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ࡱ > G bjbjَ \ \ & ] 2 2 2 " T 8 5Z < < " ^ ^ t P P P ZU \U \U \U 4 U lW HY $ \ ^ lY P . . " P P lY N ^ t < N N N P t1 ^ ^ ZU * p * * P ZU N N ZU v 6 ZU ^ L 1N N ZU Order of fields: In general for all V-alt cases check the durative and the participial forms (e.g., /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/, etc. Create a new field for this, perhaps \xvj for deverbal adjectives. Make sure all intransitive verbs have been tested for this. Thus in \xvj for the headword /kaxa:ni/ one would have kaxa:ntok; kaxa:nki. For /kwepa/ one would have kweptok; ---- etc. This will not include the Stat-x forms for which no intransitive exists. It will also not apply to unergative verbs in which the durative is a progressive and no adjectival with /-ki/ exists. Thus no \xvj field under /cho:ka/ since /cho:katok/ is a progressive. Perhaps distinguish between semantic and morphosyntactic valency (cf. discussion under /tsakwililia/. Note: nominalizations of different redupl. patterns are separate: teki includes teki, teteki and te:teki tlatektli corte (de tela) tlate:tektli slice (of watermelon, bread, etc.) The last two are separate entries but x-referenced. all class 4c, check inflection for progressive. Determine wether V3 verbs should have a subentry for /te-/ and /tla-/. maka te:maka tlamaka Vowel length questions: third person possessor: i- im- or i:- i:m- coordinators wan iwan or wa:n iwa:n coordinator pampa i(:)pampa or pa:mpa i(:)pa:mpa imperative plural kan or ka:n All these should be checked and corrected in the data. How should verbs such as /tlaneltoktia/ be classified. In the cat, perhaps V2-d-ca. But they have /tla-/ reducing valency. Perhaps then for the \com field tla-V3 This would be OK except for the fact that there is also a category for null objects. If /neltoktia/ is a word, this would eleviate the problem. Perhaps add field of syntactic function (\sf) based on Amsterdam typology (cf. article by Anward) and distinguish: Predicate Term Term modifier Predicate modifier Perhaps set this up as p-t-tm-pm and code binarily: 1-0-0-0 = only predicate (e.g., tlakwa) 1-1-0-0 = predicate and term (e.g, tla:katl as in nitla:katl and nikneki tla:katl) 1-0-1-0 = predicate and term modifier (e.g., toma:wak as in nitoma:wak and toma:wak motskwin) 1-0-1-1 = predicate, term modifier, predicate modifier (e.g., kwahli) 1-0-0-1 = predicate and predicate modifier (e.g., yo:lik as in niyo:lik and yo:lik nenemi) 1-0-1-1 = e.g., kwahli: nikwahli Check numbers: e.g., o:me as both term modifier and term, though in this latter case pronominal. Perhaps pronouns can be classified as non-predicates, e.g., nikneki un I want that one. Also, perhaps set up inflectional field/table \infx verbal-nominal-none Verbal = items that take verbal inflection for person/number/tense-aspect Nominal = items that take nominal inflection for person, possession; no tense None = items that are never inflected (e.g., nika:n). However, this should be evident from part-of-speech codes, etc. so would not be necessary. Irregular patterns (such as /tlaksa/) should be noted in what is now the \nae field. Re: -tik Note that since /iwi/ verbs generally form derivations on a stem without /iwi/, /tli:ltik/ may well be considered deverbal, with the particular characteristic of /tli:ltik/ deriving from the fact that it is an -iwi verb. Thus tli:ltik : tli:liwi :: mimiltik : miliwi. Here the fact that /tli:hli/ exists and *mihli or *mimihli doesnt is incidental. However, perhaps in some cases the -iwi form does not exist. Check. Redo all locatives and relational nouns. Construct a table: -te:nko ite:nko kalte:nko tlate:nko -i:xpan i:xpan ? tlai:xpan -kwitlapan nokwitlapan ? tlakwitlapan -i:xko i:xko tepe:i:xko ? -pan nopan tla:lpan ? -na:k nona:k ? ? The first column should be coded as Rel (and perhaps some other coding The second column should not receive a separate entry, but should be under the entry for the rel. noun The third column should be given a separate entry and recoded as Rel. noun with nominal prefix The third column should be given a separate entry and recorded as Rel. noun with tla- prefix. Check all -yoh and -tok forms for tla- initial sequence, e.g., /tlai:xmantok/. A good word to test for dif. between /-ki/ and /-tok/ would be /tili:nki/ and /tili:ntok/. modify: for all /-kuhtli/ as in komo:chikuhtli, x-ref to the more common use and then make sure to have \xrb field filled in for x=refs. When /te-/ is a necessary part of the word, then it should be included in the \xrb field. Otherwise, as an optional intensifier, it should not be. Thus /tetso:ltik/ resecado has \xrb te-; tso:l For intransitives: possible subjects For transitives with human subject: possible objects with animal subject: possible objects with inanimate subject: possible objects For adjectives: possible subject of predicate Diagnostis: Intransitives: is tla- acceptable Intransitives: is -lo acceptable Intransitives is -tok acceptable as a stative/resultative (not progressive) Intransitives any incorporation Intransitives any nominalization Pending: determine how to express locatives in \xrl field, such as /-i:xko/. Should the entire /-i:xko/ be in this field, or should only -k(o), with i:x in the \xrb field. For now, /-i:xko/ is considered as locative and placed completely in the \xrl field. However, under -i:xko, the i:x element is in the \xrb field and -k(o) in \xrl Perhaps for all deverbal forms (nouns and adjectivals, give under \xvb the base verb. Thus for tlachi:wtli give chi:wa, etc.) Perhaps in general give xreference for words that seem to exist in Classical in nonreduplicated form but for which the Guerrero data gives only a reduplicated form. Also, for words that exist in long and short reduplicated forms, but not in unreduplicated form, perhaps enter the unreduplicated form simply to cross-reference the most common of the reduplicated form, and then list the other one there. Thus, for example, if both /ta:takalowa/ and /tatakalowa/ were to exist, perhaps create an entry for /takalowa/ and under that in the \se and \ss fields state: see <nl>ta:takalowa</nl> for both <n>ta:takalowa</n> and <n>tatakalowa</n>. In general in the discussion of how to use the dictionary, mention that applicative senses are generally less complete than the original verb, and that one should consult the base verb for the full range of senses. Major investigation: length of /i-/ possessor prefix. Immediately determine okse: length of first /o/ mel:k, mil:k, length of /a:/ check Discuss reasons for /nomela:wtok/ and /notsontokatok/ as separate entries. NOTE: check progressive morphology for all class 4 irregular 1 etc. Develop code for /com field for agentives, to distinguish those with an incorporated noun, those with a nonspecific object, and those derived from an intransitive. Abbreviations in \se and \ss fields if in \se convert toif in \ss convert tofig.figurativefigurativorit.ritualritualarch.archaicarc.arcicolit.literalliteralmenteprog.progressiveprogresivorefl.reflexivereflexivorecipr.reciprocalrecprocoregionword used in [village name]palabra de [nombre del pueblo]rarerarely usedraroraroaffect.affectiveafect.afectivonota:tahvulg.vulgarvulgar[S]subjectsujeto[O]objectobjeto[PO] / [OP]primary objectobjeto primario[SO] / [OS]secondary objectobjeto secundario[Poss] / [Pos]possessorposeedor[Obl]obliqueoblicua[SC] / [SC]sentencial complementecomplemento sentencial Note: change refl to refl followed by the function: refl.-recipr. reflexive used as a reciprocal refl.-anticaus. reflexive used as an anticausative refl.-pas. reflexive used as a passive refl-mid. reflexive used as a middle in which subject is affected but not agent-patient. Thus /noxi:ma/ to get a haircut is a middle but /nouwa:tsa/ to dry oneself is not The preceding are for transitive verbs. However, there are also reflexive verbs that are basic reflexives: a:xi:xa i:to:nia etc. These are directly coded in the \cat field. The patterns of (refl-recipr) are coded in the \se and \ss fields just before the definition. For citations: Car Horacio Carochi FK Frances Karttunen Molina Fr. Alonso de Molina RS Rmi Simon RJC R. Joe Campbell First section of entry \lxaheadword (Ameyaltepec; note that verbs of alternative valencies, such as po:ki, are given two headword entries)\lxaaalternative Ameyaltepec form for same headword (i.e., speaker variation, etc.)\lxaccitation form for headword for sound file\lxoheadword (Oapan)\lxoaalternative Oapan forms for same headword (i.e., speaker variation and reduplication reduction)\lxoppractical orthography for Oapan.\lxoccitation form for Oapan headword\dtDate\loanif a loanword \loan ajos \loan (part) ajos \loan (Nah) ayudar \loan (Sp) tlato:l (loaned from ajos) (partial loan from ajos) (Nahuatl inflectional morphology on ayudar) (Spanish inflectional morphology on tlato:l) Second section of entry: part of speech, compounding, derivations, and inflectional information \psmPart of Speech: Morphological status. This refers to the part of speech as related to morphological structure. Thus /kwahli/, for example, is considered a N(oun) even though syntactically it often functions as a predicate modifier V for verbs: V plus valency, i.e., V0, V1, V2, V3 N for Nouns: N-Rel (for relational nouns) or N-Rel/Voc for Relational nouns also vocatives) Adj for Adjectivals Adv for predicate modifier, i.e., Adverbials\pssPart of Speech: Syntactic function. Predicates (e.g., verbs, nouns, adjectives) P0 zero place (impersonal) predicate P1 one place predicate P2 two place predicate P3 three place predicate Terms Arguments of predicates T Modification TM Term modifier PM Predicate modifier Vocative Voc Vocative, used as address term \com Derivational and compound information for interlinearization and dictionary printout (previously located after \cat field): in new coding this represents derivational and compounding information, e.g., N-V2, etc. \der Basic grammatical category. This indicates the derivational status of the rightmost element. Thus in /yekatlanono:chilia/ the \cat will be V2-ap, i.e., Verb of 2 arguments + ap. Thus note a word such as /a:toto:nki/ would be \ps N \com N-Adj \cat Adj-dvb-ki Or, miktia would be \ps V2 \com [blank indicating no compounding] \der V1-ca [indicating a transitive verb with a causative marker]\tranTransitivity alternations ND+ has nondirected alternate (transitive if headword is intransitive; intransitive if headword is transitive) Caus has causative Appl has applicative AP has antipassive Refl has reflexive which is not an argument in paradigmatic relationship with others \affindicates whether there is lexicalized affixation of intensifiers, reduplication, or directionals\infinflectional information for verbs verbs: nature of tense/aspect markings (class and subclass)\infninflectional information for nouns Codes for vowel and consonant changes i>0 loss of initial /i/ after /o/-final prefixes V>0 loss of stem-final vowel x>ch reappearance of stem-final ch in word-final position s>ts reappearance of stem-final ts in word-final position Codes for possessive patterns No= not documented in possessed form 0= V= possible use of vocative Oblig= obligatory possession -w= takes possessive marker nouns: irregular plural formation and types of possession (zero, -w, and -yo)\pahas yes in field when Oapan word indicates pitch accent; this will not be printed out in dictionary, but serves to facilitate searches for this factor\varvariant: indicates headword entry to consult for variants (e.g., series of word such as o:meme:sti, ye:ime:sti, etc. Automatically insert see or vase (as case might be) Third section: definitions and example sentences \srcsource for location of phrase or word that follows; absence of \src indicates conversation source/file cards (note that each example phrase may have a \ref as needed)\se_sense 1 English (to be automatically numbered) \se2 sense is common to both dialects \sea sense is particular to Ameyaltepec dialect \seo sense is particular to Oapan dialect\ss_sense 1 Spanish (to be automatically numbered) \ss2 sense is common to both dialects \ssa sense is particular to Ameyaltepec dialect \sso sense is particular to Oapan dialect\pnaexample phrase in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl for sense 1 (to be automatically numbered)\peaexample phrase translation to English for sense 1 (to be automatically numbered)\psaexample phrase translation of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl to Spanish for sense 1 (to be automatically numbered)\pnoexample phrase in Oapan Nahuatl for sense 1 (to be automatically numbered)\peoexample phrase translation of Oapan Nahuatl to English for sense 1 (to be automatically numbered)\psoexample phrase translation of Oapan Nahuatl to Spanish for sense 1 (to be automatically numbered)\tnatexts (usually in plant entries) of Am Nahuatl\tea\tsa\tnotexts (usually in plant entries) of Oa Nahuatl\teo[Note these will probably be switched later]\tso Fourth section of entry: Cross references (note that there is no link to all derivations from a single root as this can be generated by a switch/function on the toolbar) \semSemantic field (make definitive list)\apApocopated (or non-apocopated variant): \apa; \apo; and \apao. Perhaps note when there is no apocopated/non-apocopated variation (e.g., tsi:ntetepon. If /tsi:ntetepontik/ is not correct, note this with a *, i.e., \apa *tsi:ntetepon \apo tsi:ntetepon would indicate that an adjectival equivalent exists in Am and not in Oa. Note that this field is also used for pairs such as /a:makuhtli/ and /a:matl/.\altalternate forms for Ameyaltepec (\alta\) and Oapan (\alto) dialects. This is particularly useful for \e:wi and \iwi\ variants, \ti\ and \tia\ variants, etc.\equiv\equiva or \equivo: used when words are exact semantic equivalents but vary morphologically. This is particularly useful for plant and animal equivalences. \synfor full synonyms, reference to synonym for which a complete entry is given: \syna Synonym to x-ref to headword for Ameyaltepec entry \syno Synonym to x-ref to headword for Oapan entry Note that this should not be confused with alternate pronunciation; see \lxaa and \lxoa. Nor should it be confused with \alt, which gives alternates with only slight variation and \ap, which gives apocopated\non-apocopated variation. Rather, the synonym field is a link to other entries with different morphologies, not simply phonologies.\cogaCognate forms in alternative dialect, the cognates differ only in regard to etymology and perhaps some slight semantic shift.\cogo Semantic x-references \cfconfer field: suggests possible comparisons with other headwords. Therefore I will need language specific xrefs. The printout/screen should read 'Cf. tatli' if the field is \cfa tatli. \flfield cross-referencing related entries with greater explanation of meaning (for fuller discussion see . . .; link to another entry with fuller definition; the links are to \fla for Ameyaltepec headwords; \flo for Oapan headwords; and \flao for headwords that are the same in the two subdialects). Note that in online dictionary. NOTE: In final dictionary version the content of \fla or \flo, etc. should appear on the screen just as 'For more information go to' and the user will click on 'go to'. The key is to avoid using one dialect headword over another. Thus if \fla is tatli one would not want to say: 'For more information go to tatli' since this would favor tatli (Am) over ttl (Oa), something that should be avoided. But it would be cumbersome to always state: 'For more information go to tatli or ttl.'\flrlink to root database where there is a full explanation and discussion of this root\alaSee also Ameyaltepec headword; this is for xref of collocations (e.g., tlake:ntli has /kwetomatl/ in this field for See kwetomatl and there /kwetomatl i:tlake:nyo/ is listed.\aloSee also Oapan headword; this is for xref of collocations (e.g., tlake:ntli has /kwetomatl/ in this field for See kwetomatl and there /kwetomatl itlake:nyo/ is listed. Fifth section of entry: Etymological cross references (note that there is no link to all derivations from a single root as this can be generated by a switch/function on the toolbar) \xrb \xrba \xrbo basic stems given in underlying forms For cases in which the headwords vary etymologically across dialects, each dialect has its own \xrb field. (cf. \lxo /tlaxipacho:lo:ni/). Note that a change has been made and \xrba and \xrbo fields have been eliminated since new organization creates a single entry for both dialects only when there is no differentiation in the roots present in each headwork \xrlLocative bound morpheme in derivational forms: -titlan, etc.) Does not include absolutive, causative, applicative, adjectivals (-tik, -yoh, and -ki), verbalizers (-ti, -tia, -iwi, etc.) \xvccross-reference to causative form; either \xvca, \xvco, or \xvcao\xva cross-reference to applicative form; either \xvaa, \xvao, or \xvaao\xvcacross-reference to applicative of causative: either \xvcaa, \xvcao, or \xvcaao\xv0cross-reference to impersonal passive with distinct meaning (e.g., /tlane:si/)\xv1cross-reference to indefinite deletion/indefinite null complement of bivalent verb yielding monovalent verb with culturally-specific meaning\xv2cross-reference to indefinite deletion/indefinite null complement of trivalent verb yielding bivalent verb\xvnfor reduplicated forms such as pepetlaka, cross-reference to basic intransitive verb, in this case petla:ni; note that link is always to intransitive, if it exists\xvkfor base verbs such as petla:ni, cross-reference to reduplicated intransitive verb, in this case pepetlaka; link is always to intransitive if it exists\xvbfor all causatives and applicatives, cross-references basic verb; for all impersonal passives, and indefinite deletion, references stem verb (e.g., /tlatowa/ has /itowa/ in \xvb field)\xtlfor adjectivals, -tok statives, etc. xref to form with tla- prefix (e.g., i:xmantok has tlai:xmantok in \xtl field. This x-refs to the Am \lxa field. For \lxo the form \xtlo is used.\xbtl \xbtofor all entries with tla- (i.e., verbs that have been xref in \xv0, \xv1, \xv2 fields and adjectivals xref in \xtl field, this field list the form without tla-. The x-ref is to the Ameyaltepec \lxa. For Oapan if there is no Am entry, the fieldmarker is changed to \xbto Fifth section of entry: General semantics \subPotential subjects of one-place predicates\objPotential objects of two-place verbal predicates\spkSpeaker translations offered Sixth section of entry: Links to encyclopedia, etc. \disThis is used in the entries for words that are disambiguated in contrast to other words. Disambiguation field creates a link to a encyclopedic discussion of disambiguation\encyThis links to a cultural encyclopedic field on the semantic field in question (e.g., /ye:kpowa will have a link to a discussion of agriculture)\sndLinks to a sound file and transcription, etc.\ilusLinks to an illustration coded by number Seventh section of entry: Discussion of semantics, morphosyntax, and dialect variation (this might be a link) \nsnsemantic notes in Nahuatl for additional clarification of meaning and use of headword\nsesemantic notes in English for additional clarification of meaning and use of headword\nsssemantic notes in Spanish for additional clarification of meaning and use of headword\nanNotes on morphosyntaxis: derivations and argument structure in Nahuatl\naeNotes on morphosyntaxis: derivations and argument structure in English\nasNotes on morphosyntaxis: derivations and argument structure in Spanish\ndnNotes on dialect differences in Nahuatl\ndeNotes on dialect differences in English\ndsNotes on dialect differences in Spanish Eighth section of entry: Queries and notes \perpersonal notes\qryqueries for future research\modnotes to self for modifications to dictionary at a later date; erase as these modifications are made\sjSan Juan elicitation to determine nature of underlying /h/\vlLexemes with this field full should have the vowel length checked by electronic means.\grmaspects of the entry that need to be mentioned in the grammar; these notes will eventually all be transferred to the notebook register\rtdiscussion and notes for root dictionary All the following will be switched to the cultural encyclopedia on plants or animals; for now they have been retained in the lexicon. \tnaAmeyaltepec text in Nahuatl re: headword\teaEnglish translation of Aneyaltepec Nahuatl text\tsaSpanish translation of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl text\cplPreliminary notes for plant and animal identifications, with sources cited.\ncxNative categorization: here for higher forms all those included are listed (e.g., for tlachpa:nwa:stli/ three are listed, etc.\nctNative categorization: use this for native consultants lifeform grouping; go from highest to lowest grouping kuhtli kuhtsi:ntli tla:kotl komekatl xiwtli tlasohli michin to:totl kuwatl Also, under \nct field are contained the other divisions based on intermediate categories: mexkahli to:motli kuhxio:tl xokotl wa:xin a:matl etc.........\nfcFunctional use of plants: xo:chitl xiwtli kuhtli tlakihli nelwayo:tl kakawatl \nfeNotes in English on functional use of plants or animals\nfsNotes in Spanish on functional use of plants or animals. Codes: <s> Spanish word in Nahuatl or English text </s> <e> English word in Nahuatl or Spanish text </e> <i> Set style for italics </i> <r> Set style for roman </r> <na> Nahuatl word from Ameyaltepec in English or Spanish text </na> (including morphemes) <no> Nahuatl word from Oapan in English or Spanish text </no> <nao> Nahuatl word same from Oapan and Ameyaltepec in Sp. text </nao> <nt> Nahuatl word from Tetelcingo in English or Spanish text </nt> <n> Nahuatl from other dialects </n> <r> Root of Nahuatl </r> <l> Contains Latin names, e.g., of plants </l> <nla> Link to Ameyaltepec Nahuatl headword in /lxa or /lxaa field </nla> <nlo> Link to Oapan Nahuatl headword in /lxo or /lxoa field </nlo> <nlao> Link to both Ameyaltepec and Oapan headwords but, given that word is identical in the two dialects, it should be neutrally color coded </nlao> <nba> Link to botanical encyclopedia Ameyaltepec field </nba> <nbo> Link to botanical encyclopedia Oapan field </nbo> <nbao> Link to botanical encyclopedia in Am/Oa fields when word is same </nbao> <nr> Link to Nahuatl root (in \xrb field) </nr> <p></p> Insert paragraph mark between the two markers Note: to find senses of reduplicated forms search for with short vowel reduplication or with long vowel reduplication in \se field. Or search for con reduplicacin de vocal corta o con reduplicacin de vocal larga in \ss field. auxauxiliaryimperf.imperfectiveimpers.impersonal FIELDS AND CODES FOR LEXICAL ENTRIES \lxa lexical entry, principal \lxo NOTE verbal reduplication is included under the non-reduplicated form. For example popoliwi is entered under: \lxa poliwi \ses definition in English for acceptations that involve a reduplicated short vowel (e.g., teteki). The computer program will automatically insert the sense number (the second character in the field delimiter) and, after the sense number, the phrase in parentheses: (with a reduplicated short vowel) \s3es to cut with short repeated motions, such as that which occurs when using scissors 3 : (with a reduplicated short vowel) to cut with short repeated motions, such as that which occurs when using scissors additional notes: Adverbial and other modifiers, collocations, set phrases With idioms or set phrases, the sequence will be expressed in parentheses, followed by the definition. In such definitions one of the most important points to keep clear is whether or not word order is set or varied. Thus note the difference with ipan and the verbs yeko to arrive (there) and tekiti to work \s3e (with <i>ipan</i>) to work at something (e.g., a specific job) 3 : (with ipan) to work at something : nitekiti ipan xo:chitl I work with flowers. \s3e (<i>-pan yeko</i>) 3 : to arrive (here) at a location where someone (or something) is already located : mopan nekos I will arrive there where you are. The preceding indicates that with the verb tekiti, ipan may be used to give a certain sense, that of working at a given job. However, the fact that with is part of the parenthetical expression indicates that ipan can occur before or after the verb. It also indicates that only ipan (3rd person possessed, and not nopan, mopan, etc.) is used. With yeko the situation is distinct. Here the form ~pan indicates that any possessive pronoun may precede the relational noun (nopan, mopan, topan, etc.). In addition, the set order (~pan yeko) suggests that the word order given is required and that one does not find ?nekos mopan. Collocations are more difficult to deal with and, generally, are indicated by parenthetical notes on potential subjects and objects. In such cases the collocational meaning should probably be given a sense number. Note that the key difference between collocations and idioms is that the former are transparent, the latter opaque. Directionals In cases in which directionals give a distinct meaning and alternate between prefixes (on- and wa:l-) and suffixes (-to/-to:ya/-ti and -ko/ko:ya/-ki), the directional is indicated in much the same way as the modifiers (cf. ipan with tekiti above). Thus note for nemi 3 : (with intraverse directional) to be born : o:nemiko se:xtli, xo:nikitak. He was born last year, I didnt see it. This indicates that in other tenses/aspects the prefix is used; e.g., mo:stla wa:lnemis. He will be born tomorrow. Note several things. First, directionals are listed with a separate sense only if their meaning is not predictable (as is the case with nemi). However, if the meaning is entirely predictable (e.g. o:tlakwa:to he went to eat, from tlakwa to eat) then a separate sense is not listed. Second, directionals are listed with a separate sense only of the use of these affixes alternates between prefix and suffix in accord with tense/aspect (i.e., suffixes in the preterit, pluperfect, and imperative/optative only). In case in which a prefix is used in all tenses and aspects a separate entry is recorded with the other forms in the confer field. nemi 1: (without an adverbial of location) to live, to be alive 2: (with an overt or implied adverbial of location) to be present or to be in a particular place 3: (with a reduplicated short vowel) to walk 4: (with a reduplicated long vowel) to hang around, to be visiting or going repeatedly to a place 5: (with intraverse directional) to be born 6: (with -pan plus noun) to be engaged in a certain activity; to be concerned with a certain matter 7: (with a:i:xko) to float (on the surface of the water) one:wa : to depart (compare to e:wa). Style note: potential arguments and obliques (see following section) are given in parentheses in roman type. Comments on the senses/meanings are given in italics (as in above, without an adverbial of location). An exception occurs when there are English (or Spanish) words that function as comments along with Nahuatl words. In this case (cf. with ipan plus noun for nemi above). Arguments and obliques: With verbs, possible arguments and obliques (such as instrumentals) as collocations are indicated in parentheses. For adjectives, the possible noun collocations are listed, preceded by of. For many, indeed most, entries the manner in which the argument or head noun participates in the predication should be obvious, particularly of intransitive verbs. With transitive verbs often only the potential objects and their characteristics will be given. In the event that both subject and object are listed, care will be taken to insure that it is clear what the subject and objects are. However, if there is any possibility of confusion or ambiguity the system used by the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is used: S denotes possible subjects, O denotes possible direct objects. Each is enclosed in square brackets within the parenthetical reference: [S] and [O]. Thus for kalaktia 4 : to place in a training institution such as a school (a parent or other figure of authority [S] of their offspring or charges [O]) : kikalakti:s ikone:w ipan eskwe:lah. He will place his child in school. Note the manner in which ajdectival collocations are expressed. Thus of kaxa:nki 3 : loose (of a knot) Qualifications (antonyms, etc.) At times it will be necessary to comment on certain senses (e.g. register, antonyms, etc.). Many of these comments will be given in the Comment field (/nte) while others may be given in general pages in the encyclopedia that are cross-referenced in the onomasiological field. However, within senses some additional comments may be included; e.g., with kalaki 5 : to set (the sun or moon; cf. ki:sa, antonym) cross-referencing and commentary The dictionary has several major systems of cross-referencing. Here the focus will be on those that pertain to the semantics of headword definition. Note that several of the fields have only a Nahuatl entry that will be preceded by a short text (see or vase) in English or Spanish, depending on the version of the dictionary being used. In such cases (i.e., where the text in the field contains no word in English or Spanish, but only a cross-reference, there is only one field. \syn Synonyms. This field is used for headwords that are simply cross-referenced with a synonym and not defined. Thus since pipi:liwi and pipi:ltia are equivalents, each will have the other listed in the \syn field, which will be filled in with the words same as or lo mismo que followed by the cross-reference. \var Variant: this field is used for words that appear in many derived forms and for which it has been decided that only one entry will be given. This is the case with topih, nopih, etc. the entire group of words is listed as senses under -pih, which appears in the \var field for the other entries. Thus under nopih one finds \var -pih This will appear in the dictionary as nopih See entry under -pih. The same is true of o:meme:sti, which has me::sti under the \var field. In generating the final text or screen version, this field should be preceded by see or vase. Note that in the entry for the base form (e.g., in this case the entry /-pih/) the \aff field should have the phrase var indicating that the headword is a base (or lowest common denominator) for words that have slightly different meanings depending on the prefix or incorporated element that cannot be considered simply inflectional \cf` Confer field. This points the reader to compare a particular word to another, or others. It is used when there are closely related words that do not merit a special commentary or section in the onomasiological section. In generating the final text or screen version, this field should be preceded by compare to or comprese a. Thus, for example, under kalaki in the \cf field one might have ki:sa, which is virtually always an antonym; or under one:wa, one might have wa:le:wa. \fl For a fuller discussion see: This is used when a word involves a lengthy explanation or definition that is given in another form of this word. This, for example, is the case with pipi:nki and pipi:nia. The fuller definition is given in the participial form pipi:nki and a shorter definition is given in pipi:nia. Note that in general the transitives of intransitive/transitive pairs have the fullest definitions. Thus polowa would have a fuller definition than poliwi. These cases, however, are not cross-referenced in the dictionary. Note also that the fuller definition often involves a lengthy discussion in the notes fields /nte and /nts. Note that the \fl field will contain only the cross-referenced headword that, in the printout or screen, should appear in italics. \ono Onomasiological/semantic notes: This is used specifically to point readers to a discussion of the difference or associations between semantically related words. Semantic disambiguation is dealt with under one key headword. For example, differences such as those between pilichiwi and pili:ni, or between tepitsiwi, kuhpitsiwi, and kuhtia, are discussed under one of the pair. Thus under the \ono field of the entry for pilichiwi will be disam pili:ni \ono disam <i>pili:ni</i> This will yield the final form For semantics, see pili:ni. Note that for a series of related words (a:pochi:naltia, a:pochi:nki, a:yema:nia, a:yema:nki, etc.) one form should be chosen for the onomasiological section and all entries pointed there even if there is a difference in grammatical form or class. E.g., a:pochi:nki can point as \ono disam a:yema:nia Note that a comparative type of discussion is that in English dictionaries (such as Merriam-Websters) under dangerous, where a discussion of the differences between dangerous, hazardous, precarious, perilous, and risky is offered. Cf. also a word such as pitsa:wak, kana:wak, and tewa:hki, all of which can be translated as thin (the first of something long like a stick, the second to something such as cloth or a hide, and the third to a person who is skinny). Here, perhaps, the discussion could be found under pitsa:wak, with the other two having cross-references in the \ono field. The /ono field is also used to point the reader to particular entries/pages in the onomasiological section that discusses semantic fields, or groups of words joined in a part/whole relationship (e.g. under kahli in the onomasiological section are all parts of houses, or a:yutli for all types of squash). At present the following types of lexical relations are contemplated: Groups or types/tokens: this will be used particularly for types of plants or animals that are taxonomically related. Thus under sakamexkahli, mexkahli, etc. the \ono field will have a specific code (hypo-pl) and mexkahli. This points users to the onomasiological section. The hyponymic relations will be coded with hypo and the hypernymic relation with hype. Thus under sakamexkahli \ono hypo-pl <i>mexkahli</i> For a discussion of this and other plants of this group, see encyclopedic entry for mexkahli. And under the superordinate category mexkahli \ono super-pl <i>mexkahli</i> For a discussion of this group of plants, see encyclopedic entry for mexkahli. Note two general characteristics of this system. First is that the same coding is used both for the superordinate term and the hyponymic. Second is that this coding is utilized only when there is an overt category term (as occurs with certain plants). Use hypo-an, hypo-fi, etc. for animals, fish, etc. Related activities: this will point the user, through a code ra, to an entry in the onomasiological section in which related activities are discussed. Thus under to:ka \ono ra tla:hli \dis These are fields for pointing the reader to a section in which disambiguation of near synonyms is given. In the even that speakers are unable to distinguish, then the words are switched to the \syn field. Thus, for example, I have a note to disambiguate between /kochpal/, /koxtetl/ and /kochini/. If I and native speakers are unable to determine any difference, then the \dis1 and \dis2 fields should be deleted and the words entered in \syn. For example, if the three words above are discussed and disambiguated under /koxtetl/, then both /kochpal/ and /kochini/ will have a \dis2 field with /koxtetl/, indicating to the reader that disambiguation of these terms is foiund under the /koxtetl/ entry. And, the entry for /koxtetl/ will have /koxtetl/ in \dis1, indicating that it is the highest level. Finally, the textual discussion of disambiguation will be given in \dis in the major entry for disambiguation (i.e., /koxtetl/ in this case). \nte In the final dictionary edition, this field will contains a detailed explanation of the significance of the entry word, its use (in the case of a plant or animal, etc.) or whatever acclaration is necessary. These notes will be edited in Nahuatl, based on conversations with native speakers, accompanied by translations in English and Spanish. In the preliminary version, this field includes commentaries in regard to questions still pending examination. \nts Equivalent to preceding, but in Spanish \qry Queries that are pending. \ev Encyclopedic notes in the vernacular language: native descriptions and discussions of meaning \ee Encyclopedic notes in English. \en Encyclopedic notes in Spanish. \psm General parts of speech: morphology VerbsV0impersonal verbto:naV1intransitive verb cho:kaV2transitive verbpale:wiaV3ditransitive verbihliaNounsNnountla:hliN(rel)relational noun-panN(at)noun only used attributivelykwahliAdj/N(1/2)adjective/noun used either as a one- or two-place predicate NOTE: as a one-place predicate the word has modifying functions /nikoto:ntekoch/ 'I am plaid-shirted' Here it is like an "adjective." As a two-place predicate the word has nominal properties /nokoto:ntekoch/ 'it is my plaid shirt.' Cf. to /koto:nchikipe:l/ which is only a one-place predicate functioning "adjectivally.'koto:ntekochVocvocative nounma:chihApocopated formsN(ap)Apocopated nountekochAdj(ap)Apocopated adjectivetsi:nteteponNOTE: In derivation have Adj-ap divided Adj-ap* when there is no non-apocopated form Adj-ap where there is oneAdjectives/ adjectivalsAdj (quant) (demon) (pred) (PM) (+PM) (ap)Adjective/adjectival (quantifier) (demonstrative) (predicative) (solely a predicate modifier) (also a predicate modifier) (apocopated) we:i on; in sentetl yolik chika:wak tsonwe:weyakAdverbsAdv (tm) (loc) (man) (pro)Adverbial (predicate modifier) (time) (location) (manner) (pro adverb) a:man nika:n yo:lik no:ihkiAdj/NAdjectival/nominal (these may function as either a one- or two-place predicate). As a one-place predicate the lexeme functions adjectivally. As a two-place predicate it functions as a possessed noun with a final attributive element (in this case an attributive noun).tlake:ntekochPronounsPr (ind) (demon) (int) (rel) (indef) (num) (pred) independent demonstrative interrogative relative (for headless relative clauses) indefinite numerical predicative yewa iw:n tli:non tli:n xakah; itlah; kanah na:htetsi:n akinonon; tli:nononOthersPr/Adjfunctions as pronominal and adjectivali:w:nModmodal (evid) evidentialtlakachikas (imper) imperativema:kaN/Adjword used as noun and adjectivewe:choh in Am and we:cho in Oapan (note that in the future these entries should be separated into two, once two ps are confirmed).Negnegativeoften combined with Adj, Pr, etc.Babybaby talkwi:wihCallanimal call or soundpioLoclocative (used only with lexemes ending in -k(o))ma:k; tepe:kInterjinterjectiontio:tlakehFunctfunction wordNomlznominalizer-tetlConjconjunctionwa:n; peroComplcomplementizeri:kaReltzrelativizer (for headless relative clauses)akin; tli:n; yewanSubordsubordinator (for adverbial clauses)ma:ski; pampa; deke; tla:PrefprefixNOTE: eventually separate all such prefixes, suffixes, etc. to a separate section (sub)subjectn- (obj)objectne:ch (dir)directionalon- (pos)possessorno-Suf (adj)adjectival suffix-to:n; tsi:n; etc. Verbs are defined as lexical items that may only be used predicatively and take tense/aspect inflection. Nouns are defined as lexical items that may only be used as an argument of a predicate. Unless otherwise indicated they may also be used as a predicate (e.g., with a copula or semi-copula) although it never takes tense/aspect inflection directly. Term modifiers are lexical items that modify or can modify a term (argument of a predicate). Note that unless otherwise indicated a term modifier may be used predicatively. Predicate modifiers are lexical items that modify an entire predicative phrase (i.e., verb) \com Compounds: internal morphology. Expressed in this category is the morphology of verbs, nouns, and other grammatical categories composed of more that one root. The final component of the compound necessarily corresponds to the grammatical category expressed in the previous field. Although this field and the possibilities that will be coded within it need further research and elaboration I present below some of the types to be included: V verb N noun Part participal Adj adjective S stem Rel relational D directional Note (At) attributive (this is added to the lexical element that is in a modifying function) VERBSN-V1Compound verbs with an intransitive verb preceded by a recognizable nominal root or cormpound lexicalized nounsuwa:kochi kaltlatla tla:kamikiN-V2Compound verbs with a transitive verb preceded by a recognizable nominal root or compound stem of a lexicalized nounikxipapa:ka a:xi:xtemi:naN-V3Compound verbs with a ditransitive verb preceded by a recognizable nominal root or compound stem.tla-V1Lexicalized use of /tla-/ with an intransitive verbtlane:sitla-V2Lexicalized use of /tla-/ with a transitive verbtlakwatla-V3Lexicalized use of /tla-/ with a ditransitive verbtlamakatla-StatLexicalized use of /tla-/ with a stativetlatlapowtokPart-V1 (or V2...)Participial compound in which first element is a participial derivation.kwala:nka:no:tsa tla:ltoto:nka:miki yeti:ka:matiAdv(loc)=V1Used for existential be, a bound verb that is extrametrical and always preceded by an adverb of location (not a locative!) to which it is bound: na:nkah, *mocha:nkah (instead pakah mocha:n,etc.)V0-AspIntransitive verb (or transitive, etc.) with a final aspectual markerkwiste:waDir-VDirectional prefixed to a verbone:waPM-VPredicate modifier and verbtsonakawetsi chikoki:saN-N-V0 (or V1, V2)Compound verb that contains two nominal stems that have a different semantic relation to the verb. Note that ikxitepachowa to crush someones foot with a rock is to be considered N-N-V given that the relationship of ikxite- to the verb is of two semantic relations, a locative (ikxi-) and an instrumental (te-).-ikxitepachowa(N-N)compound noun that has been verbalizedte:lpo:chwe:we:ntsi:ntia(N-V)compound verb that has been nominalizedtlama:kwilo:hliRel-VCompound verb with an incorporated postpositionpanwetsi -pa:pankwiS-VCompound verb where the first element is not transparently identifiable. It may in many cases seem adverbialkochmiki panwetsi a:koto:ka pa:xtsatsiS(iwi)-VCompound verb in which first element is stem of -iwi verbnekwilkochiS-N-VCompound verb where the first element is not transparently identifiable; a nominal stem intervenes between this element and the verbkochkamacha:lowaNum-VCompound in which the first element is a numberse:mestiD-VCompound verb in which the first element is a demonstrative or directional (on, wa:l-)ompakahV-nekiCompound verb in which the first element is a future tense verbkiawisnekiDir-V2Directional with transitive verbwa:le:witiaNounsN-NCompound nouns composed of two nominal roots, one or both of which may be lexicalized nounsa:chichi suwa:kone:tl a:xi:xmiski:tl a:wa:xkuhtliPart-NCompound nouns with the participial form ka: as a first element.kaxa:nka:suwa:tlN-S-NCompound with unclassified stem between two nominal stemsa:petskuwi:xinV-NCompound nouns with a verb as first elementpopo:kasi:tlalin N-RelNoun stem with a relationala:skatlanN-Adj-Rel-Noun stem with an adjective and a relationala:xoxohko-tlanFollowed by the identity of the relational.-pan-k(o)N-StatStative with an incorporated nounmoxpachiwtokMod-NNoun with the first element of the compound apparently modifying the noun but not clearly either a nominal or verbal/participial stemtlapa:nwistliN-AdjNoun in which a noun is followed by an attributive adjectivechi:lposo:nkiN-ModNoun in which a noun is followed by a modifying elementte:ntsonakaAgentivesN-AgTla- prefix to saturate an agentive from a transitivetlachi:hke:tlN-Ag(V2)Noun stem to saturate an agentive from a transitive verbtepanchi:hke:tlV1Agentive derived from intransitivecho:kaniDeverbalsN-PartAdjective composed of nominal root and participial adjectivala:pala:nkiN-AgAgentive with incorporated nountio:pixkiOther elementsMod-Refers to modifying elementchikino:ltik (Mod-Adj)V-ka:-RelAdjectival or adverbial construction with relationalisihka:pan \der grammatical categories: general categories without marking or separating according to internal morphology (noun incorporation, adverbial modification, etc.). For example, a:miki would be V1-b (basic intransitive verb), the same as miki. Nevertheless, the first would be N-V in the composition field whereas the second would have no specific indication under this field. Below is a preliminary typological list of the keys used for each of the grammatical categories isolated to date: Verbs CodeDescriptionExamplesBasic verbsV0-bBasic intransitive verbs that are impersonal, i.e., can only take 3rd person subject.kiawi V1-bBasic intransitive verb, defined as an intransitive that either has no transitive form or one that has only a causative form Note that this includes N-V0 compounds. Thus a compound/incorporated form of N-V1-b is simply coded as V1-b, the morphology of N-V is in the \com field.wetska ki:sa cholowa a:ixwiV2-b Basic bitransitive verb (ihlia:)Basic transitive verbwi:kaV3-bBasic ditransitive verbihliaV1-defDefective verb (i.e. cannot be inflected for tense/aspect)a:k nemi (at times)[spec]Verbs that are transitive but take only a specific object prefixye:kpowa maya:na [tia]Basic intransitive that has a causative ending in -tiacho:ktia nemi:tia[ltia]Basic intransitive that has a causative ending in -ltiacholo:ltia[x]Basic intransitive verb that has no causative or transitive form (or in which any causative must be considered a lexical causative)yaw-aspAdded to any entry where either there is only one form with an aspectual ending, or when the aspectual ending is significantly different in meaningkomo:ntasi [V1-alt-wi-Asp] ikxia:ntiki:sa [V2-b-Asp]-asp-xSame as above but where (like Stat-x) if intransitive, the verbal base is not found independently in the instranstivei:xakamantasi [V1-asp-x] *i:xakamaniV1-b(ni/ltia)Intransitive verb ending in -ni that forms the transitive with the causative ending -altia or -iltia (cf. V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) Note: if the verb has both nondirected alternation and causative alternation, then both codes are used. Thus under kwepo:ni one has V1-alt-ni(a); V1-b(ni/ltia)patla:ni patla:naltiaV1-sat [check and change]Basic verbs that are syntactically intransitive but that represent the incorporation of some element on a transitive verb. Thus a:chia is coded as V1-sat since its intransitivity is the result of saturation of the transitive valency of -chia. Note that verbs of nondirected alternation that have incorporated nouns are listed as, e.g., V1-alt-wi and then the morphology is coded in the \com field. Thus chi:lkwe:chowa is coded as V1-alt-wi in the \cat field; in the \com field it is listed as N-V1.a:chia nakakuwaParadigm of -ki/ya/liaV1-para-ki/ya/liaUsed for intransitive verbs that are part of an adjectival/inchoative/transitive paradigmatic sequence with the indicated endingskoko:ya pipiya:ya we:iya yema:nia wekapaniaV2-para-ki/ya/liaUsed for intransitive verbs that are part of an adjectival/inchoative/transitive paradigmatic sequence with the indicated endings-koko:lia -we:ilia -yema:nilia [k]Added to above if the adjectival form of this sequence is not found[v]Added to above if one of the verbal forms of this sequence is not foundParadigm of -h/wa/tiaV1-para-h/wa/tiaUsed for the intransitive verbs that are part of an adjectival/inchoative/transitive paradigmatic sequence with the indicated endings.a:skayowa a:yowaV2-para-h/wa/tiaUsed for the transitive verbs that are part of an adjectival/inchoative/transitive paradigmatic sequence with the indicated endings.-a:skayo:tia -a:yo:tia [k]Added to above if the adjectival form of this sequence is not found[v]Added to above if one of the verbal forms of this sequence is not foundNondirected alternation Roots in boldV1-alt-wiIntransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -wi/-wa:poliwi toma:wiV2-alt-wiTransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -wi/-wa:polowa toma:waV1-alt-wi[e] [x]Verbs in which the intransitive shows an alternation e:wi/-iwi. [x] indicates that the /iwi/ form is not foundchi:chi:le:wiV1-alt-wi(a)Intransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -wi/-wiase:wiV2-alt-wi(a)Transitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -wi/-wiase:wiaV1-alt-niIntransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ni/-nakoto:niV2-alt-niTransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ni/-nakoto:naV1-alt-ni(a)Intransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ni/-niakaxa:niV2-alt-ni(a)Transitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ni/-niakaxa:niaV1-alt-ni[+ca] V1-alt-ni(a)[+ca]Intransitive verbs that show nondirected alternation (-ni to -na or -nia) but that also have a causative formkomo:ni komo:nia komo:naltiaV1-alt-miIntransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -mi/-matomiV2-alt-miTransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -mi/-matomaV1-alt-ti(a)Intransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ti/-tiapati [root=pah]V2-alt-ti(a)Transitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ti/-tiapatia [root=pah]V1-alt-ti/tlaIntransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ti/-tlapa:tiV2-alt-ti/tlaTransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ti/-tlapa:tlaV1-alt-ki(a)Intransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ki/-kia(on)akiV1-alt-ki(a)Transitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ki/-kiaakiaV1-alt-ki/tsaIntransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ki/-tsawa:kiV2-alt-ki/tsaTransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive pair ending in -ki/-tsawa:tsa [root=wa:] V1-alt-ka/tsa Intransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive iterative pair ending in -ka/-tsa and derived from a basic form ending in -ni Note: basic verb is cross-referenced under field \xvntsotsomaka tsomo:niV2-alt-ka/tsaTransitive verb part of an intransitive/transitive iterative pair ending in -ka/-tsa and derived from a basic form ending in -ni Note: basic verb is cross-referenced under field \xvntsotsomotsa tsomo:ni[freq]Indicates that the - k a / t s a f o r m i s a f r e q u e n t a t i v e o f a v e r b t h a t e n d s i n - n i . [ V > 0 ] I n d i c a t e s t h a t V !0 f o r i t e r a t i v e s o r f r e q u e n t a t i v e s t h e f i n a l v o w e l o f t h e - n i f o r m i s l o s t c h a c h a l k a t s i t s i l k a [ c a ] R e f e r s t o a v e r b t h a t h a s b o t h n o n d i r e c t e d a l t e r n a t i o n a n d a m o r p h o l o g ical causative. Thus, for example, po:ni has both po:nia and po:naltia. Also, poliwi has polowa and polo:ltia, and pepechiwi has pepechowa and pepecho:ltia. The implication of the different transitives should be checked.poso:ni and poso:nia poliwi and polowa pepechiwi and pepechowa[x]Added to any of the above, indicates that for a transitive verb the expected intransitive does not existmela:wa [note: *mela:wi]Valency decreaseV0-tlaSubjectless impersonal passive derived from intransitive through use of tla-tlane:siV0-NSubjectless impersonal passives derived from intransitives and incorporated valency-reducing nountla:lkalakiV1-tlaIndefinite null complement: Intransitive with tla- that is considered a lexicalized form of a transitive. The major tests here are morphosyntactic: can the tla- element reduplicate and when found in incorporated forms is the tla- element present (N+tlatowa) and semantic (e.g., tlateki) does the verb function as an intransitive predicate. NOTE: that it is often the case that the same meaning as with Indef. Null Compl. does occur with a specific complement, but in this case it must be mentioned in the discourse: tlaa:ltia she is making candles; ka:ltia ibe:las she is making (bathing with wax) her candles. In such cases the specific phrase is listed under the base verb, but is x-reference in the definition (as well as the \xv1 field) to the INC entry, in this case tlaa:ltia.tlatowa tlateki tlatsakwa tlaa:ltia V2-tlaIndefinite null complement: Transitive with tla- that is considered a lexicalized form of a ditransitivetlamakaV2-te:Indefinite null complement [+human]te:ilwiaValency increaseV1-alt-ni/ca -wi/capo:ni pepechiwa poliwiV1-pasPassivea:tepe:ya:wi:lo yeyekawi:loV2-d-caCausative transitive derived from basic intransitivecho:ktia nemi:tia[ni]Causative transitive derived from an intransitive ending in -nipatla:naltia[wi]Causative transitive derived from an intransitive ending in -wipolo:ltia pepecho:ltia[<refl]Indicates that the causative is related to/derived from a reflexive that cannot take a patient object marker or for which the patient object marker indicates a locationa:xi:xaltia i:to:niltia iso:tlaltiaV3-d-caCausative ditransitive derived from a transitive, leading to a valency of 3kwaltiaV2-d-apApplicative: transitive applicative derived from intransitivecho:kiliaV3-d-apApplicative: ditransitive applicative derived from transitiveitilia[met]Used to hard-code applicatives that involve metathesis of /l/ and /w/popolwia[ca]Used to hard-code applicatives that are derived from a causative[ap]Used to hard-code applicatives that are derived from an applicativetsakwililiaDerived verbsV1-d-tiIntransitive verb derived with verbalizer -tichikwe:iti pati tlasotiV1-d-tiaIntransitive verb derived with verbalizer -tia Note that if the verbalization is on a N-N compound, this is coded in the \com field (e.g., ichpochlamatsi:ntia is coded as V1-d-tia in \cat and N-N in \com)V1-d-liaIntransitive verb derived with verbalizer -liatio:tlakiliaV1-d-owaIntransitive denominal ending in -owatlaxkalowaV2-d-tlaTransitive derived from a nominal root with -tlatlasotlaV2-d-tia [x]Transitive derived verb, from a noun (or root) through the verbalizing ending tia. [x] for when nominal form does not exist in isolationpatia na:ntia a:wiltia a:xka:tia kwa:i:xiwintiaV2-d-tlaTransitive derived verb from a noun (or root) through the verbalizing ending -tlapa:tlaV2-d-wiaTransitive derived verb, from a noun through the use of the instrumental -wiawera:chwia ikxitlake:nwiaV2-d-liaTransitive verbs derived through the use of the ending -lia.o:meliaV2-d-tiliaTransitive verbs derived from nouns through aggregation of -tiliakwa:tetepontiliaReflexive verbs Note that there are verbs that are used only reflexively for semantic reasons (e.g. a:po:poxowa) but are not categorized as either V1-refl or V2-refl. These latter categories are for verbs that do have a transitive form, but where this form involves causativization. Note: for verbs that are only used in the reflexive but which do not have another transitive form (i.e., to make Pred occur) simply add -Refl to the end of the code. But make sure that if this code is added that the verb: 1) can only be used in the reflexive; and 2) that no transitive/causative form exists.V1-refl[x]Reflexive verbs that do not have a causative, nor take a specific objectma:tlaxkalowa (e.g., noma:tlaxkalowa)V2-refl[ca]Reflexive verbs that form a causative to indicate transitivityi:to:nia (cf. i:to:niltia)V2-reflReflexive verbs that form a causative to indicate causativization but which may also take objects although with a locative or even patient sense, e.g., ne:cha:xi:xa he urinates on me; kiso:tla he throws it upa:xi:xa (cf. na:xi:xa and nech:a:xi:xa)[refl]Added to verbs that are otherwise classified as transitive but which because of their semantics seem to occur only in the reflexive. NOTE: In the future all verbs that are so classified as [refl] should be checked to make sure no transitive use or form exists. For now this [refl] is just a temporary classification based on my sense of the morphology of Nahuatl.ikxinepanowa a:popoxowa Participial and deverbal formsCodeDescriptionExamplesStatStatives ending in -tok derived from intransitive verbs in which the -tok ending has an adjectival/stative (not progressive) sense. Thus koto:ntok and pa:ktok are given entries separate from koto:ni and pa:ki. However, wetskatok (which is a progressive) is not. Note: Other aspectual endings that might have a stative sense are not included under the -tok entries, but rather under the intransitive. Thus kwetla:ntok to be hanging down is a separate entry, but kwetla:ntiw to go along hanging down (e.g., a loose strap) is found under kwetla:ni. Maybe this decision should be changed. A problem is to determine which statives switch from -tok to tiw (e.g., te:ntok and te:ntiw) and which statives terminate in -titiw (ikatok and ikatitiw). They should be coded differently. Perhaps change the two for the next version.westok koto:ntokStat-xStatives in participial form when the verbal base no longer exists (e.g., *a:ni; *kwepi)kweptok a:ntokV1-StatStative in which the /-tok/ ending is not replaced by tiw, but in which the /-ti-/ of /-tok/ is maintained. i k a t o k ( !i k a t i t i w ) w e s t o k ( !w e s t i t i w ) S t a t - A s p S t a t i v e i n w h i c h a n a s p e c t u a l e n d i n g h a s r e p l a c e d t h e s t a t i v e f o r m a k o p i l k a t i n e m i S t a t - r e f l S t a t i v e s t h a t e x i s t w i t h a r e f l e x i v e f o r m , y e t t h i s r e f l e x i v e i s n o t p a r t o f t h e p r o g r e s s i v e ( e . g . , / n o m e l a : w t o k / a s a stative is entered under /mela:wtok/ with the code Stat-reflnomela:wtok notekestokStat-tlaStative which occurs with tla-. Apparently certain statives take this prefix to indicate that the state is spread over an areatlatetepe:wtok tlai:xmantok Nouns CodeDescriptionExamplesBasic NounsN-bBasic nounkahliN-b-inBasic nouns ending in in sitla:lin[-sosol] [-ton]Add with adjectival inflectionN-possPossessed noun as headwordte:si:sN-xiwObligatorily possessed comparativema:xiwN-loanNoun loaned from Spanishpwe:rtahN-loan-partPartial loan, i.e., from hispanicizationixtla:wate:roh ayudarowaN-ap -wi-k -ni-kNouns that have dropped their absolutive (-tli) or adjectival (-tik) ending Note: add to N-ap the nature of the apocopated derivation. Thus nakastekakanak is N-ap-wi-k based on the fact that the verb is kana:wi ! k a n a k k u h t e p o l m o n e x n a k a s t l a n t s o t s o m i : n N - s u f N o u n s t h a t h a v e a n a d j e c t i v a l s u f f i x ; m i s t o : n t l i , e t c . t l a k e : n s o s o h l i [ s o s o h l i ] [ t o : n t l i ] N - v o c A d d r e s s t e r m s s u c h a s n a : n a h ; m o s t o f t h e s e c a n b e u s e d w i t h t h e a b s o l u t i v e w h e n t h e y a r e n o t a d d r e s sives, which is, in fact, the most common usage. na:nahN-greetGreeting terms such as pano:ltihN-compoundHeadword is a compound nounRelational nounsSee also locative nounsPoss/vocNoun that is listed as a headword and can be found only possessed or as a vocative (common among kin terms)ta:tahN-poss-yoNoun that is listed as a headword and is found only in the possessed form with -yo, never in the absolutive. Entry form ends in -yo or its equivalent. Under /inf field the note Oblig. poss. is added. The key /N-poss-yo/ indicates that the unpossessed /-yo:tl/ form is not found.a:nahlo metskuhioN-poss-0Noun that is always possessed with no possessed marker. Under /inf field the note Oblig. poss. is added.to:kaN-b[poss]Basic noun that is nevertheless almost, if not always, found possessed (as predicted by the grammar)ititl i:xkwa:tetlDerived nounsN-d-yo:tlAbstract noun derived from other noun, participle or verba:wilto:ka:yo:tlN-d-adjNoun derived from adjectivema:chiko:tl tla:lwe:yaktliDeverbal nounsN-dvb-0Noun derived from verb with no overt process involvedte:chi:chiN-dvb-perfNoun derived from preterit verb form tla:lchi:wtliN-dvb-wiNoun derived from -iwi verbs that lose the entire -iwi sequence.iswakwe:xtli (cf. kwechiwi) witspatla:xtliN-dvb-wi-kDeverbal noun with /-k/ replacing verbal /-wi/ and then nominalized through the absolutive. Note the vowel shortening (cf. Adj-deverb-k-wi)melaktliN-dvb-ni-kDeverbal noun with /-k/ replacing verbal /-ni/ and then nominalized through the absolutive. Note the vowel shortening (cf. Adj-dvb-k-ni)poposoktli potoktliN-dvb-ni-xDeverbal noun with /-x/ replacing verbal /-ni/ and then nominalized through the absolutive. Note the vowel shortening (cf. Adj-dvb-k-ni)totopoxtli (cf. classical /kwalaxtli/)N-dvb-pasNoun derived from passive verb form tlakuwahliN-dvb-pas-abstrNoun derived from a passive, but with an abstract endingi:xkopi:nahlo:tlN-dvb-pas-neNoun derived from passive with ne- prefixnekoko:hliN-dvb-oNoun apparently derived from a verb, though through a process still not fully analyzedilpikatl[v]Added to the above when a corresponding verb form is not documented.ilpikatlN-dvb-ki Nouns forms (like adjectives) from a perfective verb stem followed by -ki NOTE: perhaps add a new category for forms such as /tlake:nxoxo:hki/ in which a possessor-raised noun is followed by an attritutive adjective and tei:nkiN-dvb-isNoun derived from verb through the ending -istlikochistliN-dvb-lisNoun derived from verb through the ending -listlinemilistliN-dvb-hispNoun derived from verb through a hispanic endingchachakwa:tohN-dvb-instr-niNoun referring to an instrument from intransitive or detransitivized verbkaltelo:niN-dvb-perf-yo:tlAbstract noun derivived for a perfective or participial verb form followed by -yo:tlto:naka:yo:tl N-dvb-wa:sNoun derived from verbtlachpa:nwa:stliN-dvb-sNoun derived from verbtsotsopa:stliN-dvb-tsi:nNouns derived from verb that loses final vowel and adds -tsi:na:tlapa:ntsi:nN-dvb-unclNoun derived from a verb through an undetermined and unclassified processpalakatechonDeadjectival nounsN-Atr-1 (Adj-dvb-ki)Noun formed of a noun stem followed by an attributive (and adjectival) modifier in which the incorporated noun is the head of the phrase (in parentheses state type of adjectivalization)a:poso:nki tla:ltso:ltikN-Atr-2 (Adj-dvb-perf-ki)Noun formed of a noun stem followed by an attributive (and adjectival) modifier in which the noun is possessed as part of possessor raising (in parentheses state type of adjectivalization)tlampostehki Locative nouns and relationals. Here there are several groups of items to consider: Relationals: These are simple (e.g., -pan) or complex (e.g., -i:xko) elements that must either be possessed (by a possessor prefix, e.g., nopan) or preceded by a nominal stem (e.g., tla:lpan). Note that some relationals can only be preceded by a stem (e.g., -titlan) which others must be preceded by a possessive prefix (e.g., -cha:n). Finally there are those that can either be preceded by a possessor prefix or nominal stem (e.g., -tech, cf. kaltech and notech). These relationals are always entered into the dictionary in the unpossessed or unattached forms. If there is a complex relational, then it is indicated as complex with the marker -com (e.g., -i:xko) RelationalsRelationalsRel-stemRelational nouns that can be fused only to nominal stems-titlan (a:titlan)-sim -com-sim and -com are used depending on whether the headword entry has a single or multiple noun stem before the relational Rel-possRelational nouns that can be fused only to possessor prefixes-cha:n (nocha:n; icha:n chi:lpan)-sim -com-sim and -com are used depending on whether the headword entry has a single or multiple noun stem before the relational -kochipanRel-stem/possRelational nouns that can be fused to either nominal stems or possessor prefixes-tech/-tech (kaltech; notech)-sim -com-sim and -com are used depending on whether the headword entry has a single or multiple noun stem before the relational-i:xko (ni:xko; tepe:i:xko) Relationals (cont.) In the cases in which a relational is affixed to a nominal stem and a new lexical item is formed, these forms are entered separately into the dictionary. Thus kaltech is entered, as is a:titlan, xa:hlan, tepe:ixko, etc. These are coded as follows: Unpossessed N-loc-1 These are forms constructed by a nominal (or adjectival) stem plus a relational. Examples would be a:skatlan, tepe:ixko, chikna:wtipan, etc. Note that the effort here is not to produce hundreds of forms, but rather to document those that are most common. In a few cases it is possible to possess the incorporated nominal stem. This is so indicated by the market [poss]. N-loc-2 These are common locative nouns that seem to have undergone a great degree of nominalization, either because they take 1st and 2nd person subjects, or because they have occasionally been found with an absolutive ending (teopantli). Locative nouns Nouns that are formed with a relational and may almost be considered as headless relatives the place that is ... Note that the nominal forms are complete in themselves and, certain ones when possessed, can be noun predicates, e.g. nokopak. Cf. ni:xko, which is an adverbial adjunct and needs a predicate)UnpossessedN-loc-1Noun formed with a nominal, adjectival, or participial stem and locative (-tlan, titlan, -tech, -nepantlah, k(o), -na:k; ka:n, -pan) Note that these refer to nouns that are used principally in a locative sense. See /com field for discussion of parsing.a:skatlan chikna:wtipan miahka:n tepe:k tla:kapan tlalwa:hka:pan[poss]Locative nouns of the above format, but that may have the nominal stem possessednokaltech (cf. itech nokal)[tla-]Locative nouns of the above general format but that have the tla- prefix instead of a noun (e.g., tlate:nko; cf. kalte:nko)tlate:nkoN-loc-2Locative noun that may be used in first or second person predicates. Or that has become a predicate noun (NOTE: perhaps eliminate this category since few locatives have this function)tla:ltech (i.e., nitla:ltech) kamaktli (cf. tio:pantli)N-loc-3Locative noun formed of a locative (and the tla- element) NOTE: check all locatives tlate:nko; tlakwitlapan Finally, there are several series of locative nouns that are obligatorily possessed. Some of these are nominal (see below), while others are deverbal. First, the nominal ones. These are formed by a nominal stem (or apparently nominal stem) and a locative. Often they indicate body parts (e.g., ketspan) Possessed nominal locatives: nominal stem + relational noun or locative (usually obligatorily possessed)N-loc-poss-k(o)Locative noun that is obligatorily possessed and ends in k(o)kopakN-loc-poss-tlanLocative noun that is obligatorily possessed and ends in tlanikxikextlanN-loc-poss-titlanLocative noun that is obligatorily possessed and ends in titlanko:kotitlanN-loc-poss-panLocative noun that is obligatorily possessed and ends in pan.ketspan[un]Can also be unpossessed The deverbal locatives consist of a verb and one of two endings: -ya:n or -ka:n. There is also one rather unusual form that is a verbal base + -pan. Usually possessed deverbal locativesN-loc-dvb-ya:nDeverbalized and obligatorily possessed locative noun ending in -ya:n a:tliya:n ki:saya:n kalakia:nN-loc-dvb-ka:nDeverbalized and obligatorily possessed locative noun ending in -ka:ntoma:hka:n[tla-]Deverbalized and obligatorily posessed locative noun ending in -ya:n, or -ka:n but with tla- prefix instead of possessive pronoun.tlase:waya:nN-loc-dvb-ya:n[imp]Impersonal verb with -ya:n, not possessed [check for lo:ya:n forms such as tlakwalo:ya:n, etc., which would be of this type]temowa:ya:n Nonpossessed locative formations There are, finally, a series of locative formations that are unpossessed. The majority of these are deverbal constructions with the tla- prefix and either -k(o) or -ka:n. If others are found they will be added. In addition there are perhaps one or two irregular formations (at least in modern Nahuatl). These are deverbal (e.g. miktlan). Again, note the coding. Locatives with tla- prefix or with incorporated tla:l-N-loc-tla-k(o)Locative noun that has tla- prefix and -k(o) suffixtlapatla:hko tlapitsa:hkoN-loc-tla-ka:nLocative noun that has tla- prefix and -ka:n suffixtlaxoxo:hka:n N-loc-tla-tsi:nDeverbal locative noun with tla- prefix and -tsi:n suffixtlakwaltsi:nN-loc-deverb -tlanDeverbal locative noun with -tlanmiktlanN-loc-tla:l-ka:nLocative noun that has incorporated tla:l- and -ka:n suffixtla:ltetewitska:n tla:ltoto:nka:n tla:ltotolopochka:n Possessor nouns (in -eh and -wah)N-posr-wahNoun indicating a possessor of some noun, quality, etc., with the wah ending. suwa:wahN-posr-ehNoun indicating a possessor of some noun, quality, etc., with the -eh ending.tlawe:lehN-posr-wah-abs?N-posr-eh-absNoun indicating a possessor of some noun, quality, etc., with -eh ending and nominalization with absolutivesa:letliAgentivesN-ag-perfAgentive noun derived from preterittlama:mahN-ag-niAgentive noun with ending -nitlatowa:niN-ag-ni-tsi:nAgentive noun ending in -ni, followed by -tsi:n ! n t s i : n a : t l a k w i n t s i : n N - a g - k A g e n t i v e n o u n o b l i g a t o r i l y p o s s e s s e d t e : i : x m a t k a : w N - a g - k i A g e n t i v e n o u n w i t h e n d i n g - k i o n l y t i o : p i x k i N - a g - k e : t l [ * k i ] A g e n t i v e n o u n w i t h e n d i n g - k e : t l o n l y [ k i n o t a c c e p t a b l e ] t e : m a x t i k e : t l N - a g - k i / k e : t l A g e n t i v e noun with synonymous forms ending in ki and ke:tlkuhxi:nke:tl kuhxi:nkiN-ag-ka:tlAgentive noun ending in -ka:tlyekoka:tlOther nominal formsN-bbbaby talkwi:wihN-tsi:nNoun ending in -tsi:ncha:chaya:tsi:nN-tsi:ntliNoun ending in -tsi:ntliiknotsi:ntliN-cplcomplex noun of two or more wordsi:xtew peri:kohN-d-kayo:tlnoun with clitic ending -kayo:tlaxto:pakayo:tl -wa:nkayo:tlN-dvb-kaDeverbalized and obligatorily possessed locative noun ending in -kate:ntsahkaN-dvb-yaDeverbalized and obligatorily possessed locative noun ending in -yamikiyaN-genNoun indicating a gentilicio, name given to a group of people from a specific placexa:lite:koh AdjectivesCodeDescriptionExamplesParadigm of -ki/ya/liaAdj-para-ki/ya/liaUsed for adjectives that are part of an adjectival/inchoative/transitive paradigmatic sequence with the indicated endingskok:k pipiy:k we:i yema:nki[v]Used with the above when one or both of the verbal forms is not foundAdj-para-h/wa/tiaUsed for the intransitive verbs that are part of an adjectival/inchoative/transitive paradigmatic sequence with the indicated endings. Cf. to /Adj-denom-yoh; make sure to clarify differences.a:skayoh a:yoh[v]Used with the above when one or both of the verbal forms is not foundBasic adjectivesAdj-bAdjectival words that are basic, i.e., not derived from either nouns or verbswe:i pitentsi:nDeadjectival adjectivesAdj-tik-adjAdjectival that has an additional adjectivizeri:xte:nuwe:itikAdj-tik-apAdjectival from an apocopated nounxa:yakateoomitikAdj-tik-yohAdjectival from an denominal adjective ending in yoha:yotik (note: I have found this form to date only in Oapan)Adj-tik-kAdjectival ending in -tik from adjectival ending in knakastewe:weyaktikAdj-tik-advAdjectival derived from adverbwekatikAdj-tik-nAdjectival with derivational process from nouni:xkwa:tlapetlanaltikAdj-tik-?Adjectival with undetermined derivational processtele:le:tik teteltik[tla]Any adjective that also has a tla- prefixedtlawe:iDenominal adjectivesNote that all denominal adjectives are categorized by Adj-denomAdj-denom-yohAdjectivals that are formed from a nominal stem through the aggregation of -yoha:kayohAdj-denom-tikAdjectival derived from a nominal root through the ending -tiktli:ltikAdj-denom-ag-tikAdjectival derived from agentive (itself deverbalized) with -tikkokoxka:tikDeverbal adjectivesNote that all deverbal adjectives are categorized by Adj-dvbAdj-dvb-perfAdjective formed from the perfectivete:miktihAdj-dvb-impAdjective form from the impersonaltla:lchi:wahliAdj-dvb-perf-tikAdjective formed from the perfective stem plus tik.tetekestikAdj-dvb-wi-tik [x]Adjective derived from -Vwi verbs in which the termination -Vwi is replaced by -tik NOTE: In many cases it is difficult to clearly distinguish Adj-dvb-wi-tik from Adj-denom-tik (e.g. tli:ltik has both tli:hli and tli:liwi). However, it does seem that in certain cases there is no -iwi correlate and, more significantly, there are many Adj-dvb-wi-tik that do not have an associated noun. Cf. also the fact that with -tik adjectivals there are no cases I know of offhand in which the corresponding verb ending in -ti exists. Thus to some extent -tik has been grammaticalized. [x] refers to cases in which the intransitive is not found, only the transitive. Thus it is equivalent to the -x in Stat-x mimiltikAdj-dvb-wi-kiAdjectival derived from -Vwi verbs in which the termination -Vwi is replaced by -kitlatskiAdj-dvb-wi-kAdjectival derived from -Vwi verbs in which the termination -wi is replaced by -ksasa:likAdj-dvb-kiAdjectival derived from verbs with a shortened base and final -ki. Note that this is not always a preterit base (a:molo:nki) although sometimes it is (koto:nki) NOTE that these forms, as well as many adjectivals may be considered deverbal nouns such as the case with chi:lposo:nki, chi:lwa:hkimolo:nki chi:lposo:nki i:xmahkiAdj-dvb-kAdjectival derived from verbs with an unshortened base and that maintain a final vowelchika:wakAdj-dvb-k-tiAdjectival derived from verbs that end in -ti and have an unshortened base (these are like denominals (cf. sa:watl) except that a verbal form in -ti (or -tia) exists.sa:watik susuwa:tikAdj-dvb-wi-k-tikAdjective derived from a verb that ends in -wi, through the substitution of -wi with -ktik (often combined with an intensifying prefix te- or chi:-)tekoyaktik tetomaktik chi:koyaktikAdj-dvb-ni-k-tikAdjective derived from a verb that ends in -ni, through the substitution of -ni with -ktik (often combined with an intensifying prefix te- or chi:-)kokoxoktikAdj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:nAdjective derived from a verb that ends in -wi, through the substitution of -wi with -ktsi:n (often combined with an intensifying prefix te- or chi:-)ikxipipitsaktsitsi:ntehAdj-dvb-ni-x-tikAdjective derived from a verb that ends in -ni, through the substitution of -ni with -xtik (often combined with an intensifying prefix te- or chi:-)ikxiuwelaxtik (cf. Classical kwalaxtli)Adj-dvb-wi-x-tikAdjective derived from a verb that ends in -wi, through the substitution of -wi with -xtik (often combined with an intensifying prefix te- or chi:-)popoloxtikAdj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg (intrans) (refl) (trans) Participial forms used only in the negative xpipi:na:wka:yoh xtima:ltika:yoh xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh[x]Indicates that the intransitive form from which the participal is derived does not exist (e.g., for mawistik, mawisowa exists, but not *mawisiwi). Or for tetekestik, teketsa the transitive exists, but not the intransitive. In this sense it is similar to the stative/resultative with -tok.mawistik [ap]Apocopated form of any of the previousmel:k (<melaktik)Adj-dvb-niAdjective derived from transitive and eventual ending (as in classical kwalo:ni edible)Locative adjectivesAdj-locxx Particles ComparComparative ma:sDemDemonstrativei:n unNegNegativeka ma:kaInflec Inflectional affixo:- -s -skehAspPrepPrepositiondeArtArticlese:Particleparticle used in various functions; underivedkel; tlakah, etc. AffixesCodeDescriptionExamplesSuf-possSuffix indicating possession-xiwSuf-dirDirectional-kiSuf-adjvalAdjectival suffix to noun-sosohliPre-subSubject prefixn-Pre-objObject prefixk-Pre-inflectInflectional prefixo:-Suf-inflectInflectional suffix-s MiscellaneousCodeDescriptionExamplesNoneNot classifiedche:nchehOnomOnomatopeiakets kets ketsAuxAuxiliaryne:siInterjInterjectionAspAspectual ending-tasi \tran MiscellaneousCodeDescriptionExamplesValency increase+CausHas causative: for basics this means a morphological causes; for nondirected alternation this means a morphological causative in addition to (or instead of) nondirectedNOTE: this can be removed since if it does have a causative it will be x-listed. Instead, here only -Caus should be coded, for instransitive verbs that do not have a causative+ApplHas applicativesNOTE; this should probably be removed since if there is an applicative it will be coded in the \xva field. Or, perhaps, it might be a good idea to maintain the overt indication+Appl/CausHas applicative formation from causativeRefl.>V3Or, V2. This is used when a verb of a given transitivity (e.g., V2) can also take a reflexive that does not take up an argument slot (note that this should be used with reflexive verbs that are otherwise intransitive although another coding should be used perhaps. But note the ambiguous status of reflexives. In /ihnihtia/ from Oapan. This is a transitive, but it may also take Refl.+PO to indicate sth happening to a particular person /kinohnihtia/ 'he takes him/considers him' a sibling. Verbs with kinship terms seem much like this (e.g., kinona:ntia). These forms are much like applicative/benefactive constructions with no marking of valency increaseihnohtia (Oa)Valency decrease+AnticausHas anticausative with reflexive marker (used only with transitive verbs)+SpecTakes only a specific objectye:kpowaNondirected alternation-Intransfor nondirected alternation this means no corresponding intransitive-Transfor nondirected alternation this means no corresponding transitive+Complhas complete set of intransitve and transitivepolowa+Causfor nondirected alternations; under intransitive, this means that there is a causative form. If there is also a +Comp this means that it has a causative in addition to the normal alternation +/- causativeParadigms- indicates the member of the paradigm set that is missing-Intransno intransitive element in the paradigmto:nalisiwisyowa-Transno transitive element in the paradigmte:ntsonyowa-Adjno adjectival element in the paradigmte:ntsonyowa-Adj/-Transetc.+Complmeans a complete paradigm is presentAdj, V1, V2Reflective verbs+Refl only +Relf/-transHas only a reflexive, never used transitively. Note that a verb such as /tlalowa/ also has a caustive. It will be coded \tran +Refl/-tran; +Caus (if it is found to have an applicative of the causative the code +Appl/Caus will be added NOTE that all +Refl need to be reviewed and changed.notlalowa+Refl/+transReflexive verb that has transitive form with a different meaninga:xi:xa (refl. to urinate; trans. to urinate on)Causative/Applicative-BaseNo base verb for a causative or applicative formation \aff This field indicates whether there is lexicalized affixation of intensifiers, reduplication, or directionals. Object deletion in Oapan forms is also marked. Note that lexicalized nonspecific objects are given a separate entry. IntensifiersOp. pref. <n>te-</n>Possibility of prefixing the intensifier te- Note the format for the entry, i.e., after Op. <n>te-</n> is a colon and the possible form. An explanation of the use follows in the /nte field.tekoto:niOp. infix. <n>te-</n>Possibility of infixing the intensifier te- ma:(te)xi:kole:wi ikxitekoko:pilLex. <n>te-</n>Lexicalized use of prefix te-; either as prefix or infixed after a INt:welwi (Oa) tekwixtok (Am) kwa:temo:tla Op. <n>-chi:-</n>Possibility of infixing the intensifier chi:-i:xte:nchi:kopo:niaNote: Previously information about /chi:-/ affixing was included in the \aff field. However, all entries with /chi:-/ have been given unique entries (e.g., /chi:koyo:ni/ is listed separately not with /koyo:ni/, since the use of this morpheme seems highly restricted to certain lexical items.ReduplicationReduced rdp-s (prev-s) (prev-l) (vowel-s) (vowel-l) (vowel-CV) (prev-te) Reduced reduplication of a Oapan entry in the headword; lexicalized (short vowel in preceding syllable) (long vowel in preceding syllable) (short vowel-initial stem) (long vowel-initial stem) (on initial CV of word, usually rdp first syllable) (use of dummy morpheme /te-/ before rdp stem):wili nak:skay:wa p:petlka tlake:nt:tsomkReduced rdp-s (pre)Red u c e d r e d u p l i c a t i o n o f a O a p a n e n t r y t h a t o c c u r s w i t h t h e h e a d w o r d h a s a p r e c e d i n g p r e f i x w i t h l i g h t s y l l a b l e k k : s k i ! n : k : s k i R e d u c e d r d p - s ( p r e * ) W o r d t h a t a p p a r e n t l y w o u l d r e f l e c t r e d u c e d r e d u p l i c a t i o n i f t h e r e w e r e a p r e c e d i n g p r e f i x w i t h a s hort vowel, but that given the semantics of the word has not been documented manifesting such a developmentpp:ltiaLex. rdp-lLexicalized reduplication with a long stem voweltlane:nepantikLex. rdp-sLexicalized reduplication with short vowel and constant coda /h/. Note that this is used only with situations in which Oa shows no reduplication reduction (or there is no Oapan entry)Lex. rdp-s*Lexicalized reduplication with short vowel (and no coda /h/). Used only in cases in which Oapan shows no possiblity of reductionpipitsca sasa:liaNote that if only one of the dialects has a reduplicated form, a single entry is still used. Nevertheless either (Am) or (Oa) is placed after the coding to indicate this difference. E.g., Am /tsi:nokwihloh/ and Oa /tsi:nkwikwihloh/ would have Lex. rdp-s(Oa) in the \aff field.Object markers-tl-Indicates absolutive in nonword final positiona:tlakwi-tla-Indicates nonreferential object in noninitial positionchichitlai:niNom. <n>ne-</n>Indicates use of reflexive for derivations nexi:ko:lehObj. deletion:Indicates object deletion of certain /i/-initial verbs in Oapanni:lna:miki for /nikilna:miki/, etc.Directionalswal-Incorporated use of wa:l- in initial position-wa:lkion-Incorporated use of on- in initial positiononaki \inf Codes signaling verb inflection or nominal possession. This field is oriented to present verbal and nominal paradigms of tense/aspect/mode inflection in regard to the former and possession and pluralization in regard to the latter. The system (in process of elaboration) will combine a manipulation of regular paradigms of classificatory groups (similar in some respect to the Classes A, B, C and D of verb inflection utilized by Andrews), easy-to-learn abreviations, and a clear exposition of irregularities (for example, the fact that the /i/ of kochi is lengthened in the impersonal, kochi:lo:, but is maintained short in the future, kochis). The status of the intial /i/ as existent at the morphophonemic level, or as epenthetical, will be here presented in a clear manner. CodeDescriptionExamplesVerb inflectionclass 1/h/ shows up in preterite; long vowel in futurekwaclass 2aloss of vowel in -ia leading to -ih for preterit and -i:s in futuremiktia class 2bloss of vowel in -owa leading to -oh for preterit and -o:s for futurepolowaclass 3a-VCV verbs with loss of vowel in preterit and addition of -s in futurepatla:niclass 3a(k)-VCV verbs with vowel loss in which stem-final consonant is /k/ leading to /hk/ sequence in pluralteki (cf. o:kitehkeh)class 3a(m)-VCV verbs with vowel loss in which stem-final consonant is /m/ leading to /-n/ sequence in singular and /-nk/ in pluraltomi o:toton o:kitotonkehclass 3a(w)-V:wi and -V: w a v e r b s i n w h i c h w ! h w h e n f o l l o w e d b y / k / t o m a : w i o : t o m a : w a n d o : t o m a : h k e h p o l i w i o : p o l i w a n d o : p o l i h k e h c l a s s 3 a ( k w ) L o s s o f f i n a l v o w e l b u t k w !h i n p l u r a l p e r f e c t i v e o : k i t s a k w o : k i t s a h k e h c l a s s 3 a ( o w ) - o : w i a n d - o : w a V e r b s h e r e a r e t h e s a m e a s c l a s s 3 a ( w ) e x c e p t t h a t t h e v o w e l l e n g t h o f / o : / i s n e u t r a l i z e d b e f o r e / w / s e p o w i b u t : o : s e p o : w c l a s s 3 b ( s h o r t ) c l a s s 3 b ( l o n g ) - V C V v e r b s w i t h l o s s o f v o w e l i n p r e t e r i t a n d a d d i t i o n o f - s i n f u t u r e , b u t w i t h f i n a l c o n s o n a n t y ! x p i a t l a c h i a c l a s s 3 c - t i e n ding verbs that lose /i/ in the perfective but retain it for aspectual markersmia:wati (o:mia:wat and mia:watitok)class 4aaddition of -k in preterit and -s in futurecho:kaclass 4a(long)underlying long final vowel shows up in all TAMpo:ki po:ki:s o:po:ki:kclass 4bclass 4 for all except aspectual endings in which case -xtok ending is found [check these and cf. to 4c]o:yema:niak yema:nixtokclass 4b(harm)class 4 for all except aspectual endings in which case -stok ending is found (as a result of harmony)a:istastokclass 4c class 4 for all except aspectual endings in which case the ya is lost, [Note: check these]ikxikuhtiak ikxikuhtitokclass 4dverbs that conjugate like panowapanowaclass 4d(pass)verbs that conjugate as passives, with underlying {o:} showing up in the preterit and future and {-wa:ya} in the imperfective (e.g., a:tepeya:wi:lowa:ya)a:tepeya:wi:locopulartakes TAM inflection with an independent copula that is zero in the presentto:na+pluralonly is found with a plural subject markerse:mehirregular stativeirregular stative in which the /-tok/ ending is /-ti/ before other aspectualswestok westitiw westitasiirregularsee table at end of dictionaryPhonology0>y/y/ inserted after /tla-/kekwania tlayekwania \infn Noun Possession: two general paradigms: Vowel and consonant changes Possessive patterns and markings Note: Possession is not indicated when it is -w after vowel-final stems or after consonant-final stems. Thus the only codes are those for zero morpheme after vowels (e.g. matli), for -yo (polokatl), or for those that take both -w and -yo (a:tl)Vowel and consonant changesi>0Initial /i/ of unpossessed is lost after /o/-final possessive prefixesikxitl 'foot' no-kxi 'my foot'x>chFinal stem consonant surfaces as ch from xtlapextli 'bed' no-tlapech 'my bed's>tsFinal stem consonant surfaces as ts from swistli 'thorn' nowits 'my thorn'V>0Final stem vowel lost in possessed constructionpetlatl 'petate' no-petl 'my petate ' a : t e k o m a t l ' g o u r d ' n - a : t e k o n ' m y g o u r d ' 0 > h h a s f i n a l ' s a l t i l l o ' t a t l i ' f a t h e r ' n o - t a h ' m y f a t h e r N o t e : w h i l e c h !x a n d s !t s / _ _ _ _ t , t l , t s , c h a r e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s i n A m e y a l t e p e c , t h e r e i s n o w a y f r o m l o o k i n g a t t h e h e a d w o r d a l o n e t o t e l l t h a t , f or example, /s/ surfaces as /ts/ in the pair /wistli/, /nowits/ but is maintained as /s/ in /tepostli/ 'metal' and /notepos/ 'my rifle'. This information is available by noting the root field (i.e., the \xrb field for the entry /wistli/ is /wits/. But the coding in the \infn field is to make it easier for the reader (and morphological parser?). When used as predicate: number of argumentsN0Headword functions as a subjectless vocative or address termwe:weh 'don' ka:n tiaw we:weh 'where are you going don?'N1Headword only functions as a one-place predicate: i.e., possessive constructions have not been documentedme:stli 'moon'N1(N2-tla)Headword only functions as a one-place predicate but it is derived from a two-place predicate with the /tla-/ nonspecific possessor.tlase:waya:n From deverbal /se:waya:n/N1(N2-N)Headword functions as a one-place predicate but is derived from a two-place predicate where an incorporated noun lowers the valencytla:lto:tolopochka:n tla:l-to:tolopoch-ka:n earth-be.bumpy-placeN1(N2-NP)Headword only functions as a one-place predicate, but headword is a collocation comprising N2 (marked as possessed) + NPi:ki:saya:n to:nahli i:-ki:sa-ya:n to:nal-li 3sgPoss-leave-LOC sun-ABSN1(loc)Headword is a locative construction; syntactically functioning to indicate the location of an eventa:titlan a:-titlan water-underneath(loc)(gender)Indicates headwords that are distinguished by (inflected by) genderN2Headword is obligatorily possessed (i.e., when functioning predicatively it only functions as a two-place predicate; remember that a possessed construction can also be non-predicative, i.e., /o:nikitak notah/ 'I saw my father' where /notah/ is analyzed as no-tah 'my father' and not -no-tah 'he is my father'). In other words, only the possessed form of the headword has been documented. Note that this means that sometimes the headword ends in a possessed marker (, -w, -yo); other times it might be a relational (i.e., /ma:kwitlapan/)kechkuhyo 'neck' a:xi:xtekon 'bladder' ma:kwitlapan 'back of hand'N2(rel)Headword is a relational noun that takes a possessor prefixi:xko 'front of' n-i:xko 'in front of me'NOTE:Nouns that are obligatorily possessed. Note that these may be predicates and thus are different than relational nouns which are not: ni:xko. Relational nouns function adverbially (ni:xko xmotla:li) whereas Oblig. poss. nouns function as nouns except that they are always two place predicates and can pass the test of /yewa +/. Thus yewa ia:tliya:n that is the place where he drinks water as opposed to ?yewa ni:xko.N1/2Headword can function as a one or two-place predicate: NOTE: the nature of the two-place predication is determined in the following part of the entry for this field. Some may be possessed only intrinsically (e.g., /popolokatl/)kone:tl 'child' nokone:tl 'my child' popolokatl 'chaff' i:popolokayo 'its chaff'N0/2Headword can function as a vocative or possessed, but not has a one-place predicatewe:weh, e.g., 'elder' "We:weh ka:n tiaw?" Where are you going, elder? "O:mik se: towe:weh" An elder of ours died (to=1plPossessor) Or na:nah "Na:nah, xne:chpale:wi" "Yewa nona:nah" N2/AdjIndicates that the headword may either obligatorily possessed or function as a quality word indicating a particular aspect of the subject (i.e., "possessor raising"). Thus /tlake:ntekoch/ can either be exemplary of possessor raising as in /nitlake:ntekoch/ < /tekoch nokoto:n/ or as a two-place predicate /nokotontekoch/ my shirt is checkered colored.te:ntsonkukwa:ch te:n-tson-ku-kwa:ch lip-hair-rdp.s-palm.pad thick-beard i.e. tite:ntsonkukwa:ch 2sgS-thick.beard 'you are thick-bearded' i:te:ntsonkukwa:ch -i:-te:ntsonkukwa:ch 3sgS-3sgPoss-thick.beard 'it is his thick beard' Types of possessed markers that noun may take NOTE: Only for nouns marked as N2 (or N1/2, N0/2, etc.)AlnAlienable: Takes either -w or - in singular depending on whether noun stem is vowel- or consonant-final when possessed -w marker for sg. possessed noun that is vowel final - marker for sg. possessed noun that is C final or that has an -in ending NOTE: when pluralization is possible, both vowel- and consonant-final noun stems take a suffix -wa:nkone:tl 'child' i:kone:w i:-kone:-w 3sgPoss-child-Aln.poss'd 'his child' petlatl (is V>0) 'straw mat' i:petl i:-petl his straw mat michin 'fish' i:mich 'his fish'Aln(ag)Alienable possessed with agentive typologykiki:ski 'wanderer' nokiki:ska:w no-ki-ki:s-ka:-w 1sgPossr-rdp.s-leave-PART-Aln.poss'dAln(1=2)Alienable possession shows the exact same stem as the unpossessed form; this is often the case with Spanish loansburroh (headword and unpossessed) noburroh 'my burro'Aln(0=2)Alienable possession shows the exact same stem as the vocative formseor 'sir' (address term) moseor mo-seor 2sgPossr-sir 'your compadre'Inal (-yo)Inalienable: Marked only for vowel-final stems since consonant-final stems cannot be distinguished morphologically from type of possession (-yo) indicates that headword was an abstract noun with a -yo:tl ending that when possessed simply drops the -tl and shortens the vowelma:tli 'hand' or 'arm' noma 'my hand/arm' kwe:tli 'dress' i:kwe 'her dress' tlatla:kihlo:tl 'fruit' i:tlatla:kihlo 'its fruit'IntrinMay be possessed with -yo indicating intrinsic possession; note these are the headwords that may occur unpossessed and possessed, but when possessed are always -yo possessed. These are coded N1/2; intrinsic (e.g., polokatl; poposoktli). The headword is unpossessed. Note that this should be distinguished from forms in which an absolutive does not exist: i:awia:yo its good flavor/smell, which seems to have neither *awia:tl nor *awia:yo:tl. This is marked N2a:tl 'water' i:a:yo i:-a:-yo 3sgPoss'r-water-Intrin.possd 'its juice'Intrin(head)Indicates that headword is obligatorily possessed and already has the -yo markerNOTE:Nouns that can be either unpossessed or possessed, and when possessed either extrinsically or intrinsically (with a change in meaning) would be N1/2; Aln/Intrin -kal and -kahlo -a:w and -a:yo??? -0/yoNouns that can be possessed without a marker, but also intrinsically-to:ka(:)NOTE: It will be necessary to test many nouns for possible possessive formations in -yo. Thus, for example, ikone:w is clear, but although I have no example of ikone:yo, such a form might exist and should be checked for. Noun pluralization: Note that regular plurals are not markedIrregular plural: <n>xxxx</n>form given in entry, e.g. irregular plural: ko:koneh \infn AdjectivesPredUsed only predicativelysentetlOtherGenderTakes gender distinctions as borrowing from Spanish.ye:kmatero:h and ye:kma:terah \sem Semantic categories: the purpose of this field is to facilitate access to semantic groups of general importance. First among these are natural objects: plants, animals, stars, etc. (in the third period of the first stage of investigation fieldwork will be carried out with the goal of identifying plants and animals, and determining their use). Also, in this field bodyparts, kinship terms, etc. will be coded to facilitate their rapid retrieval. Nature: Plants, animals, constellations and stars CodeDescriptionEnglish readableSpanish readableNat-pl-fl Plants-flowersNat-pl-arPlants-treesNat-pl-cacPlants-cacti and magueyesNat-pl-cultPlants, cultivatedNat-pl-medPlants-medicinal or of some related useNat-pl-edPlants-edible (wild edible plants; cf. Nat-pl-cult)Nat-pl-o Plants-others not yet classifiedNat-pl-partPlants-parts ofNat-pl-tubPlants-tubers and rootsNat-an-pjAnimals-birds (aves and pajaros)Nat-an-inAnimals-insectsNat-an-waterAnimals-living in waterNat-an-snAnimals-snakesNat-an-domesAnimal-domesticatedNat-an-liz Animals-lizardsNat-an-wormAnimals-wormsNat-an-mamAnimals-mammalsNat-lifeformLife form, i.e., generic term for specific group Nature Nat-est Stars soil types of soils stone stones, metals, minerals time times of the day, months, year topography land patterns (hills, valleys, slopes, etc., for cultivated land, see cultivate) weather weather phenomena (precipitation, clouds, fog, temperature, seasons) Register and address baby baby talk greeting greetings ritual ritual speech vocative address terms Gender: male register limited to sex female The human body and condition age age group body body parts -face -face -torso -torso -extreme -extremeties -internal -internal organs -description -description of particular parts: (/tsi:npitentsi:n/, /nakasweweyak/, etc.) -position -body positions (/ikatok/, /nomelawtok/, etc.) -descrip -descriptions of body parts (e.g., /kuhyekapi:stik/) disease diseases, illnesses emotions emotions and moods; character traits functions bodily functions (swallowing, sweating, urinating, etc.) physical physical characteristics (weight, color, etc.) Human activities (verbs only) build activities involving building (e.g., a house, granary, etc.) communicate activities involving communicating and voice (talking, singing, shouting, etc.) cook activities involving cooking (see also tool-cook) cultivate activities concerning cultivating (field preparation, planting, maintaining, harvesting, shelling, storing; see also tool-cultivate; also types of cultivated land) hunting activities concerning procuring of live food games activities involving games and playing; toys making activities involving making material objects paint activities involving painting pottery activities involving pottery sell activities involving selling sex activities involving sex Culture and society aires the /yeyekameh/ supernatural supernatural beings construct constructions (houses, granaries, etc.) construct-part parts of constructions cloth clothes and parts of clothes dances religious dances food prepared food (not plants) -drink -drinks (not atole) -mole -moles -maize -types of maize or tortillas and tortilla-like foods -atole -types of atole -tamal -types of tamals govern terms for offices in villages material material objects (not tools: such as beds, pillows, chests, fencing) medicine medicine and medicinal processes (including medicinal plants) number numbers religion terms related to religious activities tool tools and materials used in making tools (such as twines, hunting objects) tool-cook tools or utensils used in cooking tool-cultivate tools used in cultivating tool-construct tools used in construction tool-house tools used in the household and for personal use (e.g., combs) tool-hunt tools used in hunting and fishing kin kin terms -address -address terms and vocatives -ritual -ritual kin (compadrazgo) toponym toponym -Am from Ameyaltepec -Oa from Oapan -SJ from San Juan Tetelcingo -Ahuel from Ahuelicn -Ahuep from Ahuehuepan Shapes, colors, textures, sounds color colors measure measures of distance, weight, coin, etc. sound -human sounds of humans -animal sounds of animals -material sounds of material things shape shapes size sizes smell smells consist consistencies (e.g., of liquids) tastes tastes (sweet, sour) texture textures and surfaces Distortions distort-break distortions to things by bending, snapping, breaking, straightening, cutting, etc. distort-round distortions to round and bulky things (crushing, smashing, etc.) distort-shape distortions to general shapes (fattening, thinning, etc.) distort-fissure distortions that involve fissures, breaks, punctures, etc. distort-surface distortions to surfaces (polishing, scraping) taste tastes Space space-earth spaces on the earth space-body spaces in relation to a physical object Verbs (note that some have already been mentioned above) contact verbs of hitting, grabbing, seizing, etc. motion verbs of motion/movement (or lack of, i.e., stationary position, including giration, etc.) -nontranslational movement in one place (spinning) -translational movement across a surface -position changes in body/object position position statives of position perception verbs of perception carry verbs of carrying and seizing Nouns mass uncountable (cannot be pluralized) Space directions/deixis adverbs, etc. Animals: sound-animal body-animal for body parts that are exclusively used with animals (and never humans) Plants body-plant plant parts FOURTH SECTION CodeMeaningDiscussionRoot crossreferencingxrbBasic rootsThis includes all basic roots at the primary level. Not included in the root field \xrb are derivational and inflectional morphemes. Thus a:yoh has only a:; and mihka:tsi:ntli has only miki. However, relational nouns are included: -ko, -pal, -tech; etc. However, neither eh nor wah is ever listed under xrb, nor are -ya:n, -ka:n, and other similar derivational forms. Also included are associated motion verbs. These are indicated with a hyphen in order to note that they are aspectual markers. Thus, tlakwatinemi would be kwa; -nemi. And word with tok, such as a:ntok would be a:n and -ok.Nondirected alternationVerbs ending in -iwi/-owa:Give roots without any final vowel. Both poliwi and polowa would have roots as pol. And tli:liwi and tli:hli, and tli:ltik all have the root tli:l.Verbs ending in -ni/-na or niaGive roots without final -ni, -nia, or -na. Both koto:ni and koto:na both have roots koto:. (Note: this does not apply to words with short vowels before /n/, i.e., mani/-mana have man as a root; and words such as a:na have a:n as a root.)Verbs ending in -V:wi or V:waGive roots without final -wi, -wia, or -wa. Both toma:wi and toma:wa have roots toma:, as does tetomaktik. Again, this only applies to verbs of nondirected alternation. Verbs ending in -mi or maGive roots without final vowel only. Both tomi and toma have roots tom.Basic intransitives or transitivesBasic intransitives and intransitives have their entire form as the stem or rootcho:ka, teki, ki:sa, ne:si, allTransitives with /-a/ ending do not have this in the stem.Root of ile:wia is ileCausative verbsGive roots as basic intransitive: a:polaki and -a:polaktia have roots of a:, polaki. A note is to be entered under /polaki/ in the root section pointing users to /aki/.Nouns ending in -inGive roots without -in. The root of michin is mich.xrbRootsBasic roots, lowest levelxrcCompound rootsCompound searchable rootsGive roots that are otherwise divisible: e.g. for xi:xtekomatl give a:xi:x- only under \xrc whereas a:; xi:x; tekoma will be given under \xrb. Then, under notes for the root tekoma perhaps discuss possible correlation to ko:mVerb crossreferencing (for changes in valency of verbs, list other associated verbsxvbBasic verbFor causatives and applicatives, list basic verb. For applicatives of causative list lowest valency verbxvcCausativeCausative verb of a basic formxvaApplicativeApplicative verb of a basic verbxvnIterativeWith headwords derived through reduplication and the suffixation of -ka or tsa, this field /xvn indicates the verbal baseFor both tsotsomoka and tsotsomotsa the \xvn field would be the verbal base tsomo:ni.xvkFrequentativeWith headword that forms a frequentative, this lists the frequentativeFor tsomo:ni, e.g., the \xvk field is tsotsomokaAffixes and bound morphemes crossreferencingLocativesNote that locatives and postpositions are listed under /xrb when they are part of a compound as well as in the head entry. Thus kalpan would have kal; -pan. When used in incorporation no preceding hyphen is used. Thus panwetsi is pan; wetsi.DiminutivesWhen part of the lexical item, the diminutives are listed under \xrb. Thus mihka:tsintli would have roots of miki; -tsi:n. And a:chichitsi:n would have a:; chichi; -tsi:n, although under \xrc the compound a:chichi would be listed. \xni \xka In entries of verbs in cognate sets of the type -ni or -ni(a) this field expresses the derived intransitive form through initial reduplication with a short vowel and the suffixation of -ka. For example, in the entry for tsomo:ni, the field \xka would be tsotsomoka. \xb In all entries of causative and applicative verbs, this field gives its corresponding verbal base. Verbs may be separated according to four categories: basic, cognate, derived (from verbs, nouns or other roots) and miscellaneous (passives, statives, etc.). There are some basic verbs (e.g. kwepa or ana) for which Launey (thesis) has reported rare intransitive cognates (kwepi, ani). Nevertheless, even so I considered these verbs as basic monotransitives, relating the derivation of cognates to a secondary analogical process. NOTE: in the cognate verbs that end in -mi o -ki I consider for analytical purposes that the final consonant forms part of the root. For example, tomi has the root {tom} and wa:ki the root {wa:k}. The indicated codes, ending in -mi y -ki are used to facilitate the inclusion of these verbs in other paradigms of cognate pairs in which, in contrast, the keyed ending is not part of the root. For example, in koto:ni the root is {koto:}. Note, finally, that the alternation of /k/ and /ts/ is common: kokomoka and kokomotsa, etc. Note that there are many snake names that end in -wah. Although perhaps related to this ending, they have not been so classified. Nevertheless, it is possible to conduct a search for all forms ending in -wah through a database search for this phonological sequence in the principle entry. The organization here is such as to permit the separation of any agentive through a database search for N-ag or for the subgroup of agentives formed through a reflex of {-ke:tl} though a database search on N-ag-k. Note that this ending is highly productive. A separate entry has only been given to those which are lexicalized or very frequent. PAGE PAGE 8 page \* arabic8 ' s z D$ $ $ & & & & & & & & ' ' b' c' d' + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 .8 08 8 8 9 9 > > > > > > > > > > > > H? M? l? m? ? ? 9A >A A A B B B B !B B 56CJ OJ QJ mH OJ QJ 5CJ 5CJ OJ QJ mH OJ QJ 56CJ OJ QJ 5CJ OJ QJ 5OJ QJ mH 5OJ QJ J 4 2 [ w T Z c l m 3 4 *$ p *$0 p 4 2 [ w T Z c l m 3 4 k l $ 3 G H | } W j K L M 0 E F S _ ` 4 ^ _ o - N p q d4 k l $ 3 G H | } W j *$ p K L M 0 E F S _ ` *$ p 4 ^ _ o - N p q ? @ ' *$ p ? @ ' s t u ^ ` a ! " ( 4 ? @ A G Q [ \ ] e p z { | % & ' + 3 : ; < @ d' s t u ^ ` a t T $$l Fj$ *$$ p *$ p ! " ( 4 ? @ A G Q [ \ D @ p | p *$$ p $$l Fj$ \ ] e p z { | | P 4 T *$$ p $$l Fj$ % & ' + 3 : ; < @ G N O P \ k { | l X T P *$$ p $$l Fj$ @ G N O P \ k { | } ! $! %! &! (! )! *! ^! ! ! ! " " # # # # # # # # # $ $ *$ B$ D$ I$ $ $ $ % % % @% A% F% W% X% ^% % % % % % % & & & & & & -& 9& :& L& M& `& a& t& u& & & & & & & & & & ' ' ' b' c' d| } ! $! %! &! (! )! ` *$ p *$$ p $$l Fj$ )! *! ^! ! ! ! " " # # # # # # # # # $ $ *$ B$ D$ I$ $ *$$ p *$p p *$ p $ $ $ % % % @% A% F% W% X% ^% % % % % % % & & & & & & -& X \ ߜ ߠ ߠ ( ߠ *$$ p $$l 0 $ -& 9& :& L& M& `& a& t& u& & & & & & & & & & ' ' ' 6 $$l \ $ *$$ p ' b' c' d' i' P( ( ( ( ) 9) :) ?) d) e) ) ) ) ) * * 4* ;* <* $$l 0 $ *$$ p *$ p c' d' i' P( ( ( ( ) 9) :) ?) d) e) ) ) ) ) * * 4* ;* <* I* c* * * * * * * * * + + + + + , , , , , , , - I- J- P- j- - - . 0. . . . . . . . / `/ a/ g/ / / / / 0 H0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ?1 1 1 1 02 12 62 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 S4 4 b<* I* c* * * * * * * * * + + + + + , , , , , , , - I- x $$l 0 $ *$$ p I- J- P- j- - - . 0. . . . . . . . / `/ a/ g/ / / / / 0 H0 ߠ ߨ *$$ p $$l 0 $ H0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ?1 1 1 1 02 12 62 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 x *$ p $$l 0 $ *$$ p 3 3 3 3 4 S4 4 4 4 4 4 5 >5 ?5 D5 5 5 5 \ \ $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p $$l 0 $ 4 4 4 4 4 5 >5 ?5 D5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Z6 [6 `6 6 6 6 7 7 7 {7 |7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 &8 '8 ,8 -8 .8 /8 08 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 : : : B; C; J; ; ; ; :< x< < > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > H? M? k? l? m? q? @ 9A >A A A B B B B !B B B b5 5 5 5 Z6 [6 `6 6 6 6 7 7 7 {7 |7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Ӹ D $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 &8 '8 ,8 -8 .8 /8 08 8 8 8 8 9 $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p 9 9 9 : : : B; C; J; ; ; ; :< x< < > > > > \ ߌ ߔ p *$0$ p *$$ p $$l 0 $ > > > > > > > > > > > > > k? l? } $$l 0 $ ! $$l 40 $ *$$ p *$0$ p ! $$l 40 $ ` l? m? q? @ B B B B B C C C C aD bD cD E E E E !E h ߸ *$0$ p *$$ p $$l 0 $ B B B B B B B B B B C C aD bD cD E E F F ~G G G G H H gH hH H H OI PI I I I I )J 1J jJ kJ J J J J K K K K L L M M M M M M M 5N 6N XN YN ZN [N \N ^N _N aN bN dN N N JO KO O O P P EP FP GP P P Q Q oQ pQ Q 5OJ QJ 5CJ 5CJ OJ QJ 56CJ OJ QJ mH 56CJ OJ QJ UB B B B B B B B B C C C C aD bD cD E E E E !E 'E -E .E TE UE E F F F F ~G G G G G G H H H gH hH mH H H H OI PI UI I I I jJ kJ pJ K K K K K K L L L L M M M M M M M M M M N 5N 6N ;N XN YN ZN [N \N ]N ^N _N `N aN bN cN dN N N N JO KO QO O O O d!E 'E -E .E TE UE E F F F F ~G G G G G G , $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p *$0$ p $*$0$ p G H H H gH hH mH H H H OI PI UI I I I jJ kJ pJ K K K K K K X T L Ө x $$l 0 $ *$$ p K L L L L M M M M M M M M M M N 5N 6N ;N XN l ӌ *$ p $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p XN YN ZN [N \N ]N ^N _N `N aN bN cN dN N N N JO KO QO O \ *$ p $$l 0 $ *$$ p $$l 0 $ O O O P P P EP FP GP HP P P P P Q Q Q oQ pQ uQ p p *$ p $$l 0 $ *$$ p $$l 0 $ O P P P EP FP GP HP P P P P Q Q Q oQ pQ uQ Q Q Q Q Q Q R R !R hR iR nR R R R R R R S S S ?S @S AS BS mS nS oS tS S S S S S S T T T PT QT UT T T T 9U :U >U gU hU iU jU kU lU mU nU oU pU rU U U U 'V (V -V ]V ^V cV V V V V V V jW kW pW W W W X X $X 2X duQ Q Q Q Q Q Q R R !R hR iR nR R R R R R R S S 4 4 4 Ӹ $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p Q Q Q Q R R hR iR R R S S ?S @S BS mS oS S S S S T T PT QT T T 9U :U gU hU jU kU mU nU qU U U 'V (V ]V ^V V V V V jW kW Y Y |Y }Y Y Y Y Y Y _ ` "` '` ` ` ` ` ` ` a %a a a Mb Pb Rb qb b b c d d d #d <d Bd 5:OJ QJ 6OJ QJ OJ QJ 5>*OJ QJ 5OJ QJ 5CJ OJ QJ 5CJ SS S ?S @S AS BS mS nS oS tS S S S S S S T T T PT ӈ Ӭ *$ p $$l 0 $ *$$ p PT QT UT T T T 9U :U >U gU hU iU jU kU lU mU nU oU pU rU U p 4 ߸ $$l 0 $ *$$ p $$l 0 $ U U U 'V (V -V ]V ^V cV V V V V V V jW kW H $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ $$l 0 $ *$$ p kW pW W W W X X $X 2X 3X ?X LX XX YX X X X X X X Y Y Y Y 5Y Ӝ $$l 0 $ *$$ p 2X 3X ?X LX XX YX X X X X X X Y Y Y Y 5Y AY KY UY aY oY {Y |Y }Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Z 7Z lZ Z Z Z Z [ S[ [ [ \ )\ \\ \ \ ] ] ^ S^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ !` "` #` A` ` ` ` ` a Kb b b b b b b c Md d d5Y AY KY UY aY oY {Y |Y }Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Z 7Z lZ Z Z Z Z [ *$ p $$l 0 $ *$$ p [ S[ [ [ \ )\ \\ \ \ ] ] ^ S^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $$l *$$ p *$ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ !` "` #` A` X P *$ p *$$ p $$l A` ` ` ` ` a Kb b b b b b b c Md d d e e h Li Mi Zi fj *$T p *$ p *$| p Bd d d d d d d e e ]e ie e e e e af ef f f f f f f f f f f g g fg kg mg rg tg yg g g g g Mi Zi i i i i i i i i :j >j Dj Jj aj ej fj ij mj nj j j j j j %k 6k k k l #l ;l Al m m m m m m m m m n 6CJ OJ QJ CJ OJ QJ 5CJ OJ QJ 6: H*OJ QJ 6OJ QJ 5OJ QJ OJ QJ Qd d e e h Li Mi Zi fj j Rk m m o p p q q q q u u =v Uv Vv wv w x x 6x z z Q{ R{ | | | | } ~ ~ ̀ ̀ ׃ - | v $ D Ŏ Ǝ o 9 : 3 4 S ؕ ) * 0 1 2 3 6 F L M P c j k n ~ dfj j Rk m m o p p q q q q u u =v Uv Vv wv w x x 6x *$ p *$ | $ TL *$| p | $ n n n n Mn ~n n n n n n n n o o o .o <o >o Do Io o o o o o o o p p p p p bq fq vq zq q q q Wr Yr st tt t t u u u u u u u u 4v ?v Cv Uv vv w w w w x x x 6x -y 0y 4y 9y z z z z z z { { "{ .{ Q{ W{ { { | 5OJ QJ OJ QJ 6OJ QJ 6CJ OJ QJ 5CJ OJ QJ CJ OJ QJ U6x z z Q{ R{ | | | | } ~ ~ ̀ ̀ ׃ - | *$ $ 0 p | p@ *$| p *$| p | | A| E| | | | | | | | | | | } } } } } } } } } ~ ~ ~ N T u z ʀ ̀ р ҁ ځ s y փ ׃ ݃ " ( . ) 7 9 D F P R \ mH mH 6mH 65 OJ QJ mH 6OJ QJ mH 5OJ QJ OJ QJ 6OJ QJ R ԇ ݇ ߇ . 7 9 A G O 3 < K P w ˋ Ӌ i u v } # $ + C F Ŏ َ i o 9 : > 3 9 S W ؕ ە OJ QJ 5OJ QJ 5CJ OJ QJ 6OJ QJ mH 5OJ QJ mH OJ QJ mH 6mH :mH mH P| v $ D Ŏ Ǝ o 9 : 3 4 S *$| p *$ $ | p@ | p 0 p S ؕ ) * 0 1 2 3 6 F L M P c j k n h x t $$l 2 $ *$$ p $ p *$ p n ~ Ȗ ؖ ݖ ޖ p $ @ t ج $ p $$l 2 $ *$$ p Ȗ ؖ ݖ ޖ P Ϙ И ј Ҙ ؘ D v ę ϙ ٙ * ; \ { ʚ ˚ ̚ ͚ њ ٚ + 7 G H N U \ dޖ P Ϙ И ј Ҙ ؘ X l P x $ p $$l 2 $ *$$ p $ $p % ) $ E ڧ A C E G Ĩ ̨ A O Q S / 7 X q _ f Ϭ D U 9 r v | & \ f ʯ $ E R T V ] _ ? Q 6OJ QJ OJ QJ mH OJ QJ mH OJ QJ 5OJ QJ Xؘ D v ę ϙ ٙ ج l 0 $ $p $$l 2 $ *$$ p * ; \ { ʚ ˚ , $ p $$l 2 $ *$$ p ˚ ̚ ͚ њ ٚ + 7 G H N U \ d e f g h i o { ` $$l 2 $ *$$ p \ d e f g h i o { Ü Μ ל 3 > H T U Z ` h n ߝ $ 3 9 : @ ` # * + 0 E I J K L M N R Ɵ ǟ ȟ Ο d Ü Μ ל 3 > 0 $ $ p *$$ p $$l 2 $ > H T U Z ` h n ߝ ( 0 $ p $$l 2 $ *$$ p $ 3 9 : @ ` # * + 0 ؘ ب \ | $$l 2 $ *$$ p 0 E I J K L M N R Ɵ ǟ ȟ Ο ڟ X d t $$l 2 $ *$$ p Ο ڟ K ^ _ f $ ' ( 3 : @ A L X \ ] h r v w x y z { ţ ƣ " # % ! 2 B I $ / 9 D E J ˧ ٧ ڧ d K ^ _ f l $$l 2 $ *$$ p $ ' ( 3 : @ A L X \ ] h r v w x y z { | \ d p h *$$ p $$l 2 $ { ţ ƣ " # % *$0 p *$ p $$l 2 $ *$$ p ! 2 B I $ / 9 D E J ˧ ٧ T T $$l ~ $ *$$ p $ p *$0 p ٧ ڧ ߧ A B C D E F G N Ĩ ˨ ̨ Ө A $ $p *$$ p $$l ~ $ ڧ ߧ A B C D E F G N Ĩ ˨ ̨ Ө A N O P Q R S f ө ~ / 6 7 < X e p q ά Ϭ լ D T U [ # - 8 9 B | % & , \ e f j ɯ ʯ ѯ $ E Q R dA N O P Q R S f ө ~ / 6 7 8 D ` ش $$l ~ $ *$$ p 7 < X e p q ά Ϭ լ D T U [ x , d $ $p $$l ~ $ *$$ p # - 8 9 B | % & , \ e f j ɯ ʯ ѯ @ t ͐ L $$l ~ $ *$$ p $ $p ѯ $ E Q R S T U V \ ] ^ _ c Ȱ հ $ L $ $p $ p $$l ~ $ *$$ p R S T U V \ ] ^ _ c Ȱ հ ? P Q W ѱ L V W ] Ų Ҳ Ӳ Բ ղ ֲ ײ ݲ c q r x ó ij ʳ % [ i j s d ? P Q W ѱ l @ $ $p $$l ~ $ *$$ p Q ѱ L W Ų Ӳ ղ ײ c r ij [ j F S x ҵ ! : = , 6 8 I ȹ $ ) * + - / L S H*OJ QJ j 0J OJ QJ U5OJ QJ mH 5OJ QJ OJ QJ W L V W ] Ų Ҳ Ӳ Բ ղ $ $*$$ p $$l ~ $ *$$ p $ $p ղ ֲ ײ ݲ c q r x ó ij ʳ % l H , 4 ( $ $p $$l ~ $ *$$ p % [ i j s L 4 D $$l ~ $ *$$ p $ $p G R S X x ѵ ҵ ܵ ! " # $ % & , 5 6 7 8 9 : F G H I N . / ȹ Ϲ չ ݹ $ * + , - . / 4 L R S Z F d G R S X x ѵ ҵ ܵ H , $ $p $$l ~ $ *$$ p ! " # $ % & , 5 6 *$0 p *$| p *$ p *$$ p $ $p $$l ~ $ 6 7 8 9 : F G H I N . / ȹ Ϲ չ ݹ < ، $ $p $$l ~ $ *$$ p $ * + , - . / 4 L R S Z ؐ \ l $*$$ p $ $p $$l ~ $ *$$ p F O X Y ` , 0 1 6 ʼ ּ @ , 4 @ *$$ p $*$$ p $$l ~ $ $ $ $p A E F W X Y , 1 ʼ ~ ֽ ٽ ־ $ . 0 T W X f o q * , x { | G O P S W \ ^ ` i j 56OJ QJ OJ QJ mH 6OJ QJ OJ QJ 5OJ QJ XF O X Y ` , 0 1 6 ʼ ּ ~ 5 6 / 0 B T U V W X Y Z p q , * + , 0 x d ~ 5 6 $ $ $p $*$$ p $$l ~ $ *$$ p / 0 x ` $$l 4 $ *$ $ $p $*$$ p $$l ~ $ *$$ p 0 B ό 8 *$$ p $$ $p *$ $ $p $$l ~ $ $ p $ $p T U V W X Y Z p q , \ $$l 4 $ $$l ~ $ *$$ p $ $p $*$$ p * + , 0 x y z { | } ~ 8 $*$$ p *$$ p $ $p $$ $p $$l ~ $ x y z { | } ~ P W _ ` j G U V c % q y z 1 9 : G + 3 < H I S Z j k x 0 6 7 E S X Y g d P W _ ` j G U V c D $$ $$l $ $ $p *$$ p $$l 4 $ G P T V i p q v y z ( 0 1 6 9 : + I R S Q Y Z \ e h i k w x j 0J OJ QJ U OJ QJ mH 6OJ QJ 5OJ QJ OJ QJ W % q y z 1 9 : G | t ، ؈ $ $p $$l $ *$$ p G + 3 < H I S Z j k x ش t h ج ب $ $ $p $$l $ *$$ p x ' / 0 3 5 7 D E J R S U W Y f g ! $ ' ( 6 9 c k n v x @ t # ( 2 8 = F N T Y _ d m s | 5OJ QJ 6OJ QJ OJ QJ ^x 0 6 7 E S X Y g ؈ ، x ؈ ش $ $p $$l $ *$$ p ' ( 6 7 8 9 x z | @ T h j t D ! ; C D K o x y z { | } ~ + d ' ( 6 7 8 9 ̈́ t ` $ $$l $ $ $p *$$ p x z | @ T h j t ! ˠ H $$l $ *$$ p $*$$ p ! / 3 t x ; D o y { + > ! g r \ ^ I O " & 5OJ QJ mH 6OJ QJ 5OJ QJ OJ QJ [ x $ $$l 4 $ $ $p $$l 4 $ *$$ p ; C D K o x y z { | } ~ H $*$$ p $$l 4 $ $$l 4 $ *$$ p $ $p + 4 = > C Ͱ @ L $*$$ p *$$ p $ $p $$l $ *$ $ $p $ p + 4 = > C ! ) g q r z \ ] ^ c N O ' 4 5 > d o p q r s t u v w x ( ) * ` f n w d ! ) g q r z t X t D 8 $*$$ p $$l $ *$$ p \ ] ^ c X X < $ $p $$l 4 $ $*$$ p $$l $ *$$ p N O ' 4 5 > d o p q < d *$ $ p *$$ p $ $p $$l $ & ' 5 _ c d p r t v x " & ` I M N g h i + k l 2 ; @ K M N + 3 8 A E Q R S T ! 9 = k o 5OJ QJ mH OJ QJ mH 6OJ QJ 5OJ QJ OJ QJ Xq r s t u v w x ( ) * ` f n X $ $ $p $$l $ *$$ p *$ $ p n w N Y h i r ، < *$ $ p $$l 4 $ $ $p $$l $ *$$ p N Y h i r + 6 k l w 2 ; M N V + 3 S T [ ! & , ^ e o p w U & L N ` A M X Y b d + 6 k l w | D $$l 4 $ *$$ p *$ $ p $$l $ $ $p 2 ; M N V + 3 S T [ 0 $p *$ $ $ $*$$ p $ *$$ p *$ $ p $ $p $$l ~ $ ! & , ^ e o p w l < $ $p $$l $ $ p *$$ p *$0 p *$ p , 2 A J 1 ] ^ p N A Y | 1 ; = ? L N ] d " B L | ` ( , 2 : Y b c e 5 5OJ QJ OJ QJ 6OJ QJ ] U & L N ` A M X Y b p p X ؔ $ p $ $p $$l $ *$$ p *$< p $*$$ p $ $p $$l $ *$$ p % 1 : ; < = > ? K L M N R ] c d k ! " ) B K L X $ 0 X Z \ ^ ` l & ( * , 8 1 2 9 : B c d e p 2 d % 1 : ; < = > ? K L M N R ] c d < X $ p $ $p $$l $ *$$ p *$0 p *$ p d k ! " ) B Ȭ Ȩ $ $p $*$$ p $$l $ *$$ p *$$ p B K L X $ 0 X Z \ ^ < ` *$ $ $ $ $p $*$$ p $$l $ *$$ p ^ ` l & ( * , 8 1 2 9 : B c d e < \ *$$ p $$ $$ $p *$$ p $ $p $$l $ e p 2 9 : D [ c m n w $ p $ $p *$$ p $$l $ $ 2 : [ n V i k m o q + , j v , a v 2 b n k u 1 8 9 E T Z [ k ( } OJ QJ mH 6OJ QJ OJ QJ 5OJ QJ [2 9 : D [ c m n w V \ h i j k l m n o p q + , 4 j u v + , 7 a l u v 1 2 < b m n ~ k t u y dw V \ h i j k l m n o p q D X $$l $ *$$ p $ $p + , 4 j u v @ ( $$l 4 $ $ p *$$ p $ $p $$l $ + , 7 a l u v 1 2 < b m ؤ $ $p $$l $ *$$ p m n ~ k t u y l L $ $$ $p *$$ p $ $p $$l $ 9 D E P [ i j k v , *$$ p $ $p $$l $ 9 D E P [ i j k v ' ( 3 } I z = n { | } l m n z { | c d e f o S T U _ dv ' ( 3 } l ͌ X $$l $ *$$ p $ $p } z m n | ^ c ! X \ d j z c f S ` m ` } ~ 2 9 L i & K W Y [ H*OJ QJ 6OJ QJ OJ QJ 5OJ QJ \ I z = n Ͱ ͜ $$ *$ $ $ $*$ $ $ $ $$l $ *$$ p $ $p n { | } l m n z { | < X $$l p$ $ p p *$ $ *$ $$l $ *$$ p c d e f o S T U ͬ < $*$$ p $$l p$ *$$ p $ $p U _ ` n ` g | } ~ | *$ $ *$ $*$$ p $$l p$ *$$ p _ ` n ` g | } ~ K L X Y Z [ c c m { " k M N ^ j k } ! " ' @ A B C D U V ` j t u ` d K L X Y Z [ c c m { < ( $$ $p $$l $ *$$ p $$l 4 $ $ $p $ p [ b c c _ c k D K X ] ^ k " @ B C D O T U V u " & + 5 : ` n 5OJ QJ 6OJ QJ OJ QJ mH OJ QJ \ " k M N 8 *$ $ $$ $p $$l $ $ $p *$$ p N ^ j k } ! " X p \ $$l $ *$$ p $ $p $$l 4 $ $ p " ' @ A B C D U V ` j t u ˄ $ $p $$l 4 $ *$ $ $$l $ *$$ p $$ $p ` m n / ` | x $$l 4 $ *$ $ *$ $$l $ *$$ p $ $p ` m n / # 0 1 @ t ! " # $ % & 7 s 5 ? @ J 4 = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Y Z d d x 1 W [ g m t " $ & [ a f l s ' , 4 = > @ 4 W X Z c d j 0J OJ QJ U56OJ QJ 5 5OJ QJ 6OJ QJ OJ QJ V # 0 1 @ t L ` $$l $ *$$ p $ $p ! 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X! y! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! <" ( d T $$l $ $ $p *$$ p <" C" D" J" " " " " " " " " " " " " " $ p *$< p *$ p *$ p $ $p $$l $ *$$ p " " " " " " " " " " " " " # # # # # # # l ` $ $p $$l 4 $ *$$ p $$l 2 $ # # # # # # # # # # # # # $ $ $ $ $ $ $ *% +% ,% -% .% /% 0% A% B% C% D% J% % % % % % % % % % % & & & >& O& P& Q& R& S& T& `& & & & & ' (' )' 5' T' \' ]' g' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( 1( 9( :( O( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) J) S) T) e) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) d# # # # # # # # # # # # $ $ $ $ $ $ $ *% +% ,% 0 ڈ 0 $ $p *$$ p $*$$ p $$l 2 $ $ p ,% -% .% /% 0% A% B% C% D% J% % % % % % % % % % % & & & >& P ؔ l 0 $ $p $$l 2 $ *$$ p >& O& P& Q& R& S& T& `& & & & & ' (' )' 5' T' \' ]' g' ' ' ' ' T @ H $ $p $$l 2 $ *$$ p ' )' T' ]' ' ' ' ' 1( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( E) I) J) T) ) ) ) * * * @* K* z* * * * * * * * + + 8+ =+ L+ Q+ W+ + + + + + + , , , , , , - !- - - - - . . . #. $. -. R. 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