Tryag File Manager
Home
-
Turbo Force
Current Path :
/
home
/
cluster1
/
data
/
bu01
/
1121861
/
html
/
gram
/
ref_gram
/
Upload File :
New :
File
Dir
/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/gram/ref_gram/000_14_ locative_summary.doc
ࡱ > 5@ @; bjbj22 + X X &3 9 9 9 8 89 9 d ^ 4; 4; " V; V; V; V; V; V; ] ] ] ] ] ] ] $ ^ R a t ] C= V; V; C= C= ] V; V; ] T T T C= V; V; ] T C= ] T * T U U V; (; p' 9 Q U U ] 0 ^ U a +T a U a U V; ; ^ T 8< L < V; V; V; ] ] $ & D T & Summary sheet for chapter 14 Locative constructions with relational nouns True locative: found only with nonimal stems OapanAmeyaltepec-ko -ktlapi:tsko tepe:k-ko -ktlapechko nokia:wakThis is the only element that has an exclusively locative function. It means at or in the place of. The form -ko is used with consonant-final stems, the form -k is used with vowel-final stems. The only exception is tliko in the fire. Note: that the locativized noun construction can be possessed, or, viewed another way, a possessed noun can take the -k(o) ending. Thus nokia:wak my patio or nokosi:nako my kitchen.See below, section on body parts and locatives Relational nouns that can exist indepedantly, possessed, or with nominal stems OapanAmeyaltepecnepantlahi:nepantlah notla:lnepantlahkalnepantlahThis is the only relational noun that can occur independently (because the function words wa:n, ka, and pa:mpa). Thus one may say simply nepantlah, as in pakah nepantlah it is there in the middle. It can refer to the middle of a space or a material object. One also finds tlanepantlah, though the difference between tlanepantlah and nepantlah is not clear. Relational nouns that exist in possessed form and as suffixes OapanAmeyaltepec-pannopan kohtipan-pantla:ltipanThe most general meaning is on. However, the meaning can vary greatly. For example, Ipan ye;i to:nahli nochi:was. It will be done in 3 days. As with other relational nouns, -pan is most often found after the ligature -ti- when added to noun stems when used productively. In many set forms, however, pan is found directly added to a nominal stem: kalpan a populated area, tla:lpan on the earth, tio:pan church. Occasionally such forms may be further nominalized with the absolutive: tiopa:ntli church (cf. notio:pan my church) See. -kpak / hpak.-techi:tech kaltech-techmotech tla:ltechMost often -tech is found with possessive prefixes and with the meaning next to.-tsa:la:ntotsa:la:n-tsa:hla:ntepe:tsa:hla:nThis term means in the midst of. Note the difference in Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms. It is usually employed with possessor prefixes (which for semantic reasons must be plural). However, it does occur with noun stems. Relational nouns that exist only in possessed form OapanAmeyaltepec-kai:ka cho:ka-kanoka wetskaAlthough in classical this relational noun was used both in possessed form and with nominal stems (as an instrumental after -ti-) it is now no longer so used. With a possessed prefix it means in relation to. Note: it can be used as a subordinator ya: in Oapan and ka or ika in Ameyaltepec.-wa:nnowa:n-wa:niwa:nThe relational noun -wa:n is used as a comitative, indicating accompaniment. Mowa:n ni:s I will go with you. Like -ka, however, it can be used to coordinate clauses. For this, in Ameyaltepec it usually appears simply as wa:n, though occasionally as iwa:n (Am). Mo:stla nikchi:was wa:n wi:kpla tikchi:was. Tomorrow I will do it and the day after tomorrow you will do it. In Oapan niman is often used to indicate and (or and then). Nihpia se: kahli niman se: ko:cheh. I have one house and one car.-pa:mpanopa:mpa-pa:mpatopa:mpaWhen used with a possessor prefix -pa:mpa usually means in the stead of. Thus nopa:mpa tite:no:tsas You will talk (in public) in my stead. In Ameyaltepec (and much less often in Oapan, where the subordinator ya: is more common) it is used, without a possessor prefix, to indicate cause. Thus Nikchi:was pa:mpa nikneki I will do it because I want to.-palte:pal-palnopalThe relational noun -pal indicates by the grace of as in te:pal nitlakwa I eat by the grace of others (that is, I am given food by others, e.g., because I am too poor to feed myself).-hpaktlahpak-kpaktlakpakThe locative -hpak is greatly reduced in distribution. In Ameyaltepec and Oapan it is found only with the prefix tla- and indicates high up such as a bird flying high, or an item hung up high. In Oapan the possessed form (with possessor prefixes) has the form -hpahtlah. Like pan nominal forms with -kpak can be found with an absolutive, although this is rare: tla:ltikpaktli (Am) / tla:ltihpahtli (Oa) the Earth -hpahtlahnohpahtlanThe final /n/ is pronounced [h]. This form (actually -hpak + tlan) is used to indicate above [possessor] This has only been documented with to- as in tohpahtlah above us.-tlampanotlampatlampaitlampaIn Ameyaltepec and Oapan -tlampa has the meaning of underneath as in itlampa tetl underneath the rock. In Oapan -tsi:ntlah may have this meaning as well. In neither dialect has this word been documented with Relational nouns that exist only as suffixes OapanAmeyaltepec-tla:nmihtla:n-tla:nmi:hla:nThis is a locative used to form place names. It seems to be no longer productive. Often, though not always, it is found suffixed to noun stems.-titlana:titlan-titlana:titlanThe relational noun -tlan existed in classical as a form to which possessor prefixes could be added (e.g., notlan), but is apparenlty nonexistent in the Balsas. Rather, it is used with the ligature -ti- and added to noun stems. In Oapan these forms are much more clearly indicative of under or at the bottom of, etc. Thus a:titlan means in (submerged in) the water. Additional discussion of relational nouns and locatives Note that many locatives combine with body parts to indicate location in reference to a possessor or a noun: i:xko, i:xpan, kwitlapan, kwa:tlan, -kwa:tipan, etc. Many of these are discussed below. OapanAmeyaltepec-nakastlantlanakastlan-nakastlantlanakastlannakastlan is used to indicate at the side of. The form tlanakastlan is used in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan to indicate an area at the side of a hill, ne:chka ka:mpa o:nkah un tepe:tl, a:man paika tlanakastlan (Oa) there where there is a hill, now toward there, on the side.tlampatlatlampatlampatlatlampaIn Oapan this is used to indicate underneath as it is in Ameyaltepec. However, many Oapanecos use -tsi:ntlah with the same meaning. In Oapan and Ameyaltepec tlatlampa is apparently rarely used, but it indicates underneath with no specific referent. Tlatlampa o:kalak He entered underneath it.tsi:ntlahtlatsi:ntlahtsi:ntlah tlatsi:ntlantlatsi:tlah tlatsi:ntlanOften used to indicate at the base of. Apparently many Oapanecos use this also to indicate underneath.kwa:tipantlakwa:tipankwa:tipanNo form with tla-Used to indicate above for things that are upright. According to Roberto Mauricio this is most often used to indicate things that are directly on top of, touching (e.g., a border marker that is on top of a hill). This is apparently the same as hpatlah. Both forms can also be used to indicate above: tokwa:tipan (tohpatlah) patla:ni to:to:tl a bird flies over our heads. One can also say tomela:hka:n patla:ni to:to:tl with the same meaning A bird flew directly over us.kwa:tlanNo form with tla-kwa:tlanNo form with tla-Used to indicate above on a horizontal plain. Ne: i:kwa:tlan motla:l pa pe:wa notla:l there at the head of your land begins my land. If a dog is sleeping mokwa:tlan it is sleeping above your head on the bed, if one were to use mokwa:tipan it would indicate above your head on a vertical plain. For example, Kwi:ka se: to:to:tl i:kwa:tipan it has a bird above it (e.g., a crown with a bird on top.ixitlanixitlanMeaning at the foot of. Note that this is used for things that have feet; at the foot of a hill is expressed by i:tsi:ntlah tepe:tl at the foot of the hill.no form without tla-tlahpakno form without tla-tlakpakMeaning high up. Tlakpak u:nkah moxtli the clouds are high up. Kwa:k kiawi tlakpak wa:le:wa a:tl when it rains, water comes from high up. This is not used except with tla-. In Classical the form without tla- also existed: nocpac above me. In Ameyaltepec in reference to someone sleeping on the second story of a house, one might say tlakpak kochi he sleeps high up. However, in Oapan this has more the sense of up high off the ground. Thus of someone sleeping on the second floor of a house in Ameyaltepec it is not uncommon to say tlakpak kochi. In Oapan one would say pani or tlapani which directly indicates on top of a material surface.hpatlahtlahpatlahNo equivalent formNo equivalent formThis is apparently equivalent to kwa:tipan meaning on top of with the sense of on the top surface of something upright. tsa:la:nte:tsa:la:n (form with tla- not used)tsa:hla:nte:tsa:hla:nNote that in Oapan there is no /h/ in tsa:la:n (and final /n/ becomes [h]). The meaning is in the middle of. It is used with the te:- prefix but seldom, if ever, with tla- (except in the place name Tlatsa:la:n). Te:tsa:la:n o:kalakikoh tlaxtehkeh the robbers went in amongst the people (crowd). Note that in Classical this form manifested a long first and short second /a/. nepantlahte:nepantlah tlanepantlahnepantlah nepantlante:nepantlah tlanepantlah te:nepantlan tlanepantlanThis terms is used to refer to the middle point of an area. It can be used with a singular referent, unlike tsa:la:n or tsa:hla:n. The difference between nepantlah and tlanepantlah is not altogether clear.panitlapanipanitlapaniXtla:li pani i:pan me:sah (Oa) put it on the table. In general it seems that pani is used to refer to places that have a high and low place. E.g., kochi pani i:pan kahli (a person) he sleeps on the ground.; pio:meh kochih tlahpak i:pan kohtli (Oa) chickens sleep up high, in the trees. Tlapani is used when there is no reference to the possessor. Tlapani i:pan tepe:tl (Oa) on top of the hill,; whereas in Ameyaltepec one can say both tlapani and pani in this context. In Ameyaltepec it seems that pani is used to refer to places that are on top (e.g., if a person sleeps on the roof of a house, pani kochi)yekapantlayekapanyekapante:yekapanUsed to refer to the concept of in front of. i:xkotlai:xkoi:xkoNo form with tla- instead one finds tla:li:xkoApparently i:xko refers to in front of but more with the sense of in the sight of. Mi:xko kalaki tla:ltehtli dust gets in your eyes. If two people are sitting face to face, i:xko is used more than i:yekapan. In Ameyaltepec one can say, in a figuraive sense, ni:xko panowa nosuwa:w I remember (miss) my wife. In Oapan, mi:xko pi:na:wi he/she is embarrassed in your presence (e.g., because of a crush). In Ameyaltepec, mi:xko ma nipano let me pass in front of you whereas in Oapan, mi:xpan ma nipano with the same meaning. In Oapan mi:xko can also mean to the face of. Thus, mi:xko ma nimitsihli let me say it to your face.i:xpantlai:xpan?te:i:xpanIn Oapan tlai:xpan is used to refer to altar whereas in Ameyaltepec there is a short /i/: tlaixpan. In Ameyaltepec i:xpan with a specific possessive prefix is used to indicate penis. However, te:i:xpan is used to indicate in front of people as it is in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec, however, it is more common, apparently, to say dela:teh de la ge:nteh.kwitlapante:kwitlapan tlakwitlapankwitlapante:kwitlapanMeaning in back of.tktlitkitiktlaitikMeaning inside. Note that in Oapan it is possessed in the 3rd person with i:- whereas in Ameyaltepec the possessive prefix has a short vowel. Itik tla:hli noto:kas he will be buried inside the ground. With certain noun stems the locative construction itik can be fused: kalitik inside the house (which also has the form kali).titlanNo form with tla-??In Oapan -titlan is occasionally fused to nominal stems to indicate under. Thus a:titlan underwater or tla:ltitlan inside/under the earth (as a buried person). The simple form -tlan is not used any long with possessive prefixes, and -titlan is always used with nominal stems.tsi:mpantlatsi:mpan??With the meaning of on the hind (part) of.te:nkotlate:nkote:nkotlate:nkoWith the meaning at the edge of. With tla- it indicates the edge (in general). Note that in Ameyaltepec and Oapan yaw tlate:nko means to go to the bathroom. In Ameyaltepec te:nko is used to the exclusion (or virtual exclusion) of te:mpan. In Oapan both are used. The former seems to indicate the edge of an opening (such as a bottle); the latter indicates the border of an area (such as a cliff, cornfield, or even a table).te:mpantlate:mpan??With the meaning border. See note above. This is rarely used in Ameyaltepec.-kopa-kopaWith a locative indicates toward as in kia:wahkopa toward the outside (patio) In Ameyaltepec apparently kopa is limited to tlatsi:ntlankopa toward below and tlakpahkopa toward above.mela:hka:nNo form with tla-mela:hka:nNo form with tla-This refers to a place that is either directly in front of or above. Thus a light hanging above a table pilkatok i:mela:hka:n me:sah it is hanging above the table. And a light hanging above is is pilkatok tomela:hka:n it is hanging above us although one can also say tokwatipan pilkatok with the same meaning. PAGE PAGE 8 J K L Y x y 3 5 d e ' + 9 B Q \ j k ʾʵʵʠ|p|p|p|e h7 hM*- CJ aJ hM*- hM*- 6CJ aJ hM*- CJ aJ h7 CJ aJ hN hN 6CJ aJ hN CJ aJ hM*- 6CJ aJ h\ hN 6CJ aJ hN 6CJ aJ h\ h7 6CJ aJ h7 6CJ aJ h\ h7 CJ aJ hN 5hN h7 5hN hCMx 5 h7 5hkqX h ' J K L y O kd $$If l F j @2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If gdM*- $$If a$gdM*- gd7 $a$gdkqX &; ?; k $If gdM*- k l K F A A < gdW gd7 gdCMx kdg $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a k l ' ( 4 5 G S s żōxl h\ h7 6CJ aJ h7 6CJ aJ hN h7 5hTkT hW h7 hW CJ aJ hW hW 6CJ aJ hW CJ aJ h\ hW 6CJ aJ hW 6CJ aJ h\ hW CJ aJ hN hW 5 hW 5hCMx h7 hTkT hCMx 5hTkT hTkT 5h\ h7 CJ aJ * ( 5 \ kd $$If l F j @2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If gdW $$If a$gdW K F A A A A gd7 gdW kdE $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a H \ kd $$If l F j @2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If gdM*- $$If a$gdM*- n o G J v | ' 9 F G H I u | ¶¶¶¶¶¶¶«☌⠃{pl hN h\ hW CJ aJ hW CJ aJ hW 6CJ aJ hN hN 6CJ aJ hN CJ aJ h\ h7 CJ aJ h7 h7 CJ aJ hTkT hTkT 6CJ aJ hTkT CJ aJ hTkT h7 6CJ aJ h7 h7 6CJ aJ h7 CJ aJ h\ h7 6CJ aJ h7 6CJ aJ *H I O V ^ d k u K B B B B B B $If gdM*- kd# $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a u B kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If gdM*- K F A A A A gdN gd7 kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a " # . / 2 3 > ? 7 ; I K O R b c d } \ ` y ~ 4 V x y ŹŹŹŹŹŮ⥝z h\ hC]s CJ aJ h f9 hC]s 6CJ aJ hC]s hC]s 6CJ aJ hC]s CJ aJ hC]s 6CJ aJ h7 hN CJ aJ hN hN 6CJ aJ hN CJ aJ h\ hN 6CJ aJ hN 6CJ aJ h\ hN CJ aJ hN 5hN hN 5 hTkT 5 / # / 3 ? c \ kd $$If l F j @2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If gdM*- $$If a$gdM*- c d j q w } x K B B B B B $If gdM*- kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a x y K B B B B B $If gdM*- kdf $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a y o q 7 A b e ] l s ν}}rΩ h\ hN CJ aJ hTkT hTkT 6CJ aJ hTkT CJ aJ hKd hKd 6CJ aJ hN hN 6CJ aJ hKd CJ aJ hKd hN 6CJ aJ hN CJ aJ hKd 6CJ aJ hN 6CJ aJ h\ hCMx CJ aJ hCMx hCMx 6CJ aJ hCMx CJ aJ hCMx 6CJ aJ , K B B B B B $If gdM*- kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a K B B B B B $If gdM*- kdT $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a c K B B B B B $If gdM*- kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a B D L V b c d k l t u { | X Y Z ] y M N O P ǿٯzo h7 hCMx CJ aJ hCMx CJ aJ h\ hCMx 6CJ aJ hCMx 6CJ aJ h\ hCMx CJ aJ hCMx 5hN hCMx 5hCMx hTkT hTkT 6CJ aJ hTkT CJ aJ hN 6CJ aJ hTkT 6CJ aJ h\ hN CJ aJ hN CJ aJ hKd hKd 6CJ aJ hKd CJ aJ +c d l u | Y K B B B B B $If gdM*- kdB $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a Y Z [ ] K F A A 5 5 $$If a$gdM*- gdCMx gd7 kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a N h kd0 $$If l F j @2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If gdM*- N O W ` h q K B B B B B $If gdM*- kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a P R W _ ` g h p q ! 影~~~~y~yq hCMx hTkT 5 hoN 5hoN ha 56 ha 5 hkqX 5hCMx hCMx 5h7 h\ hCMx CJ aJ hCMx CJ aJ hQ hQ 6CJ aJ hQ CJ aJ hTkT hTkT 6CJ aJ hTkT CJ aJ hM*- hM*- 6CJ aJ hM*- CJ aJ hCMx 6CJ aJ hM*- 6CJ aJ ( ! " K F > 9 9 > gda $a$gdCMx gd7 kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a # 0 E _ kd $$If l F j @2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If $$If a$gd} 0 D E F P V a g h a r A! C! L! M! Y! Z! c! d! q! u! v! ! l" t" " " " " «ww h@ h@ 6CJ aJ h@ CJ aJ ho*% ho*% 6CJ aJ ho*% CJ aJ hTkT h 6CJ aJ h\ h CJ aJ hTkT h} 6CJ aJ h\ h 6CJ aJ h\ h f9 CJ aJ h f9 CJ aJ h} CJ aJ h\ h} 6CJ aJ h\ h} CJ aJ .E F M W ^ h K E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a K E E E E E E $If kdc $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a B! C! M! Z! d! v! U# E kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If " " " " # # T# U# V# ^# _# l# p# q# y# z# # # # # # # $ *$ 4$ N$ s$ $ $ $ $ $ % % % '% (% )% 0% 1% 2% ŹŹŗۗۗۗththt h\ h} 6CJ aJ h\ h} CJ aJ h f9 h 6CJ aJ h\ h 6CJ aJ h\ h CJ aJ h@ h CJ aJ h@ h} 6CJ aJ h@ h 6CJ aJ h@ h} CJ aJ h f9 h} CJ aJ h f9 CJ aJ h f9 6CJ aJ h@ h@ 6CJ aJ h@ CJ aJ (U# V# _# q# z# # % K E E E E E $If kdQ $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a % % (% )% 1% 2% % K E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 2% % % % % % % % % % % & & & & & !& 7& Q& r& & & & & & & & & ' c' p' ' .( 5( 6( ;( =( T( X( \( c( ( ( ( ( ( ( ºᦚᦚˆz h\ ho*% 6CJ aJ ho*% 6CJ aJ hh h} CJ aJ hdX hdX 6CJ aJ hdX CJ aJ hh hh 6CJ aJ hh CJ aJ hh 6CJ aJ h\ h} CJ aJ h f9 h} CJ aJ h f9 CJ aJ h\ hJ 6CJ aJ h\ hJ CJ aJ .% % % % & & ( K E E E E E $If kd? $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a ( ( ( ( ( ( R) K E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) Q) S) [) \) h) s) w) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) * * B* F* a* l* o* * * + + + + ,+ -+ C+ D+ Z+ [+ + + + + , , , ɽɲɲɽɽɲɲɲɓɽɽɽɽɲɲɲ h\ h\u CJ aJ hh CJ aJ h f9 CJ aJ h f9 hJ 6CJ aJ h\ h} CJ aJ h\ hJ CJ aJ h\ h} 6CJ aJ h\ hJ 6CJ aJ h\ ho*% CJ aJ ho*% ho*% CJ aJ ho*% CJ aJ ho*% ho*% 6CJ aJ 0R) S) \) ) ) ) + K E E E E E $If kd- $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a + + + -+ :+ D+ N+ [+ K E E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a [+ h+ u+ + P, Q, V, ^, E kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If , %, *, 6, O, Q, U, V, ], ^, b, c, j, k, , , , , , - !- <- >- b- f- h- - - - - - - - - - - - - %. ,. 1. 5. F. . . . . . */ ?/ L/ P/ c/ m/ y/ Ź豩ѹ衕 h h 6CJ aJ h CJ aJ h 5 CJ aJ h f9 CJ aJ h h\u 6CJ aJ h\ h} 6CJ aJ h\ h\u 6CJ aJ h\ h} CJ aJ h\ h\u CJ aJ h f9 h\u 6CJ aJ 6^, c, k, . . . . . E kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If . . )/ */ 0/ 9/ ?/ n/ E kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If y/ ~/ / / / / !0 &0 90 B0 ^0 u0 v0 0 0 0 1 1 *1 +1 I1 [1 l1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 g2 o2 ݽݽݮxlx`x h\ hv 6CJ aJ h 5 hv 6CJ aJ h\ hv CJ aJ h\ hv CJ aJ mH sH h 5 CJ aJ mH sH h\ hY+ 6CJ aJ mH sH h\ hY+ CJ aJ mH sH h 5 hY+ 6CJ aJ h 5 CJ aJ h\ hY+ 6CJ aJ h\ hY+ CJ aJ h\ h\u CJ aJ h 5 h\u 6CJ aJ %n/ 1 1 1 1 2 2 n3 E kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a $If o2 2 2 2 2 o3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 '4 *4 k4 4 4 4 4 !5 %5 '5 (5 )5 /5 xlxlxaX h(7 6CJ aJ h+W h+W CJ aJ h(7 h(7 6CJ aJ h(7 CJ aJ h+W h+W CJ H*aJ h+W CJ aJ h\ h+W CJ aJ h+W h+W 6CJ aJ h\ h+W 6CJ aJ h+W 6CJ aJ h+W h+W 6CJ aJ mH sH h+W 6CJ aJ mH sH h\ hY+ 6CJ aJ h 5 hY+ 6CJ aJ h\ hY+ CJ aJ n3 o3 y3 3 3 3 3 3 K E E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 3 3 3 3 3 3 (5 K E E E E E $If kdn $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a (5 )5 05 B5 D5 F5 `6 K E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a /5 05 <5 A5 B5 C5 D5 E5 F5 P5 V5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 56 =6 _6 a6 i6 j6 u6 v6 w6 x6 y6 z6 6 6 6 ǿӿӿsh_ h+' 6CJ aJ h\ hh CJ aJ hdX hh 6CJ aJ h\ hh 6CJ aJ hdX 6CJ aJ h\ h(7 CJ aJ hdX hdX 6CJ aJ hdX CJ aJ h 5 h*{ 6CJ aJ h*{ CJ aJ h*{ h(7 6CJ aJ h*{ h*{ 6CJ aJ h*{ 6CJ aJ h*{ h*{ CJ aJ h\ h(7 6CJ aJ `6 a6 j6 v6 x6 z6 6 K E E E E E $If kd\ $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 6 6 6 6 6 6 y8 K E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 @7 N7 |7 7 7 7 x8 z8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 $9 [9 `9 o9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ֿֿ}}r h\ h 5 CJ aJ h 5 CJ aJ h+W h[= 6CJ aJ h\ h[= CJ aJ h\ hY+ CJ aJ h\ hY+ 6CJ aJ h\ h[= 6CJ aJ h\ h+' CJ aJ h 5 h+' 6CJ aJ h+' CJ aJ h+' h+' 6CJ aJ h+' 6CJ aJ h\ h+' 6CJ aJ )y8 z8 8 8 8 8 8 K E E E E E $If kdJ $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 K E E E E E $If kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 9 9 9 9 9 9 $; K E E E E E $If kd8 $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 R: n: : : : : ; #; $; %; &; '; -; .; /; 1; 2; 8; 9; :; ;; <; >; ?; @; Ԣ h 5 h 5 0J mH nH uh\L h\L 0J j h\L 0J Uh\ h+# CJ aJ h 5 h@ CJ aJ h 5 CJ aJ h 5 h@ 6CJ aJ h@ CJ aJ h\ h@ CJ aJ h@ h@ CJ aJ h\ h@ 6CJ aJ h@ 6CJ aJ #$; %; &; /; 0; 1; K I = 4 I h]hgdRG^ &`#$gdRG^ kd $$If l r j U@2 ` t 0 6 4 4 l a 1; <; =; >; ?; @; h]hgdRG^ &`#$gdRG^ ) 1h 0:p = /!"#$% e $$If !v h5 5 5`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`e $$If !v h5 5 5`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`e $$If !v h5 5 5`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`e $$If !v h5 5 5`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`e $$If !v h5 5 5`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`e $$If !v h5 5 5`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5`u $$If !v h5 5555`#v #v`:V l t 6 5 5` @ @ @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A@ D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@ R T a b l e N o r m a l 4 l 4 a ( k ( N o L i s t j @ j } T a b l e G r i d 7 :V 0 4 @ 4 RG^ H e a d e r ! . )@ . RG^ P a g e N u m b e r @3 J K L y k l ( 5 H I O V ^ d k u # / 3 ? c d j q w } x y c d l u | Y Z [ ] N O W ` h q ! " # 0 E F M W ^ h B C M Z d v U V _ q z ( ) 1 2 R! S! \! ! ! ! # # # -# :# D# N# [# h# u# # P$ Q$ V$ ^$ c$ k$ & & & & & & )' *' 0' 9' ?' n' ) ) ) ) * * n+ o+ y+ + + + + + + + + + + (- )- 0- B- D- F- `. a. j. v. x. z. . . . . . . y0 z0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 $3 %3 &3 /3 03 13 <3 =3 >3 A3 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 p @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 p @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 0 @ 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 0 ( k l ( 5 H I # / 3 ? c d N O # 0 E F M W ^ h B C M Z d v U V _ q z ( ) 1 2 \! ! ! ! # # # -# :# D# N# [# h# u# # P$ Q$ V$ ^$ c$ k$ & & & & & & )' *' 0' 9' ?' n' ) ) ) ) * * n+ o+ y+ + + + + + A3 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 @1 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 @1 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 @1 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 @1 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 @1 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 O90 0 O90 0 O90 0 1 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O90 0 O90 0 O90 0 O90 0 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 0 Oy00 O900 O900 O900 Oy00 0 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 0 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 O900 0 O90"0 O90"0 O90"0 O90"0 O90"0 1 O90(0 O90(0 O90(0 O90(0 O90(0 0 O90.0 O90.0 O90.0 O90.0 O90.0 0 O90S0 O90S0 O90S0 O90S0 O90S0 O90 0 O90Y0 O90Y0 O90Y0 O90Y0 O90Y0 O90 0 R T k y P " 2% ( , y/ o2 /5 6 9 @; # ' + / 3 8 ; ? B E I L N R U Y k H u c x c Y N E U# % % ( R) + [+ ^, . n/ n3 3 (5 `6 6 y8 8 9 $; 1; @; ! " $ % & ( ) * , - . 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 : < = > @ A C D F G H J K M O P Q S T V W X Z [ ?; ! ! qQ b qQ b qQ c qQ Lb qQ <m qQ L qQ \ qQ qQ a k k 6 6 % % & & A3 p p ; ; % % & & A3 8 *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity 9 *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace k r y ~ 3 5 9 B Q \ ' ( 4 G S s n r s w x v | & : > B F O U V ] d j k t 2 7 < G # ' ( . 3 7 8 > 8 : ? D O R V a e i j p r v w | 3 > \ ` y ~ 4 : ? D E J O V z - 8 Q V o q R X Y a + 6 ; @ b e $ : D ] k s L V e k l t u { | P V W _ a g h p 9 ; Y ^ " # / 0 9 i u F L M V W ] ^ g k p a j k r C L M Y Z c q t l s V ^ l o q y * 4 s ~ ' ) 0 ! ( ) / 0 6 Q V W \ ] d e m n r c j k p . 5 6 ; @ E T X \ c ! S! [! \! g! s! v! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " " B" E" a" l" o" z" {" " " " # # # ,# -# 9# :# C# D# M# N# Z# [# g# h# t# u# # # # # $ $ %$ *$ 6$ Q$ U$ V$ ]$ ^$ b$ c$ j$ k$ r$ s$ w$ x$ }$ ~$ $ $ $ $ $ % % % % % % % % >% E% F% L% M% T% U% Z% [% a% c% e% % % % % % % % % % % & & %& ,& 1& 5& J& U& d& h& & & & & & & & & & & & & *' /' 0' 8' 9' >' L' O' c' m' y' ~' ' ' ' ' ' ' !( &( 9( B( G( R( e( n( v( |( }( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) H) I) l) m) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) * * * * * * E* P* c* d* g* o* t* * * * * * + + + #+ U+ ]+ d+ k+ o+ x+ y+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ', (, 6, A, k, o, p, w, x, , , , , , )- /- =- @- I- N- P- V- - - - - - . 6. <. a. i. j. u. . . . . . . . . . . */ 5/ :/ ?/ D/ M/ p/ {/ |/ / / / / / z0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 #1 D1 O1 \1 `1 o1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R2 Z2 [2 g2 h2 n2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 &3 >3 A3 ' ) > B u w ^ ` Q V T X 0 9 l r / 4 * / T V ! ! ! " " q" z" # # # # o$ r$ % % % % z' ~' ' ' "( &( x( |( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) * * * * * * Y+ ]+ + + (, *, s, w, - - I/ M/ ~/ / 1 #1 \2 g2 2 2 &3 >3 A3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ' ' ^( u( +) I) l) ) 1 1 1 1 R2 R2 n2 n2 2 2 2 2 3 #3 %3 &3 >3 A3 &3 >3 A3 J o n a t h a n D A m i t h , + \L N (7 \ I o*% +' 3+ M*- 5 5 f9 [= WYL SbR TkT +W kqX RG^ jb Kd C]s \u CMx *{ dX oN 7 b } +# @ kv a Y+ h v W Q J ` y k l ( 5 H I O ^ d u # / 3 ? c d j q w } x y c d l u | Y Z N O W ` h q # 0 E F M W ^ h B C M Z d v U V _ q z ( ) 1 2 R! S! \! ! ! ! # # # :# N# # P$ Q$ V$ ^$ c$ k$ & & & & & & )' *' 0' 9' ?' n' ) ) ) ) * * n+ o+ y+ + + + + + + + + + (- )- 0- B- D- F- `. a. j. v. x. z. . . . . . . y0 z0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 $3 %3 A3 @ %3 %3 %3 %3 @2 @3 @ @ U n k n o w n G z T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 S y m b o l 3& z A r i a l " q h ڑ&ڑ w + \ + \ " 24 d 3 3 3Q H ) ? I O a p a n J o n a t h a n D A m i t h J o n a t h a n D A m i t h Oh +'0 , H T ` l x Oapan f apa Jonathan D Amith d ona ona Normal.dot A Jonathan D Amith d 11 a Microsoft Word 10.0 @ ş @ d@ @ M + ՜. +,0 h p Yale University \ 3 A Oapan Title ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ^ _ ` a b c d e f h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ R o o t E n t r y F Ж' D a t a ] & 1 T a b l e g a W o r d D o c u m e n t + S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 C o m p O b j j F Microsoft Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 9q