>teko:ko</no> is its derivation. It clearly comes from Nahuatl <nlo>tekolo:tl</nlo>. Many childrens words manifest long vowel reduplication on a nominal stem or verbal stem and the loss of a final syllable (eg.., <nla>wi:wih</nla>, cf. <nlao>wiyo:ni</nlao>). If in this case the reduplication occured on the root <nr>kolo:</nr>, thereby considering the <nr>te-</nr> a separate element, and the final syllable <n>-lo:</n> dropped, then one would have <no>teko:ko</no>. This is perhaps the best analysis, but one that strongly suggests that <nlao>t ekolo:tl</nlao> co mprises two roots. \ref 06973 \lxa cha:mol \lxac i:cha:mol \lxo cha:mol \lxocpend i:cha:mol \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo gills (of a fish) \sso agalla; branquia (de los peces) \cfa te:ncha:mol \xrb cha:mol \nde Neither the word <no>cha:mohli</no> nor the root <nr>cha:mol</nr> has been documented in other dialects. \vl There is no recording for this entry. \ref 06974 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítakachí:boh \lxoc ítakachí:boh \loan (part) <spn>chivo</spn> \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \pa yes-lex \seo type of <no>ítakátl</no> \sso tipo de <no>ítakátl</no> \sem food \sem maize \cfa itakatl \cfo ítakátl \xrb htaka \nse Florencia Marcelino stated that she has heard this word in reference to a type of <spn>itacate</spn> but does not know how it is made nor what it contains. \ref 06975 \lxa xa:yakawi:teki \lxac kixa:yakawi:teki \lxo xa:ya:wi:teki \lxoc kixa:ya:wi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to whip on the face (e.g., a stubborn donkey, with a rope or switch) \sso azotar por la cara (p. ej., a un burro terco, con un laso o varita) \xrb xa:ya \xrb wi:teki \vl Link 2nd female token; 1st male token. \ref 06976 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:kacho:kwi:tl \lxoc tla:kacho:kwi:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-0 \infn Stem 2 \seo cheapskate (man) \sso hombre codo \equiva cho:kwi:tl \xrb tla:ka \xrb cho:ka \pqry Recheck the vowel length here, as in all other similar words. I am still uncertain. \ref 06977 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlayó:ltechíki \lxop tlayó:ltechiki \lxoc tlayó:ltechíki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to clean maize by rubbing it over a wiremesh screen \sso arnear maíz \cfo 'techíki \xrb o:ya \xrb hchiki \nae Analysis of Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlayó:ltechíki</no> is problematical. It seems almost certain that the pitch accent is the reflex of reduplication on the verbal stem <no>techiki</no> 'to scrape', given that the action involved is one that repeats itself as the maize is rubbed against the mesh (cf. <nlo>o:ya</nlo>). However, note that the reduplicant is reduced to pitch accent on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun. While reduction to pitch accent does occur on long vowels, these are usually body parts. Finally, in other contexts (cf. <nlo>tlanté:chikí</nlo>) Oapan Nahuatl manifests reduction of reduction of the verbal root <no>chiki</no> on the intensifier <n>te-</n>, yielding <no>té:chikí</no>. In the future a more elaborate study and analysis needs to be conducted on how the verbal <no>techiki</no> reduplicates in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 06978 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:nalma:mohtia \lxoc kito:nalma:mohtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-l- \infv class-2a \seo to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause <spn>susto</spn> and the loss of ones <nla>to:nahli</nla>) \sso espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su <nla>to:nahli</nla>) \syna to:nalka:waltia \syna to:nalki:xtia \xrb to:na \xrb mawi \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06979 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlayo:lmanilia \lxoc kitlayo:lmanilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to put maize out for (e.g., in a basket, for an animal such as a donkey to eat) \sso ponerle maíz para (p. ej., un animal como un burro, en una canasta para que se lo pueda comer) \xrb o:ya \xrb man \vl The 2nd female token should not be tagged as it is stuttered. \ref 06980 \lxa tepotsma:ma \lxac notepotsma:man \lxo teposma:ma \lxoa tepostlama:ma \lxoc noteposma:mah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-1 \seo (recipr., often in the progressive: <no>noteposmá:matókeh</no>) to be leaning against one another, back to back \sso (recipr., a menudo en el progresivo: <no>noteposmá:matókeh</no>) estar descansando una persona contra otra, espalda a espalda \xrb tepots \xrb ma:ma \nae The alternation between <no>teposma:ma</no> and <no>tepostlama:ma</no> seems to indicate the use of <n>tla-</n> as a verbal prefix with semi-nominal significance as referring to the entire human body. Note also the surface /s/ for the underlying {ts} of <nr>tepots</nr>, which is realized as /s/ before the nasal /m/. \grm Oapan phonology; /tla-/; Noun incorporation: Note the use of /tla-/: <no>notepostlamá:matókeh</no>) to be leaning against each other, back to back. This is an alternate form of /teposma:ma/. The alternation between <no>teposma:ma</no> and <no>tepostlama:ma</no> seems to indicate the use of <n>tla-</n> as a verbal prefix with semi-nominal significance as referring to the entire human body. Note also the surface /s/ for the underlying {ts} of <nr>tepots</nr>, which is realized as /s/ before the nasal /m/. \ref 06981 \lxa ma:petsiwi \lxac ma:petsiwi \lxo ma:petsiwi \lxoc ma:petsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo for ones hands to become smooth from lack of work with ones hands \sso quedarsele lisas las manos por falta de trabajar con ellas \xrb ma: \xrb pets \pqry Get minimal pairs: /ma:petsiwi/, /ma petsiwi/ and /ma: petsiwi/. \ref 06982 \lxa nepantik \lxac nepantik \lxo nepantik \lxoc nepantik; ne:nepantik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to be folded over on itself \sso estar doblado sobre si mismo \seo to have two storeys (a building) \sso tener dos pisos (una casa) \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to be layered \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener capas, una sobre otra (p. ej., el pastel llamado 'mil hojas') \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to have more than two storeys (a building) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener más de dos pisos (un edificio) \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to be pleated \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar plegado; tener pliegues \seo (<no>kwe:xtsi:n ne:nepantik</no>) to have small narrow pleats \sso (<no>kwe:xtsi:n ne:nepantik</no>) tener muchos pliegues muy angostos \seo (<no>wéwé:i ne:nepantik</no>) to have large wide pleats \sso (<no>wéwé:i ne:nepantik</no>) tener varios pliegues anchos \xrb nepan \nse The nonreduplicated form <no>nepantik</no> is used in reference to a single pleat or place in which a material is folded over on itself. The reduplicated <no>ne:nepantik</no> is use for multiple occurrences, such as a pleated dress, a building with more than two storeys, etc. \vl The tokens for /nepantik/ are here at 06982. Originally I then had 06983, /ne:nepantik/ as a separate entry, but I have combined them. Thus there is no entry 06983 anymore and the tokens for /ne:nepantik/ which are there should be retagged as 06982. Note that there are 4 extra tokens at 7116. \ref 06983 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /ne:nepantik/, but it has been eliminated and combined with 06982. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl This entry, 06983, was originally /ne:nepantik/. However, it has been eliminated and the tokens here should be retagged as 06982. Then two should be linked as the second set of tokens in 06982. Remember that lxoc fields that have word1; word2 will have 4 tokens when complete, two each F-M for each word. \ref 06984 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlane:nepano:hli \lxoc tlane:nepano:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \seo sth pleated; sth folded over once and again on itself \sso algo con tablitas o pliegues; algo doblado una y otra vez sobre si mismo \sem clothing \synao ta:blas \ono nepan \vl There are 4 female and 4 male tokens of this word. \ref 06985 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nepantilia \lxoc kinepantilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to add a storey to \sso agregar un piso a \xrb nepan \ref 06986 \lxa e:wateketsaltia \lxac ke:wateketsaltia \lxo a:wateketsaltia \lxoc ká:wateketsáltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo (often with short vowel reduplication: <no>ká:wateketsáltia</no> (Oa)) to make (a horse, donkey, etc.) rear up on its hind legs \sso (a menduo con reduplicación de vocal corta: <no>ká:wateketsáltia</no> (Oa)) hacer (un caballo, burro, etc.) pararse sobre las patas posteriores \xrb e:wa \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nae Both <no>a:wateketsa</no> and <no>a:wateketsaltia</no> are transitives. However the latter is used for making animals rear up on their hind legs; the former is used reflexively to indicate a animal doing this on its own, or it can be used to refer to the action of setting some material object upright. \grm Causatives: cf. /a:wateketsa/ and /a:wateketsaltia/: Both <no>a:wateketsa</no> and <no>a:wateketsaltia</no> are transitives. However the latter is used for making animals rear up on their hind legs; the former is used reflexively to indicate a animal doing this on its own, or it can be used to refer to the action of setting some material object upright. \ref 06987 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tekopo:ni \lxoc tekopo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex: prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \seo to burst (a boil filled with pus) \sso reventarse (un furúnculo lleno de pus) \xrb kwepo: \ref 06988 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo rrosaka:doh \lxoc rrosaka:doh \loan (?) \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo ethyl alcohol \sso alcohol \nae The noun <no>rrosaka:doh</no> is obviously a loan, but the original word is still not clear. \ref 06989 \lxa ikxikukwalo:tla \lxac kikxikukwalo:tla \lxo ixí:kwaló:tla \lxop ixí:kwalo:tla \lxoc kixí:kwaló:tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \seo to make the legs of (sb) stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.) \sso hacer agarrotar o entumecer las piernas a (algn), para que se queden adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.) \xrb kxi \xrb kwa \xvco ixí:kwaló \ref 06990 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásolkweskómatl \lxoc tlásolkweskómatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \infn Stem 2 \seo round granary made of mud and brush \sso troje redondo hecho de lodo y pasto \syna kweskomatl de munye:koh \xrb hsol \xrb kweskoma \sem agriculture \qry Check whether this is also called /kweskomatl de sokiyewahli/. \ref 06991 \lxa ma:tlayehli \lxac ma:tlayehli \lxo má:tlayéhli \lxoc má:tlayéhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo kleptomaniac \sso cleptómano \pno Mila:k mátlayéhli, san kontila:na tla: tli:no:n, ma:si xi:tlatki. \peo He's a real kleptomaniac, he just reaches and grabs anything, even if it's not his. \pso Es un verdadero cleptómano, jala cualquier cosa aunque no sea suya. \xrb ma: \xrb tlahyel \nae The pitch accent pattern is the result of the underlying {h} of <nlo>tláyehlí</nlo>. The incorporated noun root is the suppletive <nr>ma:</nr>, not <nr>mah</nr>. \ref 06992 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for Oapan /na:natsi:n/, but it was deleted as it duplicated 06904. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This record is a duplicate of 6904 and has been eliminated. Thus tag the sound files with #6904. \ref 06993 \lxa ke:nemeh \lxac ke:nemeh \lxo ke:nemih \lxoc ke:nemih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-int \seo how? in what way? \sso ¿cómo?¿en quémanera? \sea (arch.) how much? \ssa (arc.)¿cuánto? \pna Ke:nemih ipatil \pea How much is its price? \psa ¿Cuánto es su precio? \pna Xnihmati ke:nemih tlachia. \pea I don't know what it looks like. \psa No sécomo es su apariencia. \pna Ke:nemih tlachia ma:si te:mohtih to:na! \pea It looks just the same even though it is scorching hot! \psa ¡Se ve como siempre aunque hace demasiado calor! \cfo ke:némitik \xrb ke:nemih \vl Link the 3rd female and 3rd male tokens. \pqry Check quality of final vowel. \ref 06994 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ilakasteki \lxoc kilakasteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to cut at an angle (cloth, paper, etc.) \sso cortar a unángulo no perpendicular (tela, papel, etc.) \xrb i:lakas \xrb teki \nae The duration of the initial /i/ in the Oapan speech tokens suggests the possibility of a phonologically lengthy vowel. The duration of the initial vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino is 76 and 104 ms; for her husband Inocencio Jiménez it is 86 and 95 ms. Likewise, for <nlo>i:lakastik</nlo> the duration of the initial /i/ in the speech of Florencia Marcelino (approximately 76 and 82 ms) and Inocencio Jiménez (approximately 105 ms in both utterances) appears long, particularly in the speech of the latter. It might be that this simply reflects some undocumented lengthening of initial vowels; in FK all dialects reported seem to have a short vowel (as occurs in Carochi). For now the vowel has been written short, but further analysis is warranted. \ref 06995 \lxa totopochpilowa \lxac totopochpilowa \lxo totopochpilowa \lxoc totopochpilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \seo to make the type of sweet toasted tortilla called <nlo>totopoxtli</nlo> \sso hacer el tipo de tortilla dulce y tostada llamada <nlo>totopoxtli</nlo> \sem cooking \xrb topo: \xrb pil \ref 06996 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:kopí:nia \lxoc kitlá:kopí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \seo to undress; to take clothes off of; to remove the clothes from \sso desvestir; quitarle la ropa a \pno Ma ninotlá:kopí:ni, mla:h nito:nalmiki! \peo Let me take my clothes off, I'm really hot! \pso ¡Deja que me quite la ropa, de veras tengo mucho calor! \syna tsotsolowa \syna tlake:nki:xtia \syna tlake:nkokopi:na \xrb kopi: \nae The valency of <no>kopi:nia</no> is not clear, as it is not clear whether the <n>tla-</n> prefix is"saturating"(i.e., reducing the verbal valency) or modifying (modifying the verbal predicate). There is evidence of <n>tla-</n> prefixation functioning as an incorporated (modifying) noun: Ameyaltepec <nla>tlatlata</nla> or Oapan <nlo>tlátlatá</nlo> ; <nlao>tlawi:teki</nlao>. Under this analysis <no>kopi:nia</no> would be an alternate transitive form to <nao>kopi:na</nao> with a restrictive meaning. However, more likely is the case that <nao>kopi:nia</nao> is an applicative of the transitive <nao>kopi:na</nao>. To this effect Launey (1992:188) notes:"La segunda formación del aplicativo, menos frecuente, consiste en reemplazar una <n>-a</n> final por <n>-ia</n>. Esto sucede sobre todo con los verbos terminados en <n>-ca</n> or <n>-hua</n>."The examples he gives are <n>ixca</n> and <n>ixquia</n>, <n>caua</n> and <n>cauia</n>, and <n>tlaxtla:ua</n> and <n>tlaxtla:uia</n>. Under this analy sis <no>tlá:kop& #237;:nia</no> would be a (reduplicated) ditransitive verb with <n>tla-</n> as the secondary object and the"benefactive"human as the primary object (i.e., able to be marked by a specific pronoun prefix). This second analysis has been used in the part-of-speech coding for this entry. \grm Causative: Note that <no>kopi:nia</no> would seem to be a causative of <no>kopi:na</no> and the <n>tla-</n> serving to reduce the valency again to two arguments. Cf. Oapan /tlá:kopí:nia/. \ref 06997 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a record for Oapan /má:kwaló/; it duplicates record 6768 and has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This record, 6997, has been deleted since it duplicates a previous record. The 4 speech tokens here should therefore be tagged as 6768. \ref 06998 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the record for Oapan /ixí:kwaló/ which has been deleted as it duplicates a previous record at 6438. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the tokens here (6998) as 6438 since this present record duplicates the previous one at 6438. \ref 06999 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlakiahlo:tl \lxoc tlakiahlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pass \seo [pending definition] \sso [significado pendiente] \ref 07000 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xokochi:lmo:hli \lxoc xokochi:lmo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-/N-N/ \der N-b \seo type of chile sauce made with wild plums \sso tipo de salsa de chile hecho con ciruelas silvestres \sem food \sem mole \synao xokochi:hli \xrb xoko \xrb chi:l \xrb mo:l \nse The sauce is prepared by toasting the chile on a griddle and then grinding it up. Wild plums that have been cooked in boiling water are then added to the chile sauce. Any type of chile will do. \ref 07001 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:katetli:hli \lxoc tla:katetli:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo (insult) dark-skinned man \sso (insult) hombre moreno \xrb tla:ka \xrb tli:l \vl There are 3 female tokens. \grm /te-/ intensifier: Note use of /te-/ in /tla:katetli:hli/ and other words referring to physical attributes, apparently with the implication that these attributes are beyond what would"normally"be expected. \grm Attributive noun: Note in /tla:katetli:hli/ that the nominal /tli:hli/ functions attributively, meaning 'an unusually dark man.' \ref 07002 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:katéwakápan \lxoc tla:katéwakápan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infn N1 \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \seo man who is unusually tall \sso hombre que es muy alto \apo tla:katéwakapántik \xrb tla:ka \xrb wehka \xrl -pan \ref 07003 \lxa we:i tla:katl \lxac tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh \lxo we:i tla:katl \lxoc we:i tla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo tall man \sso hombre alto \xrb we:i \xrb tla:ka \nae Although Cristino Flores (Am) pluralized this lexical entry was <na>tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh</na> 'we are tall (big) men,' Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave the plural as <no>tiwe:itla:kameh</no> is a clear indication that the headword entry <no>we:itla:katl</no> should be considered a single word. The same applies to the Ameyaltepec form <na>tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh</na>. \grm Predication: The plural form <no>tiwe:itla:kameh</no> is a clear indication that the headword entry <no>we:itla:katl</no> should be considered a single word. The same applies to the Ameyaltepec form <na>tiuwe:imeh tla:kameh</na>. \ref 07004 \lxa toma:hka:tla:katl \lxac toma:hka:tla:katl \lxo toma:hka:tla:katl \lxoc toma:hka:tla:katl \dt 05/Jun/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao fat man \ssao hombre gordo \pna Kwahli tlakwatok, yewa kihlian toma:ka:tla:katl pa:mpa se:, de se: tla:katl toma:wak. \sound_ref_Am 07004_01_am \src CF Dict Disc 07001-07050/02:47 \pea (Of one who) eats well, they say of him that he is a <na>toma:hka:tla:katl</na> because he is a heavy-set man. \psa (De uno que) come bien, le dicen que es un <na>toma:hka:tla:katl</na> porque es un hombre gordo. \xrb toma: \xrb tla:ka \ref 07005 \lxa toma:hka:suwa:tl \lxac toma:hka:suwa:tl \lxo toma:hka:siwa:tl \lxoc toma:hka:siwa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao fat woman \ssao mujer gorda \xrb toma: \xrb sowa: \nae The plural form of this compound, at least in Ameyaltepec, has been documented both as <na>toma:hka:suwa:meh</na> or <na>totoma:hkeh suwa:meh</na>. The former represents the pluralization of the compound form <na>toma:hka:suwa:tl</na> whereas the latter form apparently represents a plural predicate adjective (<na>totoma:hkeh</na> with a plural subject (<na>suwa:meh</na>). \grm Pluralization; reduplication: The plural form of this compound, at least in Ameyaltepec, has been documented both as <na>toma:hka:suwa:meh</na> or <na>totoma:hkeh suwa:meh</na>. The former represents the pluralization of the compound form <na>toma:hka:suwa:tl</na> whereas the latter form apparently represents a plural predicate adjective (<na>totoma:hkeh</na> with a plural subject (<na>suwa:meh</na>). \ref 07006 \lxa tetsa:hki \lxac tetsa:hki \lxo tetsa:hki \lxoc tetsa:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be thick (a liquid such as honey) \ss ser espeso (un líquido como la miel) \syna tsakwa:nki \cfa tetsa:wtok \xrb tetsa: \nse One potential subject of this adjectival is 'cream', another is 'honey.' \qry Check to determine whether this can refer to both liquids that are naturally thick, such as honey, and that which have been or become thickened, such as atole. \ref 07007 \lxa ye:lo:kakamatl \lxac ye:lo:kakamatl \lxo ye:lo:kakamatl \lxoc ye:lo:kakamatl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \rdp Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \seo (intrinsic possession) small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear \sso (posesión intrínseca) jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal \sem plant \sem mi:hli \synao kakamatl \syna xi:lo:kakamatl \xrb ye:lo: \xrb kama \nse Whereas <nao>ye:lo:kakamatl</nao> has been documented both in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the parallel form <na>xi:lo:kakamatl</na> has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. The two lexemes appear to be virtually identical in meaning, although perhaps the former refers to the underdeveloped ear of maize when the fruit is at the <spn>elote</spn> stage whereas the latter refers to the same underdeveloped fruit when the maize is just at the earlier <spn>jilote</spn> stage. The general term <nlao>kakamatl</nlao> can refer to the small underdeveloped ear at any stage. \qry Note that here I have stated taht the possessed form of /xi:lo:kakamatl/ is /ixi:lo:kakamayo/. However, note that for /xi:lo:tl/ and /ye:lo:tl/, the possessed is with /-w/: /ixi:lo:w/ and /iye:lo:w/. All this needs to be checked. \ref 07008 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ko:pi:lyaw \lxocpend ko:pi:lyaw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlo>yaw</nlo> \seo to go along slowly, taking very small steps (e.g., sb sick and unable to walk quickly) \sso ir caminando despacio, con pasos muy pequeños (p. ej., algn enfermo) \syna ikxiko:pi:liwi \cfao ko:pi:liwi \xrb ko:pi:l \xrb yaw \vl This word was mistakenly not recorded during the Yale sessions. \ref 07009 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlátó:lwah \lxoc tlátó:lwah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo person who is talkative \sso persona que es placticador \xrb hto \ref 07010 \lxa kwa:tetetsmiro:ntilia \lxac kikwa:tetetsmiro:ntilia \lxo kwa:tesmero:ntilia \lxoc kikwa:tesmero:ntilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \sso cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \syna kwa:tetesontilia \syno kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb tesmero:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07011 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a duplicate entry for 6271 and has been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl This is a duplicate entry for 6271 and the speech tokens here at 07011 should be tagged as 6271. \ref 07012 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:tesi:gri \lxoc kwa:tesi:gri \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to have a crewcut or very short haircut \sso tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras \apo kwa:tesi:gritik \syna kwa:teteson \syno kwa:tesmero:n \xrb kwa: \xrb tesi:gri \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07013 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:tesi:gritik \lxoc kwa:tesi:gritik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik \seo to have a crewcut or very short haircut \sso tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras \apo kwa:tesi:gri \syna kwa:teteson \syno kwa:tesmero:ntik \xrb kwa: \xrb tesi:gri \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07014 \lxa kwa:tetestmiro:ntik \lxac kwa:tetetsmiro:ntik \lxo kwa:tesmero:ntik \lxoc kwa:tesmero:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-?-tik \seo to have a crewcut or very short haircut \sso tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras \apo kwa:tesmero:n \syna kwa:tetesontik \syno kwa:tesi:gritik \xrb kwa: \xrb tesmero:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07015 \lxa kwa:tetetsmiro:n \lxac kwa:tetetsmiro:n \lxo kwa:tesmero:n \lxoc kwa:tesmero:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to have a crewcut or very short haircut \sso tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras \apo kwa:tesmero:n \syno kwa:teteson \syno kwa:tesi:gri \xrb kwa: \xrb tesmero:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07016 \lxa itipala:ni \lxac itipala:ni \lxo ítipalá:ni \lxop ítipala:ni \lxoc ítipalá:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to have the its inside rot (e.g., a fruit such as watermelon, cantaloupe, apple, red tomato, etc.) \sso pudrirsele la parte interior a (una fruta como sandía, melón, manzana, jitomate, etc.) \xrb hti \xrb pala: \mod Note that during the Yale session I recorded both /ítipalá:ni/ and /ítipalá:nki/. The second should be separated and given its own entry. \vl There are two different words recorded here. /ítipalá:ni/ should be tagged as 07016. However, the adjectival /ítipalá:nki/ should be given a new, later number as 7793. \ref 07017 \lxa kwa:tetepoltik \lxac kwa:tetepoltik \lxo kwá:tepóltik \lxoc kwá:tepóltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be without branches on the top part (e.g., a tree, bush, or even plant that has had its top part pulled off to eat) \sso estar sin las ramas o ramitas de la parte superior (p. ej., unárbol, arbusto, o hasta planta de que le han arrancada la parte superior, como huazontle para comer) \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \nae The pitch accent on the first syllable <n>kwá:-</n> \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note how /kwá:-/ with a pitch accent seems to indicate reduplication. Cf. the verbal form /kwá:tepolówa/ and Am /kwa:tepopolowa/. \ref 07018 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been deleted; it duplicates /té:nó:ntik/ \dt 20/Jan/2005 \ref 07019 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:peto:ni \lxoc ma:peto:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo to dislocate a bone in ones wrist \sso luxar un hueso en la muñeca \cfao ma:kelo:ni \xrb ma: \xrb peto: \ref 07020 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record has been eliminated as a duplicative of /te:i:xna:mikini/ \dt 19/Jul/2002 \ref 07021 \lxa te:ntlakotsi:n \lxac te:ntlakotsi:n \lxo té:ntlakótsi:n \lxoc té:ntlakótsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj \pa yes-lex \seo sth with its edge broken off, with a piece missing from the edge (e.g., frying pan, molcajete, <nla>tla:lchikiwtli</nla>, <nla>tepalkatl</nla>, etc.) \sso algo con la borde o orilla rota con un pedazo faltando de la orilla (p. ej., sarten, molcajete, <nla>tla:lchikiwtli</nla>, <nla>tepalkatl</nla>, etc.,) \syna te:nkwah \xrb te:n \xrb tlahko \ref 07022 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sósombrerí:toh \lxoc sósombrerí:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan sombrero \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo type of small mushroom that grows on the ground \sso tipo de hongo pequeño que crece sobre la tierra \sem plant \sem mush \syna i:a:xi:x burroh \nse This word is used by children, not adults. \qry Determine all types of mushrooms. \ref 07023 \lxa tlatetekwitsa \lxac tlatetekwistiw \lxo tla:tekwitsa \lxoc tla:tekwitsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infv class-3a(ts) \seo (usually with aspectual <no>-tiw</no>) to walk rapidly with heavy sounding steps \sso (a menudo con el aspectual <no>-tiw</no>) caminar rápido con los pasos resoñanando fuerte \pno Yon tla:katl mila:k chika:wak nénemí, ta tla:tekwistiw. \peo That man is really walking fast, so fast that his footsteps are resounding as he goes along. \pso Ese hombre estácaminando muy recio, tan asíque se pasos se van resoñando. \cfo ixitsátsitíw \xrb tekwi: \nae The Oapan form <no>tla:tekwitsa</no> is a reduced frequentative, with the reduplicant manifested as vowel lengthening on the /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. There is no pitch accent on the prefix given that the reduplicant of frequentatives does not have a coda {h}. \ref 07024 \lxa tetsotsolowa \lxac kitetsotsolowa \lxo te:tsolowa \lxoc kite:tsolowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infv class-2b \seo to take the clothes off of (a person) \sso quitarle la ropa a (una persona) \equiva tsotsoltelowa \xrb tsol \xv1o tlate:tsolowa \qry Check that /tlate:tsolow/ remains a word in the dictionary (it is now 4277 with an uncertain meaning). If not, remove this xref. \ref 07025 \lxa kextoponyoh \lxac kextoponyoh \lxo kextópoyóh \lxoc kextópoyóh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \seo to have a swelling (of the type called <nlo>tópontlí</nlo>) on ones neck \sso tener un hinchazón (del tipo llamado <nlo>tópontlí</nlo>) por el cuello \xrb kech \xrb tohpon \grmx Oapan phonology: Note that in /kextópoyóh/ the underlying /n/ is lost. The precise conditions for the loss of /n/ are not clear, but it is not infrequent. Cf. the very interesting case of /í:xmotlí/ with the reinterpretation leading to pitch accent. Also note cases of /cha:n/ to the same effect; the /n/ of /-ka:n/ often loses the final /n/ as well. Carefully review all such cases. \ref 07026 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry /kámach kíika i:kone:w/ has been deleted. The phrase /kámach kíika i:kone:w/ should be used as an example sentence under 7027. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \pqry Check the pitch accent pattern over this phrase! \vl Please tag the phrase here /kamach ki ika i:kone:w/ as 07026. But it should not be linked as this entry has been removed. \ref 07027 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kámach kií:ka \lxoa kámach ki yá: \lxoc kámach ki i:kániaw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-complex \pa yes \seo for the first time (e.g., that an event has taken place, such as going somewhere) \sso por la primera vez (p. ej., que una acción o evento occura) \seo (~ <no>kone:tl</no>) first born; eldest sibling (synonym: <nlao>yenkwiyo:tl</nlao>) \sso (~ <no>kone:tl</no>) primogénito (sinónimo <nlao>yenkwiyo:tl</nlao>) \pno Kámach kiíka i:kon:ew. \peo It is his first-born child. \pso Es su primer niño. \xrb kámách \ref 07028 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kwe:roh \lxoc a:kwe:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cuero</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo type of water worm still not positively identified \sso tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:kwilin \equivo a:kwetlaxtli \xrb a: \nse This is not classified as a <nla>michin</nla>. \ref 07029 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kwetlaxtli \lxoa a:kwitlaxtli \lxoc a:kwitlaxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \seo type of water worm still not positively identified \sso tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:kwilin \equivo a:kwe:roh \xrb a: \xrb kwetlax \nse According to Paulina Pantaleón and others of her family, the <no>a:kwetlaxtli</no> turns into a dragonfly, which they called <no>a:kweyachin</no>. But other consultants did not confirm this. They said they did not know of the animal called <no>a:kweyachin</no> and added that the dragonfly is called, in Oapan, <nbo>áa:bióntsi:n</nbo>. The <no>a:kwetlaxtli</no> is used as fishing bait. \cpl This is not classified as a <nla>michin</nla>. \pqry Check quality of second vowel; also check recording. I had originally had this entry as /a:kwitlaxtli/ but recently in the field have heard it pronounced as /a:kwetlaxtli/. \ref 07030 \lxa nextamalpa:ka \lxac nextamalpa:ka \lxo nextamalpa:ka \lxoc nextamalpa:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to clean <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> in a <nlo>tla:lchikihtli</nlo> \sso limpiar nixtamal en un <nlo>tla:lchikihtli</nlo> \xrb nex \xrb tamal \xrb pa:ka \ref 07031 \lxa ma:kokoxka:tilia \lxac kima:kokoxka:tilia \lxo ma:kokoxka:tilia \lxoc kima:kokoxka:tilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to make ill (e.g. a pet such as a puppy) by holding and cuddling to much \sso hacer enfermar (p. ej., una mascota como un perrito) por apapachar demasiado \xrb ma: \xrb kowa \ref 07032 \lxa ikxitemonextik \lxac ikxitemonextik \lxo ixitémonéxtik \lxoc ixitémonéxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \seo (insulting) to have dusty and dirty feet and calves \sso (insultante) tener los pies y parte inferior de la pierna cubiertos de polvo \xrb kxi \xrb mohnex \ref 07033 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nakatliwa:hki \lxoc nakatliwa:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-Adj) \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo fried meat (cooked in oil in a pan) \sso carne frita (cocinada en manteca o aciete en un sarten) \syna nakatlatliwa:tsahli \xrb naka \xrb tli \xrb wa: \nse In Oapan <no>nakatliwa:hki</no> refers to meat that is fried in a pan; in Ameyaltepec <na>nakatlatliwa:tsahli</na> apparently refers to meat (beef, venison, chicken, etc.) that is cooked directly on coals or in a coal pit. \qry The comments in /nse should be checked and made to agree with the same comments under /lxa nakatlatliwa:tsahli. \ref 07034 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo korra:lkohtila:wa \lxoc kikorra:lkohtila:wa \loan (part) <spn>corral</spn> \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo to repair (a fence of upright posts) by placing new ones where some have deteriorated \sso reparar (una cerca de palos verticales) al remplazar los que se han deteriorados con palos nuevos \equiva korra:ltila:wa \xrb kow \xrb tila: \ref 07035 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kólaté:mí:ntik \lxoa kólatémimí:ntik \lxoc kólaté:mí:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cola</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have a hairless tail (a donkey, horse, etc.) \sso tener la cola sin pelo (un burro, caballo, etc.) \syna kolatsotsomi:ntik \xrb mi:ni \ref 07036 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yewa:hki \lxoc yewa:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo dried bean pods \sso vainas secas de frijol \xrb ye \xrb wa:k \ref 07037 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:xo:pi:líwi \lxop i:xté:xo:pi:liwi \lxoc i:xté:xo:pi:líwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo for ones eyelids to droop; to have bags under ones eyes \sso tener ojeras \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb xo:pi:l \nae The etymology of the Oapan form <no>i:xté:xo:pi:líwi</no> is not entirely clear. One obvious derivation would be from <nlo>i:xtetl</nlo> 'eye.' The length and pitch-accent would be easily explainable as reducation of the reduplicated stem <no>xóxo:pi:líwi</no>. Another possibility is that the nominal stem is <no>i:xte:n-</no>. The loss of /n/ is common in Oapan, at least in certain phonological environments, and occasionally long vowels acquire pitch-accent to compensate for the reducation of the reduplicant. This might be such a case. Nevertheless, for the moment the etymology of Oapan <no>i:xté:xo:pi:líwi</no> has been analyzed as deriving from <no>i:xtetl</no> as the incorporated noun stem. \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form and its possible use. Also, in original notecard /e/ was recorded short: this should be checked. Finally, check etymology, particularly whether /ko:/ should be a separate root. \grm /Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw ika nikochisneki/ 'my eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy' Note the use of /ika/ with adverbial phrase. \ref 07038 \lxa koma:ltepa:ntli \lxac koma:ltepa:ntli \lxo koma:ltepa:ntli \lxoc koma:ltepa:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(n) \seo short round wall of adobe on which the clay griddle is placed \sso pequeña pared redondo de lodo sobre la cual descansa el comal \xrb koma:l \xrb tepa:n \ilustmp Create illustration \ref 07039 \lxa xopetlatl \lxac ixopetl kweskomatl \lxo xopetlatl \lxoc i:xopetl kweskomatl \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \seo base upon which clay granaries are built \sso base sobre la cual se erige la troje \xrb xo \xrb petla \ref 07040 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxo í:xpapa:yá:tik \lxoc í:xpapa:yá:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to have blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight) \sso tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala) \cfa i:xpapa:ya:ti \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \qry Reconfirm vowel length in all /papaya:ti/ forms, i.e., in reference to the second /a/. \ref 07041 \lxanotes zzz \mod This record is a duplicate of record 6717, /tla:katéwakapántik/ and has thus been eliminated. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl The tokens here should be tagged as 6717 given that this present entry is a duplicate of this previous one at 6717. The first female token here is mispronounced as /tla:katéwakapántli/ and should not be tagged. \ref 07042 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo Si:tlálotlí \lxoc Si:tlálotlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo the Milky Way \sso la Vía Láctea \sem heavens \equiva Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \equivo Si:tlalkwe:yoh \xrb si:tlal \xrb oh \dis si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \ref 07043 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo séhotlí \lxoc séhotlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo rays of the sun that filter through the clouds \sso rayos del sol que penetran las nubes \sem heavens \xrb sek \xrb oh \ono si:tlalin \dis si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in many cases final /k/ goes to /h/; such as the case with /ok/, which is often /oh/ before another word, even vowel initial. \ref 07044 \lxa Si:tlalkwe:yoh \lxac Si:tlalkwe:yoh \lxo Si:tlalkwe:yoh \lxoc Si:tlalkwe:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \infn N1 \seo the Milky Way \sso la Vía Láctea \sem heavens \syno Si:tlálotlí \syno Séhotlí \xrb si:tlal \xrb kwe: \ono si:tlalin \dis si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl \ref 07045 \lxa tlapechba:nkoh \lxac tlapechba:nkoh \lxo tlapechba:nkoh \lxoc tlapechba:nkoh \dt 25/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>banco</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo sawhorse used to in pairs to sustain a bed of <nlo>tekono:xtli</nlo> above the ground \sso burrito de madera que en pares se emplean para sostener una cama de <nlo>tekono:xtli</nlo> \xrb pech \ref 07046 \lxa witso:hkuwtli \lxac witso:hkuwtli \lxo witso:kohtli \lxoc witso:kohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seo wooden digging stick \sso coa \xrb witso: \xrb kow \ref 07047 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ye:kahyo:tl \lxoa ya:kahyo:tl \lxoc ye:kahyo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo simple roof of brush sustained on posts that is used to provide shade in a house patio \syna rrama:dah \xrb ye:kaw \nae The etymology of <no>ye:kahyo:tl</no> is uncertain although it seems quite closely related to Classical <n>ecauhyo</n>, which Molina defines as 'cosa que haze sombra.' FK gives the equivalent as <n>ehcauhyo:tl</n>, with the coda 'saltillo' in the first syllable. The possessed form of this word does utilize the <n>-w</n> of alienable possession: <no>noye:kahyo:w</no>. \pqry Check vowel sequence /kah/, perhaps /kaih/. Or, there might be a difference manifested here between /kah/ from {kaw}, which has more of an /i/ and /kah/ from {kak} which does not. \ref 07048 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikwelpachiwi \lxoc ixikwelpachiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to twist ones foot (e.g., as one is walking and turns ones ankle to the outside so that the outside of the foot turns in and goes against the ground) \sso torcérsele a uno el pie (p. ej., mientras uno camine y se le voltea el tobillo para que la parte hacia afuera del tobillo da vuelta y queda contra el suelo) \syna ikxikwepaliwi \xrb kxi \xrb kwel \xrb pach \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form. \grm Transitivity alternation: As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, <na>ikxikwepaliwi</na> does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. \ref 07049 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:tepe:ya:wia \lxof [a: te pe: ya: 'wi a] \lxoc na:tepe:ya:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to be swept away by flood waters (a person, animal, or material object); to be crushed or flattened by passing flood waters (e.g., fields or plants) \sso (refl.) llevarse por un torrente de agua (una persona, animal, u objeto material); apachurrarse o doblarse por un torrente de agua (p. ej., campos, sembradíos o plantas) \equiva a:tepe:ya:wi:lo \grm Passive: Note how whereas in Am a"passive"verb is used, in Oapan the passive meaning is achieved through reflexive. Cf. this word, /so:ya:wia/, etc. \ref 07050 \lxa tsi:nkana:wi \lxac tsi:nkana:wi \lxo tsi:nkana:wi \lxoc tsi:nkana:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo for the seat of (pants) to get worn out \sso luirsele el asiento de (pantalones) \xrb tsi:n \xrb kana: \qry Apparently the subject of this is the pants themselves, not the person owning/wearing them. \ref 07051 \lxa tla:kanenepoch \lxac tla:kanenepoch \lxo tla:kanenepoch \lxoc tla:kanenepoch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo man who mumbles and doesn't speak clearly \sso hombre que habla mal, no pronunciando bien sus palabras, murmullando y balbaceando \syna popoloxtla:katl \xrb tla:ka \xrb nepoch \ref 07052 \lxa tlato:lnenepoch \lxac tlato:lnenepoch \lxo tláto:lnenépoch \lxoc tláto:lnenépoch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik \pa yes-lex \seo to have a lisp \sso tener el defecto de cicear al hablar \syna kamanenepoxtik \synao kamanenepoch \synao nenepoch \synao nenepoxtik \xrb hto \xrb nene \xrb poch \rt Relate /poch/ as a root to /pochi:/, and the meaning of 'spongy'. \ref 07053 \lxa tlatekimaka \lxac kitlatekimakan \lxo tlatekimaka \lxoc kitlatekimaka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-tla-V3 \der V3-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>maka</nlao> \seo to give an added task to (sb already busy) \sso dar más trabajo o tareas a (algn que ya tiene mucho que hacer) \xrb teki \xrb maka \grm /tla-/ prefix: There are two words that should be compared: /tekimaka/ and /tlatekimaka/. The basis for the sematnic difference reported is unclear. Both words should be checked. \ref 07054 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia \lxoc kite:nchi:chi:hlo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-2b \seo to paint red the rim of; to redden the rim of \sso pintar rojo la orilla de \seo (refl.) to put lipstick on \sso (refl.) pintarse los labios con lápiz labial \syna te:nchi:chi:lowa \xrb te:n \xrb chi:l \ref 07055 \lxa tlachi:koyahko \lxac tlachi:koyahko \lxo tlachi:koyahko \lxoc tlachi:koyahko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com tla-PM-Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <n>tlatechi:koyahka:n</n> \seo place where the land has a large hole in it (e.g., from an animal burrowing underneath land that then collapses) \sso lugar donde está formado un gran agujero (p. ej., donde un animal ha excavado abajo de la tierra que se hundió) \xrb tla:l \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \xrl -ko \ref 07056 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlachi:patlahko \lxoc tlachi:patlahko \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com tla-PM-Loc \der N-loc-tla-k(o) \seo hole or large opening in sth long (such as fencing of <nlo>china:ntli</nlo>) \sso agujero o apertura grande en algo extendido (como una cerca de chinamil) \xrb chi:- \xrb patla: \xrl -ko \ref 07057 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be Oapan /i:xté:mpá:ya/. The entry has been deleted and /i:xté:mpá:ya/ is considered an alternate pronunciation of /i:xté:mpapá:ya/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl This entry was for /i:xté:mpá:ya/. It has been deleted and considered an alternate pronunciation of 3920. The speech tokens for this present entry, 7057, should be given the ref. number 3920, letters c and d. \ref 07058 \lxa kexteweyaktik \lxac kexteweyaktik \lxo kextewiyahtik \lxoc kextewiyahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-k \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \seo to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash) \sso tener un cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza) \syna kecha:tekontsi:n \xrb kech \xrb weya \ref 07059 \lxa itiwe:ia \lxac itiwe:ia \lxo ítiwe:ía \lxop itiwe:ia \lxoc ítiwe:ía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones belly to swell (e.g,. from illness, pregnancy, etc.) \sso hincharsele la barriga a (algn que está enfermo, estar embarazada, etc.) \xrb hti \xrb we:i \ref 07060 \lxa Da:nsah de Koro:nah \lxac Da:nsah de koro:nah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Danza de Corona \psm N \der N-loan \se religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week \ss religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa \sem dance \cfo koró:nawákeh \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this and <na>Da:nsah de Bo:lah</na> check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. \ref 07061 \lxa ma:peya:sowa \lxaa ma:pia:sowa \lxac kima:peya:sowa \lxo ma:peya:sowa \lxoc kima:peya:sowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to straighten out by running ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope) \sso enderezar (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido) al correr la mano sobre (ello) \cfao ma:tlalowa \xrb ma: \xrb peya: \ref 07062 \lxa tlawe:ika:tilia \lxac kitlawe:ika:tilia \lxo tlawe:ika:tilia \lxoc kitlawe:ika:tilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to open up a space around or for; to create a large space (e.g., to do sth, to store sth, etc.) \sso abrir campo; crear espacio (p. ej., para hacer algo, poner algo, etc.) \xrb we:i \xrl -ka:n \grm Denominal verbs; Oapan phonology; n-loss: Note the form /kitlawe:ika:tilia/ 'to open up a space around or for; to create a large space (e.g., to do sth, to store sth, etc.).' Note how in Oapan the /n/ is lost; this word is not a participial ?tlawe:ika:, but rather Cf. to Ameyaltepec, etc. \ref 07063 \lxa tsi:nkekelowa \lxac kitsi:nkekelowa \lxo tsi:nkekelowa \lxoc kitsi:nkekelowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \seo to tickle the rear end of (e.g., a donkey to make it walk faster) \sso darle cosquillas en la parte trasera a (p. ej., un burro para que corra más a prisa) \xrb tsi:n \xrb kel \nse In regard to a burro, the action refers to that of tickling it by moving ones fingers back and forth rapidly while cupping ones hand. \ref 07064 \lxa te:nxo:pi:ltik \lxac te:nxo:pi:ltik \lxo te:nxo:pi:ltik \lxoc te:nxo:pi:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have a spout (a pitcher, ladle, etc.) \sso tener un pico (un jarra, cucharón, etc.) \cfa te:nxo:pi:l \xrb te:n \xrb xo:pi:l \ref 07065 \lxa ko:xotik \lxac ko:xotik \lxo ko:xotik \lxoc ko:xotik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cojo</spn> \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seo lame or with bad legs (particularly as the result of to have them slightly twisted or crooked) \sso cojo o tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos) \apo ko:xo \syna ikxikoko:xoh \nae The absence of pitch accent Oapan Nahuatl <no>ko:xotik</no> indicates that there is not final {h} closing the syllable of the Spanish loan <no>ko:xo</no>. \mod Remove Oapan entry for /ixiko:xo/. \ref 07066 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásohlo:kí:xtia \lxop tlasohlo:ki:xtia \lxoc kitlásohlo:kí:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to remove the chaff from beans after they have been threshed (removing the broken pods by hand, gathering them together with ones hand from the surface, after the beans have filtered down to the petate) \sso quitarle las vainas rotas de los frijoles después de que han sido trillado (quitando la basura de la superficie con las manos, con los frijoles quedando abajo sobre el petate) \equiva tlasolki:xtia \nae With <no>tlásohlo:kí:xtia</no> the suffix of intrinsic possession <n>-yo</n> is used given that the chaff that is removed is part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the grain or beans with which it is mixed. \grm Noun incorporation; re: /tlásohlo:kí:xtia/: With <no>tlásohlo:kí:xtia</no> the suffix of intrinsic possession <n>-yo</n> is used given that the chaff that is removed is part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the grain or beans with which it is mixed. \xrb hsol \xrb ki:sa \ref 07067 \lxa i:xkwi \lxac ki:xkwi \lxo i:xkwi \lxoc ki:xkwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to remove (e.g., brush, dirt, etc.) from the surface of (e.g., a pile of beans after threshing, frijoles cocinándose en agua, etc.) \sso quitar (p. ej., basura, palitos, etc.) de la superficie de (p. ej., un montón de frijoles trillados, frijoles herviendo en agua, etc.) \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \ref 07068 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlalwipano:ltia \lxoc tlalwipano:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to spend the time of a fiesta (e.g., at a given location) \sso pasar una fiesta (p. ej., en un lugar dado) \xrb lwi \xrb pano: \ref 07069 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kóhyotík \lxop kohyotik \lxoc kóhyotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-yoh-tik \pa yes \seo woods; area characterized by many trees \sso bosque;área caracterizada por muchosárboles \xrb kow \ref 07070 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koxtlapia:sowa \lxoc koxtlapia:sowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-(tla-V2) \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2a \seo to urinate while sleeping; to wet ones bed while sleeping \sso orinar (en la cama) al estar dormido \syna kocha:xi:xa \xrb kochi \xrb peya: \nse Urinating in ones sleep is considered a <nlo>te:tsa:htli</nlo>, bad omen; see <nlo>te:tsa:htli</nlo>. \ref 07071 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixitekwe:chowa \lxoc noxitekwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \seo (refl.) to smash ones foot (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it) \sso (refl.) apachurarse el pie (p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello) \syna ikxitexama:ni \xrb kxi \xrb kwe:ch \nae Apparently the <n>te-</n> element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the feet. \ref 07072 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:tekwe:chowa \lxoc kima:tekwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \seo (refl.) to smash ones hand (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it) \sso (refl.) apachurarse la mano (p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello) \syna ma:texama:ni \xrb ma: \xrb kwe:ch \nae Apparently the <n>te-</n> element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the hands. \ref 07073 \lxa te:tlapalowa:ni \lxac te:tlapalowa:ni \lxo té:tlapalowá:ni \lxoa té:tlapalowá:ne \lxoc té:tlapalowá:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \seo person who is friendly, always greeting people when he passes them in the street \sso persona que es muy amigable, siempre saludando a la gente al encontrarse en la calle \cfo te:no:tsalo:ni \xrb tlahpal \ref 07074 \lxa ma:stla:kapaltetekestik \lxac ma:stla:kapaltetekestik \lxo ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik \lxoc ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo to have wings that rise up or that are raised (e.g., like angels with their wings up high, or certain fowl whose wings don't lay down at their sides) \sso tener las alas subidas (p. ej., como losángeles con sus alas erguidas, o como ciertas aves que no las tienen pegadas a su lado) \xrb ma:stla:kapal \xrb te- \xrb ketsa \nae The reduplicant of <no>tétekéstik</no> does not reduce to a lengthened pitch-accented vowel on the final light (short-voweled) syllable of the incorporated noun <no>ma:stla:kapahli</no>. The reason that this fails to occur is not clear; cf. <nlo>chichinaká:stekéts</nlo>. \mod Determine in what cases to consider /te-/ as an intensifier and in what cases part of the stem. Note that the /te-/ 'rock' is completely different. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note in /ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik/ that the pitch accent does not shift over the N-N boundary! This would seem to indicate an effort to preserve IO maximization. It appears less likely, and this should be carefully reviewed, that PA will cross a noun boundary rather than a prefix boundary. \ref 07075 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chichinaká:stekéts \lxoc chichinaká:stekéts \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-Adj \der Adj-ap \pa yes \seo dog with its ears pointing up in the air \sso perro con las orejas apuntando hacia arriba \xrb chichi \xrb nakas \xrb te- \xrb ketsa \nae The long pitch-accented /á:/ of the incorporated nominal root <n>nakas</n> is a reflex of the reduced reduplicant of <no>tétekétsa</no>. Note that in another similar word, this reduction does not seem to occur: <nlo>ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik</nlo>. \ref 07076 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsí:ntlaxkál \lxop tsi:ntlaxkal \lxoc tsí:ntlaxkál \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas(ap) \rdp Reduced rpd-s(prev-l) \pa yes \seo bird about the side of a <no>chiá:chiá:tl</no>, apparently a type of Mockingbird, perhpas the Northern Mockingbird, <l>Mimus polyglottus</l> or a closely related species \sso pájaro como el tamaño de un <no>chiá:chiá:tl</no>, aparentemente un tipo de"Mockingbird,"quizá el"Northern Mockingbird," <l>Mimus polyglottus</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 52, p. 598 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tsi:n \xrb xka \nae Although there is no external evidence of reduplicatioin, ? <n>tsi:ntlahtlaxkal</n>, the pitch accent on the first syllable of <no>tsí:ntlaxkál</no> suggests an underlying reduplicant. If so, this would be another case in which a long vowel in a syllable preceding a reduplicant receives pitch accent in lieu of the overt, surface manifestation of reduplication. Note that there is no obvious way in which {h} would be present in an underlying form without violating the phonotactic constraint on CC-initial or -final syllables. Cf. the discussion under <nlo>té:ntetl</nlo>. \sj Check for reduplicant. \grmx Although there is no external evidence of reduplicatioin, ? <n>tsi:ntlahtlaxkal</n>, the pitch accent on the first syllable of <no>tsí:ntlaxkál</no> suggests an underlying reduplicant. If so, this would be another case in which a long vowel in a syllable preceding a reduplicant receives pitch accent in lieu of the overt, surface manifestation of reduplication. Note that there is no obvious way in which {h} would be present in an underlying form without violating the phonotactic constraint on CC-initial or -final syllables. Cf. the discussion under <nlo>té:ntetl</nlo>. \ref 07077 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xtemech \lxoc i:xtemech \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com (N-N)-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to be blind (with a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself) \sso ser ciego (con una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo) \cfa i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl \cfo i:xte:mpecha:koh \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb mech \vl The first female token, /i:xtemeh/ should be tagged as \ref 07078 \lxa tlayo:hlowa \lxac tlayo:hlowa \lxo tlayo:hlowa \lxoc tlayo:hlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \seo to form kernels (a cob, when it starts to mature) \sso formarse granos (el elote) \xrb o:ya \ref 07079 \lxa yo:hlowa \lxac yo:hlowa \lxo yo:hlowa \lxoc yo:hlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \seo to form seeds inside (a pod such as the fruit of the guaje) \sso formarse semillas dentro (una vaina, p. ej., la fruta del guaje) \xrb yo:l \ref 07080 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlayeka:nka:siwa:tl \lxoc tlayeka:nka:siwa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo wife of a <nlo>tlayeka:nke:tl</nlo> \sso esposa de un <nlo>tlayeka:nke:tl</nlo> \xrb yek \xrb a:na \xrb siwa: \ref 07081 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chá:nen pí:o \lxop cha:neh pi:o \lxoc chá:nen pí:o, chá:nim pí:o \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pio</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-N \pa yes \seo range chicken (i.e., that roams freely) \sso gallina de rancho \xrb cha:n \nae The derivational process is from <no>cha:neh</no> with the phonological change, insertion of /n/ or /h/>/n/, noted in the head entry. The presence of underlying {h} in non-final position accounts for the pitch accent in the first word of this complex noun. \grmx The derivational process is from <no>cha:neh</no> with the phonological change, insertion of /n/ or /h/>/n/, noted in the head entry. The presence of underlying {h} in non-final position accounts for the pitch accent in the first word of this complex noun. \ref 07082 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kante:lah \lxoc kante:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan candela \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo candle \sso vela \ref 07083 \lxa cha:nikni:wtli \lxac i:cha:nikni:w \lxo cha:ihni:htli \lxoc cha:ihni:htih; nocha:ihni:w \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo (poss.) fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) \sso (pos.) paisano (del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) \cfa cha:ntla:kah; cha:nsuwa:h \xrb cha:n \xrb kni:w \nse When possessed, this indicates the fellow-citizen of the possessor: <no>nocha:ihni:w</no> 'he is my fellow citizen (villager).' It may occur unpossessed but only in the plural as a reciprocal: <no>cha:ihni:htih</no> 'they are fellow citizens (i.e., from the same village). \grm Oapan phonology: Note the loss of /n/ intervocalically. This may be compared to cases of h>n, as in /chá:nenpíyo/. \grm Reciprocals (of noun): it seems that there are certain nouns involving terms of social relationships that are used in the plural to mean 'of each other.' One case is /ihni:htih/ and another is the present entry /cha:ihni:htih/. \vl There are 3 female tokens of /cha:ihni:htih/; the first is slightly stuttered: tag but don't link. \ref 07084 \lxa a:maxo:chitetehke:tl \lxac a:maxo:chitetehke:tl \lxo a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl \lxoa a:maxo:chi:tétehké:tl \lxoc a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \inc [(N-N)-V1]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \seo person who cuts out figures from crepe paper for adornment \sso persona que corta figuras de papel china para adorno \xrb a:ma \xrb xo:chi \xrb teki \nae The pitch accent in <no>a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl</no> is the result of a reduplicated verb, <no>tétekí</no> that reduces onto the short final vowel of the nominal stem <no>a:maxo:chitl</no>, lengthening and"pitch-accenting"this vowel. \vl The first female token is /a:maxo:chitétehké:tl/, with the reduplicated verb stem /tétehké:tl/. It should be tagged but not linked. Link only the"reduced"forms /a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl/. \ref 07085 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:tsi:nkwe:tia \lxoc na:tsi:nkwe:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-(N-V2) \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to put on ones <nlo>a:tsi:nkwe:tli</nlo>, a dress used for crossing the river \sso (refl.) ponerse una <nlo>a:tsi:nkwe:tli</nlo>, una falda que se utiliza especialmente para cruzar el río \xrb a: \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwe: \ref 07086 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nxeliwi \lxoc te:nxeliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo to go down below the rim or top (e.g., water in a water jug, maize in a granary, grains in a sack, etc.) \sso disminuirse, cayendo el tope abajo de la orilla superior (p. ej., agua en un cántaro, maíz en una troje, granos en un costal, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb xel \vl The first female token is /té:xelíwi/. It should be tagged as 01485 (but not linked there since it has the /te-/ prefix). \ref 07087 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nxelowa \lxoc kite:nxelowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to take out of a container, causing what is inside to go down below the rim or top (e.g., water in a water jug, maize in a granary, grains in a sack, etc.) \sso disminuir, sacándo de una recipiente haciendo que el tope de lo que está adentro ya quede abajo de la orilla superior (p. ej., agua en un cántaro, maíz en una troje, granos en un costal, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb xel \vl The first female and first male tokens are /té:xelówa/, not the headword at this entry. They should be tagged as 7794 and linked. \ref 07088 \lxa chi:notilia \lxac nochi:notilia \lxo chí:notília \lxop chi:notilia \lxoc nochí:notília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>chino</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infn +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo (refl.) to curl ones hair \sso (refl.) enchinarse el pelo \nae The pitch accented pattern of <no>chí:notília</no> quite clearly derives from the underlying {h} of the Spanish loan <spn>chino</spn>. \ref 07089 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkwá:chichí:natík \lxoc i:xkwá:chichí:natík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>china</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa Gender \pa yes-rdp \seo to have the front of ones hair lightly curled (in reference to the hair of certain adolescent girls) \sso tener el cabello por enfrente ligeramente enchinado (en referencia al estilo de ciertas muchachas) \equiva i:xkwa:chi:nah \cfo kwa:chichí:notík \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \nae The pitch accent pattern of <no>i:xkwá:chichí:natík</no>, in which two of the pitch accents are reflexes of underlying {h} and the other is intonational, derives from the {h} of the reduplicant and the final {h} of the Spanish loan <no>chi:nah</no>. Note that the loan is borrowed in the feminine form, with final /ah/ given that this adjectival refers to a type of female hair, apparently curly bangs. \ref 07090 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwá:chichí:notkí \lxoc kwá:chichí:notkí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to have lightly curled hair \sso tener el cabello ligeramente chino \syno kwá:chichí:notik \cfo i:xkwá:chichí:natík \xrb kwa: \mod Add entry for /kwá:chichí:notki/. The recording of this form is here. \grm Adjectivals: A form that I have noted several times in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec is that of the perfective of inchoative verbs that end in Vti to which the adjectival ending /-ki/ is added. Such is the case here of /kwá:chichí:notki/, which is equivalent to /kwá:chichí:notík/ \vl There are four tokens of /kwá:chichí:notki/. These should be tagged as 7090 and 2 linked; the next four tokens are /kwá:chichí:notik/. These should be tagged as 7795 and two linked there. \ref 07091 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was removed given it seemed to duplicate a:chikwa (1409). Check and cf. notes there. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \vl Note that there was a change in the dictionary. The tokens here are /ni:xkwi:tia/. This is the headword at 04819. The tokens here, at 7091, therefore, should be tagged as 4819. \ref 07092 \lxa ma:kwelpachiwi \lxac ma:kwelpachiwi \lxo ma:kwelpachiwi \lxoc ma:kwelpachiwi; má:kwelpachíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-(S-V2) \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo for the forelegs to double forward, often causing a fall (e.g., to an animal such as a donkey) \sso quedarsele las patas delanteras dobladas hacia adelante, a menudo haciendo que se caiga (p. ej., un animal como un burro) \cfa ma:tetlanwia \xrb ma: \xrb kwel \xrb pach \nae The reduced reduplication <no>má:kwelpachíwi</no> indicates that both legs of an animal so doubled. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note that the singular and plural form are separated by PA alone: /ma:kwelpachiwi/ for the singular; and /má:kwelpachíwi/ for the plural. Again, this is body part incorporation and it seems that such incorporation acts like the vowel-initial forms such as /a:polaki/ except that with body-part incorporation it is the verb stem that reduplicates. In such cases it appears that the reduction of reduplication occurs only when the preceding vowel is short. However, there are exceptions to this, as the present case attests. A review of many occurrences (e.g., with /kwa:/, /i:xte:m/, /ma:/, etc.) suggests that body part incorporated nouns act different than other incorporated nouns in that only the former accept PA alone to indicate reduplication. This seems to be very, very common and should be explored fully. There are a few exceptions, such as /tlaké:sohlí/, where a long vowel of a preceding IN accepts stress to indicate reduplication. Co mpare the vowel leng th of the sing. and pl.: /ma:kwelpachiwi/ and /má:kwelpachíwi/. \vl Be careful. There are 6 female tokens. The first is /má:kwelpachíwi/. The 2nd and 3rd is /ma:kwelpachiwi/ (without pitch accent) and the 4th, 5th and 6th are again /má:kwelpachíwi/, with pitch accent. Tag all and link as indicated above. The male tokens: the first two are without pitch accent as /ma:kwelpachiwi/ and the last 3 are with pitch accent /má:kwelpachíwi/. The final concatenated sound file should have two tokens (F-M) with no pitch accent and two tokens (F-M) with pitch accent. \ref 07093 \lxa ma:temonexe:wi \lxac ma:temonexe:wi \lxo ma:témonexé:wi \lxop ma:temonexe:wi \lxoc ma:témonexé:wi, ma:témonexíwi, \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones arms to become dusty and dirty \sso quedarsele los brazos cubiertos de polvo \equivo ma:témonexíwi \xrb ma: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \vl The first two tokens are /ma:témonexíwi/ and should be tagged as 7796. The next four are /ma:témonexé:wi/ and should be tagged here at 7093, with two linked. \ref 07094 \lxa tlapoya:wi \lxac tlapoya:wi \lxo tlapoya:wi \lxoc tlapoya:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to become dark from nightfall \sso oscurecer por entrada la noche \cfo i:xtlapoya:wi \xrb poya: \qry Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /poya:wi/. If so, enter and here create /xtbo field. \ref 07095 \lxa itiko:tsi:liwistli \lxac itiko:tsi:liwistli \lxo ítiko:tsi:liwístli \lxoc ítiko:tsi:liwístli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(l) \pa yes-lex \seo stomach cramps \sso torceduras en el estómago \cfa ko:tsi:liwistli \xrb hti \xrb ko:tsi:l \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 07096 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:pantlah sa:po \lxop xo:pántla sá:po \lxoc xo:pántla sá:po \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>sapo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \seo type of toad (lit., 'summer toad') \sso tipo de sapo (lit., 'sapo de verano') \sem animal \sem lizard \equivao tepe:sa:po \xrb xo: \xrl -pantla \nct sa:po \qry Under /sa:po/ I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite and that there is a glottal stop here. Check for other types of toads and frogs. \ref 07097 \lxa kechpantebo:lah \lxac i:kechpantebo:lah \lxo kechpantebo:lah \lxoc i:kechpantebo:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>bola</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \seo flesh around the neck of a bull or steer \sso carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res \xrb kech \xrl -pan \ref 07098 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsilko \lxoa tsilkotsi:n \lxoc tsilko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seo type of sparrow of the genus <l>Aimophila</l>, perhaps the Botteri's Sparrow, <l>A. botterii</l> ; Rufous-crowned Sparrow, <l>A. ruficeps</l> ; Rusty Sparrow, <l>A. rufescens</l>, or a closely related species. \sso type of gorrión ("sparrow") del género <l>Aimophila</l>, quizá el"Botteri's Sparrow," <l>A. botterii</l> ; el"Rufous-crowned Sparrow," <l>A. ruficeps</l> ; el"Rusty Sparrow," <l>A. rufescens</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 64, various \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tsilko \ref 07099 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo 'tlatlá:k \lxoc í:tlatlá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \seo tree or bush that has an inedible fruit similar in appearance to the edible fruit of another (tree or bush, marked as [possessor]) \sso árbol o arbusto que tiene una fruta no comestible que aparece a la fruta comestible de otro (árbol o arbusto, marcado como [poseedor]) \xrb tla:ki \nae Given that the possessor of <no>'tlatlá:k</no> is always 3rd-person, which has an underlyingly long vowel, the reduplicant never reduces onto a preceding syllable. Note the use of short vowel reduplication to indicate a metaphoric extension of a basic meaning. \grm Oapan reduplication; metaphor: Given that the possessor of <no>'tlatlá:k</no> is always 3rd-person, which has an underlyingly long vowel, the reduplicant never reduces onto a preceding syllable. Note the use of short vowel reduplication to indicate a metaphoric extension of a basic meaning. \ref 07100 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wa:xnema:ke:tl \lxoc wa:xnema:ke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) vaca \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who sells cattle \sso persona que vende ganado \xrb wa:x \xrb namaka \grm Oapan phonology: note that /wa:xnema:ke:tl/ can refer to either sellers of guajes or cattle. \ref 07101 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was the same as the following and has been eliminated. \dt 03/Dec/2001 \ref 07102 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwe:tlaí:lakastéhtli \lxoc kwe:tlaí:lakastéhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-rdp \seo type of dress made up of strips of cloth that are sewn together one to the other \sso tipo de falda hecho de tiras de tela cosidas una tras otra \sem clothing \xrb kwe: \xrb ilakas \xrb teki \ref 07103 \lxa tlitliktsi:n* \lxac tlitliktsi:n \lxo tlítlihtsí:n* \lxoa tlítliltsí:n \lxoc tlítlihltsí:n, tlítliltsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se small black bird, still not identified, somewhat like a <nla>wi:lo:tl</nla>, but classified as a different bird (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995) \ss pequeño pájaro negro, todavía no identificado, es algo como un <nla>wi:lo:tl</nla>, pero classificado como diferente (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tli \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'tlitliche.' \nct to:to:tl \nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests two divergent forms: <no>tlítlihltsí:n</no> and <no>tlítliltsí:n</no>. Although the"insertion"of /l/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez suggests a relationship to the root <nr>tli:l</nr> 'black', the second syllable has a short vowel. \qry This word is very uncertain; it was recorded early in fieldwork and might be in error for, e.g., /tli:ltiktsi:n/. It should be checked and corrected. \ref 07104 \lxa kwa:pa:ya \lxac kwa:pa:ya \lxo kwa:pa:ya \lxoc kwa:pa:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to be a fool, idiot, or imbecil, i.e., someon who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained \sso ser idiota, tonto o imbécil, esto es, una persona que está mal de la cabeza \apao kwa:pa:ya:tik \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \fl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n \qry Check whether Am does have the apocopated form /kwa:pa:ya/ since my original notes only had /kwa:pa:ya:tik/ and /kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n/. \ref 07105 \lxa xmilá:k \lxac xmilá:k \lxo xmila:k \lxoc xmila:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \seo it is not true \sso no es verdad \pno Xmila:k tine:chmakas on tomi:ntsi:n. \peo It's not true that you will give me that money. \pso No es verdad que me vas a dar ese dinero. \cfo xila:k \xrb mela: \qry Check p-a in Oapan non-negative /xmélá:k/. \ref 07106 \lxa tlakwelpacho:ltia \lxac kitlakwelpacho:ltia \lxo tlakwelpacho:ltia \lxoc kitlakwelpacho:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make (sth such as a car) turn \sso hacer (algo como un coche) dar una vuelta \pno Mila:k chika:wak kitlakwepacho:ltia i:ka:rroh ma:si xkwahliótlí. \peo He makes his car turn sharply even though the road is in poor condition. \pso Hace girar fuerte a su coche aunque el camino estámal. \xrb kwelpach \xvbo tlakwelpachowa \grm Causative: Note that although /tlakwelpacho:ltia/ is a causative at one level of /kwelpachowa/, a transitive verb, it is perhaps best analyzed as a causative of the lexicalized intransitive /tlakwelpachowa/. \ref 07107 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamalakacho:ltia \lxoc kitlamalakacho:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make (sth such as a car) go in circles (around a fixed point) \sso hacer (algo como un coche) girar o dar vueltas (alrededor de un punto fijo) \seo to make (sb) go around to many places (e.g., by sending him on a wild goose chase) \sso hacer a (algn) dar muchas vueltas (p. ej., al mandarlo a muchos lugares) \xrb malakach \qry Check /tlamalakacho:ltia/ and if possible without /tla-/ then add entry for /malakacho:ltia/ and correct the xref under /malakachowa- \ref 07108 \lxa chi:lma:tsowa \lxac kichi:lma:tsowa \lxo chi:lma:tsowa \lxoc kichi:lma:tsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to fold over with chile (i.e., a tortilla) \sso doblar con chile adentro (esto es, a una tortilla) \pno Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? ---- Ka, yéwáxwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili i:tlaxkal! \peo Should I make a taco with chile in it for your child? ---- No, he can't eat chile, just spread a little on the surface for him! \pso ¿Le hago un taco con chile para tu hijo? ----¡No, no come chile, solamente pónle un poquito de chile sobre la superficie! \xrb chi:l \xrb ma:ts \vl First female token has a slight hoarseness in the throat: tag but don't link. \ref 07109 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo íxa:mía \lxop ixa:mia \lxoc kíxa:mía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to reshine the surface of (e.g., in polishing shoes, in repainting a rattle the paint of which has started to peel, etc.) \sso hacer relucir o renovar la superficie de (p. ej., en bolear zapatos, o en renovar la pintura de una sonaja que ha empezado a perder su lustro o pintura) \xrb hxa:m \xvao ixa:milia \nae Note that the initial /i/ is apparently epenthetic, inserted to break up the initial CC sequence that is the reason for the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl <no>íxa:miya</no>. The presence of an epenthetic /i/ is also evident in the applicative construction: <no>né:chixa:mília</no>. The /i/ is definitely short although from the semantics the verb seems related to <nr>i:x-</nr> 'face' or 'surface.' The existence and position of the underlying {h} is hypothesized from the pitch accent pattern. \vl Link 2nd male token. \sj Check for existence of /h/ ? /kihxa:mia/. \ref 07110 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo íxa:mília \lxop ixa:milia \lxoc kíxa:mília; ne:chíxa:mília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to reshine or renovate the surface of (sth such as shoes, a rattle, or other painted items) for \sso hacer relucir o renovar la superficie de (algo como zapatos, una sonaja o algo pintado, etc.) para \xrb hxa:m \xvbo íxa:míya \qry Recheck applicative with non-3rd person object: /ne:chixa:milia/.... This is what my notes have, but it should be checked. \sj Check for {h} ?/ihxa:milia/? \ref 07111 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:wilia \lxoc kixa:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to spread a little (sth) on (e.g., salsa on a tortilla) \sso untar un poquito (de algo) sobre (p. ej., salsa sobre una tortilla) \pno A: Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? B: Ka, yéwáxwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili i:tlaxkal! \peo A: Should I make a taco with chile in it for your child? B: No, he can't eat chile, just spread a little on the surface for him! \pso A:¿Le hago un taco con chile para tu hijo? B:¡No, no come chile, solamente pónle un poquito de chile sobre la superficie! \xrb xa:wa \grm Oapan phonology: note x to ch after the imperative but the reappearance of /x/ later: /Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? ---- Ka, yéwáxwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili i:tlaxkal!/. \pqry Recheck absence of pitch accent and cf. to 7109. \ref 07112 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wa:lmikitsi:n. \lxoc sa ma wa:mikitsi:n, sa ma wa:lmikitsi:n, \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seo see <nlo>miki</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>miki</nlo> \nae Although very hard to hear, there is an /l/ ending the directional. \vl Link 2nd male token. \pqry Check: Directional prefix /wa:l-/: note that it seems that in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the /l/ is lost; in the sppech of Inocencio Jiménez it is slightly pronounced. Hence the two different orthographies here for /wa:(l)mikitsi:n/. \grm Directional prefix /wa:l-/: note that it seems that in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the /l/ is lost; in the sppech of Inocencio Jiménez it is slightly pronounced. Hence the two different orthographies here. Cf. headword /wa:mikitsi:n/. \ref 07113 \lxa ikxitoma:hka:n \lxac i:kxitoma:hka:n \lxo ixitoma:hka:n \lxoc i:xitoma:hka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \der N-b \infn N2 \seo calf \sso pantorilla \sem body \equiva ko:stamal \equivo ixia:po:tetl \xrb kxi \xrb toma: \ref 07114 \lxa yo:ltok \lxac ka:n yo:ltok \lxo yo:ltokeh \lxoc ka:mpa yo:ltokeh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-compound \seo (<no>ka:mpa</no> ~) genital area (of men) \sso (<no>ka:mpa</no> ~)área genital (de los hombres) \syno kompanye:roh \sem Gender: male \xrb yo:l \qry Check whether only the plural /yo:ltokeh/ is used here, or whether one can say: /ka:mpa yo:ltok/. \vl Note that both female and male tokens should be tagged, but only one male token should be linked given the gender specitivity of this term. \ref 07115 \lxa i:xkwa:tepetl \lxac i:xkwatepetl \lxo i:xkwa:tepetlayo \lxoc i:xkwa:tepetlayo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-(N-N) \der N2 \seo forehead bone \sso hueso de la frente \sem body \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb petla \ono body \ref 07116 \lxanotes zzz \mod Entry 7116 used to be for /nepantik/. It has been eliminated/deleted as a duplicate of 6982. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl The tokens here, all of them, should be tagged as 6982. \ref 07117 \lxa ikxiasi \lxac kikxiasi \lxo ixíasí \lxop ixiasi \lxoc kixíasí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seo to catch up to while walking \sso alcanzar caminando \syna iyo:asi \xrb kxi \xrb ahsi \ref 07118 \lxanotes yzzz* \lxo chikóyotlí* \lxoc chikóyotlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of largish bird with a yellow chest, still not identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995) \sso tipo de pájaro algo grande con el pecho amarillo, todavía no identificado (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chikoyoh \nse This bird is known for eating <spn>guamúchil</spn> (<nlo>komo:chí:kwá</nlo> (Oa)). \ref 07119 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapalkó:kotsí:n \lxoc tlapalkó:kotsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \seo type of small bird about the size of a dove, apparently a ground-dove such as the Ruddy Ground-Dove, <l>Columbina talpacoti</l>, or a related species \sso tipo de pájaro pequeño como el tamaño de la tortolita, aparentemente <l>Columbina talpacoti</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 19, p. 327 \equiva ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tlapal \xrb ko:koh \ref 07120 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlásoltípan \lxoc tlásoltípan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \com N-N(loc) \der N-loc-1 \pa yes-lex \seo place covered with garbage, particularly organic material such as pieces of dried plants (a patio or house floor, etc.) \sso lugar cubierto de desechos y basura, particularmente materia orgánica como pedazos rotos de plantas secas (el suelo de un patio o interior de una casa) \equiva tlasolitik \xrb hsol \xrl -tipan \ref 07121 \lxa kokolisma:wa \lxac kikokolisma:wa \lxo kokolisma:wa \lxoc kikokolisma:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to spread a disease to (said of chickens) \sso contagiar con una enfermedad (dicho de las gallinas) \xrb kowa \xrb ma:wa \ref 07122 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkawia \lxof [i:x ka 'wi a] \lxoc kini:xkawia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3(refl) \der V3-d-wia \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to request in its entirety (e.g., a complete team of oxen rather than one half; see <no>i:xna:mihtia</no>) \sso (refl.) pedir algo por completo (p. eg., una yunta completa en lugar de solamente la mitad; vé ase <no>i:xna:mihtia</no>) \pno Kini:xkawiya yuntah. Ma:si patioh wa:kax, kitlane:wi. \peo He rents a complete team of oxen. Even though oxen are expensive (to rent) he borrows them. \pso Alquila una yunta completa. Aunque son caros (los bueyes para alquilar), los pide prestados. \xrb i:x \nae To date <no>i:xkawiya</no> has been documented only in the reflexive form with a specific object, as is the case with the citation word <no>kini:xkawiya</no>. \mod Check for the best way to code words such as the present headword. \ref 07123 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komo:chyo:hloh \lxoc komo:chyo:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have birthmarks \sso tener lunares \xrb komo:ch \xrb yo:l \ref 07124 \lxa komo:chitewistli \lxac komo:chitewistli \lxo komo:chitewistli \lxoc komo:chitewistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo type of tree still unidentified \sso tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb komo:ch \xrb te \xrb wits \cpl The name of this plant derives from the fact that it looks like the <nbao>komo:chikohtli</nbao>. \nct kohtli \ref 07125 \lxa tlayo:lkwilin* \lxac tlayo:lkwilin \lxo tlayo:lkwilin* \lxoa tlayo:lkwilih \lxoc tlayo:lkwilih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \seo type of small brown bird that appears when the <spn>huamúchil</spn> tree is in fruit \sso tipo de pájaro color cafépequeño que aparece cuando el huamúchil está dando fruta \sem animal \sem bird \xrb o:ya \xrb kwil \pqry Check \ref 07126 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kextlanpanyi:toh \lxoc kextlanpanyi:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>paño</spn> \psm Adj \com N-N \der Adj-loan \seo to have a black ring around the neck (said of certain birds) \sso tener un anillo negro por el cuello (dicho de ciertos pájaros) \syno kextli:lihka:tsi:n \xrb kech \xrl -tlan \ref 07127 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kextli:lihka:tsi:n \lxoc kextli:lihka:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to have a black ring around the neck (said of certain birds) \sso tener un anillo negro por el cuello (dicho de ciertos pájaros) \syno kextlanpanyi:toh \xrb kech \xrb tli:l \xrl -tlan \ref 07128 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo kwitlaxkola:yo:tl \lxoa witlaxkola:yo:tl \lxoc kwitlaxkola:yo:tl, witlaxkola:yo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \sem food \seo type of food made of chicken intestines that are sliced open and cleaned and then boiled in <nlo>chi:la:tl</nlo> \sso tipo de comida que se hace de los intestinos de pollos abiertos a lo largo, limpiados y hervidos en <nlo>chi:la:tl</nlo> \xrb kwitlaxkol \xrb a: \pqry Check for absence of initial /k/ in Inocencio Jimenez's pronunciation of this bird. \ref 07129 \lxa i:xteki \lxac ki:xteki \lxo i:xteki \lxocpend ki:xteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to level of the surface of (e.g., a measure of grain such as a cuartillo) \sso nivelar la superficie de algo amontonado (p. ej., grano en una medida de madera) \xrb i:x \xrb teki \vl There was a mistake here and the word elicited is /kixteki/, with a short initial vowel. Thus the four tokens at 7129 should be tagged with #3035. \ref 07130 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsowa:stla:lia \lxoc kitsowa:stla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to tie or place a lasso on (a rope) \sso hacer o atar un laso a (un riata) \syna tsonwa:swia \xrb tsonwa:s \xrb tla:l \ref 07131 \lxa tsonwa:stli \lxac tsonwa:stli \lxo tsowa:stli \lxocpend tsowa:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seo lasso (i.e., the loop in a rope used for roping animals) \sso laso (esto es, el círculo en una riata para lazar a animales) \cfo tsowa:stla:lia \xrb tson \nae It seems highly probably that <na>tsonwa:stli</na> (in Oapan <no>tsowa:stli</no>) is derived from <nr>tson</nr> 'hair'. \ref 07132 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwikwistik \lxoc kwikwistik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo to be jagged; to have a zig-zagged edge or form \sso estar en o tener zig-zag \xrb kwits \ref 07133 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:tsikiltsi:nyoh \lxoc tsi:tsikiltsi:nyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-?-yoh \seo to have a zig-zag pattern (e.g., the hem of a dress) \sso tener una borde en zig-zag (p. ej., la orilla de una falda) \xrb tsikil \ref 07134 \lxa tlaxkalkukwepke:tl \lxac tlaxkalkukwepke:tl \lxo tlaxká:lkopké:tl \lxoc tlaxká:lkopké:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn Stem 2 \seo woman who responsibility it is to flip over tortillas in the kitchen during a fiesta \sso mujer cuya responsabilidad es voltear las tortillas en la cocina de una fiesta \xrb xka \xrb kwepa \vl The first several male tokens are stuttered and should not be tagged. Note taht during the recording session I inserted the word /tlaxká:lkopá/ which should be given a separate number: 7798. \ref 07135 \lxa tema:ka:wa \lxac notetema:ka:wan \lxo tema:ka:wa \lxoc nó:tema:ká:wah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:tema:ká:wa</no> \infv class-3a(w) \seao to through down on the ground or other horizontal place (e.g., a bed) \ssao aventar al suelo o abajo por un lugar plano (como una cama) \seo (reduplication with short vowel and recipr.) to wrestle \sso (reduplicación con vocal corta y recipr.) jugar al porraso \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \qry Check reduction of reduplicant on the reflexive prefix in Oa Nahuatl. \ref 07136 \lxa pi:kia \lxacpend pi:kia \lxo pi:kia \lxoc kipi:kia \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to grasp or hold tightly between ones legs (e.g, a bull being mounted, a horse, etc.) \sso asir fuertemente entre las piernas (p. ej., un toro montado, un caballo, etc.) \seo (refl.) to pull ones legs tightly together (the opposite would be <nlao>tlachikipe:lowa</nlao>) \sso (refl.) apretar las piernas para que estén muy cerradas (lo contrario sería <nlao>tlachikipe:lowa</nlao>) \xrb pi:k \ref 07137 \lxa kamapi:kia \lxac kikamapi:kia \lxo kamapi:kia \lxoc kikamapi:kia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \infv class-2a \seo to grasp or hold tightly in ones mouth (e.g., a squirrel running away with a nut) \sso asir fuertemente en la boca (p. ej., una ardilla corriendo con un nuez) \xrb kama \xrb pi:k \ref 07138 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 7174 \dt 01/Jun/2002 \vl Tag the 4 tokens here as 7174. \ref 07139 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:ntetl \lxoa té:ntétl \lxop te:tetl \lxoc te:ntetl, té:ntétl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo type of dove-sized purple-feathered with a beak like a parrot; perhaps the Blue Bunting, <l>Cyanocompsa parellina</l>, or a closely related species \sso tipo de pájaro, tamaño de un tortolita, con plumaje morado y un pico como perico, quizá el"Blue Bunting," <l>Cyanocompsa parellina</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 60, p. 685 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb te:n \xrb te \nae The headword for this entry is interesting in that Florencia Marcelino (<no>te:ntetl</no>) and Inocencio Jiménez (<no>té:ntétl</no>) had different pronunciations, the first without any pitch accent and the second with. Since the pitch accent could not derive from historical *h in the first syllable, if correct it would derived from historical or underlying /h/ in the second. Note that the numerals ending in <no>-tetsi:n</no> all have pitch accent (e.g., <no>ó:ntetsí:n</no>). Future study will reveal which of the two pronunciations is shared the most by other speakers. Apparently the pitch-accented pronunciation is more common. \grmx Oapan phonology: The headword for this entry is interesting in that Florencia Marcelino (<no>te:ntetl</no>) and Inocencio Jiménez (<no>té:ntétl</no>) had different pronunciations, the first without any pitch accent and the second with. Since the pitch accent could not derive from historical *h in the first syllable, if correct it would derived from historical or underlying /h/ in the second. Note that the numerals ending in <no>-tetsi:n</no> all have pitch accent (e.g., <no>ó:ntetsí:n</no>). Future study will reveal which of the two pronunciations is shared the most by other speakers. \ref 07140 \lxa tekiya:na \lxac tekiya:na \lxo tekiya:na \lxoc tekiya:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to be fulfilling a <spn>cargo</spn>, or annual community service obligation; to have a <spn>cargo</spn> ; to contribute as a"tax-paying"citizen \sso estar llevando un cargo, o puesto de servicio anual, de la comunidad; pagar cooperación del pueblo \syna tekiwi:ka \xrb teki \xrb wi:ka \ref 07141 \lxa pa:to \lxacpend pa:to \lxo a:pato \lxoc a:pato \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>pato</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo type of duck, which looks like the Sungrebe, <l>Heliornis fuliaca</l>, but is probably a member of the <l>Anas</l> genus. \sso tipo de pato, pájaro pequeño que se clava abajo del agua; parece al"Sungrebe," <l>Heliornis fuliaca</l>, aunque probablemente es del género <l>Anas</l>. \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a: \ref 07142 \lxanotes yzzz* \lxo kabá:yotó:to:tl* \lxoc kabá:yotó:to:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>caballo</spn> \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of black bird still not identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995) \sso tipo de pájaro negro todavía no identificado (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb to:to: \nae The pitch accent patter is a reflex of final /h/ in the Spanish term <spn>caballo</spn>. \ref 07143 \lxa kokoxka:to:to:tl \lxac kokoxka:to:to:tl \lxo koxka:to:to:tl \lxoc koxka:to:to:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of roadrunner, so called because it does not run away from humans like is was sick, apparently the Lesser Roadrunner, <l>Geococcyx velox</l> or a closely related species \sso tipo de correcaminos, asíllamado porque no corre al ver un humano, como si estuviera enfermo, aparentemente el <l>Geococcyx velox</l> o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 24, p. 350 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kowa \xrb to:to: \ref 07144 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:ilpikatl \lxoc ma:ilpikatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 2 \seo cloth cord used to tie a diaper around a child (made from the same material as the diaper) \sso cordón de tela que se emplea para amarrarle el pañal a un niño (y que se hace del mismo material que el pañal) \syna tsi:nilpikatl \xrb tsi:n \xrb lpi \ref 07145 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pátsí:ntli \lxoc pátsí:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \seo type of Vireo, apparently the Golden Vireo, <l>Vireo hypochryseus</l>, or a closely related species \sso tipo de Vireo, aparentemente el"Golden Vireo," <l>Vireo hypochryseus</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 53, p. 620 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb pah \ref 07146 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pi:pi:xtsi:n \lxoc pi:pi:xtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \seo type of very small grey bird, apparently a Gnatcatcher or Titmouse, named for the type of sound it makes. There apparently are two types of this bird. One lives in the hills and is probably the Mexican Chickadee, <l>Parus sclateri</l>, or a related species; the other lives in the plains and is apparently the Blue-grey Gnatcathcer, <l>Polioptila caerulea</l>, or a closely related species \sso tipo de pajarito pequeño y gris, aparentemente un"Gnatcatcher"o"Titmouse,"llamado por el sonido que hace. Hay dos tipos de este pájaro. Uno vive en los cerros y probablemente es el"Mexican Chickadee," <l>Parus sclateri</l>, o una especie cercana; el otro vive en los llanos y es aparentemente el"Blue-grey Gnatcathcer," <l>Polioptila caerulea</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 47, pp. 548, 577 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb pi:x \pqry Check coda of 2nd syllable in female pronunciation. Check first vowel: I had it recorded long from the recording session but Roberto Mauricio apparently has a short first vowel. However, in his transcription of Silvestre Pantaleón's text RM consistently wrote the first vowel as long. \ref 07147 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:kwa:nto:to:tl \lxoc te:kwa:nto:to:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of Jay, a brightly colored bird with a crest, apparently either the Black-throated Magpie-Jay, <l>Calocitta colliei</l>, or the White-throated Jay, <l>Calocitta formosa</l>, or a closely related species \sso tipo de"Jay,"de pájaro muy colorado con una cresta, aparentemente o el"Black-throated Magpie-Jay," <l>Calocitta colliei</l>, o el"White-throated Jay," <l>Calocitta formosa</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 45, p. 538 \equiva pitorreál \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kwa \xrb to:to: \qry Apparently these two birds are the same, AM and OA, but this needs to be carefully checked. \ref 07148 \lxa te:ntso:tsomo:ni \lxac te:ntso:tsomo:ni \lxo te:ntso:tsomo:ni \lxoc te:ntso:tsomo:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \se to have ones lips crack (e.g., from the cold) \ss agrietarsele los labios (p. ej., del frío) \se to have light cracks on thesurface of an edge (e.g., a ceramic bowl) \ss agrietarse ligeramente por la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica) \xrb te:n \xrb tsomo: \nse As with most verbs containing the element <no>motsi:ni</no> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. \pqry Recheck vowel length of reduplicant. \ref 07149 \lxa i:xkwa:tepostli \lxac i:xkwa:tepostli \lxo i:xkwa:tepostli \lxoc i:xkwa:tepostli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo hairpin \sso pasador (para cabello) \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepos \ref 07150 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sawa:nki \lxoc sawa:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo (often with short vowel reduplication) hoarse \sso (a menudo tener reduplicación de vocal corta) ronco \xrb sawa: \ref 07151 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:kohweh \lxoa kwa:koweh \lxoc kwa:kohweh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N1 \com N-N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seo animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.) \sso animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.) \equiva kwa:kuwyoh \equivo kwa:kohwah \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \qry Check to determine that sound files are correct for 7151, it might be fore kwa:kohwah. Check. \ref 07152 \lxa isanaka \lxac isanaka \lxo tésanáka \lxop tesanaka \lxoc tésanáka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-lex \infv class-4a \seo to make a certain sound like nylon being rubbed \sso hacer un ruido particular como la de nylon frotado \xrb hsanaka \nse The verb <no>tésanáka</no> is used to refer to the sound of a nylon sheet, a snake, clothes, a tarp, etc.) \nae The etymology of this word is not clear. \qry Recheck the pronunciation from the tape since I had a note to check this but mistakenly did not write down the difference noted during recording. \ref 07153 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yó:í:n \lxof [yó: yí:n] \lxoc yó:í:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Dem-adj \der Demons \seo this \sso este \equivo yáwaí:n \xrb yehwa \xrb i:n \qry Check for equivalent Am form. \pqry Check phonetics of this form. There seems to be a double /i/. \ref 07154 \lxa i:sah \lxac ma:ka i:sah \lxo i:sah \lxoc ma: i:sah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seo not right away \sso no luego luego \xrb i:sah \qry Check etymology \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 07155 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapelkaya:n \lxoc tlapelkaya:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \der N-loc-1 \seo place with a steep incline \sso lugar con una cuesta muy inclinada \synao temowa:ya:n \xrb pil \ref 07156 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:chí:mó:tla \lxop xo:chí:mo:tla \lxoc kixo:chí:mó:tla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes \seo [meaning to be documented] \sso [falta precisar significado] \xrb xo:chi \xrb mo:tla \ref 07157 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:chitepe:wa \lxoc kixo:chitepe:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to toss flowers at (e.g., a saint in a procession) \sso regar o aventar flores sobre (p. ej., un santo en una procesión) \syna xo:chite:ma \xrb xo:chi \xrb tepe: \qry Check meaning as the original entry had none and I have surmised meaning simply from etymology. \ref 07158 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsa:tsa:stia \lxoc tsa:tsa:stia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to become worn out (cloth) so as to become translucent \sso luirse (tela) hasta quedar casi tranlucente \xrb tsa:ts \qry Check verbal inflection) \ref 07159 \lxa piotetsotsol \lxac piotetsotsol \lxo piyo:te:tsol \lxoc piyo:te:tsol \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pio \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s* (prev-te) \infn pl. <no>pio:te:tsolmeh</no> \seo chicken that is lacking most of its feathers \sso pollo a que le falta la mayoría de sus plumas \xrb te- \xrb tsol \ref 07160 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sása:migé:ltsi:n \lxoc sása:migé:ltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan San Miguel \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo name of a group of flowers from the Asteraceae family, apparently with two members \sso nombre de un grupo de plantas herbáceas de la familia Asteraceae, que incluye dos miembros \seo <l>Zinnia violacea</l> Cav., plant of the Asteraceae family noted for its flowers \sso <l>Zinnia violacea</l> Cav., planta de la familia Asteraceae conocida por su flor \sem plant \equiva ka:ka:waltsi:n \ref 07161 \lxa tlatsotsolka:n \lxac tlatsotsolka:n \lxo tlatsotsolka:n \lxoc tlatsotsolka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1 \seo area of land with no grass \sso área de terreno sin pasto \xrb tsol \xrl -ka:n \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that /tlatsotsolka:n/ is correct but the reduced form is not */tlatsotsolka:n/. \ref 07162 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:ntso:ltlakwa \lxoc te:ntso:ltlakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc (N-S)-(tla-V1) \der V1-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat slowly \sso comer lentamente \xrb te:n \xrb tso:l \xrb kwa \grm /tla-/ Note that in the case of /te:ntsoltlakwa/ the most heuristic analysis would seem to be that /tlakwa/ is an intransitive verb and the /te:ntsol/ is modifying incorporation. \ref 07163 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ó:ntetília \lxop ó:ntetilia \lxoc kó:ntetília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-d-tilia \pa yes \infv class-2a \seo to go over land for the second time with a plow before planting \sso arar la tierra la segunda vez con un arado antes de sembrar \syna o:melia \xrb o:me \nse For a full discussion of terms used with sowing, see entry under <nlao>teki</nlao>. \vl Note that there are 3 good tokens of this word to be tagged. \ref 07164 \lxa te:ma:kana:w \lxac te:ma:kana:w \lxo te:ma:kana:w \lxoc te:ma:kana:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo to be a cause (e.g., a certain task or material object) of the hands (of a person) becoming rubbed down and smooth (and often sore) \sso ser la causa (p. ej., un cierto trabajo u objeto material) de que las manos (de una persona) queden lisas (y a menudo adoloridas) \xrb ma: \xrb kana: \ref 07165 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:ltechioh \lxoc tla:ltechioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-?-yoh \seo to be steeply inclined (e.g., a hill) \sso ser (una cuesta) muy inclinada (p. ej., un cerrito) \syna tlakaltechioh \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \grm Adjectivalization: The word /tla:ltechioh/ is interesting in that it apparently derives from a"locative"used adjectivally, which is then"adjectivalized"with <n>-yoh</n>. \ref 07166 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:ltemolohyó:tia \lxop tla:ltemolohyo:tia \lxoc kitlá:ltemolohyó:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to cover with dust (e.g., in dusting sth off near clothing that is still wet from washing) \sso cubrir de polvo (p. ej., en sacudir algo cerca de ropa todavía mojada por haber sido lavada) \syna tla:ltekwyo:tia \xrb tla:l \xrb tehmolok \sj Check for present of /h/. \ref 07167 \lxa xiwyo:tia \lxac kixiwyo:tia \lxo xihyo:tia \lxoc kixihyo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seo to draw leaves on (e.g., a painted tree or plant) \sso dibujar las hojas sobre (p. ej., unárbol o arbusto pintado) \xrb xiw \ref 07168 \lxa yeyo:tia \lxac kiyeyo:tia \lxo yeyo:tia \lxoc kiyeyo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to plant beans in (a field) \ss sembrar frijoles en (un campo) \xrb ye \ref 07169 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo Silyé:tetsí:n \lxoc Silyé:tetsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>silla</spn> sillete \psm N \der N-loan \seo constellation of stars not yet identified \sso constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada \ref 07170 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo omitlako:tl \lxoc omitlako:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo apparently this is the <l>Boerhavia erecta</l> L., a herbaceous plant of the Nyctaginaceae family; it is also called <no>omitlako:tl de ista:k i:xo:chio</no> \sso aparentemente es la <l>Boerhavia erecta</l> L., una planta herbácea de la familia Nyctaginaceae; también se conoce en Oapan como <no>omitlako:tl de ista:k i:xo:chio</no> tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb omi \xrb tlako: \nct xiwtli \mod Apparently this plant is eaten by pigs; check. \ref 07171 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ye:ltepo:tsiwi \lxoc ye:ltepo:tsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a(w) \seo to feel stuffed and satisfied with food \sso sentirse lleno después de comer mucho \xrb ye:l; po:ts \ref 07172 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo na:wahlo:tl \lxoc na:wahlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-denom-yo:tl \seo witchcraft \sso brujería \pno Xtlah kitla:kamati, nónokáyo:kí:yékokéh, kas san kwalotikah, kas na:wahlo:tl kipiya. \peo Nothing serves him (i.e., in this case no medicine), he has attempted it everywhere. Perhaps he is just sick, perhaps he is bewitched. \pso Nada le hace caso (en este caso, ningún remedio), ha intentado por todos lados. Quizáestásolamente enfermo, quizáestáembrujado. \xrb na:wa \ref 07173 \lxa yewa i:n \lxac yewa i:n na:nkah nihkwis \lxo yáwaí:n \lxoc yáwaí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Dem-adj \der Adj-compound \pa yes-lex \seo this \sso that \equivo yó:í:n \xrb yehwa \xrb i:n \ref 07174 \lxa kea:manin \lxaa kya:manin \lxac mo:stla kea:manin \lxo kea:maní: \lxoa kya:mani:n \lxoc kea:mani:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) que \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-complex \pa yes \seo at this very same time of day (as we are right now) \sso a estas mismas horas (como estamos ahora) \pno Kea:mani:n, tikchi:was. \peo At this same time of day (tomorrow) you will do it. \pso Aéstas mismas horas (mañana) lo vas a hacer. \pno Mo:stla kea:mani:n. \peo Tomorrow at about this same time. \pso Mañana como a estas horas. \cfa a:mani:n \cfo a:maní: \xrb a:man \xrb i:n \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 7138. \mod Check speech tokens, in the workshop the pronunciation of this word was always with a final glottal stop. Check. \pqry Check vowel length. The etymology of this form is unclear. Check the pronunciation in the elicitation form. \ref 07175 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo -hpahtlan \lxoc tohpahtlan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Loc \der N(loc) \seo (with possessor prefix <n>to-</n>) arriba (de nosotros) \sso (con prefijo de poseedor above <n>to-</n> (us) \xrb -kpa \xrl -ko \nse This form has only been documented with the 1st-person possessor prefix <n>to-</n>. The final /n/ is always realized as [h], a common phonological process in Oapan, but has been written with /n/ on the basis of an analysis of its relation to the relational noun <n>-tlan</n>. \pqry Recheck with phonologist the presence of /h/. \ref 07176 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a repeat of 1196 and has been deleted. \dt 01/Jun/2002 \vl Tag the tokens here with #1196. \ref 07177 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a repeat of 1930 and has been deleted. \dt 12/Jun/2002 \vl Tag the tokens here with #1930. \ref 07178 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry has been deleted as a repeat of 2354. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Tag the tokens here as #2354, of which the present entry /ni:lpo:tsa/ is a duplicate. \ref 07179 \lxa tlaso:wtok \lxac tlaso:wtok \lxo tlá:só:htok \lxop tlá:so:htok \lxoc tlá:só:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infv Durative \pa yes \seo for many things (e.g., clothes drying) to be hung or spread out (on a thorn bush, rock, clothesline, etc.) \sso haber muchas cosas (p. ej., ropa secándose) colgada o extendida (sobre un arbusto, una piedra grande, un lazo, etc.) \xrb so:wa \grm Reduplication; use of /tla-/: Note the reduplication and use of tla in the following: tlá:só:htok 'for many things (e.g., clothes drying) to be hung or spread out (on a thorn bush, rock, clothesline, etc.)' \ref 07180 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an Am entry for /ye un/ as a Demonstrative adjective meaning 'that.' It has been removed as possibly incorrect and not clear. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07181 \lxa yewa un \lxac yewa un \lxo yáwaó:n \lxoc yáwaó:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Dem-adj \der Demons \pa yes-lex \seo that \sso ese \syno yó:ó:n \xrb yehwa \xrb on \ref 07182 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was for /kwe:liwi/ and has been deleted as aduplicate of 00077. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \vl Link the 4 tokens here to 00077 (see data there). Note that the first token is /weliwi/ and should not be tagged or used. \ref 07183 \lxa ye:lo:kwa \lxac ye:lo:kwa \lxo ye:lo:kwa \lxocpend ye:lo:kwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat fresh corn on the cob \sso comer elote \xrb ye:lo: \xrb kwa \ref 07184 \lxa ye:lo:ikxitia \lxac ye:lo:ikxitia \lxo ye:lo:ixitia \lxocpend ye:lo:ixitia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to cook green corn on the cob \sso cocer elotes \xrb ye:lo: \xrb isi \ref 07185 \lxa tomakwe:chowa \lxac tomakwe:chowa \lxo tomakwe:chowa \lxocpend tomakwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-iwi \infv class-2b \seo to grind up tomatoes (of any type, particularly with a mortar and pestle) \sso moler tomates (de cualquier tipo, particularmente en un molcajete) \xrb toma \xrb kwe:ch \ref 07186 \lxa tomapapa:ka \lxaa tomapupa:ka \lxac tomapupa:ka \lxo tomá:pa:ká \lxop tomá:pa:ka \lxocpend tomá:pa:ká \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \seo to wash tomatoes (of any type) in water \sso lavar tomates (de cualquier tipo) en agua \xrb toma \xrb pa:ka \pqry Check the vowel quality of the Ameyaltepec form /tomapupa:ka/ or /tomapapa:ka/, i.e, check the vowel quality of the first syllable /pV/. \ref 07187 \lxa tomaxiwtli \lxac tomaxiwtli \lxo tomaxihtli \lxocpend tomaxihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo leaves of the tomato plant (of any type) \sso hojas del tomate (de cualquier tipo) \xrb toma \xrb xiw \ref 07188 \lxa tomakuwtli \lxac tomakuwtli \lxo tomakohtli \lxocpend tomakohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo main stem of the tomato plant (of any type) \sso tallo de la planta de tomate (de cualquier tipo) \xrb toma \xrb kow \ref 07189 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:to:tlami:ni \lxocpend to:to:tlami:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-3a \seo to shoot birds (with a rifle, slingshot, etc.) \sso tirar pájaros (con un rifle, resortera, etc.) \xrb to:to: \xrb mi:ni \nse Like the verb <n>ma</n>, in this case the transitive verb <nlo>mi:ni</nlo> is apparently first detransitivized and then modified by an incorporated noun, in this case the animal that is shot at. \grm Incorporation; transitivity: Like the verb <n>ma</n>, in this case the transitive verb <nlo>mi:ni</nlo> is apparently first detransitivized and then modified by an incorporated noun, in this case the animal that is shot at. \ref 07190 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo moxkayahtlan \lxocpend moxkayahtlan \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc \seo sky covered by cirus or high, wispy clouds \sso cielo lleno de nubes cirros o de nubes altas y delgadas \xrb mox \xrb kaya: \qry The final /a/ might be long and this should be checked. \flo moxkayahtli \ref 07191 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:mabo:lsah \lxocpend a:mabo:lsah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) bolsa \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \seo paper bag \sso bolsa de papel \xrb a:ma \ref 07192 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:makarto:n \lxocpend a:makarto:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) cartón \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \seo paper box \sso caja de cartón \xrb a:ma \qry Check whether this refers to a cardboard or paper box. \ref 07193 \lxa kwitlapepena \lxac kwitlapepena \lxo kwitlá:pená \lxocpend kwitlá:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-V2 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up dried 'cow pies' (for use in firing ceramics) \sso pepenar estiercol de ganado (para cocer cerámica) \xrb kwitla \xrb pena \ref 07194 \lxa tlapepena \lxac tlapepena \lxo tlá:pená \lxop tlá:pena \lxocpend tlá:pená \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-tla \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gleam (picking things up off the ground, such as corn cobs, fish, and other things that others have harvested or caught) \sso recoger; pepenar (esto es, recoger cosas como olotes, pescados, u otras cosas que han quedado sobre el suelo, dejado atrás por otros durante la cosecha, la pesca, etc.) \xrb pena \ref 07195 \lxa kuwpepena \lxac kuwpepena \lxo kohpépená \lxop kohpepena \lxocpend kohpépená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up firewood scattered on the ground \sso pepenar leña que está regada sobre la tierra \xrb kow \xrb pena \nse This word is rarely used, although it has been recorded. In Oapan, much more common is <nlo>tlikohpépená</nlo> or <nlo>á:tokohpépená</nlo>. \qry As this word was not recorded, recheck stress pattern as it might be /kóhpepéna/. \ref 07196 \lxa iswapepena \lxac iswapepena \lxo iswá:pená \lxop iswá:pena \lxocpend iswá:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up corn leaves scattered on the ground \sso pepenar hojas de maíz regadas por la tierra \xrb swa \xrb pena \ref 07197 \lxa tepepena \lxac tepepena \lxo té:pená \lxop té:pena \lxocpend té:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up stones scattered along the river (particularly to make lime) \sso pepenar piedras del río regadas por la ribera (en particular para hacer cal) \xrb te \xrb pena \ref 07198 \lxa yepepena \lxac yepepena \lxo yé:pená \lxop yé:pena \lxocpend yé:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gathers up beans (scattered on the ground in the area where they have been shelled) \sso pepenar frijoles (regados por la tierra en el lugar donde se desvainaron) \xrb e \xrb pena \ref 07199 \lxa ayupepena \lxac ayupepena \lxo ayó:pená \lxop ayó:pena \lxocpend ayó:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to gather up squash during the harvest \sso cosechar la calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb pena \qry Check vowel length of /ayutli/. Check stress pattern. \ref 07200 \lxa sinpepena \lxac sinpepena \lxo sé:mpená \lxop sé:mpena \lxocpend sé:mpená \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up dried ears of corn as they are harvested \sso pepenar mazorcas durante la cosecha \xrb sin \xrb pena \nse The processes of harvesting dried corn is different in Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec harvesters walk between two rows of maize each carrying a net bag(<nla>a:ya:tl</nla>). The <spn>mazorcas</spn> are placed in the bag until it is full. The harvester then takes the bag to the side of the field where they are stuffed into a sack to be taken back to the village. In Oapan each harvester pulls the mazorca off the plant and tosses into a nearby pile. Another person then gathers them up and stuffs them into a sack. This second person is a <no>sé:mpenké:tl</no>. \ref 07201 \lxa tomapepena \lxac tomapepena \lxo tomá:pená \lxop tomá:pena \lxocpend tomá:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather <nlo>tepe:tomatl</nlo> in the hills \sso pepenar <nlo>tepe:tomatl</nlo> en los cerros \xrb toma \xrb pena \ref 07202 \lxa xokopepena \lxac xokopepena \lxo xokó:pená \lxop xokó:pena \lxocpend xokó:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up wild plums scattered on the ground \sso pepenar o recoger ciruelas regadas por la tierra \xrb xoko \xrb pena \ref 07203 \lxa komo:chipepena \lxac komo:chipepena \lxo komo:chí:pená \lxop komo:chí:pena \lxocpend komo:chí:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather <spn>guamúchil</spn> that has scattered on the ground \sso pepenar guamúchil que está regado por la tierra \xrb komo:chi \xrb pena \ref 07204 \lxa tlako:pepena \lxac tlako:pepena \lxo tlakó:pená \lxop tlakó:pena \lxoc tlakó:pená \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \se to gather small twigs and branches (e.g., for firewood) \ss juntar y recoger pequeñas ramas (p. ej., para leña) \xrb tlako: \xrb pena \nse This is often an activity performed by older single women and by children, who are either too poor to have a donkey that could carry real firewood or are too weak to chop wood with a machete or ax. \nae My data to date shows that in Oapan the final vowel of <nlo>tlako:tl</nlo> is long (this should be rechecked acoustically). Thus the reduction of the reduplicated <no>pépená</no> is unexpected although not without precedent. It may be that given the great number of words that have an incorporated noun and the verbal stem <no>pépená</no> in which reduplication reduction does occur, this process has become in a sense grammaticalized. This might be further motivated by haplology, i.e., that a basic ? <no>tlakó:pepéna</no> reduces to <no>tlakó:pená</no>. However, for now this word has been analyzed as showing reduction on a long vowel of an incorporated noun. \vl Check vl of /tlako:tl/ from Oapan. And in all compounds. \ref 07205 \lxa sa:ndiapepena \lxac sa:ndiapepena \lxo sa:nchiá:pená \lxop sa:nchiá:pena \lxocpend sa:nchiá:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to pick watermelon in harvesting \sso cortar sándia para cosecharla \xrb pena \ref 07206 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ----- \lxo a:má:pená \lxop a:má:pena \lxocpend a:má:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to pick up paper or pieces of paper scattered on the ground \sso recoger o pepenar papel o pedazos de papel tirados por el suelo \xrb a:ma \xrb pena \ref 07207 \lxa kakawapepena \lxac kakawapepena \lxo kakawá:pená \lxop kakawá:pena \lxocpend kakawá:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to glean peanuts from the field \sso recoger o pepenar cacahuates que han quedado en el campo \xrb kawa \xrb pena \ref 07208 \lxa a:mateteki \lxac a:mateteki \lxo a:má:tekí \lxop a:má:teki \lxocpend a:má:tekí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \seo to cut paper (e.g., with scissors) \sso cortar papel (p. ej., con tijeras) \xrb a:ma \xrb teki \ref 07209 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:mapapeltsi:n \lxocpend a:mapapeltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) papel \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \seo carbon paper \sso papel carbón \xrb a:ma \qry Check length and vowels of borrowed portion of this word. \ref 07210 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepe:we:weh \lxocpend tepe:we:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo large hill or mountain \sso cerro o montaña grande \xrb tepe: \xrb we:weh \ref 07211 \lxa tepe:yoh \lxac tepe:yoh \lxo tepe:yoh \lxocpend tepe:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo area with many hills or mountains \sso área con muchos cerritos o montañas \xrb tepe: \ref 07212 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepe:ma:tih \lxocpend tepe:ma:tih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo neighboring villages (from the perspective of Oapan) \sso pueblos circunvecinos (desde la perspectiva de Oapan) \xrb tepe: \xrb ma: \nse <no>Tepe:ma:tih</no> has been documented only in the plural in reference to the villages that surround Oapan, from the perspective of the villagers of this pueblo. Etymologically it is derived from <n>tepe:tl</n> and <n>ma:tli</n>, literally 'hill-hand/branch'. According to Florencia Marcelino it was used to refer to those surrounding villages that were part of the old parish of Oapan, before the seat was moved to Xalitla. <no>Tepe:ma:tih</no> seems, therefore, to be related to the Classical <n>a:ltepe:tl</n> and indeed Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez mentioned that they thought, but were not sure, that Inocencio's mother did use the form <no>a:ltepe:matih</no>. \qry I asked Florencia Marcelino the meaning of this word and she related it to the root /ma:tli/, stating that it was used to refer to the outlying villages of the parish when the parish seat was in Oapan. This word might well be related to the classical /a:ltepe:tl/. I asked Florencia if she had heard /a:ltepe:ma:tih/ and she said that this was also used. Nevertheless, it should be checked. \ref 07213 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo áyoixítia \lxop ayoixitia \lxocpend áyoixítia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to cook squash \sso cocer calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb ksi \ref 07214 \lxa ayukakawatl \lxac ayukakawatl \lxo ayó:kawátl \lxoa áyokakáwatl \lxocpend ayó:kawátl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \seo squash rind \sso cáscara de la calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb kawa \grm Pitch accent; reduplication reduction: Note that at least from my preliminary investigation or determination the pitch accent pattern of /ayó:kawátl/ is as indicated. That is, the pitch accent is on the long vowel, not on the /a/, which is usually the case of derivatives with /áyutlí/. \ref 07215 \lxa ayukwa \lxac ayukwa \lxo áyokwá \lxop ayokwa \lxocpend áyokwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \pa yes-lex \seo to eat squash \sso comer calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb kwa \ref 07216 \lxa ayukwa:ni \lxac ayukwa:ni \lxo áyokwá:ni \lxocpend áyokwá:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ni \pa yes-lex \sem animal \sem bird \seo type of falcon, apparently the Crested Caracara, <l>Caracara plancus</l>, or a close relative; it eats snakes \sso tipo de halcón, aparentemente el"Crested Caracara," <l>Caracara plancus</l>, o una especie cercana; come víboras \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 213 \equiva tlakotatatsi:n \xrb ayoh \xrb kwa \nct to:to:tl \ref 07217 \lxa ayusentla:lia \lxac ayusentla:lia \lxo áyosentlá:lia \lxop ayosentla:lia \lxocpend áyosentlá:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to gather squash together (e.g., during the harvest, bringing all the squash that has been picked to one spot) \sso reunir calabaza (p. ej., durante la cosecha llevándola a un solo lugar) \xrb ayoh \xrb sen \xrb tla:l \ref 07218 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ayó:tekí \lxop ayó:teki \lxocpend ayó:tekí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to pick squash \sso cortar calabaza (para cosecharla) \xrb ayoh \xrb teki \qry Check stress pattern and, as with all words contained /ayoh/ or /a:yoh/, the length of the first vowel. This may indicate reduction of pitch accent. \ref 07219 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo áyotetsó:hli \lxocpend áyotetsó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \pa yes-lex \seo squash that has dried up in field \sso calabaza que se ha secado en el campo \xrb ayoh \xrb te \xrb tso:l \ref 07220 \lxa ayutlapa:na \lxac ayutlapa:na \lxo áyotlapá:na \lxop ayotlapa:na \lxocpend áyotlapá:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to chop squash in half (to clean it for cooking, remove the seeds, etc.) \sso partir calabaza en la mitad (para limpiarla para cocer, quitarle la semilla, etc.) \xrb ayoh \xrb tlapa: \ref 07221 \lxa xo:chiwekahli \lxac xo:chiwekahli \lxo xo:chíwakáhli \lxoa xo:chíwá:hli \lxocpend xo:chíwakáhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo decorated round gourd (<spn>jícara</spn>) with a red background and painted flowers inside \sso jícara decorada, con un fondo de pintura roja y flores adentro \xrb xo:chi \xrb wehkal \qry Check stress pattern of main entry and shortened form. \ref 07222 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwetláxwakáhli \lxoa kwetláxwá:hli \lxocpend kwetláxwakáhli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo gourd bowl (<spn>jícara</spn>) made of plastic \sso jícara de plástico \xrb kwetlax \xrb wehkal \ref 07223 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákalxo:pí:hli \lxoa wá:lxo:pí:hli \lxocpend wákalxo:pí:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-? \pa yes-lex \seo deformed round gourd used as a bowl, i.e., one that has its side pushed in or indented in an oval form \sso jícara deformada, que tiene los lados como empujados hacia adentro \xrb wahkal \xrb xo:pi:l \qry Make sure that this is /wákalxo:pi:hli/ and not /wákalxo:pi:ltik/. Also check stress pattern of long and short forms. \ref 07224 \lxa wekalsosohli \lxac wekalsosohli \lxo wákalté:sohlí \lxop wakalté:sohli \lxoa wá:lté:sohlí \lxocpend wákalté:sohlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-Mod \pa yes-lex \seo gourd bowl that is old and cracked \sso jícara vieja y rota \xrb wehkal \xrb hsol \grm /sosohli/: Note use of /te/ in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec: wákalté:sohlívs. wekalsosohli \ref 07225 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákaltlapá:nki \lxoa wá:ltlapá:nki \lxocpend wákaltlapá:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \pa yes-lex \seo gourd bowl (<spn>jícara</spn>) that has part broken off \sso jícara con una parte despostillada \xrb wahkal \xrb tlapa: \ref 07226 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákaltsayá:nki \lxoa wá:ltsayá:nki \lxocpend wákaltsaya:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \pa yes-lex \seo gourd bowl (<spn>jícara</spn>) that has a crack in it \sso jícara rota (con una fisura) \xrb wahkal \xrb tsaya: \ref 07227 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákalwe:weh \lxocpend wákalwe:weh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \pa yes-lex \seo large round gourd bowl (<spn>jícara</spn>) \sso jícara grande \xrb wahkal \xrb we:weh \ref 07228 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákalté:tsó:yo \lxocpend wákalté:tsó:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \pa yes-lex \seo small round gourd (<spn>jícara</spn>) \sso jícara pequeña \xrb wahkal \xrb tso:yo: \qry Check vowel length, stress pattern and etymology. \ref 07229 \lxa xa:lsaka \lxac xa:lsaka \lxo xa:lsaka \lxocpend xa:lsaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo (often with long vowel reduplication) to transport sand \sso (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) transportar arena \xrb xa:l \xrb saka \ref 07230 \lxa xa:lsentla:lia \lxac xa:lsentla:lia \lxo xa:lsentla:lia \lxocpend xa:lsentla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to place sand together (e.g., for later transport) \sso juntar arena (p. ej., para acarrear después) \xrb xa:l \xrb sen \xrb tla:l \ref 07231 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:ltemowa \lxocpend xa:ltemowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \seo for sand to slide down (e.g., the slope of a hole one has been digging) \sso deslizarse la arena (p. ej., por los lados interiores de un pozo excavado) \xrb xa:l \xrb temo: \grm Subject incorporation: Note that in /xa:ltemowa/ it is apparently the subject that is incorporated, since it is the sand (IN) that goes down the inside slope or side of a hole dug in the ground \ref 07232 \lxa xa:hlowa \lxac xa:hlowa \lxo xa:hlowa \lxocpend xa:hlowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/yo/tia \infv class-4a \seo to become covered with sand \sso cubrirse de arena \xrb xa:l \ref 07233 \lxa xa:lki:xtia \lxac xa:lki:xtia \lxo xa:lki:xtia \lxocpend xa:lki:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to take sand out of a given place (e.g., to take sand out from an enclosed place, such as the dirt floor of a house) \sso sacar arena (p. ej., de un lugar encerrado como el piso interior de una casa) \xrb xa:l \xrb ki:sa \qry Check definition as well as whether both reduplicated and unreduplicated forms exist. NOTE: C. Flores mentions that reduplicatoin is only if one sells. \grm Reduplication: NOte that if the verb stem is reduplicated it means that one sells sand: /xa:lkiki:xtia/. This is according to C. Flores. \ref 07234 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:lte:ma \lxocpend xa:lte:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \seo to fill up with sand (e.g., a sack for transport) \sso llenar con arena (p. ej., un costal para el transporte) \xrb xa:l \xrb te:ma \ref 07235 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:lkwi \lxocpend xa:lkwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo (usually with a directional) to (go) get sand \sso (a menudo con un direccional) (ir a) traer arena \xrb xa:l \xrb kwi \nse The verb <no>xa:lkwi</no> is most often used with a directional prefix or suffix, depending on the tense/aspect. Thus, for example, <no>o:xa:lkwito</no> 'he went to get sand (and bring it back)'. \ref 07236 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sakapotohtli \lxocpend sakapotohtli \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of grass \sso tipo de zacate \ono hypo sakatl \xrb saka \xrb potok \cpl The name of this plant was mentioned by Roberto Mauricio in a workshop (Aug. 2001) during an excercise to give words containing the root <n>saka</n>. Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that he knew of this plant, that it is found near A:molo:nka:n. \nct sakatl \stat C \ref 07237 \lxa sakama:tlatl \lxac sakama:tlatl \lxo sakama:tlatl \lxocpend sakama:tlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of grass \sso tipo de zacate \ono hypo sakatl \xrb saka \xrb ma:tla \cpl The name of this plant was mentioned by Roberto Mauricio in a workshop (Aug. 2001) during an excercise to give words containing the root <n>saka</n>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07237 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sakachi:chi:hli \lxocpend sakachi:chi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of grass \sso tipo de zacate \ono hypo sakatl \xrb saka \xrb chi:l \cpl The name of this plant was mentioned by Roberto Mauricio in a workshop (Aug. 2001) during an excercise to give words containing the root <n>saka</n>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07239 \lxa texa:hloh \lxac texa:hloh \lxo texa:hloh \lxocpend texa:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-yoh \se area covered with a lot of pebbly sand \ss área tener muchos guijarros o arena tener piedrecitas \xrb te \xrb xa:l \ref 07240 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kochma:tlako \lxocpend kochma:tlako \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com N-N-Loc \der Loc \seo in a or the hammock \sso en hamaca \pno Xtikochis kochma:tlako? \peo Are you going to sleep in the hammock? \pso ¿Vas a dormir en la hamaca? \xrb kochi \xrb ma:tla \xrl -ko \ref 07241 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:ltoma:wak \lxocpend xa:ltoma:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \seo large-grained sand \sso arena no fina \xrb xa:l \xrb toma: \cfo xa:lpitsa:wak; xa:lkwe:xtik \ref 07242 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:lpitsa:wak \lxocpend xa:lpitsa:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \seo fine-grained sand \sso arena fina \syna xa:lkwe:xtli \syno xa:lkwe:xtik \xrb xa:l \xrb pitsa: \cfo xa:ltoma:wak \ref 07243 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:lkwe:xtik \lxocpend xa:lkwe:xtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \syno xa:lpitsa:wak \seo fine-grained sand \sso arena fina \syna xa:lkwe:xtli \xrb xa:l \xrb kwe:ch \cfo xa:ltoma:wak \ref 07244 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:lchi:chi:hli \lxocpend xa:lchi:chi:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo red sand \sso arena roja \xrb xa:l \xrb chi:l \nse Although this word was accepted by some people, it seems to be quite uncommon; more usual is the compound <nlo>tla:lchi:chi:hli</nlo>, referring to red, clayish earth used in making ceramics. \grm Nominalization; compounding: Note that although /chi:chi:hli/ by itself is not found as an independent word (one finds instead the adjectival /chi:chi:ltik/) it is found in combination, as the present word /xa:lchi:chi:hli/ demonstrates. However, this should be compared to /xa:ltli:lihki/ in which the deverbal adjectival /tli:lihki/ is found. \ref 07245 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xá:hlotík \lxocpend xá:hlotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-? \pa yes \seo covered with or full of sand \sso cubierto o lleno de arena \syna xa:litik \xrb xa:l \ref 07246 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlasakamo:hli \lxocpend tlasakamo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \seo turned up earth with broken grass, the result of the action of <nlo>sakamowa</nlo> \sso tierra arada con zacate quebrantado, el resultado de la acción de <nlo>sakamowa</nlo> \xrb sakam \ref 07247 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sakatsonteki \lxocpend sakatsonteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to cut grass with a machete \sso cortar pasto o zacate con machete \syna sakateki \xrb saka \xrb tson \xrb teki \ref 07248 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo saká:pená \lxop saká:pena \lxocpend saká:pená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to pick up grass that is scattered on the ground \sso recoger o pepenar zacate que está regado por el suelo \xrb saka \xrb pena \ref 07249 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo notláloké:tl \lxocpend notláloké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \pa yes \seo runner \sso corredor \xrb tlal \ref 07250 \lxa lapise:roh \lxac lapise:roh \lxo lapise:roh \lxocpend lapise:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan lápiz \psm N \der N-loan \seao pen \ssao pluma \ref 07251 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo lapiskohtli \lxocpend lapiskohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) lápiz \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo lead pencil \sso lápiz \xrb kow \ref 07252 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohkahli \lxocpend kohkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo small shelter under which traditional marriage ceremonies called <no>tlatlikechilia</no> are performed \sso pequeña construcción de madera abajo de la cual se lleva a cabo la ceremonia llamado <no>tlatlikechilia</no> \xrb kow \xrb kal \qry Recheck meaning. \ref 07253 \lxa petlaka:hli \lxac petlaka:hli \lxo petlá:kahlí \lxocpend petlá:kahlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff -rdp-s- \pa yes-rdp \seo shelter of rods covered with <spn>petates</spn> that serves as the prison of Jesus during the Passion Play \sso albergue de varas tapadas con petates que sirve como carcel para Jesús durante la Pasión de Cristo \xrb petla \xrb kal \ref 07254 \lxa kochke:tl \lxac kochke:tl \lxo kochke:tl \lxocpend kochke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who is sleeping \sso persona que está dormida \xrb kochi \nse Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned that this refers not simply to someone who is sleeping, but to someone who is sleeping <na>te:cha:n</na>, i.e., in another's house. This would appear to be the meaning of the agentive <n>-ke:tl</n> in many cases, such as <nla>tlakwake:tl</nla>. \ref 07255 \lxa tlakwake:tl \lxac notlakwaka:w \lxo tlákwaké:tl \lxocpend tlákwaké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \pa yes \seo person who is eating \sso persona que está comiendo \xrb kwa \ref 07256 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlákwíloké:tl \lxocpend tlákwíloké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \pa yes-lex \seo scribe \sso escribano \xrb hkwil \nae The pitch acccent pattern written above might be in error. It is possible that the most common pronunciation is instead <no>tlákwilóké:tl</no> \qry Check stress pattern; perhaps this should be /tlákwilóké:tl/, as it is for \ref 07257 \lxa tekipanoke:tl \lxac tekipanoke:tl \lxo tekipánoké:tl \lxocpend tekipánoké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \pa yes \seo person who works a team of oxen or other plow animals \sso persona que trabaja una yunta de bueyes u otros animales \xrb teki \xrb pan \ref 07258 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlama:te:kake:tl \lxocpend tlama:te:kake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who weeds (by hand or with a digging stick) \sso persona que deshierba (con las manos o con coa) \xrb ma: \xrb te:ka \ref 07259 \lxa to:kake:tl \lxac to:kake:tl \lxo to:kake:tl \lxocpend to:kake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who plants seeds \sso persona que siembra \xrb to:ka \ref 07260 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatsontehke:tl \lxocpend tlatsontehke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who cuts down trees or thorn bushes in clearing a field \sso persona que tumbaárboles o arbustos espinosos en limpiar un terreno \xrb tson \xrb teki \ref 07261 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:tsonke:tl \lxocpend tla:tsonke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff -rdp-s- \seo musician (playing any of a variety of instruments, particularly string instruments: violin, guitar, etc.) \sso músico (que toca cualquier de varios instrumentos, particularmente los de cuerda: violín, guitarra, etc.) \xrb tsona \ref 07262 \lxa kalchi:wa \lxac kalchi:wa \lxo kalchi:wa \lxocpend kalchi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to build a house \sso construir casa \xrb kal \xrb chi:wa \ref 07263 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kalchi:hke:tl \lxocpend kalchi:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who builds houses; bricklayer \sso persona que construye casas; albañil \xrb kal \xrb chi:wa \ref 07264 \lxa te:tsonchichi:hke:tl \lxac te:tsonchichi:hke:tl \lxo te:tsó:nchí:hke:tl \lxocpend te:tsó:nchí:hke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff -rdp-s- \seo person who braids anothers hair \sso persona que le hace trenzas al cabello de otro \xrb tson \xrb chi:wa \grmx Oapan phonology: Note that pitch-accent here does not shift rightward off a long vowel (of the syllable /chi:h/) to an adjoining long vowel in a three-syllable word. If there were an additional syllable to the right I believe the shift would occur (as in /kí:no:tsah/ and /kí:no:tsáskeh/). Check. \ref 07265 \lxa tlapa:hke:tl \lxac tlapa:hkeh \lxo tlapa:hke:tl \lxocpend tlapa:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who washes clothes; washerwoman or washerman \sso persona que lava ropa \xrb pa:ka \cfo tlá:pá:hke:tl \ref 07266 \lxa tlapapa:hke:tl \lxaa tlapupa:hke:tl \lxac tlapupa:hkeh \lxo tlá:pá:hke:tl \lxocpend tlá:pá:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo person who washes dishes; dishwasher \sso persona que lava platos; lavaplatos \xrb pa:ka \cfo tlapa:hke:tl \ref 07267 \lxa tlanamakake:tl \lxaa tlanemakake:tl \lxac tlanamakake:tl \lxo tlanemakake:tl \lxocpend tlanemakake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo merchant; person who sells things \sso comerciante; persona que vende cosas \xrb nemaka \ref 07268 \lxa tlamiktike:tl \lxac tlamiktike:tl \lxo tlamíhtiké:tl \lxocpend tlamíhtiké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \pa yes \seo butcher; person who slaughters animals, particularly pigs and cattle \sso carnicero; persona que sacrifica animales, particularmente marranos y ganado \xrb miki \ref 07269 \lxa a:tlahke:tl \lxac a:tlahke:tl \lxo á:tlahké:tl \lxocpend á:tlahké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who brings water from a well, tank, river, etc. \sso persona que acarrea agua de un pozo, depósito, río, etc. \xrb a: \xrb kwi \ref 07270 \lxa tepa:nchi:wa \lxac tepa:nchi:wa \lxo tepa:nchi:wa \lxocpend tepa:nchi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to build a wall \sso contruir una pared \xrb tepa:n \xrb chi:wa \ref 07271 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepa:nchi:hke:tl \lxocpend tepa:nchi:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who builds walls; bricklayer; mason \sso persona que contruye paredes; albañil \xrb tepa:n \xrb chi:wa \ref 07272 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yeísekí \lxocpend yesekí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to toast beans on a griddle (<spn>comal</spn>) \sso tostar frijoles sobre un comal \xrb ye \xrb hseki \qry Obtain applicative; check stress pattern. \grm Incorporation: cf. discussion here of C. Flores that in Am one says /kiseki yetl/. NB how Oapan has greater degree of incorporation. \ref 07273 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yea:yo:tl \lxocpend yea:yo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-denon-yo:tl \seo bean broth \sso caldo de frijoles hervidos \xrb ye \xrb a: \grm Incorporation: Note here again that in Ameyaltepec (cf. previous entry) the form used is /i:a:yo yetl/. This illustrates a general tendency for less incorporation in Am forms. Cf. the discussion with C. Flores for this word. \ref 07274 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yechi:hloh \lxocpend yechi:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sem food \seo beans that have been cooked in a chile broth, with no lard \sso frijoles que han sido cocidos en un caldo de chile, sin manteca \xrb ye \xrb chi:l \ref 07275 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yetetso:hli \lxocpend yetetso:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \seo dried up beans (particularly those still in their pods) \sso frijoles secos (particularmente los que todavía están en sus vainas) \xrb ye \xrb te- \xrb tso:l \ref 07276 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kaltlama:stli \lxoa kaltema:stli; kaltama:stli \lxocpend kaltlama:stli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-? \seo principal rafter: beams of wood, usually in groups of four, that pass above and behind the <na>sole:ras</na> and <na>kontrasole:ras</na> and go to the part of a house of palm or grass called <na>kaltsonko</na>, where they are riveted together with a wooden rivet called a <na>neko:xtli</na> that passes through and joins all four <na>kabe:sas</na> \sso vigas de madera, generalmente en grupos de cuatro, que pasan arriba y atrás de las <na>sole:ras</na> y <na>kontrasole:ras</na> hacia la parte de una casa de palma o zacate que se llama <na>kaltsonko</na>, donde se fijan todos por un remache de madera, llamado <na>nekoxtli</na>, que atraviesa las cuatro <na>kabe:sas</na> \sem construct-part \syna kabe:sah \xrb kal \xrb tema:ts \encyctmp kahli \nae Although <no>kaltlama:stli</no> is the most common pronunciation, I have also heard <no>kaltema:stli</no> and (the pronunciation of Moises Domínguez) <no>kaltama:stli</no>. For etymology, see <nlo>kaltlama:tsioh</nlo>. \mod Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/. \ref 07277 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yetlatla \lxocpend yetlatla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-4a \seo to have ones beans burn on one while cooking \sso quemarsele los frijoles a (uno que está cocinándolos) \xrb ye \xrb tla \ref 07278 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekapostli \lxocpend yekapostli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem domesticated \seo type of black bean \sso tipo de frijol negro \xrb ye \xrb kapos \nct yetl \ref 07279 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yewa:tsa \lxocpend yewa:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to lay out beans to dry in the sun (while still in their pods) \sso extender frijoles a secar en el sol (cuando todavía están en sus vainas) \xrb ye \xrb wa: \grm Incorporation: Note again that here there is a difference in that Oapan has an incorporated form and Am simply says /kiwa:tsa yetl/. \ref 07280 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yepitsa:wak \lxocpend yepitsa:wak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \sem plant \sem domesticated \seo type of small, thin bean still not identified \sso tipo de frijol pequeño y delgado, todavía no identificado \xrb ye \xrb pitsa: \nct yetl \ref 07281 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yepatla:xtli \lxocpend yepatla:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-? \sem plant \sem domesticated \seo type of bean still not identified \sso tipo de frijol todavía no identificado \xrb ye \xrb patla: \nct yetl \grm Nominalization: Note that occassionally the nominalization process introduces an /x/ into a deverbal formation. In Classical Nahuatl one finds /kwala:xtli/. In modern Ameyaltepec/Oapan there are a few similar formations. One of this is that of the present entry /yepatla:xtli/, which is clearly formed from the verbal stem /patla:/, found in /patla:wi/ and /patla:wa/, among other forms. \ref 07282 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yete:ma \lxocpend yete:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \seo to fill (e.g., sacks) with beans \sso llenar (p. ej., costales) con frijoles \xrb ye \xrb te:m \ref 07283 \lxa yetlama:te:ka \lxac yetlama:te:ka \lxo yetlama:te:ka \lxocpend yetlama:te:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-tla \infv class-4a \seo to weed beans with ones hands or a digging stick (<na>witso:ktli</na>) \sso desherbar frijoles con las manos o con coa (<na>witso:ktli</na>) \xrb ye \xrb ma: \xrb te:ka \grm Incorporation; modification: /yetlama:te:ka/ is interesting in that the base for the incorporation is a verbal form detransitivized with /tla-/. In general I should note that the verb /ma:te:ka/ is almost always found with the /tla-/ prefix, and only rarely with a specific object. \ref 07284 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yexihtli \lxocpend yexihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem part \seo leaves of bean plants (of any type) \sso hojas de una planta de frijol (de cualquier tipo) \xrb ye \xrb xiw \grm Incorporation: Note that with this as with many of the previous words there is no incorporation in Am whereas there is in Oapan. This is a major difference between the two dialects. \ref 07285 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekwe:xtli \lxocpend yekwe:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \seo bean meal, i.e., dried beans that have been ground up \sso frijol molido \xrb ye \xrb kwe:ch \ref 07286 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yé:kó:ntsi:n \lxocpend yé:kó:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff -rdp-s- \seo type of boiled dumpling made of a shell of corn dough (<nla>tixtli</nla>) and cooked beans \sso tipo de comida hervida hecha de una cubertura de masa llena de frijoles cocidos \xrb ye \xrb ko:n \nse A <no>yé:kó:ntsi:n</no> is made by taking a small ball of corn dough and making a deep indentation in one side. This hole is then filled with cooked beans that are then covered up as the dough is remade into a ball. The dumpling is then cooked in boiling water, often that of bean broth. \ref 07287 \lxa koo:lo:tl \lxac koo:lo:tl \lxo koo:lo:tl tesontik \lxocpend koo:lo:tl tesontik \lxt kwao:lo:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N-Adj \der Adj-? \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \se tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of <no>koo:lo:tl</no> \ss árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de <no>koo:lo:tl</no> \xrb ko \xrb o:lo: \xrb teson \cfa koo:la:wa \fla koo:lo:tl \cpl In Ameyaltepec only one type of <na>koo:lo:tl</na> is known, that with rough-skinned fruit. It is simply called <na>koo:lo:tl</na> although some have called it <na>koo:lo:tl tesontik</na>. Inocencio Díaz that he knew of two types of <na>koo:lo:tl</na> one male and the other female. The male variety has rough bark and the female variety smooth bark. Apparently this gender difference corresponds to the two varieties known in Oapan, the female having smooth bark (and a smooth-skinned, edible fruit). Nevertheless, Inocencio Díaz does not remember the appearance of the fruit of the female tree. \nct kohtli; koo:lo:tl \ref 07288 \lxa sakakwa \lxac sakakwa \lxo sakakwa \lxocpend sakakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat grass (e.g., an animal that is grazing or that is not given maize to eat) \sso comer zacate (p. ej., un animal que está apacentando o a que no se le da maíz para comer) \xrb saka \xrb kwa \ref 07289 \lxa yekwa \lxac yekwa \lxo yekwa \lxocpend yekwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat beans \sso comer frijoles \xrb ye \xrb kwa \ref 07290 \lxa yetlapepenia \lxac yetlapepenia \lxo yetlá:peniá \lxop yetlá:penia \lxocpend yetlá:peniá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff rdp-s- \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to pick through beans (i.e., to take out stones or chaff, or that which is bug-eaten) \sso revisar para sacar lo malo de los frijoles (e.g., para sacar piedras y basura, o lo carcomido) \xrb ye \xrb pe:na \ref 07291 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekwe:chowa \lxocpend yekwe:chowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to grind beans (on a metate or with a mortar and pestle) \sso moler frijoles (sobre un metate o en un molcajete) \xrb ye \xrb kwe:ch \ref 07292 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yeixitia \lxocpend yexitia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to cook beans \sso cocinar frijoles \xrb ye \xrb ksi \ref 07293 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yemo:hli \lxocpend yemo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem food \seo beans cooked in water, without lard \sso frijoles cocidos en su caldo, sin manteca \xrb ye \xrb mo:l \nse Apparently this dish is the same as <nlo>yechi:la:tl</nlo> and is distinguished from <nlo>yemante:ka</nlo>, which contains lard. \ref 07294 \lxa yechi:chi:hli \lxac yechi:chi:hli \lxo yechi:chi:hli \lxocpend yechi:chi:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-N \aff -rdp-s- \sem plant \sem domesticated \seo type of red bean grown in the high lands of San Miguel Tecuiciapan \sso tipo de frijol rojo que se siembra en los terrenos altos de San Miguel Tecuiciapan al norte \xrb ye \xrb chi:l \nct yetl \ref 07295 \lxa yetlama:tsowahli \lxac yetlama:tsowahli \lxo yetlama:tsowahli \lxocpend yetlama:tsowahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \seo folded tortilla with beans inside \sso tortilla doblada con frijol adentro \xrb ye \xrb ma:ts \ref 07296 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yeto:roh \lxocpend yeto:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) toro \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \seo tortilla folded over with beans and chile inside \sso tortilla doblada con frijoles y chile adentro \xrb ye \ref 07297 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yeáká:nia \lxop yeaka:nia \lxocpend yeáká:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \aff -rdp-s- \pa yes-rdp \seo to sift beans, particularly to remove the chaff \sso cribar o cerner frijo, particularmente para quitar el hollejo \xrb ye \xrb aka: \qry Determine etymology. No similar forms have been found in Karttunen or Molina. I have included the first syllable as part of the root, and not as a lexicalized reduplication, but this might well be in error. Also, recheck the precise meaning of the metaphorical usage (i.e., 'to speak bad of', 'to give a bad reputation to', etc. and try to determine the semantic basis for this metaphoric meaning. In the future recheck Oapan /káká:nia/ to make sure that the pitch accent is not the result of reduplication. \ref 07298 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yéisíwi \lxocpend yéisíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-V1 \der V1-b \pa yes-lex \seo beans that come to fruition early in the planting season \sso frijoles que llegan a formarse muy temprano en la temporada \xrb ye \xrb hsi \nae Note that although basically a verb form <no>yéisíwi</no> functions much like a noun. Its antonym is <no>yetlatski</no> and its inflectional pattern is apparently defective in that it does not take the usual tense/aspect pattern. In this sense it is much like the defective verb <na>tlaksa</na> or <no>tlasa</no>. \qry Check pitch-accent pattern for Oapan form. Check inflectional pattern to make sure it functions nominally. \grm Verb-noun; noun incorporation: Note the Oapan form /yéisíwi/. Although basically a verb form <no>yéisíwi</no> functions much like a noun. Its antonym is <no>yetlatski</no> and its inflectional pattern is apparently defective in that it does not take the usual tense/aspect pattern. In this sense it is much like the defective verb <na>tlaksa</na> or <no>tlasa</no>. \ref 07299 \lxa yeposo:nki \lxac yeposo:nki \lxo yeposo:nki \lxocpend yeposo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo beans boiled in water \sso frijoles hervidos en agua \xrb ye \xrb poso: \ref 07300 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yepaya:na \lxocpend yepaya:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seo to grind up uncooked beans \sso moler frijoles crudos \xrb ye \xrb paya: \qry Make sure this refers to raw beans and check the difference with /yekwe:chowa/. \ref 07301 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yemoya:wa \lxocpend yemoya:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo to spread out beans in the sun in order to kill any bugs that might have infected it \sso extender frijoles en el sol para matar los bichos que hayan entrado \xrb ye \xrb moya: \ref 07302 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yetoto:nia \lxocpend yetoto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[x] \infv class-2a \seo to heat up beans by spreading them out in the sun so that any bugs that might have infected the beans die \sso calentar frijoles al extenderlos en el sol para matar los bichos que hayan entrado \xrb ye \xrb to:n \ref 07303 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:xonakatl \lxocpend a:xonakatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic \sso <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva sakaa:jos \equivo i:xonak a:ketspalin \equivo xóxonakátsi:n \xrb a: \xrb xonak \nct xiwtli \ref 07304 \lxa sakapahli \lxac sakapahli \lxo sakapahli \lxocpend sakapahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of very small vine still not identified; in Spanish it is called <spn>sakatlaskal</spn> \sso tipo de enredadera muy pequeña todavía no identificado; en español se llama <spn>sakatlaskal</spn> \xrb saka \xrb pal \nse The Spanish name was given by Tomás Muñoz García, a man originally from Teloloapan who now lives in Iguala. Bartolo Mondragón (Oa) mentioned that there is another plant of the same name, much larger and that grows on trees. This plant still needs to be collected. \cpl According to Geoff Hall this is a parasitic vine that destroys other plants. The example I saw was very thin, without leaves, and growing around a flowering plant. \nct xiwtli \ref 07305 \lxa ilakatsowa \lxac kilakatsowa \lxo ilakatsowa \lxocpend kilakatsowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to sprain or twist (sb along his back) \sso torcer o causar una torcedura (algn por la espalda) \seo to make crooked (e.g., a cloth not cut evenly) \sso hacer que quede chueco (p. ej., una tela no cortada parejo) \xrb ilakats \qry Check meaning of transitive form and the precise objects that can be so affected. \ref 07306 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohxíamó:hli \lxocpend kohxíamó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo tree of the Bursera family, with red flowers that bloom in the dry season \sso árbol de la familia Bursera, con flores rojas que salen en temporada de secas \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva si:marrón \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb ah \xrb mo:l \nse The etymology of <no>kohxíamó:hli</no> is still not clear. Apparently it is equivalent to /kuhxio:tlámohlí/. \ref 07307 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chalálakóhtli \lxocpend chalálakóhtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \pa yes-lex \se <l>Amphipterygium adstringens</l> (Schltdl.) Standl., tree of the Anacardiaceae family, apparently the <spn>cuachalalate</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Amphipterygium adstringens</l> (Schltdl.) Standl.,árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae, aparentemente llamado <spn>cuachalalate</spn> en español \pna Bwe:noh para yugoh. No: deke mitskukwa kanah, tikonxi:mas ikakawayo, tiktepa:paxo:s wa:n tika:pacho:s. Ika mitspapa:kili:skeh ka:n mitskukwa, de ikxitso:tso:tl, noso deke o:timotsontek. Ma ki:sa un xkwahli. \src Luis Lucena \pea It is good for yoke. Also, if you hurt somewhere, you will strip off its bark, you will crush it and soak it in water. With this (liquid) they will clean you where it hurts, be it a sore on the leg or where you have cut yourself, so that what is bad goes away. \psa Es bueno para un yugo. también, si te duele por alguna parte, vas a quitar su cáscara, la vas a machucar y después remojar en agua. Con esto te van a limpiar donde te duele, sea unaúlcera sobre la pierna o donde te habías cortado, para que salga lo que no está bien. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva chalalatli \equivo chalálatlí \xrb chalalah \mod Add x=reference under /paxowa/, /pa:kilia/ and /ikxitso:tso:tl/ for the preceding text. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the cuachachalate. Ramírez (1991) gives this as the <spn>cuachalalate</spn> with no further identification. Schoenhals (1988:37) notes:"Cuachalalá, cuachalalate (Juliania adstingens) Low, deciduous, seasons forest tree of the Isthmus. Bark used medicinally as an astringent. Also called palo de rosa."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:81) give as the Spanish <spn>cuachalalate</spn> a tree of the family <i>Julianiaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Amphipterygium adstringens</i>. \nct kohtli \ref 07308 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:mowéwé:i \lxocpend tó:mowéwé:i \lxt to:mohtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \pa yes \se prickly pair of the large cactus called <nla>ó:rganoh de un we:i</nla> \ss tuna delórgano grande llamado <nla>ó:rganoh de we:i</nla> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva to:mochi:kwepok \cfa to:motli \nct to:motli \ref 07309 \lxa sakatema:tlatl \lxac sakatema:tlatl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea type of grass still not identified, apparently one that grows along the river \ssa tipo de zacate todavía no identificado, aparentemente que crece por las riberas de los ríos \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfo sakama:tlatl \xrb saka \xrb te \xrb ma:tla \cpl Neither Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz recognized the name of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón stated that he knew of this plant, which is found at Tlatsa:lan and A:molo:nka:n. \nct sakatl \ref 07310 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepa:nchina:ntli \lxocpend tepa:nchina:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo stone wall the encircles a housesite or building (such as the church in Oapan) \sso cerca de pared que va por el perímetro de un solar o edificio (como la iglesia de Oapan) \xrb te \xrb pa:n \xrb china:m \ref 07311 \lxa tlakahka:yoh \lxac xtlakahka:yoh \lxo tlakahka:yoh \lxocpend xtlakahka:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg \seo disobedient \sso desobediente \xrb kaki \ref 07312 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohpa:pa:lakaxtli \lxoa kohpa:lakaxtli \lxocpend kohpa:pa:lakaxtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-? \seo helicopter (syn. Am <nla>abió:n tarabi:yah</nla> ; syn. Oa <nlo>abion tarabi:yah</nlo>) \sso helicóptero (sin. Am <nla>abió:n tarabi:yah</nla> ; sin. Oa <nlo>abion tarabi:yah</nlo>) \seo type of tool used for making rope (cf. <nlo>trabi:yah</nlo>) \sso tipo de herramienta utilizada para hacer laso (cf. <nlo>trabi:yah</nlo>) \xrb kow \xrb pa:lakach \nse Although <no>kohpa:pa:lakaxtli</no> includes the root <nr>kuh</nr> 'wood,' consultants in Oapan were clear that this was a word used (though now rare) for helicopter. \ref 07313 \lxa chi:polo:nia \lxacpend tlachi:polo:nia \lxo chi:polo:nia \lxocpend tlachi:polo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-2a \seao to make bubble up (air from under water) \ssao hacer subir burbujas (de aire desde el fondo del agua) \sea to make spurt out (a liquid such as blood for a severe wound such as that which cuts an artery or vein) \ssa hacer salir a chorros (un líquido como la sangre de una grave herida, como una que corta una vena o arteria) \xrb chi:- \xrb polo: \nse This verb is usually uses with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ with the sense of 'to release bubbles from under water (e.g., fish, sb swimming underwater, etc.). The use of the intraverse directional prefix <n>wa:l-</n> is not uncommon. Thus one may hear <na>wa:ltlachi:polo:nia</na> (Am), 'he is making bubbles rise to the surface of the water' (e.g., by breathing underwater).' The form <nao>tlachi:polo:nia</nao> can also be used, for example, to refer to the action of fish below the surface of the water. \qry Check other possible uses of /chi:polo:ni/ and, if it exists, /polo:ni/. Check for trans. ?chi:polo:nia or ?chi:polo:naltia, etc. \rt The occurrence of /polo:/ as a root in /chi:polo:ni/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to the /pol/ in /polaki/. However, at the same time there is a /polo:ni/ meaning 'to stammer.' \ref 07314 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mali:ni \lxocpend mali:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seo to twist and fold up on itself (e.g., the wide leaves of a corn plant when it is very hot) \sso torcerse y doblarse (p. ej., las hojas del maíz cuando hace mucho calor) \xrb mali: \rt X-ref or comment the relationship between /malaka/ and /mali:/. \ref 07315 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ka:siakohtli \lxocpend ka:siakohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) casia \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seo see <nlo>ka:siah</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>ka:siah</nlo> \xrb kow \ref 07316 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for Oa /kohxíamó:hli/ and has been removed. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07317 \lxa yebo:lah \lxac yebo:lah \lxo yebo:lah \lxocpend yebo:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \sem plant \sem domesticated \seo type of bean still not identified \sso tipo de frijol todavía no identificado \xrb ye \nct yetl \ref 07318 \lxa mihka:kuwtli \lxac mihka:kuwtli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com ?-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sea type of tree still not identified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \xrb mehka \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 07319 \lxa itetsmiw sa:po \lxac itetsmiw sa:po \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) sapo \psm N \der N-b \sem plant \sem edible \sea type of inedible herbaceous plant, one of two types of <na>testmitl</na> \ssa tipo de planta silvestre no comestible, uno de dos tipos de <na>testmitl</na> \xrb tetsmi \nct xiwtli \ref 07320 \lxa mansa:nah \lxac mansa:nah \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan manzana \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of small tree still unidentified \ssa tipo de arbusto todavía no identificado \qry Check to determine whether this is the same as the /i:mansa:nah kowatl/. \ref 07321 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was /i:skaxo:chitl/ but is apparently not a tree. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \qry The name of this small tree was given to me by Marcelino Venancio; it should be checked. \ref 07322 \lxa cha:molin \lxac cha:molin \lxo cha:molin \lxocpend cha:molin \lxt cha:molin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao generic name for a type of small tree that includes two types: <na>cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik</na> and <na>cha:molin de kokostik</na> \ssao nombre genérico para un tipo de arbusto que incluye dos tipos: <na>cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik</na> y <na>cha:molin de kokostik</na> \se tree or bush with small red flowers that grow in bunches \ss arbusto que tiene florecitas rojas que crecen en ramicitas \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equiva cha:molinkuwtli \equivao cha:molkohtli \xrb cha:mol \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>chamol</spn> in Spanish, of the family <i>Leguminosae</i> and genus/species <i>Caesalpina pulcherrima</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish <spn>chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,</spn> or <spn>surungana</spn>. They identify this as of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>chamol</spn>. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \ref 07323 \lxa tsapokuwtli \lxac tsapokuwtli \lxo tsapokohtli \lxocpend tsapokohtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \se generic name for the zapote tree \ss nombre genérico para elárbol llamado zapote \xrb tsapo \ono super tsapotl \cpl According to Luis Lucena there are three types of <na>tsapotl</na> : <nla>xo:chi:tsapotl</nla>, <nla>tli:ltsapotl</nla>, and <nla>ila:mah</nla>. Other consultants gave two other types: <nla>tsatsapotsi:n</nla> and <nla>a:no:nah</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 07324 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo i:xtemechowa \lxocpend ki:xtemechowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \seo to cause (sb) to become blind (a blindness caused by sth internal, e.g, at the retina or nerve, and not by any specific problem with the eyeball itself) \sso hacer que (algn) quede ciego (una cegadura causada por algo interno, p. ej., en la retina o nervio, y no por un problema específico del ojo mismo) \cfa siego:ti; i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb mech \flo i:xtemechiwi \ref 07325 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chala:nia \lxocpend kichala:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-2a \sem sound \seo to make (sth) emit a hollow sound (a piece of pottery that is fissured or cracked) \sso hacer que (algo) produzca un sonido hueco (una cerámica que está rota o resquebrajada) \xrb chala: \qry Check diference in singificance between /chachalka/ and /chachalaka/ on the one hand, and /chala:ni/ on the other; also /chaktlatowa/. Reconfirm this transitive form and document its use. \ref 07326 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kala:ni \lxocpend kala:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \sem sound \seo to emit a certain type of ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic water jug that is accidentally banged, a molcajete when one makes chile) \sso hacer un cierto tipo de sonido como de timbrar (p. ej., un cántaro para agua que se va golpeando contra la sila de un burro al llevarse; un molcajete al hacer chile) \xrb kala: \ref 07326 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kala:ni \lxocpend kala:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \sem sound \seo to emit a certain type of ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic water jug that is accidentally banged, a molcajete when one makes chile) \sso emitir un cierto tipo de sonido como de timbrar (p. ej., un cántaro para agua que se va golpeando contra la silla de un burro al llevarse; un molcajete al hacer chile) \xrb kala: \nse Consultants were not entirely sure of the type of objects or materials that emit this sound. However, the two examples given (a mortar and a water jug) suggest a non-metalic ringing. \ref 07327 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kala:nia \lxocpend kikala:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \sem sound \seo to cause to emit a certain type of ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic water jug that is accidentally banged, a molcajete when one makes chile) \sso hacer emitir un cierto tipo de sonido como de timbrar (p. ej., a un cántaro para agua que se va golpeando contra la silla de un burro al llevarse; a un molcajete al hacer chile) \xrb kala: \nse Consultants were not entirely sure of the type of objects or materials that emit this sound. However, the two examples given (a mortar and a water jug) suggest a non-metalic ringing. \ref 07327 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ispaltomatl \lxocpend a:ispaltomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of herbaceous plant with edible fruit, still not identified \sso tipo de planta herbácea con fruta comestible, todavía no identificada \equiva ketspaltomatl \xrb a: \xrb ketspal \xrb toma \qry Recheck and confirm that this is /a:ispaltomatl/ and not /a:ispalintomatl/. \ref 07330 \lxanotes yzzz \lxaa ---- \lxo tekoliwi \lxocpend tekoliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \seo to turn into charcoal (firewood that is burnt) \sso convertirse en carbón (leña al quemarse) \equiva tekole:wi \xrb tekol \nae Speakers of Oapan Nahuatl in the first workshop denied that a transitive form of this verb exists. \ref 07331 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ti:ya \lxocpend ti:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo see <nlo>i:ya</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>i:ya</nlo> \qry Recheck this as there is no x-reference \ref 07332 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ni:ya \lxocpend ni:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo see <nlo>i:ya</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>i:ya</nlo> \mod Check and add /i:ya/ which does not now exist. \ref 07333 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sakasa:saka \lxocpend sakasa:saka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-l- \infv class-4a \seo to repeatedly transport cut grass (e.g., from the hills to ones home) \sso acarrear repetidas veces zacate (p. ej., de los cerros hasta la casa) \xrb saka \xrb saka \ref 07334 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepailiwi \lxocpend tepailiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get rolled up; to form into a ball \sso quedarse enrollado; quedarse en forma como de pelota \xrb te \xrb payol \dis olo:chowa; sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa \dis tetepayolowa; tetekwia \qry Check potential subjects \ref 07335 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ní: \lxocpend kiní: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to want \sso querer \pno Nihní: nitlakwa:s. \peo I want to eat. \pso Quiero comer. \cfo na:mí: \xrb neki \nae The verb <no>ní</no> is a shortened form of <nlo>neki</nlo>, apparently used before another verb with the same subject. \qry Check for other tenses/aspects and for the difference in meaning with /neki/. The length of the final vowel should be checked for all tenses/aspects. At times it appears long. In a visit to Oapan by Thom Smith-Stark, he transcribed the form /kiní:/ with a final long vowel. This seems to be correct and note that it follows the same pattern of a verb such as /kimá:/. This seems to indicate the possibility of a long final vowel in certain circumstances, even in phrase-final position. \grm Oapan phonology: In a visit to Oapan by Thom Smith-Stark, he transcribed the form /kiní:/ with a final long vowel. This seems to be correct and note that it follows the same pattern of a verb such as /kimá:/. This seems to indicate the possibility of a long final vowel in certain circumstances, even in phrase-final position. \ref 07336 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tétekomátsi:n \lxocpend tétekomátsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of herbaceous plant so named for the shape of its flower \sso tipo de planta herbácea, asíllamado por la forma de sus flores \xrb tekoma \qry Check pitch-accent pattern. \ref 07337 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa: \lxocpend kwa: \dt 24/May/2005 \psm Modal \seo isn't it the case; really? \sso no es cierto que; a poco; qué; de veras \pno Kwa: t'mati tiwelis. \peo Isn't it the case that you think you'll be able. \pso Es quésabes que vas a poder. \pno Kwa: t'mati t'xiko:s \peo Do you really think you are going to be able to bear it? \pso ¿A poco sabes que te lo vas a aguantar? \pno Kwa: xtite:xtete:mowa? \peo You really don't miss us? \pso ¿Qué no nos extrañas? \pno ¿Kwa: o:tikitak? \peo Did you really see it? \pso ¿De veras lo viste? \xrb kwa: \nse The sense of this modal term is elusive. It appears to be used to express wonder on the part of speaker that a certain situation is the case. \qry Etymology uncertain: check. Consultants gave this as synonomous with /kas/: check if this is the case. \ref 07338 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nompa \lxocpend nompa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Abrev \der Adv-pl \seo see <nlo>impa</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>impa</nlo> \xrb on \xrb pa \ref 07339 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tompa \lxocpend tompa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Abrev \der Adv-pl \seo see <nlo>impa</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>impa</nlo> \xrb on \xrb pa \ref 07340 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wel a:xka:n \lxoa wel a:xka:w \lxocpend wel a:xka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-? \seo with difficulty \sso con dificultad \xrb wila: \qry Check etymology, meaning, and vowel length. \ref 07341 \lxa uwitla \lxac kuwitla \lxo wiwitla \lxocpend kiwiwitla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff rdp-s- \infv class-4a \seao to uproot (plants) \ssao desarraigar (plantas) \seao to pull out or pluck (e.g., white hairs, feathers, etc.) \ssao sacar; arrancar (p. ej., las canas, plumas, etc.) \xrb witla \xvaa uwichilia \nae Note that in Oapan there are two forms: <no>tlawiwitla</no> and <no>tlawí:witlá</no>. The first refers to uprooting something (e.g., plants) over an extended area; it is the unmarked form. The second form shows reduplication on a reduplicated stem, phonologically and semantically analogous to pairs such as <no>pepetlaka</no> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. Phonologically, the reduplicated syllable of the stem is lengthened and stressed. Semantically the meaning is to the effect of 'in parts or places' and it is often used to refer (with the nonspecific object <n>tla-</n>) to the uprooting of large weeds in a planted maize field (the small leaves being left for the plow). Thus <no>tlawí:witlá</no> indicates that plants were uprooted only here and there (e.g., a the largest weeds in a milpa before the earth is turned over). The form <no>wí:witlá</no> in fact seems to be most common, if not exclusive, with the nonspecific object: <no>tlawí:witlá</no> and in r eference to the above indicated actio n of uprooting large weeds in a milpa. Note also that the incorporated noun root <no>chi:l</no>, most consultants accepted only the basic form <nlo>chi:lwiwitla</nlo> and not * <no>chi:lwí:witlá</no>. This is because the form <no>chi:lwiwitla</no> refers to transplanting a chile seed garden and this is done completely, with all the chile plants at once. Thus it would seem that * <no>chi:lwí:witla</no> is not grammatically incorrect but rather represents an activity or action that speakers could not readily imagine. See also comments under <nlo>tlawí:witlá</nlo>. \qry Check all /wiwitla/ forms in Oapan and record. \grm Note that in Oapan there are two forms: <no>tlawiwitla</no> and <no>tlawí:witlá</no>. The first refers to uprooting something (e.g., plants) over an extended area; it is the unmarked form. The second form shows reduplication on a reduplicated stem, phonologically and semantically analogous to pairs such as <no>pepetlaka</no> and <no>pé:petláka</no>. Phonologically, the reduplicated syllable of the stem is lengthened and stressed. Semantically the meaning is to the effect of 'in parts or places.' Thus <no>tlawí:witlá</no> indicates that plants were uprooted only here and there (e.g., a few remaining weeds in a milpa). Consultants accepted both forms as correct with the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n> (note that this prefix is not lengthened, as is the case with all forms that manifest reduplication on a reduplicated stem). However, with the incorporated noun root <no>chi:l</no>, most consultants accepted only the basic form <nlo>chi:lwiwitla</nlo> and not * <no>chi :lwí:witla</no>. This is because the form <no>chi:lwiwitla</no> refers to transplanting a chile seed garden and this is done completely, with all the chile plants at once. Thus * <no>chi:lwí:witla</no> is not grammatically incorrect but rather represents an activity or action that speakers could not readily imagine. Note also that this analysis explains why one does not final /tlá:witlá/. It is because the reducation on a CVCV reduplicated stem overrides the reducation on a prefix such as /tla-/. \sj tlawiwitla \ref 07342 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yenkwika:siwa:tl \lxocpend yenkwika:siwa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-b \seo (often possessed) first wife \sso (a menudo poseído) primera esposa \xrb yenkwi \xrb siwa: \nse Although consultants in Oapan recognized that a male equivalent of this form should exist (i.e., for 'first husband') all were unable to produce the equivalent for the opposite gender (e.g., ? <n>yenkwika:we:we:ntsi:n</n>). Apparently, then, men might have their first wife (in opposition to a woman later chosen as a partner) while women are not referred to as having their"first husband."The Ameyaltepec equivalent seems to be <na>yenkwika:n sowa:tl</na>, although this should be checked. \mod Check Oa possessed form. \ref 07343 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yo:mpa \lxocpend yo:mpa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Abrev \der Adv-pl \seo see <nlo>ompa</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>ompa</nlo> \xrb on \xrb pa \ref 07344 \lxa chi:luwitla \lxac chi:luwitla \lxo chi:lwiwitla \lxocpend chi:lwiwitla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to uproot (and transplant) chile seedlings from a seed garden \sso sacar (para transplantar) plantitas de chile de un pachol \xrb chi:l \xrb witla \flo wiwitla \ref 07345 \lxa xi:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxac xi:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxo xí:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxoa xi:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxocpend xí:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \se one of two varieties of the <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na>, the one having red flowers \ss uno de las dos varientes del <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na>, la que tiene flores rojas \xrb xi:lo: \xrb xo:chi \xrb chi:l \fla xi:lo:xo:chitl \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl; kohtli \ref 07346 \lxa xi:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxac xi:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxo xí:lexó:chitl ista:k \lxoa xi:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \lxocpend xí:lexó:chitl ista:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \se one of two varieties of the <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na>, the one having while flowers \ss uno de las dos varientes del <na>xi:lo:xo:chitl</na>, la que tiene flores blancas \xrb xi:lo: \xrb xo:chi \xrb sta \fla xi:lo:xo:chitl \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl; kohtli \ref 07347 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:yatsontekomatl \lxocpend tsi:yatsontekomatl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of herbaceous plant still not identified of which there are two varieties: <no>ista:k</no> and <no>mora:doh</no> \sso tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado del cual hay dos variantes: <no>ista:k</no> y <no>mora:doh</no> \syna tsontekomawistli \xrb tsi:ka \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \cpl The variety of this plant with purple flowers is used medicinally. \nct xiwtli \nfe Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this plant. Asunción Marcelo and Silvestre Pantaleón suggested this might be the plant known as <nlo>tsi:yatsontekomatl</nlo> but where not sure of this. \ref 07348 \lxa kuwxiwtli \lxac kuwxiwtli \lxo kohxihtli \lxoc kohxihtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \se bush or shrub of the family Malpighiaceae and genus, species <l>Callaeum coactum</l> \ss mata o arbusto de la familia Malpighiaceae y el genero y especie <l>Callaeum coactum</l> \pna O:pe:w kitetewia kuwxiwtli. \pea It (in this case a young bull, playfully) has started to attack a <na>kuhxiwtli</na> with its horns. \psa Empezó(en este caso al jugar un joven toro) a atacar un <na>kuhxiwtli</na> con sus cuernos. \xrb kow \xrb xiw \dis kuhtli; kuhtsi:ntli; kuhxiwtli \qry The distinction between /kuhtsi:ntli/ and /kuhsiwtli/ is not altogether clear. Perhaps the best way to determine the variation is to ask speakers to group plants by each. However, note that I have only one instance of the use of /kuhxiwtli/, in the example phrase given above. In one note I recorded that /kuhxiwtli/ is said of certain trees that one has cut down and then sprout up again where they had been. Check whether this is another definition, or whether it only refers to the specific tree/bush of the genus species <i>Callaeum coactum</i> already noted. \ref 07349 \lxa yetlapa:na \lxac yetlapa:na \lxo yé:tlapá:na \lxocpend yé:tlapá:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \seo to break open dried bean pods with ones hands \sso quebrar y abrir las vainas secas de frijol \xrb ye \xrb tlapa: \ref 07350 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapa:htli \lxocpend tlapa:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \seo washed and clean (e.g., clothes) \sso lavado y limpio (p. ej., ropa) \xrb pa:ka \cfo tlá:pá:htli \nse This nominal form is used for objects for which the non-reduplicated <nlo>pa:ka</nlo> is appropriate. \ref 07351 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:pá:htli \lxocpend tlá:pá:htli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \seo washed and clean (e.g., dishes or utensils) \sso lavado y limpio (p. ej., platos o cubiertos) \xrb pa:ka \cfo tlapa:htli \nse This nominal form is used for objects for which the reduplicated <nlo>pápá:ka</nlo> is appropriate. \ref 07352 \lxa yeto:ka \lxac yeto:ka \lxo yé:tó:ka \lxocpend yé:tó:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \seo to plant beans \sso sembrar frijol \xrb ye \xrb to:ka \ref 07353 \lxa no- \lxac nokal \lxo no- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao my; possessive prefix for 1st person singular \ssao mí; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona singular \nae The form <n>no-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>n-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>no-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07354 \lxa n- \lxac na:tekon \lxo n- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao my; possessive prefix for 1st person singular \ssao mí; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona singular \nae The form <n>no-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>n-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>no-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07355 \lxa mo- \lxac mokal \lxo mo- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person singular \ssao tú; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona singular \nae The form <n>mo-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>mo-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07356 \lxa m- \lxac ma:tekon \lxo m- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person singular \ssao tú; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona singular \nae The form <n>mo-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>mo-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07357 \lxa i- \lxac ikal \lxo i:- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Prefix \seao his or her; possessive prefix for 3rd person singular \ssao deél o ella; prefijo posesivo de 3a persona singular \ref 07358 \lxa t- \lxac ta:tekon \lxo t- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao our; possessive prefix for 1st person plural \ssao nuestro; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona plural \nae The form <n>to-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>t-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>to-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07359 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo saká:tomáhtli \lxoa sakaté:tomáhtli \lxocpend saká:tomáhtli \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \pa yes \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of grass \sso tipo de zacate \ono hypo sakatl \xrb saka \xrb potok \cpl Silvestre Pantaleón pointed out this type of grass in the house yard of Luisa Alarcón. It is also found at A:molo:nka:n. Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Asención Marcelo had heard of this plant. \nct sakatl \ref 07360 \lxa to- \lxac tokal \lxo to- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao our; possessive prefix for 1st person plural \ssao nuestro; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona plural \nae The form <n>to-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>t-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>to-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07361 \lxa amo- \lxac amokal \lxo nimo- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person plural \ssao de Uds.; vuestro; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona plural \nae The form <n>nimo-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>nim-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>nimo-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07362 \lxa am \lxac ama:tekon \lxo nim- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person plural \ssao de Uds.; vuestro; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona plural \nae The form <n>nimo-</n> is used before consonant-initial stems; <n>nim-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally <n>nimo-</n> may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07363 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /am-/ and has been combined with Oapan's entry. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07364 \lxa in- \lxac ino:lo:w \lxo i:m- \lxocpend i:m- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae The form <n>i:m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form <n>i:n-</n> is used before non-bilabial consonants; <n>i:mi</n> is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form <no>i:mo-</no> before the relational noun <no>wa:n</no>. This is the only documented context so far for <no>i:mo-</no>. \qry Get possessive form for all dialects. \pqry NOTE: check the syllable division on this word and note how /n/ is coda not onset: example of how morphological information affects pronunciation/phonology. \ref 07365 \lxa in- \lxac inkal \lxo i:n- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae The form <n>i:m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form <n>i:n-</n> is used before non-bilabial consonants; <n>i:mi</n> is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form <no>i:mo-</no> before the relational noun <no>wa:n</no>. This is the only documented context so far for <no>i:mo-</no>. \ref 07366 \lxa in- \lxac inmimi:l \lxo i:mi- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae In Oapan the form <n>i:m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form <n>i:n-</n> is used before non-bilabial consonants; <n>i:mi</n> is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form <no>i:mo-</no> before the relational noun <no>wa:n</no>. This is the only documented context so far for <no>i:mo-</no>. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is <na>i:n-</na>. This does not change before labials: <na>i:npilisa:l</na>. However, other speakers seem to use <na>i:m-</na> before vowel-initial stems and <na>i:mi-</na> before nasals. This should be checked. \qry In Oapan the form <n>i:m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form <n>i:n-</n> is used before non-bilabial consonants; <n>i:mi</n> is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form <no>i:mo-</no> before the relational noun <no>wa:n</no>. This is the only documented context so far for <no>i:mo-</no>. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is <na>i:n-</na>. This does not change before labials: <na>i:npilisa:l</na>. However, other speakers seem to use <na>i:m-</na> before vowel-initial stems and <na>i:mi-</na> before nasals. This should be checked. \grm Prefixes: In Oapan the form <n>i:m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form <n>i:n-</n> is used before non-bilabial consonants; <n>i:mi</n> is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form <no>i:mo-</no> before the relational noun <no>wa:n</no>. This is the only documented context so far for <no>i:mo-</no>. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is <na>i:n-</na>. This does not change before labials: <na>i:npilisa:l</na>. However, other speakers seem to use <na>i:m-</na> before vowel-initial stems and <na>i:mi-</na> before nasals. This should be checked. \ref 07367 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:mo- \lxocpend i:mowa:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae The form <n>i:m-</n> is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form <n>i:n-</n> is used before non-bilabial consonants; <n>i:mi</n> is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form <no>i:mo-</no> before the relational noun <no>wa:n</no>. This is the only documented context so far for <no>i:mo-</no>. \ref 07368 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:itsmitl \lxocpend a:itsmitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo one of two types of <nlo>tetsmitl</nlo>, still not identified \sso uno de dos tipos de <nlo>tetsmitl</nlo>, todavía no identificado \xrb a: \xrb tetsmi \cpl This variety of <no>testmitl</no> grows along the river's edge and is not edible. \nct xiwtli \ref 07369 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was a duplicate entry for Oa /kohkahli/ and has been eliminated. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07370 \lxanotes zzz \mod This is a duplicate of /kohburroh/ (Oa) and has ben eliminated. \dt 18/Jul/2002 \ref 07371 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be a second entry for /wetskistli/ but has since been deleted. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07372 \lxa yemante:ka \lxac yemante:ka \lxo yemante:ka \lxocpend yemante:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) manteca \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \sem food \seo beans cooked in broth containing lard \sso frijoles cocidos en caldo con manteca \xrb ye \nse This dish contrasts with <nlo>yemo:hli</nlo> and <nlo>yechi:la:tl</nlo>, which don't contain lard. \ref 07373 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yepi:pitik \lxocpend yepi:pitik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-b \sem plant \sem domesticated \seo a small, black bean that is planted between corn plants \sso un frijól pequeño y negro que se siembra entre el maíz \syno pi:pitiketl \syna pi:pitik yetl \xrb pi \xrb ye \encyctmp yetl \nct yetl \flo pi:pitiketl \ref 07374 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekakawatl \lxocpend yekakawatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff -rdp-s- \seo dried bean pod \sso vaina seca de frijol \syna yetlasohli \xrb ye \xrb kawa \nae Note that the reduction of the reduplicated form is not acceptable: * <no>ye:kawatl</no>. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Re <no>yekakawatl</no>, note that the reduction of the reduplicated form is not acceptable: * <no>ye:kawatl</no>. This is apparently a result of the fact that /kakawatl/ is lexicalized and not the result of productive reduplication. \ref 07375 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yepa \lxocpend yepa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Adv-Adv \der Adv-tm \seo already at that time \sso ya en ese tiempo \pno Yepa xok a:k notah. \peo Already at that time my father was not around (in this case given that he had died). \pso Ya en ese tiempo no estaba mi papá(en este caso dado que se había muerto). \xrb ye \xrb pa \qry Check precise meaning and obtain more examples of this form. \ref 07376 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:ltoto:nia \lxocpend noxa:ltoto:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to warm up by placing on hot sand \sso calentar al acostar sobre la arena caliente \xrb xa:l \xrb to:na \nse <no>Xa:ltoto:nia</no> is often used reflexively to refer to the action of laying down on hot sand after bathing in the river, in order to warm up from the cold water. \ref 07377 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yea:pa:ka \lxocpend yea:pa:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to wash beans in water \sso lavar frijoles en agua \xrb ye \xrb a: \xrb pa:ka \ref 07378 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yetlatski \lxocpend yetlatski \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der N-dvb-wi-ki \seo bean that develops late in the agricultural season \sso frijol que se desarrolla tarde en la temporada agrícola \xrb e \xrb tlats \cfo ísiwí \ref 07379 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:nas \lxocpend a:nas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) ganas \psm Adv \der Adv-mod \syno sa: tlakwa:w \seo very much \sso mucho; muy mucho \pno A:nas to:na. \peo It is very hot. \pso Hace mucho calor. \ref 07380 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo in- \lxocpend ninkwa:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Prefix \seo 3rd-person plural object prefix (see <nla>kim-</nla> (Am)) \sso prefijo de objeto de 3a persona (vé ase <nla>kim-</nla> (Am)) \nae Note that <no>in-</no> is an allomorph of <no>kim-</no> and not simply the result of intervocalic loss of /k/ (as occurs in other instances. This conclusion is based on the fact that there is no vowel lengthening in forms such as <no>ninkwa:s</no> 'I will eat them' and the only difference between the 1st-person singular subject and 3rd-person plural object on the one hand, and the 2nd-person plural subject and 3rd-person singular object is the plural ending on the verb: <no>ninkwa:s</no> 'I will eat them' compared to <no>ninkwa:skeh</no> 'You all will eat it.' \grm Oapan phonology: Note that <no>in-</no> is an allomorph of <no>kim-</no> and not simply the result of intervocalic loss of /k/ (as occurs in other instances. This conclusion is based on the fact that there is no vowel lengthening in forms such as <no>ninkwa:s</no> 'I will eat them' and the only difference between the 1st-person singular subject and 3rd-person plural object on the one hand, and the 2nd-person plural subject and 3rd-person singular object is the plural ending on the verb: <no>ninkwa:s</no> 'I will eat them' compared to <no>ninkwa:skeh</no> 'You all will eat it.' \ref 07381 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yekwakwalo:k \lxocpend yekwakwalo:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo bug-eaten beans \sso frijoles carcomidos \xrb e \xrb kwa \cfa kwalo \sj yekwakwalo \nae The reduced form of the reduplicated verb stem is not acceptable: * <no>ye:kwalo:k</no>. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: The reduced form of the reduplicated verb stem is not acceptable: * <no>ye:kwalo:k</no>. As in other cases, this is apparently the result of the fact that the reduplicated form is lexicalized and not the result of a productive process. \ref 07382 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:la:te:kia \lxocpend kichi:la:te:kia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to cook in chile broth (without lard) \sso cocinar en caldo con chile (y no manteca) \pno San kichi:la:te:kiyah. \peo They just cook it in chile broth (i.e., without fat). \pso Solamente lo cuecen en caldo de chile (esto es, sin manteca). \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \ref 07383 \lxa kanatsi:n \lxac kanatsi:n \lxo kánatsí:n \lxocpend kánatsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \seo various places \sso varios lugares \pno Tlawí:witlásan kánatsí:n. \peo He uproots (large weeds in a maize field) just here and there. \pso Arranca (maleza grande en una milpa) sólo en partes. \xrb kanah \nae Consultants in Oapan accepted <no>Tlawí:witlásan kánatsí:n</no> but were reluctant to accept <no>Tlawí:witlásan kanah</no>. It would seem that <no>kanah</no> is used mostly in the negative (e.g., <no>xkanah nikitah</no>) whereas <no>kánatsí:n</no> is used affirmatively as an indefinite pronoun of place. \grm /tsi:n/, nominalization: Consultants in Oapan accepted <no>Tlawí:witlásan kánatsí:n</no> but were reluctant to accept <no>Tlawí:witlásan kanah</no>. It would seem that <no>kanah</no> is used mostly in the negative (e.g., <no>xkanah nikitah</no>) whereas <no>kánatsí:n</no> is used affirmatively as an indefinite pronoun of place. \ref 07384 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n de un tepe:cha:neh \lxac *cha:chaya:tsi:n de un tepe:cha:neh \lxo cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik \lxocpend cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik \lxt chichi:k tlako:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff rdp-l- \sem plant \sem xiwtli \se specific name for one of the two types of <n>cha:chaya:tsi:n</n> ; in Oapan this is considered <no>siwa:tl</no> and in Ameyaltepec <na>tla:katl</na> \ss nombre específico de una tipo de <n>cha:chaya:tsi:n</n> ; en Oapan se le considera como <no>siwa:tl</no>, y en Ameyaltepec como <na>tla:katl</na> \xrb chaya: \mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase. \cpl This plant is not used for anything: <na>xtlah para</na> 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as <spn>chachayate</spn> of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>chachayote</spn>. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n</na>, one male and one female. In Oapan the <no>cha:chayatsi:n</no> with rounded leaves in called <no>cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik</no> and <no>tla:katl</no> ; in Ameyaltepec the <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n</na> with rounded leaves is considered female: <na>sowa:tl</na>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07385 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:yatsontekomatl ista:k \lxocpend tsi:yatsontekomatl ista:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo one of two varieties of a herbaceous plant still not identified \sso uno de dos variantes de una tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado \xrb tsi:ka \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \xrb sta \nct xiwtli \ref 07386 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:yatsontekomatl mora:doh \lxocpend tsi:yatsontekomatl mora:doh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo one of two varieties of a herbaceous plant still not identified \sso uno de dos variantes de una tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado \xrb tsi:ka \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \xrb sta \nct xiwtli \cpl The purple variety of the plant called <no>tsi:yatsontekomatl</no> is used medicinally. \ref 07387 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xihlámatsí:n \lxocpend xihlámatsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of vine, with medicinal uses, still not identified \sso tipo de enrredadera con usos medicinales, todavía no identificado \xrb xiw; \ref 07388 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koxtlami:tia \lxocpend kikoxtlami:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to allow or let (sb) sleep long enough to not be sleepy \sso dejar (algn) dormir lo bastante para acabar con el sueño \xrb koch \xrb tlam \grm Causatives: Note that /koxtlami:tia/ is a causative formation based on the verbal stem /tlami/. There is also a transitive form /tlamia/, which does not seem to enter into compound forms (though this should be checked). Likewise, /tlami:tia/ has not been documented in a non-incorporated or compound lexeme. In terms of semantics, note that this causative form has the semantics of a 'let' causative. \ref 07389 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ki:xtia \lxocpend kiki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3(refl) \der V2-d-caus \infv class-2a \seo (refl. with object prefix) to act in the same manner as; to turn out like (in reference to character or personal behavior) \sso (refl. con prefijo de objeto) actuar en la misma manera que; resultar como (algn, en referencia al caracter o comportamiento personal) \pno O:mitsnoki:xtih, tekitki ke:n táwá. \peo He turned out like you, he is a hard worker like you. \pso Resultócomo tí, es trabajador como tú. \xrb ki:sa \qry Check precise translation. \grm Transitivity: One question re: Nahuatl transitivity alternations concerns the analysis of words that may take either only a specific object, or a specific object and a reflexive. Some of these words concern kinship terms, such as <no>kinona:ntia</no> and similar forms. Michel Launey (personal communication) suggested that words such as <no>kinona:ntia</no> are built upon the verbalization of a possessed noun: <n>nona:n</n> + <n>tia</n> (verbalizer). According to this analysis the variation in transitivity between <n>kina:ntia</n> and <n>kinona:ntia</n> is based on the fact that the former is derived from an unpossessed noun and the latter from a possessed noun. However, note that such an analysis will not hold up for the present verb, <n>ki:xtia</n> which is both transitive and, with a reflexive, ditransitive. I think that the best way to anaysis such transitivity alternations is as a type of middle construction with a reflexive, similar to those that charactize verbs such as <n>iso:tl a</n>. \ref 07390 \lxa mikilia \lxac o:nomikilih \lxo mikilia \lxocpend o:nomikilih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to die (reverential) \sso (refl.) morir (reverential) \xrb miki \nse This is one of the few reverential constructions in Oapan Nahuatl (it is not clear whether the same form exists in Ameyaltepec). A semantically equivalent form is <no>tlamilia</no>, also an applicative that with a reflexive object has a reverential sense. Both forms are used in the 3rd-person to refer to a person who has died. Apparently it is most often used to refer to the death of close elder kin. \grm Reverential: Note use of applicative /notlamilia/ 'to die' (reverential). \ref 07391 \lxa a:skalika:tsi:n \lxac a:skalika:tsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificada \xrb a:ska \cpl The name of this plant was given to me by Cristino Flores. Its etymology is not certain. \ref 07392 \lxa xo:wi:lika:tsi:n \lxac xo:wi:lika:tsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificada \xrb xo:wi:l \cpl The name of this plant was given to me by Cristino Flores. Its etymology is not certain. \ref 07393 \lxa ye:rbah de bese:rroh \lxac ye:rbah de bese:rroh \lxo ye:rbah de bese:rroh \lxocpend ye:rbah de bese:rroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan yerba; becerro \psm N \com N-comp \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada \equiva ye:rbah de o:lpeh \ref 07394 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tema:tlá:kwí \lxop tema:tlá:kwi \lxocpend tema:tlá:kwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d \infv class-4a \pa yes \seo (usually with <no>tla-</no>) to harvest maize with a <nlo>tema:tlatl</nlo> or <nlo>a:yatl</nlo> \sso (generalmente con <no>tla-</no>) cosechar mazorca con un <nlo>tema:tlatl</nlo> o <nlo>a:yatl</nlo> \xrb te \xrb ma:tla \xrb kwi \nse This word is used in Oapan where the usual form of harvesting is to have one person pick and toss the mazorcas onto the ground in a heap while another goes through the fields with a sack, putting them in \ref 07395 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlákonekwilówa \lxop tlakonekwilowa \lxocpend kitlákonekwilówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to sprain or the back or waist of \sso torcer la espalda o cintura de \xrb tlahko \xrb nekwil \ref 07396 \lxa me:tskwalo \lxac yo:pe:w me:tskwalo \lxo me:tsi:kwalo \lxocpend me:tsi:kwalo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(pass) \seao to turn dark and fail to develop fully (<spn>guaje</spn> seeds) \ssao ennegrecerse y no desarrollarse bien (semillas de guaje) \xrb me:ts \xrb kwa \nse According to one consultant, Florencia Marcelino, this word is used only in reference to <spn>guaje</spn> seeds that fail to develop and remain small and dark. In general the meaning of <no>me:tsi:kwalo</no> is quite similar to that of <no>pa:chika:ti</no> with the major difference being the types of seeds referred to: both indicate the poor formation of some sort of seed-like object within a shell, pod, or similar item. Inocencio Jiménez said that <no>me:tsi:kwalo</no> could also be used in reference to the <spn>huamúchil</spn> fruit, but Florencia Marcelino denied this, stating that <no>me:tsi:kwalo</no> is only used in reference to <spn>guaje</spn> seeds. The etymology of <no>me:tsi:kwalo</no> is not clear, but it might refer to the moon and a lunar eclipse, given that the seeds, in failing to develop, turn dark. \dis pa:chaka:tl; me:tsi:kwalo:k \ref 07397 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kókola:ntí:toh \lxocpend kókola:ntí:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) silantro \psm N \der N-loan \aff rdp-s- \pa yes-rdp \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of herbaceous plant still unidentified, so-called for its resemblance to cilantro \sso tipo de planta herbáceoa asíllamada por su similaridad al silantro \ref 07398 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for Am /tlamá:/ and Oapan /tlamaka/ and has been removed as offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07399 \lxa me:tskwalo:k \lxac me:tskwalo:k \lxo me:tsi:kwalo:k \lxocpend me:tsi:kwalo:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo having dark and incompletely developed seeds (a <spn>guaje</spn> seed pod) \sso con las semillas ennegrecidas y no desarrolladas (un guaje) \xrb me:ts \xrb kwa \cfo me:tsi:kwalo: \dis pa:chaka:tl; me:tsi:kwalo:k \ref 07400 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo bú:rronakástli \lxocpend bú:rronakástli \loan (part) burro \dt 23/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes \seo ear of a donkey \sso orjea de un burro \xrb nakas \ref 07401 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo lá:mán \lxop la:man \lxocpend l:á:mán \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \com Mod-Adv \der Adv-tm \pa yes \seo now then \sso ahora sí \seo (~ <nlo>la:</nlo>) now really \sso (~ <nlo>la:</nlo>) ahora síde veras \pno La:man la: niá:s. \peo Now I'm really going to go! \pso ¡Ahora sívoy a ir! \xrb mela: \xrb a:man \nae Apparently this word derives from <no>la:h a:man</no> with the pitch accent the result of the word-internal {h}. \qry I originally had this written down as /lá:mán/ but I have changed it to what appears to be the most common pronunciation. \ref 07402 \lxa tepotskuwtli kwitlanextik \lxac tepotskuwtli kwitlanextik \lxo teposkohtli tekwitlanextik \lxocpend teposkohtli tekwitlanextik \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seo one of two types of <no>teposkohtli</no> \sso uno de dos tipos de <no>teposkohtli</no> \pno Teposkohtli | Tekwitlanextik. Deke peya:stik no: bwe:noh para itlah tli:n soleri:tah, mori:yoh. \peo <na>Teposkuhtli</na> : It is grey. If it (its branches) is straight it is good for something like a wooden support beam or house beam. \pso <na>Teposkuhtli</na> : Es gris. Si es (sus ramas) es derecho es bueno para algúna solera o morillo. \xrb tepos \xrb kow \xrb te- \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \nct kohtli \cpl This tree grows on the lands of Oapan but it not known in the areas of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Its flowers are white and small, they bloom in May. It has large leaves. It has wide pods, short but wide like guaje. They are not edible. Its wood is used for fencing posts (<no>korra:lkohtli</no>, <na>esta:ntes</na>, this latter also a term used in San Juan). \ref 07403 \lxa tepotskuwtli \lxac tepotskuwtli \lxo teposkohtli tli:ltik \lxocpend teposkohtli tli:ltik \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seo one of two types of <no>teposkohtli</no> \sso uno de dos tipos de <no>teposkohtli</no> \xrb tepos \xrb kow \xrb tli:l \nct kohtli \cpl This tree grows on the lands of Oapan but it not known in the areas of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Its flowers are purple and bloom in May. Its wood is dark, its leaves are round. Its flowers are used to thrown on saints during May. Its wood is used for fencing posts (<no>korra:lkohtli</no>, <na>esta:ntes</na>, this latter also a term used in San Juan). In Oapan this is known as <no>teposkohtli tli:ltik</no> but in Ameyaltepec simply as <na>tepotskuwtli</na>. \ref 07404 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xóxonakátsi:n \lxocpend xóxonakátsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>nó:xonakátsi:n</no> \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-rdp \seo <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., a type of sedge (Cyperaceae family) noted for its bulbous root that smells like garlic \sso <l>Cyperus odoratus</l> L., un tipo de Cyperaceae (familia) conocido por su raíz bulbosa que huele como de ajos. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva sakaa:jos \xrb xonak \nct xihtli \qry Check correctness of reduced reduplication. \ref 07405 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo so:ya:michin \lxocpend so:ya:michin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \seo center and greenest part of a fan of palm leaves \sso centro o corazón de las hojas de palma en forma de abanico \xrb so:ya: \xrb mich \nse In San Juan this is called <nj>so:ya:yo:hlohtli</nj>. \ref 07406 \lxa tenexyetl \lxac tenexyetl \lxo tenexyetl \lxocpend tenexyetl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao <l>Nicotiana plumbaginifolia</l> Viviani, plant of the Solanaceae family \ssao <l>Nicotiana plumbaginifolia</l> Viviani, planta de la familia Solanaceae \pna Tenexyetl | Tla:ki ke:n yetl. Deke tikpia kuwasiwistli ipan motetepon noso ipan moma, yewa kikwin ika mitspapacho:skeh. Kikwe:chowan itla:kihlo. \pea <na>Tenextli</na> : It bears fruit like bean plants. If you have <nla>kuwasiwistli</nla> on your knees or on your hand, they use it to massage you. They finely grind up its fruit. \psa <na>Tenextli</na> : Rinde fruta como las plantas de frijol. Si tienes <nla>kuwasiwistli</nla> por las rodillas o por la mano, lo usan para sobarte. Muelen su fruta finamente. \cfo Sa:n Pe:droh \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb ye \nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as <nlo>Sa:n Pe:droh</nlo>. It is thus like the <nbo>chikomolin</nbo> (<nlo>Sa:n Martí:n</nlo>) and <nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo> (<nlo>Margari:tah</nlo>), which also have alternate human or saints names. \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07407 \lxa itlatlaxkal kuwsa:watl \lxac itlatlaxkal kuwsa:watl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N- \aff rdp-s- \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea fungus that grows on trees \ssa hongo que crece sobreárboles \pna Ma:s san ipan tli:n kuwtli wel ki:sa itlatlaxkal. \pea A fungus can grow on any type of tree. \psa Un hongo puede crecer sobre cualquierárbol. \xrb xka \cpl The reduplicated noun <na>tlatlaxkahli</na> signifies a type of fungus that grows on trees, particularly parts that are rotted, such as the stump. It is distinct from the <nla>kuhsa:wananakatl</nla> in that the latter is edible and is found mostly on the <nla>kuhsa:watl</nla> tree. Finally, note that when possessed <na>tlatlaxkahli</na> does not manifest the <na>-yo</na> suffix of"inalienable"possession. \ref 07408 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n de un a:te:ncha:neh \lxac cha:chaya:tsi:n de un a:te:ncha:neh \lxo cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxocpend cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxt cha:chayatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff rdp-l- \sem plant \sem xiwtli \se specific name for one of the two types of <n>cha:chaya:tsi:n</n> ; in Oapan this is considered <no>tla:katl</no> and in Ameyaltepec <na>sowa:tl</na> \ss nombre específico de una tipo de <n>cha:chaya:tsi:n</n> ; en Oapan se le considera como <no>tla:katl</no>, y en Ameyaltepec como <na>suwa:tl</na> \equiva cha:chaya:tsi:n de pipitsa:wak \xrb chaya: \mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase. \cpl This plant is not used for anything: <na>xtlah para</na> 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as <spn>chachayate</spn> of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>chachayote</spn>. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n</na>, one male and one female. In Oapan the <no>cha:chayatsi:n</no> with pointed leaves is referred to as <no>siwa:tl</no> ; in Ameyaltepec the <na>cha:chaya:tsi:n</na> with pointed leaves is considered female: <na>tla:katl</na>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07409 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:lpacho:hli \lxocpend chi:lpacho:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \sem domesticatedivate \seo chile seed garden (usually of chile, cilantro, or flowers) in which the seeds are scattered on the ground with a little earth sprinkled on top; the entire garden is then covered with zacate to keep water from washing away the delicate seedlings that, when fully sprouted, are transplanted \sso pachol o semillero de chile (generalmente de chile, cilantro o flores) en que primero las semillas se esparcen por el suelo y después se rocían con algo de tierra; entonces el jardín se tapa con zacate para prevenir que se lleven por el agua las plantas de semillero, que serán transplantados una vez germinadas \xrb chi:l \xrb pach \fla tlapacho:hli \qry Check for other incorporated nouns with /pacho:hli/. \ref 07410 \lxa cha:molin de kokostik \lxac cha:molin de kokostik \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt cha:molin de un kostik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seao type of <na>cha:molin</na> with yellow flowers that planted in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo and Ameyaltepec (but not in Oapan) \ssao tipo de <na>cha:molin</na> con flores amarrilas que se encuentra en algunos pueblos como San Juan Tetelcingo y Ameyaltepec (pero no en Oapan) \xrb cha:mol \xrb chi:l \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>chamol</spn> in Spanish, of the family <i>Leguminosae</i> and genus/species <i>Caesalpina pulcherrima</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish <spn>chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,</spn> or <spn>surungana</spn>. They identify this as of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>chamol</spn>. The red variety grows in the hills, but not in the area of Oapan. It is found in Ameyaltepec at the place known as <na>tepe:k</na> and in San Juan near the village at the edge of the river. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07411 \lxa cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik \lxac cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik \lxo cha:molinkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik \lxoa cha:molinkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik \lxocpend cha:molkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik \lxt cha:molin de un chi:chi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-comp \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seao type of <na>cha:molin</na> with red flowers that grows wild \ssao tipo de <na>cha:molin</na> con flores rojas que crece en los cerros \xrb cha:mol \xrb chi:l \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>chamol</spn> in Spanish, of the family <i>Leguminosae</i> and genus/species <i>Caesalpina pulcherrima</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish <spn>chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,</spn> or <spn>surungana</spn>. They identify this as of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>chamol</spn>. The red variety grows in the hills, but not in the area of Oapan. It is found in Ameyaltepec at the place known as <na>tepe:k</na> and in San Juan near the village at the edge of the river. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07412 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chichi:k kohxo:chitl \lxocpend @chichi:k kohxo:chitl \lxt ko:pakchin \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dimin \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equiva kopa:lchih \mod Note that this entry should be divided into two. \ref 07413 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo temotl \lxocpend temotl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sem animal \sem xiwtli \seo type of frog \sso tipo de rana \cfo máriatsí:n \xrb temo \ref 07414 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /xo:chikopahli/ was deleted as a copy of a previous entry \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07415 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xíxinó:lah komekatsi:n \lxocpend xíxinó:lah komekatsi:n \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) señora \psm N \com N-comp \pa yes \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of vine still not identified \sso tipo de enredadera todavía no identificada \xrb ko \xrb meka \ref 07416 \lxa ma:posteki \lxac ma:posteki \lxo ma:posteki \lxocpend ma:posteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to break ones arm or hand \ssao romperse el brazo o mano \se to have a branch or branches break off (e.g., of a tree, bush, etc.) \ss rompersele una rama o ramas (p. ej., a unárbol, arbusto, etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb posteki \ref 07417 \lxa tlawi:tektasi \lxac notlawi:tektasi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com (tla-V2)-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \sea (refl) to fall hard hitting the ground with ones entire body \ssa (refl) caer duro al suelo con todo el cuerpo \sea (with <na>i:ka</na> + [noun]) to hit [noun] hard against the ground or other hard surface \ssa (con <na>i:ka</na> + [sustantivo) caer duro y pegar [sustantivo] contra el suelo u otra superficie dura \pna I:ka o:nitlawi:tektasik noma. \pea I hit my hand hard (against the ground, a wall, etc., e.g., in falling). \psa Me golpeéduro la mano (contra el suelo, una pared, etc., p. ej., al caerse). \xrb wi:teki \grm Incorporation; antipassive: Cf. the antipassive use of /tlawi:teki/ in the above phrase to the modifying incorporation in /tlawi:teki/ as a V2. \ref 07418 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mexkalpatla:wak \lxocpend mexkalpatla:wak \lxt bwe:noh mexkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-? \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of maguey not identified that is used for making mescal \sso tipo de maguey todavía no identificado que se emplea en fabricar mescal \xrb mexkal \xrb patla: \nct mexkahli \ref 07419 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kopalkomi:nos \lxocpend @kopalkomi:nos \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) cominos \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \sem plant \sem kohtli \seo type of <spn>copal</spn> tree still unidentified \sso tipo deárbol de copal todavía no identificado \xrb kopal \cpl This tree is found near Amoloncan. It was known to Silvestre Pantaleón but not to Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz. \nct kohtli; kopahli \ref 07420 \lxa a:skawi:lo \lxac a:skawi:lo \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \aff rdp-s- \infv class-4a(pass) \sea to get attacked by ants (e.g., a bed, a person, tortillas, etc.) \ssa ser atacado por las hormigas (p. ej., una cama, una persona, tortillas, etc.) \equivo a:skawia \xrb a:ska \nae For a discussion of this form, see Oapan <nlo>a:skawia</nlo>. \ref 07421 \lxa kechkalaktok \lxac kechkalaktok \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \syna kechtemotsoltsi:n \sea to have a short neck \ssa con el cuelo muy corto \xrb kech \xrb kalak \ref 07422 \lxa kextemotso:ltsi:n \lxac kextemotso:ltsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \syna kechkalaktok \sea person having a short neck \ssa persona con el cuelo muy corto \sea having a short front (certain cars, trucks, etc.) \ssa con el cofre muy reducido (ciertos coches, camionetas, etc.) \xrb kech \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \ref 07423 \lxa tsompi:lkwalo \lxac tsompi:lkwalo \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(pass) \sea to be sick from a common cold \ssa estar enfermo de la gripa o catarro \xrb tsompi:l \xrb kwa \ref 07424 \lxa seli:ka:tsi:n \lxaa sese:ktsi:n \lxac seli:ka:tsi:n \lxo i:skilika:tsi:n \lxocpend i:sklika:tsi:n \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of plant, apparently a fern, not yet identified \sso tipo de planta, aparentemente un helecho, todavía no identificado \equiva seli:ka:tsi:n \xrb i:ski \nct xiwtli \mod Change this entry to two. \ref 07425 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohxio:tlámó:li \lxocpend kohxio:tlámó:li \lxt kohxio:tl ahmo:hle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes-lex \sem plant \sem kohtli \seo type of <na>cuajiote</na> tree \sso tipo de cuajiote \ono hypo-pl kuhxio:tl \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb ahmol \nct kohtli; kohxio:tl \nse Although classified as a type of <nlo>kohxio:tl</nlo> in Oapan Nahuatl, this is not the member of the same family as the <spn>cuajiotes</spn>. According to Silvestre Pantaleón (Oa) the tree is so named because when the fruit of the <nbo>ámó:hli</nbo> tree (used for shampoo) was scarce, the <no>kohxio:tlámó:li</no> was used (I did not ask at this time what part of the plant was used, the fruit or bark). \ref 07426 \lxa o:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxac o:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxo o:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \lxocpend o:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se <l>Gomphrena serrata</l> L. one of two species of the folk generic category <nao>o:lo:xo:chitl</nao>, in the Amaranthaceae family; this one is wild, has white flowers, and is eaten by donkeys and pigs \ss <l>Gomphrena serrata</l> L., una de dos especies dentro del género folk <nao>o:lo:xo:chitl</nao>, en la familia Amaranthaceae; esta es silvestre, con flores blancas y se come por los burros y los marranos \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb o:lo: \xrb xo:chi \xrb sta \nse The wild white-flowered <nao>o:lo:xo:chitl</nao> is eaten by donkeys and pigs. At times it is called <na>xiwtli de o:lo:xo:chitl</na> (Am). \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>flor de olote</spn>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07427 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /amo-/ but has been eliminated as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07428 \lxa o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \lxac o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \lxo o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \lxocpend o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se one of two species of the folk generic category <nao>o:lo:xo:chitl</nao>, although not yet collected this species is also probably in the Amaranthaceae family; it has purple instead of white flowers and grows only in villages (to date only seen in Oapan) \ss una de dos especies de la categoría folk genérica <nao>o:lo:xo:chitl</nao>, aunque todavía no has sido colectada probablemente es de la familia Amaranthaceae; tiene flores moraditas y crece solamente en los pueblos (hasta ahora ha sido documentado unicamente en Oapan) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb o:lo: \xrb xo:chi \xrb sta \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>flor de olote</spn>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07429 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:moa:stílin \lxocpend tó:moa:stílin \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \pa yes-lex \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of cactus with small fruit, still not identified \sso tipo de cactus con pequeña fruta todavía no identificado \xrb to:moh \xrb a:stil \nct to:motli \ref 07430 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korra:l \lxocpend tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korra:l \lxt to:mokohtle para korra:l \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-comp \pa yes-lex \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of small cactus with one trunk used as fencing \sso tipo de cactus pequeño con un tronco utilizado para cercas \equiva organi:toh \xrb to:moh \xrb peya:s \nct to:motli \ref 07431 \lxa to:mokuwtli de xokó:k \lxac *to:mokuwtli de xokó:k \lxo tó:mokóhtli xokó:k \lxocpend tó:mokóhtli xokó:k \lxt toto:mohtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-k/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of cactus with bitter fruit still not identified \sso tipo de cactus con fruta agria, todavía no identificado \equiva chichi:k to:motli \xrb to:moh \xrb xoko \cpl According to Silvestre Pantaleón there are two types of fruit, one white and the other red. \nct to:motli \ref 07432 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mómolo:nká:tsi:n \lxocpend mómolo:nká:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-part \aff rdp-s- \pa yes-rdp \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo type of small creeping plant that grows close to the earth, still not identified \sso tipo de pequeña planta que crece por sobre la tierra, todavía no identificada \xrb molo: \cpl According to Florencia Marcelino there are two types of this plant, distinguished by the color of their flowers. \nct xiwtli \ref 07433 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:mokóhtli de tlapextli \lxocpend tó:mokóhtli de tlapextli \lxt ó:rganoh de tlapechno:xtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes-lex \seo type of cactus with inner rods used in the roofing of thatched huts and to make beds: for beds the rods are extracted and stripped clean and dried, then placed parallel and held together by intertwined cord to make a flexible plaform \sso tipo de cactus con varas internas que se utilizan en los techos de casas de palma o pasto y para camas: para las camas se ponen paralelas y se atan con cuerda entrelazada para hacer una plataforma flexible \sem plant \sem cactus \equivo tó:mokóhtli peyá:stik \equiva ó:rganoh de no:xtli para tlapextli \equiva ó:rganoh de tlapextli \xrb to:moh \xrb pech \cpl Originally both Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo did not classify this as a <na>to:motli</na> given that they did not know that it bore fruit (apparently the defining feature for classifying plants as <na>to:motli</na>). However, Silvestre Pantaleón was familiar with the fruit of this cactus. \nct to:motli \ref 07434 \lxa to:motlaxkahli de we:lik \lxaa to:motlaxkahli de nokwa \lxac to:motlaxkahli de we:lik \lxo no:chma:tlapahli de tsope:lik \lxocpend no:chma:tlapahli de tsope:lik \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sem plant \sem cactus \se nopal cactus with edible leaves and fruit; not indigenous to the Balsas area but planted in some house gardens \ss nopal cactus con las hojas y fruta comestible; no indígeno a la zona del Balsas pero sembrado en algunas huertas caseras \xrb to:moh \xrb we:l \ono hypo to:motli \cpl Edible nopal cactus not indigenous to the area. \nct to:motli \ref 07435 \lxa to:motli de xokó:k \lxac *to:motli de xokó:k \lxo tó:moxokó:k \lxocpend tó:moxokó:k \lxt toto:mohtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-k/ya/lia \sem plant \sem xiwtli \seo fruit of the type of cactus called <na>to:mokuhtli de xokó:k</na> \sso fruta de un tipo de cactus todavía no identificado, llamado <na>to:mokuhtli de xokó:k</na> \xrb to:moh \xrb xoko \cpl Inocencio Díaz mentioned that he has heard the name <na>to:motli de xokó:k</na> or <na>to:moxokó:k</na> but was not familiar with this cactus. \nct to:motli \ref 07436 \lxa tlato:lpale:wia \lxac kitlato:lpale:wia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to support with words or speech; to give moral support to \ssa apoyar con palabras o discurso; apoyar moralmente \xrb hto \xrb pale: \ref 07437 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:waxo:tl \lxocpend a:waxo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seo type of tree that grows near the river, still unidentified \sso tipo deárbol que crece cerca del río, todavía no identificado \xrb a: \xrb waxo: \qry Etymology still uncertain. \ref 07437 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlantepos \lxocpend tlantepos \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seo type of tree that is harmful to touch, still not identified \sso tipo deárbol que quema el que lo toque, todavía no identificado \xrb tlan \xrb tepos \ref 07438 \lxa xohka:n \lxac i:xohka:n \lxo 'xohká:n \lxoa 'xahká:n \lxocpend í:xohká:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N- \seao point of articulation of the stem of herbaceous plants, often where leaves or fruits are attached \ssao punto de articulación del tallo de una planta herbácea, a menudo el punto de donde salen las hojas o frutas \seao joint or point of articulation of a human (or animal) body (e.g., knuckles, wrists, ankle, elbow, etc.) \ssao coyuntura o punto de articulación de un cuerpo humano (o de otro animal, como los nudillos, muñeca, tobillo, codo, etc.) \xrb xo \xrl -ka:n \ref 07440 \lxa tla:ltekpiolin \lxac tla:ltekpiolin \lxocpend ---- \lxt tla:lteksolin \dt 13/Jul/2005 \psm N \der N-in \sem plant \sem edible \sea <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l> Baill., a plant with edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family \ssa <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l> Baill., una planta con raíz comestible de la familia Euphorbiaceae \pna Tla:ltekpiolin, se: xiwtli kipia ixonakayo. We:lik. Nokwa. \pea The <na>tla:ltekpiolin</na>, it is a plant that has an onion-like part. It is tasty. It is edible. \psa El <na>tla:ltekpiolin</na>, es una planta que tiene su"cebolla."Es sabroso. Se come. \syno tla:ltepisolin \xrb tla:l \xrb tekpiol \nae The etymology of <na>tla:ltekpiolin</na> is uncertain. \nct komekatl \qry Check to determine whether this should be /tla:ltekwpiolin/. Check possibilities of the etymology. Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard this name of this plant but could not identify it. The vowel length, which needs to be checked. \ref 07441 \lxanotes zzz \mod I had this as /ke:mech/ with the note '[word documented with meaning still not determined]' but I have been unable to confirm. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07442 \lxa yexoxo:hka:tsi:n \lxac yexoxo:hka:tsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \sea type of food made with <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla> \ssa tipo de comida hecha con <nla>pi:pitik yetl</nla> \sem food-maize \syno yexoxo:hki \xrb e \xrb xo: \ref 07443 \lxa ichkato:motli \lxac ichkato:motli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \syn to:moichkatl; chichí:k to:motli \sem plant \sem cactus \se type of tuna cactus still not identified the fruit of which is not edible \ss tipo de cactus todavía no identificado cuyo fruta no es comestible \xrb chka \xrb to:moh \nct to:motli \qry My original notes stated that this was a type of /ó:rganoh/. I have changed the definition to indicate that this is a type of /to:motli/ with the understanding that the two words (/ó:rganoh/ and /to:motli/) both refer to the same generic group. This should be checked. Florencia and Inocencio were not entirely sure of the name of this cactus. \mod Cf. entry under /ôrganoh/ for full list of types. \ref 07444 \lxa tlapa:tska \lxac tlapa:tska \lxo tlapa:tska \lxocpend tlapa:tska \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to milk (a cow or other mammal to get milk) \ssao ordeñar (una vaca u otra mamalia para sacar leche) \pna I:pan San Lucas tlapa:tskalo. \pea On the festival of San Lucas cows are milked. \psa En la fiesta de San Lucas se ordeñan las vacas. \xrb pa:tska \xbtlao pa:tska \ref 07445 \lxa tlake:ntekoch \lxac tlake:ntekoch \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N(At) \der N-ap \seao (poss.) checkered or plaid cloth or clothing \ssao (pos.) tela o ropa de cuadros \cfo tekoxtik \xrb ke:m \xrb tekoch \fla tekoch \ref 07446 \lxa tlase:wahlo:tl \lxac tlase:wahlo:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea shade (i.e., in a place without sunlight, e.g., at the side of a tree) \ssa sombra (un lugar sin sol, p. ej., de unárbol) \equivo tlase:wi:hlo:tl \cfa tlase:waya:n \cfa tlase:ka:wi:hlo:tl \xrb se:wa \qry Originally I had this as also meaning 'shadow' (e.g., of a person, cloud, etc.; however, Cristino Flores corrected this and stated that /tlase:wahlo:tl/ is used to refer to cool places in the shade, whereas /tlase:ka:wihlo:tl/ is used to refer to shadows, but /tlase:wahlo:tl/ is used to refer to the cool shade under which someone may sit, e.g., of trees, a house, etc. \ref 07447 \lxa ye \lxac yes tlaxkahli \lxo ye \lxocpend ye \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \se to be \ss estar \mod Add /yeni/ in reference to plants. \ref 07448 \lxa tlakwaltsi:n \lxac tlakwaltsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-tla-tsi:n \sea place that is well-arranged or manicured; place that is pretty \ssa lugar bien arreglado; lugar bien bonito \pna A:man melá:k ye tlakwaltsi:n. Xka:wa, xkukwalteh katkan kalteh. \pea Now it is well arranged throughout. You wouldn't have thought it, before the houses were not very good. \psa Ahora es todo bonito. No lo hubieras creido, antes las casas no eran nada bien. \syno tlakwaltsi:nko \xrb kwal \xbtla kwaltsi:n \ref 07449 \lxa tlayekwania \lxac tlayekwania \lxo tláyekwánia \lxop tlayekwania \lxocpend tláyekwánia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to move, from one grazing place to another, ones animals that have been tethered and let out to pasture \ssao cambiar de un lugar a otro a los animales que uno ha dejado a apacentar \xrb hkwani \xvaa tlayekwanilia \xvao tláyekwanília \xbtla ekwania \xbtlo ékwaniá \ref 07450 \lxa kia:wak \lxac kia:wak \lxo kia:wak \lxocpend kia:wak \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1[poss] \se (poss) immediately outside of ones house (e.g., in the yard or patio) \ss (poss) inmediatamente afuera de la casa de uno (esto es, en el patio o el solar) \pna Nokia:wak tikne:xti:s. \pea You will find it in the yard of my house. \psa Lo vas a encontrar afuera de mi casa. \xrb kia:wa \xrl -ko \qry Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical. \ref 07451 \lxa tlama:ke:tl \lxac *tlama:ke:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \sea hunter \ssa cazador \syno tlama:ne \xrb ma \fla tlama \qry Note that in my original notes /tlamake:tl/ had a short vowel. This has been changed here given my understanding of the derivation of this form. Nevertheless, it should be checked and changed (back) as necessary. \ref 07452 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /te:ntsonkukwa:ch/ that has been removed as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07453 \lxa flo:r de ka:siah \lxac flo:r de ka:siah \lxo flo:r de ka:siah \lxoa flo:r de ka:nsiah \lxocpend flo:r de ka:siah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan flor de casia \psm N \der N-loan \seao see <nlao>ka:siah</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>ka:siah</nlao> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nct kohtli \cpl Apparently this is of the <i>Leguminosae</i> family, though further identification has not been possible. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:115) give for the paraca a tree identified as in the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i>, which they state to be <i>Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri</i>. This suggests that <i>cassia</i> was a genus. The name might also be related to the genus <i>Acacia</i>. Schoenhals (1988) lists many plants of the <i>Cassia</i> genus, many of which are called <spn>senna</spn>. According to Florencia Marcelino in Spanish this is called 'flor de pascasia.' \ref 07454 \lxa ko:saltsi:n \lxaa koko:saltsi:n \lxac ko:saltsi:n \lxocpend ---- \lxt kwi:saltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sea type of marigold, with yellow and purplish or maroon petals \ssa tipo de cempoalxochitl con pétalos color amarillo y moradito \sem plant \sem fl \syno kó:skayá:ntsi:n \xrb ko:ska \nse Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <na>cocosaltsi:n</na>, which they identify as the <spn>flor de muerto roja</spn>. Apparently, unlike in Oapan, in Ameyaltepec the name of this flower is not also the name of a grasshopper-type insect. In both villages, however, this flower (and the <nla>sempwalxo:chitl</nla>) are used to make garlands of flowers such as those placed on the laso of the the bulls that are danced in San Lucas. \nae The etymological derivation is uncertain, particularly the source of the <na>-al</na> element. However, given that the /o:/ is long while the root for 'yellow' is short (cf., <nla>kose:wi</nla>), it might be that the etymology includes <nr>ko:ska</nr> as in <nla>ko:skatl</nla>. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \vl ko:saltsi:n \rt Ask experts the derivation; it would appear to be related to /kos/ of 'yellow.' \ref 07455 \lxa tamahli de kuwnextli \lxac tamahli de kuwnextli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of tamal made from corn dough (i.e., <nla>tixtli</nla> made from <nla>nextamahli</nla>) that is mixed with <nla>tenextli</nla> and <nla>tlikonextli</nla> as it is boiled \ssa tipo de tamal que se hace con masa hecho de nixtamal que se coció en la olla con <nla>tenextli</nla> y <nla>tlikonextli</nla> \sem food \syno tlikonextamahli \xrb tamal \xrb kow \xrb nex \encyctmp tamahli \nse <na>Tamahli de kuwnextli</na> is eaten in all villages of the Balsas region except, apparently, San Miguel Tecuiciapan and San Agustín Oapan. In this latter village tamales are made of simple <na>tixtli</na> and for this reason the tamales harden much quicker. They are also wrapped in <nla>to:tomo:xtli</nla> and not corn leaves, <nla>iswatamahli</nla> or <nlo>tamaliswatl</nlo>, as are other tamals such as <nlo>tamahli de telolotsi:n</nlo>. Nevertheless, Oapan does have a word, <no>tlikonextamahli</no>, for what in Ameyaltepec is called <na>tamahli de kuhnextli</na>. \ref 07456 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n \lxocpend tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n \lxt ---- \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes-lex \seo type of cactus with edible fruit, as yet unidentified \sso tipo de cactus con fruta comestible, hasta ahora no identificado \sem plant \sem cactus \syna to:moichkatl \syna chichí:k to:motli \syno tó:moichkatétsi:n \syno ichkató:motlí \syno to: \xrb to:moh \xrb kwa: \xrb chka \xrb te \cpl For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Apparently the <na>to:moichkatl</na> is the same as <na>ichkato:motli</na> although the former name is much more common. \nfe Neither Asención Marcelo of San Juan nor Inocencio Díaz of Ameyaltepec knew of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón called this cactus <no>tó:motli kwa:ichkatetsi:n</no> and stated that he was not familiar with the name <no>tó:moichkatétsi:n</no>. \nct to:motli \ref 07457 \lxa koltotsiwtok \lxac koltotsiwtok \lxo koltotsiwtok \lxocpend koltotsiwtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea to be curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire) \ssa estar enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama) \syna koltotse:wtok \xrb koltots \nde Oapan apparently lacks the /e/ form * <no>koltotse:wtok</no>. \ref 07458 \lxa xihpan \lxac se: xihpan \lxo xihpan \lxocpend xihpan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-? \seao year (in terms of temporal duration) \ssao año (en cuanto a duración temporal) \xrb xiw \xrl -pan \dis xihpan; xiwtli \ref 07459 \lxa ikxitesasa:watik \lxac ikxitesasa:watik \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 07460 \lxa xo:xoloxtik \lxac xo:xoloxtik \lxo xo:xoloxtik \lxocpend xo:xoloxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao see <nla>xoloxtik</nla> \ssao vé ase <nla>xoloxtik</nla> \xrb xoloch \nae Given the fact that this adjectival rarely would take a 1st- or 2nd-person pronominal prefix, the reduplication, at least in the Ameyaltepec forms I have heard, is with a long vowel. \ref 07461 \lxa -xiwtilia \lxac kise:xiwtilia \lxo -xihtilia \lxocpend kise:xihtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [Num]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao (with incorporated numeral) to celebrate the [number] aniversary of \ssao (con numeral incorporado) celebrar el [número] aniversario de \xrb xiw \nae Apparently this is most often used as <na>se:xiwtilia</na> referring to the one-year anniversary of the death of a close family member. The use of other numerals (e.g., <na>ye:ixiwtilia</na>) is rare and, according to many consultants, not acceptable. \ref 07462 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwi:tia \lxocpend kinokwi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo (refl. + obj.) to force the truth out of; to confess \sso (refl. + obj.) confesar forzosamente a \pno Kinokwi:tia i:kone:w. \peo She forces the truth out of her son. \pso Fuerza confesar a su hijo. \synao yo:lkwi:tia \fla kwi:tia \xrb kwi \ref 07463 \lxanotes zzz \lxaa i:xtexoxok -remove- \mod This used to be the entry for /i:xtexoxok/ which was how don Luis Lucena referred to the Devil. It has been removed. \dt 27/Jan/2005 \ref 07464 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo -ihpahtlah \lxocpend tohpahtlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(rel) \com N(rel)-N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-tlan \seo high above (a person [Poss]) \sso muy arriba de (una persona [Pos]) \syna -ikpak \xrb kpa \xrl -ko; -tlan \nae In Oapan the relational noun <no>-ihpahtlah</no> is used with possessive prefixes. The resulting form refers to a space high above the reference point, marked by the possessor. In Ameyaltepec only the nonspecific possessed form <nla>tlakpak</nla> is found (and not forms such as * <na>nokpak</na>). Note, however, that when in Oapan Nahuatl the nonspecific possessor <n>tla-</n> is used with <no>-ihpahtlah</no> the final <no>-tlah</no> is lost: <nlo>tlahpak</nlo>. \ref 07465 \lxa xo:pan otli \lxac xo:pan otli \lxo xo:pán otlí \lxocpend xo:pán otlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes-lex \seao path that is used during the rainy season that circumvents and goes around planted fields so that the plow animals and beasts of burden don't have to go through them and thus won't eat the maize (during the winter months there was a shorter road right through the then unplanted fields) \ssao senda que se emplea durante la temporada de lluvias y que de vuelta alrededor de las milpas sembradas para que los animales no pasen por ellas (durante la temporada de secas había una senda más directa que atrevasaba los terrenos que entonces estaban sin sembrar) \xrb xo: \xrb oh \xrl -pan \nae Provisionally this entry has been written as two words although a check with a recorded version should clarify whether this decision is correct. In Ameyaltepec one would expect a velarized nasal before a word boundary and the absence of velarization with a single word; see <nla>sana:man</nla> (vs. <na>san a:man</na>). Note, however, that with the lexicalized <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> there is a definite /n/ in <na>xo:pan</na> and no shift to a bilabial nasal (/m/). \pqry Note: listen for velarization of nasal in /xo:pan/ in Am pronunciation. If this is the case, then it indicates two words. Recheck and correct here and elsewhere as necessary. \ref 07466 \lxa mapiltetepon \lxac i:mapiltetepon \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea knuckle \ssa nudillo \sem body \sem human \syno mápihlíí:xoká:ntsi:n \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb tepon \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <no>mápiltetépon</no> only as referring to someone (the grammatical subject) having a cut-off finger. For 'knuckle' she gave <no>nómapílí:xoká:ntsi:n</no>. \qry Check to determine if this can really have the meaning 'knckle' in Ameyaltepec. \ref 07467 \lxa kextoponki:sa \lxac kextoponki:sa \lxo kéxtoponkí:sa \lxop kextoponki:sa \lxocpend kéxtoponkí:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni[x] \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo for one's neck to swell up \sso hincharsele a uno el cuello \sem disease \xrb kech \xrb tohpon \qry Check for transitive form; cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/, Am word, which has a causative /kechtotoponwia/. \qry Check possibility that root is /topo:ni/, or perhaps /tohpo:ni/. If I remember correctly there is a form in Oapan /tópontlí/, which has its S. Juan equivalent in /tohpontli/, meaning to swell up or burst (e.g. a blister). Check this in the present word, in which case perhaps it should be /kechtotoponi/ related to a possible Tetelcingo form /kechtohtohponi/. For a discussion of this word cf. Flk 1984-12-29.1. Although in one entry I had /kechtotopo:ni/ I have a later entry which states that this is incorrect and should be corrected to /kextotopo:ni/; recheck for /ch/ or /x/. \ref 07468 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mápihlíí:xoká:ntsi:n \lxocpend í:mapílí:xoká:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes-lex \seo knuckle \sso nudillo \sem body \sem human \syna mapilxohka:n \syna mapiltetepon \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb xoh \xrl -ka:n \qry Check p-a pattern here; also determine etymology of /i:xoka:n/ since I'm not sure if the /o/ is long, stressed, etc. \ref 07469 \lxa ite:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli \lxacpend *i:te:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(w) \se <l>Plumbago scandens</l> L., wild herbaceous plant of the Plumbaginaceae family \ss <l>Plumbago scandens</l> L., planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Plumbaginaceae \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb xiw \ref 07470 \lxa pro:beh \lxac pro:beh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan pobre \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea poor \ssa pobre \syno pro:weh \ref 07471 \lxa selilia \lxac kiselilia \lxo selilia \lxocpend kiselilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to receive from; to accept (a gift) from \ssao recibir (un regalo o algo parecido) de \xrb seli \xvba selia \ref 07472 \lxa tsi:kate:nko \lxac tsi:kate:nko \lxo tsi:yate:nko \lxocpend tsi:yate:nko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com N-N-ko \der N-loc-? \seo hole in the ground through which the ants known as <nla>tsi:katl</nla> emerge \sso agujero en la tierra de donde salen las hormigas conocidas como <nla>tsi:katl</nla> \syno i:te:nko tsi:katl \syno tsi:yate:ntli \syna tsi:kate:ntli \syna i:te:n tsi:katl \xrb tsi:ka \xrb te:n \cfa te:ntli \qry Check whether /a:skate:ntli/ and /ma:kokote:ntli/ are also correct; cf. /te:ntli/. Get a list of all animal homes. Check for precise meaning of /tsi:yate:nko/ and /tsi:yate:ntli/ and determine if there is a difference between the two (perhaps one referring to the hole itself and the other to the area around it. Check! \ref 07473 \lxa ite:n tsi:katl \lxac ite:n tsi:katl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea see <nlao>te:ntli</nlao> \ssa vé ase <nlao>te:ntli</nlao> \syno i:te:nkon tsi:katl \syno tsi:yate:nko \ref 07474 \lxa mante:ka \lxac mante:ka \lxo mante:kah \lxocpend mante:kah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan manteca \psm N \der N-loan \seao lard \ssao manteca \ref 07475 \lxa a:mi:ltomatl \lxac a:mi:ltomatl \lxocpend ---- \lxt ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \sea tomatillo or green tomato \ssa tomate (de cáscara verde) \sem plant \sem edible \syno mi:ltomatl \xrb a: \xrb mi:l \xrb toma: \encyctmp tomatl \nct tomatl \cpl Ramírez (1991) does not list the <na>a:mi:ltomatl</na> ; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give it as 'tomatillo de cáscara verde.' Schoenhals (1988) lists tomate silvestre and tomate verde, and refers both to tomate de cáscara, where she states:"1. (<i>Physalis</i> spp. e.g., <i>P. pubescens</i>) 'ground cherry,' 'wild tomato,' husk tomato,' 'strawberry tomate' Grows in temperate climates. The calyx covers the fruit like a husk. Used in salsa de tomate. Also called guajtomate, miltomate, tomate silvestre, tomate verde, tomatillo, tomatillo del campo." \mod Note that given that the Am and Oa forms have different etymologies/roots, they have been given two different entries. \grm Discuss that perhaps /tomatl/ has a shortened final vowel (cf. /toma:wi/, etc.) as does /xokotl/ (cf. /xoko:ya/). This should be in a section on phonology/vowel shortening and lengthening. \ref 07476 \lxa to:to:xo:chikomekatl \lxac to:to:xo:chikomekatl \lxo to:to:xo:chikomekatl \lxoa to:to:xo:chikomekatl \lxocpend to:to:xo:chikomekatl \lxt komekatl peinexo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \se type of vine as yet unidentified, also callled <nla>tsatsakawa:htsi:n</nla> in reference to the shape of its flower \ss tipo de bejucco todavía no identificada, también se llama <nla>tsatsakawa:htsi:n</nla> en referencia a la forma de su flor \pna To:to:xo:chikomekatl | Noweyakilia, weyak ki:sa. Seki kikwin para ika kitili:nian korrá:l. Kitowan reme:dioh para i:xte:nkwalo:listli pa:mpa sesé:k. Tiktekis o:hka:n, tikpi:tsas para ma ki:sa ia:yo. Mitsonchipi:nili:skeh itik mi:xtew. \pea <na>To:to:xo:chikomekatl</na> : It stretches out, it grows long. Some people use it to tighten up a wooden fence (i.e., as twine). They say its a remedy for eye illness because it is"cold."You cut it in two places, you blow through it so that its sap comes out. They put drops in your eyes. \psa <na>To:to:xo:chikomekatl</na> : Se extiende, sale largo. Alguna gente lo utilizan para amarrar y apretar una cerca de madera. Dicen que es un remedio para las enfermedades del ojo porque es"frío". Lo cortas en dos lugares, le soplas (por el rabo) para que salga su savia. Te ponen las gotas en el ojo. \syna tsatsakawa:htsi:n \syno xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n \xrb to:to: \xrb xo:chi \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>bejuco flor de pájaro</spn>. No Latin identification is given. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de pájaro states:"1. (<i>Brassica juncea, B. nigra</i>) 'mustard.' See mostaza. 2. (<i>Strelitzia reginae</i>) 'bird of paradise.' See ave del paraíso."Under mostaza:"Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as <spn>pájaro flor de bejuco</spn>. \nct komekatl \mod Its flower is called /pepe:ni:tah/. In Ameyaltepec it is also called <na>tsatsakawa:htsi:n</na>. \ref 07477 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pepe:ni:tah \lxocpend pepe:ni:tah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan peine \psm N \der N-loan \seo flower of the vine called <nlao>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</nlao>, so named because of its resemblance to a comb \sso flor de la enredadera llamada <nlao>to:to:xo:chikomekatl</nlao>, asíllamada por ser parecida a un peine \sem plant \sem part \nde In fact, the name of this plant in San Juan Tetelcingo, <nt>komekatl peinexo:chitl</nt>, makes direct reference to the comb-like shape of its flower. \ref 07478 \lxa un \lxac nihkwis un \lxo on \lxocpend nihkwis on \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr \der Pr-demon \seao that one \ssao ése \pno Xne:cha:lmaka on, li:broh! \peo Give me that, the book! \pso ¡Dámeloése, el libro! \xrb on \qry Check use of /un/ as demonstrative adjective and demonstrative pronoun, as well as relativizing function. \vl There is a set of phrases of the pronominal use of /on/ from 6098. These should be tagged as 7478 and two linked (one female and one male). \ref 07479 \lxa tlanketsohli \lxac tlanketsohli \lxo tlanketso:hli \lxocpend tlanketso:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \seo bite mark \sso mordedura \syna tlankechihli \flao tlanketsowa \xrb tlan \xrb ketso \qry Check plurality of this noun with /tlatlankechihli/ and cf. to possible /tlankechilteh/. (Note that my original file card had /tlatlankechihli/ simply stated to be 'plural.' Check for verbal form as in \pqry Check length of final /o/. In C. Flores (Am) pronunciation I heard it short. Check and cf. to Oapan data. \mod In my original notes for this entry I had under /lxo for tlakechihli"see <n>tlantetso:hli</n> but have not found this entry in the dictionary. However, I have added it here given that I did have the verbal form /tlanketsowa/ already documented. here might be an error in my annotation of the Oapan form, but I am not clear on this. However, I have added /tlanketso:hli/ which I assume is the form I intended, mistyping /t/ for /k/. \ref 07480 \lxa tomi:nyoh \lxac tomi:nyoh \lxocpend ---- \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea rich, to have a lot of money \ssa rico, tener mucho dinero \syno tomi:wah \xrb tomi:n \nse The Oapan cognate is a nominal form. \ref 07481 \lxa tsomakwi:xin* \lxac tsomakwi:xin \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sea type of large bird as yet unidentified, perhaps a type of hawk (see <nla>kwi:xin</nla>) \ssa tipo de ave grande todavía no identificado, quizá un tipo de gavilán (vé ase <nla>kwi:xin</nla>) \pna Tsomakwi:xin, ke:n tsopi:lo:tl, no: kikwa kuwi:xin noso kuwatl. \pea The <na>tsomakwi:xin</na> is like a zopilote, it also eats lizards or snakes. \psa El <na>tsomakwi:xin</na> es como un zopilote, también come lagartijas o culebras \sem animal \sem bird \equivo tsómakó:ltsi:n \xrb tsohma \xrb kwi:x \cpl This might be a type of buzzard (along with the <na>tsopi:lo:tl</na> itself and the <nla>ko:le:tl</nla>), or it might be a type of <na>kwi:xin</na>. Some consultants translated <na>tsomakwi:xin</na> as 'gavilán negro.' If I remember correctly in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo the simple word <na>tsohma</na> is used to refer to a buzzard, although the precise arrangement of species is still quite uncertain. It might be the same as the <nlo>tsómakó:ltsi:n</nlo>, which is red-headed, but it might well refer to a distinct animal. \ref 07482 \lxa ka:siakuwtli \lxac ka:siakuwtli \lxo ká:siakóhtli \lxocpend @ká:siakóhtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan flor de casia \psm N \der N-loan \pa yes \seao see <nlao>ka:siah</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>ka:siah</nlao> \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nct kohtli \qry Check vowel p-a pattern in this word since one would expect from the fact that the borrowing is of /kasiah/ with final /h/ that this word with the /h/ now internal would reflect in p-a. I have written p-a simply because I expect it. The word needs to be elicited. \xrb kow \ref 07483 \lxa ma \lxac ma n'kwa \lxo ma \lxocpend ma n'kwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \seao abbreviated form of the optative clitic <nlao>ma</nlao> followed by the 1st-person singular subject and then a transitive verb with a zero-morpheme 3rd-person object (<nao>man kaki</nao> = <nao>ma nihkaki</nao>) \ssao forma abreviada del clítico optativo c <nlao>ma</nlao> seguido por la 1era-persona sujeto verbal antes de un verbo transitivo con el morfema-zero de la tercera persona singular (<nao>man kaki</nao> = <nao>ma nihkaki</nao>) \xrb ma \xrb n- \nae Orthographically this is represented as, for example, <nao>ma n'kwa</nao>. The entry for <nao>man</nao> is simply included as a reference. \ref 07484 \lxa te:nkwi:tah \lxac te:nkwi:tah \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \sea sth with its lip or edge broken off, leaving a tooth-like gap (e.g., the top edge of a bucket, a bowl, etc.) \ssa algo con la borde u orilla desportillada, dejando un espacio en forma de diente faltante (p. ej., la orilla de una cubeta, un frutero, etc.) \sea person with a harelip \ssa persona con el labio leporino \pna Te:nkwi:tah un tla:katl, o:kite:nkwah me:stli \pea That man has a harelip, the moon took a bit out of his lip (in reference to the fact that it is the moon that causes such physical defects). \psa Ese hombre tiene un labio leporino, la luna le mordióla lengua (en referencia al hecho de que es la luna que causa este tipo de defectos físicos). \sem physical \syno té:nkwatík \xrb te:n \xrb kwi \nae The derivational process for the /-tah/ ending is unclear, but it might be due to Spanish influence. \mod See illustration on original filecard \ref 07485 \lxa -itskwin \lxac i:tskwin \lxo -itskwin \lxocpend itskwintli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 4 \se dog \ss perro \xrb tskwin \nse <nao>Itskwintli</nao> is most often found in possessed form; for reference to an"unpossessed"dog the term <nlao>chichi</nlao> is most often used. \ref 07486 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be the entry for /chi:kwatsi:n/; it was deleted as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07487 \lxa tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n* \lxac tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea type of small bird, probably a Towhee or Brushfinch; it is called this name because during the night every hour it sings (<nlo>tsátsí</nlo>). It might be the Orange-billed Sparrow, <l>Arremon aurantiirostris</l>, the Rufous-sided Towhee, <l>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</l>, or a related species. \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño, probablemente un Towhee o Brushfinch; asíllamado porque durante la noche cada hora grita (<nlo>tsátsí</nlo>). Quizá es el"Orange-billed Sparrow," <l>Arremon aurantiirostris</l>, el"Rufous-sided Towhee," <l>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</l>, o una especie cercana. \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, pp. 693, 698 \pna Tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n, kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh, pi:pitikeh. \pea The <na>tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n</na>, they have black necks, they are very small. \psa Los <na>tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n</na>, tienen sus cuellitos negritos, son muy pequeños. \pna Kwa:k ye tlakwalispan nokwi:katia tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n para ma titlakwa:ka:n. \pea When it is midday the <na>tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n</na> sings for us to eat. \psa Cuando es mediodía el <na>tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n</na> canta para que comamos. \sem animal \sem bird \syno tlatsilí:nká:tsi:n \xrb tsili: \xrl -ya:n \nct to:to:tl \mod Note that the identification of this bird is based on the identification by Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, of a bird with a similar name in Oapan Nahuatl. I would guess that the two names, /tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n/ and /tlatsilí:nká:tsi:n/ are equivalent. \qry Recheck name. In one entry I had /tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n/ while in the other it was /tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n/. Apparently one is in error. \qry Check out why /kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh/ has the diminutive. I would assume that the diminutive refers to the neck, i.e., being small birds they have small necks. But it might modify the type of 'black', i.e., with just a small part black, or a black color that is not very strong. \ref 07488 \lxanotes yzzz \lxac ---- \lxo kohyestli \lxocpend @kohyestli \lxt kohyestle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se type of tree (collected) \ss tipo deárbol (colectado) \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna kuwextli \xrb kow \xrb yes \cpl There is no mention of this tree in either Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991). \nct kohtli \qry Ceck the name that neighboring villages give to this tree and on this basis try to determine etymology. \ref 07489 \lxa tlachi:chi:hki \lxaa tlachi:chi:hki \lxac tlachi:chi:hki \lxo tlachi:chi:hki \lxocpend tlachi:chi:hki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \seo person who is finicky, who doesn't like much of anything \sso persona que es fastidiosa, a quien no le gusta mucho \xrb chi:wa \ref 07490 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsómanéhtih \lxocpend tsómanéhtih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo type of honey-producing flying insect that lives in the ground and are said to bite \sso tipo de insecto que vuela pero que vive en la tierra; produce miel y se dice que muerde \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tsohma \xrb nekw \syna tsi:kanekwteh \encyctmp nekwtli \nse Apparently the Ameyaltepec cognate is <nla>tsi:kanekwteh</nla>, but until a definite identification is made, this concordance remains slightly uncertain. \ref 07491 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo té:mí:ntik \lxoa témimí:ntik \lxocpend té:mí:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Lex. <n>te-</n> \seo leafless (plants, trees, etc.) \sso sin hojas (plantas,árboles, etc.) \syna tsotsomi:ntik \fla tsotsomi:ntik \xrb mi:ni \qry Recheck this word, its pronunciation and meaning since my only note on this was that it is equivalent to Am /tsotsomi:ntik/. Check again whether /tsótsomí:ntik/ exists. \ref 07492 \lxa tetepontsi:n \lxaa tetepon \lxac tetepontsi:n \lxo tetepontsi:n \lxocpend tetepontsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \seao short; cut short or shortened; cut off \ssao corto; cortado; truncado \pna Tetepontsi:n ikwe. \pea Her dress is quite short. \psa Estácortita su falda. \se (in composition with [noun]) to have [noun] short or cut off (e.g., <nla>kechtetepon</nla> 'headless'; <nla>tsi:ntetepon</nla> 'con una falda o pantalones cortos') \ss (en composición tener [sustantivo]) tener [sustantivo] cortado o corto (p. ej., <nla>kextetepon</nla> 'sin cabeza'; <nla>tsi:ntetepon</nla> 'having a short dress or pants') \syno tetepontik \xrb tepon \nse The element <na>tetepon</na> is found as the final element of many N + Adj compounds, indicating that the noun is (or has been) cut off and as a result is short. In general, this reduplicated stem seems to refer to objects that have been or are artificially shortened, either through accident or design, a pole that has been cut short, a dress that has been cut short, an arm that has been amputated, etc. In Ameyaltepec <na>tetepon</na> and <na>tetepontik</na> are both used in freestanding form, with the former indicating a slightly greater shortness. The adjectival form <n>tetepontik</n> has only been documented to date in Oapan, unbound but not in compounded forms. \qry Check for meaning of 'knee' with this. \mod Add list of words that have this element. \ref 07493 \lxa tlawe:lno:tsa \lxac kitlawe:lno:tsa \lxo tlawe:lno:tsa \lxocpend kitlawe:lno:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to speak in an angry voice to \sso hablar o llamar con una voz de enojado \syna kwala:nka:no:tsa \xrb tlawe:l \xrb no:tsa \ref 07494 \lxa tlapatla:wtok \lxac tlapatla:wtok \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea to be with ones arms hanging out and lose to ones side \ssa con los brazos colgados y no pegados al cuerpo \pna Xmoko:pi:loka:n para wel tipano:skeh! Ma:ka xtlapatla:wtokan! \pea Hug your arms close to your side so that we can fit through that space! Don't be all loose with your arms hanging out! \psa ¡Pégense con los brazos al cuerpo para que podamos caber por ese espacio!¡No estén con los brazos todos desplegados! \xrb patla: \nae The stative <na>patla:wtok</na> indicates a position of the subject, one in which there is a certain"wideness"involved (e.g., as with a person who has his arms hanging down losely at his side). Note that this is not, at least not without some contextualization, a progressive. Often the verb <nao>patla:wi</nao> with the aspectual <nao>-tiw</nao> is used to signal a type of progressive or durative event: <na>i patla:wtiw otli</na> 'to road getting wider as it goes along.' \ref 07495 \lxa ma:tesasa:wati \lxac ma:tesasa:wati \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 07496 \lxa ka:dah \lxac ka:dah ikxitl \lxo ka:da \lxocpend @ka:da \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cada \psm Adj \der Adj-quant \seao each \ssao cada \nae Most pronunciations show final vowel with phonetic glottal stop in phrase-final position. \ref 07497 \lxa kamotli de un istá:k \lxac kamotli de un istá:k \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of sweet potato \ss tipo de camote \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equivo kámoxé:poh \xrb kamoh \xrb sta \encyctmp kamotli \nct kamotli \qry My notes do not clearly indicate whether this is cultivate or not; check for this and other swet potatoes. \ref 07498 \lxa ikxitlake:nsosohloh \lxac ikxitlake:nsosohloh \lxo ixitlaké:sohlóh \lxocpend @ixitlaké:sohlóh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-N-Suf(adj) \der Suf-adj \pa yes \seo to have old cloth as a bandage around ones leg \sso tener tela vieja como vendaje por la pierna \cfa ikxitlake:ntli \xrb kxi \xrb ke:m \qry In the entry for /lxa ikxitlake:nsosohli I simply had a reference to see Oa /ixitlaké:sohlóh/. But there was no entry for this. Therefore, I have created an entry and given a provisional, minimal definition based on my recollection. However, this should be rechecked! \ref 07499 \lxa tlate:mowilia \lxac kontlate:mowilia \lxo tlate:mowilia \lxocpend @kitlate:mowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-tla \infv class-2a \se (at time with short vowel reduplication and usually an extraverse directional) to look (for a lost or grazing animal) for \ss (a veces con reduplicación de vocal corta y generalmente con una direccional extraversa) sabanear para buscar para (un animal, en las montañas o llanos) \pna Timitsontlate:mowili:s, tewa nika:n xmoka:wa, mopan nekos. \pea I will go look for (your) animals for you, you stay here, I'll come back here to where you are. \psa Voy a ir a sabanear para tí, tu te quedas aquí, yo voy a regresar aquídonde está s. \xrb te:m-2- \xbtla tete:mowilia \nae The applicative <na>te:mowilia</na> can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Without this prefix the applicative takes two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., <na>ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh</na> 'he divines for me (to locate) my burro'). However, <n>tla-</n> may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g., <na>Xne:xtlate:mowili</na> 'Divine for me') and the <n>tla-</n> signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since <na>tlate:mowilia</na> cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a separate predication. In the example phrase <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!' each clause it in dependent. The f irst, <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili</na> simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative <na>tete:mowilia</na>. Then the background to the request is mentioned: <na>o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without <n>tla-</n> the object of the search would be directly mentioned: <na>Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh</na>. Here <na>tete:mowilia</na> is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine (for)' to 'to search for.' Thus <na>Ne:xtete:mowili:s</na> implies that the action or event indicated by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with <na>Ne:xontete:mowili:s</na> the directional indicates subject movement. Understanding that divination usually takes place i n the presence of the benefacti ve, the significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the plains where the animal is located. \grm Applicative; directional: The applicative <na>te:mowilia</na> can have the sense of 'divine' with or without the nonspecific object prefix <n>tla-</n>. Without this prefix the applicative takes two specific objects, both of which must be present in the discourse (e.g., <na>ne:xtete:mowilia noburroh</na> 'he divines for me (to locate) my burro'). However, <n>tla-</n> may also function as an indefinite null complement, and in this sense the verb means simply 'to divine for' (e.g., <na>Xne:xtlate:mowili</na> 'Divine for me') and the <n>tla-</n> signifies 'that which is lost (usually an animal, but perhaps, in regards to an illness, the diviner is to search for the source of cause of this illness). Since <na>tlate:mowilia</na> cannot take a theme as a complement, if any information is to be communicated about what is being"searched for"then this must be done through a separate predication. In the example phrase <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili, o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'Divine for me, I've lost my donkey!' each cl ause it independent. The first, <na>Xne:xtlatete:mowili</na> simply states 'Divine for me,' i.e., the subject is asked to engage in the act of divinition for a beneficiary, the object of the applicative <na>tete:mowilia</na>. Then the background to the request is mentioned: <na>o:mpoloh noburroh</na> 'I lost my donkey.' Note that without <n>tla-</n> the object of the search would be directly mentioned: <na>Xne:xtete:mowili noburroh</na>. Here <na>tete:mowilia</na> is a ditransitive with two specific objects: the benefactive and the theme. Finally, note how a directional changes the meaning from 'to divine (for)' to 'to search for.' Thus <na>Ne:xtete:mowili:s</na> implies that the action or event indicated by the verb takes place at the location of the speaker/addressee interchange. Therefore the search must be essentially"by proxy,"i.e., through divination. However, with <na>Ne:xontete:mowili:s</na> the directional indicates subject movement. Understanding that divina tion usually takes place in the presence of the benefactive, the significance of the verb should be interpreted as indicating subject movement, and the"searching"involving an action that takes place at a distance from the benefactive, i.e., on the plains where the animal is located. \ref 07500 \lxa ikximela:wa \lxac nokximela:wa \lxo iximela:wa \lxocpend noximela:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No documented intransitive \infv class-3a(w) \seao (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg \ssao (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna \syna ikxiweyakilia \xrb kxi \xrb mela: \ref 07501 \lxa tlasolitik \lxac tlasolitik \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \sea to be covered with garbage (e.g., a patio, inside of a house, kitchen, street, etc.) \ssa estar cubierto de desechos y basura (p. ej., un patio, el interior de una casa, una cocina, una calle, etc.) \syno tlásóhlotík \xrb hsol \nae The basis for Ameyaltepec adjectivals endings in <na>-itik</na> is unclear. One possibility is that <na>tlasolitik</na> represents the adjectivalization of an intransitive verb, which would be ? <na>tlasoliti</na> (cf. <nla>tlasolitia</nla>). Another possibility is that Ameyaltepec <na>tlasolitik</na> is a reanalysis (with a new pronunciation) of <no>tlásóhlotík</no>, which seems to be derived from a denominal adjective ending in <n>-yoh</n> (i.e., <no>tlásohlóh</no>), which has been"re-adjectivized"(much like <nlo>á:yotík</nlo> from <nlo>a:yoh</nlo>). The Oapan form <no>tlásóhlotík</no> is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., <no>tlakwátasí</no>). The precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear. \ref 07502 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yéye:tetília \lxocpend tlá:ye:tetília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seao to do (sth) a third time (particularly passing over a field with a plow a third time before planting) \ssao hacer (algo) por una tercera vez (particularmente pasar con el arado sobre un terreno por la tercera vez antes de sembrar) \equiva ye:ilia \fla ye:ilia \xrb ye:i \encyctmp tla:hli \nse For a fuller discussion of the verbs used with plowing, see entry under <nlao>teki</nlao>. \qry Make sure that Am has the possibility of both /ye:itilia/ and /ye:ilia/. \mod Originally entry 1010 had for /lxa /ye:ilia/ and for /lxo /ye:tetilia/, with the observation that Am had a synonymous form /ye:itilia/. Later, a new entry was created with Am /ye:itilia/ and Oa /ye:tetilia/, while /ye:ilia/ was left with its own entry. Thus the Oapan sound file for this entry is probably ordered at 1010. \ref 07503 \lxa i:xkochi \lxac i:xkochi \lxo i:xkochi \lxocpend i:xkochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seao see <nlao>i:xko:kochi</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>i:xko:kochi</nlao> \xrb i:x \xrb kochi \ref 07504 \lxa ko:letl \lxac ko:letl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, <l>Cathartes aura</l> \ssa tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," <l>Cathartes aura</l> \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174 \sem animal \sem bird \equiva ko:leh bie:joh \equivo tsómakó:ltsi:n \xrb ko:l \encyctmp tsopi:lo:tl \nse This word is not common in Ameyaltepec, though it is documented. The identification is based on the description of the bird as a type of buzzard with a red head. \nae The etymology of <na>ko:letl</na> is unclear, though probably the main element here is coincident with the <n>ko:l</n> in Oapan <nlo>tsómakó:ltsi:n</nlo> ; perhaps this is related to the root for 'grandfather,' or perhaps it refers to something twisted, like the long neck of this bird. \mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. \ref 07505 \lxa i:xpan \lxac i:xpan \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \sea lower abdomen (from the waist or belly to the genitals) \ssa abdomen inferior (desde la cintura o ombligo hasta las genitales) \sem body \xrb i:x \xrl -pan \nse When referring to a body part <na>i:xpan</na> seems to refer to the area of the body covered by pubic hair. Some people state that this area includes the lower belly while others state that the lower belly is referred to as <nla>tlai:xkwa:w</nla> and that the two, <na>tlai:xkwa:w</na> and <na>i:xpan</na>, both obligatorily possessed, are distinct. \qry Recheck to see of the forms meaning"genitals"and"in front of"are homophonous. Recheck meaning of 'genitals' since this is not used in Oapan. \ref 07506 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo torabié:n \lxocpend @torabié:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan todavía \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-loan \ref 07507 \lxa ikxipilwe:weyak \lxac ikxipilwe:weyak \lxo ixipilwe:weyak \lxocpend ixipilwe:weyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \seao to have long toes \ssao con los dedos de pie largos \fla ikxipil weyak \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb weya \qry Check use in Ameyaltepec, i.e., can it be used as a predicate adjective/possessor raised construction. \ref 07508 \lxa tekoltia \lxac tekoltia \lxo tekoltia \lxocpend tekoltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \tran No transitive form documented \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seo to become red-hot (particularly metals such as iron) \sso calentarse hasta estar al rojo vivo (particularmente metales como el fierro) \fla tekole:wi \xrb tekol \ref 07509 \lxa meská:l \lxac meská:l \lxo me:skal \lxocpend @me:skal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan mezcal \psm N \der N-loan \seao mezcal \ssao mezcal \ref 07510 \lxa tsonaka \lxac tsonaka u:nkah \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \sea leaning; not upright; on or to the side \ssa chueco; no parado derecho; al lado o por el lado \pna Tsonaka u:nkah mome:sah. Xkwahli ikatok. \pea Your table is leaning over, it is not properly upright. \psa Tu mesa va hacia un lado, no está bien parada. \cfo tsonakatik \xrb tsonaka \nae It seems that the difference between Ameyaltepec <na>tsonaka</na> and Oapan <no>tsonakatik</no> is that the former is a predicate modifier while the latter modifies nominal terms. Thus whereas <na>tsonaka</na> probably does not occur without a predicate, <no>tsonakatik</no> can itself be a predicate. The use of Ameyaltepec <na>tsonaka</na> is apparent in the above expression <na>Tsonaka unkah mome:sah</na> in the presence of the verb <na>ka</na>, which here is not the simple copula (which would be expressed by zero in the present). Finally, note that in most other cases (e.g., <nlao>tsonakayaw</nlao> or <nlao>tsonakate:ka</nlao>) the verbal predicate is clear and the <nao>tsonaka</nao> element seems clearly to be an incorporated modifier. \qry Check with subject pronouns to make a final determination of word division: /tsonaka nunkah/ or /nitsonaka unkah/. I would imagine the former, but this should be checked. \mod NOTE that at one point there was no entry of this number and I took a new entry and gave it #2328. This is this entry. However, check on the Oapan recording to find out what this entry was, i.e., what followed \ref 07511 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tamale:wi \lxocpend @tamale:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \seo see <nlo>ta:tamale:wi</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>ta:tamale:wi</nlo> \xrb tamal \ref 07512 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sá:nkatlákalí \lxop sa:nkatlakali \lxocpend kisá:nkatlákalí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) zanja \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to construct irrigation ditches for (a crop) \sso poner zanjas para regar (un cultivo) \syna a:pantlakalilia \xrb tlahkali \qry Check the correctness of thsi form. During elicitation Florencia Marcelino mentioned this as cognate (equivalent) in meaning to Am <na>a:pantlakalilia</na>. This should be rechecked and elicited in a sound file. \ref 07513 \lxa tatapale:wi \lxac tatapale:wi \lxo ta:tapale:wi \lxocpend @ta:tapale:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \se to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin; \ss salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones \pna Tatapale:wi, mihkasiwi. \pea Red bumps have formed on skin, he has (a type of skin rash called) <nla>mihkasiwi</nla>. \psa Se le salen ronchas rojas por la piel, tiene (un tipo de sarpullido llamado) <nla>mihkasiwi</nla>. \xrb tapal \nse The condition referenced by <na>tatapale:wi</na> can be caused by a severe allergy, or by stings such as those of <nla>tsi:kameh</nla>, <nla>a:skameh</nla>, <nla>tetekomasolmeh</nla>, <nla>tokatl</nla> and other similar insects, or even by an injection. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa), the cognate Oapan form <no>ta:tapale:wi</no> is only used when one is bitten by a scorpion. The skin swells up slightly and gets moist as if one is sweating (the same type of sweat that one may get on ones nose). However, more common in Oapan to refer to such a type of swelling and redness is <no>ta:tamale:wi</no> and the transitive <no>ta:tamalowa</no>. \nde Classical Nahuatl does not have <n>tamaliui</n>, but Molina does show <n>tapaliui. ni.</n> 'tener ronchas.' \qry Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here has been changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Adjust recording indexing. \vl Check vowel length of Ameyaltepec form. For Oapan vowel length, cf. 1160 entry for /ta:tamale:wi/. Probably the vowel length in the Am form is also long. CHECK Correct all references in dictionary /nse field when final determination is made.. \grm Reduplication: Note the difference in rdp in Oapan and Am. In the discussion of this word C. Flores used a short vowel reduplication with the headword (tatapale:wi) but a long vowel reduplication in /chi:chi:chi:le:wi/. Check and discuss. \rt The root <na>tapal</na> seems clearly related to <na>tlapal</na>, which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red. \ref 07514 \lxa x= \lxac xkwahli ne:si \lxo x= \lxocpend xne:si \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Clit \der Clit-b \seao negative clitic \ssao clítico negativo \qry As negative, check syllabification. A good way to do this is with vowel initial intransitives. Thus check if there is a difference in pronunciation between /xa:tli/ (perhaps x a:tli) 'he doesn't drink water' and /xa:tli/ (imperative) 'drink water.' IF there is a difference and the first is syllabified, then all negatives should be rewritten as two words: x a:tli, etc., or at least with vowel initial stems. With consonant initial stems there seems to be no problem. \ref 07515 \lxa tsi:nposteki \lxac kitsi:nposteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 07516 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo í:yatómatl \lxoa yéye:katómatl \lxocpend @í:yatómatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes \seo see <nlo>yéye:katómatl</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>yéye:katómatl</nlo> \xrb ye:ka \xrb toma \ref 07517 \lxa tlane:xtilih \lxac tlane:xtilih \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea Good morning (from waking to midmorning, about 7:30 to 8:00 a.m.)! \ssa ¡Buenos días (desde la hora de despertar hasta como las 7:30 o 8:00 a.m. de la mañana)! \syno ne:xtilih \cfa tlapoya:wilih \xrb ne:si \nse The plural form is <na>tlane:xtilikeh</na>. \ref 07518 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry was removed as a duplicate of /kwa:teteson/ (Am) or /kwa:teson/ (Oa). \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07519 \lxa tlatokilia \lxac kitlatokilia \lxo tlatokilia \lxocpend kitlatokilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao see <nlao>tokilia</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>tokilia</nlao> \xrb toki \ref 07520 \lxa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi \lxac koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adj(ap)-V1-asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \seao to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest \ssao salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho \pna Koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. Xkaman kitsakwa itlake:n. \pea He goes around in public with his shirt open to the chest. He never buttons up his clothes. \psa Anda en público con su camisa desabrochada hasta el pecho. Nunca cierra su ropa. \pna Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa? \pea That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up? \psa ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose? \syno koto:nchikipe:lihtimi \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \xrb ki:sa \ref 07521 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:tla:wi:lo:ni \lxocpend @te:tla:wi:lo:ni \lxt tsohmakohtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo type of large tree as yet still unidentified \sso tipo deárbol grande todavía no identificada \syna tsomakohtli \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb tsohma \xrb kow \nct kohtli \mod Remove /tsomakuhtli/ from the Oapan entry here since this tree is not known by this name. \ref 07522 \lxa kwa:- \lxac ---- \lxo kwa:- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seao semantic element meaning 'head' that is found only in compounds; it can be compounded with nouns (e.g., <nla>kwa:xikipi:hli</nla>), with adjectives (e.g., <nlao>kwa:pestik</nlao>), or verbs (<nlao>kwa:temotla</nlao>). With nouns it is usually a term modifier, with adjectives it is a noun phrase head, and with verbs it is a predicate modifier or locative \ssao elemento semántico que significa 'head' que se encuentra solamente en palabras compuestas; puede encontrarse con sustantivos (p. ej., <nla>kwa:xikipi:hli</nla>), con adjectivos (p. ej., <nlao>kwa:pestik</nlao>), o verbos (<nlao>kwa:temotla</nlao>). Con sustantivos generalmente es un modificador del término, con adjectivos encabeza una frase nominal, y con verbos funciona para modificar el predicado \xrb kwa: \ref 07523 \lxa te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli \lxac te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli \lxocpend ---- \lxt te:ntoto:nka:wi:hle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of small tree (or bush) used as a remedy to cure pimples on the inside of the mouth \ssa tipo de arbolito (o arbusto) que sirve como remedio para curar granitos en la boca \pna Te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli | Ke:n tlako:tl, san machó:n. Deke tikyekapostekis, ika se: ichkatsi:ntli tiksentla:li:s ia:yo. Deke kamatso:tso:ti kone:tl noso se: ye we:i, kikamatechikin. \pea <na>Te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli</na> : It is like a rod, just <nla>machó:n</nla>. If you break its point, with a little piece of cotton you gather up its sap. If a child or an adult has sores in his mouth, they rub the inside of his mouth (with it). \psa <na>Te:ntoto:nka:wi:hli</na> : Es como una vara, solamente <nla>machó:n</nla>. Si le rompes la punta, con un poquito de algodón juntas su savia. Si un niño o un adulto tiene granos en la boca le frontan el interior de la boca (con ello). \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-med \syno kamatoto:nka:wí:lpatlí \xrb te:n \xrb to:n \nse The etymology of <na>te:ntoto:nka:wihli</na> is not entirely clear, though obviously it contains the roots <nr>te:n</nr> and <nr>to:n</nr>, from the lexicalized stem <nlao>toto:nki</nlao>. The long /a:/ of /ka:/ is the participial form for compounds and is probably not related to the verb <nla>ka:wa</nla>, though the termination <na>wihli</na> is not easily accounted for. \nct tlako:tl \cpl For a description of this remedy, see DT7:257ff. \qry Check length of /i/ in /-wihli/ ending. On one file note I had a long /i:/. Determine meaning of /machó:n/ and add to dictionary entries. \ref 07524 \lxa tlapupwa \lxac tlapupwa \lxo tlá:powá \lxop tlá:powa \lxocpend tlá:powá \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \pa yes \infv Irregular, see <nla>kukwa</nla> (Am) <nla>pupwa</nla> (Am) / <nlo>popowa</nlo> (Oa) \seao to clear a field (of brush, <nla>tlasohli</nla>, <nla>wistli</nla>, etc.) before plowing \ssao limpiar un campo (de arbustos, <nla>tlasohli</nla>, <nla>wistli</nla>, etc.) antes de arar \xrb po:wa \xbtla pupwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \ref 07525 \lxa a:to:po:lin \lxac a:to:po:lin \lxocpend ---- \lxt a:to:po:lin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sea type of tree that grows at the river's edge \ssa tipo deárbol que crece a la orilla del río \pna A:to:po:lin | Ite:nko a:te:ntli unkah. Xtlah para. \pea <na>A:to:po:lin</na> : It is found at the river's edge. It's not used for anything. \psa <na>A:to:po:lin</na> : Se encuentra por la ribera del río. No se usa para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \syno tesontsi:n \xrb a: \xrb to:po:l \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name for this tree as <spn>peloncillo</spn>, stating that it is of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:182) give a tree with the Spanish name <spn>atopol</spn> or <spn>atepule</spn> of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. The illustration matches that of Ramírez. They also give two other trees of this family: <i>Hintonia standleyana</i> and <i>Randia echinocarpa</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>rosal de agua</spn>. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Final root uncertain. Check vowel length, particularly first /o/. \ref 07526 \lxa metlatl de misto:n \lxac *metlatl de misto:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln (<na>tometl de misto:n</na>) \sea specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn (term used in Oapan) \ssa tipo especícifo de metate (término utilizado en Oapan) \sem tool \syno misto:metlatl \xrb metla \xrb mis \xrb -to:n \nse Although Ameyaltepec speakers recognize and state that this word is from Oapan, where it is occasionally still used, Ameyaltepequeños do understand and even occasionally use this term. \qry Determine what type of metate this refers to and its appearance. Also check for how the plural is formed, i.e., are both terms pluralized or only /metlameh/. \encyctmp metlatl \ilustmp Illustrate this and all other metates. \ref 07527 \lxa ikxia:pio:tsi:n \lxac ikxia:pio:tsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \pss P1; TM \com N-(N-N) \der N-tsi:n \sea to have skinny, bird-like legs \ssa tener las piernas delgadas como las de un pájaro \pna Tikwelita wa:n cho ikxia:pio:tsi:n. \pea You like her and she has skinny legs (like those of an <na>a:pio:tsi:n</na>). \psa Te gusta aunque tiene las piernas muy delgadas (como las de un <na>a:pio:tsi:n</na>). \xrb kxi \xrb a: \xrb pio \nae Although this compound form is derived from two nominal stems the second stem, <nla>a:pio:tsi:n</nla>, is used in a modifying function to indicate a characteristic of the possessor-raised noun. The modifying use of the nominal stem is typical in that a particular aspect of the referent, in this case skinny legs, is taken as the defining characteristic of a modified noun (much like 'lion' for 'brave' in 'John is a lion.'). \grm Adjectivals; attributive nouns: Re: /ikxia:pio:tsi:n/ Although this compound form is derived from two nominal stems the second stem, <nla>a:pio:tsi:n</nla>, is used in a modifying function to indicate a characteristic of the possessor-raised noun. The modifying use of the nominal stem is typical in that a particular aspect of the referent, in this case skinny legs, is taken as the defining characteristic of a modified noun (much like 'lion' for 'brave' in 'John is a lion.'). \ref 07528 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be /kikakalakachilia/ but it was a duplicated of 1491 and has been eliminated. However, note that when I did 1491 there was no Am token there. Thus the recording here should be numbered 1491. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 07529 \lxa kechomio \lxac i:kechomio \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \sea collar bone \ssa clavícula \syno kechkomiteyo \sem body \xrb kech \xrb omi \nse The <na>kechomio</na> apparently includes the collar bone around to the back or nape of the neck. \ref 07530 \lxa kwa:pa:patia \lxac kwa:pa:patia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4a \sea to get hair that gets into clumped strands \ssa quedarsele el cabello algo greñudo \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:pah \qry Check carefully this entry as it is derived from a nickname given to a German linguist who visited Oapan. Check correct spelling, pronunciation. This entry here is mostly to help remind me to ask by the term, or the related??? /kwa:papayoh/. CHECK. \ref 07531 \lxa papayoh \lxac papayoh \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea crazy; to have lost ones senses \ssa loquito; que ha perdido los estribos \equiva kwa:papayoh \cfo pápayótsí:n \xrb pahpa \nae The etymology of <na>kwa:papayoh</na> is not apparent, and it is classified as a denominal adjective even though the nominal base has not been determined. \qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. \ref 07532 \lxa tlateteketse:wi \lxac tlateteketse:wi \lxo tlateketse:wi \lxocpend tlateketse:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \seo to be many bean pods born on a single plant \sso haber muchas vainas de frijoles en cada planta \pno Mlá:h yo:miakiak yexo:tl, ta tlateketse:wi. \peo There are really a lot of green beans, they are shooting out from all over the plants. \pso De veras hay muchos ejotes, hasta están saliendo por todas partes. \xbtlao teketse:wi \ref 07533 \lxa kamotli de un kakamotsi:n \lxac kamotli de un kakamotsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of purplish sweet potato of the Convolvulaceae family, still not definitively identified \ssa tipo de camote morado de la familia Convolvulaceae, todavía no identificada definitivamente \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equiva kamotli de un momora:doh \equivo kámomorá:doh \xrb kamoh \nse As is often the case, complex names with the relativizer may be uttered without the intervening <na>on</na>, i.e., <na>kamotli de kakamotsi:n</na>. \nct kamotli \qry Check vowel length in /kakamotsi:n/, i.e. of first /a/. This is apparently the same as /kamotli de un momoradi:toh/, but this should be checked. For this and other similar cases, in certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur without /un/. \ref 07534 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:nakas komichin \lxocpend i:nakas komichin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \seo <l>Desmodium procumbens</l> (Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., weed of the Leguminoseae family that is food for donkeys \sso <l>Desmodium procumbens</l> (Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., maleza de la familia Leguminoseae que se come por los burros \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva meme:lioh \nse It is not clear at present, but it seems that this term might cover what in Latin nomenclature would be various species. \nct xiwtli \qry Check everything, length, final /h/, correctness of form, etc. \ref 07535 \lxa mia:watl \lxac mia:watl \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea spike and flower (of a corn plant) \ssa la espiga y flor (de una planta de maíz) \sea spike that emerges from the center (of certain grasses or <na>zacates</na>) \ssa la espiga (o retorño) que sale del centro de la planta (de ciertos zacates) \pna Sakatl no: kipia imia:wayo. \pea A zacate plant also has its spike (that emerges from the center of the plant). \psa El zacate también tiene su espiga (o retoño que sale del centro de la planta) \sem plant \sem part \syno mi:mia:watl \xrb mia:wa \nse Like other plant parts, <na>mia:watl</na> is always possessed with the marker <na>-yo</na>. Both <nao>mi:hli</nao> and <nao>sakatl</nao> have <na>i:mia:wayo</na>. \mod See illustration diagram with /mi:hli/. This is the"espiga"of the maize plant, its tassle; see diagram with /mi:hli/. \ref 07536 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ta \lxocpend @ta \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan hasta \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \seo see <nlo>a:sta</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>a:sta</nlo> \ref 07537 \lxa kwa:tsotsomi:n \lxac kwa:tsotsomi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea leafless (a tree or bush at its crown) \ssa sin hojas (unárbol o arbusto por su copa) \pna Yo:noka:w kwa:tsotsomi:n. \pea It wound up leafless. \psa Terminósin hojas. \syno kwa:té:mí:ntik \xrb kwa: \xrb tsomi:n \nae The etymology of the final elements of <na>kwa:tsotsomi:n</na> is uncertain, though it may well represent {tson + mi:n} after the degemination of an underlying {mm} after assimilation. The Oapan cognate <no>kwa:té:mí:ntik</no> also manifests reduplication (of <no>mi:n</no>) that is reduced on the preceding dummy morpheme <n>te-</n>. \qry Check the use and plural formation; also check possibility of /tsotsomi:n-/ occuring by itself. Finally, check for verbal inchoate form. \ref 07538 \lxa deporsí:h \lxaa deporsí:n \lxac deporsí:h \lxo deporsi:n \lxop deporsin \lxoa deportsi:n \lxoa deporsí:n \lxocpend deporsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan de por sí \psm Modal \der Modal-loan \seo certainly \sso de por sí \nae In Oapan this is sometimes pronounced with word-final stress and sometimes without. It has been entered without an accent for the practical and standardized orthography. \pqry Note that accoustic measurements show that the final vowel of this word is long in Oapan. Check Am which also seems to be the same, except for the final /h/. \ref 07539 \lxa ma:tlakechia \lxac noma:tlakechia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl. with <n>-pan</n>) to rest ones hand on and lean on \ssa (refl. con <n>-pan</n>) recargarse sobre, cargándose por la mano \pna Nopan xmoma:tlakechi! \pea Support yourself on me with your arm! \psa ¡Recárgate sobre me con tu brazo! \pna Noma:tlakechia ipan me:sah. \pea He is leaning on his hand placed on the table. \psa Estárecargado sobre la mano en la mesa. \syno ma:tlaki:tsia \xrb ma: \xrb kechi \xvaa ma:tlakechilia \nae The fact that <na>ma:tlakechia</na> and <na>ma:tlakechilia</na> have at this time both been glossed as meaning (with the reflexive and <n>-pan</n>) 'to rest ones hand on and lean on' suggests that they might be alternative applicative forms, one with <n>-ia</n> replacing final /a/ and the other with <n>-lia</n> following /a/, leading to vowel raising and palatalization. The identity of meaning would be acccounted for by this allomorphemic variation. However, the form ? <nla>ma:tlakechilia</nla> might be in error. \qry Etymology uncertain. Check length of final /a/ and determine full inflectional paradigm. The difference between the monotransitive and the applicative should be checked, i.e. between /ipan noma:tlakechia/ and /ipan noma:tlakechilia/, given that from my examples the difference is not entirely clear. Also, although the field /fl has /tlakechia/ I still have no entry for this word. This should be checked and added if it occurs. \ref 07540 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl \lxocpend xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:xa:yakachí:hke:tl</no> \pa yes-rdp \seo mask-maker \sso masquero \syna xaxa:yakate:roh \xrb xa:yaka \xrb chi:wa \qry Check to make sure that reduced reduplication occurs. I have only surmised this, without having specific evidence. \ref 07541 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:hlo:tik \lxocpend @tla:hlo:tik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \seo covered with a layer of loose earth \sso cubierto o tapado tener una capa de tierra suelta \syna tla:litik \qry Recheck that this form is correct. FM gave it as cognate to Am /tla:litik/. But this and the definition should be rechecked. I did not have it in my dictionary at the end of Summer 2000. \xrb tla:l \ref 07542 \lxa kostik tlayo:hli \lxac kostik tlayo:hli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea yellow maize \ssa maíz amarillo \syno tlayo:lkostik \xrb kos \xrb o:ya \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse This refers to maize of a specific color. For a full list, see <nla>tlayo:hli</nla>. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 07544 \lxa a:manahli \lxac *a:manahli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \sea standing water \ssa agua estancada \pna Xkoni tewa un a:manahli! \pea You be the one to drink that sitting water! \psa ¡Tómate tuésa agua estancada! \syno a:mantli \xrb a: \xrb man \ref 07544 \lxa tetekolo:tsi:n \lxac tetekolo:tsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \seao <l>Randia thurberi</l> S. Watson, small tree of the Rubiaceae family \ssao <l>Randia thurberi</l> S. Watson, arbusto de la familia Rubiaceae \pna Tetekolo:tsi:n | Ko:koneh wel kikwan itla:kihlo. \pea <na>Tetekolo:tsi:n</na> : Children can eat its fruit. \psa <na>Tetekolo:tsi:n</na> : Los niños pueden comerse su fruta. \pna Tetekolo:tsi:n | Kipia itla:kihlo boboli:tah. San tekoch wel kikwa. Kikoyo:nia. Deke yo:kikoyo:nih wan yo:wa:k, yo:xiniko ipan tla:hli noso xe wa:lxi:ni, wel tikpipi:tsas. \pea <na>Tetekolo:tsi:n</na> : Its fruit is round. Only the woodpecker can eat it. It hollows it out. And once it has hollowed it out and it has dried, it falls down to the ground or (even if) it hasn't yet fallen, you can blow into it. \psa <na>Tetekolo:tsi:n</na> : Su fruta es como bolita. Solamente el pájaro carpintero lo puede comer. Lo agujerea. Y si ya lo agugereó y ya se secó, ya se cae al suelo o (aun si) todavía no se caye, puedes soplarle. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo osto:tsi:n xokotl \xrb tekolo: \cpl According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for <nla>china:ntli</nla>, apparently of the type known as <nla>tlawi:kpantli</nla>. One consultant also mentioned that <na>ko:koneh wel kikwan itla:kihlo</na> 'children can eat its fruit.' Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish for this tree as <spn>tetecolochi chico</spn>, and states that it is of the family <i>Fouqueriaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Fouquieria</i> sp."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:175) have one tree of the <i>Fouquieriaceae</i> family: <i>Fouquieria ochoterenae</i>, known in Spanish as <spn>rabo de iguana</spn>. Schoenhals (1991) gives several of this genus under palo santo:"1. (<i>Fouquieria formosa, F. splendens, F. fasciculata</i>) 'candlewood,' 'ocotillo.' Red-flowering desert shrub with long, unbranched stems. Wood is used for fences. The seeds are used as a poultice for aching gums. Also called colorín cimarrón, ocotillo, palo de Adán, rosalillo, tecotillo, torote."Neither the description of Schoenhals nor that of Guizar a nd Sánchez are similar to that of the <na>tetekolo:tsi:n</na> in Ramírez. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check etymology: reduplication or /te-/ intensifier; the former is more likely. Check whether children can eat its fruit, since in another phrase it is mentioned that /san tekoch wel kikwa/. Also check translation of second illustrative page. \ref 07545 \lxa buh \lxac pu:n wa:hlaw buh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan buey \psm Baby \der N-loan \sea ox, he-goat, or sheep (male animals with horns) \ssa buey, carnero o chivo (animales con cuernos) \pna O:yah buh. \pea The ox went away. \psa Se fue el buey. \sem baby \syno po:n \nse <na>Buh</na> us used by very young children before they can talk well, and used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. \qry Check entire range of animals covered by this term. \ref 07546 \lxa a:to:ltepalkatl \lxacpend a:to:ltepalkatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea ceramic bowl used for drinking atole \ssa plato hondo de cerámica empleado para beber atole \xrb a:to:l \xrb tepalka \qry Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Make sure /okwihlowa/ and /okwilxi:ni/ are synonyms. If not, change definition and xrefs. \ref 07547 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwikwilxi:ni \lxocpend @kwikwilxi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seo for worms to fall off of (e.g., an injured and wound-infested animal [S]) \sso caersele gusanos a (p. ej., un animal [S] con una herida infestada) \cfa okwilxi:ni \cfo kwikwihlowa \xrb okwil \xrb xi: \dis kwikwihlowa; kwikwilxi:ni \qry Determine the difference between /okwilxi:ni/ and /okwihlowa/. My documentation at this point only has a stative form /okwilxi:ntok/. Check to make sure that /okwilxi:ni/ exists as an intransitive verb; check also to see if a transitive form exists ?okwilxi:nia. \ref 07548 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatska:te:ne:wa \lxocpend @kitlatska:te:ne:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to accuse of being lazy; to make out to be lazy \sso acusar de ser flojo \syna tlatska:kwepa \xrb tlats \xrb te:n \xrb e:w \ref 07549 \lxa abi:yah \lxaa gabi:yah \lxac abi:yah \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan avío \psm N \der N-loan \sea a bundle of dried corn leaves stripped off the stalk during the <spn>zacateo</spn> (<nla>iswate:kilistli</nla>) and that is later tied together with palm to be stored for fodder. \ssa manojo de hojas secas de maíz que se quitan durante el zacateo y que se guardan para forraje \syno iswaabi:yah \nse After being stripped from the stem, the bundle of leaves are placed between two bare stems, later to be tied into a <spn>manojo</spn>, or bundle. Usually one <na>abi:yah</na> is tied into a single bundle, although occasionally a bundle is made of what were originally two <na>abi:yas</na>. \nss Después de quitarse del tallo del maíz, las hojas se ponen entre dos tallos desnudos, para después ser atado en un manojo. por lo común una <na>abi:yah</na> se ata en un solo manojo, aunque ocasionalmente dos <na>abi:yas</na> se juntan en un manojo. \mod Illustrate \ref 07550 \lxa pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \lxac pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea generic term for the small bugs that develop in stored maize \ssa nombre genérico para los pequeños insectos que salen del maíz almacenado \pna Pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli, kwa:k tiktlapowa nokweskon, ki:san. \pea The insects known as <na>pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli</na>, when you open your granary, they come out. \psa Los insectos conocidos como <na>pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli</na>, cuando abres tu troje, salen. \sem animal \sem insect \syno tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl \xrb pa:lo: \xrb o:ya \ref 07551 \lxa umpakah \lxaa ompakah \lxac umpakah \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>kah</nlao> \sea to be right there \ssa estar allímismo \pna Umpakah moba:kah, o:mi:xiw. \pea Your cow is right over there (e.g., where you last saw or left it), it gave birth. \psa Tu vaca está allímismo (p. ej., donde lo viste o dejaste porúltima vez), parió. \syno po:nkah \xrb on \xrb ka \xrl -pa \encyctmp adverbs \ref 07552 \lxa o:lo:tetl \lxac o:lo:tetl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea instrument used to shell maize consisting of upright corncobs bound together in a tight circle with a metal band (<na>cincho</na>) or rope \ssa instrumento para desgranar maíz que consiste en un círculo de olotes puestos verticales que amarrados apretadamente con un cincho de metal o una soga \sem tool \syno teo:lo:tl \xrb o:lo: \xrb te \ilustmp See illustration on original filecard. \grm There is a fascinating discussion relevant to reduplication here by C. Flores. \ref 07553 \lxa tla:ltechiwi \lxac tla:ltechiwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become close to the ground (e.g., sth heavy that is hanging and slowly stretches, getting closer to the ground, a car that is overloaded, etc.) \ssa acercarse a la tierra o suelo (p. ej., algo pesado que está colgado y poco a poco se estira, acercándose a la tierra, un coche con un sobrecargo de gente, etc.) \equiva tla:ltextia \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \grm Verbalization /-iwi/: the verbal ending /-iwi/ is not productive (at least not as far as I can determine). However, there are many words that are clearly nominal roots that end in /iwi/. This is not the case with /-ni/, /-ka/, and other verbs. Thus note /tli:liwi/, /chi:maliwi/, etc. Cf. this to the more productive /-ya/ as in /wekapania/, etc. \ref 07554 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo noxi:kwa:ntlatki \lxocpend @noxi:kwa:ntlatki \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo see <nlo>noxi:kwan-</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>noxi:kwan-</nlo> \xrb xi:kwa: \ref 07555 \lxanotes zz \mod This has been removed as a duplicated entry of /tekomo:nia/ \dt 17/Jun/2003 \ref 07556 \lxa o:tlatl \lxac o:tlatl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se <spn>otate</spn>, a type of reed-like plant not yet collected nor definitively identified \ss otate, tipo de planta como carrizo, todavía no identificado plenamente \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo wítlátl \xrb ohtla \nae San Juan Tetelcingo has <nt>ohtlatl</nt>, hence the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. \xrb ohtla \pqry Recheck the length of the initial /o/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states under otate:"1. (<na>Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Arundinaria longifolia, Bambusa</na> spp., e.g., <na>B. arundinacea</na>) 'wild cane' Any of the small bamboos with solid stalks which are used for beds. In some areas, <na>otate</na> is applied to the types of cane or bamboo with solid stalks and <na>carrizo</na> to those that are hollow. Also called caña brava, cuilote. 2. (Genera <na>Lasiacis, Panicum, Bromus</na>) See carricillo." \ref 07557 \lxa i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n \lxac i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea pupil of the eyes \ssa pupila del ojo \sem body \syno i:xtetla:katsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tla:ka \nse In my notes for Ameyaltepec I have noted that this refers to the pupil, the black center of the eye. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) mentioned that Oapan <nlo>i:xtetla:katsi:n</nlo> refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. However, Roberto Mauricio stated that this term refers only to the pupil. \qry I have noted that the reduplicated vowel is definitely long, although in one entry I had originally recorded it short. Nevertheless, note that in Oapan the /te/ is short and there is no reduplication. Recheck Ameyaltepec. I originally had this as pupil, but FM stated that it refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. \vl Check when recorded \ref 07558 \lxa tekanaktik \lxac *tekanaktik \lxo tekanahtik \lxocpend tekanahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \sea very thin (e.g., a cloth, flat things whose"thickness"can be measured or judged) \ssa muy delgado (p. ej., una tela, cosas planas que tienen grosor) \pna Xnikwi:kas, ti:roh tekanaktik. \pea I'm not going to take it (i.e., buy it), it's really very thin. \psa No me lo voy a llevar (esto es, comprarlo), es muy delgado. \syno chi:kanahtik \cfo chi:kanahtik \xrb te- \xrb kana: \ref 07559 \lxa momolo:naltia \lxac kimomolo:naltia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to fluff up (e.g., cotton, hitting it with a light stick to make it spongy or fluffy) \ssa esponjar (p. ej., algodón, batiendo y golpeándolo para que se haga más esponjoso; vé ase <nlo>mómolo:nia</nlo>) \pna Kimomolo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakokwi. \pea She beats and stirs up the cotton so that it puffs up. \psa Bate y agita el algodón para que se esponje. \equivo mómoló:nia \xrb molo: \qry Originally I had /kimo:molo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakukwi/. However, based on the evidence from Oapan and elsewhere I have temporarily assumed that the vowel here is short. This should be checked carefully in elicitation. \ref 07560 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlantra:nkah \lxocpend @tlantra:nkah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) tranca \psm Adj(ap) \psm Adj-loan \der N-loan \seo person missing his front teeth, particularly his upper front teeth \sso persona a quien le hace falta sus dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba \apo tlantrá:nkatík \syna tlankole:toh \syna tlankoyak \xrb tlan \ref 07561 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlantrá:nkatík \lxocpend @tlantrá:nkatík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) tranca \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \psm Adj-denomin-tik \der N-loan \pa yes \seo person missing his front teeth, particularly his upper front teeth \sso persona a quien le hace falta sus dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba \colo tlantra:nka \xrb tlan \ref 07562 \lxa xye:ktli \lxac xye:ktli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com Neg-N \der N-b \sea Devil (Oapan synonym: <nlo>xkwahli</nlo>) \ssa diablo (sinónimo en Oapan: <nlo>xkwahli</nlo>) \src DT #8: 127 \pna I:kone:w xye:ktli. \pea He is the child of the Devil. \psa Es el hijo del Diablo. \xrb ye:k \ref 07563 \lxa uweliwi \lxac uweliwi \lxo té:welíwi \lxop té:weliwi \lxocpend té:welíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to come or fall apart; to break (e.g., a machine or similar object) \ss estropearse; descomponerse (p. ej., una máquina) \xrb wel \nse <na>Uweliwi</na> (Am) / <no>té:welíwi</no> (Oa) is used only with material objects, particularly ones that function or are in some way put together. \nae Ameyaltepec reduplication of initial /w/ followed by a vowel is simply /u/, hence {weh + welowa} is realized as <na>uwelowa</na>. In Oapan the form of this verb in the transitive and intransitive has the"dummy morpheme" <n>te-</n> which acquires the pitch accent and length of the reduplicant. \ref 07564 \lxa kabai:tos \lxac kabai:tos \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan caballito \psm N \der N-loan \sea merry-go-round \ssa tiovivo; \pna Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s. \pea The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it. \psa Estádando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir. \qry Check whether Oapan form exists. \ref 07565 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlipili:naltilia \lxocpend kitlipili:naltilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seo to slightly cook for (usually things such as meat that are place on a <nla>koma:hli</nla>, though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun) \sso cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego para (algn, p. ej., carne con el fin de evitar que se eche a perder con el calor) \sem cook \syna tlimiktilia \xrb tli \xrb pili: \xvbo tlipili:ni \ref 07566 \lxa tlimiki \lxac tlimiki \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(k) \sea to become slightly cooked (usually things such as meat that are place on a <na>koma:hli</na> or cooked in a pan; e.g., birds are made to <no>tlipili:ni</no> on the clay griddle so that they don't go bad overnight, meat is partially cooked in a pan or pot, maybe 15 minutes or so when it is late at night so that it doesn't spoil) \ssa cocerse ligeramente (algo como un pájaro sobre el comal ligeramente, o carne en agua hervida en un sarten o olla; no se cocina bien, se hace para evitar que se eche a perder con el calor, p. ej., carne) \sem cook \syno tlipili:ni \xrb tli \xrb mik \xvca tlimiktia \qry Note that /tlimiki/ was not in my original database, but the causative and applicative of the causative were, as were the cognate Oa forms /tlipili:ni/, /tlipili:naltia/ and /tlipili:naltilia. The existence of /tlimiki/ needs, therefore, to be checked. \ref 07567 \lxa sesé:k \lxac sesé:k \lxo sese:k \lxocpend @sese:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se cold \ss frío \xrb se \sj Check for presence of /h/ \ref 07568 \lxa to:toloktsi:n \lxac to:toloktsi:n \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt to:toloktsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea wild fruit resembling grapes in appearance \ssa fruta silvestre parecida a uvas \sea vine (by extension) on which the former fruit grows \ssa bejucco (por extensión) que produce la susodicha fruta \pna To:toloktsi:n | Tla:ki, itla:kihlo miák ki:sa, miák itla:kihlo. Seki wel kikwa deke yo:iksik pero me:dioh mitskamaxoxopo:nalti:s, mitskamatso:tso:tili:s. \pea <na>To:toloktsi:n</na> : It bears fruit, much fruit is born, it has a lot of fruit. Some people can eat it if it's ripe, but it will cause some pimples in your mouth, it will cause some sores in your mouth. \psa <na>To:toloktsi:n</na> : Tiene fruta, mucha fruta sale, tiene mucha fruta. Alguno lo pueden comer si ya se puso a sazón, pero te hace salir algunos granitos en la boca, te da algo deúlceras en la boca. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb tol \nae The etymology of this word is problematical. Both Ameylatepec and San Juan Tetelcingo have what appears to be a short stem vowel preceded by long vowel reduplication. Whereas the variation between /owa/ and /iwa/ in the various Oapan Nahuatl forms is not entirely unexpected, more problematical is the distinction between the stem-initial vowel in Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo forms on the one hand, and the Oapan forms on the other. Although it would seem that there is a common etymology among the dialect variations, it is not clear what this might be. For now all variants of this plants name have been considered to have as a root <nr>tol</nr>, with a short vowel. More comparative evidence is needed from other dialects. Cf. <nla>to:tolopochiwi</nla>. \nct komekatl \sj Get this word not only from SJ, but from various other surrounding villages. \vl The vowel lenght of the Oapan form needs to be checked. It is unclear why the first syllable here is long but in the cognate forms from other dialects the stem-initial syllable is apparently short. These should be rechecked. However, note that Oapan Nahuatl frequently deleted intervocalic stops between two identical vowel. Make sure to include two different pronunciations of the Oapan speakers on linked file. The clearest pronunciation of a long vowel in this word is that of Hoyo de la Rosa on MD 0013_07_000_99 at 19 secs. \ref 07569 \lxa tlanxixi:nia \lxac kitlanxixi:nia \lxo tlá:nxí:nia \lxocpend kitlá:nxí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-2a \se to cause (sbs) teeth to fall out \ss hacer caer los dientes a (algn) \fla tlanxixi:ni \xrb tlan \xrb xi: \qry I have added this entry. In revising the dictionary I noted that the entry to /tlanxi:nia/ had a xref to /tlanxixi:nia/, but this latter was not in the dictionary. I have created it on the basis of what I was probably told by Florencia Marcelino, that only the reduplicated form exists. This is definitely the case with the intransitive. But the transitive needs to be confirmed. \nse According to one consultant the nonreduplicated form * <n>tlanxi:ni</n> does not exist. Although no explanation was given, a speaker's reluctance to accept the nonreduplicated, singular form might be related to the semantics of <n>xi:ni</n>, which seems to indicate the action of multiple objects (of a mass or uncountable noun) falling out of something onto the ground (e.g., corn from a sack, money from a bag, etc.). If this is the meaning of the basic verb, then the fact that * <n>tlanxi:ni</n> is unacceptable or rare is undertandable; the verb <nla>tlanwetsi</nla> is used to indicate the falling out of one tooth. Nevertheless, perhaps other speakers would accept the unreduplicated form. This is suggested by the fact that one documented use of the verb <na>xi:ni</na> with the subject <na>tlantli</na> is the following, <na>O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni itlanwa:n</na>, in which singular <na>xi:ni</na> is used with a plural noun, <na>itlanwa:n</na>. \vl If this is the wrong number, cf. /tlanxixi:ni/ \ref 07570 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo papatla:ntsi:n \lxocpend @papatla:ntsi:n \lxt kwitlakohtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo tree identified as <l>Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius</l> Domin of the Hernandiaceae family \sso árbol identificado como <l>Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius</l> Domin de la familia Hernandiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kwitlakohtli \xrb patla: \nct kohtli \ref 07571 \lxa i:xtlamumuwi \lxac i:xtlamumuwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V1] \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be afraid of heights \ssa tener miedo a la altura \pna Newa xok ma:s nitleko:s. Ni:xtlamomowi. \pea I won't go up any higher (e.g., on a tree). I am fearful of heights. \psa Ya no subo más (p. ej., en unárbol). Me da miedo la altura. \syno í:xmomówi \xrb i:x \xrb mawi \qry Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ and Oa /í:xmumúwi/ are the same in semantics, etc. \grm See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/. \rt Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/. \ref 07572 \lxa ka:ka:waltsi:n \lxac ka:ka:waltsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea name of a group of flowers, apparently with two members \ssa nombre de un grupo de plantas herbáceas incluye dos miembros \sea type of plant known for its flowers within the group of the same name \ssa tipo de planta conocida por su flor dentro de un grupo del mismo nombre \sem plant \sem fl \equivo sása:migé:ltsi:n \cfa ne:nepantsi:n \xrb ka:wa \cpl This flower grows wild, <na>san ixwa</na>. It is not planted. Apparently the name is related to the lexeme <na>ka:wahli</na> 'widow(er)' and may refer to the fact that this plant grows solitarily, or that it only has a single brightly colored flower. \ncx ka:ka:waltsi:n; ne:nepantsi:n \nct xiwtli; xo:chitl; ka:ka:waltsi:n \vl Check vowel length of first /a:/ in that in one entry I had it long and the other short. \ref 07573 \lxa kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \lxac kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of herbaceous plant with a large yellow flower that blooms in the summer; member of the Asteraceae family plants \ssa tipo de planta herbácea con una flor grande y amarilla, miembro de la familia Asteraceae \sem plant \sem fl \equiva kostik xo:chitl wekapania \equivo ka:ka:walxihtli \sem plant \sem fl \xrb kos \xrb xo:chi \xrb we:i \ref 07574 \lxa tlayekwanilia \lxac kitlayekwanilia \lxo tláyekwánilia \lxop tlayekwanilia \lxocpend kitláyekwánilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to move animals that have been tethered and let out to pasture from one grazing place to another for (sb) \ssao cambiar animales dejado a apacentar de un lugar a otro para (algn) \pna Xne:xtlayekwanili! Okse: la:doh xkinsa:lo noyo:lka:wa:n! \pea Move them for me! Tie up my animals in another place. \psa ¡Cámbialos de lugar para mí!¡Amarra mis animales en otro lado. \xrb hkwani \xvba tlayekwania \xvbo tláyekwánía \xbtla ekwania \xbtlo ékwaniá \ref 07575 \lxa to:nalowa \lxac to:nalowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-owa \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \sea to spend the whole day (doing sth) \ssa pasar todo el día (haciendo algo) \pna O:nito:nalo:to icha:n. \pea I went and spent the whole day at his house. \psa Fui y pasaste todo el día en su casa. \pna Ke:no:n o:tito:naloh a:man? \pea How did you spend the (whole) day today? \psa ¿Cómo pasaste todo el día how? \syno se:to:nalowa \xrb to:na \qry Check for transitive form \ref 07576 \lxa towe:weh \lxac towe:weh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \sea see <nlao>we:weh</nlao> \ssa vé ase <nlao>we:weh</nlao> \syno ma:noh \xrb we:weh \ref 07577 \lxa we:weh \lxac we:weh \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term used in various forms to refer to adult men: <na>we:weh</na> and <na>towe:weh</na> \ssa término utilizado en varias formas para referirse a hombres adultos: <na>we:weh</na> and <na>towe:weh</na> \sea (<na>we:weh</na> + [personal name]) don [personal name of an elder man] \ssa (<na>we:weh</na> + [nombre personal]) don [nombre personal de un hombre mayor de edad] \pna Ye wa:hlatok we:weh Bena:n. \pea <na>We:weh</na> Benan is already coming. \psa <na>We:weh</na> Benan ya viene. \sea (<na>we:weh</na>) vocative for adult men of relatively advanced age \ssa (<na>we:weh</na>) vocativo para hombres adultos de una edad relativamente avanzada \pna Ka:n tiaw we:weh? \pea Where are you going sir? \psa ¿Dónde vas don? \sea (<na>towe:weh</na>) elder man of the village \ssa (<na>towe:weh</na>) hombre mayor de edad del pueblo \pna Se: towe:weh ya:s. \pea An elder man of our village will go. \psa Un hombre mayor de edad de nuestro pueblo irá. \xrb we:weh \nse <na>We:weh</na> is a common term of greeting in Ameyaltepec (much like <nlo>ma:noh</nlo> is in Oapan). It is also commonly used in the first person plural possessed form to refer to an elder man from the home village. As a term placed immediately before a last name (as in <na>We:weh Bena:n</na>) it is not common and is given to only a few men (not necessarily the most respected of the community). \ref 07578 \lxa tenexkokoya:ya \lxac tenexkokoya:ya \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-S-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \tran -Trans \sea to get too much lime (particularly the water used to make <nla>nextamahli</nla>) \ssa pasarse de cal (particularmente el agua que se usa para hacer nixtamal) \syno tenextésokwiyá:ya \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb koko \xrb hya \ref 07579 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tenextésokwiyá:ya \lxop tenextesokwiya:ya \lxocpend tenextésokwiyá:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-S-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo to get too much lime (particularly the water used to make <nla>nextamahli</nla>) \sso pasarse de cal (particularmente el agua que se usa para hacer nixtamal) \syno tenexkokoya:ya \cfo a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \xrb te \xrb nex \xrb te- \xrb sohkwi \xrb hya \ref 07580 \lxa tlanpapatil \lxac tlanpapatil \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to have crooked teeth \ssa tener los dientes chuecos \apa tlampapatiltik \xrb tlan \xrb patil \nse Given the semantics of this compound, that more than one tooth is crooked, it has only been documented with a reduplicated root. \nae The documented Ameyaltepec form is perhaps an apocopated adjectival (? <na>tlampapatiltik</na>) whereas the Oapan form is fully nominal. Nevertheless, they are considered as one entry pending further analysis (i.e., perhaps Ameyaltepec has both a nominal, or adjectival, and apocopated forms. \qry Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases. \ref 07581 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:skalxo:chitl \lxocpend a:skalxo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seo type of flower \sso tipo de flor \sem plant \sem fl \equiva chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl \xrb a:ska \xrb xo:chi \nse At one point Florencia Marcelino thought that Oapan <no>a:skalxo:chitl</no> was the same as Ameyaltepec <na>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</na>, she was not sure. Fieldwork will be necessary to sustain or negate this identification. \nfc xo:chitl \nct xiwtli \qry Check also the possibility that there is an Am word by this name. \ref 07582 \lxa a:wa:xin \lxac a:wa:xin \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \sea <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit \ssa <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l> (Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles \sea fruit of the tree of this name \ssa fruta delárbol de este nombre \pna A:wa:xin | Nokwa, tla:ki ipan septie:mbreh, xtlah para. \src Luis Lucena (personal communication) \pea It (the fruit of the <na>a:waxkuhtli</na>) is edible, the tree bears fruit in September, it (i.e., its wood) is not good for anything. \psa Es (la fruta del <na>a:waxkuhtli</na>) se come, elárbol rinde su fruta en septiembre, no es bueno (esto es, su madera) para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva a:wa:xkohtli \equivo kalwa:xin \equivo kalwa:xkohtli \xrb a: \xrb wa:x \nse The <na>a:wa:xin</na> fruit is eaten in September. In Ameyaltepec there are few of these trees, which are so named because they grow near the water or river. In Oapan, given that people live along the river banks and this tree grows in housesites, it is called <na>kalwa:xin</na>. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \ref 07583 \lxa koko:l \lxac koko:l \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N0/2; Aln(1=2) \sea see <nla>koko:hli</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>koko:hli</nla> \xrb ko:l \ref 07584 \lxa tsi:nteki \lxac kitsi:nteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 07585 \lxa a:yoh \lxac a:yoh \lxo a:yoh \lxocpend a:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Intrans \se juicy (a fruit, etc.) \ss jugoso (una fruta, etc.) \seo (with a human subject) to have the characteristic of bringing rain as one appears in a village \sso (con un sujeto humano) tener el poder o el caracter de traer lluvia consigo \xrb a: \qry I have added this entry. It should be rechecked. Check for /a:yowa/. \ref 07586 \lxa itipoti:xa \lxac itipoti:xa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan botija (?) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal) \ss ser panzón; tener con una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal) \pna Cho titipoti:xatsi:n \pea You have a pretty swollen (pot) belly. \psa Eres algo de un barrigón. \se to have a large bulbous middles (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs) \ss tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma) \syno ítipó:xatík \xrb hti \nse Can refer to a person or animal, a pregnant woman, or vases and other such items with a big round center, although in regard to people it usually refers to someone with a big belly, usually because of illnes, particularly malnutrition. However, it may be extented to include other causes, e.g. pregnancy. This is used to refer to a person who is not necessarily fat, but who has a big belly. That is, he may have thin arms, legs, neck, etc. but the belly is inflated. Often this is used to refer to children who because of malnutrition have swollen bellies, or to people (e.g. beer drinkers) who have pot-bellies. \qry The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check. \ref 07587 \lxa itipoti:xatia \lxac itipoti:xatia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) botija (?) \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <na>ititepoti:xatia</na> \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, pregnancy, illness, etc.) \ssao quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, un embarazo, enfermedad, etc.) \pna O:itipoti:xatiak. Saniman o:pi:tso:t. \pea He (in this case a child, although also applicable to an animal) got a swollen belly. He was affected (became sickly) by the birth of a younger sibling. \psa Aél (en este caso un niño, aunque también puede referirse a un animal) se le hinchóla barriga. Se enfermópor el nacimiento de un hermano menor (esto es, tuvo chípil). \pna Yo:itipoti:xatiak, o:stli. \pea Her belly has swollen up, she's pregnant. \psa Se le hinchóla barriga, está embarazada. \syno ítipó:xatiá \xrb hti \qry Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference. \pqry Recheck vowel length for Am form here. \ref 07588 \lxa a:nahlo \lxac i:a:nahlo \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se sth adjoining, adjacent or contiguous to, or joined with (sth else [Poss], e.g., to a plot of land, etc.) \ss algo junto o aundado a (otra cosa [Pos], p. ej., en referencia a una parcela de tierra, etc.) \pna I:a:nahlo itla:l Beltran. \pea It is a parcel of land contiguous to Beltran's land. \psa Es un pedazo de tierra que está junto a la tierra de Beltran. \cfo a:nka \cfao a:ntok \xrb a:na \nse This word is apparently only used in reference to land, and refers to to a small parcel of land that is somewhat separte from the main portion of cleared land but that neverthless is part of the same possession. This work is slightly distinct from <na>iwa:n a:ntok</na>, which seems to refer not only to two pieces of land that are adjoining but to a piece of land that is physically somewhat separate but part of the same parcel as another piece of land. \qry Determine difference between /ia:nahlo/ and /iwa:n a:ntok/. \ref 07589 \lxa mi:naltilia \lxac kimi:naltilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \se to prop up with a stick or pole (e.g., a house or wall that is falling down, or a fruit-laden branch of a tree, etc.) \ss apuntallar con un palo u horcón (p. ej., una casa o pared que está a punto de caerse, o una rama de unárbol cargada de fruta) \pna Wa:lwestok un tira:nteh. Xmi:naltili! \pea That tirante is falling over. Prop it up with a pole (usually of wood). \psa Este tirante está por caerse.¡Apuntállalo con un horcón! \pna Ye wa:lwestok mokal. Xmi:naltili se: komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis. \pea Your house is falling down. Prop it up with a forked stick so that it doesn't fall over! \psa Se está cayendo tu casa.¡Apuntállalo con un horcón para que no se caiga! \se to plow over (e.g., a weed in order to destroy it) \ss pasar el arado sobre (p. ej., una hierba para destruirla) \pna Xmi:naltili un xiwtli, ke:n tila:wtok. \pea Run over that weed with a plow! How the weeds have gotten thick and overgrown. \psa ¡Pasa el arado sobre esa hierba!¡Quétanta hierba hay! \se to stick a long pointed object into \ss meter un objeto largo y puntiagudo en \syno mi:nilia \xrb mi:na \nae Ameyaltepec <na>mi:naltilia</na> is unexpected in that the change in valency from <na>mi:na</na> to <na>mi:naltilia</na> is only one argument, but the morphology (a causative and applicative) suggests that two arguments would be added. This should be explored as the Oapan equivalent, <nlo>mi:nilia</nlo> is simply an applicative of the transitive base verb <nlo>mi:ni</nlo>. \qry For the second phrase in regard to the weed, check the precise meaning of /mi:naltilia/. Check also for simple causative /mi:naltia/. \mod See drawing on original filecard. \nse Note that although <na>mi:na</na> is a transitive verb, here the double derivation of causative plus applicative is used. Apparently the applicative is formed on a transitive <na>mi:naltia</na>, which is not in my corpus. Moreover, if it were, it would seemingly be ditransitive, and thus the applicative would have an additional argument. However, it appears that the verb <na>mi:naltilia</na> is ditransitive, thus the causativization and addition of an applicative marker on a basic transitive does not seem to add the number of arguments that one would expect. \ref 07590 \lxa tlamia:wahli \lxac tlamia:wahli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se type of tree still not identified nor collected; in Spanish it is called both <spn>tlamiawal</spn> or <spn>palo morado</spn> \ss tipo deárbol todavía no identificado no colectado; en español se llama tanto 'tlamiawal' como 'palo morado' \pna Tlamia:wahli | Chika:wak. Bwe:noh para timó:n, para a:chakuwtli, ikuwyo pi:koh. \pea <na>Tlamia:wahli</na> : It is hard. It is good for the <spn>timón</spn> of a plow, for axe handles, for the handle on picks. \psa <na>Tlamia:wahli</na> : Es duro. Es bueno para el timón de los arados, para la manga de hachas, por las mangas de picos. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equivo tlaye:wahli \cfo tlapeya:wahli \xrb tlamia:wal \cpl The wood of this tree is also good for the main beams of houses (<na>mori:yoh</na>). It is extremely hard. The tree flowers in January and February with small, purplish flowers. The Spanish name was given by Tomás Muñoz García, a man originally from Teloloapan who now lives in Iguala. \nct kohtli \qry Etymology uncertain, check. \ref 07591 \lxa cha:nku:kupi \lxaa cha:nku:kupik \lxac cha:nku:kupi \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-0 \aff Lex. rdp-l \se <l>Proboscidea fragans</l>, a bush, member of the Pedaliaceae family, whose fruit is called <nla>toto:roh</nla> and which has a purplish flower that blooms in September \ss <l>Proboscidea fragans</l>, un arbusto, miembro de la familia Pedaliaceae, cuya fruta se llama <nla>toto:roh</nla> y que tiene una flor moradita que se pone en septiembre \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo kwákwa:kohtsi:n \xrb cha:n \xrb kopi: \nae The etymology of <na>cha:nko:kopi</na> is not clear, but it may come from <na>kopi:ni</na> in some sort of apocopated form, particularly given the alternate pronunciation of <na>cha:nko:kopik</na>. Note that in general many verbs that end in <na>-V:ni</na> have a derived form ending in <na>-ktik</na>. This might be the case here. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give <na>chanco:copi</na>, which they identify as the <spn>cabeza de toro</spn>. Check the identification of this with the <nla>okichyo:yotli</nla>, which also has a fruit called <na>toto:roh</na>. \nct kohtsi:ntli \mod Connect /toto:roh/ to proper headword entry. \grm Cf. the form /cha:nko:kopik/ and suggest possible derivation from /kopi:ni/. The reason for /cha:n/ is not clear. Note also that in another entry I had a short /a/ for Oapan: /kwakwakohtsi:n/. Recheck. \ref 07592 \lxa ikxitekwia \lxac kikxitekwia \lxo íxitekwía \lxop ixitekwia \lxof ['i xi te 'kwi a] \lxocpend kíxitekwía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \seo to wrap cloth around a foot or leg \sso vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela \syna ikxitlake:nwia \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \ref 07593 \lxa ika \lxac ika noyo:hlo \lxo ya \lxocpend ya noyo:hlo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Conj \der Conj \se with \ss con \xrl -ka \nae Apparently Ameyaltepec <na>ika</na> and Oapan <no>ya</no> (for <no>iya</no> or <no>ika</no>) are grammaticalized terms derived from the relational noun <nao>-ka</nao> and the 3rd-person possessor prefix <nao>i:-</nao>. Nevertheless, it seems that in this grammaticalized form the initial /i/ has been shortened. More acoustic analysis will be necessary, however, \qry Determine length of /i/ in /ika/. \ref 07594 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:yotík \lxocpend á:yotík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes \seo to be watery \sso ser aguado \xrb a: \ref 07595 \lxa kextesasa:wa \lxac kextesasa:wa \lxo kexté:sá:wa \lxocpend kexté:sá:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff rdp-s-; te- \sem disease \seo person with his neck covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness \sso persona cuyo cuello está cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc. \cfa sasa:wa \xrb kxi \xrb sa:wa \fl sa:watl \qry Check for final /h/: correct Am /sasa:wa/ if necessary. Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Check if /tsi:nté:sá:wa/ is also acceptable. \ref 07596 \lxa kaka:nilia \lxac kikaka:nilia \lxo áka:nília \lxop aka:nilia \lxocpend káka:nília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \pa yes-lex \se to sift for, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain \ss cribar o cerner para, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos \xrb aka: \xvba kaka:nia \xvbao áká:nia \qry Make sure Oapan form is with initial vowel and Am with initial /k/, as with base verbs. \ref 07597 \lxa kakapaxe:wi \lxac tekakapaxe:wi \lxo te:kapaxe:wi \lxocpend te:kapaxe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \seo see <nlo>te:kapaxiwi</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>te:kapaxiwi</nlo> \xrb kapax \xrb e:w \qry Check whether Am also has alternate form /tekakapaxe:wi/ here, for /tekakapaxiwi/. \ref 07598 \lxa kitetso:tsonilia \lxac kitetso:tsonilia \lxo tetso:tsonilia \lxocpend kitetso:tsonilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \se to strike or pound repeatedly with a rock for (sb, e.g., in order to chip away at sth, to drive in a nail for them, etc.) \ss golpear repetidas veces con una piedra para (algn, p. ej., para desportillar algo, meter un clavo paraél, etc.) \xrb te \xrb tsona \xvbao tetso:tsona \qry Check whether /tetsonilia/ or /tetsotsonilia/ exist \ref 07599 \lxa -titlan \lxac a:titlan \lxo -titlan \lxocpend a:titlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Suf(loc) \der ti-N(rel) \seao combinational form of the relational noun <nlao>-tlan</nlao> used after nominal stems to indicate 'on [noun]' \ssao forma combinatoria del sustantivo relacional <nlao>-tlan</nlao> para usarse después de una raíz nominal \xrl -tlan \ref 07600 \lxa sila:ntroh \lxac sila:ntroh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cilantro \psm N \der N-loan \se corriander, a type of edible plant \ss cilatro, un tipo de planta comestible \sem plant \sem domesticated \equiva kola:ntoh \encyctmp Cultivated plants: maize, beans, squash, sesame, flowers, herbs, trees \nct xiwtli \ref 07601 \lxa kwahkosahki \lxac kwahkosahki \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se a type of tree of the Leguminosae family, as yet not identified \ss tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado \pna Kwahkosahki | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. Iyo:l me:dioh kokostik, yewa ika kihlian kwahkosahki. \pea <na>Kwahkosahki</na> : It is good for firewood. Its heartwood is somewhat yellowish, for this reason it is called <na>kwahkosahki</na>. \psa <na>Kwahkosahki</na> : Es bueno para leña. Su corazón es algo amarillo y es por eso que le dicen <na>kwahkosahki</na>. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kosahtli \xrb kwaw \xrb kos \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <na>cuahcosactli</na> and Ramírez (1991) has <na>kwawkosaktli</na>. Both identify this as <na>palo sabino</na> and the latter gives the family as <na>Leguminosae</na> and the genus/species as <na>Cassia</na> spp. Schoenhals (1988:137) lists six trees of the genus <na>Cassia</na>, but none known as <na>palo sabino</na>. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. give no tree known as <na>palo sabino</na>, nor do they have any trees of the <na>Cassia</na> genus except the <spn>paraca</spn> (p. 115), which is of the family <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and whose genus species is given as <i>Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri</i>. According to my consultants, the heartwood of this tree is yellow: <na>kostiktsi:n iyo:l</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 07602 \lxa kwa:texi:kaltik \lxac kwa:texi:kaltik \lxo kwa:texi:kaltik \lxocpend kwa:texi:kaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \seo to have a loud voice or cry; to be always talking or shouting in a loud voice \sso ser gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); ser algn que habla o grita fuerte \apao kwa:texi:kal \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb xi:kal \qry During elicitation of /kwa:teki:kal/, FM mentioned that Oapan also has /kwa:texi:kaltik/. \ref 07603 \lxa kuwcha:charah \lxac *kuwcha:charah \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan sonsorrón (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea noisemaker used during Holy Week \ssa matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa \syna so:sórron \syna tlakakalatsahli \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 07604 \lxa pa:patla \lxac pa:patla \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified \ssa tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem edible \syno pá:paloh \syno tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k \xrb patla: \nse The etymology of <na>pa:patla</na> is uncertain, but it seems to be an apocapated and reduplicated form of the root <nr>patla:</nr>. One consultant identified the Spanish name for this plant as <spn>pápalo.</spn>. Another consultant mentioned that it is called <n>xoxolin</n> in Ahuehuepan. This has not been confirmed. Florencia Marcelino gave the name of this as <no>pá:paloh</no>, which she and her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, stated was Spanish. Silvestre Pantaleón identified it later, during botanical fieldwork, as <nlo>tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k</nlo> \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (<na>Porophyllum</na> spp., e.g., <na>P. coloratum</na>) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has quequexte:"(<na>Xanthosoma</na> spp. e.g., <na>X. robustom</na> 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible plant, probably the identification with <na>Porophyllum</na> is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for <na>pa:patla</na> the Spanish <spn>pápalo</spn>, with no further identification. \nct xiwtli \ref 07605 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k \lxocpend tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified \sso tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada \sem lifeform \sem plant \sem edible \equiva pa:patla \equivo pá:paloh \nae The term <no>pá:paloh</no> is a borrowing from Spanish, but a very common term for the plant in Nahuatl called <na>pa:patla</na>. During botanical fieldwork Silvestre Pantaleón gave <nlo>tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k</nlo> as the name of the plant called <nla>pa:patla</nla> in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check to determine whether /pá:paloh/ is also used in Ameyaltepec. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (<na>Porophyllum</na> spp., e.g., <na>P. coloratum</na>) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has quequexte:"(<na>Xanthosoma</na> spp. e.g., <na>X. robustom</na> 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible plant, probably the identification with <na>Porophyllum</na> is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for <na>pa:patla</na> the Spanish <spn>pápalo</spn>, with no further identification. \nct xiwtli \ref 07606 \lxa xokotlatlatowa \lxac xokotlatlatowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der tla-V2 \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to talk big and brag \ssa hablar mucho y en una manera jactante \xrb xoko \xrb hto \ref 07607 \lxa okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl \lxac okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-complex \der N-b \se <l>Thevetia pinifolia</l> (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams, a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called <na>toto:roh</na> \ss <l>Thevetia pinifolia</l> (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama <na>toto:roh</na> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo yó:yotlíyón tla:katl \xrb okich \xrb yoh \xrb tla:ka \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \ref 07608 \lxa kwa:tekoyo:nia \lxac kikwa:tekoyo:nia \lxo kwa:tekoyo:nia \lxocpend kwa:tekoyo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo to open up a piercing wound in the head of (sb, e.g,. with a rock por other sharp and pointed instrument) \sso abrir un agujero en la cabeza de (algn, p. ej., con una piedra u otra cosa punzante) \syna kwa:chi:koyo:nia \xrb kwa: \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added. Note that in the syna field I had here /kwa:chi:koyo:nia/ but couldn't find it. Check if it is a word. \ref 07609 \lxanotes yzzz \lxaa ---- \lxac ---- \lxo kowáyotlí \lxof [ko 'wa yo 'tli] \lxocpend kowáyotlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes \seo <l>Jacaratia mexicana</l>, tree of the Caricaceae family called <spn>bonete</spn> in Spanish \sso <l>Jacaratia mexicana</l>, arból de la familia Caricaceae comúnmente llamado bonete \equiva bone:teh \equivo bone:teh \sem plant \sem kohtli \nse Although some Oapan consultants also call this tree <no>bone:teh</no>, it does have a Nahuatl name: Silvestre Pantaleón, during fieldwork in September and October 2001, called this tree <nlo>kowáyotlí</nlo>, which has a separate entry. \cpl According to Schoenhals (1988:22-23)"(<i>Carica</i> [formerly Pileus] <i>mexicana</i>) '[wild] papaya.' A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Ramírez (1991) identifes the <spn>bonete</spn> as of the family <i>Caricaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Joacavatia</i> spp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention a tree of the family <i>Caricaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Jacaratia mexicana</i> as called in Spanish <spn>bonete</spn> or <spn>cuauayote</spn>. In Ameyaltepec I have heard the pronunciations <na>bone:teh</na> and <na>bune:teh</na>. \ref 07610 \lxa ina:n tsi:katl \lxac ina:n tsi:katl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \se type of snake, apparently the coralillo or false coralillo \ss tipo de culebra, aparentemente el coralillo o falso coralillo \sem animal \sem sn \equivo tlasakana:ntli \xrb na:n \xrb tsi:ka \encyctmp kowatl \cpl According to Luis Lucena this snake is not 'bravo'. He identified it as a 'falso corralillo', this should also be checked. \grm Word order: Note that in response to a question C. Flores stated /xakah kikwa/ with the sense of 'it hasn't ever bitten anyone.' Note the order and discuss. \ref 07611 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlachi:koyaktik/ but apparently is not used or seldom used. Cf. /tlachi:koyahko/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07612 \lxa isti misto:n \lxac isti misto:n \lxocpend ---- \lxt to:mohtli de sisigarri:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-suf \infn N1; pl. <na>istimisto:meh</na> \se type of small cactus, <nla>to:motli</nla> with short, fuzzy spines and that grows only a few inches above the ground \ss tipo de cactus, <nla>to:motli</nla>, muy pequeño, con púas muy cortas y algo como vellosos y que crece unos centímetros nada más \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tó:mokohtsí:ntli kási kómichin \equivo tó:mokohtsí:ntl kwahli kási kómichin \xrb sti \xrb mis \encyctmp to:motli \cpl Not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). From Bravo's (1932) article, it appears that this is the <i>Neomammillaria guerreronis</i>. For a full list of cacti, see entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Note that it is not clear whether indigenous speakers classify this as a <nla>to:motli</nla> ; this should be checked. \nct to:motli \qry Check vowel length with /miston/. Determine what"class"of plant this is, if any, i.e., is there an overarching overt category. \ref 07613 \lxa a:chitsi:n \lxac a:chitsi:n \lxo a:chitsi:n \lxocpend xpale:wi 'chitsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \com Adv-Dim \der Adv \sea adverbial particle that indicates a lessening of a verbal predicate \ssa partícula adverbial que indicate que un predicado verbal se lleva a cabo con menos intensidad \pna Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa 'chitsi:n, xmotlalo! \pea Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run! \psa ¡No vayas yendo asíde despacio!¡Aliviánate, corre! \nae It is apparently common for an abbreviated form, <na>'chitsi:n</na> to be used following consonant-final verbal predicates. \ref 07614 \lxa ka:ka:walteh \lxac ka:ka:walteh \lxo ka:ka:waltih \lxocpend ka:ka:waltih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \se irregular plural of <nlao>ka:wahli</nlao> \ss plural irregular de <nlao>ka:wahli</nlao> \xrb ka:wa \ref 07615 \mod This has been removed as a duplicate of 03163 \dt 11/Jun/2005 \ref 07616 \lxa kextli:ltik \lxac kextli:ltik \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be black-necked; to have a black neck (e.g., certain types of birds) \ss tener un cuello negro (p. ej., ciertos tipos de pájaros) \pna Tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n, kextli:ltiktsitsi:nteh, pi:pitikeh. \pea The <na>tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n</na>, they have black necks, they are very small. \psa Los <na>tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n</na>, tienen sus cuellitos negritos, son muy pequeños. \sem body-description \equivo kextli:lihki \xrb kech \xrb tli:l \qry Check out why /kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh/ has the diminutive. I would assume that the diminutive refers to the neck, i.e., being small birds they have small necks. But it might modify the type of 'black', i.e., with just a small part black, or a black color that is not very strong. \ref 07617 \lxa i:xte:nyeyewal \lxac i:xte:nyeyewal \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have large round eyes (e.g., an owl) \ss tener grandes ojos redondos (p. ej., un tecolote) \apa i:xte:nyeyewaltik \syno i:xté:yewál \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb yewal \nse In Oapan the base is <no>i:xte</no> ; there is no /n/. \qry Check to see if this is only used in directly addressing a person. \ref 07618 \lxa i:xte:nuwe:i \lxac i:xte:nuwe:i \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \se to have large or big eyes \ss tener los ojos grandes \syno i:xté:we:ítik \flo i:xté:we:ítik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb we:i \qry /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ involves the adjectivalization of an adjective. Check whether /i:xte:nuwe:i/ exists, and the possible difference in meaning with /i:xte:nuwe:itik/. \grm Adjectivalization: Re: /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ Note how in this case an adjectival affix /-tik/ is added to a form that is an adjective (N-Adj). This should be compared to other similar constructions /á:yotík/ in Oapan and words like /xa:yakateoomitik/ in Ameyaltepec (cf. /a:yoh/ and /xa:yakateoomi/). \grm Reduplication Oapan: note: i:xté:we:ítik \ref 07619 \lxa a:yoyontsi:n \lxac a:yoyontsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \se type of flying insect, apparently a type of dragonfly, that skims the top of the water in a pool, river, stream, etc. \ss tipo de insecto, aparentemente una libélula, que vuela y pasa ligeramente sobre la superficie del agua de un río, lago, charco, etc. \sem animal \sem insect \equivo áa:bió:ntsi:n \xrb a: \xrb yoma \nse Apparently the name of this insect derives from the motion it makes while skimming the surface of water. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <n>teyoyontsin</n> for 'libélula.' \qry Recheck length in /tsi:n/. \ref 07620 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yo \lxoa yó:tsí:n \lxoap yo:tsi:n \lxocpend yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \seo shortened form of the 3rd-person emphatic pronoun: he, she, it \sso forma abreviada del pronombre enfático de 3a persona:él, ella \seo (~ <no>ya:</no>) for that reason; that's why (see Am <nla>yewa</nla>) \sso (~ <no>ya:</no>) por esa razón (vé ase Am <nla>yewa</nla>) \pno Tla: tiá:s, yo (= yáwá) to:na titekitis. \peo If you go, you will work in the sun. \pso Si vas, vas a trabajar en el sol. \cfo yáwá \xrb yehwa \nse The use of the emphatic pronoun in this phrase is unclear. \ref 07621 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo no \lxoa nó:tsí:n \lxoap no:tsi:n \lxocpend no \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \seo shortened form of the 1st-person emphatic pronoun: I \sso forma abreviada del pronombre enfático de 1a persona: yo \cfo náwá \xrb nehwa \ref 07622 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to \lxoa tó:tsí:n \lxoap to:tsi:n \lxocpend to \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \seo shortened form of the 2nd-person emphatic pronoun: you (sg) \sso forma abreviada del pronombre enfático de 2a persona: tú \cfo táwá \xrb tehwa \ref 07623 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:á:xopó:nia \lxocpend kima:á:xopó:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \seo to cause a blister (of the type that has water inside and pops) on the hand of \sso hacer salir una ampolla (de las que tienen agua adentro y se revientan) en la mano de \syna ma:xopo:naltia \xrb ma: \xrb a: \xrb xopo: \qry For now I have categorized the trans field as from reflective, indicating that this comes from a nondirected alternation verb. Note that /xopo:ni/, /xopo:nia/ and /xopo:naltia/ exist (either alone or in combination). This should be checked and the categorization changed accordingly. \ref 07624 \lxa ye:xpawia \lxac kiye:xpawia \lxo ye:xpawia \lxof [ye:x pa 'wi a] \lxocpend kiye:xpawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao see <nla>-pawia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>pawiya</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>-pawia</nla> (Am) / <nlo>pawiya</nlo> (Oa) \xrb ye:i \xrl -pa \ref 07625 \lxa tesomelo:n \lxaa tesonmelo:n \lxac tesonmelo:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) meló:n \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cantaloupe \ss melón \sem plant \sem domesticated \equivo melo:ntesoh \xrb teson \nse The name of this melon derives from its rough skin, see <nla>tesontik</nla>. \ref 07626 \lxa kextesasa:watik \lxac kextesasa:watik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \sem disease \seo to have ones neck covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness \sso tener el cuello está cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc. \cfa sasa:wa \xrb kxi \xrb sa:wa \fl sa:watl \qry Check for final /h/: correct Am /sasa:wa/ if necessary. Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Check if /tsi:nté:sá:wa/ is also acceptable. \ref 07627 \lxa kwa:tlatla:hlowa \lxac kwa:tlatla:hlowa \lxo kwá:tlatlá:hlowa \lxocpend kwá:tlatlá:hlowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex rdp-s \infv class-4a \se to have ones head get full of dust and dirt \ss llenarsele o cubrirsele la cabeza de polvo y tierra \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:l \qry I had this note under the adjectival:"The verbal cognates of <na>kwa:tlatla:hloh</na> probably exists and will need to be elicited. Also check if the nonreduplicated form exists."I have assumed that at least the intrans. verb exists and have added it here. \ref 07628 \lxa mama:yoh \lxac mama:yoh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s \se tree or shrub with a lot of branches \ss árbol o arbusto con muchas ramas \se wood with a lot of knots \ss madera con muchos nudos \pna Xkwahli pa:mpa mama:yoh. Kipias ye:skah, pala:nki yes itik. \pea It's no good (a branch cut from a tree) because it has a lot of knots. Its bound to be rotten inside with powdery remains. \psa No está bien (una rama cortada de unárbol) porque tiene muchos nudos. Debe estar podrido por adentro con la madera hecha polvo. \syno mámá:wah \xrb ma: \qry The vowel length in /mama:yoh/ is definite and should be corrected to such in all entries. Cf. note with /ye:skah/. \ref 07629 \lxa me:sto:nahlo:tl \lxac me:sto:nahlo:tl \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 07630 \lxa tlamanke:tl \lxac tlamanke:tl \lxo tlamanke:tl \lxocpend tlamanke:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who lays out an offering (e.g., on an altar) \sso persona que pone una ofrenda (p. ej., sobre un altar) \xrb man \qry Florencia uttered (recorded) this word mistakenly for /tlamá:maké:tl/. Thus I have added it to the lexicon with my interpretation of what it might mean. This meaning should be checked. \ref 07631 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:po:te \lxocpend i:ma:po:te \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn N2 \seo large biceps \sso bíceps grandes;"conejos" \sem body \sem human \syna ma:xi:lo:w \cfo ma:ponchá:doyó \xrb ma: \xrb a: \xrb po:te \nse In this metaphor, a persons biceps, when large, are likened to a <nla>xi:lo:tl</nla>. Occasionally this will be pronounced without a final /w/. \qry Recheck if /ima:xi:lo/ is also correct. If both are, determine which, in either, is more common. \ref 07632 \lxa chikoltewila:na \lxac kichikoltewila:na \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \sea to hook or grab with a <nla>chikohli</nla> \ssa enganchar o agarrar con un chicol \syno chíkolá:na \xrb chihkol \xrb wila: \ref 07633 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo se:senteyoka:n \lxocpend tose:senteyoka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr? \der N1-loc-ka:n \infn N2(loc) \seo [term still not defined] \sso [término todavía no definido] \xrb sen \xrb te \nse This word is heard on tape (13.3; 27 min) out of context. Its meaning still has to be determined. \ref 07634 \lxa alégriah \lxac alégriah \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan alegría \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2(1=2) \se type of sweet, called <spn>alegría</spn> in Spanish, made from sesame and <spn>panela</spn> that is toasted on a clay griddle \ss alegría; tipo de dulce hecho de ajonjolíy panela que se dora sobre un comal \equivo ajolnekri:yah \ref 07635 \lxa maxaktexakwalowa \lxac kimaxaktexakwalowa \lxo maxahtexakwalowa \lxocpend kimaxahtexakwalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2b \seao to smash or crush in the crotch \ssao machucar o aplastar las entrepiernas a (algn) \xrb maxa \xrb xakwal \nse <no>Maxahtexakwalowa</no> is considered a less vulgar term than <no>xi:texakwalowa</no>, at least in Oapan. Nevertheless, the reference to <nr>xi:te-</nr> is not considered particularly untoward though it is sometimes avoided by female speakers. The same applies to <nao>xi:texakwaliwi</nao> and <no>maxahtexakwaliwi</no> (Oa). \qry Intensifier /te-/: There is an interesting parallel (or contrast) in two terms that ostensibly have the same meaning. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez gave /xi:texakwalowa/ and, as an equivalent term, /maxahtexakwalowa/. Perhaps the second form can occur without the /te-/ intensifier, but the form uttered without any further questions was /maxahtexakwalowa/. Note that in /xi:texakwalowa/ the /te-/ is part of the nominal stem /xi:te-tl/ meaning 'crotch'; however, in /maxahtexakwalowa/ the /te-/ is a different element, it is the intensifier element /te-/. The point that is interesting is that although the two forms are synonymous (or seem to be), one has an intensifier the other doesn't. It appears quite possible that the use of the intensifier, which might be expected with the semantics of /xakwalowa/ is in effect blocked, or partially blocked, by the fact that /xi:te-/ ends in the /te-/ syllable. It remains to be checked whether one can say ?/xi:tetexakwalowa/ and ?/ maxah xakwalowa/. These should be checked. \grm Intensifier /te-/: There is an interesting parallel (or contrast) in two terms that ostensibly have the same meaning. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez gave /xi:texakwalowa/ and, as an equivalent term, /maxahtexakwalowa/. Perhaps the second form can occur without the /te-/ intensifier, but the form uttered without any further questions was /maxahtexakwalowa/. Note that in /xi:texakwalowa/ the /te-/ is part of the nominal stem /xi:te-tl/ meaning 'crotch'; however, in /maxahtexakwalowa/ the /te-/ is a different element, it is the intensifier element /te-/. The point that is interesting is that although the two forms are synonymous (or seem to be), one has an intensifier the other doesn't. It appears quite possible that the use of the intensifier, which might be expected with the semantics of /xakwalowa/ is in effect blocked, or partially blocked, by the fact that /xi:te-/ ends in the /te-/ syllable. It remains to be checked whether one can say ?/xi:tetexakwalowa/ and ?/ maxah xakwalowa/. These should be checked. \ref 07636 \lxa koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik \lxac koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se one of the two types of <nla>koo:la:wa</nla> folk generic, a tree not yet identified \ss uno de los dos tipos del género folk <nla>koo:la:wa</nla>, unárbol todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo koha:la:wa \cfao koo:lo:tl \xrb kow \xrb a:la: \xrb chi:l \nse To date the only equivalent term in Oapan is simply <nlo>koha:la:wa</nlo>, where no distinction is made among these trees, only one of which is known (i.e., consultants to date were not familiar with the other folk species, <nla>koo:la:wa istá:k</nla>. \nct kohtli \ref 07637 \lxa koo:la:wa istá:k \lxac koo:la:wa istá:k \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se <l>Heliocarpus pallidus</l> Rose, a tree of the linden family, Tiliaceae; one of the two species of the <nla>koo:la:wa</nla> folk generic \ss <l>Heliocarpus pallidus</l> Rose,árbol de la familia Tiliaceae; uno de las dos especies one of the two types of <nla>koo:la:wa</nla> folk generic \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb a:la: \xrb sta \nse Apparently this tree is not known in Oapan. \nct kohtli \ref 07638 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:xchi:hke:tl \lxocpend kwa:xchi:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who makes palm saddle blankets (see <nlao>kwa:xtli</nlao>) \sso fabricante de cuaxtles (vé ase <nlao>kwa:xtli</nlao>) \equiva kwa:xtle:roh \equivo kwa:xte:roh \xrb kwa:ch \mod There is a recording of this word on 14_2 at 1 min. 6 secs, but it is low and a high SNR. \ref 07639 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tlatoya:wa/ that has been eliminated as offensive and vulgar. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07640 \lxa oksehka:n \lxac oksehka:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n-com \infn N1(loc) \se a different place \ss una lugar diferente o distinto \pna A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:. \pea Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant. \psa Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar. \equivo sápa séhnek \xrb o:k \xrb sek \xrl -ka:n \qry My original filecard had a short initial /o/. At one point I lengthened this but have since gone back to the short /o/. My decision at one time to lengthen was based information from other words beginning with /o:k/. which I have lengthened based on my notes for other words beginning with /o:k/. Nevertheless, this and all words so beginning should be checked. Finally, the reason for the /h/ is unclear. Obviously it comes from a double /k/, confirmed by Moliina's entry /occeccan/. In general there seems to be an alternation between /se:/ and /se(:)C/, where the consonant is often a nasal but may apparently be a consonant such as /k/. \ref 07641 \lxa tlakawilia \lxac kitlakawilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to mimic or ape (the gestures or actions of); to imitate; to do an impression of (the voice of) \ss remedar (los gestos o acciones de); imitar (la voz de) \pna Ma:ka xne:chtlakawili, ne:chamana! \pea Don't mimic me, it gets me annoyed! \psa ¡No me remedes, me molesta! \cfo tlá:ya:wília \xrb kawa \nse During a review of the dictionary, Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan Nahuatl <no>tlá:ya:wília</no> as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec <na>tlaka:wilia</na>. However, the etymologies of the two forms, Ameyaltepec <na>tlaka:wilia</na> and Oapan <no>tlá:ya:wília</no> might well be distinct; and further analysis of the semantics of the terms might also reveal distinctive meanings. For this reason, the two have been given separate entries at present. \qry Check whether /ne:chtlatlaka:wilia/ is acceptable as an indication of repeated action by a single subject. Check again vowel length in Oapan, perhpas with speech analyzer. Also check if the two verbs (Am and Oa) are the same. \grm Applicative; null complement; valency change: Note the verbal form /tlaka:wilia/ and its meaning of 'to mimic; to ape' or 'to imitate; to do an impression of.' The derivational process here represents the coincidence of valency increase (the applicative) and valency decrease (the use of /tla-/ as an indefinite null complement). Note that whereas with /ka:wa/ the object is a patient (e.g., /ne:chka:wa/ 'he leaves me') with /ka:wilia/ there is a benefactive/malefactive argument (the PO) and a secondary object (the SO) that is a patient/theme (what is left behind). However, /tlaka:wilia/ has a completely different meaning in 'to imitate.' Thus it is given its own entry. \ref 07642 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:ltsakwá \lxop tla:ltsakwa \lxocpend tlá:ltsakwá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \pa yes \infv class-3a(kw) \seo [meaning not yet determined] \sso [significado no determinado] \xrb tsakwa \ref 07643 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:kó:kotítlah \lxocpend te:kó:kotítlah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der ? \pa yes-lex \seo [meaning undetermined] \sso [significado no determinado] \xrb ko:koh ? \vl This word was uttered in session 14_3 at 30 minutes, 2 seconds. It should be linked here, and the definition I will need to get. \ref 07644 \lxa frasí:l \lxac frasí:l \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan Brazil \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se tree of the Leguminoseae family, probably the one called <spn>palo de Brasil</spn> in Spanish (identified by Guizar and Sánchez as <l>Haematoxylum brasiletto</l> Karst.) \ss árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, probablemente el palo de Brasil (identificado por Guizar and Sánchez como el <l>Haematoxylum brasiletto</l> Karst.) \pna Frasí:l, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, chi:chi:ltik iyo:l. \pea The <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, it is good for firewood, it's heartwood is red. \psa El palo de Brasil, es bueno para leña, su corazón es rojo. \pna Deke xwel na:xi:xa se: wa:kax ma koni frasí:l, ka:tli:ti ia:yo frasí:l! Itik kipia ke:n chi:chi:ltik ia:yo, wan tiktla:lia itik se: kube:tah iwa:n a:tl. Ba! wel na:xi:xas. \src Felix Venancio \pea If a head of cattle cannot urinate, let it drink <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, give it its juice to drink. Inside it has reddish sap; you put it into a bucket with water. With that it'll be able to urinate! \psa Si un ganado no puede orinar, que beba el palo de Brasil, dale de beber su jugo. Adentro tiene como rojo su jugo, y lo pones en una cubeta con agua. Asípues, va a poder orinar. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem medicine \equivo barasi:l \equivo bransi:l \cpl Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:113) identify a tree called in Spanish <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, or simply <spn>Brasil</spn> as of the family <na>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</na> and the genus/species <na>Haematoxylum brasiletto</na> Karst. \nct kohtli \qry Note that although Felix Venancio dictated the preceding text about the medicinal properties of the <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, Luis Lucena denied any knowledge of this use. \vl Link second female and second male tokens. \ref 07645 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ákawtlítómiyóh \lxocpend ákawtlítómiyóh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of high-growing weed of the Asteraceae family, with prickly hairs (hence its name) \sso tipo de maleza alta de la familia Asteraceae, con vellos espinosos (por eso su nombre) \sem plant \sem herb \equiva a:kawtomitl \xrb a:kaw \xrb tomi \cpl This is a type of <nla>a:kawtli</nla>. Ramírez (1991) refers to this as <spn>acahual</spn>. Under acahual, Schoenhals (1988) notes:"1. Applied to several plants of the sunflower family (Compositae) with large yellow flowers. 2. (<i>Heterotheca inuloides</i>) 'blazing star.' Used as a poultice on bruises. Also called <spn>árnica,árnica del país, cuauteteco, falsaárnica.</spn> 3. (<i>Bidens</i> spp. e.g., <i>B. aurea, B. pilosa</i>) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' See acetilla. 4. (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 5. (<i>Tithonia</i> spp. e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i>) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See girasol."Then, under <spn>acetilla</spn> or <spn>aceitilla</spn>."1. (<i>Bidens</i> spp., e.g., <i>B. aurea, B. pilosa</i>) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' A relative of the wild marigold. Seeds are like burs with hooks. Plant used as a preventive against eye infections in the newborn. Also called <spn>acahual, acahualillo, mulito, téde milpa.</spn> 2. (<i>Galinsoga</i> spp. e.g., <i>G. parviflora</i> '[family] aster.' See <spn>estrellita.</spn> "Under <spn>girasol</spn>, there are three entries. <spn>Girasol</spn> :"1. (<i>Helianthus annus</i>) 'sunflower. See <spn>flor de gigantón.</spn> 2. (<i>Tithonia</i> spp. e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i> 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' Large sunflower-type plant with orange or yellow flowers. Also called <spn>acahual,árnica, gigantón, girasol mexicano, mirasol.</spn> "The entry for <spn>girasol amarillo</spn> has the following:"(<i>Cosmos sulphureus</i>) 'yellow cosmos.' Also called <spn>mirasol, xochipali.</spn>."And, under <spn>girasol mexicano</spn> :"(<i>Tithonia</i> spp., e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i>) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See <spn>girasol.</spn> Then, under <spn>girasol mexicano</spn> :"(<i>Cosmos bipinnatus</i>) 'purple cosmos.' Also called <spn>mirasol.</spn> "Finally, under <spn>estrellita</sp n>:"1. (<i>Milla biflora</i>) 'milla,' 'Mexican star.' Star-shaped, white flowers. Especially common in volcanic areas. Also called <spn>azucena del campo, estrella mexicana, flor de San Nicolás, lilia cimarrón.</spn> 2. (<i>Stellaria</i> spp. e.g., <i>S. nemorum</i>) '[relative of] chickweed.' White flowers in the Fall. Also called <spn>alahual, matanza.</spn> 3. (<i>Galinsoga</i> spp., e.g., <i>G. parviflora</i> '[family] aster]. A weedy herb of the mid-elevations. White flowers with yellow centers. Also called <spn>acetilla.</spn> \nct xiwtli \ref 07646 \lxa xa:yakame:koki:sa \lxac xa:yakame:koki:sa \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) meco \psm V1 \inc N-Adj-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to have streaks of dust and dirt (from sweating and not bathing) appear on ones face \ss quedarsele la cara sucia y rayada con polvo y tierra (por sudar y no bañarse) \pna Xa:yakame:koki:stok. \pea His face is streaked with dust and dirt. \psa Tiene la cara rayada con polvo y tierra. \cfo xa:ya:mé:kotík; xa:yakamé:kotík \xrb xa:yaka \xrb ki:sa \nse Includes among its elements the Spanish loan <na>meco</na>. \ref 07647 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlama:ka:hke:tl \lxocpend tlama:ka:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der V2-b \seo person who takes animals and leaves them out to pasture (for an extended period, not just overnight) \sso persona que deja animales a apacentar (por un periodo extendido, no simplemente por la noche) \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \qry Note that this word is heard on the elicitation tape for Oapan recorded at Yale. I am not sure of its meaning and it should be checked. \vl There is only one speech token from this word, it was pronounced at 3778. \ref 07648 \lxa kali \lxac i:kali \lxo kali \lxocpend i:kali \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N2 \se interior (of a house or building) \ss interior (de una casa o edificio) \pna Nemi ikali, xkineki ki:sas. \pea He's inside of his house, he doesn't want to come out. \psa Anda adentro de su casa, no quiere salir. \sem space \cfao kia:wak \xrb kal \xrb hti \cfa kalitik \nse Directional movement and space: This is a virtual synonym of <na>kalitik</na>. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of <na>kalitik</na>. It can either be possessed <na>nokali</na> 'the inside of my house' or not, <na>nemi kali</na> 'he is inside the house.' <na>Kali</na> is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one /Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/ refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be /tlaitik/ or /kalitik/ (and apparently, /kali/). Note therefore that the direction of subject movement can be indicated, in Nahuatl, in 3 ways. First, it may be contained in the verb itself. Thus verbs of motion such as /yaw/ indicate extraverse movement, and are modified by /wa:l-/ to indicate the oppositive (intraverse). They cannot use /on-/ to indicate extraverse. Other verbs indicate a direction o f movem ent, e.g., /kalaki/ 'to enter' and the nature of the space is communicated obliquely: /kalakis mocha:n/; or the causative /kikalakti:s mocha:n/, etc. The second is the use of separate words to indicate a spatial orientation of the action. Thus /nemi neyhka/ 'he is there.' Or /nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/. Finally, the third is the useof directionals, either prefixes or suffixes. Here there is wide variation, from complete lexicalization (one:wa and wa:le:wa) to affixes (prefix or suffix depending on tense/aspect: /wa:lnemis/ and /o:nemiko/. All three should be explored. \qry Make sure that the two entries, kali and kia:wak, have parallel structures. \ref 07649 \lxa tlamela:wa \lxac tlamela:wa \lxo tlamela:wa \lxocpend tlamela:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to spend the night at a place where one arrives during travel, pilgrimage, etc. (e.g., during a fiesta; refers to the action of arriving and setting ones things down, tying up ones animals, and eating and sleeping there) \ss trasnochar; pasar la noche en un lugar donde llega viajando o visitando (p. ej., durante una fiesta; se refiere a llegar a un lugar, descargar las cosas y amarrar los animales para después comer y dormir allá) \pna Pa titlamela:waskeh -=pa tasiskeh- \pea We will set our things down there to stay overnight. \psa Vamos a trasnochar allá. \pna Kemech nika:n o:niwa:ltlamela:w. \pea Just a short time ago I arrived here and set my things down (to spend the night) \psa Hace poco rato llegué aquípara descargar mis cosas (para trasnochar) \pna Ka:no:n tontlamela:was. \pea Where will you arrive to stay. \psa ¿Dónde te vas a llegar para quedar? \se (with a directional prefix) to arrive at a final destination (e.g., a letter or some other item sent) \ss (con un prefijo direccional) llegar a un destino final (p. ej., una carta u otr \pna Nika:n wa:ltlamela:wtias. \pea It will come directly here (e.g. a letter sent here, or some other 'encargo'). \psa Va a llegar directamente aquí(por ejemplo una carta mandada aquí, o cualquier otro encargo). \xrb mela: \xbtlao mela:wa \ref 07650 \lxa tla:ki:ltia \lxac kitla:ki:ltia \lxo tla:ki:ltia \lxocpend kitla:ki:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make bear fruit (e.g., as a fertilizer might do) \ssao hacer rendir (p. ej., como un fertilizante podría hacer) \xrb tla:ki \xvbao tla:ki \vl This word was uttered twice in elicitation, at 3108 and at 3820. These two tokens should be given ref. # 07650. One of the two should be linked here. \ref 07651 \lxa kweskomatl de xa:ntli \lxac kweskomatl de xa:ntli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(m) \se type of grain storage bin made of adobe \ss tipo de troje hecha de adobe \equivo xa:nkweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \xrb xa:m \encyctmp kweskomatl \ref 07652 \lxa tlaxola:wa \lxac tlaxola:wa \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc ?tla-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[wa]? \infv class-3a(w) \se place on an incline that is slippery (from being wet, being covered with loose earth, having a smooth and hard surface, etc.) \ss cuesta resbalosa (por estar mojada, tener una capa de tierra, suelta, tener una superficie lisa y dura, etc.) \pna Tlaxola:wa, ma:ka timoxola:was. \pea The area is slippery (e.g., an incline covered with loose earth, or that is wet, or that is smooth and hard, etc.), don't let your feet slip out from under you. \psa Es unaárea resbalosa (p. ej., una cuesta mojada, o cubierta con tierra suelta, o con una superficie lisa y dura), no te vayas a resbalar. \equivo tlaxilahko \equivo tlaxilahka:n \xrb xola: \dis tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa; tla:la:la:wa \grm /tla-/ Note the words /tla:la:wa/, /tlapeya:wa/, /tlaxola:wa/.... words that seem to be derived from an archaic intransitive that has been impersonalized. Since Classical Nahuatl had /-a:wa/ verbs as intransitives (Balsas area Nahuatl has /-a:wi/ in these cases), it is unclear whether /peya:wa/, /a:la:wa/, and /xola:wa/ might be frozen relics of an intransitive. However, /tlaxola:wa/ might be a construction such as /tlachipa:wa/, i.e., a 3rd person agent and /tla-/ indicating that 'slipping' occurs. Thus /tlaxola:wa/ would be 0-tla-xola:wa 'it causes slipping' (i.e., a place with the characteristics given above). \ref 07653 \lxa tlankwe \lxac i:tlankwe \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se gum \ss encía \pna Yewa:ltopo:ntiw itlantsi:n ipan itlankwe:tsi:n. \pea His tooth is breaking through his gum. \psa Su diente viene brotando a través de su encía. \sem body \sem human \equivo tlánkwetól \xrb tlan \xrb kwe: \sj tlakwetol and all words with /kwetol/, which has p-a in Oapan, for presence of {h}. \ref 07654 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:yexo:w masa:tl \lxocpend i:yexo:w masa:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seo <l>Ramirezella strobilophora</l> (B. L. Rob.) Rose, spectacularly flowering vine of the Leguminoseae family \sso <l>Ramirezella strobilophora</l> (B. L. Rob.) Rose, enredadera de la family Leguminoseae con flores llamativas \seo purple flower of the <no>i:yexo:w masa:tl</no> \sso flor morada del <no>i:yexo:w masa:tl</no> \equiva si:matl \equiva xo:chitl de si:matl \sem lifeform \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb exo: \xrb masa: \nct komekatl \nfc xo:chitl \ref 07655 \lxa a:ko:nteya \lxac *a:ko:nteya \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea type of insect still not identified \ssa tipo de insecto todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equivo chochoteya \encyctmp insects \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \xrb teya \nse The etymology of <na>a:ko:nteya</na> (also pronounced <na>a:ko:nteyak</na>) is uncertain. Pánfilo Lorenzo said that this is an insect that one asks where one is going to eat. Other consultants mentioned that they had heard of this insect but did not know of the custom. Others denied knowing the name at all. Florencia Marcelino stated that the animal called <no>chochoteya</no>, the male not the female, may be asked <no>Ka:nika Mé:jikoh</no> and in response it raises its arm. The female, which is eaten, is not asked this question. \qry Note that my notes had only the name /a:ko:nteya/ in a list of small animals, yet with no description. Apparently this is another animal, but it should be confirmed. In my notes I had /a:ko:nteyak/ as an alternative pronunciation. \ref 07656 \lxa witspatlaxtli de tepe:k \lxaa witspatlaxtli de ipan tepe:k \lxac *witspatlaxtli de tepe:k \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \sea <l>Acacia pennatula</l> (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., small bush of the Leguminoseae family, called <spn>cubata blanca</spn> or <spn>cenizo</spn> in Spanish \ssa <l>Acacia pennatula</l> (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth., arbusto de la familia Leguminoseae, llamado <spn>cubata blanca</spn> o <spn>cenizo</spn> \xrb wits \xrb patla: \xrb tepe: \ref 07657 \lxa tiaweh \lxac tiaweh \lxo tiawih \lxocpend tiawih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \der V1-b \se let's go! \ss ¡vámonos! \cfao yaw \xrb yaw \nae This entry is the 1st-person plural of the irregular verb <nlao>yaw</nlao>. It is used as either by itself or in a construction <no>ye tiawih</no> (Oa; <na>ye tiaweh</na> (Am)) uttered when taking leave of others who stay behind. \vl Link first female token and last male token. These word tokens were misrecorded (i.e., speakers gave the wrong word at the prompt) from 3918. \ref 07658 \lxa a:poso:nia \lxac ka:poso:nia \lxo a:poso:nia \lxocpend ka:poso:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seao to boil in water \ssao hervir en agua \equiva a:poso:naltia \xrb a: \xrb poso: \qry In the Ameyaltepec entry /a:poso:nia/, which itself needs to be checked, I had a xref to Oa /a:poso:nia/. However, this latter word was not in the dictionary. I have added it; likewise note that Am /a:poso:naltia/ needs to be checked. Note that the classical dictionaries do not have cognate verbal forms. Check also for intrans. /a:poso:nia/. \ref 07659 \lxa tetepon \lxac tetepon \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to be cut off or short \ss estar mochado o corto \xrb tepon \qry Query whether this can occur by itself. \ref 07660 \lxa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \lxac i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \lxo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \lxocpend i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-? \seo to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \sso tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \flao i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb temets \xrb a:yo: \xrb ko:m \qry Note that perhaps this is related to an adjectival in -tik (e.g., -ko:ntik) referring to the flattened, shiny curve of the forehead. Vowel length should be checked. Cf and try to elicit other words with /temets-/ in them, (or, /temestik/, etc.). \pqry Check length of first /o/ in syllable sequence /-a:yo:ko:n/. \ref 07661 \lxa tlatska:ma:wa \lxac kitlatska:ma:wa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to infect (sb) with laziness \ss contagiar a (algn) con flojera \pna Kitlatska:ma:wa iwa:n u:nkah a:kino:n tlatski. Tekitiskia. \pea He infects him with his laziness. He is with someone who is lazy. He would have worked. \psa Lo contagia con flojera. Estácon alguien flojo. Hubiera trabajado. \xrb tlats \xrb ma:wa \ref 07662 \lxa tlanamakantsi:n \lxaa tlanemakantsi:n \lxac tlanamakantsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sea inverterate merchant; person who is always selling things (beans, animals, artesanry, etc.) \ssa vendedor empedernido; persona que siempre anda vendiendo cosas (granos, animales, artesanía, etc.) \pna Ke:n titlanamakantsi:n! \pea Oh, what a little merchant you are! \psa Ay, que comerciante eres! \xrb namaka \ref 07663 \lxa yeskuwtli \lxac yeskuwtli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se tree with red-colored sap of the Euphorbiaceae family, still not identified \ss árbol con savia de color rojo de la familia Euphorbiaceae, todavía no identificado \pna Yeskuwtli | Kipia ia:yo ke:n yestli, chi:chi:ltik. Xtlah para, san tlikuwtli. \pea <na>Yeskohtli</na> : It has sap that is like blood, it is red. It's not used for anything, just firewood. \psa <na>Yeskohtli</na> : Tiene su savia como la sangre, es roja. No se utiliza para nada, solamente leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kohyestli \xrb es \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 07664 \lxa ma:chiko:tl \lxac ma:chiko:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-adj \infn Stem 2 \sea (a woman) charactized by the fact that when she grinds corn on a metate, she pushes one side of the <nla>metlapihli</nla>, or roller, harder and faster than the other, causing it to move crookedly over the surface of the metate, one side faster than the other \ssa (una mujer) que se caracteriza por el hecho de que, al moler maíz sobre el metate, pone más presión sobre un lado de la mano de metate que al otro, causando que baje chueco sobre la superficie del metate, un lado más rápido qu el otro \pna Xkwahli ke:n titisi, tima:chiko:tl. \pea You don't grind corn well, you make the <na>metlapihli</na> go crookedly over the metate by pushes harder on one side than the other. \psa No mueles maíz bien, haces que la mano de metate corre chueco sobre el metate, empujando un lado más que el otro \equivo ma:chiko \cfa chiko \xrb ma: \xrb chiko \nse The relationship to <na>chiko</na> is clear. The nominalization with the absolutive is interesting, particularly the long /o:/, which does not show up in other forms, such as <na>chikoki:sa</na>. However, the length of this vowel should be checked. Note that to date Oapan has been found to have an adjectival <no>ma:chiko</no> where Ameyaltepec has a fully nominal <na>ma:chiko:tl</na>. Further analysis might show that the two dialects fully share both the nominal and adjectival forms. \qry Check vowel length and other words with /chiko/. \ref 07665 \lxa oksepatipan \lxac oksepatipan \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \pss Adv(tm) \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \se once (i.e., another time in the past) \ss una vez (esto es, otra vez en el pasado) \seo just once \sso solamente una vez \equivo sa sápatípan \xrb o:k \xrb sek \xrl -pa \ref 07666 \lxa tsi:nteyewahli \lxac tsi:nteyewahli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn Stem 3 \se shirt that has a type of cut on the bottom in which the edge goes straight around, with no inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side seams \ss camisa con un tipo de corte por la orilla inferior en el cual la orilla va recta alrededor de la camisa, sin ninguna sección en forma de"u"invertida sacada de los lados por la costura \pna Niktekis para tsi:nte:nkwah i:n koto:ntli, xok tsi:nteyewahli, yes tsi:ntlatektli. \pea I will cut it (a man's shirt sewn by hand) so that it has an inverted u-shaped section cut out at the side, it won't go straight around from one side to other, it will have a section of its lower part cut out. \psa Lo voy a cortar (una camisa para hombres) para que la parte inferior estérecortada en forma de"u", ya no va a tener la orilla inferior recta por toda la camisa, tendrá una sección de abajo recortada. \sem clothing \cfa tsi:nyewahli \equivo tsi:nteyewaltik \xrb tsi:n \xrb yewal \nse Apparently <na>tsi:nteyewahli</na> contrasts most directly with <nla>tsi:ntlatektli</nla> and <nla>tsi:nte:nkwah</nla>. \mod See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \ref 07667 \lxa tlape:lowa \lxac tlape:lowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to place oneself in a position with ones legs wide open (particularly in reference to a person sitting \ss colocarse en una posición con las piernas muy abiertas \pna Asta tlape:lotok im tla:wa:nke:tl. \pea That drunk is even laid out with his legs wide open. \psa Ese borracho está hasta tirada con sus piernas muy abiertas. \pna O:tlape:lo:ko. \pea He fell down with his legs wide open (e.g., in falling while trying to sit down). \psa Vine a caerse (p. ej., al tratar de sentarse) con sus piernas muy abiertas. \equivo tlachikipe:lowa \xrb pe:l \nse <na>Tlape:lowa</na> often has a sexual meaning, referring to the position a woman might assume during intercourse. \qry Check ?tlape:lo:ltia? \ref 07668 \lxa -tikah \lxo -tikah \lxocpend tlákwatíkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Durative \der Aspectual \infv pl. <no>-tikateh</no> \seao durative aspectual ending found in both progressives and statives/resultatives (in Ameyaltepec this is only found in a few ritual texts) \ssao terminación aspectual durativa encontrada tanto en los progresivos como estativos/resultativos (en Ameyaltepec esto se halla solamente en algunos textos rituales) \equiva -tok \equivo -tok \nae To date, the durative <no>-tikah</no> (which is found in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec except in ritual discourse) has only been documented in the present. Most occurrences are in the singular, <no>-tikah</no>, although the plural may also be used, <no>-tikateh</no>. \ref 07669 \lxa tsi:nkwalkaxtli \lxac tsi:nkwalkaxtli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-S-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(x) \se section of the rear end below the small of the back \ss parte de las nalgas abajo de la región baja de la espalda \sem body \equivo tsi:nkokaxtli \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwal \xrb kax \qry Check precise location. In another file card I note simply"trasero." \ref 07670 \lxa tlaki:ska:tlan \lxac tlaki:ska:tlan \lxo tlaki:ska:tlan \lxocpend tlaki:ska:tlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \se time at the end of the rainy season (i.e., October) \ss tiempo al final de la temporada de lluvias (esto es, octubre) \syno tlaki:stipan \xrb ki:sa \xrl -tlan \ref 07671 \lxa tlawe:ltlakali \lxac kitlawe:ltlakali \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to throw away in anger (e.g., sth that is no longer good) \ss tirar aventar con enojo (p. ej., algo que ya no sirve) \xrb tlahkali \ref 07672 \lxa tlika:wa \lxac notlika:wa \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be left over in a burnt field \ssa quedarse en un campo quemado \pna I:tlikuw san tli:n o:notlika:w. \pea His firewood is just what was left over from when a field was burned. \psa Su leña es solamente lo que quedódespués de haberse quemado un campo. \xrb tli \xrb ka:wa \nse The verb <na>tlika:wa</na> refers to the fact that when a field is burned to be cleared it does not burn completely. Some wood is left behind that can still be used for firewood, and people will go to the field and select to take that wood which is still good. \ref 07673 \lxa -ti \lxac xtlakwa:ti \lxo -ti \lxocpend xtlakwa:ti \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao extraverse directional used in the imperative and optative modes \ssao direccional extraverso utilizado en los modos imperativo y optativo \nae This suffix, which has a plural <na>-tin</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>-tih</no> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <nlao>-to</nlao> and <nlao>-to:ya</nlao>. \ref 07674 \lxa -to \lxac o:tlakwa:to \lxo -to \lxocpend o:tlakwa:to \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao extraverse directional suffix used in the perfective, indicating that the subject has come (and not yet left) \ssao direccional extraverso utilizado en el perfectivo, indicando que el sujeto ha llegado (y todavía no ha salido) \nae This suffix, which has a plural <na>-to:n</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>-to:h</no> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <nlao>-ti</nlao> and <nlao>-to:ya</nlao>. \ref 07675 \lxa -to:ya \lxac o:tekitito:ya \lxo -to:ya \lxocpend o:tekitito:ya \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao extraverse directional suffix used in the"pluperfect"; it indicates that the subject of the verbal predicate has come and gone \ssao sufijo direccional de acción extraversa utilizado en el"pluscuamperfecto"; indica que el sujeto del predicado verbal había venido y ya salido \nae This suffix, which has a plural <na>-to:yan</na> in Ameyaltepec and <no>-to:yah</no> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <nlao>-ti</nlao> and <nlao>-to</nlao>. The form <na>-to:ya</na> has a definite long vowel and is probably composed of the direccional (<nao>-to</nao>) compounded with the past perfective marker <n>-ya</n>. The perfective ending <n>-ya</n> may have originally been part of the present-day pluperfect <n>-ka</n>. In addition there are a few cases in which <n>-ya</n> is still the perfective as in <nao>o:to:kaya</nao> instead of the expected * <n>o:to:kaka</n> for 'he planted (and has since taken in the harvest).' This contrasts with <nao>to:kaya</nao> 'he used to plant' (the imperfect) and <nao>o:to:kak</nao> 'he planted (and the plants are still unharvested in the field).' Note that the <n>-ya</n> of <nao>o:to:kaya</nao> has a parallel meaning to the <n>-ya</n> of <nao>-to:ya</nao> in that the effects of the action (in the first case 'planting' and in the second c ase 'coming') are no longer i n effect (i.e., the plants have been harvested and the person has left after having come). \ref 07676 \lxa kalma:ma \lxac nokalma:man \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \sea (recipr.) to live very close together (in separate houses that are virtually on top of each other) \ssa (recipr.) vivir pegados (en casas particulares que están encimadas) \pna Nokalma:matokeh! \pea They live in houses that are right on top of each other. \psa Viven en casas pegadas. \xrb kal \xrb ma:ma \ref 07677 \lxa we:ika:chi:wa \lxac nowe:ika:chi:wa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to become conceited; to act like a bigshot \ssa (refl.) engreirse; sentirse mucho, gran cosa \synao we:ika:te:ne:wa \xrb we:i \xrb chi:wa \ref 07678 \lxa tlaso:sorronwia \lxaa tlaso:sorronwia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan sonsorrón (?) \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-4a \sea to make noise with the type of noisemakers used during Holy Week \ssa hacer ruido con matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa \nse In Ameyaltepec, during Holy Week the clapper is taken off the church bell. While it is not on the bell children would run about on the top of the church making noise with their noisemakers. \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 07679 \lxa tlayeyekano:chilia \lxac kitlayeyekano:chilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to invoke the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> against (or for, sb) \ssa invocar a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> contra (o para, algn) \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \encyctmp yeyekameh \ref 07680 \lxa kwecha:wtok \lxac kwecha:wtok \lxo kwecha:htok \lxocpend kwecha:htok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be d & to be moist; to be humid \sso estar húmedo; estar ligeramente mojado \equivo kwecha:wak \xrb kwecha: \qry Check whether Oapan /kwecha:htok/ can also mean, as does Am /kwecha:wak/ 'to be rare (e.g., meat that is lightly cooked, chicharrón not fully fried)' / 'estar poco hecho o cocido (p. ej., carne, chicharrón no bien frito).' \ref 07681 \lxa tepotso \lxac tepotso \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to be hunchbacked (a person or an animal) \ss se jorobado (una persona); tener joroba (un animal) \se to be curved (as a curved stick) \ss tener una curva (p. ej., una vara) \equivo tepótsotík \xrb tepotsoh \qry Check for final /h/ in Am equivalent. If there is no /h/, change the equiva field here as well as the headword for Am, /tepotsoh/. In my notes I have"Note that this (i.e., /tepotso/) may also be used to refer to the part of a curved stick, etc. in metaphoric extension."This is not clear. I.e., is the use with a possessive: /itepotso un tlakotl/, or is it /tepotso un tlakotl/ 'that stick is curved.' Check. Also, these were notes from Am and it is unclear how this term may be used in Oapan. Check for /tepotsotik/ in Am. \ref 07682 \lxa weka:wa \lxac kiweka:wa \lxo 'wiká:wa \lxocpend kíwiká:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to make (sb) take a long time (e.g., in doing a task) \ss hacer dilatar o demorar mucho (a una persona, p. ej., a trabajo que está muy tardado) \pna Xiwtema:tlatl | Nokiki:tskia ke:n tema:tlatl. So:loh para tikma:te:kas momi:hlan. Mitsweka:was, nososowa, nokiki:tskia. \pea <na>Xiwtema:tlatl</na> : It is woven together like a <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>. It just there for you to weed it in your corn field. It will keep you occupied for a long time, it extends along the ground, it gets meshed together one with another. \psa <na>Xiwtema:tlatl</na> : Se agarra como un <nla>tema:tlatl</nla>. Solamente está para que la arranques con la mano en tu milpa. Te va a hacer dilatar, se extiende por el suelo, se agarra unos con otros. \dis Discuss forms such as nisiwi, weka:wi, etc.; dis. /weka:wa/ vs. /wekawi:tia/. \xrb wehka: \ref 07683 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlátó:leh \lxocpend tlátó:leh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \pa yes-lex \seo person who is wordy, who speaks a lot \sso hablador, persona que habla mucho \xrb hto \vl There are two tokens of this word at 4213. They should be numbered 7683 and linked. \ref 07684 \lxa tsi:ntla:ltechiwi \lxac tsi:ntla:ltechiwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to have the bottom get close to the ground (e.g., a car that is heavily laden) \ssa acercarse a la tierra o suelo la parte baja o inferior de (p. ej., un coche con una carga pesada) \equivo tsi:ntla:ltextia \cfa tla:ltechiwi \xrb tsi:n \xrb tla:l \xrl -tech \ref 07685 \lxa to:kistli \lxac to:kistli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn Stem 1(s) \sea planting (of a maize field) \ssa siembra (de una milpa) \pna I yaw, o:pe:w to:kistli. \pea He is on his way, the planting has begun. \psa Ya va, ya empezóla siembra. \equivo to:kilistli \xrb to:ka \encyctmp mi:lpa \nse According to my documentation on the subject, <na>to:kistli</na> refers to the actual planting of seed in a milpa and not to either the clearing of the field nor to the activities connected with preparation of the land with a plow as the earth is loosened up. \ref 07686 \lxa a:tia \lxac a:tia \lxo a:tia \lxocpend a:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seo to get or become watery \sso ponerse o hacerse aguado \xrb a: \ref 07687 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsatsatik \lxocpend tsatsatik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo to be deaf \sso ser sordo \xrb tsa \ref 07688 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlate:tsolowa \lxocpend tlate:tsolowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infv class-2b \seo [meaning uncertain] \sso [significado no determinado] \xrb te- \xrb tso:l \xbtlo tetso:lowa \qry Note that in elicitation I asked Florencia to read /tlatetso:lowa/, which was the Am entry here (it is not entry 7688). Instead of /tlatetso:lowa/, with the meaning given in 7688, she gave /tlate:tsolowa/, obviously the null complement form of the transitive /te:tsolowa/ (07024). Whether this is a word that has a culturally specific meaning and should be kept is unclear. Nor, indeed, do I know precisely what /tlate:tsolowa/ means. \ref 07689 \lxa iswatamahli \lxac iswatamahli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se green corn leaves used to wrap tamals \ss verdes hojas de maíz utilizadas para envolver tamales \pna Tiktekiskeh iswatamahli. \pea We'll strip off green corn leaves (from the maize plant). \psa Vamos a cortar las hojas verdes de maíz (de la milpa). \pna Iswatamahli, ika kite:tekwian tamahli. \pea It is with the green leaves of the maize plant that they wrap up tamales. \psa Es con las hojas verdes de la planta de maíz que envuelven tamales. \equivo tamaliswatl \xrb swa \xrb tamal \ref 07690 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tamaliswapi \lxocpend tamaliswapi \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \seo to pick or pull off green corn leaves used to wrap tamals \ss arrancar o cortar las hojas anchas y verdes de maíz que se utilizan para envolver tamales \xrb tamal \xrb swa \xrb pi \nse In Ameyaltepec for <no>tamaliswapi</no> one would say simply <na>kiteki iswatamahli</na>. The perfective form in Oapan has a long final vowel: <no>o:tamaliswapi:k</no>. \ref 07691 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pi \lxocpend kipi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to pick or pull off (fruit from a plant) \sso arrancar o cortar (fruta de una planta) \xrb pi \qry Check meaning and inflection. \ref 07692 \lxa kuwxoxoktli \lxac kuwxoxoktli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \se <l>Parkinsonia praecox</l> (Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins, tree of the Leguminoseae family, characterized by its green bark and apparently called <spn>paloverde</spn> in Spanish \ss <l>Parkinsonia praecox</l> (Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae caracterizado por su cáscara verde y aparentemente llamado 'palo verde' en español \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kwa:xohtli \xrb kow \xrb xo \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this trees as"palo verde"but gives no further identification. However, Schoenhals (1988) does discuss the palo verde:"(<i>Cercidium</i> spp., e.g., <i>C. praecox, C. microphyllum</i>) 'paloverde,' 'foothill paloverde,' 'yellow paloverde' Low spiny, deciduous tree in central, arid areas. Has 4-10 pairs of yellowish-grean leaflets per side of the branch. Pale green bark and yellow flowers. Also called palo brea. 2. (<na>Cercidium floridum</na>) 'blue paloverde' Similar to the foothil paloverde but has a bluish bark and bluish-green leftlets. Has 1-4 pairs of leaflets per side of this branch. Blooms earlier than the foothill paloverde. Flowers appear in masses covering the tree. 3. (<i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i>) 'yello paloverde,' Jerusalem thorn,' 'Mexican paloverde' Yellowish-green twigs and yellow flowers. Also called bagota, espinillo, mezquite verde, retama."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) describe the <spn>retama</spn>, or <i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i>. It do es not seem to correspond to the <na>kuhxoxoktli</na>. \nct kohtli \ref 07693 \lxa kochi xiwtli \lxaa kokochi xiwtli \lxac kochi xiwtli \lxo kochi xihtli \lxocpend kochi xihtli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 1(w) \seo <l>Mimosa pudica</l> L., small plant of the Leguminoseae family that closes up and droops when touched \sso <l>Mimosa pudica</l> L., pequeña planta de la familia Leguminoseae que se cierra al ser tocado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva kokochi xiwtli \equiva xiwtli de kochi \equiva miki xiwtli \xrb kochi \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \nse The consultant who named this plant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that although he was not sure of its precise identification he was sure that it did exist: Another consultant, Luis Lucena, stated that he did not know of any plant by this name. It is almost certain that this is the plant also known as <nba>kokochi xiwtli</nba> or <na>xiwtli de kochi</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nbo>kochi xihtli</nbo> in Oapan. \ref 07694 \lxa tsi:nyewahli \lxac tsi:nyewahli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 07695 \lxa papa:ntalo:ntsi:n \lxac papa:ntalo:ntsi:n \lxo pápantaló:ntsi:n \lxocpend pápantaló:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pantalón \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \sea <l>Passiflora sp.</l> L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers) \ssa <l>Passiflora sp.</l> L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, asíllamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de hombre) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva mama:xtlatsi:n \equiva kakaltso:ntsi:n \equivo kákasó:ntsi:n \nct xiwtli \ref 07696 \lxa xoxo:hka:iksi \lxac xoxo:hka:iksi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \pss Adj \com Adj-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to become ripe while still green \ss madurarse todavía verde \xrb xo: \xrb ksi \ref 07697 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ne:ne:tsi:n \lxocpend ne:ne:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-? \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo [meaning uncertain: affectionate term for 'small child'?] \sso [significado pendiente: término de afecto para 'niño chiquito'] \xrb ne:ne: \vl Token (only 1 female and 1 male) was originally recorded at 04396. Link both here. \ref 07698 \lxa cho:kilistli \lxac cho:kilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se crying; the act of crying \ss llanto \xrb cho:ka \mod Check: Chen Diaz stated that the form is /cho:kistli/. It should probably be changed from what C. Flores gave. \ref 07699 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mocha:rowa \lxocpend kimocha:rowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>mochar</spn> \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo [meaning uncertain] to place a notch in \sso [significado pendiente] poner una muesca en \qry Check meaning. Originally I had a ref to this under Am /mo:xkah/, i.e., cf. Oapan /mocha:rowa/, but I had no such entry. I added this in the revision, but it needs to be checked. \ref 07700 \lxa nakaskakaya:wa \lxac nonakaskakaya:wa \lxo naká:skayá:wa \lxocpend nonaká:skayá:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-Intrans \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \se to be fooled by a sound; to think one hears something (that does not exist) \ss engañarse por un sonido; creer escuchar algo (que no existe) \xrb nakas \xrb kaya: \qry Check to determine if transitive use exists. Check to determine difference between /nakaskakaya:wa/ and /nakaste:tsa:wia/. \ref 07701 \lxa popo:yo:tik \lxac popo:yo:tik \lxo popoyo:tik \lxoa po:poyo:tik \lxocpend po:poyo:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k-ti \aff Lex. rdp-l \seo to be covered with a rotten black decay (particularly that which forms on dried ears of corn that have gotten wet) \sso estar cubierto con podredumbre, un tipo de moho negro (particularmente la que se forma sobre las mazorcas si se llegan a mojar) \xrb poyo: \vl First female token is /popoyo:tik/ and should be tagged as /popoyo:tik/ #7701. There is no male token. \ref 07702 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mesté:tomák \lxocpend mesté:tomák \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \pa yes-rdp \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas) \apo mesté:tomáhtik \xrb mets \xrb toma: \nae For a discussion of this word, see <nlo>mesté:tomáhtik</nlo>. \ref 07703 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:nyoweh \lxoa a:nyowih \lxocpend a:nyaweh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der Neg \seo no; no indeed (in response) \sso no; de veras que no (en respuesta) \equiva ka \equivo ka:yaweh \xrb ka: \nse <na>Ka:yaweh</na> is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although it is the standard form in Oapan (for Ameyaltepec <na>ka:</na>). However, I have documented it twice in Ameyaltepec in unsolicited situations, once by Juan de la Rosa and once by Constantino Monterrey. Those of Oapan, in addition to <no>ka:yaweh</no> often say <na>a:nyaweh</na>. \qry It appears that the /a:/ of /kâyoweh/ is long although this should be checked, as should presence or absence of final /h/ vs. glottal stop although I have recorded specifically that there is a final /h/. I have also recorded that there is stress on the first syllable; this should be rechecked. Perhaps it is stressed in Ameyaltepec and not so stressed in Oapan. Check the best spelling for Oapan: /a:nyaweh/ or /a:nyoweh/. \ref 07704 \lxa tlatilia \lxac kitlatilia \lxo tlatilia \lxocpend kitlatilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to set afire for or on (i.e., negatively affecting sb); to burn for or on (e.g., paper, clothes, firewood, etc. [SO], negatively affecting sb) \ss prender fuego para; quemar a; incendiar a (p. ej., papel, tela, leña, etc. [OS] algn [PO] afectando negativamente) \xrb tla \xvbao tlatia \qry There are several question pendings (including whether the tagged sound files are indeed for this entry (they were originally at 4685). The question is whether /kitlatilia/ is an applicative of /tlatia/ or of /tlatla/. In the first case it would be a ditransitive, the object of /tlatia/ is the item/object that is burned, and the object of the applicative /tlatilia/ would be the person affected (either positively or negatively) by the burning. In the second case the subject of /tlatla/ is that which is burned. Here /tlatilia/ would be {tlatla + lia} and the object here would be the material item of which are part is burned. Here /tlatilia/ would be a simple transitive (the applicative of /tlatla/ an intransitive). All these possibilities should be checked. Note, finally, that the sound linked here was originally at 4690. At 4690 there were 2 pronunciations: /kitla:tlatilia/ and /kitlatlatilia/. I am not sure of both. For now, /kitla:tlatilia/ has been considered long vowel reduplicaiton of /tlatilia/. It hasbeen provisionally tagged as 7704. However, it might be different. It should be checked. At this same point, 4690, there was another pronunciation, /kitlatlatilia/. This has been considered the applicative of /tlatlatia/ \vl There will be four tokens originally from 4690 tagged as 7704. These are /kitla:tlatilia/. For now none of these should be linked to the headword entry. \ref 07705 \lxa kapolin \lxac kapolin \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \se name for a species of tree not yet collected or identified \ss nombre de una especie deárbol todavía no colectada ni identificada \equivo kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cpl Of the <na>capulín</na>, Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (<i>Muntingia calabura</i> '[family] linden,' 'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de mayo. 3. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, <i>Celtis</i> spp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo, pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (<i>Rhamnus</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. serrata</i>) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>capulincillo</spn> of the family <i>Rosaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Prunus capuli</i>. For the Spanish <spn>capulincito</spn> Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family <i>Rhamnaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Ziziphus amole</i>. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for <spn>kapolin</spn> is <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no>. \nct kohtli \ref 07706 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik \lxocpend kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo folk species name for a type of <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no> \sso nombre foklórico de especie por un tipo de <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no> \equiva koo:lo:tl \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cpl Of the <na>capulín</na>, Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (<i>Muntingia calabura</i> '[family] linden,' 'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de mayo. 3. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, <i>Celtis</i> spp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo, pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (<i>Rhamnus</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. serrata</i>) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>capulincillo</spn> of the family <i>Rosaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Prunus capuli</i>. For the Spanish <spn>capulincito</spn> Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family <i>Rhamnaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Ziziphus amole</i>. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for <spn>kapolin</spn> is <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no>. \nct kohtli \ref 07707 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik \lxocpend kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo folk species name for a type of <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no> \sso nombre foklórico de especie por un tipo de <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no> \equiva kapolin \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cpl Of the <na>capulín</na>, Schoenhals (1988:28) says:"1. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (<i>Muntingia calabura</i> '[family] linden,' 'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de mayo. 3. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón."And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states:"1. (<i>Trema micrantha</i>) 'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, <i>Celtis</i> spp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo, pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (<i>Rhamnus</i> spp., e.g., <i>R. serrata</i>) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called capulincillo."Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following:"3. (<i>Prunus capuli</i>) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In t emperate climates. Fruit is reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>capulincillo</spn> of the family <i>Rosaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Prunus capuli</i>. For the Spanish <spn>capulincito</spn> Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family <i>Rhamnaceae</i> and genus/species <i>Ziziphus amole</i>. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for <spn>kapolin</spn> is <no>kó:ó:lo:tl</no>. \nct kohtli \ref 07708 \lxa memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \lxac memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdps-s \infn N1 \sea <l>Tillandsia erubescens</l> Schltdl., plant of the Bromeliaceae family that grows on trees \ssa <l>Tillandsia erubescens</l> Schltdl., planta de la familia Bromeliaceae que crece sobreárboles \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb mexkal \xrb kow \xrb tla:l \ref 07709 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mexkaltompistli de we:weyakí:matlápal \lxocpend mexkaltompistli de we:weyakí:matlápal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes-lex \seo plant of the Agavaceae family still not identified \sso planta de la familia Agavaceae todavía no identificada \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \xrb weya \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \ref 07710 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:pia:sowa \lxocpend tla:pia:sowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to urinate \sso orinar; mear \equiva a:xi:xa \xrb a: \xrb piya: \nse <n>Tlapeya:sowa</n> is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although because of contact with Oapan many speakers are familiar with its meaning and will jokingly use it. The principal word for 'to urinate' is <nla>a:xi:xa</nla> used reflexively. Note that apparently Oapanecos differentiate between <no>tlapeya:sowa</no> and <no>tlapia:sowa</no>. \ref 07711 \lxa metskuwyototoma:wak \lxac metskuwyototoma:wak \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas) \apo mesté:tomáhtik \xrb mets \xrb toma: \nae For a discussion of this word, see <nlo>mesté:tomáhtik</nlo>. \ref 07712 \lxa simarro:n te:kwa:ni \lxac simarro:n te:kwa:ni \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) cimarrón \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of dance in which wild tigres are presented \ss tipo de danza en que se representan tigres silvestres \sem dance \equivo te:kwa:nimeh \encyctmp danzas \xrb kwa \qry Determine the nature of this dance and get a description. Also determine where it is danced. \mod Add encyc on dances. \ref 07713 \lxa tesasa:watik \lxac tesasa:watik \lxo té:sa:wátik \lxocpend té:sa:wátik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k-ti \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \se to have a blight of small, pimple-like formations on the skin (certain fruits such as watermelon) \ss tener pequeños granitos sobre la superficie (ciertas frutas como la sandía) \sem disease \cfa sa:wati \xrb sa:wa \qry Perhpas put this under /sawa:ti/. Check to see if /tesasa:wati/ is so specific as to refer only to plants. \vl There is a female token originally 04769; it is /té:sa:wátik/, which should be tagged here at 7713 and linked. \ref 07714 \lxa po:te:tl \lxac po:te:tl \lxo a:po:te:tl \lxocpend a:po:te:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se type of water animal that turns into the frog called <nbo>temotl</nbo> in Oapan \ss tipo de animal acuático que se vuelve rana llamado <nbo>temotl</nbo> en Oapan \sem animal \sem marine \equivo michia:po:te:tl \xrb po:te: \nse I have heard both <no>a:po:te:tl</no> and <nbo>michia:po:te:tl</nbo> used in Oapan to refer to this fish. \cpl The etymology of <na>po:te:tl</na> is uncertain; perhaps it is related to the big belly of this fish. Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73) identify this fish as the <spn>charalito</spn>. Under <spn>charal</spn>, Schoenhals (1988:263)"1. (Fam. Atherinidae) 'sand smetl', 'silversides'. See pescado blanco. 2. (<i>Chirostoma bartoni</i>) 'Patzcuaro white fish' Smaller than the <spn>pescado blanco</spn>, being only about 2"long. After being cured in the sun, they are commercially sold." \nct michin \qry Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tl/ and /poti:xah/. \grm Phonology: Note retention of /i/ in /michia:po:tetl/. \ref 07715 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:nakas to:chintsi:n \lxocpend i:nakas to:chintsi:n \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \seo <l>Asclepias glaucescens</l> Kunth, wild herbaceous plant of the Asclepiadaceae family \sso <l>Asclepias glaucescens</l> Kunth, planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Asclepiadaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli; Nat-pl-med \equivo i:nakas kone:joh \xrb nakas \xrb to:ch \nse Given the vulgar connotations of <no>to:chin</no> this plant name is rarely used. Much more common is the complex term with the Spanish borrowing: <nao>i:nakas kone:joh</nao>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07716 \lxa te:chi:chi \lxac te:chi:chi \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1; pl. <na>te:chi:chin</na> \se type of small (5 inches long), whitish blood-sucking"snake" \ss tipo de"culebra"pequeña (como 5 pulgadas de largo y algo blanquito) que le chupa la sangre a la gente \pna Te:chi:chi, kuwatsi:ntli, ke:n kuwatl pero xweyak, xtoma:wak. Ke:n se: la:pis, kipia ima:tsitsi:wa:n. San kitowan deke mitsone:xti:s kanah tikoxtok, mitschi:chis, mitski:xtili:s yestli. \pea The <na>te:chi:chi</na>, it is a little snake, it is like a snake but it isn't long, it isn't fat. It's like a pencil, it has little legs. They say that if it comes upon you wherever you might be sleeping, it will suck liquid from you, it will take blood out of you. \psa El <na>te:chi:chi</na>, es una culebrita, es como una culebra pero no es largo, no es gordo. Es como una lápiz, tiene sus manecitas. Nada más dicen que si te encuenta en algún lugar donde estás durmiendo, te va a chupar, te va a sacar sangre. \sem animal \sem sn \equivo tla:lkowatl \encyctmp kowatl \xrb chi:chi \cpl The <na>te:chi:chi</na> is a small animal that sucks ones blood and appears in the ground during the summer. It has two small arms at the front of its body and is classified by most people with whom I have talked as a"snake"(<nla>kowatl</nla>). It was described as about 5 inches long and colored greyish-white. According to one person it might be the animal called <spn>semama</spn> in Spanish (though I am not familiar with this Spanish term). The plural according to one consultant is <na>te:chi:chin</na>, indicating clearly that the name is taken as a descriptive verb form, with a plural verb ending. It is not clear whether all speakers form the plural this way. \nct kowatl \qry Check for plural formation of /te:chichi/ as well as further descriptive data on the snake itself. I have not determined the length of the final vowel. Check with others for plural formation. \grm Pluralization nouns: Note that according to consultants the snake named /te:chi:chi/ pluralizes as /te:chi:chin/. This confirms the verbal basis for this term, since the plural is completely not nominal. \ref 07717 \lxa tlanchikoltila:na \lxac tlanchikoltila:na \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-V2 \der N-dvb-0 \sem plant \sem kohtli \sea generic name (derived from the hook-like thorns) for a group of trees that includes two species: <no>misto:nwistli</no> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) and <no>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</no> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.), both of the Leguminoseae family \ssa nombre genérico (derivado de la forma de sus púas) para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos especies: <no>misto:nwistli</no> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) y <no>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</no> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.), ambas de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Tlanchikoltila:na | Kipia iwitsio ke:n arabiti:yoh. Yewa ika kihlian tlachikoltila:na, san para ika titlayewaltsakwas. \pea <na>Tlachikoltila:na</na> : It has its thorn that is hook shaped. That why they call it <na>tlachikoltila:na</na>, it's just good for making fencing in areas. \psa <na>Tlachikoltila:na</na> : Tiene una púa como garabato. Por eso le dicen <na>tlachikoltila:na</na>, solamente sirve para cercar unaárea. \equivo té:chikolá:na \equivo misto:nwistli \xrb tlan \xrb chihkol \xrb tila:na \nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na>, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both gave <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are called <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na> although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however, Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as <nbo>misto:nwistli</nbo> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) and <l>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</l> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.). He did not use the term <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. \cpl This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). \nct kohtsi:ntli \grm Nominalization: Note the following name of a tree /tlachikoltila:na/. I have not yet determined whether /chikoltila:na/ exists as a verb (with an incorporated instrumental), but it would appear that /tlachikoltila:na/ is derived from a compounded form of /tila:na/ 'to pull on' and the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/. This is one example of simple verbs acquiring a nominal function. \ref 07718 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l \lxocpend misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \seo <l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth., tree of the Leguminoseae family and one of two types of <no>misto:nwistli</no> \sso <l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae y uno de dos tipos de <no>misto:nwistli</no> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva tlanchikoltila:na \xrb mis \xrb wits \xrb kos \xrb yo:l \nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na>, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both gave <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are called <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na> although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however, Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as <nbo>misto:nwistli</nbo> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) and <l>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</l> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.). He did not use the term <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. \cpl This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07719 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo misto:nwistli \lxocpend misto:nwistli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \seo generic name (derived from the hook-like thorns) for a group of trees that includes two species: <no>misto:nwistli</no> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) and <no>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</no> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.), both of the Leguminoseae family \sso nombre genérico (derivado de la forma de sus púas) para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos especies: <no>misto:nwistli</no> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) y <no>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</no> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.), ambas de la familia Leguminoseae \seo <l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth., tree of the Leguminoseae family and one of two types of <no>misto:nwistli</no> \sso <l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.,árbol de la familia Leguminoseae y uno de dos tipos de <no>misto:nwistli</no> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva tlanchikoltila:na \xrb mis \xrb wits \nse The names of these trees need to be determined with more precision. When asked the Oapan equivalent for Ameyaltepec <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na>, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both gave <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. However, when later conducting botanical fieldwork it became apparent that there were two trees that in Ameyaltepec are called <na>tlanchikoltila:na</na> although Inocencio Díaz (Am) called these by the same name, simply specifying that they were different types. For Oapan Nahuatl, however, Silvestre Pantaleón gave the names as <nbo>misto:nwistli</nbo> (<l>Mimosa polyantha</l> Benth.) and <l>misto:nwistli kókostík i:yo:l</l> (<l>Mimosa mollis</l> Benth.). He did not use the term <no>té:chikolá:na</no>. \cpl This tree is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It might be a thorn bush or acacia; my notes simply state that it is a small tree. There is no obvious relation to any tree listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07720 \lxa ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \lxac ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n \aff Lex. inflix <n>te-</n> \se to have very skinny legs \ss tener las piernas muy delgadas \equivo ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n \cfo ixí:pitsáhtik; ixí:pitsá:wak \xrb kxi \xrb pitsa: \qry Check utilization of this term and possibility that the non-diminutive form /ikxitepipitsak/ also exists. Check also if the noninclusion of /te-/ also occurs: ?/ikxitepipitsaktsitsi:nteh/. Note that when I asked Florencia Marcelino for the Oapan equivalent, she gave simply /ixí:pitsá:wak/ and /ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n/. The latter seems synonymous with the Am form. \grm Oapan phonology: note /pitsako:tsi:n/ here and elsewhere. \ref 07721 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n \lxocpend ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \seo to have very skinny legs \sso tener las piernas muy delgadas \equiva ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \cfo ixí:pitsáhtik; ixí:pitsá:wak \xrb kxi \xrb pitsa: \nse As is the case with the difference between <nlo>pitsako:tsi:n</nlo> and <nlo>pitsa:wak</nlo>, where the former represents an"intensification"of the latter, <no>ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n</no> represents a skinnier condition of the legs than <nlo>ixí:pitsá:wak</nlo>. \qry Check utilization of this term and possibility that the non-diminutive form /ikxitepipitsak/ also exists. Check also if the noninclusion of /te-/ also occurs: ?/ikxitepipitsaktsitsi:nteh/. Note that when I asked Florencia Marcelino for the Oapan equivalent, she gave simply /ixí:pitsá:wak/ and /ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n/. The latter seems synonymous with the Am form. \ref 07722 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixí:pitsáhtik \lxocpend ixí:pitsáhtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <no>ixité:pitsáhtik</no> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have skinny legs \sso tener las piernas delgadas \syno ixí:pitsa:wak \cfa ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \cfo ixí:pitsako:tsi:n \xrb kxi \xrb pitsa: \ref 07723 \lxa tlapoya:wilih \lxac tlapoya:wilih \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea Good evening or good night (from vespers to the time of sleeping) \ssa Buenas tardes o noches (desde la hora de oraciones hasta la hora de dormir) \equivo ya:wilih \encystmp Greetings and taking leave \xrb poya: \nse As with the other greetings (<nla>tlane:xtilih</nla>, <nla>pano:ltih</nla>, <nla>tio:tlakih</nla>, and <nla>tio:tlaki:ltih</nla>), <na>tlapoya:wilih</na> is used mostly by individuals in motion (e.g., in entering a house) in greeting someone stationary. These are not used in taking leave, at which time an optative form is almost always employed. Thus in leaving a house or a table of friends one might say <na>mania</na> or, if going to sleep, <na>ma nikochiti</na>. Or, a person in his or her house might say to a visitor <na>xmose:wiki</na> or, if eating, <na>xtlakwa:ki</na>. In many villages an acopated from for the greetings is used: <na>ne:xtilih</na>, <na>no:ltih</na>, <na>tlakih</na> or <na>tlaki:ltih</na>, and <na>poya:wilih</na>. The plural form is <na>tlapoya:wilikeh</na>, i.e., the plural ending for verbs or verbal derivations. Note that while the daughters of Silvestre Pantaleón said that they distinguished between <no>tlapoya:wilih</no> (used when it is dusk) and <nlo>ya:wilih</nlo>, used whe n it is completely dark, other consultants (such as Roberto Mauricio of Oapan) do not employ <no>tlapoya:wilih</no> and stated that the single greeting for evening or night is <no>ya:wilih</no>. It is probably the case that Silvestre Pantaleón, who worked many years in Ameyaltepec, was influenced by the speach of this village. Finally, note that it appears that these greetings are no longer in use among the younger generation, which greets in other ways (e.g., <no>ka:n tiaw?</no>). For example, Emiliana Domínguez, a woman of about 18 years of age, did not know the terms <nlo>ne:xtilih</nlo>, <nlo>ya:wilih</nlo>, etc. and said that they are used only among elder men and women. \ref 07724 \mod This was removed as a duplicate entry of /uwi:kaltia/ \dt 29/Dec/2004 \ref 07725 \lxa tlauwa:na \lxac tlauwa:na \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to scratch the earth (e.g., a chicken or similar fowl) \ss escarbar la tierra (p. ej., una gallina u otra ave similar) \xrb wa:na \xbtla uwa:na \ref 07726 \mod this has been deleted as a duplicate of 4557 \dt 03/May/2005 \ref 07727 \lxa mikistli \lxac mikistli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb miki \ref 07728 \lxa uwelowilia \lxac kuwelowilia \lxo té:welowília \lxop té:welowilia \lxocpend kité:welília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to take apart (sth built and put together, such as a house) for \ss desarmar (algo construído, como una casa) para \se to break (a material object or machine that functions) on (i.e., negatively affecting sb [PO]) \ss descomponer (un objeto material que funciona) a (esto es, afectando a algn [OP] negativamente) \fla uweliwi \xrb wel \xvba uwelowa \xvbo té:welówa \ref 07729 \lxa pepenilia \lxac kipepenilia \lxo pépenília \lxop pepenilia \lxocpend kí:penília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to pick up (many small objects, such as seeds, that are scattered on the ground) for \ss recoger o levantar (muchos objetos pequeños, como semillas, que están regados por el suelo) para \se to pick out (certain items from another others, as the best fruit from a market display, etc.) for \ss escoger (ciertos objetos de entre otros, por ejemplo la mejor fruta de un puesto en el mercado, etc.) para \dis akukwa; pepena; sentla:lia \xrb pena \xvba pepena \xvbo pépená \ref 07730 \lxa kukuh \lxac kukuh nokone:w kukuh \lxo ko:ko \lxocpend i:ko:ko \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seo boo-boo (i.e., sth that hurts a child) \sso dolorcito (esto es, algo que le duele a un niño) \sem baby \xrb kowa \qry I am not altogether sure that the word /i:ko:ko/ (with no final glottal stop) actually refers to 'boo-boo'; cf. /ko:koh/, which I had previously given. The semantics of this and of 1643 should be checked. \vl There are 4 tokens of this word at 4941. \ref 07731 \lxa tlafie:roh \lxac tlafie:roh \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 07732 \lxa oksekneka \lxac oksekneka \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se in a different way (an event or action that is carried out); distinct (an object, from another object) \ss en una manera distinta (un evento o acción llevado a cabo); diferente; distinto (un objeto de otro) \pna Oksekneka. \pea It is distinct (e.g., an object than how one thought it might be). \psa Es distinto (p. ej., un objeto, de como se pensaba o se creía). \pna San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chichi:n oksekneka. \pea It is (to be done) just the same as you do it, not even a teeny bit different. \psa Es (de hacerse) iguala a como túlo haces, ni un poquitito de otra manera. \pna Oksekneka xiktla:li! \pea Do it (set it down) in a different way! \psa ¡Házlo (pónlo) de otra manera! \equivo no: sehneka \cfa sekneka \xrb ok \xrb sekneka \nse The etymology of <na>oksekneka</na> is still unclear as is the precise meaning. Apparently it refers pronominally to events or actions that have occurred or been carried out in a distinct manner, or to the state of an object or objects that is different from others. \qry The length of the first /o/ was recorded as short; however, given the case with other similar words (that have a long initial /o:/), perhaps /oksekneka/ should again be checked. \ref 07733 \lxa maxakteliksa \lxac kimaxakteliksa \lxo maxahtelesa \lxocpend kimaxahtelesa \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to kick in the crotch or between the legs \sso patear en la entrepierna \xrb maxa \xrb teliksa \xrl -ko \qry This word is found on recording 19-1 at 28:21. \ref 07734 \lxa temonexka:kostiktsi:n \lxac temonexka:kostiktsi:n \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm N \xrb te \xrb mohnex \xrb kos \ref 07735 \lxa ilteki:ltia \lxac kilteki:ltia \lxo ilteki:ltia \lxocpend kitlalteki:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to give (sb, sth) to sip; to force (sb) to sip (a solid food with a great amount of tasty broth, such as beans, while leaving on the plate the solid food, to be eaten later) \sso dar a (algn, algo) para sober, beber o chupur (p. ej., el líquido de un guisado preparado con mucho caldo sabroso, como los frijoles, dejando la comida sólida en el plato, para ser comido después) \xrb lteki \qry Note that this token was simply a mis-elicitation at 5118. I made this new entry under the assumption that /tlalteki:ltia/, the definition of which I did not know, was the causative of /ilteki/. This needs to be checked and changed if not correct. Also, change the xref at /ilteki/ to this as a causative. \grm Antipassive: an excellent example of the antipassive is offered here by C. Flores /tikilteki:lti:s kaldi:toh mokone:w, san no: yewa tiktlalteki:lti:s ika kaldi:toh/. NOTE and transcribe use as example sentence in sound file. \ref 07736 \lxa kostia \lxac kostia \lxo kostia \lxocpend kostia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to turn yellow \sso amarillarse \xrb kos \vl There are 4 tokens from 04371 that should be tagged as 7736 and two selected for the links. \ref 07737 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ne:ika \lxoa ne:yá: \lxocpend ne:ika; ne:yá: \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \seo over there (in reference to a place that is distant and not visible) \sso allí(en referencia a un lugar distante, no visible) \cfa nepaika \cfa ne:yhka \xrb ne: \qry Check all adverbials. \ref 07738 \lxa tlakokoto:na \lxac kitlakokoto:na \lxo tlákokotó:na \lxop tlakokoto:na \lxocpend kitlákokotó:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \pa yes-lex \infv class-3a \seo to pull off half of \sso arrancarle la mitad a \xrb tlahko \xrb koto: \vl There is one female token of this word at 5176. It should be linked (it might need to be cleaned up with.5 sec silence at the end since I quickly corrected Florencia. \ref 07739 \lxa tesa:liwtok \lxac tesa:liwtok \lxo tesa:lihtok \lxocpend tesa:lihtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv Durative \se to be tangled and tightly knotted up (e.g., a cord, string, etc.) \ss estar enmarranado con muchos nudos bien apretados (p. ej., una cuerda, mecate, etc.) \cfa sa:liwtok \cfo sa:lihtok \xrb te- \xrb sal \nde Note that in reduplication it is the <n>te-</n> element that is reduplicated, as in Oapan <no>te:tesaliwi</no> or <no>tétesalíwi</no>. \ref 07740 \lxa itsontekon lamatsi:n \lxac itsontekon lamatsi:n \lxo i:tsontekon lámatsí:n \lxocpend i:tsontekon lámatsí:n \lxt i:tsontekon lamahtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \pa yes-lex \se cactus (family Cactaceae) with large round 'head' close to the ground, still not definitively identified but in local Spanish called <spn>rodilla de vieja</spn>. \ss cactus biznaga (de la familia Cactaceae) con una cabeza grande pegada al suelo, llamado en el español regional rodilla de vieja(o) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tioko:ni \xrb tson \xrb tekom \xrb lamah \nae Florencia Marcelina gave the name of cactus as <no>tio:koni</no> but Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that he knew this as <no>i:tsontekon lámatsí:n</no>. Nevertheless he later stated that he had heard people talk of eating <no>tio:koni</no> during the Revolution. \cpl In local Spanish of Iguala this is known as"rodilla de vieja."Bravo (1932), identifies this as <na>Corphanta Bumamma</na> with the following description:"Plantas depreso globosas, de 15 cm. de diámetro, provistas de tubérculos grandes que llevan abundante lana en sus axilas; espinas de 6-8, subuladas, recurvadas, de color blanco grisáceo y con el tiempo morenas; de 2-5 cm. de longitud; flores grandes de color amarillo. E. fruto es una baya de color fojizo que mide 4.5 cm. de longitud por 1 cm. de diámetro, y provista de 2 pequeñas escamas; semillas de color caféclaro, de superficie lisa y brillante y de 3-4 mm. de longitud, estas plantas se conocen en esa región con el nombre de 'rodilla de vieja'". It is still not clear in the native classificatory system whether <na>itsontekon lamatsi:n</na> is included among the <nla>to:motli</nla>, the generic word for cacti. \nct to:motli \ref 07741 \lxa omitetl \lxac omitetl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se soup bone; bone (usually of a pig or cow) with meat on it used for soup \ss un hueso con carne (generalmente de puerco o res) que se utiliza para hacer caldo \equivo komitetl \xrb omi \xrb te \nse In Oapan <no>komitetl</no> is used for 'bone' in general and for 'soup bone.' \qry Check to see if this can be possessed and, if so, how possession is marked (/-w/ or /-yo/). \ref 07742 \lxa tewistli \lxac tewistli \lxo tewistli \lxocpend tewistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \se <l>Havardia acatlensis</l> (Benth.) Britton et Rose, a hardwood tree of the Leguminoseae family \ss <l>Havardia acatlensis</l> (Benth.) Britton et Rose, unárbol con madera dura de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Tewistli | Yewa iyo:l melá:k tli:ltik, chika:wak, bwe:noh para klabi:jas. Xma:s we:weyakia. \pea <na>Tewistli</na> : Its heartwood is really black, it is hard, it is good for rivets. It doesn't get very long. \psa <na>Tewistli</na> : Su centro es muy negro, es duro, es bueno para clavijas. No se hace muy largo. \sem plant \sem kohtli \apao tewitskohtli \xrb te \xrb wits \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 07743 \lxa tla:tlako \lxac tla:tlako \lxo tla:tlako \lxocpend tla:tlako \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \pss PM \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se half and half; by halves \ss mitad y mitad; por mitades \pna Tia:skeh tla:tlako. \pea We'll go in by halves (or, We'll split it in half, e.g., the cost of a particular item, the amount of work necessary, etc.). \psa Vamos mitad y mitad (esto es, en pagar por algo, en cumplir con los requisitos de un trabajo, etc.) \xrb tlahko \nae In the present case the reduplication with long vowel of a nominal or nominal-like stem yields a word that functions adverbially as a predicate modifier. The degree to which this is a standard grammatical process in Nahuatl is not clear. \grm Parts of speech; grammaticalization: Re: /tla:tlako/: In the present case the reduplication with long vowel of a nominal or nominal-like stem yields a word that functions adverbially as a predicate modifier. The degree to which this is a standard grammatical process in Nahuatl is not clear. \ref 07744 \lxa tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik \lxac tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik \lxo tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik \lxocpend tsi:ntetsokwe:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com (N-N) \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have a body that is twisted in the area of the lower back \sso tener un cuerpo que está torcido en laárea inferior de la espalda \xrb tsi:n \xrb te \xrb tsokwe:l \ref 07745 \lxa tsi:ntetsokwe:liwi \lxac tsi:ntetsokwe:liwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to twist ones body in the area of the lower back \sso torcersele el cuerpo en laárea inferior de la espalda \xrb tsi:n \xrb te \xrb tsokwe:l \ref 07746 \lxa i:xkwatol \lxac i:xkwatol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \sea eyebrows \ssa cejas \sem body \equivo i:xté:nkwetól \xrb i:x \xrb kwah \xrb tol \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. I seem to have heard the middle vowel long at least with some speakers, although apparently it is underlyingly short followed by /h/, which is lost in surface Ameyaltepec forms. The short vowel is occasionally a combinatory allomorph of <nr>kwa:</nr> 'head.' \qry The presence of /-tol/ is unusual and should be analyzed. Perhaps it is related to /tolli/, here used metaphorically. Note that in other dictionaries this is given to mean 'eyelids' (cf. RS). Note also that originally I had this to mean 'eyebrows' but I have assumed at this point that this is an error and have changed it to 'eyelids.' This of course needs to be carefully rechecked. I also had this originally as having a long vowel. Again, based on comparative evidence I have changed this to a short vowel (check SJ to determine the presence of /h/), \sj i:xkwa:tol or i:xkwehtol, etc. \ref 07747 \lxa kwa:mantik \lxac kwa:mantik \lxo kwa:mantik \lxocpend kwa:mantik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \seo flat-topped \sso con la cabeza o la parte superior plana \cfo torompokwa:mantik \xrb kwa: \xrb man \ref 07748 \lxa na:nkas \lxac xya san na:nkas \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adv \ref 07749 \lxa okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl \lxac okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-complex \der N-b \seo <l>Thevetia ovata</l> (Cav.) A. DC., a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called <na>toto:roh</na> \sso <l>Thevetia ovata</l> (Cav.) A. DC.,árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama <na>toto:roh</na> \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo yó:yotlíyón sísiwá:tl \xrb okich \xrb yoh \xrb sowa: \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \grm Relative clauses: Note that the relative marker in ON is /yún/. It always seems to receive stress, i.e., /yó:yotlíyún sísiwá:tl/. \ref 07750 \lxa tepochiktik \lxac tepochiktik \lxo tepochihtik \lxocpend tepochihtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denon-tik \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \seo to be uneven, bumpy, or rough; to not be smooth (e.g., the surface of unpolished ceramics, the unfinished surface of an adobe or plastered wall, etc.) \sso ser desigual o disparejo; no estar plano; seráspero (p. ej., la superficie de cerámica no pulida, la superficie no acabada de una pared de adobe o yeso, etc.) \sem texture \cfa tsatsapaltik \xrb pochi: \ref 07751 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komoloh \lxocpend komoloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo type of small insect, still unidentified, that burrows into the ground \sso tipo de pequeño insecto, todavía no identificado, que escarba o cava en la tierra \sem animal \sem ins \equiva tla:ltekomolotsi:n \xrb tla:l \xrb komol \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \nfe This animal is used as a remedy to cure skin cuts. \mod See cuaderno for notes on curing. \ref 07752 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koyolin \lxocpend koyolin \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \seo <l>Trichilia hirta</l> L., tree of the Meliaceae family \sso <l>Trichilia hirta</l> L.,árbol de la familia Meliaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-md \equiva kwahkoyolin \xrb koyolin \nct kohtli \qry Check etymology of /koyolin/. According to JoséSantos, the name of this tree is Spanish is 'cola de coyote.' However, I have not found this listed anywhere. \ref 07753 \lxa yeyekatlanono:chilia \lxac kiyeyekatlanono:chilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-tla-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to invoke the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> against \ss invocar los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> en contra de \pna O:ne:chyeyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s. \pea They invoked the <na>yeyekameh</na> against me, they named (in a prayer) the residents of <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla> so that I would get ill. \psa Invocaron los e <na>yeyekameh</na> en mi contra, nombraron (en una oración) los habitantes de <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla> para que me enfermara. \syno yéye:kano:chília \fla te:yekanono:chilike:tl \xrb e:ka \xrb no:tsa \qry Valency; /tla-/: Note /O:ne:chyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s./ 'They invoked the <na>yeyekameh</na> against me, they named (in a prayer) the residents of <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla> so that I would get ill.' Note here that this is syntactically a divalent verb: S and O/PO. However, the base verb is trivalent. This suggests that perhaps /no:chilia/ is decreased in valency by /tla-/ and that /yeka/ is an oblique. But this is problematical since it is indeed the 'aires' who are invoked. This should be checked. Check the Oapan form with a speech analyzer. \grm Valency; /tla-/: Note /O:ne:chyekatlanono:chilikeh, o:kite:ne:wkeh chikna:wtipan cha:nekeh para nikwalo:s./ 'They invoked the <na>yeyekameh</na> against me, they named (in a prayer) the residents of <nla>chikna:wtipan</nla> so that I would get ill.' Note here that this is syntactically a divalent verb: S and O/PO. However, the base verb is trivalent. This suggests that perhaps /no:chilia/ is decreased in valency by /tla-/ and that /yeka/ is an oblique. But this is problematical since it is indeed the 'aires' who are invoked. This should be checked. \ref 07754 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:tekestik \lxocpend te:tekestik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \seo to be always taking breaks, always stopping (e.g., a worker, particularly one who works while walking such as in the harvest, who every few steps stops to rest) \sso siempre tomar descanos, parándose en seguida (p. ej., un trabajador, particularmente uno que trabaja caminando como en cosechar, que seguido se para) \xrb teketsa \apao te:tekets \xrb te \xrb ketsa \sj Check for /h/. \vl Note that the original sound files for this word are found at 5453. \ref 07755 \lxa tla:tlata \lxac kitla:tlata \lxo tla:tlata \lxocpend kitla:tlata \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-l \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \seao see <nla>tlatlata</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlátlatá</nlo> (Oa) \ssao vé ase <nla>tlatlata</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlátlatá</nlo> (Oa) \xrb ita \nae The verbal form * <nao>tlata</nao>, which comprises the verb <nao>ita</nao> and the incorporated nonspecific object <n>tla-</n> only has been documented in reduplicated form, with short and with long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix. Since short vowel reduplication seems much more common in this case, the principal entry has been given as <nla>tlatlata</nla> (Am) / <nlo>tlátlata</nlo>. \ref 07756 \lxa ma:tetso:ntsona \lxac kima:tetso:tsona \lxo ma:tetso:tsona \lxocpend kima:tetso:tsona \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seo to crush or hit the hand of (sb) with a stone \sso machucar o golpear la mano de (algn) con una piedra \sem contact \syna ma:tepachowa \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb tsona \ref 07757 \lxa me:soh \lxac me:soh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea see <nla>burroh me:soh</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>burroh me:soh</nla> \equivo maye:soh \qry Check for final /h/; also if /me:so/ can be used in another other context other than to refer to a donkey. Note that in Oapan the term is /ma:ye:so/. Check for Spanish term. If no /h/ change here as elsewhere. \ref 07758 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohcha:charah \lxocpend kohcha:charah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N \der N-irregular \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo noisemaker used during Holy Week \sso matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa \syna so:sórron \syna tlakakalatsahli \xrb chala: \nae The etymology of <no>kohcha:charah</no> is unclear but it might well be related to Nahuatl <nlo>chachalaka</nlo> with an /l/>/r/ phonological shift. \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 07759 \lxa chi:ltoto:roh \lxac chi:ltoto:roh \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan toro \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea food made of a soft tortilla folded in half on top of itself with chile sauce, silantro, onions, and other spices in the center, the taco is heated on the griddle with its edges pressed together so it acquires a crescent shape with pointed ends like horns (hence its name) \ssa comida hecha de una tortilla blanda doblada sobre si misma y rellenada con salsa de chile con silantro, cebolla y otras especies en medio, el taco se calienta por el comal con las orillas prensadas para que adquiera una forma de media luna con puntas como cuernos por las extremedades (asísu nombre) \sem food-tortilla \synao chi:ltlama:tsowahli \xrb chi:l \ref 07760 \lxa to:nalchika:waltia \lxac kito:nalchika:waltia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to fortify or strengthen the"soul"(<nla>to:nahli</nla>) of \ss fortalecer, hacer más fuerte el"alma"(<nla>to:nahli</nla>) de \pna Deke tikpia moto:nal ba:joh, misto:nalchika:walti:s. \pea If your <na>to:nal</na> is weak, he will strengthen it for you. \psa Si tienes el <na>to:nal</na> débil,él te lo va a fortalecer. \equivao to:nalchika:wa \cfa to:nahli \xrb to:na \xrb chika: \qry Check to determine whether /chika:waltia/ exists and, if it does, whether there is a difference between transitive /chika:wa/ and /chika:waltia/. Also, for this entry, check for an intransitive form and for ?/to:nalchika:wa/. \mod Cf. Flk-1984-06-07.2 \ref 07761 \lxa china china china chinah \lxac china china china chinah \lxo china china chinah \lxocpend china china chinah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cochino \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \seo sound used by women in calling their pigs to eat \sso sonido utilizado por las mujeres en llamar a sus marranos a comer \ref 07762 \lxa kukuwini \lxac kukuwini \lxo kókowíni \lxoa kókówíne \lxocpend kókowíni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood \sso niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador \syna kokowintsi:n \xrb kow \ref 07763 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:i:skitl de kowatl \lxocpend a:i:skitl de kowatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) manzana \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \seo <l>Lantana camara</l> L., small bush of the Verbenaceae family with brightly colored yellow and red flowers \sso <l>Lantana camara</l> L., pequeño arbusto de la familia Verbenaceae con llamativas flores de color amarilla y roja \equiva i:mansa:nah kuwatl \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a: \xrb i:sk \xrb kowa \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07764 \lxa onye:wi \lxac onye:wi \lxo one:wi \lxocpend one:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao see <nlao>ye:wi</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>ye:wi</nlao> \xrb e:wi \ref 07765 \lxa -tinemi \lxac wetskatinemi \lxo -tinemi \lxocpend wetskatinemi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm class-3a(m)/associated motion \com ti-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \sea to go around [what is signified by the main verb] \ssa andar [lo que se significa por el verbo principal] \equivo -timi \xrb nemi \ref 07766 \lxa kulebri:tah \lxac kulebri:tah \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan culebra (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \ssa <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kówatlí \cfa kowiya:wtli \cfo kó:yá:htli \xrb ko \xrb wah \nse The identification of the <no>kówatlí</no> (Oa) and <nba>kowatli</nba> (Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of <na>kowatli</na> (Am) / <nt>kowahtle</nt> (Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark is called <l>Guettarda elliptica</l> Sw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called <na>kowatli</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nt>kulebri:tah</nt> in San Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other <na>kowatli</na> has smooth bark, it is the <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, a hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called <na>kulebri:tah</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nt>kowahtle</nt> in Tetelcingo. Thus the names are reversed from those given to <l>Guettarda elliptica</l>. The the <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silve stre Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. Apparently, if the identification is correct, if the wood of this tree is hard and the branch straight and long, it can be used for <spn>cabesas</spn> in house construction. Common names include <spn>palo de arco</spn>. \nct kohtli \vl The first token is female /kowatl/, which should be tagged with ref. 5093. \ref 07767 \lxa kuwatli \lxac kuwatli \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(h) \se <l>Guettarda elliptica</l> Sw., tree of the Rubiaceae family \ss <l>Guettarda elliptica</l> Sw.,árbol de la familia Rubiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb ko \xrb wah \nse The identification of the <no>kówatlí</no> (Oa) and <nba>kowatli</nba> (Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of <na>kowatli</na> (Am) / <nt>kowahtle</nt> (Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark is called <l>Guettarda elliptica</l> Sw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called <na>kowatli</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nt>kulebri:tah</nt> in San Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other <na>kowatli</na> has smooth bark, it is the <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl, a hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called <na>kulebri:tah</na> in Ameyaltepec and <nt>kowahtle</nt> in Tetelcingo. Thus the names are reversed from those given to <l>Guettarda elliptica</l>. The the <l>Apoplanesia paniculata</l> C. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silve stre Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. But it appears that the tree known in Ameyaltepec as <na>kowatli</na> does not grow on lands of Oapan and therefore does not have an established identifying name in this latter village. \ref 07768 \lxa chapoltlatlama \lxac chapoltlatlama \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-1 \sea to catch grasshoppers (grabbing them with ones hands off the maize leaves in September and October and then placing them in a container, often of palm, a <nla>pi:tso:tl</nla>, as one goes through the cornfields) \ssa juntar chapulines (agarrándolos con las manos de las hojas de maíz en septiembre y octubre, y después metiéndolos en un recipiente, a menudo de palma, <nla>pi:tso:tl</nla>) \pna O:chapoltlatlama:to. \pea He went to catch grasshoppers. \psa Fue a juntar chapulines. \equivo cháchapólma \cfa tlama \encyctmp hunting \xrb chapol \xrb ma \nae For a fuller discussion of the morphology of Ameyaltepec <na>chapoltlatlama</na>, see <nlo>cháchapólma</nlo>. \qry Determine whether /tlama/ is a transitive normally. Recheck verb class; it appears to inflect like /kwa/. Check to see if nonnreduplicated form can also be used; check for /ma:satlama/. \mod Add encyclopedic entry for tlama and types of hunting. \grm Incorporation; /tla-/; valency; transitivity: The reduplicated form, which appears to be the only possible, is probably the result of the type of action (repetitive) involved. Cf. entry under /tlama:/. Interestingly this verb seems to exist only with the detransitivizing /tla-/. What this means is that the incorporation of the objects hunted occurs as a modifying (Type I) incorporation: one can have both /tlatlama/ and /michtlatlama/ etc. RS gives under /ma/ the following: nitla- cazar; frec. nitlatlama, pescar, cazar con redes; tlatlama, el que pesca, pescador. Note, then, that the reduplication might reflect the way in which hunting is effected. Cf. /michtlatlamake:tl/ and elicit whether there is a word for deerhunter. \ref 07769 \lxa tlapopolwilia \lxac kitlapopolwilia \lxo tlá:polwilia \lxocpend kitlá:polwília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to forgive, exculpate, or excuse (sb [PO]) for (sth [SO] such as an error or sin) \ss perdonar o exculpar a (algn [PO]) por (algo [SO]) \xrb pol \xvba tlapopolwia \xvbo tlá:polwiya \qry Recheck valency and nature of argument structure. \ref 07770 \lxa tekwaltia \lxac ipan noma kitekwaltia \lxo tekwaltia \lxocpend kitekwaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \infv class-2a \seo (<n>-pan</n> + refl.) to get crushed or pinched ([possessor of <n>-pan</n> ]) between two sides of (reflexive subject, such as a door, two boards with a crack between them, pliers, etc., that is, things that close and catch sth in the middle, pinching it as it closes) \sso (<n>-pan</n> + refl.) prensarse o apretarse ([poseedor de <n>-pan</n> ] entre dos lados de (sujeto del reflexivo, como una puerta, dos tablas con una hendedura en medio, pinzas, etc., esto es, objetos que se cierran y agarran algo en medio, prensándolo al cerrar sobre ello) \syna tekwa \xrb kwa \ref 07771 \lxa testa:rowa \lxac testa:rowa \lxo testa:rowa \lxocpend testa:rowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>testar</spn> \psm V1 \der V1-loan \infv class-2b \seo to make or give a last will and testament; to distribute ones property and belongings when near death \sso testar; distribuir los bienes al acercarse a la muerte \syna tlaxelowa \qry Check whether or not this takes a reflexive. \ref 07772 \lxa kwalne:xtia \lxac kikwalne:xtia \lxo kwalne:xtia \lxocpend kikwalne:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make pretty; to beautify \sso embellecer; hacer bonito \syna kwaltsi:ntilia \xrb kwal \qry Apparently the intransitive form *kwaltsi:nti(a) does not exist. This should be checked. \grm Note word order: /Un sowa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n/ 'That woman is made better looking by her clothes.' Note how the order her, which seems to involve focalization, is OVS. \ref 07773 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nexkurustsi:n \lxocpend @nexkurustsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) cruz \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo cross drawn on the forehead with ashes or soot for Ash Wednesday \sso cruz de ceniza o hollín que se pone en la frente para Miércoles de Ceniza \cfa i:xkwa:teposwia \cfo nexkwi \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepos \nse Note the use of <nla>teposwia</nla> here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.' \ref 07774 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tá:tapaché:wi \lxop ta:tapache:wi \lxocpend tá:tapaché:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to have red bumps (like those of an allergy) appear on ones skin (not from a bite of any animal, but just by themselves as when one has <no>míhka:síwi</no>) \sso salirsele ronchas rojas (como las producidas por una alergia) a (no por una mordida de cualquier animal o insecto, pero solo, como cuando uno <no>míhka:síwi</no>) \xrb tahpach \sj Check location of /h/. \vl There are 4 female and 3 male tokens of this word, recorded originally at 6687. They should be tagged as 7774 and two should be linked. \ref 07775 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yéye:páso:tl \lxocpend yéye:páso:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \pa yes-rdp \seo type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified \sso tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva ye:paso:lxiwtli \xrb e:paso:l \xrb xiw \nae The reduplication yielding <no>yéye:páso:tl</no> undoubtedly refects the fact that this plant resembles the edible plant <no>ye:paso:tl</no>. \nct xiwtli \ref 07776 \lxa kamatepo:tskalaktilia \lxac kikamatepo:tskalaktilia \lxo kamatepo:tskalahtilia \lxocpend kikamatepo:tskalahtilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seo to stuff the mouth of \sso atiborrarle la boca a (algn) con (algo [OS]) \xrb kama \xrb tepo:ts \xrb kalak \nse Although this term (along with <no>kamatepo:tsakilia</no>, which is not in the lexicon at present) was uttered in a recording sense (though at too low a level to be recorded) it does not seem to be a term used in Oapan. Rather, it was given as a"possible"equivalent to Ameyaltepec <nla>kamapo:tsakilia</nla>. The Oapan term here should, therefore, be checked. \ref 07777 \lxa ó:rganoh de un we:i \lxaa ó:rganoh de uwe:i ito:moyo \lxac ó:rganoh de un we:i \lxocpend ---- \lxt ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan órgano \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of large cactus \ssa órgano, tipo de cactus grande \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tó:mowéwé:i \encyctmp ó:rganoh \nct to:motli \ref 07778 \lxanotes yzzz \lxaa ---- \lxac ---- \lxo kwahli mexkahli \lxocpend kwahli mexkahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao see <nlo>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nlo> \ssao vé ase <nlo>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nlo> \xrb kwal \xrb mexkal \ref 07779 \lxa bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxac bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxo bwe:nóra káyo:tl \lxop bwe:norah kayo:tl \lxocpend bwe:nóra káyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) buen hora \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seo something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season) \sso algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias) \syno saniman kayo:tl \xrb kayo: \ref 07780 \lxa ma:posteki \lxac kima:posteki \lxo ma:posteki \lxocpend kima:posteki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V3-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to break off the branch of (e.g., a tree, bush, etc.) \ss romperle la rama a (p. ej., unárbol, arbusto, etc.) \seao to break the arm or hand of \ssao romperle el brazo o mano a (algn) \xrb ma: \xrb posteki \ref 07781 \lxa tlamana \lxac tlamana \lxo tlamana \lxocpend tlamana \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to lay out an offering (e.g., to a deceased relative during All Saints Day, on an altar or in a church, etc.) \ss poner una ofrenda (p. ej., a un pariente muerte para Todos Santos, sobre un altar, en una iglesia, etc. \xrb mana \xtlao mana \vl There is one token for this word from 6497. \ref 07782 \lxa kwa:teteson \lxac kwa:teteson \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crewcut or short hair \ssa tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso \apa kwa:tetesontik \equivo kwa:teson \equivo kwa:tesonek \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \ref 07783 \lxa tekontetso:tsona \lxac kitekontetso:tsona \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \seo to hold a gourd or gourd-like object over (a chick [O]) and tap on it lightly \sso sostener una jícara o algo parecido sobre (un pollito [o]) darle golpecitos ligeros \syno wákaltetso:tsóna \xrb wehka \xrb tsona \nae The vowel length of the reduplicant is probably long despite ambigous evidence from the two speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez. He was not familiar with the meaning of the term, and this might account for some variation. Also, despite the fairly short duration of the reduplicant vowel, the ratio between this vowel and the initial vowel of the verbal stem <n>tsona</n> is still within a range that would suggest a phonologically long vowel in the reduplicant. \qry Check the vowel length of the first /o:/ of the final verbal element. Note that in genereal this verb is usually found with short vowel reduplication (e.g., /tlatsotsona/). In Florencia Marcelino's speech I seemed to have heard a long vowel, and a short one with Inocencio. He did not seem familiar with the meaning of this term and this may have lead to the difference. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 07784 \lxa kwa:chi:koyo:nia \lxac kikwa:chi:koyo:nia \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwa:techi:koyo:nia</na> \infv class-2a \sea to open up a wide hole in the top of (e.g., a hut of palm or <na>zacate</na>) \ssa abrir un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate) \sea to make a piercing wound in the head of (synonym Oapan: <nlo>kwa:tekoyo:nia</nlo>) \ssa abrirle un gran agujero en la cabeza a (algn; sinónimo Oapan: <nlo>kwa:tekoyo:nia</nlo>) \xrb kwa: \xrb chi: \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \nde In Oapan the form <no>kwa:tekoyo:ni</no> is used to refer to a hole on the head such as that opened up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form <nlo>kwa:chi:koya:wi</nlo> is used to refer to a thatched roof opening up. \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. \ref 07785 \lxa we:weh \lxac we:weh \lxo wé:wetlí \lxocpend wé:wetlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pa yes-lex \seo person who gives a formal speech of advice to the bride and groom after the procession has arrived at the groom's house to leave off the presents from the bride and her family; at times there are two <no>wé:wetlí</no> with the first presenting his discourse in the house of the bride when <no>tlatlaquechi:lo</no> \sso persona que hace un discurso formal de consejo al novio y a la novia cuando llegaron a dejar los trastes en la casa del novio; a veces también hay otro <no>wé:wetlí</no> con el primero en la casa de la novia cuando <no>tlatlaquechi:lo</no> \xrb we:we: \grm Oapan phonology: /wé:we:tlátó:hli/: Note that stress pattern and measure for article. \ref 07786 \lxa wa:kaxnamakake:tl \lxaa wa:kaxnemakake:tl \lxac wa:kaxnamakake:tl \lxo wa:kaxnemake:tl \lxoa wa:kaxnamake:tl \lxocpend wa:kaxnemake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) vaca \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo person who sells cattle \sso persona que vende ganado \equivo wa:xnemake:tl \xrb wa:kax \xrb namaka \nse Given that many Oapan Nahuatl speakers abbreviate <no>wa:kax</no> to <no>wa:x</no>, which is homophonous with the root of <no>wa:xin</no>, the nominalized compound <no>wa:xnema:ke:tl</no> acquires two significations: a seller of <spn>guajes</spn> and a seller of cattle. \ref 07787 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lkwi \lxocpend kontla:kwis \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo (usually with a directional affix) to (go/come) get earth (e.g., for making ceramics, etc.) \sso (generalmente con un afijo direccional) (ir/venir a) tomar tierra (p. ej., para hacer cerámica, etc.) \pno Tontla:lkwitiwetsiskeh, a:mantsi:n oh weli:pantsi:n. \peo We're going to go get some earth (for ceramics), it's still light out. \pso Vamos a ir a conseguir tierra (para la cerámica), todavía queda bastante luz. \xrb tla:l \xrb kwi \ref 07788 \lxa cha:molkuwtli \lxaa cha:molinkuwtli \lxac cha:molkuwtli \lxo cha:molkohtli \lxoa cha:molin kohtli \lxocpend cha:molkohtli \lxt cha:molin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seao generic name for a type of small tree that includes two types: <na>cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik</na> and <na>cha:molin de kokostik</na> \ssao nombre genérico para un tipo de arbusto que incluye dos tipos: <na>cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik</na> y <na>cha:molin de kokostik</na> \se tree or bush with small red flowers that grow in bunches \ss arbusto que tiene florecitas rojas que crecen en ramicitas \equivao cha:molin \xrb cha:mol \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>chamol</spn> in Spanish, of the family <i>Leguminosae</i> and genus/species <i>Caesalpina pulcherrima</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish <spn>chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,</spn> or <spn>surungana</spn>. They identify this as of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i> and the genus/species <i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>chamol</spn>. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \ref 07789 \lxa kwa:chi:koyo:ni \lxac kwa:chi:koyo:ni \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>kwa:techi:koyo:ni</na> \infv class-3a \sea to have wide hole open un in the top (e.g., of a hut of palm or <na>zacate</na>) \ssa abrirse un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate) \sea to get a piercing wound in the head of (synonym Oapan: <nlo>kwa:tekoyo:nia</nlo>) \ssa abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza (algn; sinónimo Oapan: <nlo>kwa:tekoyo:nia</nlo>) \xrb kwa: \xrb chi: \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \nde In Oapan the form <no>kwa:tekoyo:ni</no> is used to refer to a hole on the head such as that opened up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form <nlo>kwa:chi:koya:wi</nlo> is used to refer to a thatched roof opening up. \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. \ref 07790 \lxa tepi:tska:tla:katl \lxac tepi:tska:tla:katl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao healthy man; stout and sturdy man (of body and health, who does not easily become sick) \ssao hombre sano; hombre fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente) \equivo tepi:tka:tla:katl \cfao kaxa:nka:tla:katl \cfa poxa:hka:tla:katl \xrb tepi:ts \xrb tla:ka \nse <na>Tepi:tska:tla:katl</na> is used, for example, in talking about an old man who is still strong, sturdy, and able to work hard, or who never gets ill despite his age. \qry Check into Oapan and the use of /tepi:tka:/ instead of /tepi:tska:/. Apparently the latter is not acceptable in these contexts; cf. the Yale tape, which I believe might have a discussion somewhere on this point. Check for possessed form. \ref 07791 \lxa tepi:tska:suwa:tl \lxac tepi:tska:suwa:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea healthy woman; stout and sturdy woman (of body and health, who does not easily become sick) \ssa mujer sana; mujer fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente) \equivo tepi:tka:siwa:tl \cfa kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \cfo kaxa:nka:siwa:tl \cfa poxa:hka:suwa:tl \xrb tepi:ts \xrb sowa: \nse In general <nla>tepi:stik</nla> used in this sense refers to a person who is sturdy and not weak, who is healthy (<spn>sana</spn>) and doesn't get sick. \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the base of the modifier is the verb <nao>tepi:tsiwi</nao>. As with most verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> the participial form in the Balsas region is the verbal root (i.e., the stem minus <n>-iwi</n>) plus the participial ending <n>-ka:</n>. In Oapan the surface form is the result of the reduction of the final /ts/ affricate to a simple stop, /t/. This is perhaps the only case I have documented so far in which an affricate loses the fricative component in a particular environment. \grm Oapan phonology: ts>t: cf. /tepi:tka:siwa:tl/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the base of the modifier is the verb <nao>tepi:tsiwi</nao>. As with most verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> the participial form in the Balsas region is the verbal root (i.e., the stem minus <n>-iwi</n>) plus the participial ending <n>-ka:</n>. In Oapan the surface form is the result of the reduction of the final /ts/ affricate to a simple stop, /t/. This is perhaps the only case I have documented so far in which an affricate loses the fricative component in a particular environment. \ref 07792 \lxa a:xo:chitl \lxac a:xo:chitl \lxocpend @ka:rrasal \lxt a:xo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea <l>Asthianthus viminalis</l> (Kunth) Baill., tree of the Bignoniaceae family found principally at the river's edge, called <spn>asúchil</spn> or <spn>carrizal</spn> in Spanish \ssa <l>Asthianthus viminalis</l> (Kunth) Baill.,árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae que crece en la galería del río, llamado asúchil o carrizal en español \pna Kuwtli, u:nkah ipan a:te:ntli. \pea It (the <na>a:xo:chitl</na>) is a tree, it is found near the river. \psa (El <na>a:xo:chitl</na>) es unárbol, se halla cerca del río. \pna A:xo:chitl | Ipan pa:skwah kite:teketsan esta:kas ipan kisa:sa:lowan tio:pan ka:n nowiti:wa. \pea <na>A:xo:chitl</na> : During Easter they set up stakes and on them they tie it, in the church where people pass through. \psa <na>A:xo:chitl</na> : Durante Pascua ponen estacas paradas y sobre ellas lo amarran, en la iglesia donde pasa la gente. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva a:xo:chikuwtli \equivo ka:rrasal \xrb a: \xrb xo:chi \cpl Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as <spn>asúchil</spn>. Ramírez (1991) also identifies this as the <spn>asúchil</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:179) list this as of the family <i>Bignoniaceae</i> and the genus/species <i>Asianthus viminalis</i>. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \grm Impersonal /-wa/. Note the following phrase from my data: /A:xo:chitl | Ipan pa:skwah kite:teketsan esta:kas ipan kisa:sa:lowan tio:pan ka:n nowiti:wa/ ' <na>A:xo:chitl</na> | During Easter they set up stakes and on them they tie it, in the church where people pass through.' Note here the use of /-wa/ whereas most speakers now would use /-lo/. Cf. the data on /ka:n o:mikiwa:k/. \ref 07793 \lxa itipala:nki \lxac itipala:nki \lxo ítipalá:nki \lxoc ítipalá:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \inc N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \pa yes-lex \seo to have a rotten inside (e.g., a fruit such as watermelon, cantaloupe, apple, red tomato, etc.) \sso tener la parte interior pudrido (una fruta como sandía, melón, manzana, jitomate, etc.) \xrb hti \xrb pala: \vl This word was originally recorded at 07016, spontaneously during the recording session. \ref 07794 \lxa xexelowa \lxac kixexelowa \lxo xéxelówa \lxoa té:xelówa \lxop xexelowa \lxop té:xelowa \lxoc kité:xelówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> : <no>té:xelówa</no>. \infv class-2b \pa yes-rd \se to split up into pieces or portions \ss dividir en pedazos o porciones \xrb xe:l \vl There is a token of /té:xelówa/ at 7087. This should be tagged here at 7794 and linked (even though it is an alternate form with the /te-/ intensifier suffix. \ref 07795 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwá:chichí:notík \lxoc kwá:chichí:notík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to have lightly curled hair \sso tener el cabello ligeramente chino \syno kwá:chichí:notki \cfo i:xkwá:chichí:natík \xrb kwa: \mod Add entry for /kwá:chichí:notki/. The recording of this form is here. \grm Adjectivals: A form that I have noted several times in Oapan but not in Ameyaltepec is that of the perfective of inchoative verbs that end in Vti to which the adjectival ending /-ki/ is added. Such is the case here of /kwá:chichí:notki/, which is equivalent to /kwá:chichí:notík/ \ref 07796 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ma:témonexíwi \lxop ma:temonexiwi \lxoc ma:témonexíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones arms to become dusty and dirty \sso quedarsele los brazos cubiertos de polvo \equiva ma:temonexe:wi \equivo ma:témonexé:wi \xrb ma: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \ref 07797 \lxanotes zzz \mod this was an entry for papa:kiltia, which has been removed and added under /tlapa:kiltia/. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07798 \lxa tlaxkalkukwepa \lxac tlaxkalkukwepa \lxo tlaxká:lkopá \lxop tlaxká:lkopa \lxocpend tlaxká:lkopá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to flip over tortillas in the kitchen (p. ej., during a fiesta) \sso voltear tortillas en la cocina (p. ej., durante una fiesta) \xrb xka \xrb kwepa \vl The tokens for this word were recorded (inserted during the recording session) at 7134. They should be given #7798. \ref 07799 \lxa tlapa:kiltia \lxac kitlapa:kiltia \lxo tlapa:kiltia \lxocpend kitlapa:kiltia \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \syno tlapa:kaltia \xrb pa:ka \nae Roberto Maurico accepted both form <no>tlapa:kiltia</no> and <no>tlapa:kaltia</no>, although he seemed to favor the latter. \ref 07800 \lxa a:xo:tla \lxac a:xo:tla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to create a wake in the water (as a snake does when swimming with its head up) \ss dejar una estella en el agua (p. ej., una culebra nadando con su cabeza erguida por afuera del agua) \xrb a: \xrb xo:tla \ref 07801 \lxa kechkopi:na \lxac kikechkopi:na \lxo kechkopi:na \lxoc kikechkopi:na \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to detached the head of (e.g., of an animal such as a chicken when killed, a person hit by a heavy blow to the back of the head) \ss desprenderle la cabeza a (p. ej., a un animal como la gallina al matarse) \se for the (headlike) top of to become detached (e.g., the bud or flower of certain plants) \ss deprenderle la punta (que está en forma de cabeza, p. ej., como la flor o botón de ciertas plantas) \xrb kech \xrb kopi: \qry Check for use of /dyan yewan kechkopi:ni/ given that my original notes had /dyah iwa:n kechkopi:ni... /. Check for transitive form and other uses, significations of this word. \ref 07802 \lxa a:te:ka \lxac na:te:ka \dt 23/Jul/2002 \ref 07803 \lxa tlase:ka:wihlo:tl \lxac notlase:ka:wihlo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-yo:tl \seo shadow (of a person, cloud, etc.) \ssa sombra (de la gente, nubes, etc.) \xrb se: \xrb ka:wa \pqry Check vowel length of final /i/. I had written it short but seemed to hear length in the recording. \ref 07804 \lxa i:xte:nteme:tsowilia \lxac ki:xte:nteme:tsowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to give a good, measured look at (e.g., sth to make sure that it is flat, correctly measured, etc.) \ss ver detalladamente y cuidadosamente a (p. ej., una cantidad de algo para asegurar bien que está bien medido) \equivo i:xtéme:tsowília \xrb i:x \xrb tehme:ts \nse Although the original documentation for this Ameyaltepec word was <na>i:xteme:tsowilia</na>, Cristino Flores stated that the form <na>i:xte:nteme:tsowilia</na> is more common. \nae The etymology of <na>i:xteme:tsowilia</na> is uncertain: the only clearly identifiable element is <nr>i:x</nr> and, perhaps, <nr>te</nr>. No other dialects have been found with any words resembling either <n>teme:tsowa</n> or <n>me:tsowa</n>. Certainly a precise identification of the location of the {h} element that probably motivates the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <no>i:xtéme:tsowilia</no> would be helpful. \qry As with other words, it is unclear whether the <n>te-</n> element is part of the incorporated noun (e.g., <na>i:xtetl</na>), whether it is an intensifier, or whether it is part of the verb. However, no verb /teme:tsowa/ or /me:tsowa/ has been found, where /tsowilia/ means 'to lasso for'. \sj i:xteme:tsowilia \vl Check vowel length and location of /h/ in SJ dialect. \rt Discuss difficulty in termining root and whether /teme:ts/ is correct. \ref 07805 \lxa suwa:kwi:lia \lxac kisuwa:kwi:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to take the girlfriend or wife away from (e.g., a lover) \ssa bajarle la novia o esposa a \xrb sowa: \xrb kwi \ref 07806 \lxa koxsolo:ni \lxac koxsolo:ni \lxo kochsolo:ni \lxocpend kochsolo:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to snore \ssao roncar \xrb koch \xrb solo: \grm Ameyaltepec phonology: Note the shift /tsh/ to /sh/ before /s/. Determine whether this is general. \ref 07807 \lxa kwarti:yoh \lxac kwarti:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan cuartillo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea cuartilla (measure of grain) \ssa cuartilla (medido de grano) \sem measure \encyctmp measurements \qry Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan. \ref 07808 \lxa ma:se:wia \lxac kima:se:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \infv class-2a \sea to take over for (sb doing sth with his arms such as chopping a large tree down, so that he might rest) \ssa ayudar para que (algn) descanse los brazos \xv1a tlama:se:wia \xrb ma:; se: \ref 07809 \lxa tlama:se:wia \lxac tlama:se:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2a \sea to leave an offering for ones ancestors during All Saints Day \ssa dejar una ofrenda para los antepasados durante Todos Santos \xrb ma: \xrb se: \ref 07810 \lxa to:nalka:waltia \lxac kito:nalka:waltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause <spn>susto</spn> and the loss of ones <nla>to:nahli</nla>) \ssa espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su <nla>to:nahli</nla>) \syna to:nalki:xtia \syno to:nalma:mohtia \xrb to:na \xrb ka:wa \nse According to Cristino Flores the form <na>to:nalka:waltia</na> is much more common than <na>to:nalki:xtia</na>. The literal meaning of this term is to remove to spirit or soul (i.e., <na>to:nahli</na>) from. It causes a case of <spn>susto</spn> that requires that the victim be cured in a ceremony to obtain the return or release of his or her <n>to:nahli</n>. \qry Check for intransitive form ?/to:nalki:sa/. \ref 07811 \lxa tsoma \lxac kitsoma \lxo tsoma \lxocpend kitsoma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(m) \sea to sew (particularly to patch up a hole in sth such as a sack, clothing, etc.) \ssa coser (particularmente para remendar algo como un costal, ropa, etc.) \seo to thatch (e.g., a house, usually with palm) \sso poner techo de palma a (una casa) \xrb tsoma \ref 07812 \lxa me:stekiti \lxac me:stekiti \lxo me:stekiti \lxocpend me:stekiti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to work on a month contract \ss trabajar por un contrato de un mes \xrb me:ts \xrb teki \nse The time unit of a month is the only one so used with <nlao>tekiti</nlao>, one cannot, for example, say * <n>to:naltekiti</n>. \ref 07813 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /kuwchal/ which has been removed as offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07814 \lxa yekapipi:tsiwi \lxacpend yekapipi:tsiwi \lxo yeká:pi:tsíwi \lxop yeká:pi:tsiwi \lxocpend yeká:pi:tsíwi \dt 31/Mar/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se to have a stuffed-up nose \ss tener la nariz tapada \pna Tiyekapipitsiwi, kas ke:n titsompi:liwi. \pea You have a stuffed-up nose, perhaps it's because you have a cold. \psa Tienes la nariz tapada, quizá es porque tienes catarro. \xrb yeka \xrb pi:ts \ref 07815 \lxa i:xkwa:teki \lxac ki:xkwa:teteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Compl \infv class-3a(k) \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to cut the forehead of \ss cortarle por la frente \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to cut the bangs off of \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortarle los flecos a \syno i:xkwa:tetepontilia \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb teki \nse Cristino Flores (Am) stated that in Ameyaltepec <na>i:xkwa:teteki</na> is used whereas in Oapan one finds <nlo>i:xkwa:tetepontilia</nlo>. However, in my notes for Ameyaltepec I did have <nla>i:xkwa:tetepontilia</nla> documented. \ref 07816 \lxa tetsapatik \lxac tetsapatik \lxo tetsapatik \lxoc tetsapatik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \se to be short (of stature) \ss ser bajo (de estatura) \apa tetsapatik \cfa tetsoko \cfo té:tsó:yo \xrb tsapa \nse According to consultants from Ameyaltepec, <na>tetsapa</na> refers to shortness but not to a condition of dwarfism. However, for Classical Nahuatl Molina gives <n>tzapa</n> and <n>tsapatl</n> as 'enano.' Consultants commented that <na>tetsapa</na> is the equivalent of <nla>tetsoko</nla>. Although at least at present the form <na>tsapa</na> has not been documented, it seems clear that the root is <nr>tsapa</nr> given that the adjectival form ending in <n>-tik</n> occurs without <n>te-</n>. \qry Check equivalence of /tetsapa/ and /tetsoko/, particularly given that both appear in Classical as withouth /te-/. According to Classical sources, /tsapa/ indicates shortness, whereas /tsoko/ indicates general size (i.e., 'pequeño'). Check for possibility of saying simply /tsapa/. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 07817 \lxa kuwxiwtlan \lxac kuwxiwtlan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area) \ssao estar (unaárea) llena de matas y arbustos \xrb kow \xrb xiw \ref 07818 \lxa metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \lxac metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \lxo metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \lxocpend metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \com (N-N)-N \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \sea type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, <l>Glaucidium gnoma</l>, <l>G. griseiceps</l>, or a closely related species \ssa tipo de buho pequeño, quizá <l>Glaucidium gnoma</l>, <l>G. griseiceps</l>, o una especie cercana \src Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb metla \xrb pil \xrb te \xrb tsona \nse Inocencio Díaz mentioned that this was the same as the <nba>kupa:ktekolo:tl</nba> although he seemed not to be completely sure of this. \nde In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect. \qry Recheck length of /a/. \ref 07819 \lxa tsi:npetok \lxac tsi:npetok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-? \sea to have a bad back, one that has"slipped out"and gotten sprained as one was walking \ssa tener un dolor de la espalda inferior, resultado de haber caminado y resbalado, torciendo la espalda \xrb tsi:n \xrb peto: \ref 07820 \lxa kexsasawak \lxac kexsasawak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be hoarse \ssa estar ronco \apa kexsasawaktik \equivo kexsawa:nki \xrb kech \xrb sawa \qry Make sure that it is /kex-/ and not /kechsasawatik/. \grm Whereas tense may be marked with a copula on this adjectival, i.e., <na>nikexsasawatik yes</na>, 'I will be hoarse,' it is more common to use the verbal form <na>nikexsasawatis</na> or <na>nikexsasawatias</na>. \ref 07821 \lxa kwa:kuwyoh \lxac kwa:kuwyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \sea animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.) \ssa animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.) \equivo kwa:kohwah \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \ref 07822 \lxa kwa:tetesontla:lia \lxac kikwa:tetesontla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran No intransitive \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \ssa cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \sea to give a rough and uneven short haircut to \ssa cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a \syna kwa:tetesontilia \syna kwa:tetesonowa \syno kwa:tesmero:ntilia \syno kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse The basic verbal stem of <na>kwa:tetesontilia</na> is denominal, derived from <n>tesontli</n>, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival <nao>tesontik</nao> refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb <na>kwa:tetesontilia</na> refers to cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch. \nae A nonreduplicated form (<na>kwa:tesontilia</na>) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two. \qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. \qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. \ref 07823 \lxa ko:leh bie:joh \lxac ko:leh bie:joh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, <l>Cathartes aura</l> \ssa tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," <l>Cathartes aura</l> \sem animal \sem bird \equiva ko:letl \equivo tsómakó:ltsi:n \xrb ko:l \encyctmp tsopi:lo:tl \nse This word is not common in Ameyaltepec, though it is documented. The identification is based on the description of the bird as a type of buzzard with a red head. \mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. I seem to remember an entry /ko:leh bie:joh/, perhaps for Oapan, but it is not in the database. Check. \ref 07824 \mod Removed as duplicate of 01116 \dt 11/Jun/2005 \ref 07825 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /kochtlayoyoma/; it has been removed as offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 07826 \lxa tsi:kato:to:tl* \lxac tsi:kato:to:tl \lxo tsi:kato:to:tl* \lxoc tsi:kato:to:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of small bird, as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem bird \equiva tsi:kaburrah \xrb tsi:ka \xrb to:to: \cpl According to one consultant, Cristino Flores, the <na>tsi:kaburrah</na> and <nla>tsi:kato:to:tl</nla> refer to the same bird. Another consultant, Chen Díaz, mentioned that <na>tsi:kaburrah</na> is, however, the word used by children to refer to this bird. Other individuals confirmed this assessment. \ref 07827 \lxa tlatowilia \lxac kitlatowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to say to \ssao decirle a \se (a times with short vowel reduplication) to say disturbing things to \ss (a veces con reduplicación de vocal corta) decirle cosas molestosas a \pna O:ne:xtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni. \pea They said a lot of things to me to get me mad. \psa Me dijeron muchas cosas para que me enojara. \xrb hto \xvba itowa \nse With this verb, and with others (cf. <na>tlatlakakilia</na>) the reduplication of the indefinite direct object <n>tla-</n> with a verb of communication indicates that something unpleasant was being said. This probably represents a metaphorical use of"things"as in both English (he said a lot of things to me) and Spanish (me dijo muchas cosas). \nae It is not clear at this stage whether the form <na>itowilia</na> is found without the nonspecific object marker <n>tla-</n>. The only documented use of this applicative of <nla>itowa</nla> is with this prefix (moreover, reduplicated). However, the fact that the verb <no>ítowília</no> with the 3rd-person specific object was elicited during a recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez strongly suggests that this applicative use is grammatically acceptable, though the precise meaning remains to be determined. \qry It might be that the reduplication should be a long vowel in the above phrase. This should be checked as it is long in other examples with similar negative meaning. Also, the difference between /itowilia/ and /ihlia/ is not clear and should definitely be clarified. Check whether the form without /tla-/ (with or without reduplication) is correct in both dialects. If not, remove this entry and make the appropriate changes. \grm /O:ne:chtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni/ 'They said a lot of things to me to get me mad' Note the use of /para ma/ as a subordinator, 'so that + subjunctive'. Cf. types of adverbial phrases: this seems to indicate the result of the action. \ref 07828 \lxa tsi:npasolwa:ki \lxac tsi:npasolwa:ki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki/tsa \infv class-3a(k) \se to have the roots dry up (certain plants such as maize) \ss secarsele las raices (ciertas plantas como el maíz) \pna O:cha:wi:lo:k mi:hli, pe:wa tsi:npasolwa:ki. \pea The milpa got blighted, the bottom of the plant has begun to dry up. \psa La milpa agarróchahuistle, la raíz se empezó a secar. \equivo tsi:ntlásolwá:ki \xrb tsi:n \xrb pahsol \xrb wa: \nse Although I originally had <na>tsi:ntlasolwa:ki</na> for the Ameyaltepec term, Cristino Flores corrected this to <na>tsi:npasolwa:ki</na>. This entry has been used for now. \qry Check the exact meaning. \sj tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for location of /h/. \grm Use of /tla-/ in non-initial position. There are several cases of N-V compounds in which the verb stem contains the /tla-/ prefix. Such an example would be /chichitlai:ni/, which can be analyzed as N+V1, where the V1 is actually tla-V2. Other cases involve /tlatowa/ as in /chaktlatowa/. In all cases it can be argued that the verb is a detransitivized lexeme of tla-V2. However, in the present case the meaning and reason for /tla-/ is not obvious. There might be an error in this word given that the only other occurrence of the sequence /solwa:ki/ is in /kakasolwa:ki/, in which the parts are /kasol/ and /wa:ki/. \ref 07829 \lxa toma:hka:ki:xtia \lxac kitoma:hka:ki:xtia \lxo toma:hka:ki:xtia \lxoc kitoma:hka:ki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to emit (smoke) that rises thickly \ssa dejar salir (humo) en una gruesa columna \xrb toma: \xrb ki:sa \xvba toma:hka:ki:sa \nse The only documentation of this verbal compound for Ameyaltepec is with 'smoke' as subject. In Oapan it is also documented in reference to a stream of water whereas <no>mimilka:ki:sa</no> is used with smoke as a subject. \qry Check for other uses; check for /pitsa:hka:ki:sa/. Check to make sure Oapan token is the transitive. \ref 07830 \lxa pitelo:ntsi:n \lxac nopitelo:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \sea small child \ssa niño pequeño \pna Niktlasotla nopitelo:ntsi:n. \pea I love my little baby. \psa Amo a mi chiquitito. \xrb piten \vl Check length of /o:/. Check to see if final syllable is often palatalized. \grm If /pitelo:ntsi:n/ (check vowel length) is related to /pitentsi:n/, this reflects an interesting case of infixation of an element that is not elsewhere recorded. \ref 07831 \lxa masa:te:moke:tl \lxac masa:te:moke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc NV2-to-N \der N-dvb-ag \sea deer-hunter; person who goes looking for deer (to hunt) \ssa cazador de venado \xrb masa: \xrb te:mo \ref 07832 \lxa a:miliwi \lxac a:miliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc NV1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se [meaning not determined] \ss [significado no determinado] \xrb a: \xrb mil \ref 07833 \lxa ma:pachiwtok \lxac ma:pachiwtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc N-Stat \der V1-Stat \se to be overladen with fruit (so that the branches bend down) \ss estar sobrecargado de fruta (hasta que se doblan las ramas) \xrb ma: \xrb pach \ref 07834 \lxa ma:kelo:nia \lxac kima:kelo:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \seao to cause (sb) a severe sprain of a joint in the arm or hand \ssao torcer y lastimar un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; vé ase <nlo>ma:peto:ni</nlo>); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero no hasta luxarse) \xrb ma: \xrb kelo: \nse Although Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive form of <no>kelo:ni</no> given that according to her this action can only occur accidentally, Cristino Flores (Am) did accept it. Whether or not it is common is not clear. \ref 07835 \lxa tlamachilispoliwi:tia \lxac kitlamachilispoliwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to take away the common sense of; to take away from the sense of good judgement, or ability to think clearly and reflect \ssa hacer perder el juicio a; hacer perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar a \synao tlamachilispolowa \syna tlamachilispolo:ltia \xrb mati \xrb pol \nse Cristino Flores (Am) repeatedly used <na>tlamachilispolowi:tia</na> when employing a transitive verbal form with the meaning 'to make (sb) lose good sense or judgement.' Apparently there are three transitive forms with little or no difference in meaning. \qry Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. FM did not accept the latter. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for /tlapolo:ltia/. It would seem, from /tlapolo:ltia/ that /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ is the causative of /tlamachilispolowa/. However, in my file cards I have the two with identical meaning and example sentences. This needs to be checked, as one might be in error. Or, one might be the result of"possessor raising"(tlamachilispolowa) and the other the result of"saturating"incorporation (tlamachilispolo:ltia). Check. \vl Tag the 4 Oapan tokens here with #670. \ref 07836 \lxa nelwayo:koto:na \lxac kinelwayo:koto:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to cut the roots of (e.g., with a plow) \ss cortarle las raices a (p. ej., con un arado) \xrb nelwa \xrb koto: \qry Check meaning. I originally had 'for ones lineage/line to end.' This shoudl be rechecked. \ref 07837 \lxa to:na \lxac to:na \lxo to:na \lxoc to:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V0(cop) \der V0-b \infv class-4a \se to become hot (from the sun starting to shine) \ss brillar el sol y hacer calor (como resultado) \sem weather \xrb to:na \xvao to:nilia \ref 07838 \lxa ikxikoko:n \lxac ikxikoko:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be pidgeon-footed \ssa tener los pies vueltos hacia afuera \apa ikxikoko:ntik \xrb kxi \xrb ko:m \qry Recheck meaning. \ref 07839 \lxa xa:yakatsotsol \lxac xa:yakatsotsol \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be without facial hair \ssa ser lampiño \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tsol \ref 07840 \lxa tliwah \lxac tliwah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-possr-eh \sea person who when on return home causes the hearth fire logs to crackle \ssa persona que al estar de regreso a casa hace chispear la leña \xrb tli \ref 07841 \lxa neneltsi:n \lxac *neneltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \aff Lex. rdp-s \der N-tsi:n \se (<na>san</na> ~) just in joke \ss (<na>san</na> ~) solamente en broma \pna O:kitoh san neneltsi:n. \pea He said it just in joke. \psa Lo dijo solamente en broma. \xrb nel \ref 07842 \lxa pakyo:tl \lxac pakyo:tl \lxo pakyo:tl \lxoc pakyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-yo:tl \se type of fencing made with cross-bars onto which thorny branches are thrown \ss tipo de cerca hecha con travesanos ("lata") sobre los cuales se avientan ramas espinosas \syno witspakyo:tl \xrb pak \nse RS has an entry for <n>pacyotl</n> 'trama.' He gives no etymological analysis. \ref 07843 \lxa jí:kamah \lxac jí:kamah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan jícama \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao jicama, type of edible plant still not fully identified \ssao jícama, tipo de planta comestible todavía no plenamente identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \equivo xi:kama \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states"(<i>Pachyrrhizus</i> spp.) 'jicama'. A vine with roots that look like large brown turnips and are good to eat. Pods and seeds are edible when plant is young."Apparently this is not indigenous to nor cultivated in the Balsas area, but is readily available in local markets. \nct xiwtli \vl Check for presence/absence of final /h/. \ref 07844 \lxa kamaxikipi:hli \lxac i:kamaxikipi:l \lxo kamaxikipi:hli \lxoc i:kamaxikipi:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \se inside of the cheek \ss parte interior de la mejilla \sem body \sem human \xrb kama \xrb xikipi:l \qry However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/. \ref 07845 \lxa nepane:wtok \lxac nepane:wtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea (often with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another \ssa (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro \pna Ne:nepane:wtok kosta:les. \pea The sacks are piled up one on top of the other. \psa Los costales están apilados uno sobre el otro. \xrb nepan \nse See notes under <na>nepaniwi</na>. \vl One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here. \ref 07846 \lxa tlamanililia \lxac kitlamanililia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \inc tla-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to patch (sth such as clothes or similar material objects) for \ss remendar (algo, como una prenda de vestir u otros materiales similares) para (algn) \se to leave an offering for (e.g., a deceased relative for All Saint's Day) for (the living relative) \ss dejar una ofrenda para (p. ej., un pariente fallecido para Todos Santos) para (el pariente vivo) \sem clothing \xrb man \xvba tlamanilia \xvbao mana \qry After discussing with C. Flores I have removed: /Ne:chtlatlamanili:skeh ika nokoto:n./ 'They will patch up clothes for me, my shirt.' and /Timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s ika notlake:n./ 'I'm going to hire you to patch my clothes up for me.' \mod NOTE that according to C. Flores one usually says sth like /xtlamanili nokoto:n/, but it is also possible to use the double applicative /xne:xtlamanili nokoto:n/. \ref 07847 \lxa tekomatl \lxac tekomatl \lxo tekomatl \lxocpend tekomatl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 2 \sea udder or teats (of certain animals such as a cow; syn. Am/Oa <nlao>chi:chiwaltekomatl</nlao>) \sso ubre (de ciertos animales como una vaca; sin. Am/Oa <nlao>chi:chiwaltekomatl</nlao>) \seo tecomate gourd cut in half \sso calabaza de tecomate cortada a la mitad \nse In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the gourd of this plant is called <nlao>a:tekomatl</nlao>. However, in Oapan if it is cut in half and used as a bowl, it is called a <no>tekomatl</no>. \xrb tekom \ref 07848 \lxa plá:ntanoh \lxac plá:ntanoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan plátano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao generic name for banana \ssao nombre genérico del plátano \sem plant \sem domesticated \equivao pola:n \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \qry Check to determine whether this can be posessed. \mod Note the following types of /plá:ntanoh/: /plá:ntanoh chi:chi:l/, /a:pola:n/, /mansa:noh/, and /patrio:tah/. Many of these are probably borrowed from Spanish. This should be checked. \ref 07849 \lxa kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli \lxac kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 3 \sea type of grain storage bin made from upright rods covered with mud \ssa tipo de troje hecha de varas colocadas verticalmente y cubiertas con lodo \encyctmp kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \xrb kow \xrb nepan \ref 07850 \lxa nextamalkwa \lxac kinextamalkwa \lxo nextamalkwa \lxocpend kinextamalkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seo to eat (e.g., a pig, cow, etc.) the <nlao>nextamahli</nlao> of \sso comerle (p. ej., un marrano, vaca, etc. [S]) el nixtamal a \xrb nex \xrb tamal \xrb kwa \ref 07851 \lxa witspakyo:tl \lxac witspakyo:tl \lxo witspakyo:tl \lxoc witspakyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo:tl \se type of fencing made with cross-bars onto which thorny branches are thrown \ss tipo de cerca hecha con travesanos ("lata") sobre los cuales se avientan ramas espinosas \synao pakyo:tl \xrb wits \xrb pak \nse RS has an entry for <n>pacyotl</n> 'trama.' He gives no etymological analysis. \ref 07852 \lxa ikno:ti \lxac ikno:ti \lxo ihno:ti \lxocpend ihno:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to become an orphan \ssa quedarse huerfáno \seo to feel alone and melancholic \sso sentirse solo y melancólico \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to remain alone after the departure of others \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) quedarse solo por la salida de los demás \xrb kno: \xvco ihno:tlamaxtia \qry Check pitch accent in Oapan. My original notes (taken hurridly) show /íhnó:ti/. This should be checked. \ref 07853 \lxa tla:la:tekomatl \lxac tla:la:tekomatl \lxo tla:la:tekomatl \lxocpend tla:la:tekomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea water jug or canteen made of earth and with two ring/handles on either side (now generally from Tulimán although formerly made in Ameyaltepec) \ssa camtimplora de barro con dos astas (generalmente de Tulimán aunque antiguamente hecha en Ameyaltepec) \sem tool-house \syna tla:ltekomatl \xrb tla:l \xrb tekoma \mod Illustrate \ref 07854 \lxa popoxa xokotl \lxac popoxa xokotl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified \ssa tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente \equiva tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb tsope:l \xrb xoko \encyctmp xokotl \cpl Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla>. It is called <na>de popo:xah</na> because its fruit, which appears in August and September, is very soft. See <nla>xokotl tsope:lik</nla>. Nevertheless, this is not a type of /xokotl/ that grows wild in the area around Ameyaltepec. \nct kohtli \ref 07855 \lxa champoltsi:n \lxac champoltsi:n \lxo champoltsi:n \lxoa champol \lxocpend champoltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \sea bobcat, <l>Lynx rufus</l> \ssa gato montés; gato rabón, <l>Lynx rufus</l> \sem animal \sem mammal \equiva tla:lakato:chin \cfa kuwmisto:n \nse In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified a lynx as the <na>tla:lakato:chin</na> (or <na>champoltsi:n</na>, an identical term). The identification as <l>Lynx rufus</l> is based on Leopold (1959). \xrb tla:l \xrb aka \xrb to:ch \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 07856 \lxa plo:weh \lxac plo:weh \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pobre \psm N \der N-loan \sea poor guy! \ssa pobrecito! \nse Unlike <nla>pro:beh</nla>, which is used in reference to someone who is poor in material possessions, <na>plo:weh</na> is used (according to Cristino Flores) when one feels sorry for someone because of age, suffering, poverty, etc. \ref 07857 \lxa nona:ntsi:n \lxac nona:ntsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sea address term used for the Virgen Mary \ssa término para dirigirse a la Virgen María \xrb na:n \ref 07858 \lxa ma:pipi:tsa \lxac noma:pipi:tsa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to whistle by cupping ones hands \ss silbar al juntarse las manos \qry Add note re: /noma:pi:tsa/. \ref 07859 \lxa yema:nka:tlatowa \lxac yema:nka:tlatowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Adj-(tla-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-2b \sea to speak softly; to speak in a low voice \ssa hablar despacio \xrb yema:n \xrb hto \ref 07860 \lxa chika:hka:tlatowa \lxac chika:hka:tlatowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Adj-(tla-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-2b \sea to speak in a loud voice \ssa hablar fuerte \xrb chika: \xrb hto \ref 07861 \lxa chi:lpopo:chwia \lxac kichi:lpopo:chwia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \infv class-2a \aff Lex. rdp-s \der V2-denom-wia \sea to burn chile seeds so that the smoke curls around (sth) \ssa quemar semilla de chile para que el humo envuelve a (algo) \xrb chi:l \xrb po:ch \ref 07862 \lxa mankwe:rnarowa \lxac kimankwe:rnarowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) mancuernos \psm V2 \der V2-loan \infv class-2b \sea [definition pending] \ssa [significado pendiente] \ref 07863 \lxa chi:ltlama:tsowia \lxac kichi:ltlama:tsowia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2(?) \infv class-2a \sea [meaning undetermined] \ssa [significado pendiente] \xrb chi:l \xrb ma:ts \grm Applicative: Note what appears to be an applicative form in /kichi:ltlama:tsowia/. \ref 07864 \lxa a:te:ncha:neh \lxac a:te:ncha:neh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea river-dweller \ssa persona que vive por la orilla de un río \pna A:te:nko cha:nekeh. \pea They dwell at the river's edge. \psa Viven a la orilla del río. \equiva a:te:nko cha:neh \cfao cha:neh \xrb a: \xrb te:n \xrb cha:n \ref 07865 \lxa kechko:layoh \lxac kechko:layoh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cola</spn>) \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \xrb kech \pqry Check vowel length of /o:/ and /a/. \ref 07866 \lxa ka:walti \lxac ka:walti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao to become a widow or widower \ssao quedarse viuda o viudo \equivao ka:waltia \xrb ka:wa \qry See also <nla>tlaka:waltia</nla>. Check meaning of this term in both villages. \ref 07867 \lxa nexpachowa \lxac kinexpachowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \sea to cover with hot ash (from the hearth, in cooking sth) \ssa tapar o cubrir con ceniza caliente (del hogar, en cocinar algo) \xrb nex \xrb pach \ref 07868 \lxa okwilkalaki \lxac okwilkalaki \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se [new word from June] \xrb okwil \xrb kalak \ref 07869 \lxa ma:pale:wia \lxac kima:pale:wia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to lend a helping hand to \ssa prestarle una ayuda a \xrb ma: \xrb pale: \ref 07870 \lxa ma:se:ka:no:ltilia \lxac kima:se:ka:no:ltilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3 \infv class-2a \sea to throw a lasso on (an animal) so that it catches half the body \ssa lanzarle una riata a (un animal) para que le alcanze nada más la mitad del cuerpo \xrb ma: \xrb se:; \xrl -ka:n \nae The difference between <nla>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</nla> and <na>ma:se:ka:no:ltilia</na> does not seem to be one of valency, at least not directly, but rather of intent and purpose. In a discussion of these words it seemed as if Cristino Flores was more prone to use the former when the material object was being deliberately placed on a persons body, while the second was related to the"incomplete"lassoing of an animal so that the lasso only went over the side of the body, not completely around the head and neck. In a way the difference seems to be similar to English 'bite' and 'bite at'. If this is the case then one"function"of the applicative is not to increase valency but to change the nature of the verbal action in terms of purposiveness. \qry Check above interpretation. \grm Applicative: The difference between <nla>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</nla> and <na>ma:se:ka:no:ltilia</na> does not seem to be one of valency, at least not directly, but rather of intent and purpose. In a discussion of these words it seemed as if Cristino Flores was more prone to use the former when the material object was being deliberately placed on a persons body, while the second was related to the"incomplete"lassoing of an animal so that the lasso only went over the side of the body, not completely around the head and neck. In a way the difference seems to be similar to English 'bite' and 'bite at'. If this is the case then one"function"of the applicative is not to increase valency but to change the nature of the verbal action in terms of purposiveness. \ref 07871 \lxa suwa:ne:si \lxac suwa:ne:si \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea [meaning undetermined] \xrb sowa: \xrb ne:si \ref 07872 \lxa tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh \lxac tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea tarantula or similar type of spider still not definitively identified \ssa tarantula o tipo de araña parecida todavía no identificado definitivamente \equiva tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh \sem animal \sem insect \syno komo:n \xrb toka \xrb tohmi \ref 07873 \lxa totomatsi:n \lxac totomatsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea type of tomato-like herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb toma \nse This plant is occasionally referred to without the diminutive: <na>totomatl</na>. \ref 07874 \lxa kakapaxtik \lxac kakapaxtik \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adv \se rough skin (particularly from the disease called <na>pi:ntoh kakapaxtik</na>) \ss pieláspero (particularmente de la enfermedad llamada <na>pi:ntoh kakapaxtik</na>) \se (<na>pi:ntoh</na> ~) type of <na>pinto</na>, a skin disease \ss (<na>pi:ntoh</na> ~) tipo de pinto, una enfermedad de la piel \pna O:ni:xpoliw ika pi:ntoh kakapaxtik. \pea My appearance is a mess because of <na>pinto</na>, which has made my skin rough (and greyish. \psa Se echó a perder mi apariencia a causa de pinto, que me dejóla pieláspera (y gris). \xrb kapax \nse Although some Ameyaltepec consultants will accept <na>kakapaxtik</na> as applicable to a wide range of things, most speakers use <nla>tekakapaxtik</nla> for things like the rough skin of certain animals, lizards, and fish, and will use <na>kakapaxtik</na> for a particular manifestiation of the skin disease known as <na>pi:ntoh kakapaxtik</na>. \ref 07875 \lxa a:cha:neh \lxac a:cha:neh \dt 23/Jul/2002 \ref 07876 \lxa tekukuh \lxac tekukuh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-? \sea to be cheap (sb with money who doesn't like to spend it) \ssa ser codo (algn con dinero que no lo quiere gastar) \synao cho:kwi:tl \ref 07877 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ihno:tlamaxtia \lxocpend kihno:tlamaxtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-tlaV2 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2b \sea to make (sb) feel melancholy \ssa hacerle sentir melancólico (a algn) \xrb kno: \xrb mati \ref 07878 \lxa chichitilia \lxac nochichitilia \lxo chichitilia \lxocpend nochichitilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \seo (refl.) to act or be stubborn \sso (refl.) ser terco \xrb chichi \ref 07879 \lxa nakaskoyo:nia \lxac kinakaskoyo:nia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \tran -Intrans \sea to pierce the ears of \ssa perforar las orejas de \xrb nakas \xrb koyo: \ref 07880 \lxa nakayo:tia \lxac nonakayo:tia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \se (refl.) for ones flesh to heal (e.g., after a wound) \ss (refl.) quedarsele la piel compuesta (p. ej., al recuperar de una herida) \sea (refl. + short vowel reduplication) (fig.) to lie down and rest after a heavy meal \ssa (refl. + reduplicación con vocal corta) (fig.) acostarse y descansar después de una comida \pna Ma nimonanakayo:titiwetsi. \pea Let me \xrb naka \ref 07881 \lxa tla:li:xkwa:w \lxac i:tla:li:xkwa:w \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea lower abdomen, from the belly button to just above the genital area \ssa abdomen inferior, desde el ombligo hasta inmediatamente arriba de los genitales \sem body \xrb tla:l \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \nse This refers to the area between the navel and genitals. \pqry Check the vl of the 1st /a:/. It might be short. \ref 07882 \lxa tlatixtla:li:hli \lxac tlatixtla:li:hli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [tla-N-V2]~N \der N-dvb-pas \sea maize dough that has been ground the final time on the metate and is ready to be made into tortillas \ssa masa que ha sido molida la tercera vez sobre el metate y está para hacerse tortilla \xrb tis \xrb tla:l \qry Check meaning. \ref 07883 \lxa mixtlatliwa:tsahli \lxac mixtlatliwa:tsahli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \sea fish that has been roasted on coals \ssa pescado rostizado sobre las brasas \xrb mich \xrb tli \xrb wa: \qry Check meaning \ref 07884 \lxa mixtsoyo:nki \lxac mixtsoyo:nki \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea fried fish \ssa pescado frito \xrb mich \xrb tsoyo: \ref 07885 \lxa tlaxkalpatla:wak \lxac tlaxkalpatla:wak \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \sea flat and round tortilla (i.e., the general type eaten in these villages) \ssa tortilla redonda y plana (esto es, las tortillas normalmente comidas en estos pueblos) \xrb xka \xrb patla: \ref 07886 \lxa mimilka:te:ka \lxac kimimilka:te:ka \lxocpend ---- \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \sea [check meaning] \xrb mil \xrb te:ka \ref 07887 \lxa pitentsi:n \lxac pitentsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \sea small baby (of sb) \ssa chiquitito (de algn) \pna Niktlasotla nopitentsi:n! \pea I love my little baby! \psa ¡Amo a mi chiquitito! \xrb piten \ref 07888 \lxa oomitetl \lxac oomitetl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn Stem 2 \sea flower of the <nba>yepakihli</nba> tree \ssa flor delárbol llamado <nba>yepakihli</nba> \sem plant \sem flower \xrb omi \xrb te \ref 07889 \lxa tlakukwaltike:tl \lxac tlakukwaltike:tl \dt 23/Jul/2002 \ref 07890 \lxa so:sota \lxac so:sota \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea type of plant not yet identified \ssa tipo de planta todavía no identificada \xrb sota \ref 07891 \lxa kone:ki:xtia \lxac kikone:ki:xtia \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea [meaning pending] \xrb kone: \xrb ki:sa \ref 07892 \lxa a:solo:nki \lxac a:solo:nki \dt 23/Jul/2002 \ref 07893 \lxa tixwa:ki \lxac tixwa:ki \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \infv class-3a(k) \sea [pending definition] \xrb tisi \qry Perhaps this should be /tixwa:hki/. Or perhaps both are correct. Check. \ref 07894 \lxa tetlami \lxac tetlami \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \infv class-3a(m) \sea to become infertile (a man or woman, generally from old age) \ssa quedarse infertil (un hombre o mujer, generally a causa de ser de edad avanzada) \sea to hit menopause \ssa alcanzar la menopausia \xrb te \xrb tlami \ref 07895 \lxa a:kawtlapi:stli \lxac a:kawtlapi:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(s) \sea see <nla>kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli</nla> \ssa vé ase <na>kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli</na> \xrb a:kaw \xrb tla:l \xrb pi:ts \encyctmp kweskomatl \mod Illustrate \ref 07896 \lxa tlasolki:xtia \lxac kitlasolki:xtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to remove the chaff from beans after they have been threshed (removing the broken pods by hand, gathering them together with ones hand from the surface, after the beans have filtered down to the petate) \ssa quitarle las vainas rotas de los frijoles después de que han sido trillado (quitando la basura de la superficie con las manos, con los frijoles quedando abajo sobre el petate) \nae With <no>tlásohlo:kí:xtia</no> the suffix of intrinsic possession <n>-yo</n> is used given that the chaff that is removed is part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the grain or beans with which it is mixed. \grm Noun incorporation; re: /tlásohlo:kí:xtia/: With <no>tlásohlo:kí:xtia</no> the suffix of intrinsic possession <n>-yo</n> is used given that the chaff that is removed is part of a larger whole, in a sense"belonging to"the grain or beans with which it is mixed. Note the difference between the Am and Oapan forms. \equivo tlásohlo:kí:xtia \xrb hsol \xrb ki:sa \ref 07897 \lxa xe:lowa \lxac kixe:lowa \lxo xe:lowa \lxocpend kixe:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to part (e.g., hair that is combed, or water, with a snake the agent as it swims through the water, high grass as one makes ones way through it) \ss partir (p. ej., cabello al peinarse, o agua, con una serpiente como el agente al nadar en un rio con la cabeza asomándose, zacate alto al abrirle paso) \se (~ <nao>tsontli</nao>) to put a part in (ones hair) \ss (~ <nao>tsontli</nao>) peinarse con una raya en medio \pna Kixe:lowa itson. \pea She puts a part in her hair. \psa Se peina con una raya en medio. \xrb xe:l \ref 07898 \lxa suwa:wtia \lxac kinosuwa:wtia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take or go around with (a woman) as if she were ones wife; to take as a girlfriend \ss (refl.) tomar o andar con (una mujer) como si fuera su esposa; tomar como novia \pna Nosuwa:wtia, ye ia:xka. \pea He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his. \psa Se la toma como novia, ya es suya. \equiva suwa:tia \xrb sowa: \dis na:miktia; sowa:wtia; a:na \nse The implication of <na>sowa:wtia</na> is that the woman is not taken as a real wife (i.e., a marriage does not take place), but rather is treated as if she were a wife, i.e., is part of a permanent relationship, a long-term lover. \nae For a discussion of object marking, see <nlao>na:ntia</nlao>. \qry Make sure only the reflexive can be used. This appears to be the case as RS has /ciuauhtia/ ninote o nicno. Also, check to see whether the unexpressed object is nonspecific, i.e., /nosowa:wtia/ 'he takes a wife' or specific 'he takes her as a wife.' Probably the latter since in the example, /ye ia:xka/ suggests a specific person. However, it will be necessary to determine how this specific object is expressed. Most likely it is obliquely, i.e., /nosowa:wtia ika Juana/. But this needs to be checked. Check for other terms with /-tia/ meaning 'to take possession of' : /nowa:xka:tia/, ?/nona:ntia/, ?/nokniwtia/, ??? Recheck that Am has /sowa:wtia/ and Oapan /siwa:tia/. \grm Possessive; Reflexive; -tia : Object deletion: Note that in general Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (as well as that of Oapan, though perhaps somewhat less so) reflexive use of trivalent verbs do not mark the nonreflexive specific object on the verb. Thus one might have /nimokowili:s nakatl/ 'I will buy meat for myself' In Classical this would be expressed as /niknokowilia nakatl/. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec one has a phrase such as /Nosowa:wtia, ye ia:xka/ 'He takes her for his girlfriend, she's his.' However, perhaps the translation is wrong and it should be 'he takes a woman as a 'wife', she is his.' Thus use of /ye ia:xka/ suggests that a specific subject is already introduced. Note, moreover, that the meaning of this constructions suggests that the person being taken as a wife (or mother, etc.), is not really one. Thus /nosowa:wtia/ has the implicature that the woman is not really a wife, but like one. In this sense it seems to indicate a permanent type of relationship. This should be c hecked. RS gives a meaning that seems equivalent to 'to marry.' \ref 07899 \lxa tlatla:lchipa:wi \lxac tlatla:lchipa:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se for the land to become illuminated with the dawn \ss aclarecer o alumbrarse el paisaje con el amanecer \pna Yo:pe:w tlatla:lchipa:wi, yo:tlane:s. \pea The countryside has started to become illuminated, it has dawned. \psa El paisaje ya empezó a aclarecer, ya amaneció. \xrb tla:l \xrb chipa: \qry In the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlatla:lchipa:wi, yo:tlane:s/ 'The countryside has started to become illuminated, it has dawned.' check whether the first /tla/ is a reduplicated /tla-/, in which case it would be underlyingly {tlah}, or whether it is the impersonal /tla-/, in which case it would be underlyingly {tla-}. The difference in analysis has a significant impact on grammatical analysis. For if the /tla-/ is reduplication, then the question arises of why reduplication of the incorporated noun. If the /tla-/ is the /tla-/ of impersonal passives, then this means that the incorporated /tla:l-/ does not create an impersonal. Rather, it is more like a semantic patient/syntactic subject incorporation (as in /a:molo:nia/ and other /a:/ incorporations). The /tlal-/ would be similar to N-V1 incorporation leading to a V1 compound, except in these cases the incorporated noun is seldom a subject/thematic patient but rather has some other role, such as an instrumental. Oapan Nahuatl should reveal what is happening; if not adialect with {h} on the surface. Check whether meaning of 'to become clean of earth (e.g., clothes that are washed)' is correct. \ref 07900 \lxa kwetla:hki \lxac kwetla:hki \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea [definition pending] \ref 07901 \lxa xo:chitl de tepa:patla \lxac xo:chitl de tepa:patla \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> ; Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb xo:chi \xrb patla \ref 07902 \lxa oni:lia \lxac koni:lia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to drink (a liquid, e.g., blood) of or from \ssa beber (un líquido, p. ej., sangre) de \pna Mo:yo:tl mitsoni:li:s moyesio. \pea Mosquitos will drink your blood. \psa El zancudo te bebe la sangre. \xrb i: \xvba oni \ref 07903 \lxa te:tla:wa:ntih \lxac te:tla:wa:ntih \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \sea to be something that causes drunkenness \ssa ser algo que emborracha \xrb tla:wa: \ref 07904 \lxa xoxo:hka:kostik \lxac xoxo:hka:kostik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be greenish yellow \ssa ser amarrillo algo verde \xrb xo: \xrb kos \ref 07905 \lxa pi:xe:tl \lxac pi:xe:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \sea small bird, apparently a chickadee or similar species of the <l>Parus</l> genus \ssa pájaro pequeño, aparentemente una mascarita del género <l>Parus</l> \xrb pixe: \ref 07906 \lxa sintli de kukweskomatl \lxac sintli de kukweskomatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 2 \sea deformed <spn>mazorca</spn> that is split open at the top point, forming four separate peaks that are likened to the posts of a granary \ssa mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y partida en cuatro secciones o puntos, como los postes o lados de una troje \cfa sintli de kowatl \cfa sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \cfo sentli yón kowatsi:ntli \xrb sin \xrb kweskoma \encyctmp sintli \grm Reduplication: Note that this type of maize often has a reduplicated nominal: /kukweskomatl/, apparently because it is like a play item. \ref 07907 \lxa tlayo:hlo:tia \lxac notlayo:hlo:tia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \sea to form kernels of corn (the fruit of a maize plant as it matures) \ssa formar granos de maíz (una planta de maíz al madurarse) \xrb o:ya \ref 07908 \lxa pepecho:ltilia \lxac kipepecho:ltilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \sea to bring close to (e.g., one animal to another, such as its offspring) \ssa acerca a (p. ej., un animal a otro, quizásu cria) \xrb pech \xvba pepecho:ltia \ref 07909 \lxa kuwkechilia \lxac kikuwkechilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to prop up with a wooden pole or heavy stick \ss apuntalar con un poste o horcón \xrb kuw \xrb kechi \qry Check and compare valency of /kuwkechilia/ and /tlikechilia/. \ref 07910 \lxa Tlako:lo:le:ros \lxac Tlako:lo:le:ros \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <nla>tlako:lo:hli</nla> \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of dance presented in religious festivities \ssa tipo de danza presentada en las fiestas religiosas \xrb tlako:l \ref 07911 \lxa te:nkwatia \lxacpend te:nkwatia \lxo té:nkwatía \lxop te:nkwatia \lxocpend té:nkwatía \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes \seao to lose a portion of an edge (e.g., a cliff part of whose edge has crumbled, a plate or other type of ceramic) \ssao perderse o derrumbarse una pequeña parte o sección de la orilla o borde (p. ej., un risco o peñasco a que se le derrumba la orilla, un plato con la borde quebrado, etc.) \equiva te:nkwati \equivo té:nkwatí \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \xvca te:nkwatilia \xvco té:nkwatília \grm Verbal derivation /-ti/: Note that the input to the verbal derivation in /-ti/ is a deverbal adjectival /te:nkwah/. This demonstrates the very productive use of /-ti/ (and /-tia/, since /te:nkwatia/ also exists). \ref 07912 \lxa te:nwetsi \lxac te:nwetsi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea for the edge to split or fall off of (e.g., an axe, machete, etc.) \ssa caersele la orilla o filo (p. ej., a un machete, hacha, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb wetsi \ref 07913 \lxa sosokio:tia \lxac kisosokio:tia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-2a \sea to splatter or dirty with mud \ssa ensuciar con lodo \xrb soki \ref 07914 \lxa kalxomihlowa \lxac kalxomihlowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia[k] \infv class-4a \sea to get full of bedbugs \ssa llenarse o cubrirse de chinches \xrb kal \xrb xomil \ref 07915 \lxa temanasioh \lxac temanasioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area full of the types of stones called <nla>temanastetl</nla> (Am), which are often used for hearthstones \ssa área llena del tipo de piedra llamada piedra ligera y algo suelta puesta en las tres equinas de un triángulo para soporte de las ollas y comal colocadas sobre el fuego; el tipo de piedra empleada (<nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla> endurecida en Ameyaltepec y <nlo>tepoxahtetl</nlo> en oapan) se escoge porque no explota con el calor \sem stone \equiva temanasteyoh \xrb temanas \xrb te \qry Make sure this is the adjectival form, and not /temanasteyoh/. \ref 07916 \lxa tejo:ntsi:n \lxac tejo:ntsi:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Nah) <spn>tejón</spn> \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sea type of children's game played in Ameyaltepec, still not described \ssa tipo de juego de niños en Ameyaltepec, todavía no descrito \ref 07917 \lxa pata:dah koyo:teh \lxac pata:dah koyo:teh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan <spn>patada coyote</spn> \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of children's game played in Ameyaltepec, still not described \ssa tipo de juego de niños en Ameyaltepec, todavía no descrito \ref 07918 \lxa kone:kwitok \lxac kone:kwitok \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \inc N-Stat \der V2-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be in the early stages of pregnancy \ssa estar en las primeras etapas de preñez \xrb kone: \xrb kwi \nse According to Cristino Flores (Am), <na>kone:kwitok</na> refers to a woman in the early stages of pregnancy, when the belly is still not clearly swollen. It contrasts with <nla>o:stli</nla>, which refers to the later stages of pregnancy. \ref 07919 \lxa ikxikoko:ntik \lxac ikxikoko:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be pidgeon-footed \ssa tener los pies vueltos hacia afuera \apa ikxikoko:n \xrb kxi \xrb ko:m \qry Recheck meaning. \ref 07920 \lxa tlakaltechioh \lxac tlakaltechioh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area characterized by a steep slope \ssa área caracterizada por una cuesta muy inclinada \syno tla:ltechioh \xrb tlakal \xrl -tech \ref 07921 \lxa o:stoma:wa \lxac noo:stoma:wa \dt 24/Jul/2002 \ref 07922 \lxa tlikwihli \lxac tlikwihli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc [N-V2]>N \der N-dvb-pas \sea hearth, the area between the three hearthstones into which wood is stoked \ssa hogar,área entre las tres piedras donde se mete la leña \xrb tli \xrb kwi \ref 07923 \lxa temonexka:xoxo:hki \lxacpend *temonexka:xoxo:hki \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea faded, light dusty green \ssa verde deslucido y algo gris \sem color \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \xrb xo: \ref 07924 \lxa tlitsaya:ni \lxac tlitsaya:ni \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \sea to fissure as a result of fire (e.g., a ceramic being fired) \ssa rajarse ligeramente como resultado del fuego (p. ej., una cosa de barro al ser cocido) \xrb tli \xrb tsaya: \ref 07925 \lxa tlantli nepantlah \lxac i:tlan nepantlah \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Loc \der Loc \sea front teeth \ssa los dientes que están enfrente, por la mitad de la boca \xrb tlan \xrb nepantlah \ref 07926 \lxa tepexik \lxac tepexik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj? \sea hillside that is steep and without any path or way down \ssa cuesta (de un cerro) que está muy inclinada y sin brecha \ref 07927 \lxa tla:pi:si:liwi \lxac tla:pi:si:liwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea [pending meaning] \xrb a: \xrb pi:si:l \ref 07928 \lxa tekoxtla:lia \lxac kitekoxtla:lia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to draw cross-hatching on \ssa dibujar líneas cruzadas sobre \xrb tekoch \xrb tla:l \ref 07929 \lxa tlato:lwelkaki \lxac kitlato:lwelkaki \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-(PM-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to like or agree with the words or speech of (sb) \ssa estar de acuerdo o gustarle las palabras o discurso de (algn) \xrb hto \xrb wel \xrb kaki \ref 07930 \lxa ma:nekwahlo:tia \lxac kima:nekwahlo:tia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to fold the hands of together with the fingers interlaced (e.g., in placing the hands of a deceased person on their chest) \ssa entrelazar las manos de (p. ej., al colocar las manos de una persona fallecida sobre su pecho) con los dedos entrelazados \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \ref 07931 \lxa kwa:xe:lowa \lxac nokwa:xe:lowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to place a part in ones hair \ssa (refl.) poner una raya en el cabello \xrb kwa: \xrb xe:l \ref 07932 \lxa tlipanowa \lxac tlipanowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \se to be over fired to the point of blackening (e.g., ceramics) \ss cocinarse demasiado hasta quemarse (p. ej., cerámica de barro) \xrb tli \xrb pano: \ref 07933 \lxa temonexka:chi:chi:ltik \lxac temonexka:chi:chi:ltik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \se faded, dusty red (as the bark or wood of the tree called <nba>koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik</nba>) \ss rojo bajo y algo gris (como la cáscara o madera del <nba>koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik</nba>) \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \xrb chi:l \ref 07934 \lxa tlakpaktilia \lxac kitlakpaktilia \lxo tlahpahtilia \lxoc kitlahpahtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \se to raise (sth hanging) higher off the ground \ss alzar (algo colgado) a una posición más alta \xrl -kpak \ref 07935 \lxa ikxitila:na \lxac kikxitila:na \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \sea to pull on the leg of (e.g.,. to accommodate bones that have gotten out of place, soothe bad sprains, etc.) \ssa jalarle la pierna de (algn, p. ej., para acomodar a los huesos torcidos, calmar dolores fuertes, etc.) \xrb kxi \xrb tila: \ref 07936 \lxa kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh \lxac kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>burro</spn> \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of small white mushroom the sprouts on the ground after a rain \ssa tipo de pequeño hongo blanco que brota sobre el suelo después de una lluvia \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp kuhsa:wananakatl and other mushrooms \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nse This is, apparently, the more correct and complete term for what some Ameyaltepequeños refer to simply as <na>i:a:xi:x burroh</na>. \ref 07937 \lxa pachakaliwi \lxac pachakaliwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran -Trans \sea to acquire a rough surface (e.g., a <nla>tepalkatl</nla> that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake) \ssa quedar con una superficieáspera (p. ej., un <nla>tepalkatl</nla> que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse) \syna tesontia \xrb pachakal \ref 07938 \lxa tesontia \lxac tesontia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to acquire a rough surface (e.g., a <nla>tepalkatl</nla> that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake) \ssa quedar con una superficieáspera (p. ej., un <nla>tepalkatl</nla> que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse) \syna pachakaliwi \xrb teson \ref 07939 \lxa pachakaltik \lxac pachakaltik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \sea to have a rough surface (e.g., a <nla>tepalkatl</nla> that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake) \ssa tener una superficieáspera (p. ej., un <nla>tepalkatl</nla> que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse) \syna tesontik \xrb pachakal \ref 07940 \lxa ma:wxo:chitl \lxac ma:wxo:chitl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \sea the leaves of any of various herbaceous plants used in offerings to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \ss las hojas de cualquier planta herbácea que se utiliza en las ofrendas a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla> \pna Ma:wxo:chitl | Nokwi kwa:k tlakaka:walo. \pea <na>Ma:wxo:chitl</na> : It is used when offerings are left to the <nla>yeyekameh</nla>. \psa <na>Ma:wxo:chitl</na> : Se emplea cuando se dejan ofrendas a los <nla>yeyekameh</nla>. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ma:w \xrb xo:chi \nct xiwtli \qry Check to determine if this is indeed a plant; perhaps I miswrote the entry for /ya:wxo:chitl/. If the forms are correct as given then two entries should be created, one for Oapan and one for Ameyaltepec. \pqry Recheck vl of /a:/. \ref 07941 \lxa mi:skikuwtli \lxac mi:skikuwtli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb mi:ski \ref 07942 \lxa kwa:kuwtsotsompach \lxac kwa:kuwtsotsompach \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point forward and down to the ground \ssa tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan hacia abajo y ligeramente hacia el frente \encyctmp kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb tson \xrb pach \ref 07943 \lxa te:a:pi:tsaltih \lxac te:a:pi:tsaltih \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \sea to cause diarrhea \ssa causar diarea \pna Le:cheh xkwahli, le:cheh te:a:pi:tsaltih. \pea Milk is no good, milk causes diarrhea. \psa La leche no está bien, la leche causa diarea. \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \ref 07944 \lxa xa:yakaoomitia \lxac xa:yakaoomitia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4a \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix <n>te-</n> (Am): <na>xa:yakateoomitia</na> \sea for ones cheeks to become so sunken in that ones facial bones protrude \ssa sumirsele las mejillas tanto hasta que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara \xrb xa:yaka \xrb omi \nae The Ameyaltepec form shows the expected reduplication given the fact that the process affects both cheeks simultaneously; the lack of such reduplication in Oapan is not expected. The meaning of the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are the same although the root elements in the two semantically equivalent forms <na>xa:yakaoomitik</na> and <no>xa:ya:komitetik</no> are distinct. Nevertheless, the variation between Oapan <no>komitetl</no> 'bone' and Ameyaltepec <na>omitl</na> parallels the basic form for 'bone' in both these dialects. \ref 07945 \lxa tla:yo:tike:tl \lxac tla:yo:tike:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ag-ke:tl \sea woman whose responsibility it is to refill or replenish plates with broth (during a public fiesta) \ssa mujer que tiene la resposabilidad para volver a llenar con caldo los platos de los fiesteros (p. ej., durante una fiesta del pueblo) \xrb a: \nse This agentive derives from the verb <nla>a:yo:tia</nla> literally 'to add water to,' but which can also refer to the adding of broth to a plate. \ref 07946 \lxa tepo:tsakia \lxac notepo:tsakia \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea [meaning to be determined] \xrb tepo:ts \xrb aki \ref 07947 \lxa yeswetsi \lxac yeswetsi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to suffer from a hemorrhage \ssa sufrir una hemorragia \xrb es \xrb wetsi \ref 07948 \lxa tla:katlake:ntli \lxac tla:katlake:ntli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(m) \sea men's clothes \ssa ropa de hombres \xrb tla:ka \xrb ke:m \ref 07949 \lxa kamato:ne:wi \lxac kamato:ne:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from eating sth spicy) \ssa sentir un arder en la boca (por comer algo picante) \xrb kama \xrb to:n \ref 07950 \lxa yekatla:ni \lxac kiyekatla:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \ref 07951 \lxa uwichilia \lxac kuwichilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \seao to uproot (plants) for \ssao desarraigar (plantas) para \seao to pull out or pluck (e.g., white hairs, feathers, etc.) from or on (sb) \ssao sacar o arrancar (p. ej., las canas, plumas, etc.) a o de \xrb witla \xvba uwitla \ref 07952 \lxa mexkaltompitsioh \lxac mexkaltompitsioh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area abounding in the type of agave plant (<l>Pitcairnia flexuosa</l>) known as <nba>mexkaltompistsi:n</nba> \ssa área donde abunda el tipo de agave (<l>Pitcairnia flexuosa</l>) conocido como <nba>mexkaltompistsi:n</nba> \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \ref 07953 \lxa xikipi:liwi \lxac xikipi:liwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea [meaning pending] \xrb xikipi:l \ref 07954 \lxa xoxo:hka:istá:k \lxac xoxo:hka:istá:k \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be greenish white (like the color of the rock used as a <nla>temanastetl</nla> (Am)) \ssa ser entre blanca y verde (como el color de la piedra empleada como <nla>temanastetl</nla> (Am)) \xrb xo: \xrb sta \ref 07955 \lxa ayuxkwitlatl \lxac ayuxkwitlatl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \inc N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea stringy inside fleshy portion of certain squash plants \ssa parte interior hilosa de algunos tipos de calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb kwitla \nae The origin or motivation from the /x/ is not clear. \qry Check meaning. \ref 07956 \lxa tla:le:roh \lxac tla:le:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (Sp) <na>tla:l</na> \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo landowner \sso dueño de tierra \equivo tla:lwah \equivo tla:leh \xrb tla:l \ref 07957 \lxa ayutlaxakwalo:hli \lxac ayutlaxakwalo:hli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \sea type of food made from squash \ssa tipo de comida hecho de calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb xakwal \ref 07958 \lxa to:tomo:chkose:wi \lxac to:tomo:chkose:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(w) \sea for the corn husk (of a maize plant during the time just before harvest) to turn yellow \ssa amarrillarse el totomoxtle, hojas secas de la mazorca (justamente antes de la cosecha) \xrb tomoch \xrb kos \ref 07959 \lxa nechikowilia \lxac kinechikowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to collect (e.g., money, grain, etc., in a cooperative community venture) for \ss juntar, hacer una colección (p. ej., de dinero, maíz, etc., en un proyecto o empresa comunal) para \xrb nechik \xvba nechikowa \qry Check meaning and used. \ref 07960 \lxa no:ksehka:n \lxac no:ksehka:n \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n-com \infn N1(loc) \se another different place \ss otro lugar diferente o distinto \xrb no: \xrb o:k \xrb sek \xrl -ka:n \ref 07961 \lxa i:xiwintilistli \lxac i:xiwintilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-lis \se dizziness \ss mareo \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. \ref 07962 \lxa yema:nka:toto:nia \lxac yema:nka:toto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to have a light fever \ss tener algo de calentura (no muy fuerte) \xrb yema:n \xrb to:n \ref 07963 \lxa tsi:nxoxo:hki \lxac tsi:nxoxo:hki \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea to have a green posterior (e.g., the insect called <na>xiwsa:yo:lin xoxo:hki</na>) \ssa tener verde la parte posterior (p. ej., el insecto llamado <na>xiwsa:yo:lin xoxo:hki</na>) \xrb tsi:n \ref 07964 \lxa akestetlakali \lxac kakestetlakali \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V-V \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se to throw down (a person) so that he lands face up \ss aventar al suelo para que caiga boca arriba \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb tlahkali \ref 07965 \lxa techikaktik \lxac techikaktik \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \pss Adv \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea to do in a hard or forceful way \ssa duramente \pna San techikaktik o:htla:lih. \pea Lo pusiste con mucha fuerza (e.g., al poner algo sobre el piso, una mesa, etc.) \psa You put it down real hard. \xrb chika: \ref 07966 \lxa tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi \lxac tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infn +Compl \infv class-4a \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> ; <nao>tsi:ntechakwa:ni</nao> \se to strike ones rear hard \ss golpearse fuertemente o duro la parte inferior o posterior \xrb tsi:n \xrb chakwa: \qry Check/recheck the difference between /tsi:ntechakwa:ntasi/ and /notsi:ntechakwa:nitasi/. Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2. \ref 07967 \lxa weliti \lxac i:tech weliti \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-dvb-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea (<na>-tech</na> ~) to reproduce under the care of (e.g., domestic animals; same as <na>-tech</na> <nla>weli</nla> (Am)) \ssa (<na>-tech</na> ~) reproducir bajo el cuidado de (p. ej., animales domésticos; lo mismo que <na>-tech</na> <nla>weli</nla> (Am)) \xrb wel \ref 07968 \lxa tla:katilia \lxac kitla:katilia \lxo tla:katilia \lxocpend kitla:katilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seao to give birth to (an animal of its young; in Ameyaltepec considered vulgar when applied to people; syn. Oa <nlo>tla:kati:ltia</nlo>) \ssao hacer nacer; dar a luz (un animal a su cría; en Ameyaltepec considerado vulgar cuando se aplica a gente; sin. Oa <nlo>tla:kati:ltia</nlo>) \seao (refl.) to brag or talk big (a man) \ssao (refl.) fanfarronear (un hombre) \xrb tla:ka \ref 07969 \lxa yestemowa \lxac yestemowa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \sea for ones blood to flow into the body (used in reference to a chicken hung upside down and killed, so that the blood can be collected and prepared) \ssa bajarsele la sangre a la cabeza (una gallina colgada boca-abajo cuando se mata, para que la sangre se puede juntar y cocinar) \xrb es \xrb temo: \ref 07970 \lxa ista:yo:tl \lxac ista:yo:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \sea salt water (used to marinate squash seeds before toasting them) \ssa agua salada (se meten las semillas de calabaza en este agua antes de tostarlas sobre el comal) \xrb sta \xrb a: \ref 07971 \lxa te:nkwi:kwi \lxac kite:nkwi:kwi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \sea to talk back to; to angrily discuss with; to contest the words of \ssa responder a (algn); discutir o enfrentar las palabras de \xrb te:n \xrb kwi \ref 07972 \lxa ya:h \lxac ya:h de yewa tiá:s \lxo ya: \lxocpend ya: \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv-time \se and then; afterward; and \ss y entonces; y después; y \cfao dya: \ref 07973 \lxa tlamoya:wtok \lxac tlamoya:wtok \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \se area that has things spread out all over (e.g., ceramics drying in the sun, merchandise to be sold, etc.) \ss área con muchas cosas tendidas (p. ej., cerámica secándose en el sol, mercancía para vender, etc.) \xrb moya: \ref 07974 \lxa yekatia \lxac noyekatia \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to enter into a place or situation where one should not be (e.g., to try to come between two people in a heated argument) \ss (refl.) meterse en un lugar donde no debe estar (p. ej., al meterse entre dos personas que están discutiendo) \se to place (firewood) into a burning hearth \ss meter (leña) en un hogar con leña quemándose \pna Xkonyekati totlikuw! \pea Go push our firewood into the fire! \psa ¡Ve a meterle nuestra leña a la fogata! \xrb yeka \ref 07975 \lxa papa:ka \lxaa pupa:ka \lxac kipupa:ka \lxo pápá:ka \lxocpend kí:pá:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \se see <nla>pa:ka</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>pa:ka</nla> \xrb pa:ka \ref 07976 \lxa tlakwaltsi:ntia \lxac tlakwaltsi:ntia \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \sea to become a place (e.g., a village) that is well-arranged and cared for \ssa llegar a ser un lugar bien arreglado y cuidado; llegar a ser un lugar bien bonito \xrb kwal \ref 07977 \lxa pixkake:tl \lxac pixkake:tl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea person who harvests corn in the field \ssa persona que pisca maíz \sea person who husks maize that has been harvested \ssa persona que quita el totomoxtle a la mazorca cosechada \xrb pixka \ref 07978 \lxa tsi:npeto:nki \lxac tsi:npeto:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \sea to have a bad back, one that has"slipped out"and gotten sprained as one was walking \ssa tener un dolor de la espalda inferior, resultado de haber caminado y resbalado, torciendo la espalda \xrb tsi:n \xrb peto: \grm Note equivalence of /tsi:npetok/ and /tsi:npeto:nki/. \ref 07979 \lxa tlapi:pilkatok \lxac tlapi:pilkatok \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv Durative \sea to have things hanging down all over (e.g., vines that are hanging down all over) \ssa haber cosas colgadas por todos lados (p. ej., bejucos que se cuelgan de losárboles) \syna tlapi:piliwi \xrb pil \ref 07980 \lxa tlakuhke:tl \lxac tlakuhkeh \lxocpend ---- \dt 14/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \sea pallbearers \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \pqry Check /h/ and cf. to /w/ in /tlikuwtli/, etc. \ref 07981 \lxa te:a:miktih \lxac te:a:miktih \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \inc [te:-N-V2]~Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \sea to be something that causes thirst \ssa ser algo que da o causa sed \xrb a: \xrb miki \ref 07982 \lxa to:nalchipa:wi \lxac to:nalchipa:wi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get clean or bleached in the sun \ssa limpiarse o blanquearse en el sol \xrb to:na \xrb chipa: \ref 07983 \lxanotes yzzz \mod This was a duplicate entry of /tlapi:stli/. \dt 13/Jul/2004 \ref 07984 \lxa tlaxkalkwa \lxac tlaxkalkwa \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \sea to (be able to) eat tortillas (e.g., a donkey) \ssa (poder) comer tortillas (e.g., un burro) \xrb xka \xrb kwa \nse According to Cristino Flores this verb is only used in reference to animals, such as donkeys, that can eat tortillas along with their regular fare. It is not used with human agents, all of whom can by nature eat tortillas. \grm Incorporation; semantics: Note the case of /tlaxkalkwa/ vs. /kitlaxkalkwa/, i.e, two types of incorporation with one verb. \ref 07985 \lxa kwa:pa:pah \lxac i:kwa:pa:pah \lxo kwa:pa:pah \lxocpend i:kwa:pa:pah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj(ap) \seao to have hair formed into curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair) \ssao tener el cabello como enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente) \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:pa \ref 07986 \lxa kwa:pa:payoh \lxac kwa:pa:payoh \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea to have hair formed into curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair) \ssa tener el cabello que estàenroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente) \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:pa \ref 07987 \lxa pa:patia \lxac pa:patia \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-tia \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4d(tia) \sea for ones hair to form curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair) \ssa quedarsele el cabello enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente) \xrb pa:pa \ref 07988 \lxa karayo:ntik \lxaa kakarayo:ntik \lxac kakarayo:ntik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-loan (?) \sea to be a woman-chaser \ssa ser mujeriego \apa karayó:n \nse This seems clearly to be a loan from Spanish, although the source word is still not identified. The borrowing <n>po:yoh</n> is also used in reference to men with a lot of women lovers. \ref 07989 \lxa pepechiwtok \lxac pepechiwtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se (with <n>-pan</n> or <n>-tech</n>) to get very close to (an animate and volitional being [S]) \ss (con <n>-pan</n> o <n>-tech</n>) acercarse mucho a (un ser animado y con volición propia [S]) \pna Pepechiwtok itech ina:n, mumuwi. \pea He gets right up close to his mother, he is frightened. \psa Se pega a su mamá, tiene miedo. \ref 07990 \lxa mancho:ntetla:lia \lxac nomancho:ntetla:lia \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 07991 \lxa ixwi:tia \lxac kixwi:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to be filling or satisfying to (e.g., a particular food, beverage, etc.) \ss llenar hasta satisfacer a (algn) \pna Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwi:tia. \pea Tortillas fill me up quite well. \psa Tortillas me llenan bien. \se (refl.) to get full (from eating) \ss (refl.) llenarse (de comer) \pna Pitso xkimati noxwi:tia. \pea Pigs don't know what it means to be full (i.e., they never are satisfied and lacking a desire to eat). \psa Marranos no saben llenarse (esto es, nunca dejan de tener ganas de comer). \dis noxwitia; nitikukwa \xrb xwi \xvbao ixwi \nae The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending <n>-tia</n> seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under <n>ixhui:tia</n>) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos]... the second vowel, which should be long before <n>-tia</n> is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative <n>ixhui:ltia</n> where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker <n>-tia</n>. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. \pqry There seems to be a definite short /i/ before causative in Oapan. Check. Note that there is a difference between /ixwi:tia/ and /ixwitia/. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \grm Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwitia 'Tortillas fill me up quite well' Note the way in which the subject preceding the verbal predicate (here with an adverb) is used for generic items (cf. a:tl xkwahli vs. xkwahli a:tl). Cf. the same with Pitso xkimati noxwitia, 'pigs don't know what it means to be full.' \grm Causative; phonology: In /ixwitia/ the evidence suggests a short /i/ before the causative /-tia/. This should, however, be rechecked. \ref 07992 \lxa i:xpanti \lxac i:xpanti \dt 24/Jul/2002 \der V1 \ref 07993 \lxa itika:kapa:ni \lxac itika:kapa:ni \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \ref 07994 \lxa ma:pa:chaka:ti \lxac ma:pa:chaka:ti \dt 04/Jul/2002 \ref 07995 \lxa kochkana:wtok \lxac kochkana:wtok \lxo kochkana:wtok \lxocpend kochkana:wtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to be sleeping lightly \ss estar como semi dormido \xrb koch \xrb kana: \ref 07996 \lxa mochi \lxac mochi \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea see notes under <nla>nochi</nla> \ssa vé ase notas con <nla>nochi</nla> \ref 07997 \lxa to:tomo:chwa:ki \lxac to:tomo:chwa:ki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(k) \sea for the corn husk (of a maize plant during the time just before harvest) to dry \ssa secarse el totomoxtle, hojas secas de la mazorca (justamente antes de la cosecha) \xrb tomoch \xrb wa: \ref 07998 \lxa a:josmolo:nki \lxac a:josmolo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea to be reeking of garlic \ssa estar aspestoso o hediondo de ajos \pna A:josmolo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos. \pea It reeks of garlic, it has too much garlic. \psa Apesta a ajos, pasóde ajos. \xrb molo: \ref 07999 \lxa wa:xmolo:nki \lxac wa:xmolo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea to be reeking of <spn>guaje</spn> \ssa estar aspestoso o hediondo de guaje \xrb wa:x \xrb molo: \ref 08000 \lxa tlama:maltipan \lxac se: tlama:maltipan \lxocpend ---- \dt 27/Jan/2005 \psm N \xrb ma:ma \xrl -tipan \ref 08001 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /suwa:chi:wayo/ but it has been removed as offensive. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 08002 \lxa kamatechiki \lxac kikamatechiki \dt 14/Mar/2003 \xrb kama \xrb hchiki \ref 08003 \lxa tepe:cha:neh \lxac tepe:cha:neh \lxocpend ---- \dt 05/Jul/2002 \ref 08004 \lxa koto:ntlapo:wtok \lxac koto:ntlapo:wtok \dt 05/Jul/2002 \ref 08005 \lxa tla:xi:xkokoya:ka:n \lxac tla:xi:xkokoya:ka:n \dt 05/Jul/2002 \ref 08006 \lxa itiyo:lkopi:na \lxac kitiyo:lkopi:na \dt 05/Jul/2002 \ref 08007 \lxa e:watekechilia \lxac ke:watekechilia \dt 05/Jul/2002 \ref 08008 \lxa tlasotka:n \lxac tlasotka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \der N-loc \sea dear or scarce \ssa escaso; ser escaso \pna Tlasotka:n u:nkah yewan kuwimati. \pea There are few (people) who know the way (i.e., how to do sth in particular). \psa Hay pocos que saben el camino (esto es, como hacer alguna cosa). \xrb tlasoh \ref 08009 \lxa chi:kwepo:naltia \lxac kichi:kwepo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08010 \lxa teoomitsi:n \lxac teoomitsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea person who is very thin, virtually skin and bones (from illness) \ssa persona demacrada, muy delgado hasta que se le ven los huesos (de una enfermedad) \xrb omi \ref 08011 \lxa tla:li:ltia \lxac kitla:li:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea to place on (e.g., clothes on a person) \ssa poner o colocar sobre (p. ej., ropa a una persona) \xrb tla:l \ref 08012 \lxa tla:li:ltilia \lxac kitla:li:ltilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \sea (~ <na>lasa:dah</na>) to throw a lasso onto (e.g.,) \ssa (~ <na>lasa:dah</na>) echar una lasada sobre (p. ej., un animal) \xrb tla:l \ref 08013 \lxa a:yema:nilia \lxac ka:yema:nilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \sea to soften (e.g., clay earth or mud, <nla>tixtli</nla>) by adding water \ssa hacer blando al agregar agua a (p. ej., lodo o barro, masa de maíz, etc.) \xrb a: \xrb yema:n \ref 08014 \lxa tekoltia \lxac tekoltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4a \sea to turn into carbon \ssa volverse carbón \xrb tekol \ref 08015 \lxa ma:tlao:ya \lxac ma:tlao:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(y) \sea to shell maize with ones hands \ssa desgranar maíz con las manos \xrb ma: \xrb o:ya \ref 08016 \lxa tlatila:wahloh \lxac tlatila:wahloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \sea place or area that is overgrown with weeds \ssa lugar oárea cubierto de maleza \xrb tila: \ref 08017 \lxa tlatsoyo:ni:hli \lxac tlatsoyo:ni:hli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \sea fried (eggs) \ssa frito y revuelto (huevos) \xrb tsoyo: \ref 08018 \lxa xiwyotepe:wi \lxac xiwyotepe:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo to lose leaves (a tree during the dry season) \sso perder las hojas (unárbol durante la temporada de secas) \pno Yo:pe:w tlaxiwyotepe:wi. \peo The leaves have started to fall (e.g., during autumn) \pso Las hojas ya empezaron a caerse (de losárboles, p. ej., durante el otoño) \syna xiwyo:xi:ni \syno xihyo:xi:ni \xrb xiw \xrb tepe: \ref 08019 \lxa a:we:we:tl \lxac a:we:we:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea type of tree, called <spn>ahuehuete</spn> in Spanish \ssa ahuehuete, tipo deárbol \sem plant \sem kuwtli \equiva a:we:we:kuwtli \xrb a: \xrb we:we: \ref 08020 \lxa a:we:we:kuwtli \lxac a:we:we:kuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \sea type of tree, called <spn>ahuehuete</spn> in Spanish \ssa ahuehuete, tipo deárbol \sem plant \sem kuwtli \equiva a:we:we:tl \xrb a: \xrb we:we: \xrb kow \ref 08021 \lxa kwa:manilia \lxac kikwa:manilia \dt 24/Jul/2002 \ref 08022 \lxa wekatilia \lxac kwekatilia \lxocpend ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08023 \lxa akotlekuwa \lxac akotlekuwa \dt 31/Jul/2003 \ref 08024 \lxa chochopilo:l \lxac i:chochopilo:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \se skin that hangs down from the forehead of a turkey \ss pedazo de piel que se cuelga de la frente de un huajolote \sem body \sem animal \equiva te:nchochopilo:l \syna te:nchochopio \syno te:nchopi:yah \xrb te:n \xrb chopi: \xrb pilo:l \ref 08025 \lxa ye:ltson \lxac i:ye:ltso:n \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08026 \lxa ma:tla:ltech \lxac ma:tlatla:ltech \lxocpend ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08027 \lxa mahka:kwi \lxac mahka:kwi \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08028 \lxa tlano:chilia \lxac kitlano:chilia \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08029 \lxa xi:kale:roh \lxac xi:kale:roh \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08030 \lxa kwe:tia \lxac kikwe:tia \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08031 \lxa tla:lyenkwik \lxac tla:lyenkwik \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08032 \lxa kuwki:xtia \lxac kikuwki:xtia \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08033 \lxa okokuwyoh \lxac okokuwyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea pine forest \ssa bosque de pinos \xrb oko \xrb kow \ref 08034 \lxa se:sentoka \lxac kise:sentoka \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08035 \lxa nakapanwetsi \lxac nakapanwetsi \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(ts) \xrb naka \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \ref 08036 \lxa nakapanwetsi:tia \lxac kinakapanwetsi:tia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \xrb naka \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \ref 08037 \lxa ichpa:nilia \lxac kichpa:nilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb chpa: \ref 08038 \lxa tlato:lchika:wa \lxac notlato:lchika:wa \dt 06/Jul/2002 \se to speak loudly \se to contest (sb) with words \xrb hto \xrb chika: \ref 08039 \lxa inekwi:lia \lxac kinekwi:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \xrb hnekwi \xvba inekwi \pqry Recheck vl for Am /inekwi:lia/; I heard it long in the elicitation. \ref 08040 \lxa iwiyotetekets \lxac iwiyotetekets \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08041 \lxa tsomiki \lxaa tsonmiki \lxac tsonmiki \dt 29/Jul/2002 \ref 08042 \lxa kekechpitsa:wi \lxac kekechpitsa:wi \dt 06/Jul/2002 \ref 08043 \lxa ikxopahli pani \lxac i:kxopal pani \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N \se top of the foot \ss parte superior del pie \sem body \sem human \xrb xo \xrl -ko; -pal; pan \ref 08044 \lxa ma:kpahli pani \lxac i:ma:kpal pani \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \xrb ma \xrl -ko; -pal; pan \qry Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/ \ref 08045 \lxa te:ntlapahlo:tia \lxac kite:ntlapahlo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-2a \se to paint the edge of (e.g., ceramics, etc.) \ss pintar la orilla de (p. ej., cerámica, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb pa: \encyctmp painting \qry Check for existence of intransitive /tlapahlowa/ as well as the adjectival form ?/tlapahloh/, which probably does exist. In one filecard I have recorded /tlapa:lo:ltia/ as on Gram Tape #1:320. Check. \ref 08046 \lxa te:nxoloxtik \lxac te:nxoloxtik \lxocpend ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \xrb te:n \xrb xoloch \ref 08047 \lxa te:nxolochiwtok \lxac te:nxolochiwtok \lxocpend ---- \dt 24/Jul/2002 \xrb te:n \xrb xoloch \ref 08048 \lxa tatapayo:tia \lxac kitatapayo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08049 \lxa kamate:ma \lxac kikamate:ma \dt 24/Jul/2002 \ref 08050 \lxa tla:lkanaktli \lxac tla:lkanaktli \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb- \sea land with a thin topsoil \ssa terreno con una capa delgada de tierra \xrb tla:l \xrb kana: \ref 08051 \lxa poti:xaki:sa \lxac poti:xaki:sa \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08052 \lxa tla:kayo:na:miki \lxac kitla:kayo:na:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \sea to do the body of well (e.g., a food that gives one energy, or a medicine that is successful in curing an ill) \ssa quedarle bien al cuerpo de (algn, p. ej., una comida que da energía o aumente el peso, o un remedio que alivie una enfermedad) \xrb tla:ka \xrb na:miki \ref 08053 \lxa tsi:nistakax \lxac i:tsi:nistakax \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea ring that is placed around a round-bottomed pitcher to allow it to stand upright \ssa anillo que se pone alrededor de un jarro con base redonda para que se pueda para \sea part of the rear end, slightly concave, that is just below the end of the spine on people with large rear ends \ssa parte concava de las nalgas inmediatamente abajo de donde termina la columna vertebral y que se hallan en gente con las nalgas grandes \xrb tsi:n \xrb sta \xrb kax \ref 08054 \lxa tsi:ntepetl \lxac i:tsi:ntepetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea part of the rear end, boney sectoin, that is just below the end of the spine \ssa parte huesosa de las nalgas inmediatamente abajo de donde termina la columna vertebral \xrb tsi:n \xrb te \xrb petla \ref 08055 \lxa istakaxitl \lxac istakaxitl \lxo istakaxitl \lxocpend istakaxitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea small bowl for holding salt, particularly sea salt \ssa pequeño plato profundo que se utiliza para sal, particularmente sal del mar \syno istaxi:kahli \xrb sta \xrb kax \ref 08056 \lxa tlakukwaltemowa \lxac tlakukwaltemowa \dt 29/Oct/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4c(pano) \ref 08057 \lxa witsmimilowa \lxac kiwitsmimilowa \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \pqry Check the vowel length of the first /mi:/. I usually here it short, but it should be checked. \grm /ki-/: note that one cannot say */kwitsmi:milowa/. The reason for this is not clear. \ref 08058 \lxa yekachi:maliwi \lxac yekachi:maliwi \dt 25/Jan/2005 \se for the point (e.g., of a stake) to flatten out (e.g., as it is driven against a stone) \xrb yeka \xrb chi:mal \ref 08059 \lxa uwimati \lxac kuwimati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular, see <nlao>mati</nlao> \se to know ones way; to know the path (e.g., to get from one village to another, or merely to walk through an area traversed by paths) \ss saber el camino (p. ej., para ir de un pueblo a otro, o simplemente por conocer las sendas y veredas que atraviesan una zona) \se (often used in the negative) to be aware of the antecedents; to be aware of the past or how things stand; (e.g., a dispute or litigation) \ss (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) saber la historia; conocer los antecedentes (p. ej., de un litigio o pleito) \xrb oh \xrb mati \nse The status of the <na>wi</na> in <na>owimati</na> is unclear although it is not unprecedented in other dialects. Thus RS gives a Classical lexeme from Paredes <n>ouiotl</n> 'lo que concierne a los caminos.' There is a stem <n>owih</n> 'difficult,' but <na>owimati</na> does not seem to be related to this stem, but rather to <nr>oh</nr> of <na>otli</na> (Am). It is also possible that the /i/ derives from the stem <n>(i)hmati</n>. The figurative and metaphoric use of <na>owimati</na> is used most often in the negative to indicate that one does not know the past or the history of a given situation: <na>xniowimati</na> 'I'm not familiar with the history (of a particular situation).' \mod Check the transitive and intransitive forms of this verb. \ref 08060 \lxa tlateko:nka:n \lxac tlateko:nka:n \dt 27/Jan/2005 \psm N(loc) \xrb te \xrb ko:m \xrl -ka:n \ref 08061 \lxa a:moyaktli \lxac a:moyaktli \dt 08/Nov/2004 \psm N \xrb a: \xrb moya \ref 08062 \lxa kuwpala:nahli \lxac kuwpala:nahli \dt 08/Jul/2002 \ref 08063 \lxa mapiltipan \lxac se: mapiltipan \dt 08/Jul/2002 \ref 08064 \lxa kwexa:ntli \lxac kwexa:ntli \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb kwexa:m \ref 08065 \lxa ixa:yak ko:lo:tl \lxac ixa:yak ko:lo:tl \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \ref 08066 \lxa sa:ndiakwe:xtli \lxac sa:ndiakwe:xtli \dt 08/Jul/2002 \ref 08067 \lxa tlayo:kohli \lxac tlayo:kohli \dt 03/Aug/2004 \ref 08068 \lxa a:tilia \lxac ka:tilia \dt 08/Jul/2002 \ref 08069 \lxa mapilkwa \lxac kimapilkwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-1 \ref 08070 \lxa a:xi:xalistli \lxac a:xi:xalistli \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \ref 08071 \lxa kweskonkahli \lxac kweskonkahli \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08072 \lxa kechakia \lxac nokechakia \dt 08/Jul/2002 \ref 08073 \lxa tlatska:to:to:tl* \lxac tlatska:to:to:tl \dt 06/Jun/2003 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tlats \xrb to:to: \ref 08074 \lxa chika:waltia \lxac kichika:waltia \dt 08/Jul/2002 \xrb chika: \qry E.g., ramada/komaxahli; chi:hli, etc. Check. \ref 08075 \lxa to:naltlatla \lxac to:naltlatla \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08076 \lxa kuwwia \lxac kikuwwia \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb kuw \pqry Check for the best orthography for this form and the precise acoustic characteristics of the /ww/ sequence. \ref 08077 \lxa kalwa:wyowa \lxac kalwa:wyowa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08078 \lxa suwa:ko:lo:tl \lxac suwa:ko:lo:tl \dt 10/Jul/2002 \ref 08079 \lxa kwe:mekayo \lxac i:kwe:mekayo \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08080 \lxa bie:jomiki \lxac bie:jomiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \sea to die of old age \ssa morirse de vejez \xrb miki \ref 08081 \lxa pipitsika \lxac pipitsika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \infv class-4a \se [meaning pending] \ss [significado pendiente] \ref 08082 \lxa ka:ldoh de omitetl \lxac ka:ldoh de omitetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea broth with chile and one or various soup bones \ssa caldo de chile con uno o más huesos \syno komitechi:la:tl \xrb omi \xrb te \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \ref 08083 \lxa kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal \lxac kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal \dt 01/Apr/2003 \qry Apparently the same as /kala:chin kipia i:matlapal/, check. \ref 08084 \lxa pa:tsmiki \lxac pa:tsmiki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08085 \lxa wekatlania \lxac wekatlania \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4d(tia) \se to become deep (a river, hole, etc.) \ss hacerse profundo (un río, hoyo, etc.) \se to make a deep impression (e.g., a tumpline in someone's forehead, etc.) \ss dejar una impresión (p. ej., un laso empleado para cargar algo en la piel) \equiva wekatlantia \equivo wákatlántia \xrb wehka \xrl -tlan \qry Check to determine whether /inf should be class 4a or 4c. \pqry Check quality of first vowel in Oapan pronunciation. \grm -tia: Note the use of the verbalizer /-tia/ in this case where it is added to a locative formation. \ref 08086 \lxa tetepon \lxac i:tetepon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo knee \sso rodilla \sem body \sem human \syno tlankwa:ix \xrb tepon \ref 08087 \lxa metskuwyotetotomaktik \lxac metskuwyotetotomaktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infa tik>tikeh \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes, certain animals such as chickens, donkeys, etc.) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas, ciertos animales, gallinas, etc.); tener los muslos llenos. \syno mesté:tomáhtik \xrb mets \xrb toma: \ref 08088 \lxa awa \lxac mitsawa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \sea to bark at \ssa ladrar a \xrb hyawa \xtla tlayawa \sj Check SJ for location of /h/ if there is one. If /tlahyawa/ then make sure a separate entry. If /tlayahwa/ then perhaps combine 08088 with /awa/ 'to scold'. \ref 08089 \lxa pi:tsko:ntik \lxac pi:tsko:ntik \lxocpend ---- \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \xrb pi:ts \xrb ko:n \ref 08090 \lxa ma:nelwayo:tia \lxac noma:nelwayo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08091 \lxa sa:ndiakwa \lxac sa:ndiakwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08092 \lxa tlapasoliwtok \lxac tlapasoliwtok \dt 11/Apr/2003 \xrb pahsol \ref 08093 \lxa kuwxio:tl de kwexonte:roh \lxac kuwxio:tl de kwexonte:roh \dt 11/Jul/2002 \ref 08094 \lxa totolkatok \lxac totolkatok \dt 23/Jul/2002 \qry Query how this applies to cats. \ref 08095 \lxa kwa:tlatlami:ntik \lxac kwa:tlatlami:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se to have the hairs on ones head pointing up \ss tener el cabello erizado hacia arriba \xrb kwa: \xrb mi:n \ref 08096 \lxa ko:kosa:liwi \lxac ko:kosa:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08097 \lxa sá:ndiah de tsitsi:katsi:n \lxac sá:ndiah de tsitsi:katsi:n \dt 20/Jan/2005 \xrb tsi:ka \ref 08098 \lxa sá:ndiah de pi:pitik iyo:ltsi:n \lxac sá:ndiah de pi:pitik iyo:ltsi:n \dt 20/Jan/2005 \equiva sá:ndiah de tsitsi:katsi:n \xrb pitik \xrb yo:l \ref 08099 \lxa tla:ltlatla \lxac tla:ltlatla \dt 25/Jul/2002 \ref 08100 \lxa sá:ndiah de uwe:i iyo:l \lxac sá:ndiah de uwe:i iyo:l \dt 20/Jan/2005 \xrb we:i \xrb yo:l \nse This is the same as the watermelon known as 'criollo.' \ref 08101 \lxa te:i:xtla:lia:ni \lxac te:i:xtla:lia:ni \dt 11/Jul/2002 \xrb i:x \xrb tla:l \ref 08102 \lxa yaomiktia \lxac *noyaomiktia \dt 25/Jul/2002 \ref 08103 \lxa kwi:tso:ltia \lxac kikwi:tso:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08104 \lxa miahkawia \lxac kimiahkawian \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08105 \lxa tei:skitia \lxac tei:skitia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb te \xrb i:ski \ref 08106 \lxa wekatlanilia \lxac kwekatlanilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to deepen \ss hacer más profundo \ref 08107 \lxa kwi:xin kostik \lxaa kwi:xin un kostik we:i \lxac kwi:xin kostik \dt 27/Aug/2004 \ref 08108 \lxa sese:ktik \lxac sese:ktik \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \se bland \ref 08109 \lxa tla:linchi:n \lxac tla:linchi:n nokone:w tla:linchi:n \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Interj \ref 08110 \lxa kancho:n \lxac na:nkah mokancho:n nokone:w \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08111 \lxa ikxipa:chaka:ti \lxac ikxipa:chaka:ti \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3d(ti) \ref 08112 \lxa nana:ntsi:npepena \lxac nana:ntsi:npepena \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08113 \lxa tlikuwpepena \lxac tlikuwpepena \dt 11/Jul/2002 \ref 08114 \lxa tlayo:lpepena \lxac tlayo:lpepena \dt 11/Jul/2002 \ref 08115 \lxa i:xkwa:chi:nah \lxac i:xkwa:chi:nah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) <spn>china</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa Gender \sea to have the front of ones hair lightly curled (in reference to the hair of certain adolescent girls) \ssa tener el cabello por enfrente ligeramente enchinado (en referencia al estilo de ciertas muchachas) \equivo i:xkwá:chichí:natík \cfo kwa:chichí:notík \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \nae The pitch accent pattern of <no>i:xkwá:chichí:natík</no>, in which two of the pitch accents are reflexes of underlying {h} and the other is intonational, derives from the {h} of the reduplicant and the final {h} of the Spanish loan <no>chi:nah</no>. Note that the loan is borrowed in the feminine form, with final /ah/ given that this adjectival refers to a type of female hair, apparently curly bangs. \ref 08116 \lxa ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n* \lxac ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \seo type of small bird about the size of a dove, one of two types of <nba>ko:kotetsi:n</nba> \sso tipo de pájaro pequeño como el tamaño de la tortolita, uno de dos tipos de <nba>ko:kotetsi:n</nba> \equivo tlapalkó:kotsí:n \sem animal \sem bird \equivo tlapalkó:kotsí:n \xrb ma:stla:kapal \xrb tlapal \xrb ko:koh \ref 08117 \lxa pitsa:hka:nposteki \lxac kipitsa:hka:nposteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08118 \lxa pitorreá:l* \lxac pitorreá:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo type of brightly colored bird with a crest \sso tipo de pájaro muy colorado con una cresta \equivo te:kwa:nto:to:tl \sem animal \sem bird \qry Apparently these two birds are the same, AM and OA, but this needs to be carefully checked. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that he had heard of a bird by this name, and knew it to be different from the <nbo>te:kwa:nto:to:tl</nbo>. \ref 08119 \lxa michpepena \lxac michpepena \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08120 \lxa michpepenke:tl \lxac michpepenke:tl \dt 11/Jul/2002 \ref 08121 \lxa i:xte:nto:ne:wi \lxac i:xte:nto:ne:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08122 \lxa te:nkochkwalaktli \lxac i:te:nkochkwalak \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb te:m \xrb koch \xrb kwalak \ref 08123 \lxa poxkahki \lxac poxkahki \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08124 \lxa kokomekatik \lxac kokomekatik \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \pqry Check vowel length of first vowel. \ref 08125 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /tsi:nte:nko/ but has been removed as vulgar. \dt 28/Jul/2002 \ref 08126 \lxa tlama:te:kalistli \lxac tlama:te:kalistli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb ma: \xrb te:ka \ref 08127 \lxa a:xi:xtsakwa \lxac na:xi:xtsakwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(kw) \ref 08128 \lxa xi:xtsakwa \lxac noxi:xtsakwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(kw) \ref 08129 \lxa a:tlawmatli \lxac a:tlawmatli \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \xrb a:tlaw \xrb mah \qry I originally had this written as /a:tlahmatli/. Check and perhaps consult with other speakers. \ref 08130 \lxa po:chahki:sa \lxac po:chahki:sa \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08131 \lxa chi:chitilia \lxac kichi:chitilia \dt 25/Jul/2002 \xrb chi:chi: \ref 08132 \lxa yénkwiyokone:tl \lxac i:yénkwiyokone:w \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \pqry Check the length of the /o/ of /yo-/ and as well check the stress pattern. \grm Stress: discuss the reasons for the stressed 1st syllable. \ref 08133 \lxa ma:ngastetekwia \lxac noma:ngastetekwia \dt 06/Dec/2004 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3c(pia) \ref 08134 \lxa tla:lkwepaltik \lxac tla:lkwepaltik \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08135 \lxa wi:pi:low \lxac i:wi:pi:low \dt 28/Jul/2002 \infn N2 \ref 08136 \lxa kwa:tewe:ia \lxac kwa:tewe:ia \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \ref 08137 \lxa Tose:pa:n na:ntsi:n \lxac Tose:pa:n na:ntsi:n \dt 10/Feb/2004 \psm N \xrb na:n \ref 08138 \lxa tliwa:tskwa \lxac kitliwa:tskwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-1 \ref 08139 \lxa tsi:nmolo:nia \lxac tsi:nmolo:nia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08140 \lxa ko:sal \lxac ko:sal \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08141 \lxa xuchitl \lxac xuchitl \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08142 \lxa kane:loh \lxac kane:loh \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08143 \lxa tsonpo:ni \lxac tsonpo:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08144 \lxa kokoxoka \lxac kokoxoka \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \infv class-4a \xrb koxo: \ref 08145 \lxa ni:was \lxac ni:was \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \pqry Check vowel length, \ref 08146 \lxa tsatsa:hla:nteki \lxac kitsatsa:hla:nteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08147 \lxa pilkaya:n \lxac pilkaya:n \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \ref 08148 \lxa patla:hwia:n \lxac i:patla:hwia:n \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \ref 08149 \lxa ma:ko:tsi:liwistli \lxac *ma:ko:tsi:liwistli \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \xrb ma: \qry It is not clear if this is a word. C. Flores could not pronounce it and always used the verbal form. \ref 08150 \lxa ikxiko:tsi:wilistli \lxac *ikxiko:tsi:liwistli \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \xrb kxi \qry It is not clear if this is a word. C. Flores could not pronounce it and always used the verbal form. \ref 08151 \lxa pankokone:tl \lxac pankokone:tl \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08152 \lxa isika:tsi:n \lxac isika:tsi:n \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08153 \lxa yeyekawi:tia \lxac kiyeyekawi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08154 \lxa pitsa:hka:nposteki \lxac pitsa:hka:nposteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08155 \lxa tlakoko:hloh \lxac tlakoko:hloh \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 08156 \lxa koto:npatla:wtok \lxac koto:npatla:wtok \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08157 \lxa a:te:ntetl \lxac a:te:ntetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea stone found by or in the river that has been smooth by the action of running water (Am. synonym <nla>a:te:ntetl</nla>) \ssa piedra lisa que se encuentra por la orilla o dentro del río y que ha sido pulida por la acción de agua corriente (Am. sinónimo <nla>a:te:ntetl</nla>) \syno a:pantetl \xrb a: \ref 08158 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was the entry for /kwa:tlamimi:ntik/ but is apparently in error. C. Flores gave it at one time as equivalent to /kwa:tlatlami:ntik/ but then, during the recording of the entry/headwords he denied that /kwa:tlamimi:ntik/ was a word and instead gave /kwa:tlatlami:ntik/. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 08159 \lxa temo:ltsi:n \lxac temo:ltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo stone pestle used for grinding up chile in a mortar \sso mano de piedra para moler chile en un molcajete \syno chí:ltamó:ltsi:n \syno támó:ltsi:n \xrb te \xrb mo:l \ref 08160 \lxa ikxitolopochiwi \lxac ikxitolopochiwi \lxocpend ixitolopochiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get a ball-like swelling on the hind legs \sso hincharsele algo como una bolita al las patas posteriores \xrb kxi \xrb tolopoch \ref 08161 \lxa istitolopochiwi \lxac istitolopochiwi \lxocpend istitolopochiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get a ball-like swelling on the hooves \sso hincharsele algo como una bolita a las patas \xrb sti \xrb tolopoch \ref 08162 \lxa koto:ntsatsakwa \lxac nokoto:ntsatsakwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(kw) \ref 08163 \lxa ma:xeliwtok \lxac ma:xeliwtok \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08164 \lxa a:tompits \lxac a:tompitsmeh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infn N1 \sea type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao> or water tank) \sso tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un <nlao>a:ko:ntli</nlao> o tanque) \equiva a:tonkwilin \equiva a:tonkwitsmeh \equivo á:tonkwístih \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb pits \nse For Ameyaltepec <na>a:tonkwitsmeh</na> appears to be idiosyncratic (it is rarely used); the more common form is <nla>a:tonkwilin</nla> or <nla>a:tompitsmeh</nla>. Cristino Flores stated that this term is used in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec they are called <nla>a:tompitsmeh</nla>. In Acatlán, they are called <n>ahtonquiztle</n> :"maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). \nae Apparently reduplication is the motive for Oapan Nahuatl pitch accent in <no>á:tonkwístih</no>. However, there are two scenarios. The first is that the vowel is underlyingly long (perhaps from the root <nr>a:</nr> 'water') and that reduplication is reflected simply in pitch accent (with no lengthening of an already long vowel). This is perhaps the most likely scenario (cf. <no>a:polaki</no>, unreduplicated, and <no>á:poláki</no>, reduplicated). However, it might be that the vowel is originally short with pitch accent and reduplication has led to lengthening (? <no>átonkwístih</no>, unreduplicated, and <no>á:tonkwístih</no>, reduplicated). It is interesting that the only cognate form from another dialect obtained to date, from Acatlán, Guerrero, has an /h/ closing the first syllable, <na>ahtonquiztle</na>. If this were representative of the underlying morphology, then Oapan would have a surface form (after the predictable phonological changes) of <no>átonkwístih</no>. With this analysis the pitch accent derives from an underlying {h} and not reduplication; reduplication, however, would lead to vowel lengthening. However, given the probably relation of <no>á:tonkwístih</no> to <no>a:tl</no> 'water,' with a long vowel, the first interpretation seems more likely. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \sj atonkwitsmeh. \rt Note that /kwits/ might here be an allomorph of /kwil/ as in /kwilin/. \ref 08165 \lxa chi:lteka:kala:n \lxac chi:lteka:kala:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln \seo (often possessed) chile sauce ground in a mortar \sso (a menudo poseído) salsa de chile hecho en un molcajete \equiva chi:ltekakala:n \synao chi:lmo:hli \syno kala:n \xrb kala: \nse <no>Kala:n</no> is a word used occasionally by elder women of Oapan. It is synonymous to <nlo>chi:lmo:hli</nlo> and the name derives from the sound the pestle makes as it hits against the side of the mortar. \ref 08166 \lxa kostik tlatlastaltik \lxac kostik tlatlastaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \sea light yellow (as the color of certain cakes) \ssa amarillo pálido o pastel \syno koska:tlastaltik \xrb kos \xrb tlastal \ref 08167 \lxa sila:ntroteyo:hli \lxac sila:ntroteyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cilantro</spn> \psm N \com N-[N-N] \der N-b \infn Stem 3 \seo corriander seeds \sso semilla de cilatro \sem plant \sem domesticated \syno kolá:ntoteyó:hli \xrb te \xrb yo:l \ref 08168 \lxa takachwepe:wa \lxac kitakachwepe:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \se to chip \ss desportillar; desconchar \synao takache:wi \xrb takach \xrb wepe: \ref 08169 \lxa takalwetsi \lxac takalwetsi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \seo for a scab to fall off (of a wound) \sso caerse la costra (de una herida) \xrb takal \xrb wetsi \qry Check potential subjects of this verb. Is it the wound or the person? \ref 08170 \lxa chapoltlatlamake:tl \lxac chapoltlatlamake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea person who gathers grasshoppers \ssa persona que caza chapulines \syno cháchapólmaké:tl \xrb chapol \xrb ma \ref 08171 \lxa sintia \lxac sintia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08172 \lxa mo:so:yoh \lxac mo:so:yoh \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \xrb mo:so: \ref 08173 \lxa poso:nilia \lxac kiposo:nilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08174 \lxa tlapachka:tlatowa \lxac tlapachka:tlatowa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2b \xrb pach \xrb hto \ref 08175 \lxa ma:tetenawia \lxac noma:tetenawia \dt 06/Dec/2004 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2a \ref 08176 \lxa tsatsilistli \lxac tsatsilistli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb tsahtsi \ref 08177 \lxa techichika:hka:miki \lxac techichika:hka:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \se see <nla>techichikakmiki</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>techichikakmiki</nla> \qry I originally had a citation from C. Flores of /techichika:hkamiki/ but he changed it before recording the discussion to /techichikakmiki/. \ref 08178 \lxa techichikakmiki \lxac techichikakmiki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \equiva techichika:hka:miki \ref 08179 \lxa temanastexa:hloh \lxac temanastexa:hloh \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08180 \lxa te:nkwatilia \lxac kite:nkwatilia \lxo té:nkwatília \lxop te:nkwatilia \lxocpend kité:nkwatília \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to cause the edge of (e.g., a cliff, precipice or other similar terrain) to break off (e.g, by walking too close to the edge) \ss hacer caer o romperse la orilla de (p. ej., un risco o peñasco u otro terreno parecido, p. ej. al caminar demasiado cerca de la orilla) \xrb te:n \xvba te:nkwati \xvbo té:nkwatí \qry Check motivation of p-a in Oapan. Check whether the first syllable is stressed from reduplicatoin. \ref 08181 \lxa mawisyo:tl \lxac mawisyo:tl \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08182 \lxa mawisyo:tlato:hli \lxac mawisyo:tlato:hli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08183 \lxa chiantik \lxac chiantik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se beige spotted with black \ss beige salpicado de negro \ref 08184 \lxa tla:lti:sayoki:sa \lxac tla:lti:sayoki:sa \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08185 \lxa tlasotilia \lxac kitlasotilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \xrb tlasoh \ref 08186 \lxa ma:pitso \lxac i:ma:pitso \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08187 \lxa tsi:npasol \lxac i:tsi:npasol \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb tsi:n \xrb pahsol \ref 08188 \lxa ikxikopaliwtiw \lxac ikxikopaliwtiw \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \ref 08189 \lxa ikxikopal \lxac ikxikopal \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08190 \lxa pa:xowilia \lxac kipa:xowilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08191 \lxa ikxipeysiwtok \lxac ikxipeya:siwtok \dt 04/Nov/2004 \psm V1 \infv Durative \ref 08192 \lxa tlikuwpepenke:tl \lxac tlikuwpepenke:tl \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08193 \lxa tsokwilowilia \lxac kitsokwilowilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08194 \lxa kuwtlate:nyoh \lxac kuwtlate:nyoh \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08195 \lxa kuwte:nyoh \lxac kuwte:nyoh \dt 13/Jul/2002 \ref 08196 \lxa mahka:kwi:tia \lxac kimahka:kwi:tia \lxo mahka:kwi:tia \lxocpend kimahka:kwi:tia \dt 05/Jul/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08197 \lxa tsi:npeya:stik \lxac tsi:npeya:stik \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08198 \lxa yekayeswetsi \lxac yekayeswetsi \dt 25/Jul/2002 \ref 08199 \lxa mixtlatsoyo:ni:hli \lxac mixtlatsoyo:ni:hli \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08200 \lxa i:xna:miktilia \lxac ki:xna:miktilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08201 \lxa mile:wi \lxac mi:mile:wtiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \qry MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE DISCUSSION OF mi:mile:wtiw (water) and mimile:wtok (sintli). Note difference between /mi:mile:wtiw/ (i.e., river water) and /mi:miliwtiw/ (a rock rolling slowing down a hill). Cf. conversation here with Cristino Flores. \ref 08202 \lxa ikxiwi:teki \lxac nokxiwi:teki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08203 \lxa kakatsa:wa \lxac nokakatsa:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to dirty oneself \ss (refl.) ensuciarse (al defecar en los pantalones) \xrb katsa: \ref 08204 \lxa tila:wilia \lxac kitila:wilia \lxo tila:wilia \lxocpend kitila:wilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to put too much (e.g., salt) on \ss echarle demasiado (p. ej., sal) sobre \pna Ma:ka tiktila:wili:s ye ti:roh! \pea Don't go putting too much salt on it! \psa ¡No le vayas a estar echando demasiado sal! \seao to add to (something) making it closer together (e.g., to place additional fence posts in between other posts of a fence already constructed to make it more sturdy) \ssao agregarle a (algo) haciéndolo más apretado (p. ej., colocando más estantes entre otros de una cerca ya construida para que agarre más fuerza) \xrb tila: \ref 08205 \lxa tlatsi:ntlakopa \lxac tlatsi:ntlakopa \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \infv class-3a \se toward below \ss hacia abajo \ref 08206 \lxa itiye:kchi:wa \lxac kitiye:kchi:wa \dt 07/Aug/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08207 \lxa ma:tetepoltik \lxac ma:tetepoltik \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08208 \lxa ma:kakayol \lxac i:ma:kakayol \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb ma: \xrb kayol \ref 08209 \lxa xa:yakata:takale:wi \lxac xa:yakata:takale:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea see <nla>xa:yakata:takaliwi</nla> \ssa vé ase <nla>xa:yakata:takaliwi</nla> \ref 08210 \lxa mapiltlatla \lxac mapiltlatla \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb mapil \xrb tla \ref 08211 \lxa temanasteyoh \lxac temanasteyoh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area full of the types of stones called <nla>temanastetl</nla> (Am), which are often used for hearthstones \ssa área llena del tipo de piedra llamada piedra ligera y algo suelta puesta en las tres equinas de un triángulo para soporte de las ollas y comal colocadas sobre el fuego; el tipo de piedra empleada (<nla>tla:la:mo:hli</nla> endurecida en Ameyaltepec y <nlo>tepoxahtetl</nlo> en oapan) se escoge porque no explota con el calor \equiva temanasioh \ref 08212 \lxa osto:kakahli \lxac osto:kakahli \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb osto: \xrb kal \ref 08213 \lxa xokotetso:hli \lxac xokotetso:hli \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb xoko \xrb tetso:l \ref 08214 \lxa osto:yoh \lxac osto:yoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area of the terrain characterized by cliffs and steep drops \ssa área del terreno caracterizado por peñascos y riscos \pna I:pan osto:yoh tia:skeh. \pea We are going to go along terrain that has a lot of cliffs. \psa Vamos a ir por terrenos que tienen muchos riscos y peñascos. \xrb osto: \ref 08215 \lxa tsi:katlan \lxac tsi:katlan \dt 27/Jan/2005 \psm N(loc) \xrb tsi:ka \xrl -tlan \ref 08216 \lxa kuwtsi:katlan \lxac kuwtsi:katlan \dt 27/Jan/2005 \psm N(loc) \xrb kuw \xrb tsi:ka \xrl -tlan \ref 08217 \lxa tsi:nxolochsa:lowa \lxac kitsi:nxolochsa:lowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \xrb tsi:n \xrb xoloch \xrb sa:l \ref 08218 \lxa i:xte:nte:skatl \lxac ni:xte:nte:skaw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se (arch.) glasses (for the eyes) \ss (arc.) lentes; anteojos \ref 08219 \lxa pati:l \lxac i:pati:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \sea (arch.) price \ssa (arc.) precio \xrb pati \pqry Check vowel length of final /i:/. \ref 08220 \lxa kwa:texama:nia \lxac nokwa:texama:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb kwa: \xrb xama: \ref 08221 \lxa ayukilso:tl \lxac ayukilso:tl \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb ayoh \xrb kil \xrb so: \ref 08222 \lxa to:ka:yo:tilia \lxac kito:ka:yo:tilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08223 \lxa yo:li:xkochachaya:wi \lxac yo:li:xkochachaya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08224 \lxa koto:npa:patla:ntiw \lxac koto:npa:patla:ntiw \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular: see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \grm Frequentative: Note that according to C. Flores /koto:npa:patla:ntiw/ refers to a situation where the clothes have been torn whereas /koto:npapatlakatiw/ refers to a situation where the shirt is not torn, simply open and"bellowing." \ref 08225 \lxa koto:npapatlakatiw \lxac koto:npapatlakatiw \dt 25/Jan/2005 \grm Vowel length; phonology: Use this and the previous word to contrast vowel length in the middle of a word /pa:patla:n.../ vs. /papatlaka.../. \ref 08226 \lxa wa:kaxnamakake:tl \lxaa wa:kaxnemakake:tl \lxac wa:kaxnamakake:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>vaca</spn> \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \sea person who sells cattle \ssa persona que vende ganado \equivo wa:xnemake:tl \xrb wa:kax \xrb namaka \nse Given that many Oapan Nahuatl speakers abbreviate <no>wa:kax</no> to <no>wa:x</no>, which is homophonous with the root of <no>wa:xin</no>, the nominalized compound <no>wa:xnema:ke:tl</no> acquires two significations: a seller of <spn>guajes</spn> and a seller of cattle. \ref 08227 \lxa te:nkwalkaxpale:wia \lxac note:nkwalkaxpale:wia \lxo te:nkwalkaxpale:wia \lxoc note:nkwalkaxpale:wia \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \com N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to rest ones chin in ones hand \sso (refl.) descansar o sostener la barba en la mano (p. ej., para apoyarse) \xrb te:n \xrb kax \xrb pale: \xrl -ko \ref 08228 \lxa o:mema:wia \lxac ko:mema:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der V2-denom-wia \sea to use two hands on \ssa utilizar las dos manos de o para \xrb o:me \xrb ma: \ref 08229 \lxa tlawe:lmiktia \lxac notlawe:lmiktia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb tlawe:l \xrb miki \ref 08230 \lxa itipa:xiwi \lxac itipa:xiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seo to have ones stomach or midsection sunken in \sso sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga \syna itika:xiwi \syno ítiko:pa:xíwi \xrb hti \xrb ko:pa:x \ref 08231 \lxa nelo:ltia \lxac kinelo:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \sea to mix in (an ingredient into a food); to mix together \ssa mezclar (un ingrediente con otro); agregar (un ingrediente a una comida) \equivo neno:ltia \xrb nel \xvbo nelowa \ref 08232 \lxa te:nola:n \lxac ite:nola:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2; Intrin(yo) \seao part of an apron, the lowest part just below <no>i:kwe:yo</no> and that cover from the upper thighs to the knees \ssao parte de un delantal, la parte más abajo que se cose a <no>i:kwe:yo</no> y cubre desde la muslo superior a las rodillas \equiva ola:n \equivo jola:nyo \ono tlake:ntli \ref 08233 \lxa ta:chka:w \lxac ta:chka:w \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se Devil \ss diablo \xrb a:chka: \ref 08234 \lxa ma:tlasa:watl \lxac ma:tlasa:watl \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm N \xrb ma:tla \xrb sa:wa \ref 08235 \lxa kwa:tsatsi \lxac kwa:tsatsi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb kwa: \xrb tsahtsi \ref 08236 \lxa a:mi:na \lxac na:mi:na \dt 06/Dec/2004 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3a \xrb a: \xrb mi:na \ref 08237 \lxa chi:lmamana \lxac chi:lmamana \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \sea to transplant chile \ssa transplantar chile \syno chi:ltla:lia \xrb chi:l \xrb mana \nae This word has only been documented in the reduplicated form; Cristino Flores (Am) specifically denied that ? <na>chi:lmana</na> was an acceptable word. \ref 08238 \lxa chi:lte:ma \lxac chi:lte:ma \dt 25/Jan/2005 \xrb chi:l \nae Here Cristino Flores denied that the reduplicated form occurs with the incorporated noun stem <na>chi:l</na> : ? <na>chi:ltete:ma</na>. \grm Reduplication: cf. /chi:lmanana/ to /chi:lte:ma/. \ref 08239 \lxa wito:nia \lxac kwito:nia \dt 15/Jul/2002 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \ref 08240 \lxa uwetskistli \lxac uwetskistli \lxo wetskistli \lxocpend wetskistli \dt 26/Jul/2002 \ref 08241 \lxa chi:patla:wi \lxac chi:patla:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08242 \lxa pitsa:wilia \lxac kipitsa:wilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08243 \lxa i:xte:mpapachiwi \lxac i:xte:mpapachiwi \dt 15/Jul/2002 \ref 08244 \lxa tla:lte:ntli \lxac i:tla:lte:nko \dt 27/Jan/2005 \psm N(loc) \xrb tla:l \xrl -te:nko \ref 08245 \lxa komole:wa \lxac kikomole:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se see <nlao>tekomolowa</nlao> \ss vé ase <nlao>tekomolowa</nlao> \xrb komol \vl Tag the Oapan speech tokens here with #2875. The links there should be taken from these later speech tokens. \ref 08246 \lxa ikxikoltotsiwi \lxac ikxikoltotsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get or have cramps in ones leg \ss tener calambres en la pierna \xrb kxi \xrb koltots \qry Also check existence of transitive cognate and possible usage. \rt Perhaps further analysis will yield roots of /ko:/ and /tsilV/. Check. \ref 08247 \lxa tlake:nkuwa \lxac kitlake:nkuwa \dt 29/Oct/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3b(ow) \xrb ke:n \xrb ko:wa \ref 08248 \lxa te:istla:koke:tl \lxac te:istla:koke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea snooper \ssa fisgón \xrb stla:k \ref 08249 \lxa istastok \lxac istastok \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \xrb sta \pqry Check and note apparently short first /a/, unexpected. \ref 08250 \lxa ke:ntia \lxac kike:ntia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb ke:m \qry Check meaning of /pare:joh kike:ntia/. \ref 08251 \lxa tlaxi:pe:waltia \lxac tlaxi:pe:waltia \dt 15/Nov/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \ref 08252 \lxa to:nalchika:wi \lxac to:nalchika:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08253 \lxa tliwa:chilia \lxac kitliwa:chilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb tli \xrb wa: \ref 08254 \lxa i:xte:nwi:teki \lxac ni:xte:nwi:teki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb wi:teki \ref 08255 \lxa ma:ichpa:na \lxac noma:ichpa:na \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \xrb ma: \xrb chpa: \ref 08256 \lxa po:kchikaya:ya \lxac po:kchikaya:ya \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \xrb po:k \xrb chika: \xrb hya: \ref 08257 \lxa a:ko:kotitlan \lxac ia:ko:kotitlan \dt 10/Feb/2005 \psm N \se Adam's apple \ss nuez de la garganta \ref 08258 \lxa a:poso:ni:hli \lxac a:poso:ni:hli \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb a: \xrb poso: \ref 08259 \lxa mapilkoltotsiwi \lxac mapilkoltotsiwi \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \qry Discussion: this is permenant as opposed to /mapilko:tsi:liwi/ which is passing. MAKE SURE TO RECORD THE DIF>BETWEEN THE TWO TERMS. \ref 08260 \lxa mapilko:tsi:liwi \lxac mapilko:tsi:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08261 \lxa kechpi:pilo:hloh \lxac kechpi:pilo:hloh \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \qry Apparently refers in Am mostly to pigs. \ref 08262 \lxa kechpi:pilo:hli \lxac kechpi:pilo:hli \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08263 \lxa paxko:nah \lxaa paxko:nah \lxac paxkó:nah \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm Adj \ref 08264 \lxa tla:tlachilia \lxac kitla:tlachilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \xvba tla:tlata \ref 08265 \lxa takachowa \lxac kitakachowa \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \xrb takach \ref 08266 \lxa kwa:tla:tlachilia \lxac kikwa:tla:tlachilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \xrb kwa: \xrb ta \ref 08267 \lxa tsi:nelwatl \lxaa tsi:nnelwatl \lxac tsi:nnelwatl \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb tsi:n \xrb nelwa \ref 08268 \lxa a:lachio \lxac i:a:lachio \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb a:lach \ref 08269 \lxa xa:litik \lxac xa:litik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-itik \sea to be sandy (e.g., as in a beach) \ssa estar cubierto de arena (p. ej., una playa) \equivo xá:hlotík \xrb xa:l \ref 08270 \lxa te:nxoloche:wtok \lxac te:nxoloche:wtok \lxocpend ---- \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \xrb te:n \xrb xoloch \ref 08271 \lxa te:ma:wa \lxac te:ma:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \pss Adj \infv class-3a(w) \se to be contagious \ss ser contagiosos \xrb ma:wa \ref 08272 \lxa kajé:l \lxac kajé:l \lxo kaje:l \lxocpend kaje:l \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \nse This word is archaic in Ameyaltepec, though it used to be widely used. \ref 08273 \lxa yekapuntaseselik \lxac yekapuntaseselik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se see <nla>yekaseselik</nla> \ss vé ase <nla>yekaseselik</nla> \ref 08274 \lxa tlauwi:kaltia:ni \lxac tlauwi:kaltia:ni \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \grm /tla-/ vs /te:-/: C. Flores gives a good discussion here of the difference between /tlauwi:kaltia/ and /te:uwikaltia/. Note. \ref 08275 \lxa po:kchikayá:k \lxac po:kchikayá:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se grey or smoke colored \ss humeado \xrb po:k \ref 08276 \lxa tlake:nkokopi:na \lxac kitlake:nkokopi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \seo to undress; to take clothes off of; to remove the clothes from \sso desvestir; quitarle la ropa a \syna tsotsolowa \syna tlake:nki:xtia \syna tlake:nkokopi:na \syno tlá:kopí:nia \xrb kopi: \ref 08277 \lxa tlakorra:ltila:wa \lxac tlakorra:ltila:wa \loan (part) <spn>corral</spn> \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to repair (a fence of upright posts) by placing new ones where some have deteriorated \ssa reparar (una cerca de palos verticales) al remplazar los que se han deteriorados con palos nuevos \equivo korra:lkohtila:wa \xrb tila: \ref 08278 \lxa ko:latsotsomi:ntik \lxac ko:latsotsomi:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) <spn>cola</spn> \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>ko:latetsotsomi:ntik</na> \sea to have a hairless tail (a donkey, horse, etc.) \ssa tener la cola sin pelo (un burro, caballo, etc.) \equivo kólaté:mí:ntik \xrb tson \xrb mi:ni \ref 08279 \lxa rrama:dah \lxac rrama:dah \lxocpend ---- \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-loan \syno ye:kahyo:tl \ref 08280 \lxa po:kchikaya:ktik \lxac po:kchikaya:ktik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se grey or smoke colored (an ox) \ss humeado (un buey) \ref 08281 \lxa chi:lbake:roh \lxac chi:lbake:roh \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb chi:l \ref 08282 \lxa tepotsoki:sa \lxac tepotsoki:sa \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08283 \lxa tepotsotia \lxac tepotsotia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08284 \lxa kechnekwiliwi \lxac kechnekwiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08285 \lxa kuwteki \lxac kuwteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \xrb kuw \xrb teki \ref 08286 \lxa kamatekoyak \lxac kamatekoyak \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08287 \lxa tlatlako:lchi:wa \lxac tlatlako:lchi:wa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \xrb chi:wa \ref 08288 \lxa tsonteyo \lxac i:tsonteyo \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08289 \lxa weyahka:mela:wa \lxac kweyahka:mela:wa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08290 \lxa tio:tlakitia \lxac tio:tlakitia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08291 \lxa tio:tlaki \lxac tio:tlaki \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \mod Note that the past is /yo:tiotlakik/; Cf. CF stated that one can also say /yo:tiotlak/. \pqry NOte that I hear C. Flores (Am) pronunciation with a long /o:/. Check. For now I have continued to write it with a short /o/. \ref 08292 \lxa tesokoya:ya \lxac tesokoya:ya \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4b(ya-x) \ref 08293 \lxa tesokoyá:k \lxac tesokoyá:k \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm Adj \xrb so \ref 08294 \lxanotes zzz \mod This used to be an entry for /tsitsilkaltia/, the transitive of /tsitsilka/, which C. Flores uttered once when I asked him what a scorpion does to one. However, he later denied that it was a word. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 08295 \lxa kuwtekintsi:n \lxac kuwtekintsi:n \lxo kohtekini \lxocpend kohtekini \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni \seao type of insect collected but still not identified \ssao tipo de insecto colectado pero todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kuw \xrb teki \nse According to Inocencio Díaz the animal he knows is different than the one collected. Instead of being entirely black it is somewhat striped, black and white. \ref 08296 \lxa kwa:mantok \lxac kwa:mantok \dt 26/Jul/2002 \cfo torompo kwa:mantik \ref 08297 \lxa ma:ngaspeto:ni \lxac ma:ngaspeto:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \xrb peto: \ref 08298 \lxa ikxitlatlaka:miki \lxac ikxitlatlaka:miki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08299 \lxa yekachichika:wi \lxac yekachichika:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08300 \lxa akopanketsaltia \lxac kakopanketsaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to cause to buck or rear-up \ss hacer reparar o encabritar \xrb ahko \xrb pan \xrb ketsa \mod C. Flores suggested that the /o/ be written /u/, as it is pronounced. \ref 08301 \lxa ma:tekopi:ni \lxac ma:tekopi:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08302 \lxa ma:tekopi:nki \lxac ma:tekopi:nki \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08303 \lxa i:xwetskilia \lxac ki:xwetskilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08304 \lxa kwa:momo:yo \lxac kwa:momo:yo \dt 26/Jul/2002 \nae The plural form is <na>kwa:momo:yo:meh</na>. \ref 08305 \lxa kwa:momo:yo:tik \lxac kwa:momo:yo:tik \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08306 \lxa tepostla:lki:sa \lxac tepostla:lki:sa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \sea to become or get rusty \ssa oxidarse \synao tepostla:hlowa \syno tepostla:hlo:ki:sa \xrb tepos \xrb tla:l \xrb ki:sa \grm Noun incorporation; /-yo:/. In general when the relationship of a noun stem to the subject of a verbal compound (N-V) or a verbalization is one of part-to-whole then the /-yo:/ suffix is used (which, given that it is not in word-final position is manifested with a long vowel). This is good evidence that the underlying vowel length of the intrinsic possessive suffix is /o:/. Examples of this type of construction include verbs such as /ixiyo:tia/ 'to place legs on' and the present /tepostla:hlo:ki:sa/, where the subject of the verb (the metal upon which rust forms) is in a whole-to-part relation with the incorporated noun. \ref 08307 \lxa tlakwisa:hlo:tl \lxac tlakwisa:hlo:tl \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \pqry Check vowel length on acoustic recording. \ref 08308 \lxa a:to:lneloke:tl \lxac a:to:lneloke:tl \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08309 \lxa chi:chiwalxakwalowa \lxac kichi:chiwalxakwalowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \xrb xakwal \ref 08310 \lxa chi:chiwalxakwaliwi \lxac chi:chiwalxakwaliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \xrb xakwal \ref 08311 \lxa kwa:momo:yo:tia \lxac kwa:momo:yo:tia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb kwa: \ref 08312 \lxa ikxixoxopo:naltia \lxac kikxixoxopo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08313 \lxa xoxo:hka:wa:ki \lxac xoxo:hka:wa:ki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \xrb wa: \ref 08314 \lxa ikxixoxopo:ni \lxac ikxixoxopo:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08315 \lxa ma:xoxopo:naltia \lxac kima:xoxopo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb ma: \xrb xopo: \ref 08316 \lxa ma:xoxopo:ni \lxac ma:xoxopo:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08317 \lxa ma:pi:chowa \lxac kima:pi:chowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \xrb ma: \xrb pi:ch \ref 08318 \lxa yeyemaxiwi \lxac yeyemaxiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \ref 08319 \lxa tlikuwtlatlika:wahli \lxac tlikuwtlatlika:wahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seo firewood that is partially burned \sso leña que está parcialmente quemada \equivo tlatlika:wahli \xrb kow \xrb tli \xrb ka:wa \ref 08320 \lxa marra:yah \lxac marra:yah mitskwa \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm Modal \ref 08321 \lxa tlake:ntatapayo:tia \lxac kitlake:ntatapayo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08322 \lxa to:puwayowa \lxac to:puwayowa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08323 \lxa tlitsomo:ni \lxac tlitsomo:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08324 \lxa nexto:ntik \lxac nexto:ntik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \pqry Recheck vowel lenght of /o:/. \ref 08325 \lxa nexto:nah \lxac nexto:nah \dt 16/Jul/2002 \ref 08326 \lxa yo:li:xkotemo:ltilia \lxac kiyo:li:xkotemo:ltilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb yo:l \ref 08327 \lxa tsi:ncho:ka \lxac tsi:ncho:ka \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08328 \lxa tlapechkomoliwtok \lxac tlapechkomoliwtok \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08329 \lxa i:xmontsotsokwe:lowa \lxac ni:xmontsotsokwe:lowa \dt 06/Dec/2004 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2b \ref 08330 \lxa te:tlamih \lxac te:tlamih \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08331 \lxa mahka:yáw \lxac mahka:yáw, o:mahka:yah \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>yaw</nlao> \ref 08332 \lxa kwa:kuwchichikipe:l \lxac kwa:kuwchichikipe:l \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08333 \lxa kwa:kuwchichikipe:ltik \lxac kwa:kuwchichikipe:ltik \dt 16/Jul/2002 \ref 08334 \lxa tla:hlo:mah \lxac tla:hlo:mah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan part <spn>loma</spn> \psm N \xrb tla:l \ref 08335 \lxa tla:laraba:toh \lxac tla:laraba:toh \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb tla:l \ref 08336 \lxa tsonakakochi \lxac tsonakakochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(ch) \se to sleep on ones side \ss dormir por el lado \xrb tsonaka \xrb kochi \ref 08337 \lxa xa:yakatlatskapa:ni \lxac xa:yakatlatskapa:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \xrb xa:yaka \xrb tlats \xrb kapa: \ref 08338 \lxa xolochki:tskia \lxac kixolochki:tskia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08339 \lxa chi:chi:le:watki \lxac chi:chi:le:watki \dt 25/Jan/2005 \der Adj \grm Innovation: Note discussion of this word as an innovation by C. Flores! \ref 08340 \lxa ye:lo:tia \lxac ye:lo:tia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08341 \lxa ikxitexama:ni \lxac ikxitexama:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \sea to have ones foot get smashed (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it) \ssa apachurarse el pie (a algn, p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello) \syno ixitekwe:chowa \cfo ma:tekwe:chowa \xrb kxi \xrb xama: \nae Apparently the <n>te-</n> element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the feet. \ref 08342 \lxa ma:texama:ni \lxac ma:texama:ni \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix <n>te-</n> \infv class-3a \sea to have ones hand get smashed (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it) \ssa apachurarse la mano (a algn, p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello) \syno ma:tekwe:chowa \xrb ma: \xrb xama: \nae Apparently the <n>te-</n> element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an"abnormal"action occurred, in this case the crushing of the hands. \ref 08343 \lxa a:maxo:chiteteki \lxac a:maxo:chiteteki \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc [(N-N)-V1]-N \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to cut out figures from crepe paper for adornment \ssa cortar figuras de papel china para adorno \xrb a:ma \xrb xo:chi \xrb teki \nae The pitch accent in <no>a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl</no> is the result of a reduplicated verb, <no>tétekí</no> that reduces onto the short final vowel of the nominal stem <no>a:maxo:chitl</no>, lengthening and"pitch-accenting"this vowel. \vl The first female token is /a:maxo:chitétehké:tl/, with the reduplicated verb stem /tétehké:tl/. It should be tagged but not linked. Link only the"reduced"forms /a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl/. \ref 08344 \lxa chi:lsolo:tsi:n \lxac chi:lsolo:tsi:n \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08345 \lxa sakateki \lxac sakateki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to cut grass with a machete \ssa cortar pasto o zacate con machete \syno sakatsonteki \xrb saka \xrb tson \xrb teki \ref 08346 \lxa tlatetsi:lo:hli \lxac ye tlatetsi:lo:hli \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08347 \lxa chi:ltlama:tsowilia \lxac kichi:ltlama:tsowilia \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \grm Applicative; valency: Note that Am has /chi:lma:tsowa/ as a transitive (to fold a tortilla with chile inside) and the appplicative /chi:ltlama:tsowilia/. Discuss. \ref 08348 \lxa xokoteki \lxac xokoteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \xrb xoko \xrb teki \grm Reduplication: Note that with fruits, seeds, etc. the incorporated forms often are not reduplicated (although they can be): /xokoteki/ and /kiteteki xokotl/. One cannot say, or seldom says /xokoteteki/. Or, /chi:lte:ma/ but /kitete:ma chi:hli/. One cannot say /chi:ltete:ma/. NB. \ref 08349 \lxa surkotoka \lxac kisurkotoka \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \xrb toka \ref 08350 \lxa komekayowa:ki \lxac komekayowa:ki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \xrb komeka \xrb wa: \ref 08351 \lxa tepe:kopa \lxac tepe:kopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \pqry Cristino Flores here and elsehwere with /kopa/ suggested writing a /u/: /tepe:kupa/. Analyze acoustically and decide on the basis of the best practical orthography. \ref 08352 \lxa kextlansa:lowa \lxac kikextlansa:lowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \ref 08353 \lxa kexsa:lowa \lxac kikexsa:lowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \xrb kech \xrb sa:l \ref 08354 \lxa bese:rrotlama \lxac bese:rrotlama \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08355 \lxa bu:rrotlama \lxac bu:rrotlama \dt 13/Jul/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08356 \lxa kaba:yotlama \lxac kaba:yotlama \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08357 \lxa mulatlama \lxac mulatlama \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08358 \lxa mia:waposteki \lxac kimia:waposteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \xrb mia:wa \xrb posteki \ref 08359 \lxa ma:istaya \lxac ma:istaya \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4b(ya-s) \ref 08360 \lxa mimilte:ka \lxac kimimilte:ka \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08361 \lxa kextla:lti:sayowa \lxac kextla:lti:sayowa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb kech \xrb tla:l \xrb ti:sa \ref 08362 \lxa ma:tla:lti:sayowa \lxac ma:tla:lti:sayowa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08363 \lxa tekesteko \lxac o:notekestekok \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08364 \lxa tla:liteko \lxac o:notla:litekok \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08365 \lxa ye:watiteko \lxac o:ye:watitekok \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08366 \lxa ye:lkamak \lxac moye:lkamak \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \qry Differentiate from /yo:li:xko/. \ref 08367 \lxa ko:koye:kchi:wa \lxac noko:koye:kchi:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \com N-N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to clear ones throat \ssa (refl.) despejarse la garganta \equivo a:kó:koye:hchí:wa \xrb ko:koh \xrb ye:k \xrb chi:wa \ref 08368 \lxa i:xte:nkokose:wi \lxac i:xte:nkokose:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08369 \lxa teposmi:na \lxac kiteposmi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \sea to shoot with a rifle \ssa tirar con un rifle \ref 08370 \lxa tlake:ntli:liwi \lxac tlake:ntli:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08371 \lxa yo:lika:wia \lxac noyo:lika:wia \dt 06/Dec/2004 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2a \ref 08372 \lxa yekwa:ni \lxac yekwa:ni \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08373 \lxa to:mochi:kwepok \lxac to:mochi:kwepok \lxocpend ---- \lxt to:mohtle \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loan \se prickly pair of the large cactus called <nla>ó:rganoh de un we:i</nla> \ss tuna delórgano grande llamado <nla>ó:rganoh de we:i</nla> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tó:mowéwé:i \cfa to:motli \nct to:motli \grm /-yoh/ Note that the adjectival form retains the verbal base: /to:mochikwepo:nyoh/. \ref 08374 \lxa ketspaltomatl \lxac ketspaltomatl \lxocpend ---- \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea type of herbaceous plant with edible fruit, still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea con fruta comestible, todavía no identificada \equiva totomatsi:n \equivo a:ispaltomatl \xrb a: \xrb ketspal \xrb toma \qry Recheck and confirm that this is /a:ispaltomatl/ and not /a:ispalintomatl/. \ref 08375 \lxa yetlasohli \lxac yetlasohli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea dried bean pod \ssa vaina seca de frijol \syno yekakawatl \xrb ye \xrb kawa \ref 08376 \lxa kopa:lchih \lxac kopa:lchih \lxocpend @chichi:k kohxo:chitl \lxt kopa:kchin \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dimin \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equivo chichi:k kohxo:chitl \mod Note that this entry should be divided into two. \ref 08377 \lxa a:teteyoh \lxac a:teteyoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-Adj \rdp Lex. rpd-s \der Adj-denom-yoh \se area of water that is rocky \ss área de agua que está cubierta por piedras \xrb a: \xrb te \ref 08378 \lxa tlama:tsowia \lxac kitlama:tsowia \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \nae <na>Tlama:tsowia</na> is an applicative verb form ending in /-ia/. \grm Applicative: <na>Tlama:tsowia</na> is an applicative verb form ending in /-ia/. \ref 08379 \lxa i:xteme:tsiwi \lxac i:xteme:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb me:ts \ref 08380 \lxa ki:xteme:tsowilia \lxac ki:xteme:tsowilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb me:ts \grm Applicative: Note that when /ki:xte:me:tsowa/ appeared, Cristino Flores suggested that more correct was /ki:xteme:tsowilia/. Here not the use of the applicative for the"destination"(check roles) of the transitive action. Note that the meaning of this is 'to stare at (while sb is not watching) and then to lower ones eyes when the person looks' that is, it seems to be used to mean to surreptitiously stare at. \ref 08381 \lxa chi:ltla:tla:wa:ntia \lxac chi:ltla:tla:wa:ntia \dt 07/Aug/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \xrb chi:l \ref 08382 \lxa kosta:lakia \lxac kikosta:lakia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to put into a sack \ss meter en un saco \xrb ak \ref 08383 \lxa kokomekatia \lxac kokomekatia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08384 \lxa ma:tlawi:tektasi \lxac o:noma:tlawi:tektasik \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \grm Aspectuals: Note discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between /noma:tlawi:tektasi/ and /noma:tlawi:tektiki:sa/. \ref 08385 \lxa toto:naltia \lxac kitoto:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to give a fever to \ss darle una calentura a \ref 08386 \lxa mapilxohka:n \lxac i:mapilxohka:n \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \nae The plural is <na>i:mapilxoxohka:n</na> 'his knuckles.' \ref 08387 \lxa tlase:waya:ntia \lxac tlase:waya:ntia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08388 \lxa kwaltsi:ntilia \lxac kikwaltsi:ntilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb kwal \ref 08389 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /chi:ltlayekwania/, recorded by C. Flores, but apparently this is not a correct form. \grm /tla-/: Note the use of /tla-/ in an incorporated verb. Discuss that this is evidence for analyzing /tlayekwania/ as a new intransitive verb into which /chi:l/ is incorporated as a modifier (like an antipassive). \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 08390 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /burrotlayekwania/, recorded by C. Flores, but apparently this is not a correct form. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 08391 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /mulatlayekwania/, recorded by C. Flores, but apparently this is not a correct form. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 08392 \lxa xa:yakata:takalowa \lxac kixa:yakata:takalowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \ref 08393 \lxa kuwnelwatlan \lxac kuwnelwatlan \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \ref 08394 \lxa ma:tla:ltechiwi \lxac ma:tla:ltechiwi \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \nae The plural, in reference to many branches of a tree, is <na>ma:tlatla:ltechiwi</na>. \grm Reduplication; pluralization: The plural, in reference to many branches of a tree, is <na>ma:tlatla:ltechiwi</na>. \ref 08395 \lxa a:piste:ka \lxac ka:piste:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \com N-V2 \infv class-4a \sea to keep from eating (e.g., sb who takes another person along to work and doesn't leave time to eat) \sso no dejar (a algn) comer (p. ej., algn que lleva a otro a trabajar y no le da tiempo para comer) \sea (refl.) to go a long time without eating \ssa (refl.) ir mucho tiempo sin comer \xrb a:pis \xrb te:ka \ref 08396 \lxa a:pismiktia \lxac ka:pismiktia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \syna a:piste:ka \ref 08397 \lxa kose:watki \lxac kose:watki \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08398 \lxanotes zzz \mod This was an entry for /ke:nemeh/ but it should be word 6993. The words are tagged there. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 08399 \lxa tlakose:wtok \lxac tlakose:wtok \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08400 \lxa kuwmi:naltilia \lxac kikuwmi:naltilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08401 \lxa tiri:siah \lxac tiri:siah \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08402 \lxa ikxipilpi:pitik \lxac ikxipilpi:pitik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08403 \lxa a:naltilia \lxaa kiya:naltilia \lxac ka:naltilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08404 \lxa tlake:namakake:tl \lxaa tlake:nemakake:tl \lxac tlake:namakake:tl \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \ref 08405 \lxa chi:chi:lka:kafe:ntsi:n \lxac chi:chi:lka:kafe:ntsi:n \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08406 \lxa yeskwi:kwi:hli \lxac yeskwi:kwi:hli \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08407 \lxa tlaksi \lxac tlaksi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V0 \inc tla-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \ref 08408 \lxa Motepe:k \lxac Motepe:k \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08409 \lxa tlatio:chi:walso:ya:tl \lxac tlatio:chi:walso:ya:tl \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N \pqry Check vowel length of first /o/. \ref 08410 \lxa i:xna:miktlapa:na \lxac ki:xna:miktlapa:na \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \ref 08411 \lxa tlayo:lkwalo:ni \lxac tlayo:lkwalo:ni \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08412 \lxa tlamaxakape:lotok \lxac tlamaxakape:lotok \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08413 \lxa tsi:ntechichikil \lxac tsi:ntechichikil \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08414 \lxa tsi:ntepetlatik \lxac tsi:ntepetlatik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08415 \lxa a:papa:ka \lxaa a:pupa:ka \lxac ka:papa:ka \lxo á:pá:ka \lxocpend ká:pá:ka \dt 05/May/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \seao to wash (with water and soap) \ssao lavar (con agua y jabón) \xrb a: \xrb pa:ka \nse In Oapan this case be used to indicate the action of washing <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> ; a floor; plates and utensils; ones face, feet or hands. It is apparently equivalent to <no>pápá:ka</no> in reference to these items. However, when used in reference to clothes, there seems to be a difference between <no>á:pá:ka</no> and <nlo>pa:ka</nlo>. The latter refers to washing the entire item of clothing whereas the former is more often used to refer to washing out a particular spot (e.g, where chile has dripped). \nae Interestingly, in Oapan the long vowel reduplicant form of <no>á:pá:ka</no> includes the 3rd-person object prefix <n>k-</n>. Thus with long vowel reduplication this yields <no>ka:ká:pá:ka</no>. Here the first <n>k-</n> is the object prefix, whereas the second <n>k-</n> has been in essence incorporated into the stem (even though it is not reduplicated). This is an unusual manifestation of reduplication that has not been documented. Perhaps, however, the /k/ may be considered as being in effect inserted in order to avoid a sequence of two long vowels: ? <no>nika:á:pá:ka</no>. In regard to semantics, Jeremías Cabrera suggested that in the imperative the difference between <no>xká:pá:ka</no> and <no>xka:ká:pá:ka</no> is that the second is a softer or less direct imperative. In general the long vowel reduplicant here (and in many other cases) seems to indicate a slower, more deliberate action. Thus when used in an imperative form it may indicate a l ess demanding order. \grm Reduplication, imperative: Interestingly, in Oapan the long vowel reduplicant form of <no>á:pá:ka</no> includes the 3rd-person object prefix <n>k-</n>. Thus with long vowel reduplication this yields <no>ka:ká:pá:ka</no>. Here the first <n>k-</n> is the object prefix, whereas the second <n>k-</n> has been in essence incorporated into the stem (even though it is not reduplicated). This is an unusual manifestation of reduplication that has not been documented. Perhaps, however, the /k/ may be considered as being in effect inserted in order to avoid a sequence of two long vowels: ? <no>nika:á:pá:ka</no>. In regard to semantics, Jeremías Cabrera suggested that in the imperative the difference between <no>xká:pá:ka</no> and <no>xka:ká:pá:ka</no> is that the second is a softer or less direct imperative. In general the long vowel reduplicant here (and in many other cases) seems to indicate a slower, more deliberate action. Thus when used in an imperati ve form it may indicate a less demanding or der. \pqry Check vowel quality in the reduplicant. Probably this should just be written as /a:papa:ka/ with an accompanying note as to vowel quality change. \ref 08416 \lxa xoxonakatl \lxac xoxonakatl \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \equiva i:xonak kuwatl \xrb xonaka \ref 08417 \lxa tsi:ntewe:itik \lxac tsi:ntewe:itik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08418 \lxa te:mpitsako:tsi:n \lxac te:mpitsako:tsi:n \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \xrb te:n \xrb pitsa: \ref 08419 \lxa kuwkalaktia \lxac kikuwkalaktia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08420 \lxa to:nalyema:nki \lxac to:nalyema:nki \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08421 \lxa tla:lteosto:tl \lxac tla:lteosto:tl \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb tla:l \xrb te \xrb osto: \ref 08422 \lxa akoya:chin \lxac akoya:chin \dt 25/Jan/2005 \sem animal \sem insect \pqry Recheck vowel length. I would have thought the first /a/ long, but it does not seem so. \ref 08423 \lxa kakawaka \lxac kakawaka \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08424 \lxa wa:kaxkwitlatl \lxac wa:kaxkwitlatl \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08425 \lxa ye:skayowa \lxac ye:skayowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan yesca \psm V1 \der V1 \infv class-4a \sea to get a rotten and powdery interior (a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside) \ssa podrirse y hacerse polvo el interior (de un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro) \fl ye:skatl \xrb ye:ska \ref 08426 \lxa kwexontia \lxac kwexontia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb kwexoma \ref 08427 \lxa tlatlama:pi:lotok \lxac tlatlama:pi:lotok \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08428 \lxa sonektik \lxac sonektik \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08429 \lxa tekwi:nwetsi \lxac tekwi:nwetsi \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(ts) \ref 08430 \lxa kwa:tlatlama:pi:lotok \lxac kwa:tlatlama:pi:lotok \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08431 \lxa yekayo \lxac i:yekayo \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08432 \lxa yeyekayowa \lxac yeyekayowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to lose ones 'soul' \ss perder el 'alma' \ref 08433 \lxa fwe:rteyo \lxac i:fwe:rteyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se the strong scent of \ss el olor fuerte de \grm /-yo/: Note the use of /-yo/ for intrinsic possession here. \ref 08434 \lxa yekatso:ltelowa \lxac kiyekatso:ltelowa \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \pqry Check whether there is a slight pause or division between /yekatso:l/ and /telowa/. \ref 08435 \lxa kamateteltia \lxac kamateteltia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb kama \xrb tel \ref 08436 \lxa mawistlato:hli \lxac mawistlato:hli \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08437 \lxa tlakpaktilia \lxac kitlakpaktilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08438 \lxa nesawalpan \lxac nesawalpan \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08439 \lxa tlake:nisoliwi \lxac tlake:nisoliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08440 \lxa tlake:nisoltik \lxac tlake:nisoltik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08441 \lxa seliktsi:n \lxac xwa:hla noseliktsi:n \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08442 \lxa kwa:tsontekontlapa:na \lxac nokwa:tsontekontlapa:na \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \ref 08443 \lxa chi:pi:ltlatowa \lxac chi:pi:ltlatowa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2b \ref 08444 \lxa a:pupwa \lxac a:pupwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to clean or cleanse water \ss limpiar agua \xrb a: \ref 08445 \lxa ne:nkwahli \lxac ne:nkwahli nankateh? \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08446 \lxa te:tlalka:waltih \lxac te:tlalka:waltih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to make people forget \ss hacer olvidar a la gente \ref 08447 \lxa te:nxio:yo \lxac i:te:nxio:yo \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \grm Word innovation: there is a good discussion here with C. Flores about words that are just made up. \ref 08448 \lxa kuwmi:nilia \lxac kikuwmi:nilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08449 \lxa a:tekonmekatl \lxac a:tekonmekatl \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08450 \lxa kwa:tekakaya:wilia \lxac nokwa:tekakaya:wilia \dt 15/Nov/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \sea ? \pna O:nimokwa:tekakaya:wilih nosuwa:w \ref 08451 \lxa a:petla:nwi:lo \lxac a:petla:nwi:lo \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a(pass) \xrb a: \grm Passsive: Note that in this case both the transitive and the passive appear. The use of /-lo/ is interesting and should be discussed. \ref 08452 \lxa kechkoya:wa \lxac kikechkoya:wa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08453 \lxa tlapechxi:ma \lxac tlapechxi:ma \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(m) \ref 08454 \lxa nakaskoto:na \lxac kinakaskoto:na \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \ref 08455 \lxa chi:lko:koto:na \lxac kichi:lko:koto:na \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \ref 08456 \lxa to:nalkwi:lia \lxac kito:nalkwi:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08457 \lxa tetlatlastalki:stinemi \lxac tetlatlastalki:stinemi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(m) \ref 08458 \lxa iya:nka:n \lxac i:ya:nka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \sea ? \pna I:ya:nka:n kipia. \pea I have it in its hiding place. \psa Lo tengo en su escondite. \ref 08459 \lxa maxtlamekatl \lxac maxtlamekatl \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08460 \lxa tlanekwistika:n \lxac tlanekwistika:n \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \ref 08461 \lxa tio:tlahka:n \lxac tio:tlahka:n \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N(loc) \ref 08462 \lxa kamatlapachowa \lxac nokamatlapachowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \ref 08463 \lxa kubo \lxac i:kuboh \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08464 \lxa tlatla:kati \lxac tlatla:kati \lxo tlatla:kati \lxocpend tlatla:kati \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3d(ti) \seo for there to be a birth (of Jesus, on Christmas Eve) \sso haber un nacimiento (de Jesús, en Noche Buena) \xrb tla:ka \nse The Ameyaltepec sense of this word (heard in a recording with Cristino Flores) has still not been determined. Inocencio Díaz (Am) said he had never heard this word, but if he were to venture a meaning he would say that it refers to a woman who dresses like a man. In Oapan, however, this word is used often, though exclusively to refer to the birth of Jesus on Christmas Eve (which is called <nlo>tlatla:katilistli</nlo>). \nae The Ameyaltepec form <na>tlatla:kati</na> needs to be analyzed in context. However, if the meaning ascribed to this word by Inocencio Díaz is the correct one, then the first <na>tla-</na> is a reduplicant that indicates a metaphoric extension of the meaning <na>tla:kati</na> 'to be(come) a man.' A definitive analysis, however, must await further analysis of the significance of this word in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan, <na>tlatla:kati</na> refers to the birth of Jesus. The nature of the initial <n>tla-</n> is unclear. It would seem not to be a reduplicant since the most common reduplicant is with a coda {h} and this would motivate pitch accent in Oapan, which does not appear. It might be that the reduplicant is without a coda {h}, but this is not expected. Another possibility is that the initial <n>tla-</n> in an impersonal. This would be unusual in that the impersonal prefix <n>tla-</n> almost exclusively refers to an impersonal event involving an inanimate. However, it might be that despite the fac t that <no>tlatla:kati</no> refers to Jesus the impersonal <n>tla-</n> is used (perhaps because it refers to an image of Jesus and not to a"real"person). Also, it might be that since <no>tla:katilo</no> is already used to refer to a human birth, the other impersonal form was selected to distinguish the divine birth as not a normal human event. \grmx Impersonal; /tla-/: The Ameyaltepec form <na>tlatla:kati</na> needs to be analyzed in context. However, if the meaning ascribed to this word by Inocencio Díaz is the correct one, then the first <na>tla-</na> is a reduplicant that indicates a metaphoric extension of the meaning <na>tla:kati</na> 'to be(come) a man.' A definitive analysis, however, must await further analysis of the significance of this word in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan, <na>tlatla:kati</na> refers to the birth of Jesus. The nature of the initial <n>tla-</n> is unclear. It would seem not to be a reduplicant since the most common reduplicant is with a coda {h} and this would motivate pitch accent in Oapan, which does not appear. It might be that the reduplicant is without a coda {h}, but this is not expected. Another possibility is that the initial <n>tla-</n> in an impersonal. This would be unusual in that the impersonal prefix <n>tla-</n> almost exclusively refers to an impersonal event involving an inanimate. However, it m ight be that despite the fact that <no>tlatla:kati</no> refers to Jesus the impersonal <n>tla-</n> is used (perhaps because it refers to an image of Jesus and not to a"real"person). Also, it might be that since <no>tla:katilo</no> is already used to refer to a human birth, the other impersonal form was selected to distinguish the divine birth as not a normal human event. \sj Determine whether there is an /h/ in the SJ (or SMig) form; this will help the analysis of the first /tla-/ (as either the imperson /tla-/ or a reduplicant). However, the lack of pitch accent in Oapan suggests an imperson form! \ref 08465 \lxa tlakwalko:ntli \lxac tlakwalko:ntli \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb kwa \xrb ko:m \ref 08466 \lxa i:xkwatolwe:weyak \lxac i:xkwatolwe:weyak \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08467 \lxa tei:skitla:lia \lxac kitei:skitla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08468 \lxa tsomilia \lxac kitsomilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08469 \lxa me:stekipanowa \lxac me:stekipanowa \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2b \ref 08470 \lxa tlakuwxiwteki \lxac tlakuwxiwteki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \grm /tla-/ Note the use of /tla-/ here and in words such as /tlakorra:ltia/ where there is a transitive action but now patient/recipient, etc. Add this to use of /tla-/ and discuss in regards to transitivity. \ref 08471 \lxa nakakwa \lxac nakakwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08472 \lxa tixwa:tsa \lxac kitixwa:tsa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(ts) \ref 08473 \lxa tekichi:hke:tl \lxac tekichi:hke:tl \dt 25/Jul/2002 \ref 08474 \lxa nextamalkwa \lxac nextamalkwa \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \ref 08475 \lxa tlato:lkuwtik \lxac tlato:lkuwtik \dt 25/Jul/2002 \ref 08476 \lxa chi:lwia \lxac kichi:lwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb chi:l \ref 08477 \lxa toto:kwati \lxac toto:kwati \dt 28/Jul/2002 \pqry Check length of final /a/. \ref 08478 \lxa ke:chkich \lxac ke:chkich \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se (arch.) how much? \ss (arc.)¿cuánto? \pna Ke:chkich ipatil \pea How much is its price? \psa ¿Cuánto es su precio? \xrb ke:ch \ref 08479 \lxa si:yatia \lxac kisi:yatia \dt 27/Jul/2002 \ref 08480 \lxa te:uwi:kaltia:ni \lxac te:uwi:kaltia:ni \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08481 \lxa kechnekwilowa \lxac kikechnekwilowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \ref 08482 \lxa kuwtekini \lxac kuwtekini \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb kuw \xrb teki \ref 08483 \lxa te:nkweptok \lxac te:nkweptok \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \ref 08484 \lxa a:lachioh \lxac a:lachioh \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08485 \lxa a:lache:wi \lxac a:lache:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08486 \lxa te:nkochkwalahki:sa \lxac te:nkochkwalahki:sa \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08487 \lxa nexto:n \lxac nexto:n \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \pqry Recheck vowel lenght of /o:/. \ref 08488 \lxa ikxitoto:kwati \lxac ikxitoto:kwati \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3d(ti) \pqry Check length of final /a/. \ref 08489 \lxa i:xte:nxakwalowa \lxac ni:xte:nxakwalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to rub ones eyes \ss (refl.) frotarse los ojos \xrb i:x \nae This form is not acceptable, according to Cristino Flores (Am), with a reduplicant: * <na>ni:xte:nxaxakwalowa</na>. \grm Reduplication: This form is not acceptable, according to Cristino Flores (Am), with a reduplicant: * <na>ni:xte:nxaxakwalowa</na>. \ref 08490 \lxa tla:lyema:nia \lxac tla:lyema:nia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08491 \lxa yo:li:xkoxoxo:tlaltia \lxac kiyo:li:xkoxoxo:tlaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08492 \lxa yo:li:xkopapachowa \lxac kiyo:li:xkopapachowa \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \nae Apparently also correct is <na>yo:li:xkopachowa</na>, without the reduplicant, although the reduplicated form is apparently more common. \ref 08493 \lxa itipa:xtik \lxac itipa:xtik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08494 \lxa wito:nilia \lxac kwito:nilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08495 \lxa tamalkwa:ni \lxac tamalkwa:ni \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08496 \lxa tlama:pi:lowa \lxac ontlama:pi:lowa \dt 27/Jul/2002 \pqry Check vowel lenght \ref 08497 \lxa te:nxoloch \lxac i:te:nxoloch \dt 27/Jul/2002 \ref 08498 \lxa to:nalyema:nia \lxac to:nalyema:nia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08499 \lxa tlato:listla:kowa \lxac kitlato:listla:kowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \ref 08500 \lxa mihkasiwilistli \lxac mihkasiwilistli \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb miki \xrb hsiwi \ref 08501 \lxa ko:kotetsomo:nia \lxac kiko:kotetsomo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08502 \lxa iswarrama:dah \lxac iswarrama:dah \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08503 \lxa tetsi:lowilia \lxac kitetsi:lowilia \dt 27/Jul/2002 \ref 08504 \lxa to:mochikwepo:nyoh \lxac to:mochikwepo:nyoh \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08505 \lxa kwa:peya:ska:yoh \lxac xnokwa:peya:ska:yoh \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \grm Neg. /xkaman nokwa:peya:ska:yoh/. \ref 08506 \lxa tlaneltokani \lxac tlaneltokani \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08507 \lxa tlake:nisolowi:tia \lxac kitlake:nisolowi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08508 \lxa tlake:nisolowa \lxac kitlake:nisolowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \ref 08509 \lxa kalto:roh \lxac kalto:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal \seao palm lean-to \ssao un alberguito de palma, de media agua \syna kalma:tli \ref 08510 \lxa kwa:tekakaya:wa \lxac kikwa:tekakaya:wa \dt 27/Jul/2002 \ref 08511 \lxa ixwilia \lxac kixwilia \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \grm Applicative: Note the use of teh applicative here to form a transitive verb. \ref 08512 \lxa tlatemonexka:n \lxac tlatemonexka:n \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm N(loc) \xrb mohnex \ref 08513 \lxa tenexpa:tskahli \lxac tenexpa:tskahli \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08514 \lxa tema:stik \lxac tema:stik \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08515 \lxa tema:tsiwi \lxac tema:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08516 \lxa te:mpi:tsko:ntik \lxac te:mpi:tsko:ntik \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08517 \lxa kuwma:tli \lxac kuwma:tli \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb kow \xrb ma: \ref 08518 \lxanotes zzz \mod This entry for /kakale:rah/ has been removed as offensive. \dt 29/Jul/2002 \ref 08519 \lxa a:xi:xtlapo:wi \lxac a:xi:xtlapo:wi \dt 29/Oct/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \qry Check vowel length. \ref 08520 \lxa kuwxio:yoh \lxac kuwxio:yoh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08521 \lxa Tona:nah Dió:s \lxac Tona:nah Dió:s \dt 20/Jan/2005 \ref 08522 \lxa kwi:tsita \lxac kikwi:tsita \dt 29/Jul/2002 \sea to view with exasperation \ref 08523 \lxa tei:skitilia \lxac kitei:skitilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb te \ref 08524 \lxa kwala:nka:pan \lxac i:kwala:nka:pan \dt 29/Jul/2002 \xrb kwal \ref 08525 \lxa mati \lxac o:matiko \dt 27/Jul/2002 \ref 08526 \lxa neliwi \lxac neliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \se to get mixed up \xrb nel \ref 08527 \lxa kuwmatsakahli \lxac kuwmatsakahli \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \se small teepee-like shelter placed in the fields to shield him from the sun \pqry Check vl of first /a/. \ref 08528 \lxa tsi:nkwepale:wtok \lxac tsi:nkwepale:wtok \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08529 \lxa kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik \lxac kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik \dt 28/Jul/2002 \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08530 \lxa tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n de un moradi:toh ixo:chio \lxaa tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un moradi:toh ixo:chio \lxac tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un moradi:toh ixo:chio \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08531 \lxa tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n ista:k ixo:chio \lxaa tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un ista:k ixo:chio \lxac tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n de un ista:k ixo:chio \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08532 \lxa tsi:katlako:tl \lxac *tsi:katlako:tl \dt 28/Jul/2002 \sem plant \sem tlako:tl \ref 08533 \lxa a:kawtomitl de un chichí:k \lxac a:kawtomitl de un chichí:k \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \nse This is apparently also called, at least occasionally in Ameyaltepec, <na>a:kwatomitl temonextik</na>. \ref 08534 \lxa me:me:ya de un wekapania \lxac me:me:ya de un wekapania \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08535 \lxa sakatsontetl de istá:k \lxac *sakatsontetl de istá:k \dt 20/Jan/2005 \sem plant \sem sakatl \ref 08536 \lxa sasa:lik xiwtli de un nosowa ipan tla:hli \lxac sasa:lik xiwtli de un nosowa ipan tla:hli \dt 25/Jan/2005 \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nse This term was used by Cristino Flores to describe the plant also known as <nla>te:kwa:nxiwtli</nla>. \ref 08537 \lxa sasa:lik xiwtli de un wekapania \lxac sasa:lik xiwtli de un wekapania \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08538 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de susuwa:tl \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de susuwa:tl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n yeyewaltik ixiwio \ref 08539 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlatla:katl \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlatla:katl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n pitsa:wak ixiwyo \nse This is also referred to as <na>a:tlapa:ntsi:n mora:doh i:xiwyo</na>. \ref 08540 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un yeyewaltik ixiwio \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un yeyewaltik ixiwio \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n de suswa:tl \ref 08541 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un pitsa:wak ixiwyo \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un pitsa:wak ixiwyo \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlaka:tl \ref 08542 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n de un pipitsa:wak \lxac cha:chaya:tsi:n de un pipitsa:wak \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva cha:chaya:tsi:n a:te:ncha:neh \ref 08543 \lxa tla:pa:tl istá:k \lxac tla:pa:tl istá:k \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08544 \lxa tla:pa:tl de mora:doh \lxac tla:pa:tl de mora:doh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08545 \lxa tlakwa:mpets istá:k \lxac tlakwa:mpets istá:k \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08546 \lxa tlakwa:mpets de un tli:ltik \lxac tlakwa:mpets de un tli:ltik \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08547 \lxa ista:kwistli de un tli:ltik \lxac ista:kwistli de un tli:ltik \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem tree \ref 08548 \lxa tsatsapotsi:n de we:lik \lxac tsatsapotsi:n de we:lik \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08549 \lxa yeyekatso:ltsi:n \lxac yeyekatso:ltsi:n \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva tlatlapi:tsaltsi:n \ref 08550 \lxa tlatlapi:tsaltsi:n \lxac tlatlapi:tsaltsi:n \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva yeyekatsoltsi:n \ref 08551 \lxa tetekolo:tsi:n de un pi:pitik \lxac tetekolo:tsi:n de un pi:pitik \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \ref 08552 \lxa tetekolo:tsi:n de un uwe:i \lxac tetekolo:tsi:n de un uwe:i \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \equiva tetekolo:tsi:n de xwelik \ref 08553 \lxa tetekolo:tsi:n de un xwe:lik \lxac tetekolo:tsi:n de un xwe:lik \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \equiva tetekolo:tsi:n de uwe:i \ref 08554 \lxa tlako:tl para tlachpa:nwa:stli \lxac tlako:tl para tlachpa:nwa:stli \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem tlako:tl \xrb tlako: \xrb chpa:na \ref 08555 \lxa kakawana:n \lxac kakawana:n \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem tree \equiva kakawana:nchih \ref 08556 \lxa isti bwe:yeh \lxac isti bwe:yeh \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \ref 08557 \lxa ikuw chichi de we:lik \lxac ikuw chichi de we:lik \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \sem plant \sem komekatl \ref 08558 \lxa xo:wi:lika:tsi:n \lxac xo:wi:lika:tsi:n \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem komekatl \ref 08559 \lxa nextamalxo:chitl \lxac nextamalxo:chitl \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \ref 08560 \lxa popoi:toh \lxac popoi:toh \lxo popoi:toh \lxocpend popoi:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan pollo \der N-loan \seo in Oapan this is apparently the more common name for <l>Aristolochia foetida</l> Kunth (also known as <nbo>tlakó:patlítomá:wak</nbo>) given the shape of its flowers \sso en Oapan aparentemente este es el nombre más común para <l>Aristolochia foetida</l> Kunth (también conocido como <nbo>tlakó:patlítomá:wak</nbo>) dado la forma de sus flores \sem plant \sem xiwtli \qry Check for p/a in Oapan. Also make sure that this is indeed the Aristolochia foetida Kunth. Finally, determine whether this term is the name of the same plant in Am, or whether there it also refers to another plant (as I believe is the case). Check recordings. \ref 08561 \lxa memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \lxac *memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \sem plant \ref 08562 \lxa to:nalkaxa:ni \lxac to:nalkaxa:ni \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \ref 08563 \lxa ka:lsah \lxac i:ka:lsah \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08564 \lxa yo:li:xkosese:ya \lxac yo:li:xkosese:ya \dt 27/Jan/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4b(ya-x) \xrb yo:l \xrl -i:xko \ref 08565 \lxa chi:liksi \lxac chi:liksi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \xrb chi:l \xrb ksi \ref 08566 \lxa tlato:lkuwtilia \lxac notlato:lkuwtilia \dt 06/Dec/2004 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2a \ref 08567 \lxa nextamalkwitla \lxac nextamalkwitla \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08568 \lxa nelwayo:tsonteki \lxac kinelwayo:tsonteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \ref 08569 \lxa kuwmimilte:ka \lxac kikuwmimilte:ka \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08570 \lxa te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul sele:steh \lxac te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul sele:steh \dt 25/Jan/2005 \nse This is the morning glory with larger flowers, cf. <nba>te:ko:ntlapa:na a:sul ultramá:r</nba> \ref 08571 \lxa te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul mora:doh \lxac te:ko:ntlapa:na de un ixo:chio asul mora:doh \dt 25/Jan/2005 \nse This is the morning glory with smaller flowers, also known as <na>te:ko:ntlapa:na a:sul ultramá:r</na> ; cf. <nba>te:ko:ntlapa:na a:sul sele:steh</nba>. \ref 08572 \lxa to:motlaxkahli de wekapan \lxac to:motlaxkahli de wekapan \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm N1 \ref 08573 \lxa ila:mah de un istá:k \lxac ila:mah de un istá:k \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \nse This is also referred to as <na>i:la:makuwtli istá:k</na>. \ref 08574 \lxa ila:mah de un moradi:toh \lxac ila:mah de un moradi:toh \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \nse This is also referred to as <na>i:la:makuwtli moradi:toh</na>. \ref 08575 \lxa te:tlatia de susuwa:tl \lxac te:tlatia de susuwa:tl \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08576 \lxa te:tlatia de tlatla:katl \lxac te:tlatia de tlatla:katl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se same as <nla>te:tlatia pitsa:wak</nla> \ss lo mismo que <nla>te:tlatia pitsa:wak</nla> \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08577 \lxa kostik xo:chitl de un wekapania \lxac kostik xo:chitl de un wekapania \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se same as <nla>kostik xo:chitl uwe:i</nla> \ss lo mismo que <nla>kostik xo:chitl uwe:i</nla> \sem plant \sem xo:chitl \ref 08578 \lxa sa:ntokopalkuwtli \lxac sa:ntokopalkuwtli \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \xrb kopal \xrb kow \ref 08579 \lxa kopa:lsa:ntoh \lxac kopa:lsa:ntoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se same as <nla>sa:ntokopalkuwtli</nla> \ss lo mismo que <nla>sa:ntokopalkuwtli</nla> \pqry Check vowel length; this might be a reborrowin gfrom Spanish hence the long /a:/, not in the original Nahuatl word. Check. \ref 08580 \lxa xiwtli de un kochi \lxac xiwtli de un kochi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se same as <nla>kochi xiwtli</nla> \ss lo mismo que <nla>kochi xiwtli</nla> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08581 \lxa iko:lah koyo:tl \lxocpend *i:ko:lah koyo:tl \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08582 \lxa komekatl de ma:rgari:tah \lxac komekatl de ma:rgari:tah \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem komekatl \nse During the Sept. 2001 fieldwork session this was identified as <na>kuwtsi:ntli de margari:tah</na>. \ref 08583 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem tree \ref 08584 \lxa ó:rganoh para tlapextli \lxac ó:rganoh para tlapextli \dt 20/Jan/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb pech \ref 08585 \lxa matsa:nxiwtli \lxac matsa:nxiwtli \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb matsa:n \xrb xiw \ref 08586 \lxa ixi:tepoi:toh \lxac ixi:tepoi:toh \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \pqry Check /tew/ or /te/ before /poi:toh/. \ref 08587 \lxa oo:lo:tsi:n \lxac oo:lo:tsi:n \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08588 \lxa tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k \lxac tlachpa:nwa:stli de istá:k \dt 19/May/2005 \psm N \sem plant \sem tlako:tl \ref 08589 \lxa nana:ntsi:n de un xoxo:hka:iksi \lxac nana:ntsi:n de un xoxo:hka:iksi \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08590 \lxa nana:ntsi:n de un kokostik \lxac nana:ntsi:n de un kokostik \dt 27/Aug/2004 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08591 \lxa tlaxi:xtli \lxac tlaxi:xtli \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \xrb xi:xa \ref 08592 \lxa to:motla:lsa:watl \lxac *to:motla:lsa:watl \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem to:motli \ref 08593 \lxa a:wexo:tl \lxac a:wexo:tl \lxo a:waxo:tl \lxocpend a:waxo:tl \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem xiwtli \ref 08594 \lxa boli:chih \lxac boli:chih \lxo boli:cheh \lxocpend boli:cheh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \sem plant \sem kuwtli \ref 08595 \lxa malakakuwtli \lxac malakakuwtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \sea type of tree still not identified \ssa tipo deárbol todavía no identificado \pna Malakakuwtli | Bwe:noh para mori:yos, sole:rah. \pea <na>Malakakuwtli</na> : It is good for house beams and main support beams. \psa <na>Malakakuwtli</na> : Es bueno para morillos y soleras. \xrb malaka \xrb kow \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfo malakawistli \nct kohtli \ref 08596 \lxa sempwalxo:chitl de tlatla:katl \lxaa sampwalxo:chitl de tlatla:katl \lxac sempwalxo:chitl de tlatla:katl \lxo sampwelxo:chitl de tlatla:katl \lxoa sempwelxo:chitl de tlatla:katl \lxoc sampwelxo:chitl de tlatla:katl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seao marigold \ssao cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambí en flor de muerto \sem plant \sem flower \xrb sem \xrb powa \xrb xo:ch \xrb tla:ka \cpl This is classified by consultants as both a <nla>xo:chitl</nla> and <nla>xiwtli</nla>. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (<i>Tagetes erecta</i>) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempasúchil, cempaxúchil, clavel de oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer \pqry Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \ref 08597 \lxa sempwalxo:chitl de susuwa:tl \lxaa sampwalxo:chitl de susuwa:tl \lxac sempwalxo:chitl de susuwa:tl \lxo sampwelxo:chitl de sísiwá:tl \lxoa sempwelxo:chitl de sísiwá:tl \lxoc sampwelxo:chitl de sísiwá:tl \dt 19/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \seao marigold \ssao cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambí en flor de muerto \sem plant \sem flower \xrb sem \xrb powa \xrb xo:ch \xrb tla:ka \cpl This is classified by consultants as both a <nla>xo:chitl</nla> and <nla>xiwtli</nla>. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (<i>Tagetes erecta</i>) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempaschil, cempaxóchil, clavel de oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer \pqry Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \ref 08598 \lxa tlama:tsowia \lxac kitlama:tsowia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08599 \lxa ma:tsowilia \lxac kima:tsowilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \ref 08600 \lxa we:i patli \lxac we:i patli \lxo we:ípatlí \lxocpend we:ípatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-compl \pa yes-lex \seao type of hallucinogenic medical herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified \ssao tipo de planta herbácea medicinal que causa halucinaciones todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \xrb we:i \xrb pah \nse According to some consultants in Oapan, this plant is also known as <nbo>kwa:techipahtsi:n</nbo>, though this second name needs to be further substantiated. \ref 08601 \lxa tsi:ntsomo:nia \lxac kitsi:ntsomo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb tsi:n \xrb tsomo: \ref 08602 \lxa mona:rkah \lxac mona:rkah \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08603 \lxa ye:xpa \lxac ye:xpa \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adv \xrb ye:i \ref 08604 \lxa tlapextsi:ntli \lxac tlapextsi:ntli \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \xrb pech \ref 08605 \lxa tlatlatoh \lxac tlatlatoh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \xrb hto \ref 08606 \lxa uwelaxtik \lxac uwelaxtik \dt 29/Jul/2002 \aff Op. prefix <n>te-</n> \psm Adj \xrb welax \ref 08607 \lxa uwelaxiwi \lxac uwelaxiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \xrb welax \ref 08608 \lxa kukwetlaxiwi \lxac kukwetlaxiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08609 \lxa witso:kwia \lxac kwitso:kwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb witso:k \ref 08610 \lxa ye:lteketsiwi \lxac ye:lteketsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \xrb ye:l \ref 08611 \lxa xo:panki:xtia \lxac xo:panki:xtia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \ref 08612 \lxa ye:ltekestik \lxac ye:ltekestik \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08613 \lxa ux \lxac dale nokone:w ne:nkah ux \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08614 \lxa uch \lxac dale nokone:w ma tpe:wi:kan touch \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08615 \lxa wa:lwi:ka \lxac kwa:lwi:ka \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08616 \lxa yeko:ltilia \lxac kiyeko:ltilia \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \xrb ehko \ref 08617 \lxa we:weka:wtipan \lxac we:weka:wtipan \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08618 \lxa wi:wixowa \lxac kwi:wixowa \lxo tewi:wixowa \lxocpend kitewi:wixowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \se to shake (e.g., a person to wake them up) \ss mover fuerte de un lado a otro (p. ej., una persona para despertarla) \xrb wix \ref 08619 \lxa ma:xi:lo:papatlaxtik \lxac ma:xi:lo:tepapatlaxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \xrb ma: \xrb xi:lo: \nse In describing this word Cristino Flores pointed to his forearm in referring to <na>i:ma:xi:lo:w</na>. At other times he had referred to the biceps. Here he stated that the term can refer to both parts of the arm. \ref 08620 \lxa tlayewi:ltia \lxac kitlayewi:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08621 \lxa i:xte:ntlikwi \lxac i:xte:ntlikwi \dt 13/Sep/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \ref 08622 \lxa i:xte:ntsonakaita \lxac ki:xte:ntsonakaita \dt 29/Oct/2004 \psm V2 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tsonaka \xrb ta \ref 08623 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlanextik \lxac i:xte:nkwitlanextik \dt 25/Jan/2005 \psm Adj \xrb i:x \grm Reduplication: Note discussion here by Cristino Flores of the difference between /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and /i:xte:nkukwitlanextik/. \ref 08624 \lxa tla:yo:tilia \lxac kitla:yo:tilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \xrb a: \ref 08625 \lxa kwitlaxkolki:xtia \lxac kikwitlaxkolki:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \ref 08626 \lxa tsi:nnekwiliwtok \lxac tsi:nnekwiliwtok \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \xrb tsi:n \ref 08627 \lxa kukwi \lxac kikukwi \dt 04/Nov/2004 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \ref 08628 \lxa burronextamalkwitla \lxac burronextamalkwitla \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08629 \lxa to:ronextamalkwitla \lxac to:ronextamalkwitla \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08630 \lxa ba:kanextamalkwitla \lxac ba:kanextamalkwitla \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08631 \lxa krusadi:toh \lxac krusadi:toh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08632 \lxa san ontla:tlachia \lxac san ontla:tlachia \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08633 \lxa korra:l we:i \lxac korra:l we:i \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08634 \lxa korrali:toh \lxac korrali:toh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \ref 08635 \lxa a:njoli:nteki \lxac a:njoli:nteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 08636 \lxa a:tlakwa \lxac a:tlakwa \psm V1 \infv class-1 \dt 08/Mar/2004 \ref 08637 \lxa i:xte:nxoxok \lxac i:xte:nxoxok \lxo i:xte:nxoxok \lxoc i:xte:nxoxok \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have green eyes \ss tener los ojos verdes \seao to have ones eyes painted green with mascara \ssao estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje \seo to have a black eye \sso tener un moretón por el ojo \cfa i:xtexoxok \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb xo \nse In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form <no>i:xte:ntexó:xók</no> can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say <na>o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak</na>. \qry Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: <no>i:xte:ntexó:xók</no> whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular. \ref 08638 \lxa tsi:nkoto:na \lxac kitsi:nkoto:na \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \xrb tsi:n \xrb koto: \ref 08639 \lxa tlatsoyowa:na \lxac tlatsoyowa:na \dt 07/Aug/2002 \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08640 \lxa tsi:nkuwyo:kopi:na \lxac kitsi:nkuwyo:kopi:na \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08641 \lxa ikxikwe:chiwi \lxac ikxikwe:chiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \xrb kxi \xrb kwe:ch \ref 08642 \lxa tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl \lxac tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl \lxacpend tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08643 \lxa tsopi:lo:na:ntli \lxac tsopi:lo:na:ntli \lxacpend tsopi:lo:na:ntli \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08644 \lxa ma:pipilkatok \lxac ma:pipilkatok \lxacpend ma:pipilkatok \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08645 \lxa kwa:meme:chaki:sa \lxac kwa:meme:chaki:sa \lxacpend kwa:meme:chaki:sa \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08646 \lxa kwa:i:xiwintilia \lxac kikwa:i:xiwintilia \lxacpend kikwa:i:xiwintilia \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08647 \lxa aujah de michin \lxac aujah de michin \lxacpend aujah de michin \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08648 \lxa a:mikilistli \lxac a:mikilistli \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08649 \lxa a:xa:hloh \lxac a:xa:hloh \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08650 \lxa to:rokone:tl \lxac to:rokone:tl \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08651 \lxa i:xte:nxoxo:hki \lxac i:xte:nxoxo:hki \lxacpend i:xte:nxoxo:hki \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \ref 08652 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo na:hyo:pan \lxocpend i na:hyo:pan \dt 04/Jun/2005 \seo the fourth day (from a given point in time) \sso el tercer día (después de un día dado) \nse Remi Simeón has an entry for <n>nauhyopa</n> o <n>nauhyopan</n> "adv. precedido a menudo de <n>ye</n> o <n>ye on</n>. Hace cuatro días." He relates this etymologically to <n>iyopa</n> or <n>yopa</n> meaning 'the first time' or 'only one time.' \ref 08653 \lxa i:xita \lxac ki:xita \lxacpend ki:xita \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to judge or estimate with ones eyes (i.e., by looking) \ss estimar con la vista \xrb i:x \xrb ita \ref 08654 \lxa itikoltotsiwilistli \lxac itikoltotsiwilistli \lxacpend itikoltotsiwilistli \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08655 \lxa tlatotonwia \lxac kitlatotonwia \lxacpend kitlatotonwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to sic (a dog) on \ss echar (un perro) encima de \ref 08656 \lxa tlapo:kte:mi \lxac tlapo:kte:mi \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08657 \lxa tlatekxi:ni \lxac tlatekxi:ni \lxacpend tlatekxi:ni \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08658 \lxa kwa:po:ksolektik \lxac kwa:po:ksolektik \lxacpend kwa:po:ksolektik \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08659 \lxa tlanchikohlo:tia \lxac kitlanchikohlo:tia \lxacpend kitlanchikohlo:tia \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08660 \lxa chikohlo:tia \lxac kichikohlo:tia \lxacpend kichikohlo:tia \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08661 \lxa mantik \lxac mantik \lxacpend mantik \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08662 \lxa kwa:uwasowa \lxac nokwa:uwasowa \lxacpend nokwa:uwasowa \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08663 \lxa ikxiyeti:ya \lxac ikxiyeti:ya \lxacpend ikxiyeti:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to have ones legs to feel heavy \ssao sentirse las piernas pesadas y cansadas \xrb kxi \xrb e \ref 08664 \lxa pitsa:hka:no:li:ni \lxac pitsa:hka:no:li:ni \lxacpend pitsa:hka:no:li:ni \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08665 \lxa ma:o:li:ni \lxac ma:o:li:ni \lxacpend ma:o:li:ni \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08666 \lxa ikxio:li:ni \lxac ikxio:li:ni \lxacpend ikxio:li:ni \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08667 \lxa pitsotetlayel \lxac pitsotetlayel \lxacpend pitsotetlayel \dt 22/Jun/2004 \aff Op. infix <n>te-</n> : <na>pitsotetlayel</na> \ref 08668 \lxa tliwe:wentsi:n \lxac tliwe:wentsi:n \lxacpend tliwe:wentsi:n \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08669 \lxa tlilamatsi:n \lxac tlilamatsi:n \lxacpend tlilamatsi:n \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08670 \lxa itipo:te:tia \lxac itipo:te:tia \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08671 \lxa tlikuwxaxama:nia \lxac tlikuwxaxama:nia \lxacpend tlikuwxaxama:nia \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08672 \lxa rreso:rtekuwtsi:ntli \lxac rreso:rtekuwtsi:ntli \lxacpend rreso:rtekuwtsi:ntli \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08673 \lxa kextotolkatok \lxac kextotolkatok \lxacpend kextotolkatok \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08674 \lxa mihka:pan \lxac i:mihka:pan \lxacpend mihka:pan \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08675 \lxa i:xte:nkwe:ntia \lxac ki:xte:nkwe:ntia \lxacpend ki:xte:nkwe:ntia \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08676 \lxa te:pipi:na:wtih \lxac te:pipi:na:wtih \lxacpend te:pipi:na:wtih \dt 08/Aug/2002 \qry Question meaning of /san te:pipi:na:wtih ika o:niwa:hlah/. \ref 08677 \lxa tla:ltikpak \lxac tla:ltikpak \lxacpend tla:ltikpak \lxo tla:ltehpak \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \se (ritual) (~ <na>kristia:noh</na>) person \ss (ritual) (~ <na>kristia:noh</na>) persona \seo (ritual) term often found in stories, combined with other terms such as <nlo>te:lpakawah</nlo> to indicate what would literally be 'earthly young man', etc. \sso (ritual) término utilizado a menudo en cuentos, combinado con otros términos como <nlo>te:lpakawah</nlo> para indicar lo que literalmente sería 'hombre terrestre' \xrb tla:l \xrl -ikpak \ref 08678 \lxa tlapetso:hloh \lxac tlapetso:hloh \lxacpend tlapetso:hloh \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08679 \lxa xopaltsi:n \lxac xopaltsi:n \lxacpend xopaltsi:n \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08680 \lxa weyakte:ma \lxac kweyakte:ma \lxacpend kweyakte:ma \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08681 \lxa ma:koltotsiwilistli \lxac ma:koltotsiwilistli \lxacpend ma:koltotsiwilistli \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08682 \lxa ikxikoltotsiwilistli \lxac ikxikoltotsiwilistli \lxacpend ikxikoltotsiwilistli \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08683 \lxa a:xi:xkwalo:listli \lxac a:xi:xkwalo:listli \lxacpend a:xi:xkwalo:listli \dt 08/Aug/2002 \ref 08684 \lxa tlasaki:ltia \lxac kitlasaki:ltia \lxacpend kitlasaki:ltia \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08685 \lxa tema:tsowa \lxac notema:tsowa \lxacpend notema:tsowa \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08686 \lxa kwa:po:ksole:wi \lxac kwa:po:ksole:wi \lxacpend kwa:po:ksole:wi \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08687 \lxa xopale:wa \lxac kixopale:wa \lxacpend kixopale:wa \dt 07/Aug/2002 \ref 08688 \lxa xopale:wi \lxac xopale:wi \lxacpend xopale:wi \lxo xópalé:wi \lxop xopale:wi \lxocpend xópalé:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones skin (of a person near death) to turn dark purple \sso volversele la piel morada oscura (a una persona a punto de morir) \xrb xohpal \nse The meaning of this word is unclear and should be carefully checked with older speakers. It is a word seldom used. In Oapan, Roberto Mauricio stated that it means <no>kwa:pa:ya:kwi</no> and translated it into Spanish as 'tener marea'. However, Victórico Jiménez and his wife said that it was used to refer to the color that the skin of a person on the verge of death becomes. Although the mentioned a dizziness, they seemed to associate this not with the meaning of <no>xópalé:wi</no> itself, but rather as another symptom of being near death. Finally, although Cristino Flores (Am) gave a transitive form of this verb, this might be a result of elicitation and should be checked. The etymology is not clear, but the pitch accent of the Oapan form suggests an underlying {h}. The one person from San Juan I asked had not heard of this word. \sj Check for /h/. Oapan apparently has a pitch accent. \ref 08689 \lxa techikol \lxacpend techikol \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj-ap \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \der Adj-ap \sea to be tall and thin (e.g., a person) \ssa ser alto y delgado (p. ej., una persona) \src CF Dict Discussion 07001-07050/00:50 \apa techikoltik \xrb chikol \ref 08689 \lxa techikoltik \lxacpend techikoltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \aff Lex. prefix <n>te-</n> \der Adj-tik \sea to be tall and thin (e.g., a person) \ssa ser alto y delgado (p. ej., una persona) \src CF Dict Discussion 07001-07050/00:50 \apa techikol \xrb chikol \qry Check whether form without /te-/ is correct. Check other meanings. \ref 08691 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepatlachmichin \lxocpend tepatlachmichin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \infn Stem 4 \seo type of fish still not identified \sso tipo de pez todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem marine \xrb patlach \xrb mich \ref 08692 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xa:la:michin \lxocpend xa:la:michin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \seo type of small fish with a big belly (like a <nbao>po:tetl</nbao>) \sso tipo de pez pequeño barrigón (como un <nbao>po:tetl</nbao>) \xrb xa:l \xrb a: \xrb mich \sem animal \sem marine \nse According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) this is a small fish, but it is different from that known as <nba>xa:lmichin</nba>. \ref 08693 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlama:pilowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \lxocpend tlama:pilowa \psm V1 \inc tla-(N-V2) \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to fish with a line and hook by holding the line in ones hand (cf. <nlo>tlapilowa</nlo>) \sso pescar con hilo y anzuelo sostenido en la mano (cf. <nlo>tlapilowa</nlo>) \xrb ma: \xrb pil \ref 08694 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo abió:n mátlapalkó:pi:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan (part) avión \der N-comp \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo jet \sso jet \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse This word was documented in a non-elicited context in Oapan as a term that was used with jets were first noticed. The term <n>mátlapalkó:pi:l</n> described the form of the wings, which are close to the sides of the plane, unlike the <s>avionetas</s> formerly seen in the area. \ref 08695 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ina:hyo:pan \lxocpend ina:hyo:pan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv-tmp \seo the day after the day after tomorrow \sso el día que le sigue a pasado mañana \xrb na:wi \xrl pan \nse The etymology and derivation of this term is uncertain. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) used it in reference to the day after the day after tomorrow. It apparently is a possessed term and the"possessor"might be the present day (e.g., <no>a:man ina:yyo:pan</no>) although this needs to be checked. Note that the double /yy/ is derived from an underlying sequence of {wy} and that the first /y/ is voiceless. It still remains to be determined whether the orthographic /ina:yyo:pan/ is the best way of representing this sequence, or whether /ina:wyo:pan/ might be better. \grm Oapan orthography: Note the sequence /yy/ derived from underlying {wy} with the first /y/ voiceless. Determine whether this is the best way of representing this sound sequence. \ref 08696 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:nkoko:ya \lxocpend te:nkoko:ya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \rdp Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seo to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) \sso sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) \synao te:nto:ne:wi \xrb te:n \xrb koko: \ref 08697 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixikaki \lxocpend kixikaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \inc N-V2 \infv class-3a(k) \seo to recognize (sb) from the sound of his footsteps \sso reconocer (a algn) por el paso de sus pies \seo to recognize (sth, such as a truck) from the sound it (i.e., its motor) makes \sso reconocer (a algo, como una camioneta) por el sonido que hace al caminar \xrb kxi \xrb kaki \ref 08698 \lxa tlawiwi:ka \lxacpend tlawiwi:ka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \rdp Rdp-s/l \infv class-4a \sea to take or carry away ones possessions (as in moving from one place to another) \ssa llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro) \equivo tlaítí \xrb wi:ka \nse In the Ameyaltepec term <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the objects carried. The <n>tla-</n> prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are taken. In Amyeltepec the verb <nla>wi:ka</nla> can be used with animate or inanimate objects and has an implicit directional sense of 'away from a deictic point of reference' (in this case the point of origin of the subject). In Oapan <nlo>wi:ka</nlo> is used only with animates with the sense of 'to accompany.' For material objects the form <nlo>ihti</nlo> is used. Note also that if many trips are made, a long vowel reduplication is used: <na>tlawi:wi:ka</na>. Cf. to <nla>tlaoonkwi</nla> and <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> of Ameyaltepec and <nlo>tlaí:ti</nlo> and <nlo>tlá:kwi</nlo> from Oapan. Note that the opposite of <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> in Ameyaltepec is <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> whereas the opposite of Oapan <nlo>tlaíh tí </nlo> is <nlo>wa:htlawá:hki</nlo>. All four of these terms are used when the person carrying the items departs from the same place as the objects. Thus <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> and <no>tlaítí</no> are used when the agent is originally at the same point as the objects taken and he takes these objects with him in leaving. At the same time <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> and <nlo>wa:htlawá:hkí</nlo> are used when the agent departs toward a deictic point of reference with the items that he is carrying. However, there is another set of verbs used if the agent goes in a certain direction to pick up items that he them takes with him. To indicate the idea that one comes toward a given location to pick up and take away ones things (all at one time) Ameyaltepec used <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> (or, in the past <no>o:tlawawa:lki</no>) whereas Oapan used <no>wa:htlá:kwí</no> (or, in the past, <no>o:tlá:kwíko</no>). To indicate the idea that one goes toward a given location to pick up an d bring back ones things, A meyaltepec used <no>tlaoonkwi</no> whereas Oapan uses <no>ontlá:kwís</no>. See the entries for Ameyaltepec <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> and <nla>tlaoonkwi</nla> and for Oapan <nlo>tlaíhtí</nlo>, <nlo>tlá:kwís</nlo>, and <nlo>wa:htlawá:hkí</nlo>. Thus, to summarize, one has the following equivalences: 1) to take ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (there): Ameyaltepec <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> / <na>o:tlawiwi:kak</na> and Oapan <no>tlaíhtí</no> / <no>o:tlaíhtík</no> ; 2) to bring ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (here): Ameyaltepec <na>tlawawa:lki</na> / <na>o:tlawawa:lkik</na> and Oapan <no>wa:htlawá:hkí</no> / <no>o:wa:htlawá:hkík</no> ; 3) to go to a given place (there) to pick up ones things and bring them back: Ameyaltepec <na>tlaoonkwi</na> / <na>o:tlakwikwito</na> and Oapan <no>ontlá:kwi</no> / <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no> ; and finally, 4) to come to a given plac e (here) to pick up ones things and take them away: Ameyaltepec <na>wa:ltlawawa:lki</na> / <na>o:tlawawa:lkiko</na> and Oapan <no>wa:htlá:kwi</no> / <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no>. \grm Reduplication: In the Ameyaltepec term <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the objects carried. The <n>tla-</n> prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are taken. In Amyeltepec the verb <nla>wi:ka</nla> can be used with animate or inanimate objects and has an implicit directional sense of 'away from a deictic point of reference' (in this case the point of origin of the subject). In Oapan <nlo>wi:ka</nlo> is used only with animates with the sense of 'to accompany.' For material objects the form <nlo>ihti</nlo> is used. Note also that if many trips are made, a long vowel reduplication is used: <na>tlawi:wi:ka</na>. Cf. to <nla>tlaoonkwi</nla> and <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> of Ameyaltepec and <nlo>tlaí:ti</nlo> and <nlo>tlá:kwi</nlo> from Oapan. Note that the opposite of <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> in Ameyaltepec is <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> whereas the opposite of O apan <nlo>tl aíhtí</nlo> is <nlo>wa:htlawá:hki</nlo>. All four of these terms are used when the person carrying the items departs from the same place as the objects. Thus <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> and <no>tlaítí</no> are used when the agent is originally at the same point as the objects taken and he takes these objects with him in leaving. At the same time <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> and <nlo>wa:htlawá:hkí</nlo> are used when the agent departs toward a deictic point of reference with the items that he is carrying. However, there is another set of verbs used if the agent goes in a certain direction to pick up items that he them takes with him. To indicate the idea that one comes toward a given location to pick up and take away ones things (all at one time) Ameyaltepec used <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> (or, in the past <no>o:tlawawa:lki</no>) whereas Oapan used <no>wa:htlá:kwí</no> (or, in the past, <no>o:tlá:kwíko</no>). To indicate the idea that one goes toward a given locatio n to pick up and bring back ones things, Ameyaltepec used <no>tlaoonkwi</no> whereas Oapan uses <no>ontlá:kwís</no>. See the entries for Ameyaltepec <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla> and <nla>tlaoonkwi</nla> and for Oapan <nlo>tlaíhtí</nlo>, <nlo>tlá:kwís</nlo>, and <nlo>wa:htlawá:hkí</nlo>. Thus, to summarize, one has the following equivalences: 1) to take ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (there): Ameyaltepec <na>tlawiwi:ka</na> / <na>o:tlawiwi:kak</na> and Oapan <no>tlaíhtí</no> / <no>o:tlaíhtík</no> ; 2) to bring ones belongings from a point of departure to a destination (here): Ameyaltepec <na>tlawawa:lki</na> / <na>o:tlawawa:lkik</na> and Oapan <no>wa:htlawá:hkí</no> / <no>o:wa:htlawá:hkík</no> ; 3) to go to a given place (there) to pick up ones things and bring them back: Ameyaltepec <na>tlaoonkwi</na> / <na>o:tlakwikwito</na> and Oapan <no>ontlá:kwi</no> / <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no> ; and finally, 4) to come to a given place (here) to pick up ones things and take them away: Ameyaltepec <na>wa:ltlawa wa:lki</na> / <na>o:tlawawa:lkiko</na> and Oapan <no>wa:htlá:kwi</no> / <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no>. \ref 08699 \lxa tlawawa:lki \lxaa tlawawa:hki \lxacpend tlawawa:lki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-(dir-V2) \der V2-b \rdp Rdp-s/l \infv class-4a \sea to bring ones possessions (as in moving from an old place of residence to a new one; Oa syn. <nlo>wa:htlawá:hkí</nlo>) \ssa traer las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro; Oa sin. <nlo>wa:htlawá:hkí</nlo>) \sea to come to take ones possessions away (Oa. syn. <nlo>tlá:kwí</nlo>) \ssa venir a recoger y llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (Oa. sin. <nlo>tlá:kwí</nlo>) \equivo tlá:kwi \xrb kwi \nse In the Ameyaltepec term <na>tlawawa:lki</na> the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the objects carried. The <n>tla-</n> prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are brought. If many trips are made, long vowel reduplication is used: <na>tlawa:wa:lki</na>. For further discussion, see entry under <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla>. The pronunciation of <na>tlawawa:lki</na> was given by Inocencio Díaz, it may be that others use <na>tlawawa:hki</na> given the alternation between <na>wa:hki</na> and <na>wa:lki</na> in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (see entry under <nla>wa:hki</nla>. Note that the two senses of <na>tlawawa:lki</na> 'to bring ones possessions (along with one as one moves from one place to another)' and 'to come pick up and take away' is apparently derived from the two sense of <nla>wa:hki</nla> in Ameyaltepec as 'to bring' and 'to come and get (to take away)'. However, like <na>wa:hki</na> there are two distinct past tenses. <na>O:tlawawa:lkik</na> meaning 'he brought his possessions with him here' and <na>o:tlakwi:kwiko</na> 'he came here to take his possessions away.' The reason for the long vowel reduplication is not clear, given that in all other forms a short vowel reduplication is used (cf. also Oapan <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no>). It might be that the long vowel reduplication is simply in order to distinguish this form from <na>o:tlakukwiko</na> 'he came to pick it up (off the ground).' For a further discussion, see entry under <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla> (Am). \grm Reduplication: In the Ameyaltepec term <na>tlawawa:lki</na> the short vowel reduplication (with underlying {h} coda in the reduplicant) indicates the plurality of the objects carried. The <n>tla-</n> prefix is idiomatically used to indicate the fact that it is ones possessions are those that are brought. If many trips are made, long vowel reduplication is used: <na>tlawa:wa:lki</na>. For further discussion, see entry under <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla>. The pronunciation of <na>tlawawa:lki</na> was given by Inocencio Díaz, it may be that others use <na>tlawawa:hki</na> given the alternation between <na>wa:hki</na> and <na>wa:lki</na> in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (see entry under <nla>wa:hki</nla>. Note that the two senses of <na>tlawawa:lki</na> 'to bring ones possessions (along with one as one moves from one place to another)' and 'to come pick up and take away' is apparently derived from the two sense of <nla>wa:hki</nla> in Ameyaltepec as 'to bring' and 'to come and get (to take away)'. However, like <na>wa:hk i</na> there are two distinct past tenses. <na>O:tlawawa:lkik</na> meaning 'he brought his possessions with him here' and <na>o:tlakwi:kwiko</na> 'he came here to take his possessions away.' The reason for the long vowel reduplication is not clear, given that in all other forms a short vowel reduplication is used (cf. also Oapan <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no>). It might be that the long vowel reduplication is simply in order to distinguish this form from <na>o:tlakukwiko</na> 'he came to pick it up (off the ground).' For a further discussion, see entry under <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla> (Am). \ref 08700 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaíhtí \lxop tlaihti \lxocpend tlaíhtí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \rdp Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) \pa yes \sea to take or carry away ones possessions (as in moving from one place to another) \ssa llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro) } \equiva tlawiwi:ka \xrb tki \nse For further discussion, see Ameyaltepec <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla>. Since the Oapan verb <nlo>ihti</nlo> has an implict directional meaning, it is never used (as far as I have been able to determine) with a directional affix. It is only used with material objects; for animates the verb <nlo>wi:ka</nlo> is used. \qry Check lack of directional use with /iti/. \ref 08701 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wa:htlawá:hkí \lxop wa:htlawá:hki \lxocpend wa:htlawá:hkí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc dir-tla-(dir-V2) \der V2-b \rdp Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \pa yes \infv class-4a \sea to bring ones possessions (as in moving from an old place of residence to a new one) \ssa traer las posesiones de uno a otro lugar (p. ej., al cambiar de morado de un lugar a otro) \equiva tlawawa:lki \xrb kwi \nse The Oapan term is interesting given that the reduction of the reduplicant is on the first vowel of the verb <no>wa:hki</no> with is both long and preceded by the semivowel /w/. Nevertheless, the pitch accent and the general meaning strongly suggest that the pitch accent is the reflex of an underlying reduplicant. If so, this would be the only case so far noted of reduplicant being reduced on a long vowel that is not stem initial. This should be checked. Note also that Roberto Mauricio gave the perfective form of this verb as <no>o:wa:htlawá:hkík</no>, which indicates that the initial directional has been fused to the stem and is a second directional in this verb. For a further discussion of these terms, see entry under <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla> (Am) as well as <nla>tlawawa:lki</nla>. \ref 08702 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:kwí \lxop tlá:kwi \lxocpend ontlá:kwí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc tla-(dir-V2) \der V2-b \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4a \pa yes \seo (with directional affix) to come (or go) to take ones possessions away \sso (con afijo directional) venir a recoger y llevar las posesiones de uno a otro lugar \equiva tlaoonkwi \equiva tlawawa:lki \xrb kwi \nse The Oapan verb <no>tlá:kwí</no> is used with a full range of directional affixes to indicate that an agent at a given location goes to another place to pick up and bring back his possessions. Thus one has <no>ontlá:kwís</no> 'he will go to pick up and bring back his possessions' and <no>o:tlá:kwikó</no> 'he came to pick up and take away his possessions'. The Ameyaltepec equivalent of this use is <nla>oontlakwi</nla>. However, the Oapan term <no>tlá:kwí</no> may also be used with an intraverse directional (e.g., <no>wa:htlá:kwís</no> 'he will come to pick up and taken away his possessions.' In this sense the Ameyaltepec equivalent is <na>wa:ltlawawa:lkis</na>, or, in the perfective, <na>o:tlawawa:lkik</na>. For further discussion, see entry under <nla>tlawiwi:ka</nla>. \ref 08703 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo papahtekolo:tl \lxocpend papahtekolo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, <l>Glaucidium gnoma</l>, <l>G. griseiceps</l>, or a closely related species \sso tipo de buho pequeño, quizá <l>Glaucidium gnoma</l>, <l>G. griseiceps</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360 \equivao metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \equiva kupa:ktekolo:tl \sem animal \sem bird \xrb tekolo: \nse It is still not clear if this refers to only one species of tecolote or to various. Nor is it certain how many species there in fact are in the valley. \cpl The <na>tekolo:tl</na> is not classified as a <nla>to:to:tl</nla> by speakers. \ref 08704 \lxa te:po:poloh \lxacpend te:po:poloh \lxo te:po:poloh \lxocpend te:po:poloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seao confusing \ssao que causa confusión, que confunde \xrb pol \nse For example, in giving directions to someone who then looks confused one might say, <no>xte:po:polohótlí</no> (Oa) 'the road is not confusing' meaning that the way to the destination is easy, that it is not confusing. \ref 08705 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:kwik \lxocpend te:kwik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo sth that gets on people, clothes, etc., dirtying them (e.g., earth, loose adobe, etc.) \sso algo que fácilmente queda sobre las personas, la ropa, etc., dejándolos sucios (p. ej., tierra, adobe no bien compactado, etc.) \equivo té:asík \xrb kwi \nse I heard this word first uttered by someone from Oapan who leaned up against my house wall, made of compact earth called <s>sillar</s> and then realized that his shirt had been left with a cover of dusty earth. Apparently it is equivalent, at least in this use, to <no>té:asík</no> (Oa), although there may perhaps be some difference in collocational use. \ref 08706 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo té:asík \lxocpend té:asík \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \pa yes-lex \seo sth that gets on people, clothes, etc., dirtying them (e.g., earth, loose adobe, etc.) \sso algo que fácilmente queda sobre las personas, la ropa, etc., dejándolos sucios (p. ej., tierra, adobe no bien compactado, etc.) \equivo te:kwik \xrb ahsi \ref 08707 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tenexa:wi:teki \lxocpend kitenexa:wi:teki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc (N-N)-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo whitewash \sso blanquear (p. ej., una pared) con cal \xrb tenex \xrb a: \xrb wi:teki \ref 08708 \lxa a:tlakwi:ltia \lxacpend ka:tlakwi:ltia \lxo á:tlakwí:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \rdp Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \seao to use (e.g., a mule or other beast of burden) to draw water \ssao utilizar (p. ej., una mula u otra bestia) para traer agua \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nse The causative construction here is of a transitive verb, which is somewhat rare in Nahuatl. Note, however, that it is used to refer to"causing"a non-volitional animal (a beast of burden) to carry water, i.e., to using an animal for such a purpose. \nae In Oapan <no>átlakwí</no> is usually found in reduplicated form (i.e., with a reduplicant reduced onto the long intial vowel of the stem); in Ameyaltepec this verb is rarely reduplicated. The same pattern continues onto the causative construction of the present entry. \grm Causative; reduplication: re /a:tlakwi:ltia/: The causative construction here is of a transitive verb, which is somewhat rare in Nahuatl. Note, however, that it is used to refer to"causing"a non-volitional animal (a beast of burden) to carry water, i.e., to using an animal for such a purpose. \ref 08709 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:skawia \lxof [a:s ka 'wi ya] \lxocpend ka:skawiah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to get attacked by ants (e.g., a bed, a person, tortillas, etc.) \ssa ser atacado por las hormigas (p. ej., una cama, una persona, tortillas, etc.) \equiva a:skawi:lo \xrb a:ska \nse This verb is only used in the plural. \nae There is a general alternation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan for passive constructions with nonvolitional agents between <n>-wi:lo</n> endings in Ameyaltepec and <n>-wia</n> endings in Oapan. Thus one finds Ameyaltepec <nla>a:skawi:lo</nla> and Oapan <no>a:skawia</no>, which like <nlo>sa:yo:lwia</nlo> always has a plural 3rd person"subject."Note that the 3rd person plural subject is also used in passive construction such as <n>mitsmikti:skeh</n> 'you will be killed.' In Ameyaltepec the form <n>ta:skawi:lo:s</n> was uttered spontaneously by Inocencio Díaz when he saw my bed covered with ants. When I asked Florencia Marcelino (Oa) for the Oapan form, she gave <no>mitsa:skawi:skeh</no>. Note that Launey suggests that forms such as <n>kiawi:lo</n> are derived from an"applicative"of an impersonal (parallel to the -wi/-wia alternation of some applicatives). \grm Passive: There is a general alternation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan for passive constructions with nonvolitional agents between <n>-wi:lo</n> endings in Ameyaltepec and <n>-wia</n> endings in Oapan. Thus one finds Ameyaltepec <nla>a:skawi:lo</nla> and Oapan <no>a:skawia</no>, which like <nlo>sa:yo:lwia</nlo> always has a plural 3rd person"subject."Note that the 3rd person plural subject is also used in passive construction such as <n>mitsmikti:skeh</n> 'you will be killed.' In Ameyaltepec the form <n>ta:skawi:lo:s</n> was uttered spontaneously by Inocencio Díaz when he saw my bed covered with ants. When I asked Florencia Marcelino (Oa) for the Oapan form, she gave <no>mitsa:skawi:skeh</no>. Note that Launey suggests that forms such as <n>kiawi:lo</n> are derived from an"applicative"of an impersonal (parallel to the -wi/-wia alternation of some applicatives). \ref 08710 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ítipilíwi \lxop itipiliwi \lxocpend ítipilíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones belly (of a fat person) to sag down head to droop down \sso tener la barriga grande y colgante (p. ej., una persona gorda) \xrb hti \xrb pil \ref 08711 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohtlípatlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-compl \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of tree still not identified that is noted for its hard wood (good for <s>horcones</s>) and whose sap causes blisters \sso tipo deárbol todavía no identificado que se conoce por su dura madera (es bueno para horcones) y cuya savia causa ampollas \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb pah \ref 08714 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo a:kama:yah \lxocpend a:kama:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \com N-N \infn N1 \seo type of marine animal, red in color, like a <nlo>chakalin</nlo> (shrimp) only slightly larger \sso tipo de animal marino, rojo de color, como un <nlo>chakalin</nlo> (camarón) sino un poquito más grande \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb kama:yah \ref 08715 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlako:michin \lxocpend tlako:michin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn Stem 4 \seo type of small fish so called for its long, thin form \sso tipo de pez pequeño asíllamado por su forma larga y delgada \sem animal \sem marine \xrb tlako: \xrb mich \ref 08715 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaye:wahli \lxocpend tlaye:wahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree still not identified nor collected; in Spanish it is called both <spn>tlamiawal</spn> or <spn>palo morado</spn> \ss tipo deárbol todavía no identificado no colectado; en español se llama tanto 'tlamiawal' como 'palo morado' \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equiva tlamia:wahli \cfo tlapeya:wahli \xrb tlaye:wal \cpl The wood of this tree is also good for the main beams of houses (<na>mori:yoh</na>). It is extremely hard. The tree flowers in January and February with small, purplish flowers. The Spanish name was given by Tomás Muñoz García, a man originally from Teloloapan who now lives in Iguala. \nct kohtli \qry Etymology uncertain, check. \ref 08716 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mixti:greh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) tigre \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seo type of inedible fish that just appeared in Oapan about 2001; the fish is spiney, has a large mouth on the front lower part of its body; it is considered very ugly; no one knows where it came from \sso tipo de pez no comestible que apenas apareciópor el río de Oapan por el año 2001 (más o menos); este pez tiene púas, una larga boca por la parte inferior del cuerpo; se considera muy feo; nadie sabe por donde viene \sem animal \sem marine \xrb mich \ref 08716 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlatla:katilistli \lxocpend tlatla:katilistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn Stem 1(s) \seo Christman Eve \sso Noche Buena \xrb tla:ka \nse See entry under <nlo>tlatla:kati</nlo>. \ref 08717 \lxa tsi:n \lxacpend tsi:n \lxo tsi:n \lxoa tsi:h \lxocpend tsi:n \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seao little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk) \ssao animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños) \pno Mitskwa:s tsi:n! \peo That little-bitty bug is going to bite you! \pso ¡El animalito pequeño te va a morder! \sem baby \xrb tsi:n \nae Apparently this children's word is derived from <nlao>yo:lka:tsi:n</nlao>. It is equivalent, or the virtual equivalent, of <nlao>i:x</nlao>. It seems that <na>i:x</na> is used more in Ameyaltepec, and <no>tsi:n</no> more in Oapan. \ref 08718 \lxa i:x \lxacpend i:x \lxo i:x \lxocpend i:x \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seao little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk) \ssao animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños) \pno Mitskwa:s i:x! \peo That little-bitty bug is going to bite you! \pso ¡El animalito pequeño te va a morder! \sem baby \xrb kowi:x \nae Apparently this children's word is derived from <nla>kuwi:xin</nla> (Am) / <nlo>kowi:xin</nlo> (Oa). It is equivalent, or the virtual equivalent, of <nlao>tsi:n</nlao>. It seems that <na>i:x</na> is used more in Ameyaltepec, and <no>tsi:n</no> more in Oapan. \ref 08719 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlaxopilo:hli \lxocpend tlaxopilo:hli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo spoonful \sso cucharada \xrb xopil \nse Although I have not heard this word used in natural conversation, several consultants in Oapan have given this as the correct term. For example, once when I mistakenly used the term <n>tlaxopihli</n>, Inocencio Jiménez quickly corrected me with <no>tlaxopilo:hli</no>. Silvestre Pantaleón some time later gave the same term. \ref 08720 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:pan tlakwahli \lxocpend xo:pan tlakwahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo food that is eaten during the summer, being the time that such food is abundant (such as green beans, <nlo>yexo:tl</nlo>) \sso comida que se come durante el verano, por ser el tiempo en que abunda (p. ej., ejotes, <nlo>yexo:tl</nlo>) \xrb xo: \xrb oh \xrl -pan \nae Provisionally this entry has been written as two words although a check with a recorded version should clarify whether this decision is correct. If this word is found in Ameyaltepec (as well as Oapan, where it has been documented in natural speech) one would expect a velarized nasal before a word boundary and the absence of velarization with a single word; see <nla>sana:man</nla> (vs. <na>san a:man</na>). Note, however, that with the lexicalized <na>xo:pan po:cho:tl</na> there is a definite /n/ in <na>xo:pan</na> and no shift to a bilabial nasal (/m/). \pqry Note: listen for velarization of nasal in /xo:pan/ in Am pronunciation. If this is the case, then it indicates two words. Recheck and correct here and elsewhere as necessary. \ref 08721 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kóhpatlí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of tree with medicinal properties, still not collected nor identified \sso tipo deárbol con propiedades medicinales, todavía no colectado ni identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine \xrb kow \xrb pah \cpl The mother of Inocencio Jiménez mentioned that the bark of this tree is crushed and ground up and boiled in water. It is then drunk. It functions as a remedy for children who have diarrhea or <no>noxwitiah</no>. \ref 08722 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \seo see collocation with <nlo>kalaki</nlo> ; cf. Am <nla>-tech</nla>) \sso vé ase colocación con <nlo>kalaki</nlo> ; vé ase Am <nla>-tech</nla>) \xrb tlak \ref 08723 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ta:tamaliwi \lxoc ta:tamaliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \aff rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin \sso salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones \syna tatapale:wi \flo ta:tapale:wi \xrb tamal \nse See <nlo>ta:tamale:wi</nlo>. Victórico Jiménez used the form <nlo>ta:tamaliwi</nlo> and did not seem to accept <no>ta:tamale:wi</no>. He used this term when referring to what happened to his skin when he gets bit by a scorpion. His wife mentioned that it refers to many small red bumps that surface, as if one had been bitten by many mosquitos. \qry Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here should should be changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Also, the recordings should be adjusted. \rt The root <na>tapal</na> seems clearly related to <na>tlapal</na>, which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red. \ref 08724 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo istapanowa \lxocpend istapanowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4c(pano) \seo to get too salty \sso pasarse de sal \xrb sta \xrb pano: \ref 08725 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nekaxa:ni:lxihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 1(w) \seo type of vine still not collected or identified \sso tipo de bejucco todavía no colectada ni identificada \xrb kaxa: \xrb xiw \cpl According to Chica, wife of Manuel Jiménez, this is a plant distinct from /nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl/. However, it is also used to cure women who have become"loosened"or débil from working too soon after having given birth. \ref 08726 \lxa pa:hka:kwa \lxacpend kipa:hka:kwa \lxo pa:hka:kwa \lxocpend kipa:hka:kwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seao to eat with gusto or relish \ssao comer con gusto y muchas ganas \xrb pa:ki \xrb kwa \ref 08727 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tekpinxo:chitl \lxocpend tekpinxo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \infn Stem 2 \seo type of herbaceous plant with small red flowers, still not collected nor identified \sso tipo de planta herbácea con pequeñas flores rojas, todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem fl \xrb tekp \xrb xo:ch \ref 08728 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo komichkwitlatl xo:chitl \lxocpend komichkwitlatl xo:chitl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N-compl \com N-N \infn Stem 2 \seo type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified \sso tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem fl \xrb kimich \xrb kwitla \xrb xo:chi \ref 08729 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:tl ina:n \lxocpend a:tl ina:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N-compl \com N-N \infn N1 \seo type of herbaceous plant still not collected nor identified \sso tipo de planta herbácea todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem fl \xrb a: \xrb na:n \ref 08730 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kowi:skiámó:hli \lxocpend kowi:skiámó:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo fruit of the <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>, tree of the Rhamnaceae family, that is ground up and used as shampoo \sso fruta del <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, que se utiliza molida como shampú \xrb ko \xrb i:ski \xrb ahmo:l \ref 08731 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlase:ntekuwahli \lxocpend tlase:ntekuwahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com (N-V2)-Ag \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo sth bought in its complete form (e.g., clothes already sewn) \sso algo comprado en su forma completa (p. ej., ropa ya cosida) \xrb se:m \xrb ko:wa \pqry Recheck vowel length. I have heard it long. Cf. to /senki:sa/. \ref 08732 \lxa tlakuwahli \lxacpend tlakuwahli \lxo tlakuwahli \lxocpend tlakuwahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao sth bought \ssao algo comprado \xrb ko:wa \ref 08733 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapochi:nahli \lxocpend tlapochi:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo sth that has been carded (such as maguey fiber to make hemp rope) \sso algo que ha sido cardado (como la fibra de maguey que se utiliza para hacer cuerda de ichtli) \xrb pochi: \nse The process of making maguey fiber starts with stripping the meat from the maguey leaves, leaving the inner fibers which, if of <nba>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</nba> are then put into bunches that are violently snapped and agitated in ones hands, in order that the remaining meaty parts of the maguey fall off. This is referred to as <no>nó:moló:nia</no>. After this is accomplished the strands are pulled apart, almost one by one, and the strands are placed parallel in a neatly arranged bundle. This is then twisted into rope or twine. \ref 08734 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo konexa:ko:ntli \lxocpend konexa:ko:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com (N-N)-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 1(m) \seo larger earthen water jug (see <nlo>a:ko:ntli</nlo>) in which at large fiestas <nlo>nextamahli</nlo> is made \sso tinaja grande de tierra (vé ase <nlo>a:ko:ntli</nlo>) en la cual se hace nixtamal en las fiestas grandes \xrb ko \xrb nex \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \nse Before large metal <spn>vidones</spn> appeared, the <no>konexa:ko:ntih</no> were employed to make <spn>nixtamal</spn>. The maize was poured into the earthenware jug and then hot <nlo>tenexa:tl</nlo> was poured over it so that the maize whould loose its outer husk. \nae The etymology of <no>konexa:ko:ntli</no> is uncertain. Native speakers often relate the first <n>ko</n> to <nlo>ko:ntli</nlo>, but as far as I can determine the vowel length is distinct. It is possible that the initial <n>ko-</n> is the second element of <nlo>tliko</nlo>, but this is somewhat unlikely. \ref 08735 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kayo:chin \lxocpend a:kayo:chin \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 4 \seo type of edible grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin comestible, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:ka \nct chapolin \nse According to Lupe Tolentino and several other consultants, the <no>a:kayo:chin</no> is the male counterpart of (and as such smaller than) the <nbo>a:kayo:chpestli</nbo>. However, according to Roberto Mauricio the <no>a:kayo:chin</no> and the <no>a:kayo:chpestli</no> are two different types of grasshopper. He stated that there are two <no>a:kayo:chin</no>, one male and one female. The male is thin and the female is thick. The male is reddish and the female is <nlo>tetla:ltik</nlo>, i.e., grey. They appear in early June at the first rains. \nae The etymology of <no>a:kayo:chin</no> is uncertain. \ref 08736 \lxa chi:chiwalka:wa \lxacpend chi:chiwalka:wa \lxo chi:chiwalka:wa \lxocpend chi:chiwalka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to stop suckling (a child or animal) \ssao dejar de tomar leche de pecho (un niño o animal pequeño) \xvcao chi:chiwalka:waltia \xrb chi:chi \xrb ka:wa \ref 08737 \lxa chi:chiwalka:waltia \lxacpend kichi:chiwalka:waltia \lxo chi:chiwalka:waltia \lxocpend kichi:chiwalka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to wean (a child or animal) \ssao dejar de dar pecho a (un niño o animal pequeño) \xvbao chi:chiwalka:walka:wa \xrb chi:chi \xrb ka:wa \ref 08738 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsontekoma:ma \lxocpend tsontekoma:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \seo type of inedible grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin no comestible todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \xrb ma:ma \ref 08739 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:techipahtsi:n \lxocpend kwa:techipahtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. <n>te-</n> \seo another name for some people in Oapan for the plant known as <nbo>we:ípatlí</nbo> \sso otro nombre para algunas personas de Oapan para la planta conocida como <nbo>we:ípatlí</nbo> \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \xrb kwa: \xrb chipa: \nse At least one individual from Oapan mentioned that <no>kwa:techipahtsi:n</no> is an alternative name for <nbo>we:ípatlí</nbo>, the plant most commonly used as an intoxicating remedy for witchcraft afflictions. \ref 08740 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo Sa:n Martí:n \lxocpend Sa:n Martí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan San Martí:n \der N-compl \infn N1 \seo name used by some Oapan curanderos and individuals to refer to <nbo>chikomolin</nbo>, <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., type of <spn>guaje</spn> of the Leguminoseae family \sso nombre utilizado por algunos curanderos e individuos de Oapan para referirse al <nbo>chikomolin</nbo>, <l>Leucaena sp.</l> Benth., type of <spn>guaje</spn> of the Leguminoseae family \cfo chikomolin \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, <no>Sa:n Martí:n</no> is an alternate name for <nbo>chikomolin</nbo>. It is thus like <nlo>Sa:n Pe:droh</nlo> (<nbo>tenexyetl</nbo>) and <nlo>Margari:tah</nlo> (<nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo>), which are also alternate human or saints names for plants. \ref 08741 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo Sa:n Pe:droh \lxocpend Sa:n Pe:droh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan San Pedro \com N-compl \infn N1 \seo name used by some Oapan curanderos and individuals to refer to <nbo>tenexyetl</nbo>, <l>Nicotiana plumbaginifolia</l> Viviani, plant of the Solanaceae family \sso nombre utilizado por algunos curanderos e individuos de Oapan para referirse al <nbo>tenexyetl</nbo>, <l>Nicotiana plumbaginifolia</l> Viviani, plant of the Solanaceae family \cfo tenexyetl \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, <no>Sa:n Pe:droh</no> is an alternate name for <nbo>tenexyetl</nbo>. It is thus like <nlo>Sa:n Martí:n</nlo> (<nbo>chikomolin</nbo>) and <nlo>Margari:tah</nlo> (<nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo>), which are also alternate human or saints names for plants. \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 08742 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo Margari:tah \lxocpend Margari:tah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan Margarita \infn N1 \seo name used by some Oapan curanderos and individuals to refer to <nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo>, a plant still not collected nor identified \sso nombre utilizado por algunos curanderos e individuos de Oapan para referirse al <nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo>, una planta todavía no colectada ni identificada \cfo sese:htsi:n \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \nse According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, <no>Margari:tah</no> is an alternate name for <nbo>sese:htsi:n</nbo>. It is thus like <nlo>Sa:n Martí:n</nlo> (<nbo>chikomolin</nbo>) and <nlo>Sa:n Pe:droh</nlo> (<nbo>tenexyetl</nbo>), which are also alternate human or saints names for plants. \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 08743 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlámacha:ní:hli \lxocpend tlámacha:ní:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo double pair of palm leaves that are meshed together at their places of bifurcation (two leaves on each side) \sso doble par de hojas de palma que están entrelazadas por sus bifurcaciones \xrb mahcha: \ilustmp create illustration or photo \nse The deverbal noun <no>tlámacha:ní:hli</no> is often \nae The etymology of <no>tlámacha:ní:hli</no> is uncertain. See <nlo>'macha:nía</nlo> \ref 08744 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo 'macha:nia \lxocpend kímachá:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to place together two pairs of bifurcated objects (particularly palm, but also things such as rods) so that each pair is inserted into the bifurcation of the other \sso juntar dos pares de objetos bifurcados (particularmente palma, pero también cosas como varas) para que cada par se inserta en la bifurcación del otro \cfo tlámacha:ní:hli \xrb mahcha: \sj Check for location of /h/ \nae With transitive verbs that have a pitch accent shift to the prefix, when the imperative is used the pitch accent remains on the initial syllable of the verb: <no>xmáchá:ni</no>. \pqry Check p-a of imperative vis-a-vis: With transitive verbs that have a pitch accent shift to the prefix, when the imperative is used the pitch accent remains on the initial syllable of the verb: <no>xmáchá:ni</no>. \grmx Oapan phonology: With transitive verbs that have a pitch accent shift to the prefix, when the imperative is used the pitch accent remains on the initial syllable of the verb: <no>xmáchá:ni</no>. [note that this should be rechecked]. \ref 08745 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamali:ntli \lxocpend tlamali:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn Stem 1(:) \seo sth (usually cord of hemp) that is made by twisting strands (usually of maguey fiber, (<nlo>yextli</nlo>), which is twisted against ones leg; however it can also be used to refer to other things, such as wire, that is twined) \sso algo (generalmente cuerda de fibra) que se hace al torcer hilos (generalmente de fibra de maguey, <nlo>yextli</nlo>, que se tuerce contra la pierna; sin embargo se puede utilizar también para referirse a alambre recocido que ha sido torcido) \syno tlamali:nahli \xrb mali: \ref 08746 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamali:nahli \lxocpend tlamali:nahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo sth (usually cord of hemp) that is made by twisting strands (usually of maguey fiber, (<nlo>yextli</nlo>), which is twisted against ones leg; however it can also be used to refer to other things, such as wire, that is twined) \sso algo (generalmente cuerda de fibra) que se hace al torcer hilos (generalmente de fibra de maguey, <nlo>yextli</nlo>, que se tuerce contra la pierna; sin embargo se puede utilizar también para referirse a alambre recocido que ha sido torcido) \syno tlamali:ntli \xrb mali: \ref 08747 \lxa tlatetsi:lo:hli \lxacpend tlatetsi:lo:hli \lxo tlatetsi:lo:hli \lxocpend tlatetsi:lo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn Stem 3 \seao twine or cord that has two or more strands that have been twisted together with a <spn>taravía</spn> \ssao laso o cuerda que tiene dos o más hilos que han sido torcidos juntos por medio de una taravía \xrb tetsi:l \ref 08748 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tili:nka:ketsa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to pull (sth such as a strand of a rope, thread, etc.) tight so that it remains taught \sso jalar (algo como un hilo de un laso, de ropa, etc.) para que quede jalado y apretado \xrb tili: \xrb ketsa \nse I have also documented this word, in the reflexive, in reference to an item of clothing in which one strand has been pulled taught causing the cloth to bunch up. \qry Check further meanings. \ref 08749 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tli:lihki tlako:tl \lxocpend tli:lihki tlako:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-compl \infn Stem 2 \seo type of rod not yet collected nor identified that was used in the roofing of thatched houses \sso tipo de vara todavía no colectada ni identificada que se utilizaba en los techos de palma y zacate \sem plant \sem rod \xrb tli:l \xrb tlako: \ref 08750 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yo \lxocpend yo ista:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer-b \seo the one that \sso el que; la que \pno ¡Tiaweh yónawá! \peo Let us go my dear! \pso ¡Vamos corazón! \equivo yon \xrb yehwa \xrb on \nse See <nlo>yon</nlo> for further discussion. \ref 08751 \lxa iú:n \lxaa yeú:n \lxacpend iú:n chi:chi:ltik \lxo yon \lxocpend yon chi:chi:ltik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer-b \seo the one that \sso el que; la que \pno Nihkuwas se: burri:toh i-n [tli:n] we:i. \peo I will buy a donkey that is big. \pso Voy a comprar un burro grande. \pno Tikwi:kas yon tawá! \peo You will accompany your partner (lit. 'the one who is yours')! \pso Vas a acompañar a tu corazón! \syna iú:n \equivo yo \xrb yehwa \xrb on \nse Note the use of <no>yon</no> with the emphatic pronouns to indicate 'the one who is (of the person indicated by the pronoun).' \nae Apprently <no>yo</no> and <no>yon</no> are in complementary distribution. They are used in relative phrases, apparently for all relativizing clauses: of subject, object, locative, etc. The form <no>yon</no> seems to occur before words that begin with a consonant (except a nasal) or /w/. The other form, <no>yo</no>, is found before vowels, nasals, and variably (along with <no>yo</no>) before /y/. \grm Relative clauses: Note the use of <no>yon</no> with the emphatic pronouns to indicate 'the one who is (of the person indicated by the pronoun).' /yo nawa/, /yo tawa/, etc. \ref 08752 \lxa piliwi \lxacpend piliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \ref 08753 \lxa pilowa \lxacpend kipilowa \lxo pi:lowa \lxocpend kipi:lowa \dt 17/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \ref 08754 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:liwi \lxocpend onte:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[ca] \infv class-3a(w) \seo (with extraverse directional affix) to reach a point (sth being put into a hole or similar place) where it doesn't fit or cannot be further pushed in \sso (con afijo direccional extraversa) llegar a un punto (p. ej., algo metido en un hoyo o agujero) donde no queda más \pno Xok nitlakwa:s, yo:te:liwito. \peo I won't eat anymore, it (the food I've eaten) has come up against a brick wall (i.e., cannot fit in anymore). \pso Ya no voy a comer, ya (la comida que he comido) se topócontra pared. \cfo ye:wi \nse <nao>Te:liwi</nao> is always found with an extraverse directional, <n>on-</n>, <n>-ti</n>, <n>-to</n>, or <n>-to:ya</n> as the case calls for. But because it may take either a prefix or suffix, depending upon the tenses or aspect, the verbal stem alone has been chosen for the headword entry. Apparently <no>te:liwi</no> is synonymous (though much less common) with <nlo>ye:wi</nlo>. \xrb te:l \ref 08755 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xá:po kwé:xtli \lxop xa:poh kwe:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) jabón \psm N \der N-compl \infn Stem 1(ch) \pa yes \seo detergent (used for washing dishes and, often, clothes) \sso detergente (utilizado para lavar trastes y, a menudo, ropa) \xrb kwe:ch \ref 08756 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xá:po tepí:stik \lxop xa:poh tepi:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) jabón \psm N \der N-compl \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of hard white soap in a bar (used for washing clothes) \sso detergente (utilizado para lavar trastes y, a menudo, ropa) \xrb kwe:ch \ref 08757 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xá:po tsóyá:k \lxop xa:poh tsoya:k \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) jabón \psm N \der N-compl \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo hand soap (i.e., bar of perfumed soap used for the body) \sso jabón perfumado (utilizado para lavar el cuerpo) \xrb tso \xrb hya: \ref 08758 \lxa na:mí: \lxo na:mí: \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo see <nlo>na:miki</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>na:miki</nlo> \cfo ní: \xrb na:miki \ref 08759 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:l- \lxocpend tla:ltoto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Undeter \seo the precise nature of <no>tla:l-</no> is not clear. It is found as a preclitic before certain verbs indicating bodily states of illness to indicate an incipient stage \sso la naturaleza precisa de <no>tla:l</no> no es claro. Se encuentra como preclítico de ciertos verbos de enfermedades para indicar una etapa incipiente \cfo tla:ltoto:nia \cfo tla:lxo:tla \cfo tla:lkówasíwi \xrb tla:l \ref 08760 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:ltoto:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Clit-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seo to feel an incipient fever \sso sentir una calentura incipiente \equivo tla:lxo:tla \cfo tla:l- \xrb tla:l \xrb to:n \ref 08761 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lxo:tla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Clit-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \seo to feel an incipient fever \sso sentir una calentura incipiente \equivo tla:ltoto:nia \cfo tla:l- \xrb tla:l \xrb xo:tla \ref 08762 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lkówasíwi \lxop tla:lkowasiwi \lxocpend tla:lkówasíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc Clit-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to feel incipient aches in ones body \sso sentir dolores del cuerpo incipientes \cfo tla:l- \xrb tla:l \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \ref 08763 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo so:ya:so \lxocpend kiso:ya:so \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: fut. <na>kisos</na> ; perfective <na>o:kisok</na> ; imperfective <na>kisoya</na> \seo to pierce thatching with a <nlo>kuwi:xin</nlo> with a strand of palm that is then used to tie the thatching to the roof \sso perforrar un techo de sacate o palma con un <nlo>kuwi:xin</nlo> con una sola hoja de palma que entonces se utiliza para atar el sacate o palma al techo \cfo so:ya:matilowa \xrb so:ya: \xrb so \nse This process is done slowly, with a person on the ground passing a strand of palm to a person outside the roof who then uses the palm to tie the thatching material to the roof. \qry Determine precise difference between /so:ya:so/ and /so:ya:matilowa/. \ref 08764 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo so:ya:matilowa \lxocpend kiso:ya:matilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to pierce thatching with a <nlo>kuwi:xin</nlo> with a palm tied end to end that is then used to tie the thatching to the roof \sso perforrar un techo de sacate o palma con un <nlo>kuwi:xin</nlo> con una larga tira de palma atada cabo a cabo, que entonces se utiliza para atar el sacate o palma al techo \cfo so:ya:so \xrb so:ya: \xrb matil \nse This process is done slowly, with a person on the ground passing a palm to a person outside the roof who ties the palm end to end and then uses it to tie the thatching material to the roof. \qry Determine precise difference between /so:ya:so/ and /so:ya:matilowa/. \ref 08765 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mile:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \seo see <nlo>miliwi</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>miliwi</nlo> \xrb mil \ref 08766 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsoma \lxocpend tlatsoma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(m) \seo to thatch (a house, with palm or grass) \sso poner un techo (de palma o zacate a una casa) \xrb tsoma \nse Apparently the object of this verb is the house, or similar construction, that is thatched. The verb is often used in the antipassive, <no>tlatsoma</no> with oblique reference to the object that is thatched, p. ej., <no>tlatsomalo ya so:yo:tl</no>. \qry Check full meaning and use. Also can this be used as /kitsoma/. Check for pa. \ref 08767 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:yo:chpilowa \lxocpend na:yo:chpilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl/only) \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo (refl.) to get a watery sore on ones skin \sso (refl.) formarse una ampolla con agua en la piel \xrb a: \xrb pil \nse The difference between this and <nlo>a:yo:tia</nlo>, <nlo>á:xopó:ni</nlo>, or <nlo>á:xotó:ni</nlo> is not entirely clear. I have documented <no>a:yo:chpilowa</no> in reference to a sore that developed on a little girls lips. Roberto Mauricio also said that it can be used also in reference to the watery blisters that may develop on someone's hands after chopping wood for an entire day. \nae The etymology of this word is not altogether clear, particularly the origin of /ch/. It may be related to the palatalization of the sequence /tia/ which is this reanalyzed as part of a stem. \ref 08768 \lxa tepo:tskalaki \lxacpend tepo:tskalaki \lxo tepo:tskalaki \lxocpend tepo:tskalaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to get stuffed into a space or container) \sso meterse en (algo) hasta quedarse apretado o atiborrado \xrb tepo:ts \xrb kalak \xvca tepo:tskalaktia \xvco tepo:tskalahtia \vl There are four additional tokens at 06173. From the original 5294 tokens, link the 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 08769 \lxa para \lxacpend para \lxo para \lxocpend para \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Conj \der Conj-loan \seao in order that; for \ssao para \seao to be for \ssao ser para \nse In Oapan and Ameyaltepec <no>para</no> can be used predicatively with <no>xtlah</no>, which is fronted: <no>xtlah nipara</no> 'I'm not good for anything,' / 'No soy para nada'. The analysis of this form is not entirely clear, but it may be derived from a basic or underlying sequence <no>nipara xtla</no> in which <n>ni-</n> is the subject preclitic placed at the beginning of the clause <no>para xtlah</no> ('para nada'). This seems to be clearly a calque from the Spanish, but the fact that Nahuatl accepts such predicate forms is interesting and perhaps indicates a basic tendency to accept predication in a wide variety of circumstances. Note that the Spanish loan <n>de</n> can also function or be used in a similar vein, as in Ameyaltepec <na>nide San Juan</na> 'I am from San Juan.' \grm Predication: In Oapan, at least, <no>para</no> can be used predicatively with <no>xtlah</no>, which is fronted: <no>xtlah nipara</no> 'I'm not good for anything,' / 'No soy para nada'. The analysis of this form is not entirely clear, but it may be derived from a basic or underlying sequence <no>nipara xtla</no> in which <n>ni-</n> is the subject preclitic placed at the beginning of the clause <no>para xtlah</no> ('para nada'). This seems to be clearly a calque from the Spanish, but the fact that Nahuatl accepts such predicate forms is interesting and perhaps indicates a basic tendency to accept predication in a wide variety of circumstances. Note that the Spanish loan <n>de</n> can also function or be used in a similar vein, as in Ameyaltepec <na>nide San Juan</na> 'I am from San Juan.' \ref 08770 \lxa tsakwa:naltia \dt 22/Jun/2004 \ref 08771 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwaltsi:n \lxocpend kwaltsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der N-tsi:n \seo used by young women in Oapan as in interjection to indicate joking displeasure at something said, virtually equivalent to <nlo>ma:hki</nlo> used in this sense; perhaps a good English translation would be 'That's really cute!' \sso término empleado por jovenes mujeres de Oapan como interjección para indicar un tipo de disgusto alegre o de broma por algo dicho, cerca en sentido y uso a <nlo>ma:hki</nlo> ; quizá una buena traducción al español sería '¡Québonito!' \xrb kwal \nse The use of <no>kwaltsi:n</no> as an interjection seems to be limited to young girls, either unmarried or recently married. It thus seems to be both gender and age specific. The first /a/ is often exagerratedly lengthened. \ref 08772 \lxa estri:boh \lxacpend iestri:bos \lxo estri:boh \lxocpend i:estri:bos \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan estribos \der N-loan \seao (usually plural and possessed: <na>iestri:bos</na> (Am) / <no>i:estri:bos</no> (Oa)) lower part of the legs of grasshoppers, the part which is used to kick off \ssao (generalmente plural y poseído: <na>iestri:bos</na> (Am) / <no>i:estri:bos</no> (Oa)) parte inferior de las piernas de los chapulines, la parte que se usa para brincar \seo (usually singular and possessed: <no>i:estri:boh</no>) part of lime kilns that separates the upper chamber (where the rocks are placed) and the lower chamber (where the firewood is stoked) \sso (generalmente singular y poseído: <no>i:estri:boh</no>) parte de un horno de cal que separa la cámara superior (donde se colocan las piedras) y la cámara inferior (donde se pone la leña) \sem animal \sem body part \ref 08773 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pépexté:ma \lxop pepexte:ma \lxocpend kí:pexté:ma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \seo to lay or place flat (one object on top of the other, e.g., zacate that is being laid down on a thatched roof) \sso colocar o acostar plano (un objeto sobre otro, p. ej., el zacate que está siendo colocado en el techo de una casa) \xrb pech \xrb te:m \qry Determine the difference between the reflexive use of /pepexte:ma/ and the fully intransitive /pepexte:mi/. \ref 08774 \lxa te:kwala:nih \lxacpend te:kwala:nih \lxo te:kwala:nih \lxocpend te:kwala:nih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seao sth that is maddening or annoying \ssao algo que hace enojar o que fastidia \xrb kwala: \ref 08775 \lxa te:nkwati \lxacpend te:nkwati \lxo té:nkwatí \lxop te:nkwati \lxocpend té:nkwatí \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \irregv In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective <na>o:pat</na> but maintenance in the progresive <na>patitok</na>, as in Oapan. \pa yes \seao to lose a portion of an edge (e.g., a cliff part of whose edge has crumbled, a plate or other type of ceramic) \ssao perderse o derrumbarse una sección de la orilla o borde (p. ej., un risco o peñasco a que se le derrumba la orilla, un plato con la borde quebrado, etc.) \equiva te:nkwatia \equivo té:nkwatía \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \xvca te:nkwatilia \xvco té:nkwatília \nae For inflectional paradigms, see notes with <nla>pati</nla> (Am). \grm Verbal derivation /-ti/: Note that the input to the verbal derivation in /-ti/ is a deverbal adjectival /te:nkwah/. This demonstrates the very productive use of /-ti/ (and /-tia/, since /te:nkwatia/ also exists). \ref 08776 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kaltlama:tsioh \lxoa kaltlama:sioh; kaltema:tsioh; kaltema:sioh; kaltama:sioh; kaltama:tsioh \lxocpend kaltlama:tsioh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo having (a house with a thatched roof) a roof constructed with the type of beams called <nlo>kaltlama:stli</nlo> \sso con (una casa con techo de palma o zacate) un techo construido con las vigas de madera llamadas <nlo>kaltlama:stli</nlo> \sem construct-part \xrb kal \xrb tema:ts \encyctmp kahli \nae As with <nlo>kaltlama:stli</nlo> I have documented several pronunciations of <no>kaltlama:tsioh</no>. The variations occurs in the second syllable and in regard to the /s/ or /ts/ of the final syllable. Thus within a group of men the following pronunciations were documented: <no>kaltlama:tsioh</no>, <no>kaltlama:sioh</no>, <no>kaltema:tsioh</no>, <no>kaltema:sioh</no>, and <no>kaltama:sioh</no>. It appears, from the meaning, that the final /tsioh/ sequence might be more accurate, although further checking with other consultants should be carried out. \mod Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/. \ref 08777 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chíchikonakástia \lxop chichikonakastia \lxocpend kí:chikonakástia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to counsel (sb) so that a poor choice or option is taken \sso mal aconsejar a (algn) \xrb chiko \xrb nakas \ref 08778 \lxa tlasolxi:ni \lxacpend tlásolxí:ni \lxo tlásolxí:ni \lxop tlasolxi:ni \lxocpend tlásolxí:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao for debris (such as dried leaves, brush, etc.) to fall and scatter on the ground \ssao caerse basura (como hojas secas deárbol, hierba seca, etc.) y quedar regada por el suelo \xrb hsol \xrb xi: \nae In the pronunciation of many Oapanecos the sequence {lx} is realized as [lch]. Nevertheless, given that some Oapanecos do pronounce the sequence as /lx/ and that the underlying verb is <no>xi:ni</no>, the /x/ has been maintained in the orthographic representation. \grm Oapan phonology: x>ch / l ___. Note that in /tlásolxí:ni/: In the pronunciation of many Oapanecos the sequence {lx} is realized as [lch]. Nevertheless, given that some Oapanecos do pronounce the sequence as /lx/ and that the underlying verb is <no>xi:ni</no>, the /x/ has been maintained in the orthographic representation. \ref 08779 \lxa tlasolxi:nia \lxacpend tlásolxí:nia \lxo tlásolxí:nia \lxop tlasolxi:nia \lxocpend tlásolxí:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \der N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao to toss out debris (garbage, such as dried leaves, brush, etc.) on the ground \ssao tirar o echar basura (como hojas secas deárbol, hierba seca, etc.) por el suelo \xrb hsol \xrb xi: \nae In the pronunciation of many Oapanecos the sequence {lx} is realized as [lch]. Nevertheless, given that some Oapanecos do pronounce the sequence as /lx/ and that the underlying verb is <no>xi:ni</no>, the /x/ has been maintained in the orthographic representation. \ref 08780 \lxa istaya \lxacpend istaya \lxo istaya \lxocpend istaya \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-s) \seao to turn white \ssao volverse o quedarse blanco \xrb sta. \ref 08781 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:nalwe:weh \lxocpend to:nalwe:weh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seo (<no>se:</no> ~) all day; the entire day; a long day (e.g., from sunrise to sunset) \sso (<no>se:</no> ~) todo el día; el día entero; un día largo (p. ej., de amanecer al ponerse el sol) \pno Se: to:nalwe:weh o:tekit. \peo He worked an entire day. \pso Trabajóun día entero. \xrb to:na \xrb we:weh \nse Generally, the opposite of <no>to:nalwe:weh</no> is <no>tláko to:náhli</no>. In Ameyaltepec the term <no>to:nalwe:weh</no> is not used. Instead, one simply refers to <na>nochi to:nahli</na>. \ref 08782 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:pante:nko \lxocpend xo:pante:nko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \seo at the cusp of the rainy season (i.e., the late spring months just before the rains begin) \sso al comienzo de la temporada de lluvias (esto es, los meses finales de la primavera antes de que empiecen las lluvias) \xrb xo: \xrl -pan \xrl -tlah \xrl -te:nko \ref 08783 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlai:xyo:tl \lxocpend tlai:xyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn Stem 2 \seo (<no>san tlai:xyo:tl -no:tsa</no>) to speak superficially to \sso (<no>san tlai:xyo:tl -no:tsa</no>) hablar superficialmente a \xrb i:x \nse According to Carlota Pantaleón, this is a word that was used by \ref 08784 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:poyo \lxocpend te:poyo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo type of inedible grasshopper collected but still not identified \sso tipo de chapolin no comestible, colectado pero todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb poyo: \nae The etymology of this insect's name is not clear; for now the name itself has been considered a single root. According to Moises Domínguez there are 3 types of <no>te:poyo</no> : 1) one that is <nlo>tetla:ltik</nlo> ; 2) one that is <nlo>me:dioh tetla:ltik</nlo> ; and 3) one that is <no>me:dioh chi:chi:ltik</no>. For now these have not been given separate entries. Note that according to several Oapan consultants, none of these is edible. According to Roberto Mauricio there are two sexes of this grasshopper. The female is fat, the male is small. Both are greyish and a light reddish color. \ref 08785 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chowilili \lxocpend chowilili \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo type of edible grasshopper collected but still not identified \sso tipo de chapolin comestible, colectado pero todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb chowilil \nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female varieties of this insect. The male is black and green on the wings; the female is entirely green. \nae The etymology of this insect's name is not clear. It was identified by Roberto Mauricio who clearly had a final glottal stop, although one would expect an ending in /-in/. The name of this insect should be checked with others. \ref 08786 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xákaltsí:n \lxoa xókaltsí:n \lxop xakaltsi:n \lxocpend xákaltsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of large, black cricket, collected but not yet identified \sso tipo de grillo grande y negro, colectado pero no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb xahkal \nse According to Inocencio Díaz en Ameyaltepec this insect is known as <na>gri:yoh de un we:i</na> or <na>gri:yoh de un tli:ltik</na> because there is another type of cricket that is smaller and grey. \sj Check for {h} in S. Juan or similar villages. \ref 08787 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapo:hwika:tsi:n \lxocpend tlapo:hwika:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der N-b-in \seo type of small flying insect, still not identified \sso tipo de insecto volador pequeñísimo, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb po:k \nse In a discussion with several people from Oapan they suggested that this animal is one called <nla>po:yo:lin</nla> in Ameyaltepec. However, it is not certain that this is the equivalent. \ref 08788 \lxa tla:na \lxacpend tla:na \lxo tla:na \lxocpend tla:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der tla-V2 \infv class-3a \seao (usually with an extraverse directional affix) to retrieve animals that have been left out to pasture for a day or two \ssao (usualmente con un afijo direccional extraverso) recoger animales que han sido dejado a apacentar por uno o dos días \cfao tlaka:wa \xrb a:na \ref 08789 \lxa chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani \lxacpend chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of striped yellow and coffee-colored wasp \sso tipo de avispa rayado de amarilllo y color café \equivo chi:lpa:me:koh \cfao chi:lpa:n \sem animal \sem insect \xrb chi:l \xrb sotla: \ref 08790 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo chi:lpa:me:koh \lxocpend chi:lpa:me:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan (part) meco \psm N \der N-Adj \infn N1 \sea type of striped yellow and coffee-colored wasp \sso tipo de avispa rayado de amarilllo y color café \equiva chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani \cfao chi:lpa:n \sem animal \sem insect \xrb chi:l \xrb sotla: \ref 08791 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tio:pixka:tsi:ntli \lxocpend tio:pixka:tsi:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 1(n) \seo type of small black bug with red wings, still not identified, that is found on the <nbo>tlankwa:pets</nbo> in the summer \sso tipo de pequeño insecto negro con alas rojas, todavía no identificado, que se halla en losárboles de <nbo>tlankwa:pets</nbo> durante la temporada de lluvias \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tio: \xrb piya \nse Apparently this is different from the small bug known in Ameyaltepec as <nba>itskwin tiopixki</nba>. \ref 08792 \lxa itskwin tio:pixki \lxacpend itskwin tio:pixki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \seo type of small, fuzzy red insect that appears on the ground immediately after the first rains \sso tipo de velloso insecto rojo que aparece por la tierra inmediatamente después de las primeras lluvias \equivo angeli:toh \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tio: \xrb piya \nse Apparently this is different from the small bug known in Oapan as <nbo>tiopixka:tsi:ntli</nbo>. \ref 08793 \lxa ta:chka:w \lxacpend ta:chka:w \lxo ta:chka:w \lxocpend ta:chka:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1/2 \seo elderly person of the village (i.e., <no>i we:wentsi:n</no>) \sso persona ya de mayor edad en el pueblo (esto es, <no>i we:wentsi:n</no>) \seo (possessed) father \sso (poseído) padre \pno Nihli:s nota:chka:w! \peo I'm going to tell my father! \pso ¡Se lo voy a decir a mi padre! \sea devil (syn. Am <nla>tia:chka:w</nla>) \ssa diablo (sin. Am <nla>tia:chka:w</nla>) \xrb a:chka: \ref 08794 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:nkochawia \lxocpend ni:xte:nkochawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2a \seo see <nlo>i:xte:nkochawia</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>i:xte:nkochawia</nlo> \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kocha \ref 08795 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkochawia \lxocpend ni:xkochawia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to get something (such as dust, dirt, a piece of a plant, etc.) in ones eyes \sso (refl.) metersele (a uno) algo (como polvo, tierra, un pedacito de una planta) en los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kocha \nse Irma Herrera also gave the form <no>i:xte:nkochawia</no> though the form of this entry is perhaps more common. \ref 08796 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:nkocha:na \lxocpend ki:xte:nkocha:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \seo see <nlo>i:xte:nkochawia</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>i:xte:nkochawia</nlo> \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kocha \xrb a:na \ref 08797 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xkocha:na \lxocpend ki:xkocha:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \seo to remove dirt, lint, dust, etc. from the eye of (sb) by licking the eye with ones tongue \sso quitarle polvo, tierra, o basura del ojo de (algn) al lamerle el ojo con la lengua \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kocha \xrb a:na \nse Irma Herrera also gave the form <no>i:xte:nkocha:na</no> though the form of this entry is perhaps more common. \ref 08798 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sásajosé:ntsi:n \lxocpend sásajosé:ntsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan San José \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of edible, cloth-eating grasshopper (<nao>kiteki tlake:ntli</nao>), still not identified, which most consultants identify as a type of grasshopper (see <nba>chapolin</nba>) \sso tipo de insecto comestible que come tela (<nao>kiteki tlake:ntli</nao>) pero todavía no identificado plenamente, la mayoría de los aesores lo clasifican como un tipo de chapulin (vé ase <nba>chapolin</nba>) \nse This grasshopper was mentioned by Lupe Domínguez. I was not able to make absolutely sure of the pitch accent pattern and vowel length. These should be rechecked. \ref 08799 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlake:nkwa \lxocpend te:tlake:nkwa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \com N-V2 \infv class-1 \seo to eat (an insect) the clothes of \sso comer (un insecto) la ropa de \xrb tlake:n \xrb kwa \nse This verb may also be used with the nonspecific object prefix <n>te:-</n> to indicate that something (such as an insect) eats peoples clothes: <nbo>sásajosé:ntsi:n</nbo> <no>te:tlake:nkwa</no> \ref 08800 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwékwetlaxáhtsi:n \lxoa kwíkwitlaxahterí:toh \lxoa werachi:toh \lxocpend kwékwetlaxáhtsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of edible, tailless grasshopper, like the <nbo>to:topo</nbo>, still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin comestible, algo como el <nbo>to:topo</nbo> pero sin cola, todavía no se ha identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kwitlax \nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of this grasshopper, one female and the other male. The male does not have a tail, <nlo>tsi:nkoli:tah</nlo> as does the female. The female is simply called <no>to:topo</no> whereas the male is called <nbo>kwékwetlaxahtsi:n</nbo>. \ref 08801 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tso:tsopa \lxocpend tso:tsopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \seo type of edible grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin comestible todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tsopa \nse According to Lupe Domínguez and several other consultants, this grasshopper is the spouse (female counterpart) of the <nbo>te:si:s</nbo>, which is known as <no>i:we:wentsi:n</no> 'its husband.' \ref 08802 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwahli chapolin \lxocpend kwahli chapolin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-complex \infn Stem 4 \seo type of edible grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin comestible todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kwal \xrb chapol \nse According to Roberto Mauricio this grasshopper when small is green. Within a month, after the 28th of August, it changes its color and is black and red, tiger-striped in color. The female of this species is greener, with just a little red; the male has more red. The woman is fatter. \ref 08803 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kayo:chpestli \lxocpend a:kayo:chpestli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 1(s) \seo type of grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:ka \nct chapolin \nse According to Lupe Tolentino and several other consultants, the <na>a:kayo:chpestli</na> is the female counterpart of (and as such larger than) of the <nbo>a:kayo:chin</nbo>. However, according to Roberto Mauricio the <no>a:kayo:chin</no> and the <no>a:kayo:chpestli</no> are two different types of grasshopper. He stated that there are two <no>a:kayo:chpestli</no>, one male and one female. The male is thin and the female is thick and bigger. The male is reddish and grey, mixed, as well as the female. They appear in early June at the first rains. \nae The etymology of the beginning elements of <no>a:kayo:chpestli</no> is uncertain. \ref 08804 \lxa itskwintli \lxacpend itskwin \lxo itskwintli \lxocpend i:tskwin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \seao (usually possessed) dog \ssao (generalmente poseído) perro \xrb tskwin \ref 08805 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nó:chmatlapáhli \lxocpend nó:chmatlapáhli \lxt no:chmahtlapahle \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of large wild cactus as yet unidentified, like the nopal cactus but not edible, either its flesh nor its fruit \ss tipo de cactus hasta ahora no identificado, como el nopal pero no comestible, ni sus hojas ni su fruta. \equiva to:motlaxkahli \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb no:ch \xrb mahtlapal \encyctmp to:motli \cpl This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for food. (It may be a variety of this cactus so-called for not growing high off the ground.) For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <nla>to:motli</nla>. Its fruit is eaten by the <na>tekoch</na> (i.e., woodpecker). \mod Note that originally Florencia Marcelino identified the Ameyaltepec form /to:motlaxkahli/ as /tó:motlaxkáhli/, but this has since been corrected since this word in Oapan refers to the small variety. The large unedible cactus, like a nopal cactus, is /nó:chmatlapáhli/. Note also that at one time Asención Marcelo stated that the San Juan Tetelcingo word was /mahno:chtlapahli/. However, during fieldwork the form now listed in the headword was given. The correctness of the previous mahno:chtlapahli should be checked. \qry Confirme absence of /h/ in SJ form. \ref 08806 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:kó:kokohpitsíwi \lxop a:ko:kokohpitsiwi \lxoc a:kó:kokohpitsíwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to get something stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down) \ssao atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que no baja) \cfa a:ko:kopi:tsiwi \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb kow \xrb pits \mod This was originally (after some adjustment) 00464 Oapan. But it was changed from /a:ko:kokopi:tsiwi/ to the correct /a:kokokohpitsiwi/ and given the new #08806. The sound files were changed to this number once on the served. \qry Check orthography and pronunciation of Oapan form. Check length of /a/. It seems to be long in several instances although I originally had it short. \pqry Of Oapan and Am form check for initial /a:/ and compare to other /a/-initial words. Check throughout for any changes to headwords. Recheck the vowel length of /i:/. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word originally recorded at 6436. These should be tagged as 464 and, moreover, two of these later recorded words should be chosen for the link. \ref 08807 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo te:tsol \lxoa te:tsotsol \lxocpend te:tsol \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \rdp Reduced \infn N1 \seo type of small beetle-like bug that lives in the trees called <nbo>tlankwapets</nbo> \sso tipo de animal como escarbajo chiquito que vive en losárboles llamados <nbo>tlankwapets</nbo> \sem animal-insect \xrb tsol \nse Although most people pronounce the name of this animal with the reduced reduplicant, <no>te:tsol</no>, some people do not do so. In fact, the woman who gave me the non-reduced form did not recognize the name <no>te:tsol</no>. This suggests that the latter has been lexicalized with some (apparently most) of the population although some individuals have not lexicalized the reduced form, nor do they recognize it. \ref 08808 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mé:tsmalí:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-b \inc N-V2 \infv class-3a \seo (refl.) to cross ones leg above the knee, with the legs close together \sso (refl.) cruzarse las piernas arriba de la rodilla, con las piernas juntas \xrb mets \xrb mali: \ref 08809 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sehto:to:tl \lxocpend sehto:to:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \sea type of swallow, of the family Hirundinidae, perhaps the Mangrove Swallow, <l>Tachycineta albilinea</l>, or Grey-breasted Martin, <l>Progne chalybea</l>, or a related species \ssa tipo de"swallow,"de la familia Hirundinidae, quizá el"Mangrove Swallow," <l>Tachycineta albilinea</l>, o"Grey-breasted Martin," <l>Progne chalybea</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 44, pp. 531, 530 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb sek \xrb to:to: \ref 08810 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo póchawís \lxocpend póchawís \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \pa yes \seo type of wren, so named for the sound of its song, of the family Certhiidae; it has an upright tail. Perhaps it is Northern House Wren, <l>Troglodytes aedon parkmani</l> ; the Brown-throated Wren, <l>Troglodytes brunneicollis</l>, the Banded Wren, <l>Thryothorus pleurostictus</l>, or a closely related species \sso tipo de"wren,"asíllamado por su canto, de la familia Certhiidae; tiene la cola parada. Quizá el"Northern House Wren," <l>Troglodytes aedon parkmani</l> ; the"Brown-throated Wren," <l>Troglodytes brunneicollis</l>, el"Banded Wren," <l>Thryothorus pleurostictus</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 49, various \sem animal \sem bird \xrb pochawi \nae The name is apparently otomotopoetic and not related to the root <r>pocha:wi</r>. \cpl The <na>tekolo:tl</na> is not classified as a <nla>to:to:tl</nla> by speakers. \ref 08811 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xté:nkarení:toh \lxocpend i:xté:nkarení:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan part? \der N-ap \infn N1 \seo type of sparrow, perhaps the"White-eared Ground Sparrow," <l>Melozone leucotis occipitalis</l>, or a closely related species \sso type of gorrión ("sparrow"), quizá el"White-eared Ground Sparrow," <l>Melozone leucotis occipitalis</l>, o una especie cercana \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, p. 696 \sem animal \sem bird \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \nse Although some younger consultants in Oapan stated that this was equivalent to the <nbo>tsilko</nbo> other consultants were clear that the two were different (e.g., Roberto Mauricio and Silvestre Pantaleón), with the <no>i:xté:nkarení:toh</no> having a white chest and the <no>tsilko</no> with a black chest. However, both appear to be sparrows. \ref 08812 \lxa na:palowilia \lxacpend na:palowilia \lxo na:palowilia \lxocpend na:palowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2b \seao to cradle or hold a child for \ssao sostener o abrazar un niño para \xrb na:pal \xv2ao tlana:palowilia \ref 08813 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:ko:si:lin \lxocpend a:ko:si:lin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 4 \seo type of water animal, like a small shrimp (<nbo>chakalin</nbo>) \sso tipo de animal acuático, como un camarón chiquito (<nbo>chakalin</nbo>) \xrb a: \xrb ko:si:l \ref 08814 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xihyo:pitsahtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo to have narrow leaves (a tree) \sso tener hojas angostas (unárbol) \xrb xiw \xrb pitsa: \ref 08815 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:pá:ntli \lxocpend á:pá:ntli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 1(n) \der N-b \seo garland of marigolds or <nbo>sásanmigé:ltsi:n</nbo> that are placed around the necks of saints (syn. Oa <no>á:pá:ntlí</no>) \sso guirnalda de sempoalxochitl o <nbo>sásanmigé:ltsi:n</nbo> que se colocan por los cuellos de los santos (sin. Oa <no>á:pá:ntlí</no>) \xrb a: \xrb pa:n \grm Reduplication: In general note the pattern in Oapan of reduplicating the /a:/ of 'water'. This is found in many words: <nlo>á:tlakwí</nlo>, <nlo>á:pá:ntli</nlo>, etc. The reason for this reduplication (reduced) is not always clear. \ref 08816 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kohpeya:stli \lxocpend kohpeya:stli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 1(:) \seo any branch or tree trunk that is straight \sso cualquier rama o tronco deárbol que quede derechito \xrb kuh \xrb peya: \ref 08817 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo téchipiréntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der ? \subadj koma:hli \subadj sombréotlí \seo wide, flat, and thin (like certain stones, but also hats and the leaves of some plants) \sso ancho, plano y delgado (como ciertas piedras, pero también algunos sombreros y las hojas de algunas plantas) \ref 08818 \lxa tlana:palowilia \lxacpend tlana:palowilia \lxo tlana:palowilia \lxocpend tlana:palowilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seao to baptize a child of (sb) \ssao bautizar el niño de (algn) \xrb na:pal \xbtlao na:palowilia \ref 08819 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sentlakwaltia \lxocpend sentlakwaltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V2 \infv class-2a \seo to give an offering of food (chicken and tamales) to maize that has been harvested and husked and is piled up in a house to have the grains taken off \sso hacerle una ofrenda de comida (pollo y tamales) a maíz que ha sido cosechado y pelado y está amontonado en la casa para desgranarse \xrb sen \xrb kwa \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec the equivalent term contains the Spanish loan <spn>combate</spn> as in <na>kichi:wilia comba:teh</na>. \ref 08820 \lxa reme:dioh \lxacpend reme:dioh \lxo reme:dioh \lxocpend reme:dioh \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan remedio \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao medicine, remedy \ssao remedio, medicina \nse In general for the nominal 'medicine' all Nahuatl speakers use the Spanish loan <spn>remedio</spn>. However, occasionally speakers will use a verbal form <na>te:patia</na> (Am) / <no>té:patiá</no> (Oa), which has the sense of 'it cures people.' \ref 08821 \lxa bwe:noh \lxacpend bwe:noh \lxo bwe:noh \lxoa we:noh \lxocpend bwe:noh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \loan bueno \seao good \ssao bueno \nse Although there are Nahuatl terms for Spanish <spn>bueno</spn> (e.g., <nlao>kwahli</nlao>) this loan has been entered in the dictionary because it is so widespread in the lexicon of even the most monolingual speakers. In many transcriptions this is considered a Spanish loan and written <spn>bueno</spn> or, if missing the first stop, <spn>'ueno</spn>. \ref 08822 \lxa i:xkechia \lxacpend ki:xkechia \lxo i:xkechia \lxocpend ki:xkechia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \com N-V2 \infv class-2a \seao to fix ones gaze on; to stare at \ssao clavarle la vista a \syno nokechia \xrb i:x \xrb kech \nae Note that although in the Ameyaltepec Carnival song <na>Misto:nkaya:ntsi:n</na> this verb is used as a ditransitive, it appears to be a transitive verb with the object that being stared at (e.g., a person). In Oapan (if not in Ameyaltepec) there is a cognate form with an equivalent meaning, <nlo>nokechia</nlo>. \ref 08823 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nokechia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \lxocpend kinokechia \psm V2 \der V2-b \com N-V2 \infv class-2a \seao to fix ones gaze on; to stare at \ssao clavarle la vista a \synao i:xkechia \xrb kech \ref 08824 \lxa iyeko:ltia \lxacpend kiyeko:ltia \lxo íyekó:ltia \lxoa yéyekó:ltia \lxocpend kí:yekó:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to try (sth) on (sb) \ssao probar (algo) a (algn) \pno Mí:tsyekó:ltia i:tlake:n. \peo He tries his clothes on you (e.g., to see if they fit). \pso Te prueba su ropa (p. ej., para ver si te queda). \xrb ekowa \xvba iyekowa \xvbo íyekówa \ref 08825 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sombreri:toh \lxocpend sombreri:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan sombrero \infn N1 \seo type of small, shiny and multicolored beetle-like insect \sso tipo de insecto pequeño, brilloso y de varios colores \sem animal \sem insect \nse These insects roll up into a ball and cling; children occasionally put them on their earlobes as fake earings. \ref 08825 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo angeli:toh \lxocpend angeli:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan angelito \infn N1 \seo type of small, fuzzy red insect that appears on the ground immediately after the first rains \sso tipo de velloso insecto rojo que aparece por la tierra inmediatamente después de las primeras lluvias \equiva itskwin tio:pixki \sem animal \sem insect \ref 08827 \lxa tsi:nkolah \lxaa tsi:nkoli:tah \lxacpend tsi:nkolah \lxo tsi:nkolah \lxoa tsi:nkoli:tah \lxocpend tsi:nkolah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan part <spn>cola</spn>) \infn N2 (Aln 1=2) \seao tail (of an animal) \ssao cola (de un animal) \seao end (e.g., of a rope or similar item) \ssao rabo (p.ej., de un laso o cosa similar) \seao hanging part of something long and narrow (e.g., a the part of a furrow that hangs down over a small hill or hump) \ssao parte colgante de algo largo y angosto (p.ej., la parte de un surco al final que cuelga sobre una lomita) \xrb tsi:n \ref 08828 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kó:skayá:ntsi:n \lxocpend kó:skayá:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of small marigold flower with red and yellow petals \sso tipo de sempoalxochitl con pétalos rojos y amarillos \seo type of edible grasshopper, so called because its coloring is similar to the flower of the same name \sso tipo de chapolin comestible, asíllamado por su apariencia, que se parece a la flor del mismo nombre \xrb ko:ska \nae The motivation for the pitch accent in Oapan is not clear and should be checked in neighboring dialects. \sj ko:skaya:ntsi:n \ref 08829 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo té:kwitlákwa \lxocpend té:kwitlákwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \seo type of grasshopper still not identified, which some people eat \sso tipo de chapulin todavía no identificado, que alguna gente come \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:ka \nct chapolin \nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types, male and female. The male is thin and small, and colored black, white, and green. The female is of the same color but bigger. \ref 08830 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo té:tlaké:nkwa \lxocpend té:tlaké:nkwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo type of non-edible grasshopper, still not identified \sso tipo de chapolin no comestible, todavía no identificado \xrb tlake:n \xrb kwa \nse According to Roberto Mauricio there are male and female types of this grasshopper. They are both green and black, the male is smaller than the female. \grm Pitch-accent: the reason for the pitch accent in this word is not clear. Perhaps this is related to a general tendency to use pitch accent with animal names. \ref 08831 \lxa ayokakawatl \lxo áyokakawatl \dt 20/Jan/2005 \ref 08832 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:tokóhtli \lxocpend á:tokóhtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 1(w) \sea branches and trunks (used as firewood) that has been carried downriver by a strong current after a rain \sso troncos y ramas (utilizada como leña) que han sido llevadas río abajo después de una fuerte lluvia \xrb a: \xrb tok \xrb kuw \ref 08833 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo á:tokohpépená \lxocpend á:tokohpépená \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \infv class-3a \seo to gather up branches and trunks (used as firewood) that have been carried downriver by a strong current after a rain \sso recoger troncos y ramas (utilizada como leña) que han sido llevadas río abajo después de una fuerte lluvia \xrb a: \xrb tok \xrb pena \ref 08834 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákalté:tsó:yo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 2 \seo small gourd bowl, as if for a child \sso jícara pequeña, como para niño \syno wákalté:tsó:yo:tl \syno wákalpiténtsi:n \xrb wehkal \xrb tso:yo: \ref 08835 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo wákalpiténtsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn N1/2 \seo small gourd bowl, as if for a child \sso jícara pequeña, como para niño \syno wákalté:tsó:yo:tl \xrb wehkal \xrb piten \ref 08836 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kone:tétsotsó:yo:tl \lxoa kone:té:tsó:yo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 2 \seo runty kid; little kid (used despectively) \sso niñecillo (utilizado despectivamente) \xrb kone: \xrb tso:yo: \ref 08837 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo totopoxpilowa \lxocpend totopoxpilowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \infv class-2b \seo to make <nlo>totopoxtli</nlo> by pushing sweetened, and sometimes colored with prickly pears, ground nextamal off the edge of a metate while another person gathers up the ruffled sheet of ground nextamal to take it to be toasted on a clay griddle \sso hacer <nlo>totopoxtli</nlo> al empujar la masa de nextamal endulzada, y a veces colorada con tuna molida, por la borde de un metate mientras que otra mujer recoja la capa de masa delgada y la lleva a un comal para tostarse \synao tlapilowa \cfao totopoxtli \xrb topo: \xrb pil \ref 08838 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xpanti \lxocpend ni:xpanti \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seo to occ \xrb i:x \xrl -pan \nae This is a defective verb which always takes a 3rd-person subject and is combined with the possessive prefixes. With the 3rd-person possessive prefix the form is <no>i:xpanti</no>, e.g., <no>nihneki ma i:xpanti toba:leh</no> 'I want it to occur in front of (in the presence of) our friend.' \ref 08839 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixi:tsolka:pan \lxocpend noxi:tsolka:pan \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seo barefooted \sso descalzo \pno O:timosok ya: moxi:tsolka:pan. \peo You got a thorn (or splinter, in your foot) because you were barefoot. \pso Te espinaste (con púa, madera, etc.) porque estabas descalzo. \xrb kxi \xrb tsol \xrl -pan \nse It appears that Silvestre Pantaleón has an alternate pronunciation of this word with a reduced reduplication on the possessive prefix, <no>nó:xi:tsolka:pan</no>, <no>mó:xi:tsolka:pan</no>, <no>i:xi:tsolka:pan</no>, etc. \nae This modifier is used with possessive prefixes, apparently mostly predicatively. \ref 08840 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ixite:tsoltetl \lxocpend ixite:tsoltetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Stem 2 \rdp Lex. rdp-s* \seo person who is barefooted \sso alguien que anda descalzo \xrb kxi \xrb tsol \nae Apparently this is used most often as a predicate noun, and as such always has a subject prefix. \ref 08841 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ni:yó \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seo (used before a verb) not even that \sso (utilizado antes de un verbo) ni eso de \pno Ni:yóo:ninotlake:ntih, xo:ninokuwilih notlake:n. \peo I didn't even cloth myself, I did not buy myself clothes. \pso Ni eso de comprarme ropa, no me compréropa. \xrb ni: \xrb yehwa \nae The etymology of this form is uncertain. It appears to derive from the particle <nlo>ni:n</nlo> and the 3rd-person emphatic pronoun. It appears also to be used only before verbs to indicate that not even (as would be expected) did the verbal action take place. In this use it has, therefore, a slightly modal sense. \ref 08842 \lxa tlatili:naltia \lxacpend tlatili:naltia \lxo tlatili:naltia \lxocpend tlatili:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao to have ones breasts get heavy and full with milk (from having not nursed an offspring for a long time) \ssao quedársele los senos pesados y llenos de leche (por no haber amamantado una cría o niño por mucho tiempo) \xrb tili: \xbtlao tili:naltia \ref 08843 \lxa tsi:nkukwitla \lxacpend tsi:nkukwitla \lxo tsí:nkwitlá \lxop tsí:nkwitla \lxocpend tsí:nkwitlá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \rdp Lex- \pa yes-rdp \seao person or animal with excrement all over the rear end (e.g., a young child, or an animal such as a pig or cow, etc.) \ssao persona o animal con excremento por todo el trasero (p. ej., un niño pequeño, o un animal como un marrano o ganado, etc.) \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwitla \ref 08844 \lxa yekatekukwitla \lxacpend yekatekukwitla \lxo yeká:kwitlá \lxop yeká:kwitla \lxocpend yeká:kwitlá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \rdp Lex- \pa yes-rdp \seao to have mucous all over ones nose (e.g., a person with a bad cold, or a young baby who doesn't wipe his nose, etc.) \ssao mocoso; tener mocos por la nariz (p. ej., una persona con gripa, o un niño pequeño a quien no le limpian la nariz) \xrb yeka \xrb kwitla \ref 08845 \lxa nakastekukwitla \lxacpend nakastekukwitla \lxo naká:skwitlá \lxop naká:skwitla \lxocpend naká:skwitlá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \rdp Lex- \pa yes-rdp \seao to have a lot of wax in ones ears \ssao tener mucha cerilla por las orejas \xrb nakas \xrb kwitla \ref 08846 \lxa i:xte:nkukwitla \lxacpend i:xte:nkukwitla \lxo i:xté:nkwitlá \lxop i:xté:nkwitla \lxocpend i:xté:nkwitlá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \rdp Lex- \pa yes-rdp \seao to have a lot of mucous in the corners of ones eyes \ssao tener mucha lagaña en los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \ref 08847 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapo:nia \lxocpend tlapo:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[ca] \infv class-2a \seo to suckle intensely at a breast full of milk (an animal or a human baby) \sso mamar o chupar fuertemente a un seno lleno de lecho (un animal o un niño) \xrb po: \xbtlo po:nia \ref 08848 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tekiwetsi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-b \com N-V1 \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to no longer be used for work (e.g., a plow that is old and broken, a table that is wobbly, etc.) \sso dejar de serútil para el trabajo (p. ej., algo que está muy desgastado o acabado, como un arado, mesa, etc., y que no sirve) \xrb teki \xrb wetsi \ref 08849 \lxa niú:n \lxaa niú::n \lxap niú:n \lxacpend niun \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \sea not even \ssa ni \pna Niú:n xa:tli. \pea He doesn't even drink water. \psa Ni toma agua. \syno ni: \nae Although close to Nahuatl <nlao>ni:n</nlao> this form is apparently borrowed from Spanish <spn>ni un</spn>. It is used in Ameyaltepec but not in Oapan to mean 'not even,' although it is often followed by <nla>se:</nla> as in <na>niun se: tlaxkahli kikwa</na> 'he doesn't even eat one tortilla.' One also finds, e.g., <na>niun o:me itlaxkal xkikwa</na>. According to Inocencio Díaz this form, <na>niun</na>, is used much more commonly than <na>ni:n</na>, which is more common in Oapan. \mod Get sound file for Ameyaltepec with /ni:n/. Switch. \ref 08850 \lxa tlakukwaltik \lxacpend tlakukwaltik \lxo tlá:kwaltík \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seao lumpy (e.g., atole) \ssao con terrones o parte del líquido no bien disuelto \xrb kwa \nse Apparently this word derives from <na>tlakukwahli</na> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:kwahlí</nlo> (Oa), which refers to food that is not fully masticated. Liquids such as atole that have this texture are referred to by this adjective (see also <nlo>tlá:kwahlóh</nlo> (Oa)). Roberto Mauricio mentioned that even water may be referred to as <no>tlá:kwaltík</no> if a young child regurgitates his food into it. \ref 08851 \lxa ma:ki:tskia \lxacpend kima:ki:tskia \lxo ma:ki:tsia \lxoa ma:ki:tskia \lxocpend kima:ki:tsia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seao to hold the hand of \ssao agarrar la mano de; tomar (a algn) de la mano \xrb ma: \xrb ki:tski \ref 08852 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlá:kwahlóh \lxocpend tlá:kwahlóh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seao lumpy (e.g., atole) \ssao con terrones o parte del líquido no bien disuelto \syna tlakukwaltik \syno tlá:kwaltík \xrb kwa \nse Apparently this word derives from <na>tlakukwahli</na> (Am) / <nlo>tlá:kwahlí</nlo> (Oa), which refers to food that is not fully masticated. Liquids such as atole that have this texture are referred to by this adjective (see also <nlo>tlá:kwahlóh</nlo> (Oa)). Roberto Mauricio mentioned that even water may be referred to as <no>tlá:kwaltík</no> if a young child regurgitates his food into it. \ref 08853 \lxa metlate:ka \lxacpend nometlate:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao (refl.) to begin to work at the metate (i.e., grinding <spn>nixtamal</spn>) \ssao (refl.) empezar a trabajar con el metate (al moler nixtamal) \xrb metla \xrb te:ka \nse This verb has only been documented in the reflexive form. \ref 08854 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo to:pí:leká:ti \lxop to:pi:leka:ti \lxocpend to:pí:leká:ti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \seo to become a <spn>topile</spn> \sso ser o llegar a ser topile \syna to:pi:leti \syno to:pí:letí \xrb to:pi:l \nae The perfective form of this verb is \grm Pitch accent; reassignment: Note that the long vowel of the nominal stem /to:pi:l/ attracts the pitch accent of the {eh} syllable. \ref 08855 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yéyé:ka tekopahli \lxocpend yéyé:ka tekopahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of incense \ss tipo de incienso \sem medicine \synao tekopahli \xrb te \xrb kopal \nse Apparently this is the same incense as that called simply <nlo>tekopahli</nlo>. However, an alternate name seems to be <no>yéyé:ka tekopahli</no> given that it is crushed and placed in water, which is then sprayed out through the mouth (usually by the mother) onto a child to prevent him or her being affected by the <nlo>yéye:ká:meh</nlo>. For a fuller description, see entry under <nlo>tekopahli</nlo>. \qry Check whether this should be two words, as entered in /yéyé:ka tekopahli/, or one word, which would be /yéye:ka tekopáhli/ \ref 08856 \lxa maxaliwi \lxacpend maxaliwi \lxo maxaliwi \lxocpend maxaliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to split into two forked sections; to bifurcate (e.g., a road that splits into two paths) \ssao bifurcar; separarse en dos partes (p. ej., un camino que se divide en dos) \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to develop split ends (hair; see <nlo>kwilin</nlo>) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) quedarse rotos los cabos (del cabello; vé ase <nlo>kwilin</nlo>) \xrb maxal \ref 08857 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo má:así \lxop ma:asi \lxocpend kimá:así \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seo to catch in ones hand (e.g., sth thrown) \sso agarrar en las manos (p. ej., algo aventado) \xrb ma: \xrb ahsi \qry Check to make sure that this does not always occur in reduplicated form. \ref 08858 \lxa kaki:lia \lxacpend kikaki:lia \lxo kaki:lia \lxocpend kikaki:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to hear from (a person who says sth); to overhear from (a person who is speaking to sb else) \ssao escuchar de (una persona que se lo plactica); escuchar de casualidad de (una persona quien está hablando con otro) \pna O:nikte:kaki:lih ihkí:n kitowan. \peo I heard from people that this is what they say. \pso Escuchéde alguien que asídicen. \xrb kaki \xvbao kaki \nse This ditransitive verb is often used with the nonspecific human object prefix <n>te:-</n> as in <nao>kite:kaki:lia</nao>. \nae As is often the case with verbs that end in /i/, the final vowel is lengthened before the applicative. \grm Applicative; vowel lengthening: As is often the case with verbs that end in /i/, the final vowel is lengthened before the applicative of /kaki:lia/. \ref 08859 \lxa xi Diós \lxacpend xi Diós mitska:wa \lxo xi Diós \lxocpend xi Diós mitska:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao see <nlao>ka:wa</nlao> \ssao vé ase <nlao>ka:wa</nlao> \xrb x- \xrb i \ref 08860 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tehtla:lia \lxoc kitehtla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to stop (movement in a particular direction, a task that is being performed, a situation, the functioning of a machine, etc.) \sso parar (movimiento en una dirección en particular, una tarea que se está haciendo, una situación, el funcionamiento de una máquina, etc.) \xrb tel \xrb tla:l \nse This is apparently equivalent to <nlao>teltia</nlao> refers mostly to physical movement or the functioning of something (like a tool) that is stopped. For a further discussion see this former word. In Ameyatepec <no>tehtla:lia</no> is recognized and understood, but interpreted as a word from San Juan Tetelcingo. \ref 08861 \lxa xa:yakapipilixtik \lxacpend xa:yakapipilixtik \lxo xa:yaká:pilíxtik \lxoa xa:yakapípilíxtik \lxoa xa:yá:pilíxtik \lxoc xa:yaká:pilíxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \pa yes-red-rdp \seao to have a wrinkled face (from old age in particular) \ssao tenerse la cara arrugada (de la vejez en particular) \xrb xa:yaka \xrb pilich \nse The reduplicated form is used as the main entry given that this verb is usually found reduplicated as the process affects both cheeks simultaneously. \nae Note that in Oapan there are several variations of this word. The base form would be <no>xa:yakapípilichíwi</no>, with the short vowel reduplication of the verbal stem and the unaltered incorporated noun. However, the reduplicant may be reduced onto the final short vowel of the incorporated noun, yielding <no>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</no>. In addition, the intervocalic /k/ may be lost yielding <no>xa:yá:pilichíwi</no>. Occasionally, the /ya/ syllable is lost, yielding <no>xa:ká:pilichíwi</no>. \ref 08862 \mod This used to be an entry for /kea:manin/ but was removed as a duplicate. \dt 25/Jan/2005 \ref 08863 \lxa a:mani:n \lxacpend a:mani:n \lxo a:maní:n \lxoa a:maní:n \lxoa a:maní: \lxoa a:maní:h \lxocpend a:maní:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \seao most likely; probably \ssao a lo mejor \pna A:mani:n ya:lwa o:mik! \pea Most likely he died yesterday! \psa ¡A lo mejor, ayer se murió! \pna A:mani:n yo:se:xiwtik ka o:yah. \pea Most likely it's been a year since he left. \psa A lo mejor ya tiene un año que se fue. \xrb a:man \xrb i:n \nse In Oapan <nlo>a:man</nlo> is used to indicate <spn>ahora</spn>, i.e., 'right away' or 'soon.' Thus one finds <no>a:man wa:hla:s</no> or <no>a:man i wa:hla:s</no> 'he will come shortly or soon.' In Oapan the present term, <no>a:mani:n</no> is used to mean 'today.' Thus one has <no>a:mani:n wa:hla:s</no> 'he will come today.' In Ameyaltepec, on the other hand, <na>a:mani:n</na> is used to indicate probability and <nla>a:man</nla> is used to indicate 'today' (e.g., <na>a:man wa:hla:s</na> 'he will come today.'). \nae This term has been written as one word given the accent on the /ma/ syllable in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) this word has a light final syllable, i.e., with a short vowel. In Oapan the pronunciations of this word and <nlo>kea:mani</nlo> often have a final glottal stop, indicating that if the original source or etymology of this word was <nlo>i:n</nlo> the final nasal has been lost. Nevertheless, in some pronunciations it seems that the final /i:/ is long, and is realized as such if there is a following word. Finally, in the pronunciation of elder individuals the final /n/ (or /h/) is present: <no>a:mani:n</no> and <nlo>kea:mani:n</nlo>. This phenomenon has been noted in other cases, but in the case of <no>a:mani:n</no> the variation between final /-i:n/, /-i:h/, /-i:/ and /-i/ is very clear among different speakers. \ref 08864 \lxa tla:hki \lxacpend tla:hki yes \lxo tla:hki \lxocpend tla:hki yes \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \seao (often followed by <nao>yes</nao>) that's fine; that's the way it will be \ssao (a menudo seguido por <nao>yes</nao>) sí está bien; así será \xrb tla: \xrb iw \nse This term is fairly common in Oapan, much rarer in Ameyaltepec. \ref 08865 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo weliá: \lxocpend weliá: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \seo (often followed by a verb in the optative or imperative) until the moment that; in the meantime \sso (a menudo seguido por un verbo en el optativo o imperativo) hasta el momento en que (verbo); mientras; en lo que (verbo) \pno Weliá: xtlami i:n tla:hli, nawa ma nasiti nocha:n. \peo Finish (working) this land, while I go quickly to my house. \pso Termine (trabajando) la tierra, mientras que vaya yo a mi casa. \seo (~ <nlo>tepitsi:n</nlo>) a short time later \sso (~ <nlo>tepitsi:n</nlo>) poco tiempo después \pno Weliá: tepitsi:n yo:yekok. \peo A short time later, he arrived (e.g., a short time after some other moment in the past). \pso Poco tiempo después llegó(p. ej., poco después de otro evento en el pasado) \xrb wel \xrb ka \nse Apparently <no>weliátepitsi:n</no> is used only with a verb in the past tense, to indicate that an event or action occurred a short time later. For use with a future tense verb, see <nlao>tepitsi:n</nlao>. \ref 08866 \lxa xokitlah \lxacpend xokitlah \lxo xokwitlah \lxocpend xokwitlah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seao there is no more left \ssao ya no hay \xrb ok \xrb itlah \nse This is a compound of <nlao>xok</nlao> and <nlao>itlah</nlao>. It is entered as a single word given its extremely common use and the phonetic change in the Oapan form of /k/ to /kw/. \ref 08867 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo hma:yatsi:n \lxoa hma:ya \lxoa hma:yetsi:n \lxoa ma:yetsi:n \lxoa ma:yatsi:n \lxoa ma:ya \lxocpend ma:yatsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \seo in a while \sso en un rato, al rato \xrb ma:ya \nae All consultants in Oapan suggested that this word begins with an /h/. This is hard to hear at the beginning of a phrase, but after a word ending in a vowel it is more obvious: <no>ta hma:ya ya:s</no> 'He will go in a little while.' \ref 08868 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo niya:mah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N-ad \seo dear (term of endearment used to address ones children or nephews and neices) \sso corazón (término utilizado para dirigirse a un niño(a) o sobrino(a) \ref 08869 \lxa ke \lxacpend ke \lxo ki \lxoa ke \lxocpend ki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \loan que \se then \ss ahora \pna A:man ke yewa. \pea Now it's his turn. \psa Ahoraél. \pno A:man ki no niá:s. \peo Now it is my turn to go. \pso Ahora que yo voy a ir. \ref 08870 \lxa cha:nyekwania \lxacpend nocha:nyekwania \lxo cha:nyékwaniá \lxop cha:nyekwania \lxocpend nocha:nyékwaniá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao (refl.) to move (i.e., in moving from one house to another) \ssao (refl.) mudarse (esto es, en cambiar de una casa a otra) \xrb cha:n \xrb ehkwa \nse This verb is usually found in the reflexive, although the transitive form such as <na>ne:xcha:nyekwania</na> (Am) may also be used. \ref 08871 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo yá:h \lxocpend yá:h \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \seo someone \sso alguien \synao yekah \xrb ak \nse The fact that this monosyllabic word is always stressed is indicated by the accent mark. \ref 08872 \lxa tlanechiko:hloh \lxacpend tlanechiko:hloh \lxo tlanechiko:hloh \lxocpend tlanechiko:hloh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seao concocted (e.g., some drink or mixture made up of various things that have been combined together) \ssao mezclado, combinado de varias fuentes (p. ej., un brebaje o remedio hecho de varias hierbas medicinales o insectos) \se collected (i.e., money or other items that have been collected among a group, such as a village) \ss juntado (esto es, dinero u otras cosas que se juntan entre un grupo, como una comunidad) \xrb nechik \ref 08873 \lxa tlanelo:hloh \lxacpend tlanelo:hloh \lxo tlanelo:hloh \lxocpend tlanelo:hloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seao mixed or stirred together (e.g., atole with plums, cement with sand and gravel, etc.,) \ssao mezclado o batido (p. ej., atole con ciruelas, o cemento con arena y grava, etc.) \sea mixed (e.g., dry things such as several types of seeds that have been mixed together to plant: maize, beans, watermelon, melon, etc.; syn. Oa <nlo>tlawi:kahloh</nlo>) \ssa revuelto (p. ej., cosas secas como varios tipos de semilla que han sido mezcladas para sembrar: maíz, frijoles, sandía, melón, etc.; sin. Oa <nlo>tlawi:kahloh</nlo>) \xrb nel \ref 08874 \lxa on- \lxaa o- \lxocpend ontlakwa \lxo on- \lxoa o- \lxocpend ontlakwa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm Dir \seao directional prefix that indicates movement away from a deictic reference point \ssao prefijo direccional que indica movimiento partiendo de un punto de referencia deíctico \xrb on \nae An explanation of this prefix is found in the grammar. Before stems that have an initial nasal the final nasal of <n>on-</n> assimilates and is reduced, e.g., <nao>onemis</nao> 'he will go live there.' \ref 08875 \lxa wa:l- \lxaa a:l- \lxocpend wa:ltlakwa \lxo wa:l- \lxoa wa:l-, a:l-, a:h-, a:- \lxocpend wa:htlakwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Dir \seao directional prefix that indicates movement toward a deictic reference point \ssao prefijo direccional que indica movimiento hacia un punto de referencia deíctico \xrb on \nae An explanation of this prefix is found in the grammar. In Ameyaltepec there is little variation in the form of this prefix, although rarely one finds <na>a:l-</na> after fricatives, e.g., <na>ne:cha:litas</na>. In Oapan the form of this prefix is much more variable. The /w/ is lost after affricates and the /l/ surfaces as /h/ before consonants, e.g, <no>ne:cha:hpale:wi:s</no> 'he will come to help me.' Note that before the verb <nlo>ihlia</nlo> the prefix is reduced to <no>a:-</no> as in <no>ne:cha:ihli:s</no> 'he will come to tell me.' \ref 08876 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mani \lxocpend mani nichichi \dt 06/May/2005 \psm Modal \seo (~ [noun]) what to be [subject] a [noun] \sso (~ [sustantivo]) a poco [sujeto es sustantivo]; ni que [sujeto ser sustantivo] \pno Mani nichichi! \peo What am I? a dog! \pso ¡Ni que fuera perro! (¿A poco soy perro?) \pno Mani ya: mila:k! \peo Is it really true! \pso ¡Ni que fuera cierto! \pno Mani yo ya: o:niwa:hlah on? \peo Do you think that this is why I came? \pso ¿Crees que por eso vine? \pno Mani xmo:stla wa:hla:s! \peo Isn't it tomorrow that he is going to come! (e.g., in response to a statement 'let me call him so that he comes') \pso ¡A poco no es mañana que va a venir! (p. ej., en respuesta a una frase 'voy a hablarle para que venga') \cfo ma \xrb mani \ref 08877 \lxa ma:sta \lxacpend ma:sta \lxo ma:sta \lxocpend ma:sta \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \loan (part) hasta \sea even in the case that; even though \ssa aun en el caso de que; aunque \pna Ma:sta tewa tiwi:ts, itekiw xtlah tikchi:was. \pea Even in the case that you (yourself) come, it's certain that you won't get anything done. \psa Aun en el caso de que vengas tu mismo, es cierto que no vas a hacer nada. \xrb ma: \xrb so \nse The meaning of this term is 'even if' with the sense that even in the best of cases that something occurs, something else won't happen, e.g., 'even if you gave me 1,000 pesos, I won't help you': <na>ma:sta mil pesos xne:chmaka, xnimitspale:wi:s</na>. \nae This lexeme is a contracted form of <nla>ma:ski</nla> and the Spanish borrowing <spn>hasta</spn>. \ref 08878 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:ntemowah \lxocpend tsi:ntemowah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-V1 \der V1>N \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \xrb tsi:n \xrb temo: \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \ref 08879 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo korrali:toh \lxocpend korrali:toh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan corral \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \seo name of two of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; there are two different songs by this name in the dance, the second one is referred to as <no>korrali:toh tlá:kapá:nia</no> in reference to the fact that the dancers stomp their feet against the ground during their movements \sso nombre de dos de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; el segundo de estos dos sones se llama <no>korrali:toh tlá:kapá:nia</no> en reference al zapateo de los danzantes al hacer sus movimientos \nse For a more extensive discussion of the first dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. For a more extensive discussion of the second dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08880 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo san se: weyak \lxocpend san se: weyak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan corral \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \xrb san \xrb se: \xrb weya \ref 08881 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tepailtsi:n \lxocpend tepailtsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan corral \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \xrb te \xrb payol \ref 08882 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mona:rkah \lxocpend mona:rkah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan monarca \seo name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> ; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in music and form of the dance \sso nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> ; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son distintos en música y forma de bailar \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \ref 08883 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ilakastsi:n \lxocpend ilakastsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \xrb ilakats \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \ref 08884 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo koro:stsi:n \lxocpend koro:stsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan cruz \seo name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> ; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in music and form of the dance \sso nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> ; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son distintos en música y forma de bailar \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \ref 08885 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nomá:kwíh \lxocpend nomá:kwíh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der perfective \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \ref 08886 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo we:i korra:l \lxocpend we:i korra:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan (part) corral \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo> \xrb we:i \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under <nlo>kwa:tepail</nlo>. \ref 08887 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xilá:k \lxocpend xilá:k \dt 05/May/2005 \psm Modal \seo isn't it true \sso ¿verdad que sí?;¿no es cierto? \pno Xila:k tine:chpale:wi:s mo:stla! \peo Isn't it true that you are going to help me tomorrow? \pso ¿No es cierto que me vas a ayudar mañana? \xrb mela: \nse The difference between Oapan <no>xmila:k</no> and <no>xila:k</no> is subtle. The former is an assertion by speaker of a negative condition. Thus <no>xmila:k tine:chpale:wi:s mo:stla</no> 'It is not true (and I know or assert that it is not true) that you will help me tomorrow.' However, <no>xila:k</no> is used when the speaker is not certain and is not asserting anything. Thus, <no>xila:k tine:chpale:wi:s mo:stla</no> is more 'Are you really (isn't it true that you are) going to help me tomorrow? \ref 08888 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kina:man \lxocpend sa: kina:man \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \loan que \seo just recently \sso apenas \pno Xa:k ma:noh! sa: kina:man o:yah. \peo He's not here sir, he just recently left. \pso No estámano, apenas se fue. \pno A:man sápása: kina:man o:wa:hlah. \peo Today once again he he now came (e.g., late in the day). \pso Hoy otra vez apenas vino (esto es, apenas ya algo tarde). \nse In Ameyaltepec the equivalent phrase is recorded as <na>sa: kea:man</na> ; cf. entry under <nla>kea:man</nla>. \ref 08889 \lxa ikanochi \lxacpend tikanochi \lxo iya:nochi \lxocpend tiya:nochi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seao (often with diminutive <nlao>-tsi:n</nlao>) to be the only (sibling) \ssao (a menudo con el diminutivo <nlao>-tsi:n</nlao>) ser elúnico (hijo) \xrb ka \xrb nochi \nae This is an alternate form of the sequence <na>ika nochi</na> (Am) / <no>ya nochi</no> (Oa), with the subject prefix before the quantifier <nlao>nochi</nlao>. Thus <na>ika tinochi</na> (Am) is the equivalent of <na>tikanochi</na>. This form is used only with a singular subject. It is often found in the diminutive, e.g., <no>tiya:nóchitsí:n</no> (Oa), which in Oapan seems to always result in a pitch-accented word (as indicated). The length of the two initial vowels in the Oapan form is unclear but it seems that the /a:/ is long, as it is in <nlo>ya:</nlo>. The incorporation of the possessed relational noun <nla>ka</nla> is interesting (cf. <nla>panwetsi</nla>). It might suggest that the subject pronominal prefixes be considered preclitics, here placed at the head of a phrase. \grm Cliticization; pronominal subject prefixes: /ikanochi/ (am) / /iya:nochi/ (Oa) is an alternate form of the sequence <na>ika nochi</na> (Am) / <no>ya nochi</no> (Oa), with the subject prefix before the quantifier <nlao>nochi</nlao>. Thus <na>ika tinochi</na> (Am) is the equivalent of <na>tikanochi</na>. This form is used only with a singular subject. It is often found in the diminutive, e.g., <no>tiya:nóchitsí:n</no> (Oa), which in Oapan seems to always result in a pitch-accented word (as indicated). The length of the two initial vowels in the Oapan form is unclear but it seems that the /a:/ is long, as it is in <nlo>ya:</nlo>. The incorporation of the possessed relational noun <nla>ka</nla> is interesting (cf. <nla>panwetsi</nla>). It might suggest that the subject pronominal prefixes be considered preclitics, here placed at the head of a phrase. \pqry Check length of forms in Oapan; at times the /i/ and at times the /a/ seem long. It has been recorded. \ref 08890 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ke:xki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \seo (<nlo>man</nlo> ~) it would be good (if it were so) \sso (<nlo>man</nlo> ~) estaría bien; como no va a ser bien (así) \pno Man ke:xki! Piri a:man ya: xtlah tomi:n. \peo It would be good! But now there's no money. \pso ¡Estaría bien! Pero ahora no hay dinero. \xrb ke:xki \nse To date <no>ke:xki</no> has been documented only in the phrase <no>man ke:xki</no>. It seems to be best translated as 'it would be good,' that something be done or occur, but that for one reason or other this will not, or might not, happen, or at least has not so happened in the past. \ref 08891 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mo:stlaka:n \lxocpend mo:stlaka:n \psm Interj \seo see notes under <nlo>mo:stla</nlo> \sso vé ase notas con <nlo>mo:stla</nlo> \xrb mo:stla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \ref 08892 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo man \lxoa ma \lxocpend man tli:non; man kamanon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \seo what in the world! (to express frustration or exasperation) \sso y; entonces (para expresar frustración o exasperación) \pno Man tli:n tonkwis, kwa: nika:n xno: onkah tekitl. \peo What in the world are you going to get there, in \pso Y que vas a ir a traer, no es cierto que aquíhay trabajo. \pno Man tli:n ne:chihli:s! \peo What in the world is he going to tell me! \pso ¡Y quéme va a decir! \pno Man ke:non, piri nikwalo! \peo How in the world, I'm really sick. \pso ¿Y cómo?¡si de hecho estoy enfermo! \pno ¿Ma a:man?¿Tli:no:n? \peo And now? What? \pso ¿Y ahora?¿Qué? \pno ¿Ma a:ki:no:n? \peo Who can it be? \pso ¿Quién puede ser? \cfo ke:xki \xrb man \nse This word is always used with a following term, often an interrogative pronoun or relativizer. Examples are <no>man</no> <nlo>ke:non</nlo>, <no>man</no> <nlo>kamanon</nlo>, <no>man</no> <nlo>kaman</nlo>, <no>man</no> <nlo>kamasta</nlo>, etc. This modal term is used to express surprise or exasperation on the part of speaker. In Spanish a suggested translation has been <spn>y</spn>, e.g., <no>man ke:non</no> '¿y cómo?' One could, therefore, perhaps translated <no>man tli:non</no> as 'now what?' or 'what's this all about?' etc. In Ameyaltepec this term is not used. Apparently <nla>dyah</nla> can be used in a similar construction with an identical sense, e.g., <na>dyah ke:non, nikwalo</na>. \nae The etymology of this term is unclear, as is it relation to <nlo>ma</nlo> or <nlo>mani</nlo>. \ref 08893 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo teko:ya:wia \lxocpend kiteko:ya:wia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to scrape against (e.g., a wall, in carrying sth such as a board that accidentally hits it, ones sleeve in having a piece of wood being carried slip down, etc.) \sso rascar contra (p. ej., una pared en alcanzarle acidentalmente con una table, la manga de una camisa cuando se le frota una tabla que uno esta cargando, etc.) \seo to scrape (and smooth, e.g, a new clay molcajete with a pestle to get rid of the rough spots) \sso frotar (para dejar liso, p. ej., un molcajete de barro nuevo con la mano para alisarle la superficie) \xrb te \xrb ko:ya: \ref 08894 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo fa:lteh \lxocpend san de fa:lteh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \loan en balde \seo (<no>san de</no> ~) with no result, uselessly \sso (<no>san de</no> ~) solamente en balde \ref 08895 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mokon \lxocpend mokon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \seo surely \sso seguro; de por sí \synao kwa:kon \xrb ma \xrb ikwa:k \nae It is possible that this term derives form <no>ma kwa:kon</no>, which has been shortened and then suffered a vowel change (harmonization) in the first syllable. \ref 08896 \lxa tlamastok \lxacpend tlamastok \lxo tlamastok \lxocpend tlamastok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \seao to be resting \ssao estar descansando \pno Xmotlasiwi:ti, sa: titlamastok! \peo Get a move on, you're just lying there doing nothing! \pso ¡Apúrate, estás nomás descansando! \seao to be listless, without movement or energy (e.g., sb who is feeling under the weather, or very ill) \ssao estar sin ganas de moverse (p. ej., algn que se siente mal, o está muy enfermo) \pno Ma: sa: xtlamasto! \peo Don't just be listless! \pso ¡No estés nada más sin ganas de moverte! \seao (with a directional prefix, and often in progressive) to have ones thoughts in going (to a place) \ssao (con un prefijo direccional, a menudo en el progresivo) estar pensando en ir (a un lugar) \pno Nosiwa:w nochipa ontlamastok ka:mpa i:na:n. \peo My wife is always thinking about going to her mother's house. \pso Mi esposa sólo estápensando en ir a la casa de su mamá. \xrb mati \xbtlao mati \ref 08897 \lxa tlamastiw \lxacpend tlamastik \lxo tlamastiw \lxocpend tlamastiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao to know where one going or going to arrive \ssao saber donde va o va a llegar \pno Nitlamastiw ka:n onkah tlikohtli. \pea I know the place there where there is firewood. \psa Sé el lugar allá donde hay leña. \pna I titlamastiá:s ka:no:n tasis. \pea You are going to know where you are going to arrive. \psa Vas a ir sabiendo donde vas a llegar. \pna Wa:ltlamastiw ka:no:n kochis. \pea He's coming along knowing where he will come to sleep. \psa Viene sabiendo donde va a dormir. \pno A:inon i:cha:n titlamastia:s? \peo At whose house will you know where to arrive (i.e., whose house will you arrive at)? \pso En la casa de quién vas a saber donde llegar? \xrb mati \xbtlao mati \ref 08898 \lxa tlamati \lxacpend tlamati \lxo tlamati \lxocpend tlamati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao to try out (e.g., in tasting, the depth of a river, etc.) \ssao probar (p. ej., un manjar, lo profundo de un río, etc.) \pna Xtlamatitiw deke wekatlan! \pea Go along checking out if it is deep (e.g., a river)! \psa ¡Ve probando para ver si es profundo (p. ej., un río)! \seo (<no>xi:pan</no> ~) to lack respect \sso (<no>xi:pan</no> ~) no tener respeto \xrb mati \xbtlao mati \nse This term may be used in a sexual sense, particularly to indicate homosexuality. \ref 08899 \lxa wa:l- \lxacpend wa:lmo:stla \lxo wa:l- \lxoa wa:h- \lxocpend wa:hmo:stla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seao (~ [day or part of day]) (come) the next [day or part of day] \ssao (~ [día o parte del día]) (viene) el próximo [día o parte del día] \xrb wa:l \nse The word <na>wa:l</na> (Am) / <no>wa:h</no> (Oa) is the same as the directional prefix <nao>wa:l-</nao>. However, before time periods (such as 'tomorrow,' 'the day after tomorrow,' 'tomorrow morning,' etc., it has the meaning of 'come ____.' Thus <na>wa:l kwalka:n o:yah</na> (Am) / <no>wa:h kwalka:n o:yah</no> has the sense of 'come early the next morning he went.' This structure is usually used with a past verbal form, though according to several consultants it may also be used with the future: <na>a:man xwel niaw, wa:l mo:stla niá:s</na>. However, I have never heard this future form in actual use. As an orthographic convention, this particular is here written as a single form with the following time period. \nae Although the Oapan form is undoubtedly underlyingly <no>wa:l</no>, given that this term is never phrase final the underlying {l} never surfaces and there is no cognitive recognition of this form. This is not the case with <no>xok</no>, which can occur by itself (i.e., in phrase final position) even though it is usually articulated as <no>xoh</no> before a following word. \ref 08900 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlamastite:ka \lxocpend notlamastite:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-4a \seo (refl.) to lie down and remain in one place without engaging in any sort of activity \sso (refl.) acostarse y quedarse en un lugar sin ninguna actividad \xrb mati \xrb te:ka \grm Aspectuals: The note concerning this form has been entered in ProCite. \ref 08901 \lxa no: hkon \lxacpend no: hkon \lxo no: hkon \lxoc no: hkon \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-uncl \se likewise; like that; also in the same way or manner as that \ss también de esa o de la misma manera que aquel o que eso; como eso \xrb no: \xrb iw \xrb on \nse Although the final diectic element in <nao>no:hkón</nao> and <nlao>no:hki</nlao> are different, the senses are close, the major difference being the point of reference. Also, although at an earlier moment <nao>no: hkón</nao> was written, like <nlao>no: hkí</nlao>, as one word, this has been changed and now <nao>no: hkón</nao> is written as two. \vl Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan. \ref 08902 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xá:lpopolíwi \lxop xa:lpopoliwi \lxocpend xá:lpopolíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to disappear in or behind swirling sand (e.g., during a sandstorm) \sso desaparecer entre arena que se levanta (p. ej., cuando hay mucho viento) \xrb xa:l \xrb pol \ref 08903 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo mímixtih \lxop mimixtih \lxocpend mímixtíh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \pa yes-rdp \seo name of a dance in Oapan, still occasionally organized and performed by the dancemaster Cirino Esteva \sso nombre de una danza en Oapan, todavía presentada ocasionalmente por el maestro de danza Cirino Esteva \sem dance \xrb mich \nse This dance has 12 dancers, organized in 6 pairs. The front row of dancers (<spn>delanteras</spn>) comprises two <spn>pescadores</spn> (<no>mixtlátlamá:keh</no>) who hold a <nlo>sáletlí</nlo>. These two dancers are described by the verb <no>tlátlamá</no> 'they catch fish.' They do this with their net (<no>sáletlí</no>). The second row of dancers comprises the <nlo>xino:lah</nlo> (from Spanish <spn>señora</spn>) on the left (as the dancers face to the front) and the <nlo>tlátlapé:wiké:tl</nlo> on the right. The <no>xino:lah</no> is dressed in women's clothes. The <no>tlátlapé:wiké:tl</no> is a fisherman who has a short knife or dagger that he uses to prod the fish out from under rocks in the river. The next three rows are comprised of six fishermen. Finally, the last row has a <no>michintsi:n</no>, a catfish or <nlo>xo:wi:lin</nlo>, on the left and the <nlo>a:ketspalin</nlo> on the right. The dance is described in the recording by Cirino Esteva. The dance itself comprises 5 songs (sones) when the dancers exchange places, 3 songs when they catch the fish, count them, and then fight with the alligator, and 2 songs when the dancers enter and leave the place where they dance (e.g., a mayordomo's house). The names are the following: 1) <nlo>kalakilo</nlo> (entry); 2) <nlo>korrali:toh</nlo> (fence); 3) <nlo>krusa:doh</nlo> (cross); 4) <nlo>notsí:npatília</nlo> (to fit into each other back first or by backing in) or <nlo>ná:kiá</nlo> (to fit into each other); 5) <nlo>korrali:toh tlakapa:nia</nlo> (fence stomping ones feet on the ground); 6) <nlo>krusa:doh</nlo> (cross); 7) <nlo>tlátlamáh</nlo> (catching, i.e., fish); 8) <nlo>tlapowah</nlo> (counting, i.e., fish); 9) <nlo>tlatlatskopo:naltiah</nlo> (slapping, i.e, the alligator with its tail against the fisherman); 10) ki:salo (exit). A description of these songs and dance is found on the recording of Cirino Esteva. \ref 08904 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo krusa:doh \lxocpend krusa:doh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan cruz \seo name of two of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; there are two different songs by this name in the dance \sso nombre de dos de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; los dos sones son distintos \nse For a more extensive discussion of the second dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08905 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo nó:tsi:npatília \lxocpend nó:tsi:npatília \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan cruz \seo name of one of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; this song is also known by the name <nlo>ná:kiá</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; este son también se conoce por el nombre de <nlo>ná:kiá</nlo> \xrb tsi:n \xrb patla \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08906 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tsi:npatilia \lxocpend kitsi:npatilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V3 \infv class-2a \seo to place head to foot (e.g., fence stakes, palm, etc. in order to make a tight bundle) \sso colocar cabeza a pie (p. ej., estacas para un corral, palma, etc. para mejor guardar o transportar) \cfo nó:tsi:npatília \xrb tsi:n \xrb patla \ref 08907 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ná:kiá \lxocpend ná:kiá \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \loan cruz \seo name of one of the songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; this song is also known by the name <nlo>nó:tsi:npatília</nlo> \sso nombre de uno de los sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; este son también se conoce por el nombre de <nlo>nó:tsi:npatília</nlo> \xrb aki \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08908 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlapowah \lxocpend tlapowah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N1 \der N-V1 \irregv This is a restricted verb that is not inflected, but rather describes an activity in a specific context. \seo name of an activity/song (son) during the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; during this part of the dance the fisherman count the fish that they have caught \sso nombre de una de las actividades/sones durante la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; durante esta parte de la danza los pescadores cuentan los peces que había pescado \cfo powa \xrb powa \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08909 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlátlamáh \lxocpend tlátlamáh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N1 \der N<V1 \seo name of an activity/song (son) during the religious dance known in Oapan as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; during this part of the dance the fisherman catch the fish \sso nombre de una de las actividades/sones durante la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo> ; durante esta parte de la danza los pescadores pescan los peces \cfo tlama \cfo mí:xtlamá \xrb ma \nse For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08910 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xino:lah \lxocpend xino:lah \loan señora \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seo one of the characters in the dance known as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>, so called because the male dancer is dressed up as a woman \sso uno de los carácteres en la danza conocida como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>, asíllamada porque el joven danzante se viste como mujer \nse This character forms a pair, in the second row of dancers, with the <nlo>tlátlapé:wiké:tl</nlo>. For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08911 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlátlapé:wiké:tl \lxocpend tlátlapé:wiké:tl \loan señora \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seo one of the characters in the dance known as <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>, so called because dancer, a fisherman, has a wooden knife or dagger that is used to poke at and scare out fish from under rocks \sso uno de los carácteres en la danza conocida como <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>, asíllamada porque el joven danzante tiene un cuchillo de madera que se utiliza para empujar y ahuyentar a los peces de abajo de las piedras \xrb pe:wi \nse This character forms a pair, in the second row of dancers, with the <nlo>xino:lah</nlo>. For a more extensive discussion of this dance, see entry under <nlo>mímixtíh</nlo>. \ref 08912 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ne:chka \lxocpend ne:chka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \seo over there (in reference to a point that is in sight, but somewhat distant) \sso allí(en referencia a un punto que está visible, aunque algo distante) \cfa ne:yhka \cfo ne:yá \xrb ne: \nse This refers to a place that is being indicated by speaker, is somewhat distant but well within sight, e.g., the far corner of a room. FK notes in regard to <n>nechca</n> :"there / allí(M). According to C[arochi] (2001:331)" <n>Nechca</n>, over there; it requires that the place of which one speaks be shown and seen, although it be distant." \ref 08913 \lxa -tsi:n \lxacpend we:itsi:n \lxo -tsi:n \lxocpend wé:itsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Suf \pa yes-lex \seo diminutive ending often used affectively, particularly in cases of individuals who have a phyiscal, financial or other sort of problem that evokes sympathy \sso sufijo diminutivo a menudo utilizado de cariño, particularmente en casos de individuos que tiene un problema físico, económico u otro que provoque lástima \xrb tsi:n \nae For reasons that are not clear, the use of this suffix in Oapan appears to create a pitch-accented word in certain case. Thus, for example, <no>nóchitsí:n</no>, <no>wé:itsí:n</no>, <no>tlawé:itsí:n</no>, <no>séntetsí:n</no>, and <no>óntetsi:n</no>. It appears that all these words are either adjectival or have an adjectival function. Many other words (e.g., diminutive nouns and verbs) do not manifest pitch accent with the"diminutive": <no>i:kaltsi:n</no>, <no>notlayo:ltsi:n</no>, <no>poliwitsi:n</no>, <no>pitentsi:n</no>. In some cases the motive for the pitch accent is clear, as in <no>xtlátsí:n</no>. It would appear, then, that when used with modifying words, particularly underived adjectives and quantifiers, the suffix <no>-tsi:n</no> creates a pitch-accented word. Yet the range of words that become pitch accented still needs to be determined. \ref 08914 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:lchipa:htohtsi:n \lxocpend tla:lchipa:htohtsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \seo to be the early dawn, as the land is just becoming illuminated from the rising sun \sso ser el amanecer temprano en el momento que la tierra se empieza a iluminar por el sol saliente \xrb tla:l \xrb chipa: \ref 08915 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo istaxa:hli \lxocpend istaxa:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo see <nlo>istaxi:kahli</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>istaxi:kahli</nlo> \xrb ista \ref 08916 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo istaxi:kahli \lxoa istaxi:'ahli \lxoa istaxa:hli \lxocpend istaxi:kahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo small bowl or shallow plate used to serve salt, particularly sea salt \sso pequeño plato utilizado para servir sal, particularmente sal del mar \syna istakaxitl \xrb sta \xrb xi:kal \nae Some young children pronounce this as <no>istaxa:hli</no>, a reinterpretation of <no>istaxi:'ahli</no>. \ref 08917 \lxa sa:nkah \lxacpend sa:nkah \lxo sa:nkah \lxocpend sa:nkah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan zanja \seao ditch (e.g., for the foundation of a house) \ssao zanja (p. ej., para el cimiento de una casa) \ref 08918 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sí:tsí:n \lxocpend sí:tsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr \der Pro-indef(pl) \pa yes \se a little, some (of an item or material object) \ss un poco, algo de (una cosa material) \pno Sí:tsí:n? \peo Do you want some more (e.g., food being served or sth being offered)? \pso ¿Algo más (p. ej., comido servido u otra cosa que estásiendo ofrecida)? \syna seki \syno sékí \xrb seki \ref 08919 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sí:tsí:n \lxoa sí:tsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj-quant \pa yes \se some (of both countable and mass nouns) \ss una cantidad de; algo de (de sustantivos contables y no contables) \pno Sí:tsi:n ma:w? \peo (Will you give me) some of your water? \pso ¿(Me puedes dar) algo de tu agua? \syna seki \syno sékí \xrb seki \nse With humans the plural marker <no>-meh</no> may be used: <no>Sí:meh ya:skeh</no>. \sj Seki \ref 08920 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo xo:chiko:ntsi:n \lxocpend xo:chiko:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo small cup-like container that is used in traditional marriages and contains two small dolls meant to represent the bride and groom \sso pequeña tasa o ollita que se emplea en las bodas tradicionales; contiene dos muñecas pequeñas que representan el novio y la novia \xrb xo:chi \xrb ko:n \ref 08921 \lxa chichi \lxacpend tomi:nchichi \lxo chichi \lxocpend barríkachichi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seao (in noun compounds) -hog; desirous of (noun) \ssao (en sustantivos compuestos) deseoso de (sustantivo) \pna Titomi:nchichi, tikneki un tomi:n, nochi para tewa. \pea You are a 'money-hog,' you want that money all for yourself. \psa Eres codicioso, quieres ese dinero todo para tí. \xrb chichi \ref 08922 \lxa ikxiye:kma:tli \lxacpend ikxiye:kma \lxo ixiye:hma:tli \lxocpend i:xiye:hma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 1(:) \se right leg (as body part) \ss pierna derecha \sem body \sem human \xrb kxi \xrb ye:k \xrb ma: \pqry Check vowel length of /ye:k/ in Am /ye:kma:tli/, Chen Díaz asserted that it was short. \ref 08923 \lxa ikxima:poxtli \lxacpend ikxima:poch \lxo ixiyma:poxtli \lxocpend i:xima:poch \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn Stem 1(ch) \se left leg \ss pierna izquierda \sem body \sem human \xrb kxi \xrb ma: \xrb poch \ref 08924 \lxa sa:hki \lxacpend sa:hki \lxo sa:hki \lxocpend sa:hki \dt 17/Mar/2005 \psm Adv \seao without anything; simply \ssao asínomás sin nada (esto es, sin extravagancia); sencillamente; pobremente \pna Tewameh sa:hki titlakwan. \pea As for us, we eat simply (i.e., nothing fancy or expensive). \psa En cuanto a nosotros, comemos sencillamente. \pna A: Ke:no:n tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Ba, ye nona:miktia! B: Sa:hki, ba xnikpia tli:no:n ika! \pea A: How will you give away your daughter? Y'know she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, y'know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her in-laws)! \psa A:¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija?¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B:¡Asínomás, sabes pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa asíque puede llevarse a su casa nueva con los suegros)! \pna Sa:hki o:nimoka:w o:tlan notlayo:l. \pea I just got left like this, my maize got all used up. \psa Me quedé asínada más, se acabómi maíz. \pno A: Roberto, xikihti i:n motale:kah! B: Ka:, sa:hki yes! \peo A: Roberto, take along your bag here! B: No, it'll be (i.e., I'll go) just like this! \pso A:¡Roberto, llévate tu morral! B:¡No, asínomás va a ser (esto es, voy a ir)! \cfao sahki \xrb sa: \xrb iw \nse For a fuller discussion of the meaning of this term, see entry under <nlao>sahki</nlao>. \ref 08925 \lxa sa:hkón \lxacpend sa:hkón \lxo sa:hkón \lxoa sa:hkión \lxocpend sa:hkón \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv/Adj \se now only like that \ss ahora solamente asío en esa manera \pna Sa:hkón weli, xok ma:s kitilia. \pea That's the only way he knows how to do it, he can't see the way anymore. \psa Asínada más lo sabe hacer, ya no le ve la manera. \pna Sa:hkón o:timoka:w, titla:wa:nke:tsi:ntli! \pea You wound up just like that, you're a drunkard! \psa ¡Asínomás acabaste, eres un borrachito! \pno Tlayékwa:nia i:pan on tome:sah, sa:hkón ma onye. \peo He moves things off our table there, let it be just like that (i.e., without anything on it)! \pso Quita las cosas de sobre nuestra esa,¡que estéasíno más (esto es, sin nada en su superficie)! \cfa sahkón \xrb sa: \xrb iw \nse For a fuller explanation of the semantics of this word, see the entry under <nla>sahkón</nla>. Note that in the phrase <no>Tlayékwa:nia i:pan on tome:sah, sa:hkón ma onye.</no> the term <no>sa:hkón</no> refers to the"reduced state"of the table, i.e., lacking any objects or adornments on it. \ref 08926 \lxa chi:lxoxo:hki \lxacpend chi:lxoxo:hki \lxo chi:xo:hki \lxocpend chi:xo:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seao green chile \ssao chile verde \xrb chi:l \xrb xo:wi \nae The Oapan diminutive is <no>chi:xo:hka:tsi:ntli</no> whereas the Ameyaltepec diminutive is <na>chi:lxoxo:hkitsi:n</na>. Here the different rules of diminutive derivation are clear. In Oapan the historical participial ending <n>-ka:</n> surfaces, as it does in Classical Nahuatl. The absolutive is not added, given its absence in the non-diminutive form. In Ameyaltepec the diminutive is added directly onto the regular form, with no change in the final vowel (i.e., the historical <n>-ka:</n> does not surface). Moreover, the absolutive is added. Note also the lost of stem-final /l/ in the Oapan form <no>chi:xo:hki</no> and the lack of the reduplicant, with no compensatory pitch accent. \grm Diminutive: Am /chi:lxoxo:hki/ and Oa /chi:xo:hki/. The Oapan diminutive is <no>chi:xo:hka:tsi:ntli</no> whereas the Ameyaltepec diminutive is <na>chi:lxoxo:hkitsi:n</na>. Here the different rules of diminutive derivation are clear. In Oapan the historical participial ending <n>-ka:</n> surfaces, as it does in Classical Nahuatl. The absolutive is not added, given its absence in the non-diminutive form. In Ameyaltepec the diminutive is added directly onto the regular form, with no change in the final vowel (i.e., the historical <n>-ka:</n> does not surface). Moreover, the absolutive is added. \ref 08927 \lxa tlanelo:hloh \lxacpend tlanelo:hloh \lxo tlawi:kahloh \lxocpend tlawi:kahloh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seo mixed (e.g., dry things such as several types of seeds that have been mixed together to plant: maize, beans, watermelon, melon, etc.; syn. Am <nlo>tlanelo:hloh</nlo>) \sso revuelto (p. ej., cosas secas como varios tipos de semilla que han sido mezcladas para sembrar: maíz, frijoles, sandía, melón, etc.; sin. Am <nlo>tlanelo:hloh</nlo>) \xrb wi:ka \ref 08928 \lxa tlato:l ka:wa \lxacpend tlato:lka:wa \lxo tláto:lká:wa \lxocpend tláto:lká:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to lose the ability to speak (e.g., a person on the verge of death) \ssao perder la habilidad de hablar (p. ej., una persona a punto de morir) \xrb hto \xrb ka:wa \ref 08929 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tehpatetl \lxocpend tehpatetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \com N-N \seo hard, white flint-like stone, formerly used by women to roughen the surface of metates \sso piedra dura, blanca, antes utilizada por las mujeres para marcar la superficie de los metates \xrb tekpa \xrb te \ref 08930 \lxo no:mpa \lxocpend no:mpa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seo there also \sso allítambién \xrb no: \xrb pa \nse This should be distinguished from <no>no mpa</no>, which is the 1st-person short independent pronoun, followed by the adverbial <no>mpa</no>, with the meaning 'I there.' \ref 08931 \lxo ítitómiyóh \lxop ititomiyoh \lxocpend ítitómiyóh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \seo having a hairy belly \sso con la panza peluda o con mucho pelo \xrb hti \xrb tohmi \nse Often this is found in the reduplicated form, <no>ítí:tomíyoh</no>. \ref 08932 \lxo serakókoné:tl \lxocpend serakókoné:tl \lxop serakokone:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo doll made of wax \sso muñeca de cera \xrb kone: \ref 08933 \lxa ni:siwia \lxacpend kini:siwia \lxo ni:siwia \lxoc kini:siwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \pss P2 \infv class-2a \se to draw close to \ss acercarse a \xrb ni:si \nse In Ameyaltepec this word is archaic, more common is <na>kise:rkawia</na>. \ref 08934 \lxa na:palo:ltia \lxacpend kina:palo:ltia \lxo na:palo:ltia \lxocpend kina:palo:ltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V3 \infv class-2a \se to give (sb a child) to hold or cradle \ss dar (un niño)a (algn) para abrazar \pno Ma nimitsna:palo:lti nokone:w! \seo Let me give you my child to hold in your arms! \sso ¡Déjame darte mi niño a abrazar! \xvbao na:palowa \xrb na:pal \grm Causative: note that there are various types of causatives and among the most interesting semantically are those that involve the causatives of transitive verbs. In this case the object of the causative is a person who volitionally takes a child in his or her arms. The question here is the degree of agentivity or volitionality of the object (the human animate). It would appear that this facet of causation is directly related to the semantics of the base verb. In cases such as <n>kwa</n> the causative involves a decreased agentivity or volitionality, as the semantics of the causative is something to the effect of 'to put in the mouth of' (e.g., a bit in a horse's mouth, or food in a young child's mouth). In other cases the semantics of causation involve"let causatives"in which the action of the subject of the causative verb allows something, usually an intransitive action, to take place. This is the case with <nla>a:toktia</nla> 'to let (sth) be swept away by the water." \ref 08935 \lxanotes zzz \lxo wa:hka:tlatlasi \lxocpend wa:hka:tlatlasi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com Part-V1 \infv class-3a \seo to cough with a dry cough \sso toser con un tos seco \xrb wa:k \xrb tlasi \ref 08936 \lxa temasa:tl \lxacpend temasa:tl \lxo temasa:tl \lxocpend temasa:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \der te-N-b \infn Stem 2 \seo type of animal not identified that looks like a goat, if you shoot at it and don't kill it, it can blow worms on you with its breath \sso tipo de animal como chivo, mansito pero si le tiras y no le das, te va soltar gusanos con su aliento \seao elder deer (with many antlers) \ssao venado grande o viejo (con los cuernos con muchas puntas) \cfao masa:tl \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb masa: \xrl te \nct yo:lki \nse According to Marcial Camilo the word <no>temasa:tl</no> refers to deer with 12 points on its antlers (normal deer have 6). He added that if one shoots a <no>temasa:tl</no> then one will kill 12 more deer in the future. Roberto Mauricio gave the first definition above, that the animal is like a wild goat. It is also a word in Ameyaltepec (I have heard Cristino Flores use it), but I haven't yet determined its meaning. \ref 08937 \lxo tlatok \lxocpend i:tlatok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn Relational \seo animal alter-ego into which one can turn oneself \sso nahual, animal que es otro espiritu de una persona, a que se puede cambiar \nde There is no equivalent form in Ameyaltepec other than <nlao>na:wahli</nlao>, which is also used in Oapan. \xrb toka \ref 08938 \lxa tlatoka \lxacpend tlatoka \lxo tlatoka \lxocpend tlatoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com tla-V2 \infv class-4a \seao to be fierce (an animal such as a bull that chases after people trying to gore and kill them) \ssao ser bravo (un toro, por seguir a las personas tratando de cornearlos y matarlos) \sea (occasionally preceded by <na>pa</na> or <na>ompa</na>) to follow (in birth order; Oapan syn. <nlo>te:toka</nlo>) \ssa (a veces precedido por <na>pa</na> o <na>ompa</na>) seguir (en orden de nacer; sin. Oapan <nlo>te:toka</nlo>) \pna Un kichkone:tl yewa pa tlatoka. \pea That child, he follows other in birth order. \psa Ese niño,él sigue a otros en nacer. \xrb toka \ref 08939 \lxa te:toka \lxacpend te:toka \lxo te:toka \lxocpend te:toka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \com te:-V2 \infv class-4a \seo to follow behind (in order, e.g, a line of people or animals) \sso seguir atrás (en orden, p. ej., una línea de gente o de animales) \pno Sa: te:toka moto:roh. \peo Your bull follows up in the rear. \pso Tu toro es elúltimo en seguir a los demás. \sea (occasionally preceded by <na>pa</na> or <na>ompa</na>) to follow (in birth order, either siblings or individuals being compared in age) \ssa (a veces precedido por <na>pa</na> o <na>ompa</na>) seguir (en orden de nacer, o entre hermanos o simplemente personas al comparar su orden de nacer) \pna To mokone:w sa: te:toka. \pea Your child follows others in birth order. \psa Tu niño(a) sigue a los demás (en orden de nacer, esto es, es más joven o es el más joven). \xrb toka \ref 08940 \lxa masa:te:moke:tl \lxacpend masa:te:moke:tl \lxo masa:té:moké:tl \lxop masa:te:moke:tl \lxocpend masa:té:moké:tl \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \pa yes \se deer hunter \ss cazador de venado \syna ma:satlama:ke:tl \syno ma:satlámaké:tl \xrb masa: \xrb ma \nae Apparently the /a/ is short in Oapan and long in Ameyaltepec, though in the latter this word is seldom used. More common in Ameyaltepec is <nla>masa:te:roh</nla> ; in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan one also finds <nla>masa:te:moke:tl</nla> (Am) / <nlo>masa:té:moké:tl</nlo> (Oa). \qry Apparently /masa:tlamaki/ is not acceptable. \ref 08941 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo ye:lpanwia \lxocpend kiye:lpanwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to carry with a horizontal strip across the chest and the load on ones back \sso cargar con un tirante en el pecho y la carga por la espalda \xrb ye:l \xrl pan \ref 08942 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo petskaya:wa \lxocpend nopetskaya:wa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to let slip or slide down (e.g., rocks or firewood on a slope) \sso dejar deslizar, dejar resbalar (p. ej., piedras o leña por una bajada) \seo (refl.) to slip, to slide (e.g., off a slippery surface); to let oneself slide off (e.g., a slippery surface) \sso (refl.) deslizarse, resbalarse, dejarse resbalar \seo (refl.) to flow or fall off an inclined surface (e.g., water off of a sloped roof, a cloak, etc.) \sso (refl.) correrse o deslizarse hacia abajo sobre la superficie de una inclinación (p. ej., agua que corre por un techo inclinado, o por un capote) \mod This was an entry for Oapan /peya:wa/, but no examples, definitions, etc. were given. It was stated taht this was an obligatorily reflexive verb. This should be checked \ref 08943 \lxanotes yzzzno \lxo pa:ya:tik \lxocpend pa:ya:tik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo foolish, thoughtless \sso menso, sonso \seo weak, slow (e.g., sb who is unable to lift a light weight, to walk long distances) \sso débil, despacio (p. ej., algn que no puede alzar algo medio pesado, o caminar por el cerro, etc.) \cfao pa:ya:tl \xrb pa:ya: \ref 08944 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo xa:ma:ka:hli \lxocpend xa:ma:ka:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo type of garden patch for cilantro and other herbs and greens that is in the form of a long bed \sso parte de una huerta sembrada con hierbas y quelites en una forma larga \cfao tekahli \cfao tlapacho:hli \xrb xa:ma:ka:l \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 08945 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tekiti:ltia \lxocpend kitekiti:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to make or put (sb) to work \sso poner a o hacer trabajar a (algn) \xrb teki \ref 08946 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo na:ntso:hli \lxocpend na:ntso:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \infn never possessed \com N-N \seo mama's boy (sb who always is missing his or her mother, e.g., who always wants to live with or visit his or her mother) \sso persona que tiene mamitis (esto es, que siempre quiere estar cerca de, vivir con o visitar a su mamá) \seo man who misses his wife, who always wants to be with her \sso hombre que extraña a su esposa, que siempre quiere estar con ella \xrb na:n \xrb tso:l \ref 08947 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tlaíwatíkahtia \lxop tlaiwatikahtia \lxocpend tlaíwatíkahtia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \pa yes \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to get dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.) \sso oscurecerse al anochecer (afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.) \flao tlaiwa \xrb yowa \ref 08948 \lxa tlaiwati \lxacpend tlaiwati \lxo tlaiwati \lxocpend tlaiwati \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3d(ti) \seo to get dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.) \sso oscurecerse al anochecer (afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.) \flao tlaiwa \xrb yowa \ref 08949 \lxa tlaiwatia \lxacpend tlaiwatia \lxo tlaiwatia \lxocpend tlaiwatia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4d(tia) \seo to get dark (e.g., outside after nightfall, in a room with no windows, etc.) \sso oscurecerse al anochecer (afuera después del anochecer; en un cuarto sin ventanas, etc.) \flao tlaiwa \xrb yowa \nse This form is rare in Ameyaltepec. Much more common is <nla>tlaiwati</nla>. \ref 08950 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo a:mihtoli:nia \lxocpend na:mihtoli:nia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \infv class-2a \seo to suffer from thirst \sso sufrir por sed \xrb a: \xrb miki \xrb toli: \ref 08951 \lxa a:miktli \lxacpend a:miktli \lxo a:mihtli \lxocpend a:mihtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo thirst \sso sed \xrb a: \xrb miki \ref 08953 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo koxká:nenéki \lxocpend nokoxká:nenéki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3a(k) \seo (refl.) to pretend to be sick \sso (refl.) hacerse el enfermo, fingir estar enfermo \syna kokoxka:te:ka \xrb koya \xrb neki \nae Note the absence of the reduplicant in this form: ? <no>nokokoxká:neneki</no>. \grm Reduplication: Note the absence of the reduplicant in this form: ? <no>nokokoxká:neneki</no>. \ref 08954 \lxa kokoxka:te:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-4a \seo (refl.) to pretend to be sick \sso (refl.) hacerse el enfermo, fingir estar enfermo \syno kokoxká:nenéki \xrb koya \xrb te:ka \ref 08954 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo koxnénekí \lxop koxneneki \lxocpend nokoxnénekí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3a(k) \seo to pretend to be asleep \sso hacerse el dormido, fingir estar dormido \syna kochka:tete:ka \syno kochká:teté:ka \xrb kochi \xrb neki \ref 08955 \lxa kochka:tete:ka \lxacpend nokochka:tete:ka \lxo kochká:teté:ka \lxop kochka:tete:ka \lxocpend nokochká:teté:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-4a \seo to pretend to be asleep \sso hacerse el dormido, fingir estar dormido \syno koxnéneki \xrb kochi \xrb te:ka \ref 08956 \lxa kwelpache:wi \lxacpend kwelpache:wi \lxo kwelpache:wi \lxocpend kwelpache:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent or doubled over; to sag (e.g., a plant that is either laden with fruit or drying up and wilting); to buckle (e.g., a pole under a great weight) \ss encorvarse; doblarse; combarse (p. ej., una planta cargada con fruta, o sufriendo por falta de agua); combarse (p. ej., un poste bajo un peso grande) \xrb kwel \xrb pach \nae One also has the forms, in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan, <nao>kwelpachiwi</nao>. \ref 08957 \lxa desi:yah \lxacpend modesi:yah \lxo desi:yah \lxocpend modesi:yah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan de, silla \seao beast of burden (particularly a horse or mule) that is used exclusively for riding \ssao animal de carga que se emplea excluisvamente para montar \nae Note that in Nahuatl the borrowing <nao>desi:yah</nao> is used as a noun. \ref 08958 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo kwahlo:tika \lxocpend san kwahlo:tika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \seo to be bewitched; to not be real (i.e., earthly) \sso estar embrujado; no ser natural (esto es, de este mundo) \pno Yo on wa:kax xmila:k, xmila:k, san kwahlo:tika wa:kax on. \peo That head of cattle isn't real, it's not a true animal, it's not earthly that head of cattle. \pso Ese ganado no es de a de veras, no es real, solamente es de brujería ese ganado. \xrb kwa \nse This word is found in a story told by Joaquin Herrera \ref 08959 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo a:tlahma:tli \lxocpend a:tlahma:tli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea a small gorge that joins into another larger one \sso barranquita que se junta a o sale de otra más grande \xrb a:tlaw \xrb ma: \ref 08960 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:pitsahtli \lxoc a:pitsahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo small stream of water that is left between a sandbar and the bank during the dry season \sso arroyito de agua que se corre en una vara de arena y la ribera del río durante la temporada de secas \syno a:pitsahko \xrb a: \xrb pitsa: \ref 08961 \lxa dia:ntreh \lxacpend dia:ntreh \lxo dia:ntreh \lxocpend dia:ntreh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan diablo \psm N \seao Devil \ssao diablo \pna Ka:n dia:ntreh tiaw? \pea Where in hell are you going? \psa ¿A dónde diablos te vas? \nse This is used mostly in cursing, e.g, when one is mad at someone or something. \ref 08962 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tétekíyawá \lxop tetekiyawa \lxocpend kí:tekíyawá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \seo to strongly scold \sso regañar fuertemente \pno íkwá:k se: topi:pih kwala:ni, kí:tekíyawái:kone:w. \peo When a woman gets mad, she strongly scolds her child. \pso Cuando una señora se enoja, regaña fuertemente a su hijo \xrb teki \xrb ahwa \ref 08963 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo a:ra i:kone:w \lxoa a:rikone:w \lxocpend a:rikone:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \loan (part) carajo \seo dam it! \sso hijo del diablo! \xrb kone: \nse This word is used in cursing when something has made one mad. In Ameyaltepec the equivalent is <na>miktla:n ikone:w</na>. \ref 08964 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo ké:menó:n \lxoa ké:manó:n \lxop ke:meno:n \lxocpend tla: ké:menó:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo for example that \sso por ejemplo ese \pno Tla: ké:menó:n xya mocha:n! \peo For example, go to your house! \pso ¡Por ejemplo, ve a tu casa! \pno To:to:tsi:ntli ké:menó:n yo xma:s wewe:imeh. \peo Birds such as those that are not that big. \pso Pájaros, por ejemplo los que no son muy grandes. \cfo ké:mení:n \synao kea:man \nse This word is often preceded by <no>tla:</no> \ref 08965 \lxa saló:n \lxacpend saló:n \lxo salo:n \lxoa salo:h \lxocpend salo:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan salón \psm N \seao 22 caliber rifle, particularly Winchesters \ssao rifle de calibre 22, particularmente el Winchester \ref 08966 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tlikwi:tia \lxocpend kitlikwi:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to light (firewood, candle, griddle, etc.) \ss prender (leña, veladora, comal, etc.) \se to turn on (e.g., a light or electrical apparatus) \ss encender (p. ej., un foco o aparato eléctrico) \synao tlikwi:ltia \xrb tli \xrb kwi \xvbao tlikwi \xvao tlikwi:tilia \grm Note that in Oapan both causative forms are found: /tlikwi:tia/ and /tlikwi:ltia/, with perhaps the former more common. \ref 08967 \lxo tlikwi:tilia \lxocpend kitlikwi:tilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to light (a fire) for; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint) \ss prender (un fuego) para; prender una vela para (p. ej., un santo). \se to turn on (e.g., a light, an electric appliance) for \ss encender (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico) para \xrb tli \xrb kwi \xvbo tlikwi:tia \nde This applicative form is not found in Ameyaltepec, where instead one finds <nlao>tlikwi:ltia</nlao> and <nlao>tlikwi:ltilia</nlao>, terms also found in Oapan. \ref 08968 \lxa i:xte:mowa \lxacpend tlai:xte:mowa \lxo i:xte:mowa \lxocpend tlai:xte:mowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \seao to look for just with ones gaze (i.e., without moving) \ssao buscar con la pura vista (esto es, sin moverse) \xrb i:x \xrb te:m-2- \ref 08969 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo kenekwa:w \lxoa kenkwa:w \lxoa kenikwa:w \lxoa kenekwa:htsi:n \lxoa kenikwa:htsi:n \lxocpend kenekwa:w \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \seo to make believe; to pretend \sso hacer de cuenta; pretender ser que \pno San kenekwa:htsi:n tona:mihti:skeh. \peo Let's pretend that we are going to get married. \pso Hacemos de cuenta que nos casemos. \seo (<no>tla:</no> ~) Ah! [modal form that indicates surpise on the part of speaker] \sso (<no>tla:</no> ~) Ah! [forma modal que indica sorpresa por parte del que habla] \pno Tla: kenekwa:w yo:t'ma:k nawa no:hki o:hmakato. \peo Ah! You gave it to him! I also when to give it to him. \pso ¡Ah quéya se lo diste! yo también se lo fui a dar. \xrb kenekwa:w \ref 08970 \lxa i:xtlami \lxacpend i:xtlami \lxo i:xtlami \lxocpend i:xtlami \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-3a(m) \seao (with the directional prefix <no>on-</no>) to see as far as \ssao (con el prefijo direccional <no>on-</no>) alcanzar la vista tan lejos como \pno Toni:xtlami ne: i:pan tepe:tl. \peo The furthest that you can see is there on the hill. \pso Lo más lejos que alcanzas ver es alláen el cerro. \xrb i:x \xrb tlam \nae This verb is usually used with the prefix <no>on-</no>. It appears that in the perfective it is more common to maintain the prefix, <no>ya:lwa o:noni:xtlan</no> although often speakers will accept the use of the suffix <no>ya:lwa o:ni:xtlamito</no>. \grm Directionals: This verb is usually used with the prefix <no>on-</no>. It appears that in the perfective it is more common to maintain the prefix, <no>ya:lwa o:noni:xtlan</no> although often speakers will accept the use of the suffix <no>ya:lwa o:ni:xtlamito</no>. \ref 08971 \lxa siyatia \lxacpend kisiyatia \lxo síyatiá \lxop siyatia \lxocpend nihsíyatiá \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seao to saddle (an animal) \ssao ponerle silla a (un animal) \ref 08972 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tlá:tlakwáhli \lxop tlá:tlakwahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo (usually possessed) favorite dish \sso (generalmente poseído) platillo o comida favorito \cfo tlakwahli \cfo tlá:kwahlí \xrb kwa \nse Occasionally only one reduplication is used with the same sense, e.g., <no>nó:tlakwáltsi:n</no>. \ref 08973 \lxanotes zzz \lxo po:nki \lxocpend po:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo (usually in the negative) open (a flower) \sso (usualmente en el negativo) abierta (una flor) \xrb po: \ref 08974 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo óté:mpan \lxocpend óté:mpan \lxop ote:mpan \dt 17/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \seo at the side of the road \sso por la orilla del camino \xrb oh \xrb te:m \xrl -pan \ref 08975 \lxanotes zzz \lxo no:mpayá: \lxocpend no:mpayá: \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seo also over there \sso también por allí \pno No:mpayá: nicha:nti. \peo I also live over there. \pso Yo también por allívivo. \xrb no: \xrb pa \xrb ika \ref 08976 \lxa tla:katilia \dt 15/Jan/2004 \ref 08977 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tla:kati:ltia \lxocpend kitla:kati:ltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to give birth to (an animal of its young, a woman to a child) \sso hacer nacer; dar a luz (un animal a su cría, una mujer a un niño) \synao tla:katilia \xrb tla:ka \ref 08978 \lxa ke:nihki \lxacpend ke:nihki \lxo ke:nihki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seo with difficulty \sso con trabajo \pno San ke:nihki wa:hlaw. \peo He comes with difficulty (e.g., because he is sick) \pso Viene con trabajo (p. ej., por estar enfermo) \seao in any way whatsoever; in any which way \ssao como sea; en cualquier manera \pna San ke:nihki kitla:lia. \pea He just sets it down in any way whatsoever (i.e., without any particular order or concern). \psa Lo coloca como sea (esto es, en cualquier manera, sin cuidado). \pna Tikwa:ta:takaltik, o:mitsxi:nkeh san ke:nihki. \pea You have places on your head with real short hair, they cut your hair just in any old way. \psa Tienes lugares con poco pelo por tu cabeza, te cortaron el pelo sin cuidado. \cfao ke:n \cfao ihki \xrb ke:n \xrb iw \ref 08979 \lxa na:nawe:lah \lxacpend na:nawe:lah \lxo na:nawe:lah \lxocpend na:nawe:lah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan (part) abuela \com N-N \seao woman of advanced age \ssao mujer de edad avanzada \xrb na:n \ref 08980 \lxa ta:nawe:loh \lxacpend ta:nawe:loh \lxo ta:nawe:loh \lxocpend ta:nawe:loh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan (part) abuela \com N-N \seao man of advanced age \ssao hombre de edad avanzada \cfao na:nawe:lah \xrb na:n \nse This word is now seldom used (less so in Ameyaltepec). \ref 08981 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ówiyó \lxocpend íowíyo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo see <nlo>ótlí</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>ótlí</nlo> \xrb oh \ref 08982 \lxa a:mako:hke:tl \lxacpend a:mako:hke:tl \lxo a:mako:hke:tl \lxocpend a:mako:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys amate (bark paper) \ss comprador de amates \xrb a:ma \xrb ko:wa \ref 08983 \lxa michko:hke:tl \lxacpend michko:hke:tl \lxo michko:hke:tl \lxocpend michko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys fish \ss comprador de pescado \xrb mich \xrb ko:wa \pqry In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. \ref 08984 \lxa petlako:hke:tl \lxacpend petlako:hke:tl \lxo petlako:hke:tl \lxocpend petlako:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys straw mats \ss comprador de petates \xrb petla \xrb ko:wa \pqry In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. \ref 08985 \lxa tlake:nko:hke:tl \lxacpend tlake:nko:hke:tl \lxo tlake:nko:hke:tl \lxocpend tlake:nko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys clothes or cloth \ss comprador de ropa o tela \xrb tlake:m \xrb ko:wa \ref 08986 \lxa tla:lko:hke:tl \lxacpend tla:lko:hke:tl \lxo tla:lko:hke:tl \lxocpend tla:lko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys land \ss comprador de terrenos \xrb tla:l \xrb ko:wa \pqry In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. \ref 08987 \lxa tlapechko:hke:tl \lxacpend tlapechko:hke:tl \lxo tlapechko:hke:tl \lxocpend tlapechko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys beds \ss comprador de camas \xrb pech \xrb ko:wa \pqry In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. \ref 08988 \lxa tlayo:lko:hke:tl \lxacpend tlayo:lko:hke:tl \lxo tlayo:lko:hke:tl \lxocpend tlayo:lko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys maize \ss comprador de maíz \xrb o:ya \xrb ko:wa \pqry In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. \ref 08989 \lxa wa:xko:hke:tl \lxacpend wa:xko:hke:tl \lxo wa:xko:hke:tl \lxocpend wa:xko:hke:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn Stem 2 \se person who buys guajes \ss comprador de guajes \cfo wa:kaxko:hke:tl \xrb wa:x \xrb ko:wa \ref 08990 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo ixtsátsitíw \lxocpend ixtsátsitíw \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \seo to walk rapidly with heavy sounding steps (from ones shoes or boots) \sso caminar rápido con los pasos resoñanando fuerte (con zapatos o botas) \cfa tlatetekwitsa \cfo tla:tekwitsa \xrb kxi \seo (usually with aspectual <no>-tiw</no>) to walk rapidly with heavy sounding steps \sso (a menudo con el aspectual <no>-tiw</no>) caminar rápido con los pasos resoñanando fuerte \xrb tsahti \nse According to Roberto Mauricio, whereas <no>ixtsátsitíw</no> refers to the heavy resounding footsteps of one walking heavily with shoes or boots, <no>tla:tekwistiw</no> can refer to a similar sound including that made with sandals. \ref 08991 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tlaxitéchikítiw \lxocpend tlaxitéchikítiw \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>-tiw</nlao> \seo to go along making a shuffling sound (dragging ones feet along the ground) \sso ir haciendo el sonido de rastrear los pies en el suelo \xrb kxi \xrb hchiki \ref 08992 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tekwikwihlo:tia \lxocpend notekwikwihlo:tia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to become striped crosswise or horizontally (i.e., not lengthwise) \sso quedarse atravestado por colores rayados \cfa me:koti \cfa si:sikwiltik \xrb kwil \nse This verb is used to refer to the change in color that affects certain animals: <nlo>malintsi:n</nlo>, <nlo>kwe:tla</nlo>, and <nlo>chapolin</nlo>. The corralillo snake is also <nlo>tekwikwiltik</nlo>. Note that in Ameyaltepec the borrowing <na>me:koti</na> is used. For the adjective one finds <na>me:kotik</na>. Cf. <nla>si:sikwiltik</nla>. \ref 08993 \lxa tesi:sikwil \lxacpend tesi:sikwil \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea spotted; having polk-a-dots \ssa salpicado de color; pinto \sem color-pattern \syna si:sikwiltik \xrb sikwil \subadj sa:ndiah \subadj a:yotli \subadj bese:rroh \ref 08994 \lxa xi:hki:sa \lxacpend xi:hki:sa \lxo xi:hki:sa \lxocpend xi:hki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seao to have ones belly-button pop out \ssao salirsele (a uno) el ombligo \xrb xi:k \xrb ki:sa \nse In Ameyaltepec it is said that if a young child is born and then looks at a pregnant woman, <na>kitlama:maltia, xi:hki:sa, tlama:ma iun ye nemi</na> 'she (the pregnant woman) places a burden on him (the young child), his belly button pops out, the one that is already born carries a weight.' \ref 08995 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo xi:hkomoliwi \lxocpend xi:hkomoliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to have ones belly-button sink into ones belly \sso hundirsele el ombligo (a uno) \synao xi:hkalaki \xrb xi:k \xrb komol \ref 08996 \lxa xi:hkalaki \lxacpend xi:hkalaki \lxo xi:hkalaki \lxocpend xi:hkalaki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \seo to have ones belly-button sink into ones belly \sso hundirsele el ombligo (a uno) \synao xi:hkomoliwi \xrb xi:k \xrb kala \ref 08997 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo xi:hkomoliwi \lxocpend xi:hkomoliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo having a sunken belly-button \sso con el ombligo entrado o hundido \xrb xi:k \xrb komol \ref 08998 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo ma:pochik \lxocpend ma:pochik \infn pl. <no>ma:pochihmeh</no> (Oa) / <na>ma:pochikmeh</na> \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap-ni-k \se type of insect similar to daddy longlegs (also called crane fly and harvestman (not considered a <nlao>tokatl</nlao>) \ss tipo de insecto parecido al segador o araña zancuda (no considerado un <nlao>tokatl</nlao>) \syna ma:se:kapochik \syno ma:sia:pochik \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrb pochi: \nse <na>Ma:se:kapochik</na> are used as a remedy for whooping cough (tosferina). They are collected and boiled in water and then the water is drunk. \grm Plural: Note that the plural in Am is /ma:se:kapochikmeh/, at least according to Cristino Flores. In Oapan, according to Roberto Mauricio, it is <no>ma:pochihmeh</no>. \ref 08999 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo á:mó:lwia \lxop a:mo:lwia \lxocpend ne:chá:mo:lwía \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to apply soap from the amole tree to \sso aplicarle jabón delárbol llamado amole a \xrb a: \xrb mo:l \ref 09000 \lxa tlapechyo:tia \lxacpend kitlapechyo:tia \lxo tlapechyo:tia \lxocpend kitlapechyo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seao to place cactus rods on (e.g., a thatched or teja roof) \ssao ponerle varas de cactus sobre (p. ej., una casa de palma, zacate o teja) \xrb pech \ref 09001 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo á:pá:ntia \lxocpend ká:pá:ntia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to place a garland of flowers (usually of marigolds, or of <nlo>sé:piyá:ka:tl</nlo>) on (usually a saint or cross) \sso colocar una guirnalda de flores (generalmente de cempoalxochitl o <nlo>sé:piyá:ka:tl</nlo>) sobre (generalmente un santo o cruz) \xrb a: \xrb pa:n \ref 09002 \lxa pio:kwa \lxacpend pio:kwa \lxo pio:kwa \lxocpend pio:kwa \loan (part) pio \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \seao to eat chicken \ssao comer pollo \xrb kwa \ref 09003 \lxa ri:koti \lxacpend o:ri:kot \lxo rí:kotí \lxop ri:koti \lxocpend o:ri:kotik \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular split: class-3 (Am); class-4 (Oa) \seao to become rich \ssao hacerse o volverse rico \nae In Oapan, the underlying {h} from the loan <no>ri:koh</no> is maintained in the underlying verb form and motivates its inclusion in class 4. However, in Ameyaltepec the {h} is completely lost and the verb is placed in class 3. Note also that the length of the borrowed noun is maintained in the verb, yielding <na>ri:koti</na> and not ? <na>riko:ti</na>. \grm Vowel length; loans: re /ri:koti/ Note also that the length of the borrowed noun is maintained in the verb, yielding <na>ri:koti</na> and not ? <na>riko:ti</na>. \ref 09004 \lxanotes zzz \lxo kahtilia \lxocpend mitskahtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V1-b \infv class-2a \seo to calm down (an illness or sth that hurts) for (sb) \sso calmarle (una enfermedad o algo que duele) a (algn) \pno Mitskahtilia ka:mpa mitsokowa. \peo It calms down for you the place where it hurts you. \pso Te calma el lugar donde te duele. \cfo kahtiw \xrb kaki \ref 09005 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo pákó:ntli \lxocpend pákó:ntli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N1 \com N-N \seo cave that is filled with bat dung \sso cueva llena de estiercol de murciélago \xrb pah \xrb ko:m \ref 09006 \lxa ikxina:miki \lxacpend kikxina:miki \lxo ixina:miki \lxocpend kixina:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \infv class-3a(k) \seao to step on accidentally (e.g., a scorpion, or an animal underneath the water) \ssao pisar accidentalmente (p. ej., un alacrán, o un animal abajo del agua) \xrb kxi \xrb na:miki \ref 09007 \lxa i:xte:na:miki \lxacpend ki:xte:na:miki \lxo i:xte:na:miki \lxocpend kixina:miki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \infv class-3a(k) \seao to come across and see accidentally (i.e., without specifically looking for, e.g., one needs wood for ones house and in walking through the woods comes across wood that will be useful) \ssao ver de repetente algo que no se esperaba ver (p. ej., una persona buscaba algo pero después lo dejaba de buscar, y después, por casualidad, lo ve) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb na:miki \ref 09008 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo mixtla:wi:lowa \lxocpend to:to:tla:wi:lowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to illuminate (in fishing at night) fish in shallow water with light from a torch made of <nlo>tekono:xtli</nlo> (Oa) \ss iluminar (en pescar durante la noche) peces en agua poco profunda con la luz de una antorcha hecha de <nlo>tekono:xtli</nlo> (Oa) \sem hunting \xrb mich \xrb tla:wi:l \ilustmp Illustrate general scene. \ref 09009 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo pakiyo:tl \lxocpend pakiyo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo thorns that are used in fencing where the thorns are interwoven between stakes to keep cattle out of a field \sso ramas espinosas que se utilizan en hacer una cerca, entrelazándolas con estantes para que no pasen los animales a un campo u otraárea protegida \xrb paki \ref 09010 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tlako:hikiti \lxoa tlako:w ikiti \lxocpend tlako:hikiti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seo to make a fence of interwoven rods \sso hacer una cerca de varas entrelazadas \synao china:ntia \xrb tlako: \xrb ikiti \ref 09011 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo pakiyo:tia \lxocpend tlapakiyo:tia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to make a fence of thorny branches that are interwoven between fence posts to keep animals out of a field \sso hacer una cerca de ramas espinosas que se entrelazan entre estantes para que animales no entren a un campo o sembradío \xrb paki \ref 09012 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo má:ke:ketsí:hli \lxoa má:ketsí:hli \lxop ma:ke:ketsi:hli \lxocpend i:má:ke:kétsi:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea heel of the palm \sso parte inferior de la palma de la mano \xrb ma: \xrb kehtsi: \ref 09013 \lxa ikxitsotsoliwi \lxacpend ikxitsotsoliwi \lxo ixi:tsoliwi \lxocpend ixi:tsoliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-3a(w) \sea to have ones pants rolled up \sso tener los pantalones arremangados o subidos \seo to go barefoot \sso andar descalzo \xrb kxi \xrb tsol \ref 09014 \lxa ikximumuwi \lxacpend ikximumuwi \lxo ixí:mowí \lxop ixí:mowi \lxocpend ixí:mowí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \com N-V1 \seao to be afraid of stepping on something (that might bite or sting) \ssao tener miedo de pisar algo (que muerde o pica) \xrb kxi \xrb muwi \ref 09015 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo o:hpatla:lwia \lxocpend ko:hpatla:lwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to finish plowing (after going over the field a second time after the maize has sprouted) \sso terminar de arar (al dejar la milpa al hacer el segundo paso por ello después de brotada la milpa) \syna tla:lwia \syno ma:ka:wa \xrb o:m \xrb tla:l \nse This word is only recorded in a story told by Silvestre Pantaleón. \ref 09016 \lxanotes zzz \lxo te:mpatlach \lxoa te:mpatlah \lxocpend te:mpatlach \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seo flat piece metal, shaped like an elongated triangle, placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) \sso pieza de metal, plano y ancho (como un triángulo elongado), que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmad \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp witso:ktli; agricultural tools \nse As a type of metal point for a digging stick, the <na>espá:tulah</na> contrasts with the <nla>witso:ktli</nla> and <nla>tewitso:ktli</nla>. \xrb te:m \xrb patla: \ref 09017 \lxa iskuwa \lxacpend noskuwa \lxo iskowa \lxocpend noskowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2b \seao to warm oneself by a fire \ssao calentarse por una fogata o fuego \xrb sko \nae The initial vowel of this verb is uncertain as it has only been documented in the reflexive and no applicative is used. The word is no in disuse in Ameyaltepec though part of the lexicon of Oapan and other villages (e.g., in San Francisco Ozomatlán). \ref 09018 \lxanotes zzz \lxo chi:ltla:lahtia \lxoc chi:ltla:lahtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to transplant chile \sso transplantar chile \syno chi:ltla:lia \syna chi:lmamana \xrb chi:l \xrb tla:l \xrb a:k \ref 09019 \lxa sa:ka \lxacpend sa:ka \lxo sa:yá: \lxocpend sa:yá: \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv-man \seo just with [number] (in the sense of a reduction from a previously higher number) \sso solamente con [número] (en el sentido de una reducción de un número anterior más alto) \xrb sa: \xrb ka \nse The difference between <nla>saka</nla> and <na>sa:ka</na> (Am) follows the general pattern of the difference between <nlao>san</nlao> and <nlao>sa:</nlao> in that words with <nlao>sa:</nlao> refer to a reduced state from a previously more ample one. Thus one may say both <nla>saka se: ima:</nla> and <na>sa:ka se: ima:</na> (Am). The former expresses the concept of 'just with one hand' with no implication of a previous state of more. The second, with <na>sa:ka</na>, refers to 'just with one hand' when there was a previous state with two hands. Thus is a person has been holding on to something with both hands and one tires and slips, then <na>sa:ka se: ima: kiki:tskitok</na>. \ref 09020 \lxanotes zzz \lxo xo:chitla:lia \lxocpend xo:chitla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to transplant flowers (in particular, marigolds and zinnias) \sso transplantar flores (en particular, sempualxochitl y zinnias) \syna xo:chimamana \xrb xo:chi \xrb tla:l \ref 09021 \lxa xo:chimamana \lxacpend xo:chimamana \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to transplant flowers (in particular, marigolds and zinnias) \ssa transplantar flores (en particular, sempualxochitl y zinnias) \syna xo:chimamana \xrb xo:chi \xrb mana \ref 09022 \lxanotes zzz \lxo ma:xo:chitla:lia \lxocpend noma:xo:chitla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \com N-N-V2 \infv class-2a \seo to transplant \sso transplantar \xrb ma: \xrb xo:chi \xrb tla:l \nse This is not a commonly used word anymore. It is apprently only found in the reflexive. According to Roberto Mauricio is refers to the transplanting from a seed garden (e.g., <nlo>tlapacho:hli</nlo>) of chile, marigolds, zinnias, red tomatoes and green tomatoes (<nlo>chi:hli</nlo>, <nlo>sempwalxo:chitl</nlo>, <nlo>sásamigé:ltsi:n</nlo>, <nlo>xi:tomatl</nlo> and <nlo>mi:ltomatl</nlo>). \ref 09023 \lxa iye:n \lxacpend iye:n \lxo iye:n \lxocpend iye:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \sea yes (in answer to a question) \ssa sí(en contestar a una pregunta) \synao ke:mah \nse The response <na>iyé:n</na> is common in Ameyaltepec, more so than <nlao>ke:mah</nlao>, which is used in Oapan, where <na>iyé:n</na> is less often used. \ref 09024 \lxanotes zzz \lxo mekakohtli \lxocpend mekakohtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \sea the rod of a snare trap that is tripped and pulls a cord around the trapped animal (usually a bird) \ssa la varita de una trampa que se suelta para jalar un mecate alrededor del animal cazado (generalmente un pájaro) \xrb meka \xrb koh \ref 09025 \lxanotes zzz \lxo tsowa:stla:lia \lxocpend kitsowa:stla:lia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \infv class-2a \seo to place the string loop at the end of the rod (<nlo>mekakohtli</nlo>) of a snare trap (e.g., for birds) \sso colocarle el lasito a la varita (<nlo>mekakohtli</nlo>) de una trampa (p. ej., para cazar pájaros) \xrb tson \xrb tla:l \ref 09026 \lxa sanok \lxacpend sanok \lxo sanok \lxocpend sanok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seao for now, just in the meantime \ssao por mientras \pno Sanok hkon, sapa ta mo:stla. \peo For now that's fine, tomorrow again. \pso Por mientras así, mañana otra vez. \qry Check whether sanok or sahnok. \xrb san \xrb ok \ref 09027 \lxanotes zzz \lxo tomi:nkwa \lxocpend te:tomi:nkwa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \infv class-1 \seo to enrich oneself at the expense of (sb) \sso enriquicerse aprovechando de (algn) \xrb tomi:n \xrb kwa \nse This verb has been mostly with the nonspecific human object prefix <n>te:-</n> to refer to someone (such as a politician) who takes advantage of a position to take money from people (e.g., obtaining government support and then pocketing the money). \ref 09028 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo senka:wa \lxocpend kisenka:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to sell everything (of sth) in a single transaction, to sell (sth) wholesale, \sso vender todo (de algo) en una sola transacción, vender (algo) por mayoreo \seo to leave (sth) in a final state (e.g. a house being constructed, or a bride who has been dressed and has had her hair arranged, etc. for a wedding) \sso dejar en un estado final y terminado (p. ej., una casa construida, o una novia antes de la boda, con su ropa, cabello arreglado, etc.) \xrb sen \xrb ka:wa \ref 09029 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo te:tekwintik \lxoc te:tekwintik \dt 16/Feb/2004 \psm Adj \ref 09030 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo taya:hki \lxocpend taya:hki \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \loan (part) hasta \seo to this degree \sso hasta de esta manera \pno ¡Ma:ka taya:hki xkwala:ni! \peo Don't get so mad! \pso ¡No te enojes tanto así! \cfo taya:hkón \xrb iw \nse The word <no>taya:hki</no> has only been documented to date preceded by the negative imperative/optative <no>ma:ka</no> or <no>ma:</no>. The meaning of the phrase <no>ma: taya:hki</no> is something to the effect of 'que no hasta asíde esta manera'. \nae The etymology of this form and <nlo>taya:hkón</nlo> is not completely clear, but both seem to be formed from the borrowing <nlo>ta</nlo> (from Spanish <spn>hasta</spn>) added to <nlao>ihki</nlao> and <nlao>ihkón</nlao>, respectively. The difference between the two forms is the deictic reference, e.g., 'to this degree' or 'to that degree.' \ref 09031 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo taya:hkón \lxocpend taya:hkón \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \loan (part) hasta \seo to that degree \sso hasta de esa manera \pno ¡Ke:mechih taya:hkón xtitlakaki! \peo How can it be that difficult for you to understand? \pso ¡Quétanto asíno entiendes! \cfo taya:hki \xrb iw \ref 09032 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo kwi:chiwi \lxocpend kwi:chiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get dirty (clothes, a person, a blanket, furniture) \sso ensuciarse (ropa, una persona, una cobija, muebles) \pno ¡Xpatla motlake:n, milá: o:tikwi:chiw¡ \peo Change your clothes, you've gotten really dirty. \pso ¡Cámbiate de ropa, ya quedaste muy sucio! \xrb kwi:ch \ref 09033 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tepo:soliwi \lxocpend tepo:soliwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get dirty (clothes, a person, a bag, teja) \sso ensuciarse (ropa, una persona, una talega, teja) \xrb tepo:sol \ref 09034 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tla:liwi \lxocpend tla:liwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get dirty (clothes, a person, a bag, teja) \sso ensuciarse (ropa, una persona, una talega, teja) \xrb tla:l \ref 09035 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tla:lka:miki \lxocpend tla:lka:miki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get very dirty (clothes, a person, a bag, teja) \sso ensuciarse mucho (ropa, una persona, una talega, teja) \xrb tla:l \xrb miki \ref 09036 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo teposana:ltik \lxocpend teposana:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo without color (a person who is sick and has no coloring, a watermelon that has not turned red inside) \sso sin color (una persona enferma que no tiene color, una sandía que está blanco, no rojo, por adentro) \xrb teposana:l \nae The etymology of this root is not clear, although it obviously involves more than one root. \ref 09037 \lxanotes zzz \lxo tla:kateposana:l \lxoc tla:kateposana:l \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo man who is palid (from being sick) \sso hombre pálido (por estar enfermo) \xrb tla:ka \xrb teposana:l \nse This term is used to refer to a man who is sick and palid, in Nahuatl one may say, <no>xok kipia i:yesio</no> (Oa). \ref 09038 \lxa tepo:na:siwi \lxacpend tepo:na:siwi \lxo tepo:na:siwi \lxocpend tepo:na:siwi \dt 08/Mar/2004 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seao to get a big belly \ref 09039 \lxanotes zzz \lxo xo:chitetl \lxocpend xo:chitetl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo (often in diminutive) tassle (such as that on the crown of certain dance headdresses, or that which hangs from the back of a sombrero) \sso (a menudo en el diminutivo) \xrb xo:chi \xrb te \ref 09040 \lxanotes zzz \lxo o:ntekochi \lxocpend o:ntekochih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \seo to sleep two in a single bed \sso dormir dos en una sola cama \xrb o:me \xrb te \xrb kochi \ref 09041 \lxanotes zzz \lxo ye:tekochi \lxocpend ye:tekochih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \seo to sleep three in a single bed \sso dormir tres en una sola cama \xrb ye:i \xrb te \xrb kochi \ref 09042 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo porta:r \lxocpend porta:r \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan por tal \seo all for simply [verb] \sso todo nada más para [verbo] \pno Tonkwis silye:teh san porta:r timotla:li:s. \peo You're going to go get a chair all just to sit down (e.g., with others at the table). \pso Vas a ir por una silla todo por sentarte. \ref 09043 \lxa i:xtlapo:wi \lxacpend i:xtlapo:wi \lxo i:xtlapo:wi \lxocpend i:xtlapo:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become aware or conscious (e.g., of a situation) \ssao darse cuenta (p. ej., de una situación) \syna i:xtotomi \syno í:xtotómi \xrb i:x \xrb tlapo: \nse This word, and its synonym <na>i:xtotomi</na> (Am) is used to refer to cases in which a person or group of people become aware of a damaging situation, e.g., of the way in which indigenous people have been exploited in the past. \ref 09044 \lxa i:xtotomi \lxacpend i:xtotomi \lxo i:xtótomí \lxop i:xtotomi \lxocpend i:xtótomí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-3a \seao to become aware or conscious (e.g., of a situation) \ssao darse cuenta (p. ej., de una situación) \synao i:xtlapo:wi \xrb i:x \xrb tom \nse See entry under <nlao>i:xtlapo:wi</nlao>. \ref 09045 \lxa kokoxka:tsi:n \lxacpend kokoxka:tsi:n \lxo koxka:tsi:n \lxocpend koxka:tsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seao Apostol (e.g., the role played during the Passion Play) \ssao Apóstolo (p. ej., el papel desempeñado durante la Pasión de Cristo) \xrb koya \ref 09046 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo i:xtehko \lxocpend i:xtehko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo in the eyes \sso en los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrl -ko \ref 09047 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo tla \lxocpend tla \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \seo why in the world? what for? you're kidding! \sso ¿por qué? \xrb tle:ka \nse This exclamation is used only by men when they don't like what they have heard. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that it might derive from <nlo>tliá:</nlo>. It seems to be the equivalent of the exclamation <nlo>koh</nlo>. The female equivalent of <no>tla</no> is <nlo>se</nlo>. \ref 09048 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo se \lxocpend se \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \seo damn! \sso ¡híjole! \xrb se \ref 09049 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo pih \lxocpend pih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \seo damn! \sso ¡híjole! \xrb pih \ref 09050 \lxa i:xtepostoka \lxacpend ki:xtepostoka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com N-(N-V2) \infv class-4a \se to covet (sth) one sees \ss desear (algo) que uno ve \xrb i:x \xrb tepos \xrb toka \nse The sense of the verb <na>i:xtepostoka</na> is not simply to desire or covet something seen, but to be constantly on the lookout for something that someone else has and that one wants for oneself. \ref 09051 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlakih \lxoa tlakeh \lxocpend tlakeh, tio:tlakih \dt 05/Apr/2005 \psm Interj \der Interj \infv pl. <no>tlákikéh</no> \se Good afternoon (from noon to vespers)! \ss ¡Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración)! \synao tio:tlakih \xrl -tlak \encyctmp greetings \qry Check plural formal \nse In Oapan this form is much more common than the full form <nlo>tio:tlakih</nlo> or <nlo>tio:tlakeh</nlo>. \ref 09052 \lxa tsompilkatok \lxacpend tsompilkatok \lxo tsompilkatok \lxocpend tsompilkatok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be in a position with ones head drooping down; to be slumped over (e.g., a large sunflower, a person very tired, etc.) \sso estar con la cabeza inclinada hacia abajo; estar cabizabajo (p. ej., un girasol grande, una persona con mucho sueño, etc.) \xrb tsom \xrb pil \nse This form is common in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan (and rarely in Ameyaltepec) one also finds <nlao>tsompiliwi</nlao>. \ref 09053 \lxa tsompipi:liwi \lxacpend tsompipi:liwi \lxo tsó:mpi:líwi \lxop tsó:mpi:liwi \lxoc tsó:mpi:líwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s(sem) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to have ones hair hanging down in clumps (particularly from not having washed ones hair for a long time) \ss tener el cabello colgado y pegado (particularmente por no haberlo lavado por mucho tiempo) \xrb tson \xrb pi:l \nae Oapan has a three-way contrast between <nlo>tsompiliwi</nlo>, <nlo>tsompi:liwi</nlo>, and <nlo>tsó:mpi:líwi</nlo>. \ref 09054 \lxa saraga:teh \lxacpend saraga:teh \lxo saraka:teh \lxocpend saraka:teh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan ? \psm Adj \seao having a lot of women (a man, also applied to animals such as donkeys, roosters, etc.) \ssao mujeriego; con muchas mujeres (un hombre, también se les aplica a los animales como burros, pollos, etc.) \ref 09055 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlalo \lxocpend tlalo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \seo Come here! \sso ¡Ven acá! \xrb tlalo \ref 09056 \lxa na:nah we:lah \lxaa na:nah weli:tah \lxacpend na:nah we:lah \lxo na:nah we:lah \lxoa na:nah we:litah \lxocpend na:nah we:lah \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) abuela \psm N \seao elder woman \ssao mujer vieja, de edad avanzada \xrb tah \nse This form is more common in stories and is now rarely used in everyday speech. It consists of a Nahuatl term of address (<nao>na:nah</nao>) and a modified loan from Spanish, <spn>abuela</spn> ('grandmother'). It is used to refer to a woman of advanced age and is often found in the Spanish diminutive, <nao>na:nah weli:tah</nao>. \ref 09057 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kochkwakwalaka \lxocpend kochkwakwalaka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-4a \seo to snore \sso roncar \xrb koch \xrb kwala: \ref 09058 \lxanotes yzz \lxo niman \lxocpend niman \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Conj \seo and \sso y \pno Nawa niá:s niman tawa timoka:was. \peo I will go and you will stay behind. \pso Yo me voy y túte quedarás. \seo as well as; and also \sso y luego; tanto como; además de \pno Notla:lko:nchi:wilia pitso, niman chichi. \peo Pigs hollow out depressions in the ground (e.g., to give birth), and also dogs. \pso Las marranas excavan sus pocitos en el suelo (p. ej., para parir), y luego las perras. \xrb niman \ref 09059 \lxa ta:tah we:loh \lxacpend ta:tah we:loh \lxo ta:tah we:loh \lxocpend ta:tah we:loh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan (part) abuelo \psm N \seao elder man \ssao hombre viejo, de edad avanzada \xrb tah \nse This form is more common in stories and is now rarely used in everyday speech. It consists of a Nahuatl term of address (<nao>ta:tah</nao>) and a modified loan from Spanish, <spn>abuelo</spn> ('grandfather'). It is used to refer to a man of advanced age. \ref 09060 \lxa tla:hkón \lxacpend tla:hkón yes \lxo tla:hkón \lxoa tla:hkión \lxocpend tla:hkón yes \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \seao (often followed by <nao>yes</nao>) that's fine; that's the way it will be \ssao (a menudo seguido por <nao>yes</nao>) sí está bien; asíserá \xrb tla: \xrb iw \nse This term is fairly common in Oapan, much rarer in Ameyaltepec. \ref 09061 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kwetlaxahtli \lxocpend kwetlaxahtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo sandal \sso huarach \xrb kwetlax \xrb ak \ref 09062 \lxanotes yzzzno \lxo raso:nmatki \lxocpend raso:nmatki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan (part) razón \seo person who is reasonable, who knows how to give good counsel \sso persona razonable, que sabe aconsejar \xrb mati \ref 09063 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo piri \lxocpend piri \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Modal \loan pero (?) \seo indeed \sso de veras \pno ¡Piri ke:mah, n'ki:xti:s! \peo Indeed so, I will get it out! \pso ¡De veras asíes, lo voy a sacar! \nse The lemma <no>piri</no> is a well-known marker of Oapan speech and used often by Ameyaltepequeños when imitating Oapan speech. Etymologically it might be derived from Spanish <spn>pero</spn>. The meaning seems to be that of speaker confirming that a given statement is indeed true. \ref 09064 \lxanotes zzz \lxo kwi:tsih kwi:tsih kwi:tsih \lxoc kwi:tsih kwi:tsih kwi:tsih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \se words (sound) used for calling dogs \ss palabras (sonidos) utilizadas para llamar a un perro \xrb tsikwin \ref 09065 \lxa kapon \lxo kapoh \lxocpend po:yoh kapoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan capar \psm Adj \se (<nlo>po:yoh</nlo> ~) rooster (castrated) \ss (<nlo>po:yoh</nlo> ~) gallo (castrado) \cfo karayo:n \ref 09066 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlákokáh \lxocpend tlákokáh \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adv \seo during the day \sso en el día \xrb tlahko \nae Although it would seem that the ending of this word might seem to involve the locative ending <n>-ka:n</n>, the final vowel seems short. Moreover, this terms is cognate to classical <n>tlahkah</n>. \ref 09067 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kakatsi:n \lxocpend kakatsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo toad \sso sapo \xrb kaka \ref 09068 \lxo i:xkwecha:wi \lxocpend i:xkwecha:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo to start feeling the effects of alcohol \sso empezar a sentirse los efectos del alcohol \xrb i:x \xrb kwecha: \nse According to Roberto Mauricio this word refers to the fact that when one begins to get drunk one starts to sweat lightly on ones face, which also becomes slightly flushed; cf. <nlo>kwecha:wi</nlo>. \ref 09069 \lxa maria:ntsi:n \lxacpend maria:ntsi:n \lxo mária:tsí:n \lxocpend mária:ntsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan María \seao type of small frog \ssao tipo de rana pequeña \cfo temotl \ref 09070 \lxanotes yzz \lxo 'popó:sowia \lxop popo:sowia \lxocpend ma tó:pó:sowí:ka:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \loan pozo \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2a \pa yes \se (reflexive) to play a certain type of marbles in which a hole is dug and the players try to shoot the marbles into a small hole (about the size of ones index finger and thumb formed into a circle) \ss (reflexivo) jugar un cierto tipo de ganicas en que se hace un pocito y los jugadores tienen como objetivo tirarle la ganica al pocito (del tamaño como del círculo formado del primer dedo y el dedo pulgar) \nse To date several types of playing with marbles have been determined for Oapan. See <nlo>'popósowia</nlo>, <nlo>kwi:lia</nlo>, <nlo>mihtia</nlo>. \encystmp marbles \ref 09071 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo mi:hlatik \lxocpend mi:hlatik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \seo inside the cornfield \sso dentro de la milpa \xrb mi:l \ref 09072 \lxa ma:niye:wa \lxac kima:niye:wa \lxo má:yé:wa \lxoc kimá:yé:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to let slip or fall out of ones mouth; to not catch in ones mouth (e.g., sth tossed) \ss dejar caer o escaparse de la boca; no agarrar en la boca (p. ej., algo aventado) \cfa ma:niye:wa \cfo má:yé:wa \xrb kama \xrb ma: \xrb yaw \ref 09073 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo si:meh \lxocpend si:meh siwa:montih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo some (of humans) \sso algunos (dicho de humanos) \cfo sékí \cfo sí:tsí:n \xrb seki \ref 09074 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tla:hliwi \lxocpend tla:hliwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get dirty; to get covered with earth (a person or object) \sso cubrirse de tierra, ensuciarse (una persona o objeto) \xrb tla:l \nae It is unusual for intransitive verbs ending in <n>-iwi</n> to be formed from nominal stems in the manner here observed. The double underlying {ll} is not easily explained, cf. <nlao>tli:hli</nlao> and <nlao>tli:liwi</nlao>. \grm Intransitives in iwi \ref 09075 \lxanotes zzz \lxo te:máchiské:tl \lxocpend te:máchiské:tl \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \se male representative of the bridegroom's father who is given the task of informing parents that their daughter has eloped \ss representante (hombre) del padre de un novio a quien se le encarga informar a los padres de la novia que ella se fugó \xrb mati \nse Generally the representative is generally a neighbor or friend of the bridegroom's father. He is not paid. Instead a reciprocal arrangement is initiated under the terms of which the father of the bridegroom will serve as <no>te:máchiské:tl</no> of the man who had been his representative. \ref 09076 \lxa tekwi:nia \lxacpend kitekwi:nia \lxo tekwi:nia \lxoc kitekwi:nia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seao to inform or communicate information to (sb)\ \ssao informar o comunicar información a \pno O:n'tekwi:nih notah ya: ninona:mihti:s. \seo I have informed my father that I will get married. \sso Informé a mi padre que me voy a casar. \xrb tekwi: \nae The information that is communicated can be expressed in a clause beginning with the Spanish loan <nao>para</nao> or, at least in Oapan, with a clause beginning with the subordinator <nlo>ya:</nlo>. \ref 09077 \lxanotes yznno \lxo tlacha:ne:xtia \lxocpend tlacha:ne:xtia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \seo to take care of a house \sso cuidar una casa para \xrb cha:n \xrb ne:si \xvao tlacha:ne:xtilia \nae This verb has only been documented with the nonspecific marker <n>tla-</n> \ref 09078 \lxanotes yznno \lxo tlacha:ne:xtilia \lxocpend kitlacha:ne:xtilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to take care of a house for (sb) \sso cuidar la casa para (algn) \pno Diki i tiaw xikihli:ti mona:n nika:n ma mistlacha:ne:xtílitó \seo If you are going, go ask your mother to come here and watch over your house for you. \sso Si ya te vas, ve a decirle a tu mamáque venga a cuidar tu casa para tí. \xrb cha:n \xrb ne:si \xvbo thacha:ne:xtia \nae This verb has only been documented with the nonspecific marker <n>tla-</n> \ref 09079 \lxa ma:we:weyakia \lxacpend ma:we:weyakia \lxo ma:we:weyakia \lxocpend ma:we:weyakia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4b(ya-x) \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to get long branches (a tree) \ss crecersele las ramas a (unárbol) \xrb ma: \xrb weya \grm Reduplication: long and short vowels: \ref 09080 \lxa we:ililia \lxac kwe:ililia \lxo we:ililia \lxoc kiwe:ililia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to enlarge or to bigger for \ss hacer grande (algo para algn) \xvaao we:ililia \xrb we:i \nse Several younger speakers in Oapan gave the applicative form as <no>we:ilia</no> although Roberto Mauricio rejected this. \ref 09081 \lxa tla:lte:skatl \dt 20/Jul/2004 \ref 09082 \lxanotes yznno \lxo tla:tlapaló:tlatówa \lxop tla:tlapalo:tlatowa \lxocpend tla:tlapaló:tlatówa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2b \seo to let (sb) overhear words of complaint (without direct reference to that person) \sso dejar (a algn) escuchar palabras de queja (sin hacerle una referencia directa); echarle pedradas a (algn) \cfao kaki:tia \xrb tlapalo: \xrb hto \ref 09083 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo a:ká:pá:ka \lxocpend ka:ká:pá:ka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \seo see <nlo>á:pá:ka</nlo> \sso vé ase <nlo>á:pá:ka</nlo> \xrb a: \xrb pa:ka \ref 09084 \lxanotes yzz \lxo tlapa:kaltia \lxocpend tlapa:kaltia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to obligate to wash (particularly clothes); to give cloth washing as a task to (e.g., a daughter-in-law living in the household) \sso hacer o obligar a lavar (particularmente ropa; p. ej., a una yerna que vive en la casa) \pno Mila:k kitlapa:kaltiah nokone:w. \peo They (in this case referring to a mother-in-law) really obligate my child to wash clothes. \pso Ellos (en este caso refiriendo a una suegra) de a de veras obligan a mi hija lavar ropa. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to obligate to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer o obligar a limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas) \synao tlapa:kiltia \xrb pa:ka \xvbo pa:ka \nae Several consultants from Oapan were asked if the causative exists and all said that they had never heard it, although Roberto Mauricio did accept the possiblity of a form such as <no>tlapa:kaltia</no> and later gave an example of how it might be used, referring to a situation in which a woman goes to live with her husband's family upon marriage and her mother-in-law is a taskmaster who gives her a lot of washing to do. If the washing were of plates and utensils the reduplicated form woulc be used <no>tlá:pa:káltia</no>. \qry Determine whether there is a causative ?pa:kaltia. \ref 09085 \lxanotes yzz \lxo to:nilia \lxocpend to:nili:lo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \seo to maintain a vigil through the night, not sleeping \sso velar (p. ej., a un santo en una casa particular o la iglesia) \seo to be full (the moon, i.e., to be visible throughout the night) \sso estar llena (la luna, esto es, ser visible por toda la noche) \pno Xtsonteki ta ikwa:k to:nili:s me:stli! \peo Cut it down (a tree) when the moon is full! \pso ¡Córtale (unárbol) hasta cuando estéllena la luna. \xrb to:na \xvbo to:na \nae Note that given that this is an applicative of an impersonal verb, the increased valency results only in an intransitive, with a specific object. \grm Applicative; valency: Re: to:nilia. Note that given that this is an applicative of an impersonal verb, the increased valency results only in an intransitive, with a specific object. \ref 09086 \lxa yema:nilia \lxacpend kiyema:nilia \lxo yema:nilia \lxocpend kiyema:nilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to loosen up (e.g., earth or similar substances tightly packed together) \ss aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras substancias parecidas, apretadas y duras) \xrb yema:n \synao yema:nia \nae The use of <no>yema:nilia</no> as a transitive (V2) is uncertain. More common is <no>yema:nia</no>, which is both an intransitive and a transitive. The most common understanding was of <no>yema:nilia</no> as a V3, with two objects: <no>ne:chonyema:nili:s notla:l</no>. However, Roberto Mauricio, Jeremías Cabrera, and Emiliana Domínguez all did accept the possibility of <no>yema:nilia</no> as a V2. \ref 09087 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo yema:naltia \lxocpend kiyema:naltia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to soften \ss ablandar \xrb yema:n \ref 09088 \lxa pa:ktli \lxacpend pa:ktli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se happiness \ss felicidad \xrb pa:k \ref 09089 \lxanotes yzz \lxo a:wilnemi \lxocpend a:wilnemi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to fool around (a woman or young girl with a lot of lovers) \ss andar con amantes (una mujer o muchacha) \xrb a:wil \xrb nemi \ref 09090 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tetsilik \lxocpend motetsilik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seo bottle cap from soda that has been flattened and perforated so that it can be spun around on a string \sso corcholata de refresco que ha sido aplastado y agujerado para que se pueda hacer girar sobre un hilo \seo boyfriend (said by young girls of others) \sso novio (dicho por muchachas de otras muchachas) \pno O:te:chpanawikeh motetsilik. \peo Your boyfriend passed by us. \pso Tu novio nos pasó. \xrb tsili: \nse Apparently this word derives from the fact that the caps are spun around on a thread or string. With the meaning of 'boyfriend' it is a saying formerly commonly used by young girls but no longer in use. \ref 09091 \lxanotes yzz \lxo 'tlapixka:ká:wa \lxop tlapixka:ka:wa \lxocpend kítlapixka:ká:wa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(w) \se (usually with <n>te:wa</n> ending) to leave behind as a house guardian \ss (generalmente con la terminación <n>te:wa</n>) dejar atrás encargado de cuidar una casa \xrb hpia \xrb ka:wa \ref 09092 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo cha:ntilia \lxocpend kicha:ntilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der V2-d-ca \se to make a good household with, to live well with (sb, i.e., as a spouse) \ss convivir bien en familia con (algn, esto es, como esposo o esposa) \pno Kwahli ne:xcha:ntilia nosiwa:w, kwahli i:wa:n ninowi:ka. \peo My wife makes a good household for me, I get along with her well. \pso Mi esposa convive bien en familia conmigo, me llevo bien con ella. \xrb cha:n \ref 09093 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo sehto:ntsi:n \lxocpend sehto:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se person who is easily chilled \ss persona friolenta \syna sekwintsi:n \xrb sek \ref 09094 \lxa sekwintsi:n \lxacpend sekwintsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se person who is easily chilled \ss persona friolenta \syno sehto:ntsi:n \xrb sek \nse Although I originally heard this word from Rutilia Barrera (Oa) it is an Ameyaltepec form that she probably learned there. \ref 09095 \lxanotes yzz \lxo a:í:xmotsí:n \lxoc a:í:xmotsí:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \se type of water bug that scoots on the surface of the water \ss tipo de insecto acuático que corre por la superficie del agua \xrb a: \xrb i:xmon \nae The pitch-accent pattern in <no>a:í:xmotsí:n</no> is not clear but apparently derives from a coda {h} in the penultimate syllable. Whether this is a reanalysis of <no>i:xmon</no> to <no>i:xmoh</no> (cf. <nlo>í:xmotlí</nlo>) is not clear. \ref 09096 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo temimihlo:tl \lxocpend temimihlo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn Stem 2 \seo buds (of certain flowers) \sso botones (de ciertas flores) \syna totopoyo \syna xo:chitemimihli \syno mimihlo:tl \xrb mil \dis xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo \ref 09097 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo ke:mach \lxocpend ke:mach xo:timik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \se it is amazing (that) \ss ¡quémilagro! \pno ¡Ke:mach o:tiwahlah! \peo It's amazing that you have come! \pso ¡Quémilagro que viniste! \xrb ke: \xrb mach \ref 09098 \lxanotes yzz \lxo i:xté:nkopístik \lxoa i:xté:nkokopístik \lxocpend i:xté:nkopístik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \se to have eyelids that are tired (and feel hard and painful, causing one to rub them continually) \ss tener los párpados cansados (y que se sienten algo duros, haciendo que uno los frote continualmente) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kopits \nse This condition keeps one from sleeping; it can be the result of having been frightened by the 'aires.' It can also be the result of lack of sleep; the following day one feels this way. \ref 09099 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:nkohtik \lxoa i:xté:nkokóhtik \lxocpend i:xte:nkohtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to have a strong, steady sight and be able to stare someone down \ss tener la vista fuerte (en el sentido de poder clavar la vista en algn y no mirar hacia el lado) \se to be able to avoid blinking (e.g., as sth approaches ones eyes, such as a blow or punch that comes close) \ss poder evitar cerrar los ojos cuando se le acerque algo al rostro (como un golpe o una mano) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwaw \ref 09100 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo i:xte:nkohtia \lxocpend i:xte:nkohtia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4d(tia) \se to get tired eyes \ss cansarsele (a uno) los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwaw \ref 09101 \lxa tepopoyotik \lxacpend tepopoyotik \lxo te:poyotik \lxocpend te:poyotik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seao grey \ssao color gris \xrb poyo: \ref 09102 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:mani:n \lxocpend a:mani:n \psm Adv-tm \seo today \sso hoy (mismo) \pno A:mani:n ilwitl. \peo Today is a holiday. \pso Hoy es día de fiesta. \cfo a:maní:n \xrb a:man \xrb i:n \nae The difference in pronunciation between <no>a:maní:n</no> 'probably' and <no>a:mani:n</no> 'today' is very slight. The word for 'today' seemingly has a penultimate stress when pronounced in isolation and is virtually stressless when followed by another word. the word for 'probably' seems to have a slightly higher and longer final syllable, though not as strong as a normally stressed vowel. \dt 18/Apr/2005 \ref 09103 \lxa kochka:tlakwa \lxacpend kochka:tlakwa \lxo kochka:tlakwa \lxocpend kochka:tlakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \se to eat while on the verge of falling asleep \ss comer estando a punto de dormir \xrb koch \xrb kwa \ref 09104 \lxa tahkón \lxacpend tahkón \lxo tahkón \lxocpend tahkón \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seao just like that there \ssao hasta asícomo ese \xrb iw \xrb on \ref 09105 \lxa sa:ntoh \lxaa santi:toh \lxacpend santi:toh \lxo sa:ntoh \lxoa santi:toh \lxocpend santi:toh \loan santo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se saint (particularly in reference to an image) \ss santo (particularmente en reference al imagen de un santo) \ref 09106 \lxa kochkwepa \lxacpend nokochkukwepa \lxo kochkopa \lxoc nokochkokopa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \se (with short vowel reduplication: <na>nokochkukwepa</na> (Am) / <no>nokochkókopá</no> (Oa)) to toss and turn in ones sleep (repeatedly and often) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta: <na>nokochkukwepa</na> (Am) / <no>nokochkókopá</no> (Oa)) voltearse repetidamente mientras duerme (seguido) \se (with long vowel reduplication: <na>nokochkwe:kwepa</na> (Am) / <no>nokocho:ókopa</no> (Oa)) to toss and turn in ones sleep (once in a while, at times spaced out) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga: <na>nokochkwe:kwepa</na> (Am) / <no>nokochko:kopa</no> (Oa)) voltearse de vez en cuando mientras duerme (seguido) \xrb koch \xrb kwepa \grm Reduplication: Note taht no Oapan consultants accepted the reduction of the reduplicant in <no>nokochkókopá</no>, i.e., *nokó:chkopáwas not accepted. \ref 09107 \lxa tla: \lxac tla: xwa:hla \lxo tla: \lxoc tla: xwa:hla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \se please (before an imperative) \ss favor de (antes de un imperativo) \pna Tla: xwa:hla! \pea Please come! \psa ¡Favor de venir! \xrb tla: \grm Imperative: note the mitigated imperative with /tla:/ : /tla: xwa:hla/ 'please come.' \ref 09108 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo a:paltia \lxocpend a:paltia \dt 04/May/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4d(tia) \se to get soaked or drenched (e.g., in the rain, but with ones clothes on) \ss quedar empapado (p. ej., en o por la lluvia, pero con la ropa puesta) \syna paltia \xrb a: \xrb pal \dis paltia; patsiwi \qry Check to see if the cognate intransitive /palti/ exists. According to one person this refers to getting soaked or drenched, e.g. in the rain, but getting wet with ones clothes on. This should be checked. Check other possible subjects. \rt The etymology of <na>paltia</na> is not entirely clear; it may be related to the archaic stem for 'water' with vowel shortening for some undetermined reason. \ref 09109 \lxa i:xte:nyo:ltsi:ntli \lxacpend ni:xte:nyo:ltsi:n \lxo i:xte:nteyo:hli \lxocpend i:xte:nteyo:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se eyeball \ss ojo \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb yo:l \ref 09110 \lxanotes yzzzno \lxo i:xte:nteyo:lkopi:na \lxocpend ki:xte:nteyo:lkopi:na \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \seo to pluck the eyes out of (sb) \sso sacarle los ojos de (algn) \pno O:ki:xte:ntekopi:n tsoma. \peo The buzzard plucked its eyes out. \pso El zopilote le sacólos ojos. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb te \xrb yo:l \xrb kopi: \ref 09111 \lxa amanka:yo:tl \lxacpend amanka:yo:tl \lxo ámanká:yo:tl \lxocpend noámanká:yo, námanká:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se sadness \ss tristeza \xrb ahmana \ref 09112 \lxa mahka:yo:tl \lxacpend mahka:yo:tl \lxo mahka:yo:tl \lxocpend mahka:yo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se fear \ss miedo \xrb mawi \ref 09113 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo pachka:yo:tl \lxoc i:pachka:yo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se type of parasitic plant that grows on the surface of the earth around the roots of other plants (such as lemon trees, <spn>granadas</spn>, or any plant) \ss tipo de planta parasítica que crece por la superficie de la tierra sobre las raices de otra planta (como un limón, granada, o cualquier otra planta) \cfo kechpachka:yo \cfo te:mpachka:yo \cfo ma:pachka:yo \xrb pach \ref 09114 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo to:tolo:ntik \lxocpend to:tolo:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo thicker or fatter in places (e.g., a log) \sso con partes más gordas que otras (p. ej., un palo de madera) \xrb tolo: \ref 09115 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo ihpahli \lxocpend ihpahli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo legless bench on which to sit \sso banco sin patas para asentarse \xrb hpal \ref 09116 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo i:xpi:lwia \lxoc ki:xpi:lwia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to swarm or fly around the face of (e.g., insects, particularly small insects) \sso volar cerca del rostro de (algn, p. ej., insectos) \xrb i:x \xrb pi:l \ref 09117 \lxa sampaika \lxacpend sampaika \lxo sampaika \lxoa sampayá: \lxoc sampaika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se just over in that direction \ss solamente por allí, en esa dirección \xrb san \xrl -pa \xrl ka \encyctmp adverbs, e.g., cf. sampa to ne:, etc.. \ref 09118 \lxa resi:moh \lxacpend resi:moh \lxo resi:moh \lxocpend resi:moh \loan racimo \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seao bunch \ssao manojo \nse Particularly used for the manner in which certain plants grow. Some Oapan consultants mentioned this as equivalent with <nlo>tematsakaltik</nlo>. Edith Alcaráz mentioned that this is used when <no>mimiak wa:hlaw</no> 'many come (out, e.g, branches or stems).' \ref 09119 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kone:ne:neki \lxocpend nokone:ne:neki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3a(k) \seo (refl.) to have difficulty in conceiving a child \sso (refl.) tener dificultad en concebir \xrb kone: \xrb neki \ref 09120 \lxa tlapi:tso:tilia \lxacpend tlapi:tso:tilia \lxo tlapi:tso:tilia \lxocpend tlapi:tso:tilia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2a \seo to have an offspring after another \sso tener cría (o un niño) después de otra \pno Ni:ni:sik tlapi:tso:tilia nowa:kax, se:se:xtli. \peo My cow has offspring close together, every year. \pso Mi vaca tiene cría muy seguido, cada año. \pno Wewe:i tlapi:tso:tilia, cada yeye:i xihpan. \peo It has offspring spaced far apart, every three years (e.g., a cow). \pso Tiene cría muy de vez en cuando, cada tercer año (p. ej., una vaca). \xrb pi:tso: \nse This term, uses a nonspecific object in a situation in which a specific object would apparently not be used, although perhaps one could say ? <no>kipi:tso:tilia</no> 'she gives birth to a sibling immediately following (object) in birth order.' \grm Reduplication. Note the difference in vowel length of the reduplicant in /Ni:ni:sik tlapi:tso:tilia nowa:kax, se:se:xtli/ 'My cow has offspring close together, every year.' and /Wewe:i tlapi:tso:tilia, cada yeye:i xihpan/ 'It has offspring spaced far apart, every three years (e.g., a cow).' \ref 09121 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo xo \lxocpend xo \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \seo not he, she, or it \sso noél o ella \xrb yehwa \nae This entry comprises the negative clitic <nlao>x</nlao> and the short form of the 3rd-person emphatic pronoun <nlo>yo</nlo>. \ref 09122 \lxa tetolo:ntik \lxacpend tetolo:ntok \lxo tolo:ntik \lxocpend to:tolo:ntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \sea overweight, fat (used in reference to humans) \ssa gordo (utilizado en referencia a personas) \seo having a large lump or ball on the surface (e.g., certain trees or pieces of wood, or land with bumps; syn. Oa <nlo>tolopoxtik</nlo>) \sso con una bola por la superficie (p. ej., ciertosárboles o troncos, o un terrenito no plano, con topes; sin. Oa <nlo>tolopoxtik</nlo>) \xrb tolo: \ref 09123 \lxa mamatsakalowa \lxacpend nomamatsakalowa \lxo matsakalowa \lxote tematsakalowa \lxoc notematsakalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to send out many branches that are close together (e.g., a tree, bush, or herbaceous plant) \ss (refl.) crecerle muchas ramas o ramitas (a unárbol, arbusto o planta herbáceae) \xrb ma \xrb tsakal \ref 09124 \lxanotes yzz \lxo tlake:ntsa:tsa:s \lxocpend tlake:ntsa:tsa:s \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to have translucent or very see-through or thin clothes \ss tener la ropa semi-transparente \xrb ke:m \xrb tsa:ts \ref 09125 \lxanotes yzz \lxo tlake:ntsa:tsa:stik \lxocpend tlake:ntsa:tsa:stik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se to have translucent or very see-through or thin clothes \ss tener la ropa semi-transparente \xrb ke:m \xrb tsa:ts \ref 09126 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo pi:hya:n \lxocpend mopi:hya:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seo part of the body that includes the area between ones legs or in the lower abdomen \sso ingle \xrb pi:k \xrb -ya:n \nse The precise location of this area is not clear. Some individuals equate it to the crotch, others to the lower abdomen, and still others to the body part in Spanish called <spn>ingle</spn>. \ref 09127 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo koné:tlasóti \lxop kone:tlasoti \lxocpend koné:tlasóti \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \pa yes-lex \infv class-4a \seo to have difficulty in conceiving a child \sso tener dificultad en concebir \xrb kone: \xrb tlasoh \ref 09128 \lxanotes yzzzno \lxo temi:ni \lxocpend kitemi:ni \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \seo to squirt (e.g., with water, for example the accion of a dog urinating on a plant) \sso regar como en un chorrito (p. ej., agua a una planta, pero sin llegar a regar bien) \seo (with directional prefix) to strike (e.g., rays of sunlight against an object such as a plane; Ameyaltepec synonym, see <nla>wi:teki</nla>) \sso (con prefijo direccional) pegar contra (p. ej., rayos del sol contra un objeto como avión; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec, vé ase <nla>wi:teki</nla>) \pno Kontemi:ntok to:nahli, tsotla:ntiw. \peo The sun is striking it (in this case a high-flying plane), it's going shining along. \pso El sol le estápegando (en este caso contra un avión volando muy algo), se va brillando. \xrb mi: \nse This word refers to the accion of letting water or another liquid squirt out of a hose (or similar action). This is used when the water is not sprayed or otherwise put under high pressure or dispersed. \ref 09129 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo tlachpa:nka:n \lxoa tlá:chpá:nka:n \lxocpend tlachpa:nka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \se place that has been swept \ss lugar que ha sido barrido \xrb chpa: \ref 09130 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tla:ká:nekí \lxocpend notla:ká:nekí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo (refl.) to act like a bigshot \sso (refl.) fanfarronear; creerse más que los demás \syna tla:kapowa \xrb tla:ka \xrb neki \ref 09131 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo maxahto:nalmiki \lxocpend maxahto:nalmiki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo to feel hot and sweaty between ones legs \sso sentir calor y sudar entre las piernas \xrb max \xrb to:na \xrb miki \ref 09132 \lxa mamatsakaltik \lxacpend mamatsakaltik \lxo matsakaltik \lxote tematsakaltik \lxocpend tematsakaltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo having many branches, often intertwined (a tree, bush, herbaceous plant, etc.) \sso con muchas ramas, a menudo muy cercanas unas a otras (unárbol, arbusto o planta herbácea) \syna mama:yoh \syno mámá:wah \xrb ma \xrb tsakal \ref 09133 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo nia:mah \lxocpend nia:mah \loan alma \dt 18/Apr/2005 \seo word of endearment for addressing ones young children (or, by extension, other young children; this can be used by elders in addressing younger relatives) \sso palabra de cariño para dirigirse a los niños de uno (y, por extensión, a otros niños; también se puede emplear por personas mayores para dirigirse a parientes de menor edad con un sentido afectivo) \ref 09134 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kwe:sosolka \lxocpend kwe:sosolka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seao to make noise with ones skirt or dress as one walks (e.g., by having the fabric rub together between ones legs) \ssao hacer ruido con la falda o vestido al andar (p. ej., al frotarse las partes inferiores de la falda) \syno kwe:tésanáka \xrb kwe: \xrb solo: \ref 09135 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo te:ntemonetsi:n \lxocpend te:ntemonetetsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seao short-snouted or short-beaked (parakeet, chicken, cat, pig, dog, etc.) \ssao con el hocico o pico reducido, corto (perico, pollo, gato, marrano, perro, etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb temo \xrb nete \nse This word is found in a text by Silvestre Pantaleón. The more usual term is <nlao>te:ntemotso:ltik</nlao>. \ref 09136 \lxa te:ntemotso:ltik \lxaa te:ntemotso:ltsi:n \lxacpend te:ntemotso:ltsi:n \lxo te:ntemotso:ltik \lxoa te:ntemotso:ltsi:n \lxocpend te:ntemotso:ltsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seao short-snouted or short-beaked (parakeet, chicken, cat, pig, etc.) \ssao con el hocico o pico chato, reducido o corto (perico, pollo, gato, marrano etc.) \xrb te:n \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \ref 09137 \lxa komo:nki \lxacpend komo:nki \lxo komo:nki \lxocpend komo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se deep or resounding (e.g., a voice) \ss con tono grave (p. ej., una voz) \xrb komo: \nae Often used with the intensifier <n>te-</n> : <nao>tekomo:nki</nao> \ref 09138 \lxa tekomo:nki \lxacpend tekomo:nki \lxo tekomo:nki \lxocpend tekomo:nki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se see <nlao>komo:nki</nlao> \ss see <nlao>komo:nki</nlao> \xrb komo: \ref 09139 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kekowa:ya:n \lxocpend kekowa:ya:n \dt 28/Jul/2004 \syno tlapowetska:n \syno tla:ltech \xrb ehko \ref 09140 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlapowetska:n \lxocpend tlapowetska:n \dt 28/Jul/2004 \syno kekowa:ya:n \syno tla:ltech \xrb ehko \ref 09141 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlamixtsontemo:tla \lxocpend tlamixtsontemo:tla \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seo to throw a heavy rock down on another in the water under which there are fish in order to kill them \sso aventarle una piedra pesada a otra piedra dentro del agua para matar a los peces que se esconden abajo \xrb mich \xrb tson \xrb mo:tla \nae The reduplicated form of this word, indicating repeated action, is <no>tlamixtsonté:mó:tla</no> \ref 09142 \lxa tlekowa:ya:n \lxac tlekowa:ya:n \lxonotes yzzno \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \sea steep upward slope; place or section of land that is steep (generally used for an upward slope) \ssa subida; lugar o sección de tierra muy inclinada (generalmente utilizado para cuestas hacia arriba) \syna tlakaltech \syno tla:ltech \sem topography \xrb ehko \ref 09143 \lxa kwe:kokomoka \lxacpend kwe:kokomoka \lxo kwe:kokomoka \lxocpend kwe:kokomoka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seao to make noise with ones skirt or dress as one walks (in walking, or by the wind, e.g., by having it long and heavy) \ssao hacer ruido con la falda o vestido al andar (al caminar, o por el viento, por tenerlo grande y holgado) \xrb kwe: \xrb komo: \ref 09144 \lxa a:te:mpankopa \lxacpend a:te:mpankopa \lxo a:te:mpankopa \lxoc a:te:mpankopa \dt 17/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seao upriver; in the direction from which water in a river flows \ssao río arriba, en la dirección de donde viene el agua de un río \xrb a: \xrb te:m \xrl -pan \xrl -kopa \qry Check whether a:te:mpan is found in both villages. \ref 09145 \lxanotes yzz \lxo kakaisiwi \lxocpend kakaisiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to become worn thin (cloth, sheets, etc.) \sso luirse (ropa, sábanas, etc.) \seo to become bug-eaten (e.g., leaves of the Cordia sp. so that they can be seen through) \sso quedarse carcomido (p. ej., las hojas de la Cordia sp. para que pase luz) \xrb kayas \ref 09146 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo mósihka:míki \lxocpend mósihka:míki \lxop mosihka:miki \dt 20/Jan/2005 \xrb hsiwi \xrb miki \ref 09147 \lxa te:tlayo:koltih \lxacpend te:tlayo:koltih \lxonotes yzzno \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \sea saddening \ssa entristecedor \xrb yo:koya \cfa té:yamán \nse In Oapan the form <na>te:tlayo:koltih</na> is not used. Rather one finds <nlo>té:yamán</nlo> or <nlo>te:tlayowi:ltih</nlo> \ref 09148 \lxa te:tlayo:wi:ltih \lxacpend te:tlayo:wi:ltih \lxo té:tlayo:wí:ltih \lxoa te:tláyo:wí:ltih \lxocpend té:tlayo:wí:ltih \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \pa yes-lex \se causing suffering (e.g., sth that is difficult to accomplish, a boss who is hard) \ss causando sufrimiento (p. ej., algo o algn) \xrb hyo: \ref 09149 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo ixitlalowa \lxocpend noxitlalowa \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2b \seo to move ones legs rapidly while running (e.g., birds such as a roadrunner or quail, or a person who has started to slip down a hill and moves his feet quickly to start running downhill to avoid a fall) \sso mover los pies rapidamente al correr (p. ej., ciertos pájaros como el correcaminos o codorniz, o una persona que ha empezado a resbalarse y mueve los pies para empezar a correr y evitar caerse) \xrb kxi \xrb tlal \ref 09150 \lxa menta:rowa \lxacpend kimenta:rowa \lxo menta:rowa \lxocpend kimenta:rowa \dt 12/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \loan mentar \infv class-2b \seao to brag about \ssao ensalzar \nse Speakers often give this as equivalent to <nlao>we:ika:powa</nlao> (Am/Oa) or <nlo>we:ika:te:ne:wa</nlo>, <nlo>we:ite:ne:wa</nlo>, or <nlo>iwia:nte:ne:wa</nlo> \ref 09151 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo kamá:paláxtik \lxop kamá:palaxtik \lxocpend kamá:paláxtik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo person who likes to eat good food (e.g., meat, sweets, etc.) \sso goloso; persona que quiere comer lo que es bueno \xrb kama \xrb pala: \ref 09152 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo yo:lne:si \lxocpend yo:lne:si \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \com N-V1 \infv class-3a \seo to have seeds inside (e.g., a pod) become visible (e.g., of a huamúchil as it becomes ripe) \sso tener las semillas que están adentro (p. ej., de una vaina) quedarse visible (p. ej., de un huamúchil cuando se madura) \xrb yo:l \xrb ne:si \ref 09153 \lxa ma:i:loh \lxacpend ma:i:loh \lxo ma:i:loh \lxocpend ma:i:loh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(pred) \loan (part) hilo \se having good aim (in throwing, or in pouring a liquid, etc.) \ss con buen atino (en tirar, o en vertir un líquido, etc.) \xrb ma: \ref 09154 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kwe:tésanáka \lxop kwe:tesanaka \lxocpend kwe:tésanáka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seao to make noise with ones skirt or dress as one walks (e.g., by having the fabric rub together between ones legs) \ssao hacer ruido con la falda o vestido al andar (p. ej., al frotarse las partes inferiores de la falda) \syno kwe:sosolka \xrb kwe: \xrb hsanaka \ref 09155 \lxa tlasio:wia \lxacpend tlasio:wia \lxo tlasio:wia \lxocpend tlasio:wia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo To add a <nlao>sió:tl</nlao> to corn dough being ground for tortillas in order to make it stickier. \sso Agregar <nlao>sió:tl</nlao> a la masa para tortillas para que se vuelva más pegajosa. \xrb sio \ref 09156 \lxa ki:ki:ski \lxacpend ki:ki:ski \lxo ki:ki:ski \lxocpend ki:ki:ski \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seao restless (e.g., an animal that goes from one area to another, grazing) \ssao inquieto (e.g., un animal que anda de un lado a otro, apacentando) \xrb ki:sa \ref 09157 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tekwi:si:liwi \lxocpend tekwi:si:liwi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo to remain with small leaves (a plant because it does not take root well, or because insects eat it) \sso quedarse con hojas pequeñas (una planta, por no hallarse o por haber sido comido por insectos) \xrb kwi:si:l \nse According to Roberto Mauricio this verb is applied to plant leaves such as <no>sandiaxihtli</no>, <no>melo:nxihtli</no>, <no>yexo:xihtli</no>, <no>áyokíhli</no>. It can also be said of certain trees such as <nlo>ilimon</nlo> or many others. \ref 09158 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tekwi:si:ltik \lxocpend tekwi:si:ltik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo having small leaves (a plant because it does not take root well, or because insects eat it) \sso con hojas pequeñas (una planta, por no hallarse o por haber sido comido por insectos) \cfo tekwi:si:liwi \xrb kwi:si:l \ref 09159 \lxa respo:nsoh \lxacpend respo:nsoh \lxo respo:nsoh \lxocpend respo:nsoh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \loan responso (?) \seo type of prayer in Latin that is employed, particularly in Oapan, when a person dies (during the vigil) or when there is a marriage \sso tipo de oración en latín que se emplea, particularmente en Oapan, cuando alguien se murió(durante la vigilia) o cuando hay un casamiento \encyctmp make a recording of the definition \ref 09160 \lxanotes yzz \lxo nomastok \lxoa nomastikah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \pss Adv \seo (<nlo>san</nlo> or <nlo>cho</nlo> ~) just \sso (<nlo>san</nlo> o <nlo>cho</nlo> ~) nada más \pno Cho nomastíkatsí:ná:chitsi:n o:ke:hchi:w chi:hli. \peo She just made a little bit of chile. \pso Nada más preparóun poquito de chile. \xrb mati \ref 09161 \lxa te:ntemotso:l \lxaa te:ntemotso:l \lxacpend te:ntemotso:l \lxo te:ntemotso:l \lxoa te:ntemotso:l \lxocpend te:ntemotso:l \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seao short-snouted or short-beaked (parakeet, chicken, cat, pig, dog, etc.) \ssao con el hocico o pico chato, reducido o corto (perico, pollo, gato, marrano, dog etc.) \cfao te:ntemotso:ltik \xrb te:n \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \nse This word, and <nlao>te:ntemotso:ltik</nlao>, are used with animals. Like other words that indicate physical characteristics, it is insulting when used with people. \ref 09162 \lxa we:ika \lxaa we:i ika \lxacpend we:ika \lxo we:ika \lxoa we:i ika \lxocpend we:ika \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seao a long way; distant \ssao lejos \pno We:ika yaw tlawe:hli. \peo The problems spread out. \pso Los problemas van lejos \pna We:ika yaw motlake:n ika xiti:ntiw. \pea Your clothes have unraveled (e.g., at the seam) a long way. \pso Ha ido lejos el descosido de tu ropa. \xrb we:i \ref 09163 \lxa tlawe:ika:n \lxacpend tlawe:ika:n \lxo tlawe:ika:n \lxocpend tlawe:ika:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \seao a place that is very big and open \ssao un lugar muy grande o extenso \pno Pon tlakomolko mila: \xrb we:i \xrl -ka:n \ref 09164 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kalakilia \lxocpend kikalakilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to hit (with a blow) \sso asestar (un golpe) \xrb kalak \ref 09165 \lxa akilia \lxacpend kakilia \lxo akilia \lxocpend akilia \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seao to strike (with a blow) \ssao pegar, asestar (un golpe fuerte) \pno Toba:leh mila: kakiliah ma:tli. \peo Our friend there really gets beaten up. \pso A nuestro amigo de veras le dan un tunda. \pno Xkakili tlako:tl mobu:rroh para ma toto:katiw. \peo Hit your donkey hard with a stick so that it goes fast. \pso Pégale duro a tu burro para que camine rápido \xrb aki \ref 09166 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo sentlapal \lxocpend sentlapal \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seo on the other side (of a river, gorge, etc.) \sso por el otro lado (de un río, barranca, etc.) \xrb sen \xrb tlapal \ref 09167 \lxanotes zzno \lxo i:xtlapoya:wi \lxocpend i:xtlapoya:wi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V0 \inc tla-N-V1 \der V0-tla \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become dusk as the sun just sets \ssa atardecer al apenas ponerse el sol \cfo tlapoya:wi \xrb i:x \xrb poya: \nse Whereas <nlo>tlapoya:wi</nlo> refers to the darkness that sets in well after the sun has set, <no>i:xtlapoya:wi</no> refers to the light at dusk, when the sun has just set and it is just getting dark. \qry Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /i:xpoya:wi/. If it does enter it and also add /xbtl field here. \ref 09168 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo no:sah \lxocpend no:sah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \seo again; once again \sso otra vez \pno No:sah i tiné:chawátok. \peo Once again you are scolding me. \pso Otra vez me estás regañando. \xrb no: \xrb san \ref 09169 \lxa ye:lpankostik \lxacpend ye:lpankostik \lxo ye:lpankostik \lxocpend ye:lpankostik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(pred) \se yellow-breasted (particularly in reference to birds) \ss con el pecho amarrillo (particularmente en referencia a pájaros) \xrb ye:l \xrb kos \xrl -pan \ref 09170 \lxanotes yzzz \lxo kwa:kohwah \lxoc kwa:kohwah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N1 \com N-N \der N-posr-wah \infn pl. <no>kwákwa:kóhwakéh</no> \seo animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.) \sso animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.) \equiva kwa:kuwyoh \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \ref 09171 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo a:chí:tatlí \lxocpend a:chí:tatlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo type of fishing tool, a hoop made of wire and cord or fishing line used to scoop up fish killed by electric shock \sso tipo de herramienta para pescar, un aro de alambre con red de cuerda utilizada para recoger peces matados por corriente eléctrico \xrb a: \xrb chi:tah \ref 09172 \lxa tlamawisowa \lxacpend tlamawisowa \lxo tlamawisowa \lxocpend tlamawisowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \inc tla-V2 \seao to have a good time; to enjoy oneself (e.g., at a party, during a festival, etc.) \ssao (con <n>tla-</n>) divertirse \pna Ma titlamawiso:tin. \pea Let's go have a good time (i.e. go watch and enjoy something: a dance, fireworks, a rodeo)! \psa ¡Vamos a ir a divertirnos (p. ej. ir a ver y disfrutar algo: un baile, un castillo, un jaripeo)! \cfo té:tlatláta \xrb mawis \xbtlao mawisowa \nse In Oapan this verb with the sense of 'divertirse' is rarely used, and now used only by elders. Rather, the verb <nlo>té:tlatláta</nlo> is used, with an oblique construction that indicates what is being observed (enjoyed). \ref 09173 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlaki:stipan \lxocpend tlaki:stipan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \se time at the end of the rainy season (i.e., October) \ss tiempo al final de la temporada de lluvias (esto es, octubre) \syno tlaki:ska:tlan \xrb ki:sa \xrl -pan \nse This is a much rarer form than <nlo>tlaki:ska:tlan</nlo>. It is documented once in a story by Silvestre Pantaleón. \ref 09174 \lxa te:tlatlata \lxacpend te:tlatlata \lxo té:tlatláta \lxoa té:tláta \lxocpend té:tlatláta \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv Irregular, see <nlao>ita</nlao> \sea to observe people (with bad intentions, e.g., to determine what they have; syn. <nlao>istla:kowa</nlao>) \ssa observar a la gente (con mala intención, p. ej., para determinar que tienen; sin. syn. <nlao>istla:kowa</nlao>) \seo to have a good time (watching sth, e.g., television, movies, a rodeo, a game of soccer, etc.; syn. Am <nla>tlamawisowa</nla>) \sso divertirse (al observar o mirar a algo, p. ej., televisión, cine, jaripeo, partido de futbol, etc.; sin. Am <nla>tlamawisowa</nla>) \xrb ita \ref 09175 \lxa me:koh \lxacpend me:koh \lxo me:koh \lxocpend me:koh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan meco \psm Adj \seao striped \ssao rayado \syna tigretsi:n \syno tígritsí:n \ref 09176 \lxa tigretsi:n \lxacpend tigretsi:n \lxo tígritsí:n \lxocpend tígritsí:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \loan tigre \seao striped \ssao rayado \synao me:koh \syno te:kwa:ntik \ref 09177 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo a:kwe:xtli \lxocpend a:kwe:xtli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo fine mist or drizzle (blown by the wind) \sso lluvia o llovizna fina (llevado por el viento) \pno Ne:cha:hmakilitikah a:kwe:xtli, kalaki nokali ikwa:k kiawi. \peo A fine mist is hitting me, it enters my house (e.g. of teja), when it rains. \pso Una fina llovizna me estápegando, entra en mi casa cuando llueve. \synao a:pi:si:hli \xrb a: \xrb kwe:ch \ref 09178 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kiawia:n \lxoc i:kiawia:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N(loc) \infn Obligatorily possessed with 3rd person \seo place where it rains a lot \sso lugar donde llueve mucho \pno Ne: i:pan so:ya:yoh, mila:k i:kiawia:n. \peo There where there is a lot of palm, it is a place where it rains a lot. \pso Alládonde hay mucha palma, es un lugar de mucha lluvia. \xrb kiawi \nse This word is one of several in Oapan that seem to take an obligatory 3rd-person possessor, with no obvious referent. The others documented so far are <nlo>se:waya:n</nlo> and <nlo>to:naya:n</nlo>. \grm -ya:n, possession; impersonal; <nlo>kiawia:n</nlo> is one of several in Oapan that seem to take an obligatory 3rd-person possessor, with no obvious referent. The others are <nlo>se:waya:n</nlo> and <nlo>to:naya:n</nlo>. \ref 09179 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo se:waya:n \lxoc i:se:waya:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \infn Obligatorily possessed with 3rd person \seo place where it is very cold \sso lugar donde hace mucho frío \pno Toluca, mila:k i:se:waya:n. \peo Toluca is a place where it is very cold. \pso Toluca es un lugar donde hace mucho frío. \cfo kiawia:n \xrb se:wa \ref 09180 \lxa tla:kia:n \lxacpend itla:kia:n \lxo tla:kia:n \lxocpend i:tla:kia:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \seao place where (a plant) yields a lot of fruit (i.e., where it grows well) \ssao lugar donde rinde mucho (una fruta) \pno So:la:pan milá:k i:tla:kian sandiah. \peo Solapan is a place where watermelon really grows well. \pso Solapan es un lugar donde la sandía rinde bien. \pno Kaxti:hla:yetl i:tla:kia:n i:pan xa:ltla:hli. \peo <spn>Frijol chino</spn> gives a good yield in sandy soil. \pso Frijol chino rinde bien en tierra arenosa. \xrb tla:ki \ref 09181 \lxa isihka:tlakwa \lxacpend isihka:tlakwa \lxo isihka:tlakwa \lxocpend isihka:tlakwa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \seao to eat quickly \ssao comer rápido \xrb hsi \xrb kwa \ref 09182 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo tékoyóka \lxop tekoyoka \lxocpend tékoyóka \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \seo to make a scraping sound (sth as it is dragged along the ground, e.g., a bucket, chair leg, etc.) \sso hacer un ruido de arrstre (algo se arrastra por la tierra) \seo to make a sound of one small object beating against another \sso hacer un sonido de golpeteo fuerte \xrb kohyo \nse This word can be applied to the sound of rocks in a strong flood current; a strong, hard rain in the distance; gravel when it is dumped from a truck; a large snake that runs through the grass; the skin of a cow as it is dragged by dogs, etc. \ref 09183 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo techi:pa:lo:tsi:n \lxoc techi:pa:lo:tsi:n \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \seo runty, small and thin (said of chickens and people, although with the latter it is insulting) \sso chaparro y delgado (dicho de pollos y personas, aunque con losúltimos es insultante) \xrb chi:pa:lo: \nse Although this word is only applied to chickens and people, a virtual synonym, <nlo>té:tsó:yo</nlo> can be used for pigs, dogs, donkeys, cats, people, etc. When used in regard to people it, as are almost all negative descriptions of a physical characteristic, is considering insulting. It can also be used for material objects such as table lamps, reading glasses (with small lenses), etc. \ref 09184 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo hkichin \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seo like this (great \sso así(de mucho) \pno ¡Simi ta hkichin tine:chmakas! \peo You're going to give me this much! \pso ¡Hasta tanto asíme vas a dar! \xrb iw \ref 09185 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo xa:ltla:hli \lxocpend xa:ltla:hli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo sandy soil \sso tierra arenosa \pno Kaxti:hla:yetl i:tla:kia:n i:pan xa:ltla:hli. \peo <spn>Frijol chino</spn> gives a good yield in sandy soil. \pso Frijol chino rinde bien en tierra arenosa. \xrb xa:l \xrb tla:l \ref 09186 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tla:kapan \lxocpend tla:kapan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \seo back (of an animal, person, etc.) \sso espalda; lomo (de un animal, persona, etc.) \syna kwitlapan \cfo tla:kayo \xrb tla:ka \xrl -pan \ref 09187 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo la:mpa \lxoa la:impa \lxocpend la:mpa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \seo how much! \sso ¡quétanto!,¡cuánto! \pno ¡La:mpa i tiwe:i! \peo My how you've grown! \pso ¡Cuánto has crecido mucho! \pno ¡Kwa: la:mpa iwiá:n! \peo ¡Is he really that smart! \pso ¡A poco es muy listo! \pno ¡Ma: la:impa xtlakwa! \peo ¡Do not eat that much! \pso ¡No comas tanto! \xrb mela: \xrb pa \ref 09188 \lxa xa:yakapetsiwi \lxacpend xa:yakapetsiwi \lxo xa:yakapetsiwi \lxoa xa:ya'apetsiwi \lxoa xa:ka:petsiwi \lxocpend xa:ya'apetsiwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seao to have ones face (complexion) clear up (e.g., after having had pimples or acne) \ssao quedarse con la cara lisa (p. ej., después de haber tenido acné o muchos granos) \seao to get a smooth face (a man after shaving) \ssao quedar lampiño (un hombre después de razurarse) \seo to get a new coat of fur on the face (e.g., a donkey, dog, etc.) \sso quedarse con pelo nuevo en la cara (un animal como burro, perro, etc.) \xrb xa:yaka \xrb pets \ref 09189 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo moxtitlan \lxoc moxtitlan \dt 09/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \se cloud-covered (the sky) \ss nubloso, tapado de nubes (el cielo) \xrb mox \xrl -titlan \ref 09190 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tahki \lxocpend tahki \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \loan (part) hasta \seo even like this \sso hasta así \pno Tahki miek. \peo Even so many as these. \pso Hasta asíde muchos. \xrb iw \ref 09191 \lxanotes yzz \lxo te:kwa:ntik \lxocpend te:kwa:ntihtsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \seao striped \ssao rayado \synao me:koh \syna tigretsi:n \syno tígritsí:n \ref 09192 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo ma:kwetla:ntok \lxocpend ma:kwetla:ntok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \seo to have (a tree) branches hanging down \sso con las ramas colgadas \pno Wa:hma:kwetla:ntoya i:pan on osto:tl. \peo Its branches were hanging down from that cliff. \pso Sus ramas estaban colgadas de ese peñasco. \xrb ma: \xrb kwetla: \ref 09193 \lxa xi:kahli \lxacpend xi:kahli \lxo xi:kahli \lxop xi:kahli \lxocpend xi:kahli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \seao gourd for scooping and drinking water, atole, etc. \ssao calabazo para tomar y beber agua, atole, etc. \seo gourd bowl for transporting mole to ceremonies in the countryside, where it is left as an offering \sso calabazo para transportar mole a las ceremonias en el campo, donde se deja como ofrenda \xrb xi:kal \cfo wékahlí \nse Many consultants stated that the <nao>xi:kahli</nao> was the same as the <nla>wekahli</nla> (Am) / <nlo>wákahlí</nlo> (Oa). However, Roberto Mauricio (Oa) stated that the former is made of the <nbao>a>tekomatl</nbao> plant whereas the latter is made of the <nbo>kohtekomatl</nbo> (Oa) / <nba>kuwtekomatl</nba> (Am) and that the former is used to transport mole (now a <nlao>teposko:ntli</nlao> is used). \qry Check to make sure def is same in Ameyaltepec. \ref 09194 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo xí:hkahlí \lxoc xí:hkahli \lxocpend xí:hkahlí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo blind made of grass and other plants used to hide a hunter \sso escondite hecho de sakatl y otras plantas en que se esconde un cazador \xrb xih \xrb kal \ref 09195 \lxa xo:panpanowa \lxacpend xo:panpanowa \lxo xo:panpanowa \lxocpend xo:panpanowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-4c(pano) \se to spend the summer (in a place) \ss pasar el verano (en un lugar) \pno Xkanah o:niah, no mpa o:nixo:panpano:k. \peo I didn't go anywhere, I spent the summer there. \pso No fui a ningún lado, yo allípasétodo el verano. \xrb xo: \xrb pano: \xrl pan \ref 09196 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo pítohwé:s \lxop pitohwe:s \lxocpend pitohwe:s \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm N \se Great Kiskadee, <l>Pitangus sulphuratus</l>, large bird with yellow breast and a long beak, a migratory bird in the Balsas area \ss Kiscadí(y muchos otros nombres en español) <l>Pitangus sulphuratus</l>, pájaro grande con pecho amarrillo y un pico largo, migratorio en la zona del Balsas \ref 09197 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo tlaye:lpan \lxocpend tlaye:lpan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv(loc) \seo at the front slope (p. ej., of a hill) \sso en la parte inclinada de enfrente (p. ej., de un cerro) \pno Niá:s ne:chka tlaye:lpan. \peo I'm going there to the front slope \pso Voy allápor la parte enfrente \seo (usually followed by a color) to be (of a color) from the breasts (e.g., a lot of birds that have perched together) \sso (generalmente seguido por un color) ser todo (de un color) por el pecho (p. ej., de muchos pájaros que se asentado en un lugar) \pno Ta tlaye:lpan kose:wi ya: chikóyotíh. \peo The whole area is yellow with the breasts of the Tropical kingbird. \pso Todo se ve amarrillo por los pechos del Madrugador abejero \xrb ye:l \xrl -pan \ref 09198 \lxa karre:rah \lxacpend karre:rah \lxo kare:rah \lxocpend kare:rah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan carrera \psm Adv(man) \seao rapidly \ssao rapídamente \pno Mo:stla sapa xwa:hla, tla: xiska:n o:nekok ma: san kare:rah tone:hte:was, xne:xchia. \peo Come again tomorrow, if I didn't arrive early, don't depart right away, wait for me. \pso ¡Ven otra vez mañana, si no llego temprano no te vayas a salir luego luego, espérame! \syno íská:pan \ref 09199 \lxa akoyoma \lxacpend kakoyoma \lxo ákoyóma \lxocpend akoyoma \lxocpend kákoyóma \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(m) \com Adv-V2 \seao to go up (e.g., a pole, post or tree) by grabbing it around its diameter with ones feet and arms and shimmying up \ssao trepar (p. ej., un poste oárbol) al abrazar (el objeto trepado) por los brazos y pies \xrb ahko \xrb yoma \nse This word is used in Oapan but rare in Ameyaltepec. However, Honorio de la Rosa (Am) did know this term. \ref 09200 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo teko:ntsi:n \lxoc i:teko:ntsi:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo throat (of a flower,, such as that of the <nbo>nextamalxo:chitl</nbo> and <nbo>tla:pa:tl</nbo>) \sso garganta (de una flor, como la del <nbo>nextamalxo:chitl</nbo> y <nbo>tla:pa:tl</nbo>) \xrb te \xrb ko:n \ref 09201 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlákoto:náya:n \lxop tlakoto:naya:n \lxocpend tlákoto:náya:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N(loc) \seo in the middle of a place where the sun is strong and direct \sso en medio de un lugar donde pega fuerte el sol \xrb tlahko \xrb to:na \ref 09202 \lxanotes yzznochen \lxo tla:kate:ko \lxocpend i:tla:kate:ko \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N2 \com N-N \seo male owner (e.g., of an animal) \sso dueño de sexo masculino (p. ej., de un animal) \xrb tla:ka \xrb te:ko \ref 09203 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo i:xa:wetsi \lxocpend i:xa:wetsi \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(ts) \se to have the sediment sink to the bottom (of water, leaving it clear) \ss asentarse (el agua, al caer el sedimento u otra cosa parecida, dejando el agua claro) \xrb i:x \xrb a: \xrb wetsi \nse This verb is used particularly in reference a river that during the rainly season is clouded with sediment that settles to the bottom once the rains have stopped. It may also be used in reference to things such as coffee in which the grinds settle, etc. \ref 09204 \lxa se:yewalowa \lxacpend se:yewalowa \lxo seyewalowa \lxocpend seyewalowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-2b \se to spend the entire night (doing something or being in a particular location) \ss pasar la noche entera (haciendo algo o estando en un lugar en particular) \xrb se: \xrb yewal \ref 09205 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo xíxikwíntik \lxop xixikwintik \lxocpend xíxikwíntik \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): <no>ní:xikwíntik</no> \pa yes-rdp \se glutton; person who eats whatever and all that is offered \ss glotón; persona que come cualquier cosa y todo que se le ofrece \xrb xikwin \syna xixikwin \nse In Oapan the adjectival form <nlo>xíxikwíntik</nlo> is more common than the nominal form <nlo>xíxikwín</nlo>. \qry Check for verb /xixikwinoa/. \ref 09206 \lxo mímixtí \lxop mimixti \lxocpend ní:mixtí \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \pa yes \seo to perform in the dance called <nlo>mímixtí</nlo> \sso ser danzante en la danza llamada <nlo>mímixtí</nlo> \xrb mich \ref 09207 \lxa ma:tipan \lxacpend se: ma:tipan \lxo ma:tipan \lxocpend se: ma:tipan \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N1 \seao arm's length (as a measure, e.g., of cloth or lasso) \ssao brazada (como medida, p. ej., de tela o laso) \pno Tia:skeh ikwa:k se: ma:tipan to:nahli. \peo We will go when the sun is one arms length above the horizon. \pso Vamos cuando el sol estáuna brazada arriba del horizonte. \xrb ma: \xrl -tipan \ref 09208 \lxanotes zzzno \lxo ké:mení:n \lxop ke:meni:n \lxocpend tla: ké:mení:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo for example this \sso por ejemplo este \cfo ké:menó:n \synao kea:man \ref 09209 \lxa ma:saka \lxacpend ma:saka \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv \se even only with \ss aunque solamente con \pna Ma:saka istatl nihkwa:s. \pea I'll eat it even if just with salt. \psa Me lo voy a comer aunque sea solamente con sal. \xrb ma:si \xrb ka \nae The word <na>ma:saka</na> is a contraction of <na>ma:ski san ika</na> ; see also <nla>saka</nla>. \ref 09210 \lxa peni:tas \lxacpend san peni:tas \dt 02/Feb/2005 \loan apenas \psm Adv \se (~ [verb]; often preceded by <nla>san</nla>) just a little [verb] \ss (~ [verbo]; a menudo precedido por <nla>san</nla>) un poco [verbo] \pna Peni:tas ne:chpale:wia. \pea It helps me out just a little. \psa Me ayuda un poquito. \ref 09211 \lxa tak \lxacpend tak \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \se see! \ss ¡ves! \xrb tta \nse This word, apparently a shortened form of <na>o:tikitak</na>, is used in Ameyaltepec with the sense of 'you see!' For example, in demonstrating how to do something one can say to a person who is watching, ' <na>tak!</na>,' i.e., 'did you see that?' 'see how its done!' etc. \ref 09212 \lxa tixi:lia \lxaa tixilia \lxacpend kitixi:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to grind corn for \ss moler maíz para \xrb tisi \xvba tisi \nae In a recorded text Cristino Flores pronounces this with a short second /i/. However, Inocencio Díaz has a clear long vowel. For now both forms have been entered as alternates. Further information might clarify if one of the two possibilities is dominant or correct. \ref 09213 \lxa welme:roh \lxacpend welme:roh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Modal \loan (part) mero \se precisely \ss precisamente; mero \pna Welme:roh 'mpa nia:ya. \pea It was precisely there that I was going. \psa Allíprecisamente iba yo. \xrb wel \nse The precise or best translation of <na>welme:roh</na> still needs to be determined. It seems to be mostly used by speakers to emphasize the precise truth or specificity of a proposition. \ref 09214 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tótolíxtik \lxop totolixtik \lxocpend tótolíxtik \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm Adj \der Adj \seo to have cravings or desires for good things to eat (e.g., sb who wants to eat meat, cheese, etc., or a child who always wants sweets and similar foods) \sso tener anhelos o gustos para buenas cosas para comer (p. ej., que quiere comer carne, queso, etc.; o un niño que siempre desea dulces o golosinas); ser cuzco \syna tolix \xrb toli: \nse In Oapan the form <nlo>tótolíixtik</nlo> is more common whereas <no>tolix</no> is rarely used and seems more likely to be an occasional borrowing from Ameyaltepec. \ref 09215 \lxa bai:toh \lxacpend bai:toh \lxo bai:toh \lxocpend bai:toh \loan bajito \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se color of a light dusky yellow \ss color de amarrillo bajito como una madera \ref 09216 \lxa ye:lpanbai:toh \lxacpend ye:lpanbai:toh \lxo ye:lpanbai:toh \lxocpend ye:lpanbai:toh \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj(pred) \loan bajito \se light dusky yellow-breasted (particularly in reference to birds) \ss con el pecho de un amarrillo bajito (particularmente en referencia a pájaros) \xrb ye:l \xrl -pan \ref 09217 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo peya:ska:ki:sa \lxocpend peya:ska:ki:sa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \se to have a branch grow straight and long (a tree) \ss tener la rama crecer derecho y largo (unárbol) \xrb peya:s \xrb ki:sa \ref 09218 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo ítiwákalíwi \lxocpend ítiwákalíwi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \se to have a hollow form (in a tree trunk, in a fruit such as a watermelon that is rotting, or is eaten by an animal such as a crow or squirrel) \ss quedarse hueco por adentro (p. ej., un tronco deárbol pudrido, una fruta que se pudre o a que se le ha sido comido la parte interior) \se to have ones stomach sink in for not eating or lack of food \ss sumirse el estómago por falta de comer \xrb hti \xrb wahkal \ref 09219 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo kechpa:lakachowa \lxocpend kikechpa:lakachowa \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \se to twist or wring the neck of (e.g., a chicken being slaughtered, a goose-neck lamp, etc.) \ss torcer el cuello de (p. ej., una gallina para matarla, una lámpara con un cuelll largo y el foco al final) \xrb kech \xrb pa:lakach \ref 09220 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo ko:laweyakixtok \lxocpend ko:laweyakixtok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adj \se with a long tail (e.g., a bird, dog, etc.) \ss con la cola larga o extendida (p. ej., un pájaro, perro, etc.) \xrb weya \ref 09221 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo temo:hlatinemi \lxoc notemo:hlatinemi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3a(m) \seo (refl.) to go along falling on the ground and getting up (e.g., a dog or other animal that is dying, or a drunk) \sso (refl.) andar cayéndose y golpeándose en el suelo (p. ej., un perro u otro animal que se está muriendo, un borracho, etc.) \syna tetlamo:tla \xrb mo:hla \ref 09222 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tsontekonkwalo:listli \lxoc tsontekonkwalo:listli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seo severe headache \sso fuerte dolor de cabeza \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \xrb kwa \nse This word is only documented in a story told by Juvenal Ramírez. \ref 09223 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo tlá:kopké:tl \dt 02/Feb/2005 \seo person who turns over tortillas (e.g., helping another person cook) \sso persona que voltea las tortillas (p. ej., en ayudar a otras personas en cocinar) \xrb kopa \ref 09224 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo e:wi \lxoc mowa:n ne:wi \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \seo (- <no>wa:n</no> ~) to be the same age as \sso (- <no>wa:n</no> ~) ser de la misma edad que \xrb e:wi \ref 09225 \lxanotes yzzno \lxo i:xtlapahwestok \lxoc i:xtlapahwestok \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Stat \seo to be lying down face up \sso estar acostado boca arriba \xrb i:x \xrb hpa \xrb wetsi \ref 09226 \lxa suwa:wah \lxacpend suwa:wah \lxo siwa:wah \lxocpend siwa:wah \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \seao married man (lit. 'having a woman') \ssao hombre casado \xrb siwa: \ref 09227 \lxa yeun \lxacpend yeun \lxo youn \lxocpend youn \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Interj \seao uh, like (i.e., a sound used when a speaker cannot find the appropriate word) \ssao este (esto es, un sonido empleado cuando la persona que habla no encuentra la palabra adecuada) \xrb yehwa \xrb on \ref 09228 \lxo í:xtlasóhli \lxop i:xtlasohli \lxocpend í:xtlasóhli \dt 18/Apr/2005 \pa yes \psm N \com N+N \seo type of eye infection said to be caused when a woman who has lovers outside of marriage holds a young baby, bringing on this disease which causes a reddening of the eyes \sso tipo de infección de los ojos causado cuando una mujer que tiene muchos amantes fuera del matrimonio abraza un niño pequeño, causando esta enfermedad que se manifiesta \nse The effects of an impure woman on the health of a child are manifested here by <no>í:xtlasóhli</no>, in which the stem <no>tlásohlí</no> 'refuse' would seem to apply both to the woman causing the disease and the manifestations of the eye infection. See Louise M. Burkhart, 1989 <i>The Slippery Earth</i>, chap. 4 on"Purity and pollution." \xrb i:x \xrb hsol \ref 09229 \lxa i:xtla:waka:n \lxacpend i:xtla:waka:n \lxo ixtla:waka:n \lxocpend ixtla:waka:n \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \der N-b \infn Stem 2 \se plain; savanna \ss llano; sabana \sem topography \xrb xtla:wa \nae Apparently the initial vowel is long in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but short in Oapan. However, this needs to be rechecked. \chen Check initial vowel length. \ref 09230 \lxo íkwá:kon \lxoa ínkwá:kon \lxop ikwa:kon \lxop inkwa:kon \lxocpend íkwá:kon \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm Adv-tm \seo in those times \sso en aquel entonces \ref 09231 \lxo o:ntepia \lxocpend nime:cho:ntepias \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm V2 \seo to have two (people, e.g., two wives or husbands) \sso tener a los dos (como esposas o esposos) \xrb o:me \xrb te \xrb piya \ref 09232 \lxa yo:ltla:lia \lxacpend kiyo:ltla:lia \lxo yo:ltla:lia \lxocpend kiyo:ltla:lia \dt 18/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \se to calm down; to assuage \ss calmar; consolar (p. ej., un padre a quien se le haya fugado la hija) \pna Nanenemiskeh para noyo:ltla:li:s. \pea You all will follow up (i.e., continue to pursue sth, in this case the soothing of an irate father whose daughter had eloped) so that he (the <na>novia</na> 's father) will calm down. \psa Vas a perseguir (p. ej., seguir tratando o tramitando algo, en este caso apaciguar un padre cuya hija se había fugado con su novio) para queél (el padre de la novia) se calme. \xrb yo:l \xrb tla:l \ref 09233 \lxa cho:kistli \lxacpend cho:kistli \lxo cho:kistli \lxocpend cho:kistli \dt 02/Feb/2005 \psm N \se crying \ss llano \xrb cho:ka \ref 09234 \lxo kalte:mpan \lxocpend kalte:mpan \dt 17/Feb/2005 \psm Loc \com \der \se \seo at the village's edge \sso por la orilla del pueblo \qry Determine the difference between kalte:mpan and kalte:nko, and tlate:nko and tlate:mpan. \xrb kal \xrb te:m \xrl -pan \ref 09235 \lxo chi:lmoya:wa \lxocpend chi:lmoya:wa \infv class-3a(w) \dt 26/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \se to spread chile out (e.g., on a straw mat so that it dries in the sun) \ss extender chile (p. ej., sobre un petate para que se seque en el sol) \xrb chi:l \xrb moya: \ref 09236 \lxo tlayo:ltleko:ltia \lxocpend tlayo:ltleko:ltia \dt 26/Feb/2005 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \inc N-V2 \der \se to carry maize up (e.g., to the top of a granary to pour it in) \ss subir maíz (p. ej., a la parte superior de una troje para vertirlo adentro) \xrb o:ya \xrb \ref 09237 \lxa arne:roh \lxacpend arne:roh \lxo arne:roh \lxocpend arne:roh \loan arnero \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \seao metal mesh (particularly those used to clean grains) \ssao arnero (particularmente los que se utilizan para limpiar granos) \ref 09238 \lxo koma:ltepa:ntsi:ntli \lxocpend koma:ltepa:ntsi:ntli \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \com N-N \seo short mud and straw circular wall on which a clay griddle set and which has an opening through which firewood is inserted under the griddle \sso pared poco alto de lodo y paja poco sobre la cual se coloca un comal; y que tiene una apertura por la cual se mete la leña \xrb koma:l \xrb tepa:n \ref 09239 \lxa korra:l \lxacpend korra:l \lxo korra:l \lxocpend korra:l \loan corral \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \com \der \se fence \ss corral \ref 09240 \lxo i:skale:rah \lxocpend i:skale:rah \loan escalera \dt 28/Feb/2005 \psm N \se chicken ladder; ladder (in general) \ss escalera para subir a una troje, techo \ref 09241 \lxo ne:pa \lxocpend ne:pa \dt 14/Mar/2005 \psm Adv- \com \der \se (<nlo>ta</nlo> ~) up to there, beyond \ss (<nlo>ta</nlo> ~) hasta allá \xrb ne: \xrl -pa \nse The difference between <nlo>napa</nlo> (also <no>nepa</no>) and <no>ne:pa</no>, with a short \ref 09242 \lxa istlakati \lxacpend istlakati \lxo istlakati \lxocpend istlakati \dt 26/Mar/2005 \psm V1 \infv class-3d(ti) \seao to lie \ssao mentir \xrb stlaka \ref 09243 \lxa istiki:sa \lxacpend o:nikistiki:sako \lxo istiki:sa \lxocpend o:nikistiki:sako \dt 20/Apr/2005 \psm V2 \com \der \se \ss \xrb ta \ref 09244 \lxo tla:kawákapán \lxop tla:kawakapan \lxocpend tla:kawákapán \dt 05/May/2005 \psm N \com \der \se tall man \ss hombre alto \xrb tla:ka \xrb wehka \ref 09245 \lxo ásika:káki \lxoa ásoka:káki \lxop asika:kaki \lxocpend kásika:káki \dt 05/May/2005 \infv class-3 \psm V2 \inc V-ka-V2 \der V2-b \pa yes-lex \se to understand the meaning of \ss entender el sentido \syno ásika:máti \syna asika:mati \xrb ahsi \xrb kaki \nae Emiliana Domínguez and her family use <no>ásoka:káki</no> although this is perhaps not the primary pronunciation. \ref 09246 \lxo tlakiawi \lxoa tlakiewi \lxoc tlakiawi \dt 06/May/2005 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to rain \ss llover \pno ¿Tlakiawi Chicago? \src Emiliana Domínguez, pc \peo Does it rain in Chicago? \pso ¿Llueve en Chicago? \synao kiawi \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae This verb is defective in that it is only found in the 3rd person singular. In Oapan I have heard the form <nlo>tlakiawi</nlo> uttered by Emiliana Domínguez in the question <no>¿Tlakiawi Chicago?</no>. At first I thought that this was a type of impersonal form with the meaning 'to rain constantly (all over)' but this does not seem to be the case. She later would accent the full range of meaning, e.g, <no>Ya:lwa o:tlakiaw</no> 'Yesterday it rained' referring to a specific event. More research needs to be done on this form. It might be derived from an impersonal, but my analysis has <no>kiawi</no> as an impersonal verb that does not accept a prefix <n>tla-</n>. When I asked Emiliana about other forms such as ?<no>tlato:na</no>, ?<no>tlase:wa</no>, ?<no>tlateciwi</no>, etc., she denied the correctness of them all. Three things remain to be investigated: (1) whether <no>tlakiawi</no> is indeed identical in meaning to <nlao>kiawi</nlao>, (2) whether in Ameyaltepec one finds <na>tlakiawi</na> as well, and (3) if similar forms exist with other V0 words. \vl Carefully recheck whether there is a glide /y/ or whether this is better written /kiawi/. Be consistent. \rt Tie in roots of /tlapayawi/, /kiawi/ and other similar forms. \ref 09247 \lxa de \lxacpend san de yo:tiwa:hlah \lxo di \lxocpend san di yo:tiwa:hlah \dt 16/May/2005 \loan de \psm Subord \seo see <nlao>san</nlao> \sso véase <nlao>san</nlao> \ref 09248 \lxo ma \lxocpend ma tli:no:n! \dt 06/May/2005 \psm Discourse \com \der \se \seo discourse particle meant to emphasize or stress a doubt or interrogation \sso partícula de discurso para emfatizar una duda o interrogación \xrb mah \nse This is only used in Oapan and adds emphasis to an utterance. Thus one may say <no>¿Ke:no:n?</no> 'How?' or <no>¿Ma ke:no:n?</no> 'How could it be.' Apparently this is related to Classical <n>mâ</n> which Launey (1992:322) describes as follows "El sentido propio de esta partícula es algo así como 'siendo tal que...' Sirve para 'reforzar los términos interrogativos o negativos." For example, Launey gives, "<n>¿a:quin mah quimati?</n> '¿Quién puede saberlo?" \ref 09249 \lxa no:yeh \lxacpend san de no:yeh \lxo no:yeh \lxocpend san no:yeh \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm Adv \der \se too much; a lot \ss demasiado \nse This word is only used in Ameyaltepec by speakers familiar with the dialects of surrounding villages. In Oapan it is apparently used by elder speakers only. The sense is of 'too much' as would occur in the exchange: A---<no>¡Mila: to:na!</no> B---<no>¡San no:yeh!<no>, i.e., A---It's really hot! B---You bet! \xrb no: \ref 09250 \lxa no:nkwah \lxacpend no:nkwah \lxo no:nkwah \lxocpend no:nkwah \dt 10/Jun/2005 \psm Adv \se separately \ss aparte \pno No:nkwah cha:nti. \peo He lives separately. \pso Vive aparte. \xrb no:nkwah \nae The etymology of this form is unclear \ref 09251 \lxo kamawísokí \lxop kamawisoki \lxocpend tokamawisokih \dt 11/Jun/2005 \psm \com \der \se (refl. pl.) to have a heated discussion \ss (refl. pl.) tener una discussión fuerte, discutir \xrb kama \xrb wihsoki \ref 09252 \lxo temi:nilia \lxocpend notemi:nilia \dt 16/May/2005 \psm V3 \com \der \seo (refl.) to spray on oneself (e.g., with hairspray) \sso (refl.) rociarse con espray (p. ej., para cabello) \xrb mi:na \ref 09253 \lxa siawtok \lxacpend siawtok \lxo siahtok \lxoa siahtikah \lxocpend siahtok \dt 19/May/2005 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be exhausted; to be tired \ssao estar exhausto; estar muy cansado \fl siawi \xrb siawi \ref 09254 \lxa tlatowilia \lxacpend ne:xttlalatowilia \lxo tlátowília \lxop tlatowilia \lxocpend kitláowília \psm V2 \infv class-2a \seo to sic (a dog) on \sso azuzar (un perro, para que ataque a algn) \se (short vowel reduplication of <na>tlatowilia</na>) to say disturbing things to \ss (reduplicación de vocal corta de <na>tlatowilia</na>) decirle cosas molestosas a \pna O:ne:xtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni. \pea They said a lot of things to me to get me mad. \psa Me dijeron muchas cosas para que me enojara. \xrb hto \qry Check meaning of 'to sic on' it is either tlatowilia or tlatowia. \dt 19/May/2005 \ref 09255 \lxa \lxacpend \lxo tla \lxop \lxocpend \dt 19/May/2005 \psm \com \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 09256 \lxo se:xti \lxocpend se:xti \dt 24/May/2005 \psm V1 \com \der V1-d-ti \seo to complete a year \sso complir un año \pno Mo:stli nise:xtis ya: o:niwa:hlah nika:n. \peo Tomorrow I will complete one year since I arrived here. \pso Mañana cumplo un año desde que llegué aquí. \xrb se: \xrb xiw \ref 09257 \lxa \lxacpend \lxo \lxop \lxocpend \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm \com \der \se \ss \xrb kehtsi \ref 09258 \lxo tití:h \lxocpend tití:h \dt 04/Jun/2005 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seao car \ssao coche \sem baby \nae This might be based on the sound that cars make.