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/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/electronic-docs/Merrill/Genetic Unity of SUA_rtf.rtf
{\rtf1\ansi \deflang1033\deff0{\fonttbl {\f0\froman \fcharset0 \fprq2 Times New Roman;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green0\blue255;} {\stylesheet{\fs20 \snext0 Normal;} {\*\ds1 ;} {\*\ds2 ;} {\s3 \qj _26;} {\s4 \qj\fi-720\li1440\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _25;} {\s5 \qj\li2160\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _24;} {\s6 \qj\li2880\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _23;} {\s7 \qj\li3600\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _22;} {\s8 \qj\li4320\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _21;} {\s9 \qj\li5040\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _20;} {\s10 \qj\li5760\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _19;} {\s11 \qj\li6480\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _18;} {\s12 \qj\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _17;} {\s13 \qj\fi-720\li1440\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _16;} {\s14 \qj\li2160\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _15;} {\s15 \qj\li2880\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _14;} {\s16 \qj\li3600\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _13;} {\s17 \qj\li4320\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _12;} {\s18 \qj\li5040\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _11;} {\s19 \qj\li5760\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _10;} {\s20 \qj\li6480\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _9;} {\s21 \qj\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _8;} {\s22 \qj\fi-720\li1440\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _7;} {\s23 \qj\li2160\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _6;} {\s24 \qj\li2880\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _5;} {\s25 \qj\li3600\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _4;} {\s26 \qj\li4320\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _3;} {\s27 \qj\li5040\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _2;} {\s28 \qj\li5760\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _1;} {\s29 \qj\li6480\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 _;} {\*\cs30 \additive\ul\cf4 SYS_HYPERTEXT;} }\ftnrstcont\notabind\margl1440\margr1440\hyphhotz936\ftnbj\fet2\ftnrstcont\aftnnar\viewkind1\lytprtmet\subfontbysize \sectd \sbknone\pgndec\headery1440\footery1440 {\footer { \posxr\nowrap {\field{\*\fldinst { PAGE }}}\par} \par} {\*\pnseclvl1\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl2\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl3\pnlcrm\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl4\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcrm\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl7\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1} {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang4105 SEQ CHAPTER \\h \\r 1}}{\fldrslt }}\pard \fs24\qc\sl480\slmult1\tqr\tx9180 {\plain \fs24 \b The Genetic Unity of Southern Uto-Aztecan}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tqr\tx9180 {\plain \fs24 \tab William L. Merrill\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Smithsonian Institution\par }{\plain \fs24 \b Abstract}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 The internal structure of the Uto-Aztecan language family has been debated since the late 19th \softline century, when the historical relationships among all of its major subdivisions were first \softline recognized. Alexis Manaster Ramer{\u8217\'92}s identification in 1992 of a phonological innovation shared \softline by languages belonging to the four northernmost subfamilies led to the acceptance of these \softline languages as a genetic linguistic unit called Northern Uto-Aztecan, but no consensus has \softline emerged regarding the organization of the remaining five subfamilies into higher-level \softline subgroups. In this essay, I argue in support of a perspective, originally developed by Terrence \softline Kaufman, that these languages also constituted a genetic unit, Southern Uto-Aztecan, based on \softline two shared, sequential innovations: *-n- > * -r- and *-{\u331\'20}- > *-n-. Key to my argument is the \softline reconstruction of a Proto-Uto-Aztecan liquid phoneme with **[-r-] and **[-l-] as its allophones, \softline which clarifies the diachronic relationships among reflexes of ** -n-, **-{\u331\'20}-, and **-r- in the \softline daughter languages. The model that I propose offers a parsimonious solution to several perennial \softline issues in Uto-Aztecan historical phonology and a possible explanation for the typologically \softline atypical absence of a liquid phoneme in the Numic languages.\par }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 Uto-Aztecan, Numic, subgrouping, shared innovation, typology\par }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 }\page \pard \fs24\qc\sl480\slmult1\tqr\tx9180 {\plain \fs24 \b The Genetic Unity of Southern Uto-Aztecan}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx360\tx720 {\plain \fs24 \b 1. Introduction.}{\plain \fs24 The Uto-Aztecan language family comprises thirty languages that, at the time \softline of initial European contacts, were spoken from Central America to just north of the Great Basin \softline of western North America (Fig. 1). A number of other languages, now extinct, may also have \softline been Uto-Aztecan, but insufficient documentation exists to determine their affiliation (Sauer \softline 1934; Lastra de Su{\u225\'e1}rez 1973:355-360; Miller 1983a, 1983b; Campbell 1997:133-135; Caballero \softline 2011).\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Fig. 1 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab A conservative classification of the Uto-Aztecan (UA) languages organizes them into nine \softline subfamilies (Table 1). The four northernmost subfamilies{\u8212\'97}Numic, Hopi, Tubatulabal, and \softline Takic{\u8212\'97}can be grouped into a single, higher-level branch known as Northern Uto-Aztecan \softline (NUA) on the basis of a shared phonological innovation: the shift, in intervocalic position, of the \softline affricate *-c- to the glide *-y- (Manaster Ramer 1992). The languages in the other five \softline subfamilies{\u8212\'97}Tepiman, Taracahitan, Tubar, Corachol, and Aztecan{\u8212\'97}are frequently classified \softline together as Southern Uto-Aztecan (SUA) because of phonological and lexical similarities among \softline them (Miller 1984; Cortina-Borja et al. 2002). To date, however, no shared phonological, \softline morphological, or syntactic innovations have been identified that Uto-Aztecanists agree \softline definitely establish SUA as a genetic unit (Miller 1983a:117-118; Campbell 1997:136-137; Hill \softline 2001:917-919; Stubbs 2003:1-7). In the absence of such evidence, the default conclusion is that \softline the ancestral language of each of the SUA subfamilies descended, along with Proto-Northern \softline Uto-Aztecan (PNUA), directly from Proto-Uto-Aztecan (PUA).\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 1 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab In this essay, I offer evidence in support of a perspective advocated by Kaufman (1981:156-172) and accepted by Miller (1994:315-316) that the SUA languages derived from a common \softline ancestral language, Proto-Southern Uto-Aztecan (PSUA), the existence of which is indicated by \softline two phonological innovations shared across the SUA subfamilies: 1) the shift in non-initial \softline position of *-n- to *-r- (which could also be represented as *-l-) and 2) the shift in both initial \softline and non-initial position of the velar nasal *{\u331\'20} to *n. The possibility of these shifts is suggested by \softline well-established correspondences between the NUA and SUA languages: 1) }{\plain \fs24 \i -n-}{\plain \fs24 in the NUA \softline languages regularly corresponds to a liquid phoneme, either }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-}{\plain \fs24 or }{\plain \fs24 \i -l-}{\plain \fs24 , in the SUA languages and \softline 2) /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / in the NUA languages regularly corresponds to /}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 / in the SUA languages. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The significance of these correspondences for an understanding of the history of the Uto-Aztecan languages varies depending upon which of these liquid and nasal phonemes are \softline reconstructed for the phonemic inventory of Proto-Uto-Aztecan and the reflexes of these \softline phonemes that are postulated for the NUA and SUA languages. The three principal alternatives \softline that have been proposed previously are summarized in Table 2, along with a fourth alternative \softline that I will explore in this essay.\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 2 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab In the first alternative, **{\u331\'20} and **-r/l- are reconstructed for PUA.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 1{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {1. }{}{\plain \fs24 The grapheme <-r/l-> is used to indicate that a single phoneme is involved, usually \softline represented in the Uto-Aztecan literature by <l> but sometimes by <r>. In keeping with standard \softline practice in UA historical linguistics, a double asterisk marks sounds and words reconstructed for \softline PUA while a single asterisk marks sounds and words reconstructed for the intermediate proto-languages.}}} }{\plain \fs24 PUA **{\u331\'20} is retained in the \softline NUA languages, shifting to }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 in the SUA languages, while PUA **-r/l- is retained in the SUA \softline languages, shifting to -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in the NUA languages (Sapir 1915:315-318; Voegelin, et al. 1962: \softline 122-124). In the second alternative, **n and **-r/l- are reconstructed for PUA and both are retained in the SUA languages, shifting to }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 and -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - respectively in the NUA languages (Hill \softline 2011). In the third alternative, **{\u331\'20} and **-n- are reconstructed for PUA and both are retained in \softline the NUA languages while in the SUA languages **{\u331\'20} shifts to }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 and **-n- shifts to -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - \softline (Kaufman 1981:156-172; Miller 1994:315-316).{}{\plain \fs24 \super 2{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {2. }{}{\plain \fs24 A fourth alternative is possible but I am not aware that anyone has proposed it. The \softline derivations and correspondences are: a) PUA **{\u331\'20} > NUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / :: SUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 / and b) PUA **-n- > \softline NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - :: SUA -n-.}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Sorting out the historical relationships among }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 , }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 , }{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 , and }{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 has been a perennial challenge in \softline UA comparative linguistics and no consensus has emerged regarding which alternative is \softline preferable (Campbell 1997:136-137; Dakin 2001; Dakin 2007; Hill 2001:919; Hill 2011; Stubbs \softline 2011:20-30). Here I offer a way of moving beyond this impasse by arguing that a liquid \softline phoneme can be reconstructed for Proto-Uto-Aztecan, based on the regular correspondence of \softline medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - and -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in all Uto-Aztecan languages except those of the Numic subfamily. As \softline suggested by Whorf (1935), Voegelin, et al. (1962:128), Kaufman (1981), and Stubbs (2011:26-28), this liquid phoneme is distinct diachronically from the liquid phoneme in the SUA \softline languages that regularly corresponds with -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in the NUA languages. I label it PUA **r to avoid \softline confusion with the PUA **l proposed in previous studies, but it could equally be labelled **l \softline because the available evidence indicates that both *[-r-] and *[-l-] were its allophones. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab By my analysis, PUA **r was the primary source of medial liquids in the NUA languages, \softline while medial liquids in the SUA languages derived from both PUA **r and **n.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 3{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {3. }{}{\plain \fs24 Several attestations of intervocalic -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in Tubatulabal and the Cupan languages derive from \softline PNUA *-t-, with Tubatulabal and Cupan -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - regularly corresponding to -}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 - in SUA cognates. In \softline addition, a shift of /}{\plain \fs24 \i w}{\plain \fs24 / to /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / occurred in some Hopi words in the environment of the low vowels \softline /}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u246\'f6}}{\plain \fs24 / (Voegelin, et al. 1962:53). Where SUA cognates are attested for these words, the \softline regular correspondence in most languages is -}{\plain \fs24 \i w}{\plain \fs24 -.}}} }{\plain \fs24 My model requires the reconstruction of PUA**r, **{\u331\'20}, **n as distinct phonemes, with **{\u331\'20} and **n \softline reflected in the NUA and SUA languages as proposed in the third alternative presented above. \softline These reflexes can be identified as two phonological innovations shared by the SUA languages \softline that establish their genetic unity and Proto-Southern Uto-Aztecan as the daughter language of \softline Proto-Uto-Aztecan coordinate with Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab In the next section, I summarize the evidence supporting the reconstruction of PUA **-r-. I \softline then present, in sections 3 and 4, cognate sets that document the correspondences of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - :: \softline SUA }{\plain \fs24 \i -r}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i l-}{\plain \fs24 and NUA }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 :: SUA }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 . In section 5, I review the principal counter-evidence to my \softline perspective: six cases in which -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in some NUA languages appears to correspond with -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in \softline some SUA languages. I conclude the essay with a consideration of the implications of my \softline analysis for an understanding of the early diversification of the Uto-Aztecan language family.\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 3 about here]\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \b 2. Proto-Uto-Aztecan **r}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 All Uto-Aztecan languages except those of the Numic subfamily have a liquid phoneme, either a \softline rhotic /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /, a lateral /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 /, or both.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 4{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {4. }{}{\plain \fs24 In the Numic languages, [}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ] is an allophone of the phoneme /}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 /. Realized in most cases as a tap \softline or flap, it is the result of the lenition of [}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 ] in intervocalic contexts (Armagost and McLaughlin \softline 1992, 1993).}}} }{\plain \fs24 As seen in Table 3, the distribution of /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / crosscuts \softline subfamily boundaries, and the Takic and Taracahitan languages vary among themselves in which \softline of these phonemes are represented in their phonemic inventories. Three categories emerge:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab Languages with both /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 /. NUA: Hopi, Luise{\u241\'20}o. SUA: Tepiman, Mayo, Yaqui\par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab Languages with /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / only. NUA: Kitanemuk. SUA: Eudeve, Cora, Huichol\par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab Languages with /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / only. NUA: Tubatulabal, Cahuilla, Cupe{\u241\'20}o. SUA: Warih{\u243\'f3}, Rar{\u225\'e1}muri (18th century), Aztecan\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab A single liquid phoneme with rhotic and lateral allophones is reported for Warih{\u243\'f3} and Tubar{}{\plain \fs24 \super 5{\footnote \pard \fs24 {5. }{}{\plain \fs24 In Warih{\u243\'f3}, }{\plain \fs24 the allophone [}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ], realized as a flap, is in complementary distribution with [}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 ] in \softline intervocalic, pretonic position: [}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ] occurs before /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 , }{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 , }{\plain \fs24 \i u}{\plain \fs24 / and [}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 ] before /}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 , }{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 / (Miller 1996:38). \par }\pard \fs24\sa240 {\plain \fs24 Tubar /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / is reported to have had three allophones: [}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ], [}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 ], and [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u322\'b3}}{\plain \fs24 ]. Their distribution and the \softline sound value of [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u322\'b3}}{\plain \fs24 ] cannot be precisely determined because Tubar is no longer spoken. C.V. \softline Hartman, who compiled the only detailed record of the language, described [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u322\'b3}}{\plain \fs24 ] as a {\u8220\'93}thick }{\plain \fs24 \ul l}{\plain \fs24 \softline nearly as }{\plain \fs24 \ul r}{\plain \fs24 {\u8221\'94} (Lionnet 1978:14,18-19).}}} }{\plain \fs24 \softline (Miller 1996:36-38 ; Lionnet 1978:18-19) and can be reconstructed for eighteenth-century \softline Rar{\u225\'e1}muri based on data collected between 1761 and 1767 by the Jesuit missionary Matth{\u228\'e4}us \softline Steffel (Steffel 1809).{}{\plain \fs24 \super 6{\footnote {\info} {\info} \pard \fs24\sa240 {6. }{}{\plain \fs24 The liquid phonemes in modern Rar{\u225\'e1}muri can be analyzed as a lateral /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 /, with a retroflexed \softline alveolar flap [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u637\'20}}{\plain \fs24 ] and a post-alveolar retroflexed lateral flap [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u621\'20}}{\plain \fs24 ] as its allophones, and a rhotic /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /, \softline with a trill [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u341\'e0}}{\plain \fs24 ] and an alveolar flap [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u638\'20}}{\plain \fs24 ] as its allophones (Burgess 1970:47-49, 1984:7-8; Lionnet \softline 1972:12-13; Caballero 2008:26, 42-44). These phonemes and allophones appear to derive from \softline antecedent /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 /, as the result of two phonological changes: 1) the shift in initial position of \softline the voiceless stop [}{\plain \fs24 \i t-}{\plain \fs24 ] to the voiced alveolar trill [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u341\'e0}-}{\plain \fs24 ], and 2) the delateralization in most contexts \softline of the intervocalic lateral flap. A similar reworking of the relationships among [}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 ], [}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ], and [}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 ] \softline appears to have occurred in Warih{\u243\'f3} (Miller 1996:36-38).}}} }{\plain \fs24 A comparable relationship likely existed in Proto-Tepiman. Bascom \softline (1965:7) reconstructs PTep */r/, with the allophone *[}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 ] occurring before */}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / and the allophone \softline *[}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ] in other contexts. These allophones were phonemicized in the Tepiman languages as /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / and \softline /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /, with /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / replaced in Upper Piman by the voiced retroflexed alveolar stop /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O(d)}}{\fldrslt }}}{\plain \fs24 /. }{\plain \fs24 \par }\sect \sectd \sbknone\pgndec\headery1440\footery1440 {\footer { \posxr\nowrap {\field{\*\fldinst { PAGE }}}\par} \par} {\*\pnseclvl1\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl2\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl3\pnlcrm\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl4\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcrm\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl7\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1} \pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The phonemecization of *[}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 ] and *[}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 ] may also have taken place in Hopi, Luise{\u241\'20}o, Mayo, and \softline Yaqui, the only other UA languages with both /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / phonemes. In Hopi, /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / display \softline near-complementary distribution in some contexts; in initial position, for example, /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / occurs \softline before /}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / while /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / does not. In Luise{\u241\'20}o, /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / has a broader distribution than /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /. Luise{\u241\'20}o /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / \softline is attested before and after all five Luise{\u241\'20}o vowels and occurs in initial, medial, and final \softline positions. In contrast, /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / does not appear in final position at all nor in word-initial position before /}{\plain \fs24 \i u}{\plain \fs24 /, and intervocalically in root morphemes, it is attested almost exclusively following /}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 , \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 , }{\plain \fs24 \i u}{\plain \fs24 /. In Mayo and Yaqui, the two phonemes precede and follow all vowels, but they also \softline alternate with one another in a number of words (e.g., My }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}o{\u243\'f3}li }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}o{\u243\'f3}ri }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}wrinkled{\u8217\'92}, Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u250\'fa}{\u660\'20}ule}{\plain \fs24 ~ \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u250\'fa}{\u660\'20}ure}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to like{\u8217\'92}).{}{\plain \fs24 \super 7{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {7. }{}{\plain \fs24 For Arizona Yaqui, Molina, et al. (1999:284) report an expressive application of the /-}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -/ ~ /-}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -/ alternation, in which /-}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -/ conveys a sense of affection while /-}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -/ has derogatory connotations. \softline In Huichol, /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / is replaced by lateral and alveolar flap allophones in songs, baby talk, and {\u8220\'93}...any \softline context involving diminution, endearment, or cuteness{\u8221\'94} (Grimes 1955:31). In contrast to Arizona \softline Yaqui, this stylistic alternation also involves the palatalization of three other alveolar phonemes \softline /}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 /, /}{\plain \fs24 \i c}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 /, as well as multiple shifts of }{\plain \fs24 the voiced retroflex sibilant /}{\plain \fs24 \i z}{\plain \fs24 /: to the voiceless \softline retroflex sibilant [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u642\'20}}{\plain \fs24 ], the voiced and voiceless alveolar sibilants [}{\plain \fs24 \i z}{\plain \fs24 ] and [}{\plain \fs24 \i s}{\plain \fs24 ], and the dental \softline fricative [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u952\'e8}}{\plain \fs24 ].}}} }{\plain \fs24 In addition, /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / occurs in geminates and in syllable- and word-final position \softline while /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / does not. \par }{\plain \fs24 \i 2.1. PUA **r in medial position}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 The reconstruction of a PUA liquid phoneme in medial position is supported by ten cognate sets \softline that document the regular correspondence of -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -/-}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in both NUA and SUA languages. Six verbal \softline etyma are represented in the sets, along with four nominal etyma that are all associated with \softline birds. The possibility that the nominal etyma are not cognates but rather independent innovations \softline that simply imitate the birds{\u8217\'92} characteristic sounds is considered in section 2.3 and in Appendix \softline 2: BIRD.\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab Five of the ten sets are presented in this section. The other five sets, included in Appendix 2 \softline under BIRD, LOOK FOR, RING, SHAKE, and SWALLOW, include fewer cognates but they \softline display the expected NUA-SUA correspondences in -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - and other sound segments. The \softline cognates in each set are organized by subfamily. The abbreviations used for the Northern Uto-Aztecan subfamilies are }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 (Numic), }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 (Tubatulabal), }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 (Hopi), and }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 (Takic), and \softline for the Southern Uto-Aztecan subfamilies, }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 (Tepiman), }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 (Taracahitan), }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 (Tubar), }{\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 (Corachol), and }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 (Aztecan). The abbreviations for specific languages and the source or \softline sources of the data for each are found in Appendix 1.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 8{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {8. }{}{\plain \fs24 In most sets, the subfamily but not the specific language abbreviations is used for the \softline Tubatulabal, Hopi, and Tubar words, because these languages are the only documented members \softline of their subfamilies. Citations of the principal published compilations of Uto-Aztecan cognate \softline sets are given in Appendix 2, where I explain the criteria I have used to identify cognates and my \softline orthographic conventions.}}} }{\plain \fs24 The reconstructions of PUA etyma should \softline be regarded as approximations. Many regular phonological correspondences among the UA \softline languages remain unidentified, especially in the second syllables of disyllabic morphemes. In \softline addition, the reconstruction of several basic features of PUA phonology, like stress and vowel \softline length, remain problematical. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The first three sets have cognates in at least two NUA subfamilies and two SUA subfamilies. \par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (1)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to bend, curve, turn, return{\u8217\'92}. PUA **{\u331\'20}ora\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\u660\'20}lat}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}ono:l}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go home{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u246\'f6}l{\u246\'f6}la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to bend, to crook{\u8217\'92}. Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u246\'f6}la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}hoop, ring (n){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u233\'e9}:la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be turned, be curved{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O(d)}}{\fldrslt }} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to turn, bend, return{\u8217\'92}. PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i nor }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i norgia }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to turn{\u8217\'92}. PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i norag }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to \softline return{\u8217\'92}. NT }{\plain \fs24 \i nor{\u225\'e1}gi}{\plain \fs24 - {\u8216\'91}to go back{\u8217\'92}. ST }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u243\'f3}rgi}{\plain \fs24 - {\u8216\'91}to go back{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i nor{\u243\'f3}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go back, come back{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\u660\'20}l{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\u660\'20}{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go someplace and \softline return{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i nor{\u237\'ed}na }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to come back{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i noloa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to bend (vt){\u8217\'92}. Na-Cl(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i noliwi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to become bent{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (2)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to open{\u8217\'92}. PUA **p{\u239\'20}rV-{}{\plain \fs24 \super 9{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {9. }{}{\plain \fs24 The {\u8220\'93}V-{\u8221\'94} indicates that the final vowel of this syllable as well as the following segments of \softline the PUA etymon cannot be reconstructed.}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i pele:winat }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}epele:win}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}r{\u239\'20}kna }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to unfold, open up, unwrap{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u233\'e9}la:n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to spread open{\u8217\'92}. Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u233\'e9}le }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to spread apart{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u233\'e9}rina }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to open the hand or a book{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i pe:lua}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (3)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}owl{\u8217\'92}. PUA **tukori\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i tukluluh }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}screech owl{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i tokori }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}flammulated owl{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i cuku{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O(d)}}{\fldrslt }} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}screech owl, western horned owl{\u8217\'92}. Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i tukuu}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i tukor}{\plain \fs24 . NT \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i tuk{\u250\'fa}rai}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i tuk{\u250\'fa}:r}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i tut{\u250\'fa}guri }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}great horned owl{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr(P) }{\plain \fs24 \i tukur{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i tekolo:tl}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i tekulu:t}{\plain \fs24 . Po }{\plain \fs24 \i tekolot}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab Terms for {\u8216\'91}owl{\u8217\'92} that are clearly related to PUA **tukori are found in non-UA languages \softline spoken in California and across Mesoamerica, the latter including Pur{\u233\'e9}pecha, Chinantec, \softline Tlapanec, and various Mayan languages (Gursky 1967; Hunn 1975; Campbell 1988:343, #38; \softline Terrence Kaufman, personal communication, 20 July 2010). The ultimate origin of this etymon \softline is unknown, but its presence in the PUA lexicon is assumed because cognates in both NUA and \softline SUA languages show the expected sound changes that occurred after the breakup of the ancestral \softline PUA speech community, for example **u > Hp /o/ and **t > To /{\u269\'e8}/. One exception is the Cora \softline term }{\plain \fs24 \i tukur{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 , possibly a loan from Southern Tepehuan. The expected Cora reflex of *tukori is \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}kuri}{\plain \fs24 .\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Set (4) includes cognates from three SUA subfamilies but only one definite NUA cognate, \softline from Kitanemuk.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (4)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}turkey vulture{\u8217\'92}. PUA **wiruku\par }\pard \fs24\fi-1080\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps \ul0 \tab \ul0 \tab Tak: }{\plain \fs24 Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i wirukuht}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-1080\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps \ul0 \tab \ul0 \tab TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i wi{\u237\'ed}ru}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i wi{\u237\'ed}ru}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i wir{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-1080\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps \ul0 \tab \ul0 \tab Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i wil{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-1080\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps \ul0 \tab \ul0 \tab CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Wc }{\plain \fs24 \i wir{\u239\'20}k{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 The Kitanemuk and Huichol cognates provide one of the more compelling examples of the \softline correspondence of medial /r/ in NUA and SUA languages. These terms show the expected sound \softline correspondences for six segments, given that /{\u239\'20}/ is the Huichol reflex of **u. Possible cognates \softline from the other three NUA subfamilies and Aztecan are presented in Appendix 2: TURKEY \softline VULTURE.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Set (5), also associated with a kind of bird, includes clear cognates in Hopi and the \softline Taracahitan subfamily, with possible cognates in some Numic languages:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (5)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}a kind of hawk{\u8217\'92}. PUA **k{\u239\'20}ri\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num: }{\plain \fs24 NP }{\plain \fs24 \i kini{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}marsh hawk{\u8217\'92}. TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i kinni{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}falcon{\u8217\'92}. WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i kinii }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}hawk, falcon{\u8217\'92}. \softline WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i kinniih }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}chicken hawk{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i k}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 \i e:le }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}sparrow hawk{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : My }{\plain \fs24 \i ker{\u233\'e9}{\u660\'20}ere }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}a raptor (possibly a species of }{\plain \fs24 \i Caracara}{\plain \fs24 ){\u8217\'92}. Op }{\plain \fs24 \i keere }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}kind of \softline hawk{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i kerec{\u237\'ed} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}small hawk{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i kiri{\u269\'e8}{\u237\'ed} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}small hawk{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 The vowels attested in these terms are not regular correspondences: Numic /}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / reflects PUA **i, \softline Mayo and Opata /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / reflects PUA **{\u239\'20}, Rar{\u225\'e1}muri /}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / reflects both **i and **{\u239\'20}, and Hopi /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / reflects \softline all PUA vowels. The Hopi and Taracahitan cognates indicate a reconstruction of PUA **k{\u239\'20}r{\u239\'20} \softline while the Numic terms support **kiri. I reconstruct the PUA etymon as **k{\u239\'20}ri, on the \softline assumption that vowel harmonization in opposite directions resulted in these alternate antecedent forms.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The discrepancy in vowels challenges the validity of this set, but the correspondence of \softline Numic -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-/-l-}{\plain \fs24 in other UA languages is documented in three additional sets, where the \softline vowels correspond as expected. Together these sets include cognates from all three Numic \softline subdivisions and the other three NUA subfamilies. Set (6) also includes a cognate from the SUA \softline language Warih{\u243\'f3}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (6)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}concavity{\u8217\'92}. PUA **koro\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i kono{\u660\'20}ih }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be hollow{\u8217\'92}. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i konoiH }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be hollow{\u8217\'92}. \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u246\'f6}l{\u246\'f6} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}hole (in ground){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i kol{\u225\'e1}ci }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bowl-like hollow in a rock wall{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (7)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to enter{\u8217\'92}. PNUA *curu\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i cunua}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i cununuki}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}{\u250\'fa}lupe-yaxe }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go in{\u8217\'92}. Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}ul{\u250\'fa}pa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go inside{\u8217\'92}. Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i curup{\u239\'20}k}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (8)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to bend{\u8217\'92}. PNUA *pora\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : SP }{\plain \fs24 \i poni }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i ponaa}{\plain \fs24 - {\u8216\'91}to bend over{\u8217\'92}. Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i noponi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be bent over{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i polo{\u660\'20}mat}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i poloom }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to bend (vi){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \i 2.2. PUA **r in Initial Position}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 Only Whorf and Trager (1937) and Voegelin, et al. (1962) have proposed that a liquid phoneme \softline occurred in PUA in word-initial position and also presented evidence to support their view, in \softline each case a single cognate set. Whorf and Trager (1937:621, #28) reconstructed PUA **l{\u259\'e3}wa ~ \softline **l{\u277\'20}w {\u8216\'91}speak, say{\u8217\'92}, but the only term showing initial }{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in the accompanying cognate set is the \softline Hopi noun }{\plain \fs24 \i lavayi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}speech, talk{\u8217\'92}. Voegelin et al. (1962:141, #94) proposed **l{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}i as the PUA \softline term for {\u8216\'91}tongue{\u8217\'92} but, as indicated in (23) below, this etymon should be reconstructed as **n{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}i.\par }{\plain \fs24 \ul0 \tab Although a few words with initial }{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - or }{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - are found in the lexica of all of the Uto-Aztecan \softline languages that have these phonemes, they tend to be encountered in single languages or \softline languages within the same subfamily and thus can be interpreted as innovations. When cognates \softline exist in separate subfamilies, they indicate that the }{\plain \fs24 \i r-}{\plain \fs24 or }{\plain \fs24 \i l-}{\plain \fs24 likely derived from other consonants, \softline usually }{\plain \fs24 \i t-}{\plain \fs24 but sometimes }{\plain \fs24 \i y-}{\plain \fs24 or }{\plain \fs24 \i n-}{\plain \fs24 , or has shifted from medial to initial position through \softline metathesis or the loss of a preceding syllable. In fact, the only evidence that word-initial }{\plain \fs24 \i r-}{\plain \fs24 or }{\plain \fs24 \i l-}{\plain \fs24 \softline should be reconstructed for PUA is three sets with cognates from the Cupan languages of the \softline Takic subfamily and Yaqui and Mayo of the Taracahitan subfamily. Set (9) has cognates in all \softline three Cupan languages and Yaqui but not Mayo. Set (10) has cognates from Luise{\u241\'20}o and Mayo \softline and possibly Cahuilla but not Yaqui or Cupe{\u241\'20}o. Set (11) has only Luise{\u241\'20}o and Mayo cognates.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (9)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}bumpy{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-1080\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \ul0 \tab \ul0 \tab Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i l{\u250\'fa}mu }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to have small pox, chicken pox, measles{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i l{\u250\'fa}mi{\u660\'20}il}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}measles{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i lam{\u250\'fa}lama }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to have bumps, have sprouts{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i rumui }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bumpy{\u8217\'92}. Yq-Az }{\plain \fs24 \i rumui }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}uneven{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (10)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}collapse{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i l{\u250\'fa}ma{\u353\'9a} }{\plain \fs24 [expected: }{\plain \fs24 \i l{\u233\'e9}ma{\u353\'9a}}{\plain \fs24 ] {\u8216\'91}to knock down, crumple (as a house){\u8217\'92} \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i l{\u243\'f3}ma }{\plain \fs24 [< *l{\u239\'20}m-] {\u8216\'91}to collapse (vi){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 My }{\plain \fs24 \i r{\u233\'e9}mtek }{\plain \fs24 [< *r{\u239\'20}m-] {\u8216\'91}to collapse (vi){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (11){\u8216\'91}to be soft, tender (adj){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i l{\u233\'e9}:pa }{\plain \fs24 [< *l{\u243\'f3}:p-] {\u8216\'91}to be soft{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 My }{\plain \fs24 \i lo{\u243\'f3}bo }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}tender (adj){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The Luise{\u241\'20}o and Mayo cognates in (10) and (11) are particularly intriguing because the correspondences conform precisely to the expected, including even vowel length in (11). \softline Moreover, the cognates involved cannot be interpreted as recent loans because the first vowels \softline reflect the shifts that occurred from PUA **o to Ls /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / and from PUA **{\u239\'20} to Ls /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 / and My /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 /. \softline The timing of these innovations is unknown, but in the case of Luise{\u241\'20}o, they would have taken \softline place after its separation from Cahuilla and Cupe{\u241\'20}o. Although shifts in PUA **o and **{\u239\'20} also \softline occurred Cahuilla and Cupe{\u241\'20}o, the outcomes were different from those in Luise{\u241\'20}o: **o shifted \softline to /}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / in both Cahuilla and Cupe{\u241\'20}o while **{\u239\'20} shifted to /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / in Cahuilla and /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u601\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / in Cupe{\u241\'20}o \softline (represented as <e> in Hill and Nolasques [1973]). The shift of **{\u239\'20} to Mayo /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / also is likely to \softline have occurred relatively early in the history of the SUA languages because it is an innovation \softline shared by all SUA languages except those of the Tepiman subfamily (Hill 2011).\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The PUA forms **ramu, **r{\u239\'20}m-, **roop- could be reconstructed on the basis of these three \softline sets, which in turn would support the reconstruction of PUA initial **r-. While this possibility \softline cannot be discounted entirely, it seems unlikely given the absence of cognates for any of these \softline sets in other UA subfamilies, as well as additional sets with cognates from both NUA and SUA \softline subfamilies that show an initial liquid. An alternative explanation is that these cognates derive \softline from interaction between pre-Cupan and pre-Yaqui-Mayo speakers that took place before the \softline shifts in the vowels occurred. \par }{\plain \fs24 \i 2.3. Discussion}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 If the four cognate sets associated with birds are excluded, the postulation of **r as a PUA \softline phoneme is nonetheless possible based on the regular correspondence of medial }{\plain \fs24 \i -r/l-}{\plain \fs24 in the NUA \softline and SUA cognates in the other six sets. In contrast, the limited distribution of cognates in the few \softline sets that document the correspondence of initial }{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - or }{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - indicate that this phoneme can be \softline reconstructed with confidence only in non-initial position, suggesting that it was defective.\par }{\plain \fs24 \ul0 \tab The onomatopoetic origin of the avian terms in (3), (4), and (5) is possibility, but except as \softline noted for (5), they display the sound correspondences that are expected for reflexes of PUA \softline etyma and should be regarded as cognates.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 10{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {10. }{}{\plain \fs24 The Western Mono suffix -na{\u660\'20} {\u8216\'91}it says X{\u8217\'92} is attached to onomatopoetic stems to create \softline names for birds and other animate beings (Bethel, et al. 1993:102) (see Appendix 2: BIRD).}}} }{\plain \fs24 The regular correspondences and broad distribution \softline of several of these cognates within the UA language family may indicate that members of the \softline PUA speech community relied on onomatopoeia to create names for birds and that portions of \softline the ancestral PUA ornithological lexicon descended into the lexica of the daughter languages. \softline Alternative explanations are less feasible, for example, that names for birds diffused more \softline widely than nouns in other semantic classes or that the labels were independent innovatations in \softline different UA subfamilies created in each case prior to sound changes that distinguish the \softline subfamilies from one another.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The conclusion that PUA **/r/ had **[r] and **[l] as its allophones is warranted, based on \softline three considerations: /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / regularly correspond in both the NUA and SUA languages; [r] \softline and [l] are allophones of /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / or /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / in the Taracahitan and Tubar subfamilies and probably in \softline proto-Tepiman as well, and allophonic-like relationships between /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / and /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / are attested in Hopi, \softline Luise{\u241\'20}o, Mayo, and Yaqui. Additional support for this interpretation is found in the absence of a \softline fixed correspondence between -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - and -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in Hopi and Luise{\u241\'20}o cognates. Four pairs of cognates \softline illustrate this point:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (12)\ul0 \tab Hp -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - = Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u246\'f6}la }{\plain \fs24 [< *{\u331\'20}ola] {\u8216\'91}hoop, ring (n){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u233\'e9}:la }{\plain \fs24 [< *{\u331\'20}o:la] {\u8216\'91}to be turned, be curved{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (13)\ul0 \tab Hp -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - = Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u239\'20}r{\u239\'20}(k)}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to curl around, twist around (vi){\u8217\'92} \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u243\'f3}ra }{\plain \fs24 [< *m{\u239\'20}ra] }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be curled, be rolled{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (14)\ul0 \tab Hp -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - = Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i qalalata }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be clanking, clinking, ringing{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls(B) }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u225\'e1}ra }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to croak, belch, ring{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (15)\ul0 \tab Hp -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - = Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u239\'20}ri }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to gnaw (re rodents){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u243\'f3}:la }{\plain \fs24 [< *{\u331\'20}{\u239\'20}:la]{\u8216\'91}to gnaw{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab Medial }{\plain \fs24 \i -n-}{\plain \fs24 can be proposed as the Numic reflex of PUA **-r- because -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in words from all \softline three Numic subdivisions corresponds with -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -/-}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in other UA languages. Although limited, this \softline evidence suggests that PNUA *-r- shifted in Proto-Numic (PNum) to *-n-, merging with a pre-existing PNum *-n- derived from PNUA *-n-. Postulating this sound change accounts for the \softline anomalous absence of a liquid phoneme in the Numic languages and, if it in fact occurred, \softline represents a phonological innovation shared by the Numic languages that has not been \softline previously identified (Hill 2011).\par }{\plain \fs24 \b 3. The Correspondence of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \b\i n}{\plain \fs24 \b - and SUA }{\plain \fs24 \b\i -r-/-l-}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 Recognition of the regular correspondence of }{\plain \fs24 \i -n-}{\plain \fs24 in the NUA languages with }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i -l-}{\plain \fs24 in the SUA \softline languages dates to Sapir{\u8217\'92}s pioneering studies in Uto-Aztecan comparative linguistics of the early \softline twentieth century, and this correspondence is generally accepted among Uto-Aztecanists today \softline (Sapir1915:316-317; Shaul 1985; Dakin 2001; Dakin 2007; Stubbs 2011:26). Twelve cognate \softline sets that clearly document correspondence. Five sets are presented here, all of which have \softline cognates from at least two NUA subfamilies and two SUA subfamilies. The other seven appear in Appendix 2 under CHILD, FOOT, GENTLE, NECKLACE, PITCH, POUR, and SMALL.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 11{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {11. }{}{\plain \fs24 Langacker (1977:146; cf. Dakin 2001:328-333) suggests that the correspondence of NUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 / \softline and SUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / in suffixes may be found in the NUA causative suffix *-ni and the initial element of \softline the SUA applicative suffix *-li-ya.}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 \i 3.1. Cognate Sets}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 Between (16) and (17), the regular correspondence of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -/-}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - is demonstrated \softline for all nine UA subfamilies.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (16)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to stand{\u8217\'92}. PUA **w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SP \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}wi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}t }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}{\u239\'20}w{\u239\'20}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be located, to exist{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}:w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}t }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}:}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20}{\u239\'20}:w{\u239\'20}n and {\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}:w{\u239\'20}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to stand up{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}t}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u233\'e9}wen}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u243\'f3}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be at a place{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i weyek}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u233\'e9}iyek}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i vehren}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i wer{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i wir{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i wer{\u233\'e9} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be, to be standing{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (17)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to know, recognize, remember, think{\u8217\'92}{}{\plain \fs24 \super 12{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {12. }{}{\plain \fs24 The glosses associated with each of these cognates are presented in Appendix 2 under \softline THINK.}}} }{\plain \fs24 . PUA **{\u239\'20}{\u660\'20}na\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}{\u660\'20}na}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i e{\u660\'20}nan}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u243\'f3}{\u660\'20}na}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}n}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}li{\u240\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}l{\u237\'ed}d{\u239\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}l}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}id}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i ea. }{\plain \fs24 My }{\plain \fs24 \i eiya}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i er{\u225\'e1}m}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i e{\u660\'20}l{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u233\'e9}rie}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i ilna:miki}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i elna:miki}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \ul0 \tab These two sets illustrate the loss of intervocalic }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-/-l-}{\plain \fs24 in bothYaqui and Mayo, which occurs \softline more frequently in Yaqui than in Mayo (Dedrick and Casad 1999:30; Dakin 2001:328-331; \softline Stubbs 2011:29). In some cases, }{\plain \fs24 \i -y-}{\plain \fs24 is inserted to eliminate the resulting vowel cluster, as seen in \softline the Yaqui and Mayo cognates in (16) and the Mayo cognate in (17). The loss of the intervocalic \softline liquid without y-insertion is documented in the Yaqui cognate in (17) and in the Yaqui and Mayo \softline reflexes of PUA **konaka {\u8216\'91}necklace{\u8217\'92} (Appendix 2: NECKLACE).\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The retention of }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-/-l-}{\plain \fs24 in Yaqui and Mayo is seen in (18) to (20). Combined they include \softline cognates from all nine UA subfamilies. Set (18) shows the expected shift of **s to /}{\plain \fs24 \i h}{\plain \fs24 / in \softline Kitanemuk and the Tepiman languages, with the }{\plain \fs24 \i h-}{\plain \fs24 lost in the Northern Tepehuan cognate. Set \softline (19) includes examples of the loss of initial **h- in cognates in Southern Paiute, Southern Ute, \softline Tubatulabal, and Huichol and the shift of **/u/ to /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / in the Southern Paiute and Huichol \softline cognates. Both phonological changes are regular developments in Huichol and also are \softline encountered in some reflexes of PUA etyma attested in many other UA languages.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (18)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}heart{\u8217\'92}. PUA **suna\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i su:nal}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i so:na }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}kernel, edible part of any seed{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u250\'fa}nil}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u351\'ba}{\u250\'fa}un}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u351\'ba}{\u250\'fa}nla}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i hunac}{\plain \fs24 , {\u8216\'91}heart, spirit, middle{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i huradi}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i ura}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}r}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : My }{\plain \fs24 \i su{\u250\'fa}la}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i sur{\u225\'e1}t }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}kernel, seed{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i sul{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i sur{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i suranyi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}with the heart{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (19)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}badger{\u8217\'92}. PUA **hu{\u660\'20}na\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i hunana}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i hunan }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i hunacci}{\plain \fs24 . Sh }{\plain \fs24 \i hunan}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i huuna{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}groundhog, \softline woodchuck{\u8217\'92}. Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i hunaci}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}n{\u225\'e1}mp{\u239\'20}ci}{\plain \fs24 . Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i huna}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i un{\u225\'e1}pp{\u252\'fc}ci }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i u:nal }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}black bear{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i honani}{\plain \fs24 . Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i ho:naw }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bear{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}nal}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}nwet}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bear{\u8217\'92}. Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}nal}{\plain \fs24 . Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}nwet}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bear{\u8217\'92} Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}:nal}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i hunav{\u239\'20}t}{\plain \fs24 . \softline Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i hunaw{\u239\'20}t}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}grizzly bear{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i hu{\u250\'fa}ri}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i hu{\u250\'fa}ri}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u250\'fa}rve }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}wolf{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i u{\u660\'20}l{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}skunk{\u8217\'92} \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr {\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}ra{\u660\'20}abe. Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}rve }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}wolf{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Set (19) offers interesting examples of the semantic shifts that have occurred in many PUA \softline etyma that label biological taxa. The cognates indicate that **hu{\u660\'20}na originally designated \softline {\u8216\'91}badger{\u8217\'92} but came to label {\u8216\'91}black bear{\u8217\'92} in Tubatulabal and {\u8216\'91}skunk{\u8217\'92} in Warih{\u243\'f3}.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 13{\footnote \fs24\pard \fs24\sa240 {13. }{}{\plain \fs24 Jane Hill discovered that C. Hart Merriam collected a Tubatulabal term for {\u8216\'91}badger{\u8217\'92}, which \softline is found in his unpublished {\u8220\'93}Natural History Word Lists{\u8221\'94} (BNEG1556:60, frame 483) available \softline online at }{\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK "http://www.archives.org/details/bancroft." }}{\fldrslt{{\*\cs30\ul\cf3 www.archives.org/details/bancroft.}}}}{\plain \fs24 Merriam recorded the alternate forms {\u8220\'93}Ben{\u697\'20}-n{\u283\'ec}{\u697\'20} | \softline Pen{\u697\'20}-n{\u283\'ec}.{\u8221\'94} Whether this term is a Tubatulabal innovation or a loan from a non-UA lanaguage is \softline unknown (Jane Hill, personal communication, 2011).}}} }{\plain \fs24 A term for {\u8216\'91}bear{\u8217\'92} \softline in Hopi, Cahuilla, Cupe{\u241\'20}o, and Kitanemuk was derived from *hu{\u660\'20}na by the addition of the PUA \softline augmentative suffix **w{\u239\'20}, reflexes of which constitute the final syllables of the Eudeve, Cora, \softline and Huichol labels for {\u8216\'91}wolf{\u8217\'92}. \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (20)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}house{\u8217\'92}. PUA **kahani\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i kahni}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i kahni}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i kahni}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i kahni}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i kahni}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i kann{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 . Ch \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i kan{\u237\'ed} }{\plain \fs24 SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i hani:l}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i qeni }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}place, room, space{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u225\'e1}ri}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u225\'e1}ari}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i kar{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i kar{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ka{\u322\'b3}{\u237\'ed}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}village{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i kalli}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i kal}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 The reconstruction of **kahani is indicated by the stress on the first vowel of the identical vowel \softline sequence in the Mayo cognate and the -}{\plain \fs24 \i hn}{\plain \fs24 - cluster in the Central Numic languages and Southern \softline Numic Kawaiisu. Tubatulabal }{\plain \fs24 \i h-}{\plain \fs24 and Hopi }{\plain \fs24 \i q-}{\plain \fs24 are the regular reflexes of PUA **k- in this \softline environment. Hopi /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / is encountered as a reflex of all PUA vowels.\par }{\plain \fs24 \i 3.2. Initial **n-}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 In contrast to the postulated PUA **r, PUA **n- definitely can be reconstructed in word-initial \softline position. Sets (21) to (23) support the reconstruction of **n- preceding **a and **{\u239\'20} and probably \softline **o, but I have be unable to identify cognates from both the NUA and SUA languages that \softline indicate that PUA **n- also occurred before **i and **u.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (21)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}ear{\u8217\'92}. PUA **naka\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 NP }{\plain \fs24 \i naka}{\plain \fs24 -. WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}qa}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i nainkih}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i naki}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u331\'20}ki}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i nagavivi}{\plain \fs24 . SP \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i nanka}{\plain \fs24 -.}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u331\'20}hal}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i naqv{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}qal}{\plain \fs24 . Cp -}{\plain \fs24 \i naq{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i naq}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i naak}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i naka}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i naaka}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u225\'e1}ka}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}ak}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}kam}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}kkam}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i nahk{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i nak{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i nak{\u225\'e1}-r}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i nasa{\u237\'ed}h}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i naak{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i nakastli}{\plain \fs24 . Pp -}{\plain \fs24 \i nakas}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (22)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}liver{\u8217\'92}. PUA **n{\u239\'20}ma\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}m{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}w{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}w{\u239\'20}n}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}m{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}m{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}w{\u239\'20}bi}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}w{\u239\'20}mbi}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i ni{\u331\'20}w{\u239\'20}mpi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}mal}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}ma}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca -}{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u233\'e9}m{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . Cp -}{\plain \fs24 \i nema}{\plain \fs24 . Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u243\'f3}:ma}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}mac}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}m}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i numadi}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}mar}{\plain \fs24 . NT -}{\plain \fs24 \i n{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}ma}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}m{\u225\'e1}d{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . ST -}{\plain \fs24 \i lum{\u225\'e1}ad}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i he{\u233\'e9}man}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i he{\u233\'e9}mam}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i hem{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i em{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i emar{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i imar{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i yam{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i neemwa}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u233\'e9}ma}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (23)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}egg{\u8217\'92}. PUA **no-\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i noho}{\plain \fs24 -. WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u243\'f3}yo}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i noyo}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i nooyo}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i noyopin}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i nopavi}{\plain \fs24 ~ \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i nopovi}{\plain \fs24 . Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i nop{\u225\'e1}vi}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i nap{\u225\'e1}avi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u243\'f3}h{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i nonha}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i nono}{\plain \fs24 . NT -}{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u243\'f3}no}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i nan{\u243\'f3}oo }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The loss or replacement of initial }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in some of the SUA languages in (22) is unexplained. \softline However, their retention of initial }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - before **{\u239\'20} is seen their reflexes of **n{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}i {\u8216\'91}tongue{\u8217\'92} (27), \softline with the exception of Warih{\u243\'f3}, where }{\plain \fs24 \i y}{\plain \fs24 - appears instead of }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -. The SUA languages are \softline represented in (23) only by Tepiman cognates, but the regular correspondences indicates that it is \softline a valid set.\par }{\plain \fs24 \i 3.3. Discussion}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 The evidence presented in this section and in section 2 above demonstrates that }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i -l-}{\plain \fs24 is the \softline regular SUA correspondence of both NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and }{\plain \fs24 \i -r-}{\plain \fs24 /}{\plain \fs24 \i -l-}{\plain \fs24 . This pattern suggests that PUA medial \softline **-n- descended into PSUA as *-n- and then, before the breakup of the PSUA speech \softline community, merged with a pre-existing PSUA *-r- that derived from PUA **-r- and retained its allophones of **[-r-] and **[-l-]. During the subsequent diversification of the SUA languages, \softline three distinct secondary developments occurred: \par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab [-r-] and [-l-] remained as allophones in Warih{\u243\'f3}, Rar{\u225\'e1}muri, and Tubar;\par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab [-r-] and [-l-] merged under /}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 / in Eudeve and under /}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 / in the Aztecan languages; and \par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab [-r-] and [-l-] were phonemicized in Yaqui, Mayo, and the Tepiman languages. \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 According to my analysis, the shift of PSUA *-n- to *-r- set the stage for a second SUA \softline phonological innovation, the shift of PUA **-{\u331\'20}- to PSUA *-n-, as part of a pull-chain process of \softline phonological change. The evidence for this innovation is considered in the next section.\par }{\plain \fs24 \b 4. The correspondence of NUA /}{\plain \fs24 \b\i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 \b / and SUA /}{\plain \fs24 \b\i n}{\plain \fs24 \b /}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 The Northern Uto-Aztecan languages are among the very few Indigenous languages of North \softline America that include the velar nasal /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / in their phonemic inventories (Anderson 2011; Whistler \softline and Golla 1986). In Hopi and the Takic languages, /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / is encountered in both initial and medial \softline positions while in Tubatulabal and the Numic languages, it is attested only medially. Phonemic \softline /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / is entirely absent in the Southern Uto-Aztecan languages, but several cognate sets indicate a \softline regular correspondence between SUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 / and NUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 /. \par }{\plain \fs24 \i 4.1. The Velar Nasal in Medial Position}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 Eight sets document the regular correspondence of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -. Four sets are included \softline in Appendix 2 under CONTAIN, HUSBAND, LUNG(S), and PULVERIZE. The other four, \softline which have cognates from at least two NUA and two SUA subfamilies, are presented here. \softline These sets indicate that medial *-{\u331\'20}- must be reconstructed for Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan. They \softline also document the diversity of Numic reflexes of PNUA *-{\u331\'20}-, discussed in more detail in section \softline 4.2.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (24)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}salt{\u8217\'92}. PUA **o{\u331\'20}a\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u331\'20}abi}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i om{\u225\'e1}bi}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u331\'20}wapi}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i ohapin}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i onapin}{\plain \fs24 . Cm \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i onaabi}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i owavi}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i oavi}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u246\'f6}{\u225\'e1}vi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i u{\u331\'20}a:l}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u246\'f6}:{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}il}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}eyu }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to salt{\u8217\'92}. Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u233\'e9}{\u331\'20}la}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i ona}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i ona}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i onai}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u243\'f3}na}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u243\'f3}na}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i on{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i won{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i on{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kon{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i non{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i on{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i un{\u225\'e1}h}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u250\'fa}na}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (25)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}knee{\u8217\'92}. PUA **to{\u331\'20}a\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}apisa }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u660\'20}{\u331\'20}apisa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}kneecap{\u8217\'92}. WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i tonob{\u243\'f3}do }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tanob{\u243\'f3}do }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tanab{\u243\'f3}do}{\plain \fs24 . \softline TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}app{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i tankapp{\u239\'20}h }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tannapp{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i tana}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i tanav{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}avi}{\plain \fs24 . Ch \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u225\'e1}avi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i to{\u331\'20}o:l}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i toon}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i tona}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i toni}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i toona}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i toon}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i tonom}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u243\'f3}nnom}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}foot{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u341\'e0}on{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}foot, leg{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i tonor}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i tun{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i tun{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (26)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}hot, hot season, sun{\u8217\'92}. PUA **to{\u331\'20}V-\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u246\'f6}:{\u331\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 , {\u8216\'91}heat, hot weather, heat of the day{\u8217\'92}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}i{\u353\'9a} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}warm{\u8217\'92}. Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}e }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be hot{\u8217\'92}. Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i to{\u331\'20}ava}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20} ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tu{\u331\'20}ava}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20} {\u8216\'91}hot season{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i tono{\u343\'20}o }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}for the sun to shine{\u8217\'92}. PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i tono }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}hot{\u8217\'92}. NT }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3}li }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}sunshine{\u8217\'92}. NT }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u243\'f3}{\u241\'20}i \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}hot{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be hot, to boil{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i tono }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i toni }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to boil{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u341\'e0}on{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to boil, to ferment{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be hot{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i to:na }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be warm, for the sun to shine{\u8217\'92}. Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i tu:nal }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}sun{\u8217\'92}. Po }{\plain \fs24 \i tun{\u233\'e9}l }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}sun{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (27)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}tongue{\u8217\'92}. PUA **n{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}i\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i le{\u331\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}{\u331\'20}il}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i ne{\u331\'20}{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}i{\u269\'e8}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}ni}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i neeni}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}ni}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}n}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u237\'ed}ni}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i ninni}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i nen{\u233\'e9}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i yen{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i nin{\u237\'ed}r}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i nenepilli}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i nenepil}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Despite showing initial }{\plain \fs24 \i l-}{\plain \fs24 , Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i le{\u331\'20}i }{\plain \fs24 is assumed to belong in (27) because the other three segments \softline show the expected correspondences. The Warih{\u243\'f3} cognate also has an aberrant initial consonant, \softline and /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / rather than /}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 / is the first vowel expected for the Cahuilla cognate.\par }{\plain \fs24 \i 4.2. Numic Reflexes of *-{\u331\'20}-}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 The Numic subfamily is divided into three subdivisions (see Table 1): 1) Western Numic, with \softline Northern Paiute and Mono as its constituent languages, 2) Central Numic, which includes \softline Timbisha Shoshone, Shoshone, and Comanche, and 3) Southern Numic, comprising Kawaiisu, \softline Southern Paiute, Chemehuevi, and Ute, the last three representing dialects of a single language \softline that Miller, et al. (2005:414) label Colorado River Numic. Medial }{\plain \fs24 \i -{\u331\'20}-}{\plain \fs24 is attested in at least one \softline language in each of the three subdivisions, indicating that PNUA *-{\u331\'20}- descended into Proto-Numic (PNum) and subsequently into the ancestral languages of these subdivisions. However, \softline following the emergence of these subdivisions, medial *-{\u331\'20}- underwent a series of secondary \softline developments in which it shifted in most of the daughter languages to other consonants or was lost entirely.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The attested reflexes of PNum intervocalic *-{\u331\'20}- in the modern Numic languages are \softline presented in Table 4.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 14{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {14. }{}{\plain \fs24 The words in which these reflexes occur are included in Appendix 2 under the referents \softline given in table 4. The reconstructed etyma are Proto-Numic. The etyma for {\u8216\'91}knee{\u8217\'92}, {\u8216\'91}salt{\u8217\'92}, and \softline {\u8216\'91}lung(s){\u8217\'92} are reflexes of PUA etyma, while cognates for the remaining four words are attested \softline only in Numic languages. In Table 4, a zero indicates the loss of -{\u331\'20}-. A double dash indicates \softline that the term attested in a particular language for the concept in question is not cognate with the \softline other Numic terms in the set. A single dash indicates that no term for the concept was \softline encountered in the sources consulted.}}} }{\plain \fs24 Words that reflect only seven etyma are considered, and cognates are not \softline attested in all the Numic languages for four of them. In addition, cognate sets cannot be \softline compiled in which -{\u331\'20}- is attested in all intervocalic contexts. Five vowels are reconstructed for \softline PNumic: */a, i, {\u239\'20}, o, u/ (Babel, et al., n.d.: 9-10). The cognate sets represented in Table 4 \softline document the reflexes of PNum *-{\u331\'20}- following */a, {\u239\'20}, o, u/ and preceding */a, i, o/, but not \softline following */i/ or preceding */{\u239\'20}/ or */u/. Despite these problems, these seven cognate sets \softline represent the best data I have found for documenting and analyzing the Numic reflexes of *-{\u331\'20}-.\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 4 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The diversity of these reflexes are too complex to be discussed in detail here, but the \softline principal secondary developments involving *-{\u331\'20}- can be summarized as follows: \par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab }{\plain \fs24 \b Western Numic:}{\plain \fs24 1) -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - is retained in Northern Paiute and probably Eastern Mono in all \softline contexts; 2) in Western Mono -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - shifted to -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - except in the enviroment of /}{\plain \fs24 \i o_a}{\plain \fs24 /, where it \softline shifted to -}{\plain \fs24 \i m}{\plain \fs24 -.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 15{\footnote \pard \fs24 {15. }{}{\plain \fs24 I use {\u8220\'93}Eastern Mono{\u8221\'94} and {\u8220\'93}Western Mono{\u8221\'94} here simply for convenience. Babel, et al., n.d., \softline provide the best overview of the dialectical diversity within the Western Numic subdivision. \softline They argue that Proto-Mono never existed, proposing instead that both {\u8220\'93}Mono{\u8221\'94} and {\u8220\'93}Northern \softline Paiute{\u8221\'94} descend directly from Proto-Western Numic.\par }\pard \fs24\sa240 }}} {\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab }{\plain \fs24 \b Central Numic:}{\plain \fs24 1) -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - is retained in Timbisha Shoshone, being labialized as [}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 \i\super w}{\plain \fs24 ] following \softline round vowels; 2) PNum *-{\u331\'20}- is doubly reflected in Western Shoshone as -}{\plain \fs24 \i nk}{\plain \fs24 - and -}{\plain \fs24 \i nn}{\plain \fs24 -, which \softline seem to be in free variation, except in the context /}{\plain \fs24 \i o_a}{\plain \fs24 /, where -}{\plain \fs24 \i nk}{\plain \fs24 -, -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -, and -}{\plain \fs24 \i h}{\plain \fs24 - are attested \softline in different variants; 3) in Eastern Shoshone, }{\plain \fs24 \i -nk-}{\plain \fs24 and -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - are attested as alternate reflexes of \softline *-{\u331\'20}-; 4) in Northern Shoshone, the alternate reflexes are -}{\plain \fs24 \i nn}{\plain \fs24 - and -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - except in the \softline environment of /}{\plain \fs24 \i o_o}{\plain \fs24 /, where the reflex is -}{\plain \fs24 \i w}{\plain \fs24 -; 5) in Comanche, -}{\plain \fs24 \i m}{\plain \fs24 - is the reflex of *-{\u331\'20}- in the \softline context /}{\plain \fs24 \i o_o}{\plain \fs24 / and -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in all other attested environments.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 16{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {16. }{}{\plain \fs24 Miller, et al. (2005:439, n. 34) suggest that the shift of Proto-Central Numic (PCN) *-{\u331\'20}- to \softline Common Shoshone/Comanche -}{\plain \fs24 \i nk}{\plain \fs24 - ~ -}{\plain \fs24 \i nn}{\plain \fs24 - was {\u8220\'93}not very tidy{\u8221\'94} and that {\u8220\'93}the reflexes of PCN *{\u331\'20} \softline were still in a state of flux during the late Common Shoshone/Comanche period.{\u8221\'94}}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-360\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 {\u8226\'95}\ul0 \tab }{\plain \fs24 \b Southern Numic:}{\plain \fs24 1) -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - apparently is retained in Southern Paiute and Chemehuevi in the \softline context of non-round vowels and lost following /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 /, although its loss is attested in Southern \softline Paiute both following /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 / and in the context of /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}_a}{\plain \fs24 /; 2) in Kawaiisu, -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - also is lost following \softline /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 /, shifting to /}{\plain \fs24 \i -n-}{\plain \fs24 / following /}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 /; 3) in Southern Ute, -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - is lost in all environments.\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The Numic languages display a general trend toward the loss of the velar nasal as a \softline phoneme. The first step in this process likely occurred in Proto-Numic with a shift of *{\u331\'20}- to *n- \softline in morpheme-initial position, a sound change discussed in section 4.3. Subsequent secondary \softline developments in languages from all three Numic subdivisions resulted in the retention of medial \softline -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - only in Northern Paiute, Eastern Mono, Timbisha Shoshone, and the Southern Paiute and \softline Chemehuevi variants of Colorado River Numic. However, as seen in (28) and (29), there is some \softline indication that a shift from -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - to -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - was underway in Northern Paiute, Southern Paiute, and \softline Chemehuevi as well. Set (28) shows a correspondence of -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - in Timbisha Shoshone and \softline Chemehuevi with -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in Northern and Southern Paiute, while (29) shows a correspondence of -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - in Timbisha Shoshone and Northern Paiute with -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in Southern Paiute and Chemehuevi.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 17{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {17. }{}{\plain \fs24 The nasals in the words presented in (28) vary between plain and lengthened (geminated), \softline but differences in consonantal length does not preclude the correspondences from being regular. \softline Based on research in progress, I interpret the geminates in TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u331\'20}{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 and SP }{\plain \fs24 \i pinnapp{\u239\'20}ci }{\plain \fs24 as \softline synchronic vestiges of antecedent unstressed syllable coda.}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (28)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}younger sibling, youngest{\u8217\'92}. PNum *pi{\u331\'20}a\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 NP }{\plain \fs24 \i pinagi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}younger sibling{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 TSh(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u331\'20}{\u331\'20}a }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}youngest sibling{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 SP }{\plain \fs24 \i pinnapp{\u239\'20}ci }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}youngest, last{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u331\'20}at{\u239\'20}m }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}youngest{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (29)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to tell{\u8217\'92}. PNum *t{\u239\'20}nV-\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 NP-Y }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to tell to{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}a }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to tell to{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 SP(S) }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}nnia}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}nia }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to tell{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab A comparable shift may also have been taking place in some variants of Western Shoshone, \softline in the -}{\plain \fs24 \i nn}{\plain \fs24 - ~ -}{\plain \fs24 \i nk}{\plain \fs24 - reflex of *-{\u331\'20}-. \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (30)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}high, up{\u8217\'92}. PNum *pa{\u331\'20}a\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 NP }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u331\'20}aad{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}high{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u331\'20}e }{\plain \fs24 [< *}{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u331\'20}ai}{\plain \fs24 ] {\u8216\'91}up{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 WSh-B }{\plain \fs24 \i pankai }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i panai }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i pan }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u660\'20}ai}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}up, high, above{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i panai }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}up, upwards{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i panai }{\plain \fs24 ~ pa{\u660\'20}a {\u8216\'91}up, high{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 WSh-R }{\plain \fs24 \i panki }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}up, high{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 The cognate in the Ruby Valley (WSh-R) variant of Western Shoshone shows -}{\plain \fs24 \i nk}{\plain \fs24 -, as does one \softline of the alternate forms in the Big Smokey Valley variant (WSh-B). The other Big Smokey Valley \softline forms show -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - or -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 -, also seen in the Duck Valley and Gosiute variants (WSh-D, WSh-G). The \softline following sequence of sound changes in the Western Shoshone variants can be proposed: *pa{\u331\'20}ai \softline > }{\plain \fs24 \i pankai}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i pannai }{\plain \fs24 > }{\plain \fs24 \i panai }{\plain \fs24 > }{\plain \fs24 \i pan }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u660\'20}ai}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 .\par }{\plain \fs24 \i 4.3. The Velar Nasal in Initial Position}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 I have identified four sets in which Hopi or Takic terms with initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - have cognates in \softline languages that belong to other UA subfamilies. Three of these sets include cognates from at least \softline two SUA languages. An additional three sets have cognates from Hopi and the Takic languages \softline alone. Taken as a whole, these sets indicate a regular correspondence between initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - in Hopi \softline and Takic and initial }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in all the other UA subfamilies. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab This correspondence is most clearly seen in (31), in which initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - in Hopi and Luise{\u241\'20}o \softline corresponds with initial }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in Tubatulabal and the Tepiman, Taracahitan, Corachol, and Aztecan \softline subfamilies.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 18{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {18. }{}{\plain \fs24 Not all cognates are included in (31). The completed set is presented in (1).}}} }{\plain \fs24 This set lacks cognates from Tubar and the Numic languages. A Tubar cognate \softline exists for (32), but I have found no Numic words that are unquestionably cognate with terms in \softline Hopi or the Takic languages that show the initial velar nasal. However, (32) and (33) suggest \softline that, as in Tubatulabal and the SUA subfamilies, initial }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in the Numic languages corresponds \softline with initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - in Hopi and Takic.{}{\plain \fs24 \super 19{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {19. }{}{\plain \fs24 No Southern Numic cognates exist for any of these sets, but Kawaiisu }{\plain \fs24 \i nohop{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to unravel{\u8217\'92} \softline may be cognate with Hopi }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a:ha }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to unravel, untie{\u8217\'92}. If so, the reconstruction of PNUA *{\u331\'20}oha- is \softline indicated, with vowel harmonization occurring in both languages but in opposite directions.}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (31)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to bend, curve, turn, return{\u8217\'92}. PUA **{\u331\'20}ora\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\u660\'20}lat}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}ono:l}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go home{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u246\'f6}l{\u246\'f6}la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to bend, to crook{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u233\'e9}:la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be turned, be curved{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i norag }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to return{\u8217\'92}. NT }{\plain \fs24 \i nor{\u225\'e1}gi}{\plain \fs24 - {\u8216\'91}to go back{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i nor{\u243\'f3}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go back, come back{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\u660\'20}l{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i no{\u660\'20}{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go someplace and \softline return{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i nor{\u237\'ed}na }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to come back{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i noloa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to bend (vt){\u8217\'92}. Na-Cl(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i noliwi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to become bent{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (32)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}root{\u8217\'92}. PUA **{\u331\'20}a-\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i napp{\u239\'20}h }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}edible part of the cattail between the stem and the root{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}akawi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u225\'e1}wa}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u225\'e1}gwam}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1}va}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i naw{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i naw{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i namus{\u237\'ed}r}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 Cr(O) }{\plain \fs24 \i nanat }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}tree root{\u8217\'92}. Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i nan{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}tendril, kinds of climbing vines{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i nelwatl}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i nelwat}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (33)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to cry{\u8217\'92}. PUA *{\u331\'20}a-\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i namo{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to cry, make noise (of animals){\u8217\'92}. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i nawoih}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i nawoo{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}ana{\u331\'20}at}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}ana{\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 || Tb }{\plain \fs24 \i ana{\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - (Voegelin 1935:169)\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}{\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}a{\u331\'20}i }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to cry about someone or something{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Op }{\plain \fs24 \i narak}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i nal{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i nar{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The Numic terms in (33) come from languages that belong to the Central subdivision of the \softline subfamily, and all are the non-singular suppletive forms of the verb {\u8216\'91}to cry{\u8217\'92}, which can be \softline reconstructed for Proto-Numic as *yaka (Stubbs 2011: #610). The initial syllable }{\plain \fs24 \i na}{\plain \fs24 - may be cognate with the }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a- }{\plain \fs24 in the Takic languages, while the following two syllables in the Numic \softline forms may be a separate morpheme related to terms in these Numic languages for {\u8216\'91}bark{\u8217\'92} or \softline {\u8216\'91}howl{\u8217\'92}: TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i wohi}{\plain \fs24 , WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i wo{\u660\'20}ai}{\plain \fs24 , Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i woor{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 . The proposed cognates from other languages in \softline (32) and (33) also show the expected correspondences only for the initial syllable *{\u331\'20}a-, \softline suggesting considerable reinterpretation of the etyma from which they presumably derived.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab An additional cognate set that is relevant to analyzing the velar nasal in PUA involves a \softline locative morpheme that is encountered throughout the UA language family as a bound or \softline unbound postposition. It shows the same correspondences of initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - and }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - seen in word-initial \softline position. \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (34)\ul0 \tab [Locative postposition]. PUA **{\u331\'20}a-\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP(T) -}{\plain \fs24 \i na }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}from, out from{\u8217\'92} (Thornes 2003: 229). NP -}{\plain \fs24 \i nakwa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}side{\u8217\'92}. NP \softline -}{\plain \fs24 \i nakwaana }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}from direction{\u8217\'92}. TSh -}{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u331\'20}kwa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}in the direction of, beside{\u8217\'92}. Cm -}{\plain \fs24 \i nakw{\u239\'20} \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}side, direction{\u8217\'92}. SP -}{\plain \fs24 \i na{\u331\'20}kwa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}direction{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}aqw }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}from, away from, inside of{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u225\'e1}-{\u331\'20}ax}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}on or by the side of, near{\u8217\'92}. Cp -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}in, in the way that{\u8217\'92}. Cp -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}ax \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}from, because of{\u8217\'92}. Cp -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a{\u660\'20}aw }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}on, on top of{\u8217\'92}. Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}in, inside, about, by, on, at, to{\u8217\'92}. \softline Kt -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a{}{\plain \fs24 \super 20{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {20. }{}{\plain \fs24 Anderton (1988:436) does not gloss Kt -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 , simply noting that it is a {\u8220\'93}locative suffix used in \softline placenames and {\u8216\'91}left{\u8217\'92} and {\u8216\'91}right{\u8217\'92}.{\u8221\'94} She (1988:146) suggests, following Harrington, that it may be \softline a loan from other Takic languages, specifically Gabrielino or Fernande{\u241\'20}o.}}} }{\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq-Az -}{\plain \fs24 \i napo }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}near{\u8217\'92}. Wr -}{\plain \fs24 \i na }{\plain \fs24 ~ -}{\plain \fs24 \i ena }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}on this side, closer{\u8217\'92}. Rr -}{\plain \fs24 \i na }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}towards{\u8217\'92} [}{\plain \fs24 \i aki-n{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \softline {\u8216\'91}towards here{\u8217\'92}, }{\plain \fs24 \i wami-n{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}towards there{\u8217\'92}]. \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : -}{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}towards{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 Cr =}{\plain \fs24 \i na}{\plain \fs24 [an enclitic that marks a particular point in space or time (Casad \softline 1977:229-230)]. Wc -}{\plain \fs24 \i na}{\plain \fs24 [bound locative postposition: }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u233\'e9}-na}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}here{\u8217\'92}, }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u225\'e1}-na}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}there{\u8217\'92}]\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl -}{\plain \fs24 \i nal }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}across, through, to the other side{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 A shift of *{\u331\'20}- to }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in Numic postpositions is suggested by the retention of /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / in the morpheme \softline -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 - when it occurs in independent words, for example, NP }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u331\'20}aad{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}high{\u8217\'92} and TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i pa{\u331\'20}e }{\plain \fs24 [< \softline *pa{\u331\'20}ai] {\u8216\'91}up{\u8217\'92}, both of which are cognate with the Tubatulabal locative }{\plain \fs24 \i paa{\u331\'20}a }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}up; above{\u8217\'92}.\par }{\plain \fs24 \ul0 \tab The final three sets presented in this section have cognates only in Hopi and some Takic \softline languages.}{\plain \fs24 \scaps \par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (35)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to coil{\u8217\'92}. PNUA *{\u331\'20}awi\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}awi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}coil, skein, strand (n){\u8217\'92}. Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}awita }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be coiling, be making into strands, \softline skeins{\u8217\'92} \par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}we }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to coil, as rope{\u8217\'92}. Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}wi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to coil, tangle{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (36)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to sway{\u8217\'92}. PNUA *{\u331\'20}aya\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}ay{\u224\'20}mti }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}shift, sway, rock (one movement){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}ya }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to shake head{\u8217\'92}. Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}ye }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to shake head{\u8217\'92}. Ls(B) }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}ya }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be winnowed \softline with a rotary movement{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-540\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (37)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to gnaw{\u8217\'92}. PNUA *{\u331\'20}{\u239\'20}ri\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : Hp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u239\'20}rita }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be gnawing{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li900\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}{\u243\'f3}:li }{\plain \fs24 [< *{\u331\'20}{\u239\'20}:li] {\u8216\'91}to gnaw{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx900\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 5 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \i 4.4. Discussion}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 The regular correspondence in medial position of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - is documented in eight \softline cognate sets that, when combined, include cognates from all the UA subfamilies (see Table 5). These sets, together with those considered in sections 2 and 3, support the reconstruction of \softline medial *-{\u331\'20}-, *-n-, and *-r- for Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan but only medial *-n- and *-r- for \softline Proto-Southern Uto-Aztecan (see Table 6).\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 6 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The most likely source of PNUA medial *-{\u331\'20}- is PUA *-{\u331\'20}-, but Hill (2011) favors an \softline alternative source. She supports a perspective suggested to her by Manaster Ramer: that PNUA \softline *-{\u331\'20}- derives from PUA **-n-, with PNUA *-n- deriving from PUA **-r-, which she represents \softline as **-l/r-. However, PNUA *-n- could not reflect PUA *-r- because of the regular \softline correspondence of -r/l- in both SUA languages and all NUA languages except Numic (see \softline section 2). With PUA **-r/l- eliminated as the source for PNUA *-n-, PNUA *-n- would derive \softline from PUA *-n-, given the regular correspondence of -n- :: -n- in all the NUA languages [see sets \softline (16) to (20) in section 3.1].{}{\plain \fs24 \super 21{\footnote \pard \fs24 {21. }{}{\plain \fs24 PNUA *-{\u331\'20}- obviously cannot be interpreted as a PNUA innovation. It is attested in NUA \softline words with clear cognates in the SUA languages, which document the regular correspondence of \softline NUA -{\u331\'20}- :: SUA -n- (see section 4.1).\par }\pard \fs24\sa240 }}} {\plain \fs24 It is improbable that PUA **-n- is doubly reflected in PNUA \softline because PNUA *-n- and *-{\u331\'20}- occur in overlapping intervocalic contexts. In Table 7, I present all \softline the etyma that can definitely be reconstructed for PNUA in which PNUA intervocalic *-{\u331\'20}- and \softline *-n- appear. The table shows that both *-{\u331\'20}- and *-n- can be reconstructed following *a, *{\u239\'20}, *o, \softline and *u and preceding *a, *i. Neither can be reconstructed before *u. The only difference in their \softline intervocalic distribution is that *-n- cannot be reconstructed following /i/ or preceding /o/ and \softline *{\u331\'20}- cannot be reconstructed preceding /{\u239\'20}/. \par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 7 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The evidence that the velar nasal occurred in initial position in PNUA is far less robust than that indicating its occurrence in medial position: initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - is attested only in Hopi and the Takic \softline languages and only preceding reflexes of *a (32-36), *{\u239\'20} (37), *o (31). Nonetheless, the \softline reconstruction of PNUA initial *{\u331\'20}- seems to be necessary because no other source for initial }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - \softline in Hopi and Takic exists. A shift of PNUA initial *n- to Hopi and Takic initial -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 is precluded by \softline the fact that they occur in the same contexts (Kaufman and Justeson 2009: 225; see section 3.2). \softline In fact, both initial *n- and *{\u331\'20}- can be reconstucted before *a, {\u239\'20}, and *o and neither can be \softline reconstructed before *i or *u [see sets (21) to (23) and sets (31) to (33)].\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The most likely scenario is that the velar nasal occurred in initial and medial position in both \softline PUA, PNUA and early PSUA, being retained in both positions in Hopi and the Takic languages, \softline in medial position only in Tubatulabal and the Numic languages, and in neither position in \softline PSUA. The geographical proximity of Tubatulabal and Numic speakers raises the possibility that \softline the shift of PNUA initial *{\u331\'20}- to n- was an areal phenomenon. The same shift in PSUA is best \softline interpreted as a parallel but independent innovation that involved the merging of PUA **{\u331\'20} with \softline PSUA *n in all contexts.\par }{\plain \fs24 \b 5. Counterevidence}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 By my analysis, all attestations of medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in SUA reflexes of PUA etyma languages should \softline derive from PUA **-{\u331\'20}-. The principal challenge to this perspective is presented by a few cases in \softline which cognates in both NUA and SUA languages show -n- (Dakin 2001:325; Dakin 2007:298; \softline Stubbs 2011:20-24).\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Stubbs (2011:24, passim) has noted the possible correspondence of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in \softline several cognate sets, which I have analyzed to determine if an explanation for them can be \softline provided. Sets in which the NUA terms come exclusively from Numic languages in which -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - \softline shifted to -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - can be eliminated because they could represent the correspondence of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -, for example, Kawaiisu }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}{\u660\'20}niya}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to trap{\u8217\'92} and Southern Tepehuan }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}{\u660\'20}{\u241\'20}ja}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to set a trap{\u8217\'92} \softline (Stubbs 2011:#2407) (see section 4.2). Also excluded for the same reason are sets that involve \softline postpositions in Tubatulabal and the Numic languages (see set 34 above). Six examples remain \softline that cannot be as easily dismissed. \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab For two of these sets, a single explanation can be proposed for the apparent correspondence \softline of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -: the medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - actually represents an initial }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in a morpheme that is \softline preceded by a monosyllabic root, in which case the regular correspondence of NUA }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and SUA \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - is encountered (Kaufman 1981:162-163).\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (38a)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}son-in-law{\u8217\'92}{}{\plain \fs24 \super 22{\footnote \pard \fs24 {22. }{}{\plain \fs24 A similar term is }{\plain \fs24 Ca -}{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}kiw{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}son-in-law{\u8217\'92}. Although Cahuilla /}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / is the regular \softline correspondence of **o as well as **i, Ca -}{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}kiw{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 may not be cognate with the kinterms in \softline (38a) (Jane Hill, personal communication, 2011). It presumably is related to Ca(SH) }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u237\'ed}{\u241\'20}ik{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 \softline {\u8216\'91}relative{\u8217\'92}, with the medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - resulting from the assimilation of -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - to -}{\plain \fs24 \i k}{\plain \fs24 - in a -}{\plain \fs24 \i nk}{\plain \fs24 - cluster created \softline by vowel syncope. Such assimilation, however, appears not to be inevitable in Cahuilla, e.g., \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i hunkat }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}elderberry{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\sa240 }}} {\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i monapp{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i mono}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i monna}{\plain \fs24 -\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u246\'f6}{\u660\'20}{\u246\'f6}na{\u331\'20}w}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}son-in-law, in-marrying male{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}one}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u243\'f3}{\u660\'20}one}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i mong}{\plain \fs24 \i\super w}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}n{\u233\'e9}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}n{\u233\'e9}}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i mu{\u660\'20}un}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}son-in-law, daughter-in-law, father-in-law{\u8217\'92}. Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i muune }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter{\u8217\'92}s \softline husband, wife{\u8217\'92}s father{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i mo:ntli}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i mu:nti}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The possibility that }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}o}{\plain \fs24 - or }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - represents a separate morpheme is suggested by terms for \softline other affinal relatives in some of these same languages:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (38b)\ul0 \tab [affinal relative]\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u246\'f6}{\u660\'20}wi}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter-in-law; sister-in-law{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}{\u243\'f3}ri}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter-in-law{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i mo{\u660\'20}or{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter-in-law{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i mu{\u660\'20}ee}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}husband{\u8217\'92}s parent, son{\u8217\'92}s wife{\u8217\'92} (Grimes and Grimes 1962:110).\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab Separate morphemes may also be involved in the next set, which includes cognates in Hopi \softline and Yaqui-Mayo only:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (39a)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to make a circuit around{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u246\'f6}n{\u236\'20}lti }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to make a circuit, go all the way around{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq-Az }{\plain \fs24 \i konte }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go around, surround (vi){\u8217\'92}. Yq-Az }{\plain \fs24 \i konta }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to surround (vt){\u8217\'92}. Yq \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i konila}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}around{\u8217\'92}. My }{\plain \fs24 \i ko{\u243\'f3}nte }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to go around{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Both Hopi and Yaqui-Mayo include semantically related words that show }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u246\'f6}}{\plain \fs24 - ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i ko}{\plain \fs24 - followed by \softline elements that do not include -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -, and related words in the Numic languages and Nahuatl show \softline the regular correspondence of NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - and Nahuatl -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (39b) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps \ul0 \tab \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u246\'f6}vivita }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be whirling, swirling about{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq-Az }{\plain \fs24 \i kowila }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}around (circumference){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li360\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (39c)\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i qooni }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to return (vi){\u8217\'92}. WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i kooni }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to come and go{\u8217\'92}. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i koonih \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}curved, bent{\u8217\'92}. Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i koonit{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to turn around{\u8217\'92}. SP }{\plain \fs24 \i koonni }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to return, come back by the \softline same road{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i ko:liwi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to curve, to turn{\u8217\'92}. Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i ko:loa: }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to twist, change direction{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 In the remaining four sets, the medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - appears to occur within disyllabic morphemes:\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (40)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}thin, flat{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i kanah }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}thin (of an animal or person){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i kana:wak }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}something flat and thin{\u8217\'92} \par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (41)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}hill{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : SP }{\plain \fs24 \i tonnokki{\u269\'e8}i }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tunnukki{\u269\'e8}i }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}knoll, swell in the ground{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i toonk }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}ridge, dike{\u8217\'92}. Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i tonika }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}hill{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-1080\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab (42)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}to be{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i mannai }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be, to do{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i manek }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be situated (containers, liquids, or massed objects). My }{\plain \fs24 \i manne }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to \softline be (of a liquid or gathered objects){\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i man{\u237\'ed} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be, to exist{\u8217\'92}. Ed(L) }{\plain \fs24 \i mani }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be{\u8217\'92}. \softline Ed(L) }{\plain \fs24 \i mane }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be in a container{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i man{\u237\'ed} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be in a container{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Wc }{\plain \fs24 \i mana }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}put, hang, spread (plural objects){\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i mana }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to spread something out flat and smooth{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 (43)\ul0 \tab {\u8216\'91}younger sister{\u8217\'92}{}{\plain \fs24 \super 23{\footnote \pard \fs24\sa240 {23. }{}{\plain \fs24 As in (38) and (39), the initial }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i pi}{\plain \fs24 - here may represent a separate morpheme. This is \softline suggested by Ls -}{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u237\'ed}:t}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}younger sister{\u8217\'92} and Kt -}{\plain \fs24 \i pit }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}younger brother or sister{\u8217\'92} (cf. Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i pita-{\u269\'e8}}{\plain \fs24 \softline {\u8216\'91}youngest, last{\u8217\'92}), as well as Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u660\'20}-tli}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}older sister (female speaker){\u8217\'92}.}}} }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u239\'20}ni}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20}i. WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u239\'20}ni}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20}\par }\pard \fs24\li1080\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i v{\u237\'ed}ng}{\plain \fs24 \i\super w}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i pin{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i bin{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The distribution of the cognates among the UA subfamilies in (40) to (43) may provide a \softline key to explaining the NUA -n- :: SUA -n- correspondence they appear to document. The NUA \softline cognates come only from Numic languages, in the case of each set from a single subdivision, but \softline with all three Numic subdivisions represented, while the SUA cognates are from languages in \softline four separate subfamilies; only the Tubar subfamily is not represented. I cannot offer a definitive \softline explanation for these sets, but a plausible possibility is that the -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - in the Numic cognates actually derives from -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 -, as discussed in section 4.2. This possibility is especially likely in the \softline case of (43), given the phonological and semantic similarities of the Northern Paiute and \softline Western Mono terms to Timbisha Shoshone }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u331\'20}{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}youngest sibling{\u8217\'92} and Chemehuevi }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u331\'20}at{\u239\'20}m}{\plain \fs24 \softline {\u8216\'91}youngest{\u8217\'92} (see set 28). }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 \b 6. Conclusion}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 In his overview of the Uto-Aztecan language family, Campbell (1997:136-137) notes that Uto-Aztecan historical linguists generally agree on the reconstruction for the Proto-Uto-Aztecan \softline phonemic inventory of five vowel phonemes **/i, a, {\u239\'20}, o, u/ and eleven consonant phonemes \softline **/p, t, c, k, k}{\plain \fs24 \super w}{\plain \fs24 , {\u660\'20}, s, h, m, w, y/, disagreeing only on how best to reconstruct the PUA consonants \softline that are reflected in the UA daughter languages as /{\u331\'20}, n, r, l/. The data and analyzes presented in \softline this essay support the model shown in Table 8, which I propose as the most parsimonius \softline resolution of the issue.\par }{\plain \fs24 [Insert Table 8 about here]\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab In this model, PUA **{\u331\'20} and **n are reconstructed in both initial and medial positions with \softline no allophones, while **r is reconstructed only in medial position but with **[r] and **[l] as its \softline allophones. All three PUA phonemes were retained in Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan and early \softline Proto-Southern Uto-Aztecan, but during the period when the PSUA speech community was still \softline intact, PSUA medial *-n- merged with pre-existing *-r- and the velar nasal *{\u331\'20} shifted to *n in all \softline positions. Because these sound changes are documented in all the SUA languages, they can be \softline identified as shared phonological innovations that establish the genetic unity of these languages \softline and the existence of Proto-Southern Uto-Aztecan as the common ancestral language out of \softline which they emerged.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab During the course of the diversification of the SUA languages, the most significant changes that occurred in these phonemes were the phonemicization of the allophones of *-r- in Yaqui, \softline Mayo, and the Tepiman languages and the loss of either [-}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -] or [-}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -] in Eudeve, Huichol, and the \softline Aztecan languages. Similar changes took place in the NUA languages, with one major \softline exception: PUA **-r- apparently merged with pre-existing *-n- in Proto-Numic. Although the \softline evidence for this innovation is limited, its postulation accounts for the absence of a liquid \softline phoneme in the Numic languages, just as the shift of PUA **{\u331\'20} to *n in PSUA accounts for the \softline absence of the velar nasal in the SUA languages. In the NUA languages, initial *{\u331\'20}- merged with \softline *n- in Tubatulabal and the Numic languages while medial *-{\u331\'20}- was retained in all subfamilies, \softline although a shift from medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - to -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - also occurred in some Numic languages. The overall trend \softline toward the loss of the velar nasal throughout the UA language family suggests that it was an \softline unstable consonant. In contrast, the loss of a liquid phoneme in the Numic languages is atypical, \softline not only for Uto-Aztecan but for languages around the world (Maddieson 2011). \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Apart from contributing to a clarification of the PUA phonemic inventory, this analysis \softline establishes Proto-Southern Uto-Aztecan as a first-level daughter language of PUA coordinate \softline with Proto-Northern Uto-Aztecan. The principal implication of demonstrating that PSUA and \softline PNUA were coordinate intermediary languages is that a split of PUA into two branches can be \softline identified as the first step in the diversification of the language family. Both phonological and \softline lexical data suggest that, following this split, the NUA and SUA branches diversified \softline independently although, as noted in section 2.2, some interaction may have occurred among \softline speakers of the southernmost NUA languages and the northernmost SUA languages (Miller \softline 1984; Cortina-Borja and Vali{\u241\'20}as C. 1989; Fowler 1983; Vali{\u241\'20}as Coalla 2000; Cortina-Borja, et \softline al. 2002). In contrast, the internal diversification of the NUA and SUA branches likely involved \softline considerable interaction among speakers of languages and dialects belonging to different genetically related subgroups (Shaul 1983; Babel, et al., n.d.).\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab Babel, et. al. (n.d.) propose that the diffusion of linguistic innovations across language \softline boundaries was a significant factor in the differentiation of the Numic subdivisions. The shift of \softline initial **{\u331\'20}- to *n- in Tubatulabal and the Numic languages may indicate that such diffusion \softline occurred across subfamily boundaries, another instance of which could be the shift of medial \softline **-t- to *-l- that Tubatulabal shares with the Cupan subdivision of the Takic subfamily (Hill \softline 2011). A comparable example from the SUA branch involves the Tepiman and Taracahitan \softline languages. Tepiman is defined as a genetic unit based on a number of innovations in its \softline consonant phonemes and by the retention of */{\u239\'20}/, which shifted to /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 / or /}{\plain \fs24 \i e}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / in all the other \softline SUA subfamilies. Yet, Tepiman shares some of the consonant innovations with neighboring \softline Taracahitan languages, for example *w > /}{\plain \fs24 \i g}{\plain \fs24 /, *y > /}{\plain \fs24 \i d}{\plain \fs24 /, and *k}{\plain \fs24 \super w}{\plain \fs24 > /}{\plain \fs24 \i b}{\plain \fs24 /, all three of which also are \softline found in Eudeve and {\u211\'d3}pata (Shaul 1983:97-99; 2010:270-271).\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab In general, the distribution of phonological innovations within and among genetically related \softline subgroups of the UA language family indicates that some innovations diffused across linguistic \softline boundaries while others did not. This pattern implies alternating periods of interaction and \softline isolation. In addition, the status as lingua franca of Nahuatl and probably one or more of the \softline Tepiman languages (Riley 1971) could have led to the diffusion of innovations in them to other \softline UA languages without innovations in these languages diffusing at all. Multilingualism of \softline speakers of adjacent languages also would have created the conditions in which selective \softline diffusion of innovations between the languages could have taken place. Recognizing the range of \softline possibilities is crucial in defining more precisely the internal structure of the UA language \softline family and to reconstructing the processes that produced it.\par }{\plain \fs24 \par }\page \pard \fs24\qc\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \b Appendix 1\par }{\plain \fs24 \b Language Abbreviations and Sources}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx1080\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 Ca = Cahuilla: Seiler and Hioko 1979\par }{\plain \fs24 Ch = Chemehuevi: Press 1979\par }{\plain \fs24 Cm = Comanche: Robinson and Armagost 1990\par }{\plain \fs24 Cp = Cupe{\u241\'20}o: Hill and Nolasquez 1973\par }{\plain \fs24 Cr = Cora: McMahon and McMahon 1959\par }{\plain \fs24 Cr(O) = Cora: Ortega 1860 [1732]\par }{\plain \fs24 Cr(P) = Cora: Preuss 1934\par }{\plain \fs24 Ed = Eudeve: Pennington (ed.) 1981\par }{\plain \fs24 Ed(L) = Eudeve: Lionnet 1986\par }{\plain \fs24 EMn = Eastern Mono: Steward 1933\par }{\plain \fs24 ESh = Eastern Shoshone: Davis 1966\par }{\plain \fs24 Hc = Huichol: McIntosh and Grimes 1954\par }{\plain \fs24 Hp = Hopi: Hopi Dictionary Project 1998\par }{\plain \fs24 Kt = Kitanemuk: Anderton 1988\par }{\plain \fs24 Kw = Kawaiisu: Zigmond, et al. 1991\par }{\plain \fs24 LP = Lower Pima: Bascom 1965\par }{\plain \fs24 Ls = Luise{\u241\'20}o: Elliott 1999\par }{\plain \fs24 Ls(B) = Luise{\u241\'20}o: Bright 1968\par }{\plain \fs24 My = Mayo: Collard and Collard 1962\par }{\plain \fs24 Na-Cl = Classical Nahuatl: Karttunen 1992\par }{\plain \fs24 NP = Northern Paiute: Liljeblad, et al., in press\par }{\plain \fs24 NP(T) = Northern Paiute: Thornes 2003\par }{\plain \fs24 NP-Y = Northern Paiute, Yerington: Poldevaart (ed.) 1987\par }{\plain \fs24 NSh = Northern Shoshone: Christopher Loether, personal communications, 2010-2012\par }{\plain \fs24 NT = Northern Tepehuan: Bascom 1965\par }{\plain \fs24 Nv = N{\u233\'e9}vome: Pennington (ed.) 1979\par }{\plain \fs24 Op = Opata: Lombardo 1702\par }{\plain \fs24 Po = Pochutec: Boas 1917\par }{\plain \fs24 Pp = Pipil: Campbell 1985\par }{\plain \fs24 PYp = Pima,Yepachi, Chihuahua: Shaul 1994\par }{\plain \fs24 Rr = Rar{\u225\'e1}muri: Brambila 1976\par }{\plain \fs24 SP = Southern Paiute: Sapir 1931\par }{\plain \fs24 ST = Southern Tepehuan: Bascom 1965\par }{\plain \fs24 SUt = Southern Ute: Giv{\u243\'f3}n (ed.) 1979\par }{\plain \fs24 Tb = Tubatulabal: Munro and Mace 1995\par }{\plain \fs24 Tb(V) = Tubatulabal: Voegelin 1958\par }{\plain \fs24 Tbr = Tubar: Lionnet 1978\par }{\plain \fs24 To = Tohono O{\u660\'20}odham: Saxton, et al. 1983\par }{\plain \fs24 To(M) = Tohono O{\u660\'20}odham: Mathiot 1973\par }{\plain \fs24 TSh = Timbisha Shoshone: Dayley 1989\par }{\plain \fs24 TSh(M) = Timbisha Shoshone: McLaughlin 1987\par }{\plain \fs24 UP = Upper Pima: Bascom 1965\par }{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 WMn = Western Mono: Bethel, et al. 1993\par }{\plain \fs24 Wr = Warih{\u243\'f3}: Miller 1996\par }{\plain \fs24 WSh-B = Western Shoshone, Big Smokey Valley: Crapo 1976\par }{\plain \fs24 WSh-C = Western Shoshone, Cherry Creek: Crapo 1976\par }{\plain \fs24 WSh-D = Western Shoshone, Duck Valley: Crum and Dayley 1993\par }{\plain \fs24 WSh-G = Western Shoshone, Gosiute: Miller 1972\par }{\plain \fs24 WSh-R = Western Shoshone, Ruby Valley: Miller 1972\par }{\plain \fs24 Yq = Yaqui, Sonora: Estrada Fern{\u225\'e1}ndez, et al. 2004\par }{\plain \fs24 Yq-Az = Yaqui, Arizona: Molina, et al. 1999\par }{\plain \fs24 \par }\page \pard \fs24\qc\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \b Appendix 2\par }{\plain \fs24 \b Cognate Sets}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \tab The majority of the cognate sets presented here have been proposed in other studies of Uto-Aztecan historical linguistics. The principal published compilations of Uto-Aztecan cognate sets \softline are Voegelin, et al. (1962), Miller (1967), and Stubbs (2011). Stubbs (2011) is the most detailed \softline compilation, including numerous cognate sets not found in the other sources, as well as \softline additional cognates or resemblants for sets previously identified. The author also provides \softline analyses of the regular and irregular correspondences attested, cross-references to other relevant \softline sets, and an extensive bibliography of previous studies. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The cognate sets presented here are intended only to document regular correspondences, in \softline particular the three correspondences that are the focus of this essay: 1) NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i r/l}{\plain \fs24 - :: SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i r/l}{\plain \fs24 -; \softline 2) NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - :: SUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i r/l}{\plain \fs24 -; and 3) NUA -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - :: SUA /}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 /. I do not include reconstructions of the \softline etyma that the cognates reflect nor, in the case of some sets, all of the cognates attested in the \softline UA languages. In most instances, the cognates that I leave out can be found in Stubbs (2011). I \softline provide, in parentheses following the header gloss of each set, the number of the corresponding \softline set in Stubbs (2011).\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The words included in each cognate set show the regular correspondences expected of \softline cognates in the initial syllable or, in the case of disyllabic morphemes, in the initial syllable plus \softline the inital segment of the second syllable. Major deviations from the expected are noted in the \softline {\u8220\'93}Comments.{\u8221\'94} \ul0 \tab Glosses are given for individual cognates only when they deviate from the header \softline term or terms that I have assigned to the set. When a cognate has multiple referents and one \softline corresponds to that of the header, the other referents usually are not indicated. The principal \softline source of data for each language is the first source listed in appendix 1. Data from other sources are included when cognates are not attested in the principal sources or when the data differ \softline between the principal and secondary sources.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab My orthography corresponds to that of the Americanist phonetic notation, in which <c> \softline represents the voiceless alveolar affricate, <{\u269\'e8}> the voiceless post-alveolar and alveopalatal \softline affricates, and <{\u353\'9a}> the voiceless alveopalatal fricative. I retain the modern technical \softline orthographies developed for each of the languages considered with a few exceptions. I use <{\u351\'ba}> \softline to represent a voiceless retroflex sibilant and <{\u239\'20}> instead of <{\u616\'20}> as the grapheme for a high, \softline central or back unrounded vowel. I have adopted <{\u343\'20}> as the grapheme for the N{\u233\'e9}vome sound \softline represented in the original source with the digraph <rh>. In his study of Tubar, Lionnet (1978) \softline uses <o> as the symbol for an allophone of the phoneme /}{\plain \fs24 \i u}{\plain \fs24 / and <{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O(o,,)}}{\fldrslt }}> (o-comma overstrike) to \softline represent the phoneme /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 /. Here I represent the Tubar phoneme /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 / as <o>; there are no \softline attestations of the Tubar allophone of /}{\plain \fs24 \i u}{\plain \fs24 / in these sets. I retain Hill and Nolasquez{\u8217\'92}s use of <e> \softline to represent Cupe{\u241\'20}o /{\u601\'20}/.\par }{\plain \fs24 \tab For the most part, I use the citation forms of the original sources, which in the case of nouns \softline often include non-possessed ({\u8220\'93}absolutive{\u8221\'94}) noun suffixes. Here these suffixes are not separated \softline from the stems to which they are attached. Stress usually is indicated if it is marked in the \softline original sources or is relevant to the analysis. The grave accent in Third Mesa Hopi words \softline represents falling tone. Identical vowel sequences in Yaqui, Mayo, and the Tepiman languages \softline are retained as such: -VV-. Vowel length in Tubatulabal, Hopi, Luise{\u241\'20}o, Nahuatl, and Pipil is \softline denoted by a colon following the lengthened vowel: <-V:->. I eliminate initial glottal stops \softline preceding vowels except in the case of Tubatulabal verbs. \par }{\plain \fs24 \tab The cognates in each set are organized by subfamilies in the following order: 1) Numic \softline (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 ), 2) Tubatulabal (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 ), 3) Hopi (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 ), 4) Takic (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak)}{\plain \fs24 , 5) Tepiman (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 ), 6) Taracahitan (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Trc}{\plain \fs24 ), 7) Tubar (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 ), 8) Corachol (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Crc}{\plain \fs24 ), and (9) Aztecan (}{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 ). Most sets lack cognates from \softline several subfamilies, but the order and numbering are retained. The abbreviations for all of the \softline languages and subfamilies are found in appendix 1.\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b ASPEN}{\plain \fs24 (S-559). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i kaibas{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}abi }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kaibass{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}aabi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}quaking aspen{\u8217\'92} [}{\plain \fs24 \i kaiba}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}mountain{\u8217\'92} + \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}aabi}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}willow{\u8217\'92}]. NP-Y }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}{\u331\'20}abi}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}cottonwood{\u8217\'92}. EMn }{\plain \fs24 \i su{\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}ava }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}cottonwood{\u8217\'92}. TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}apin}{\plain \fs24 . \softline WSh-B }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}nkappin }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u237\'ed}nkapp{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}nnapin}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}nkapin }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}nnapin}{\plain \fs24 . NSh }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u239\'20}naa}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20}bi ~ \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i sanaa{\u660\'20}bi}{\plain \fs24 . ESh }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}na}{\plain \fs24 (Shimkin 1949:208). SP }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u353\'9a}{\u239\'20}{\u225\'e1}v{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}avi}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b BIRD}{\plain \fs24 (S-210). 1) Num: WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i coocoon{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20} {\u8216\'91}western bluebird{\u8217\'92}. 2) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i culu{\u353\'9a}t }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}woodpecker{\u8217\'92}. Tb \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}{\u239\'20}lust }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}type of woodpecker{\u8217\'92}. 3) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i co:ro }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bluebird, mountain bluebird{\u8217\'92}. 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i cu{\u660\'20}r{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 \softline {\u8216\'91}kind of blue bird with a long tail, perhaps a kind of jay{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i cu{\u660\'20}ruk{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bird (generic){\u8217\'92}. Rr \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}urug{\u237\'ed} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bird (generic){\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \b Comments}{\plain \fs24 : a) Based on the Hopi and Warih{\u243\'f3} words, PUA **cu{\u660\'20}ru \softline could be reconstructed as the label for some kind of {\u8216\'91}blue bird{\u8217\'92}. Hp /o/ :: Wr /u/ is a regular \softline correspondence, and while Warih{\u243\'f3} usually retains -}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 - as the reflex of an antecedent morpheme-internal, preconsonantal glottal stop, Hopi seldom does. b) This etymon is the best example I \softline have found for concluding that at least some PUA labels for {\u8216\'91}birds{\u8217\'92} could be onomatopoetic in \softline origin. Western Mono /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 / reflects PNUA *o, }{\plain \fs24 so WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i coocoon{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20} cannot be identified as a \softline cognate in this set. However, it is analyzed by Bethel, et al. (1993:261) as combining a sound-imitative stem, }{\plain \fs24 \i coocoo}{\plain \fs24 -, and the suffix -}{\plain \fs24 \i na}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20}, which denotes {\u8216\'91}it says X{\u8217\'92}, {\u8220\'93}X{\u8221\'94} being the sound \softline imitated in the stem. In Western Mono, this construction is not restricted to labels for birds. It \softline is attested, for example, in }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u225\'e1}{\u225\'e1}{\u660\'20}-na{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}mosquito{\u8217\'92} and in two different names for Bigfoot: \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i qasiqasi-n{\u225\'e1}{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}white-coated Bigfoot{\u8217\'92} and }{\plain \fs24 \i qauqau-n{\u225\'e1}{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}brown-coated Bigfoot{\u8217\'92}. According to \softline Bethel, et al. (1993:164-166), {\u8220\'93}}{\plain \fs24 \i qasiqasi}{\plain \fs24 {\u8221\'94} is the sound made by Bigfoot{\u8217\'92}s feet walking on snow and {\u8220\'93}}{\plain \fs24 \i qauqau}{\plain \fs24 {\u8221\'94} when the creature walks on dry leaves. c) It is impossible to determine if the \softline second syllable of the other words in this set could be reflexes of a PUA suffix **-ru with a \softline morphological function comparable to WMn -na{\u660\'20}. The final syllable in PUA **wiruku {\u8216\'91}turkey \softline vulture{\u8217\'92} [see (4)] definitely reconstructs as **-ru, but **-ri appears to be the required \softline reconstruction for the final syllables of **tukori {\u8216\'91}owl{\u8217\'92} [(3)] and **k{\u239\'20}ri {\u8216\'91}a kind of hawk{\u8217\'92} [(5)]. \softline Perhaps -}{\plain \fs24 \i ru}{\plain \fs24 - in reflexes of **cu{\u660\'20}ru and **wiruku is the result of vowel harmonization, and a \softline PUA onomatopoetic suffix should be reconstructed as **-ri or **-ti. It is suggestive that /}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 / is \softline the initial consonant of words meaning {\u8216\'91}to say{\u8217\'92}, {\u8216\'91}to talk{\u8217\'92}, or {\u8216\'91}mouth{\u8217\'92} in languages in all UA \softline subfamilies. In addition, intervocalic *-}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 - (as the initial /}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 / of a suffix would be) has shifted to \softline lenited *-}{\plain \fs24 \i r/l}{\plain \fs24 - in the ancestral languages of Tubatulabal and the Cupan subdivision of the Takic \softline subfamilies, and -}{\plain \fs24 \i t}{\plain \fs24 - continues to lenite in the Numic languages (Stubbs 2011: 15, passim, \softline #1876a - #1878, #1882; Bright and Hill 1968: 360; Voegelin, et al. 1962: 41, 63; McLaughlin \softline 1992:172). \par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b CHEST (OF THE BODY)}{\plain \fs24 (S-427). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i ni{\u331\'20}aab{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . EMn }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u250\'fa}{\u331\'20}ava}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}app{\u239\'20}h }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}rib cage \softline area just below the breasts{\u8217\'92}. WSh-B }{\plain \fs24 \i nenkapp{\u239\'20}h. }{\plain \fs24 WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}nkapp{\u239\'20}h }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}nnapp{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}nkapp{\u239\'20}h }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i y{\u239\'20}nkapp{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . NSh }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}nap{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . ESh }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}n{\u225\'e1}p{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}nap{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\u239\'20}{\u331\'20}ap{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SUt. }{\plain \fs24 \i n{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}av{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b CHILD}{\plain \fs24 (S-140). 3) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ma:na}{\plain \fs24 . 5) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i ma{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O(d)}}{\fldrslt }}}{\plain \fs24 ({\u239\'20}). PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i mar}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u225\'e1}r(a)}{\plain \fs24 . 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i ma{\u225\'e1}ra \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter (male speaker){\u8217\'92}. Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i ma{\u225\'e1}la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}mother{\u8217\'92}. Yq-Az }{\plain \fs24 \i maala }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter (male speaker), \softline mother{\u8217\'92}. My }{\plain \fs24 \i ma{\u225\'e1}la }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter (male speaker){\u8217\'92}. Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i m{\u225\'e1}rwa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter (male speaker){\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i mal{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 \softline {\u8216\'91}daughter{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i mar{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}daughter of a man{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b CONTAIN, CONTAINER}{\plain \fs24 (S-111). }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 1) Num}{\plain \fs24 : SP }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}i }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to put into{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}ata }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}put into a \softline rigid and/or enclosed container or structure{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 4) Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}atat }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bag, box, quiver, tobacco \softline bag{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 9) Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i ta:na{\u660\'20}tli}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}basket with a handle, woven of palm{\u8217\'92}. Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i ta:nah }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}traveling bag, bundle, pack{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \b FLY}{\plain \fs24 (S-43; S-915). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i a{\u331\'20}ibi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}gnats{\u8217\'92}. WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i an{\u237\'ed}pi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}big mosquito found in the \softline mountains{\u8217\'92}. TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i a{\u331\'20}ipi }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i a{\u331\'20}immuih}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-B }{\plain \fs24 \i anamuih }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i ankamuih}{\plain \fs24 . ESh }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u225\'e1}niwu{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 (Shimkin \softline 1949:203). Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i anivi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}gnat, fruitfly{\u8217\'92}. SP }{\plain \fs24 \i a{\u331\'20}{\u237\'ed}vi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}mosquito{\u8217\'92}. Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i a{\u331\'20}ivi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}gnat{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b FOOT, HOOF}{\plain \fs24 (S-937). 2) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i tana{\u660\'20}pit}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tana{\u660\'20}pil}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}little baby heel, knuckle{\u8217\'92}. 3) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i tana}{\plain \fs24 . 5) \softline }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O(d)}}{\fldrslt }}}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u343\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i tar}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u225\'e1}ra}{\plain \fs24 . 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i tar{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i tal{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}sole of the foot{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u341\'e0}ar{\u225\'e1} \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}foot, sole of the foot, footprint{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b GENTLE}{\plain \fs24 (S-2083). }{\plain \fs24 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i yuun}{\plain \fs24 -. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i yuun}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i yuni }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}soft, spongy{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 8) CrC}{\plain \fs24 : \softline Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i y{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}r{\u237\'ed}me }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}soft, tender, young{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \b HUSBAND}{\plain \fs24 (S-1240). }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 1) Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i kuma}{\plain \fs24 . EMn: }{\plain \fs24 \i g{\u250\'fa}ma{\u660\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}son{\u8217\'92}s wife{\u8217\'92}s father, daughter{\u8217\'92}s \softline husband{\u8217\'92}s father (female speaker){\u8217\'92}. WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u250\'fa}wa}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhma}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhma}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kuha }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}male, \softline gelding{\u8217\'92}. WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhmapp{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhapp{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}husband{\u8217\'92}. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhma }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kuha }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}husband, male \softline animal{\u8217\'92}. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhmahp{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}husband{\u8217\'92}. Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhma }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}male, man{\u8217\'92}. Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i kumahp{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20} ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kumahp{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u660\'20}. Kw \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i kuhma}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i kumm{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i kuma}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i kum{\u225\'e1}avi }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}macho{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 2) Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ku:{\u331\'20}an}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ko:{\u331\'20}ya}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 4) Tak}{\plain \fs24 : \softline Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u250\'fa}{\u331\'20}lu }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to propose to marry (of a woman); to have intercourse{\u8217\'92}. Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i ku{\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u250\'fa}:{\u331\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 5) Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i kun}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i kuna}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i kun}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u250\'fa}na}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i kun}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 6) TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i kuna}{\plain \fs24 . AYq }{\plain \fs24 \i kuuna}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i ku{\u250\'fa}na}{\plain \fs24 . Eu \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u250\'fa}ng}{\plain \fs24 \i\super w}{\plain \fs24 \i a}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i kun{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i kun{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 7) Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i kuna }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to marry (of a woman){\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 8) CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u239\'20}{\u239\'20}n}{\plain \fs24 . Wc }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u239\'20}na}{\plain \fs24 . \softline }{\plain \fs24 \b Comment}{\plain \fs24 : The Numic cognates reflect Proto-Numic *kuma, while all the other cognates \softline reflect PUA **ku{\u331\'20}a. Kaufman (1981:118, 237) interprets the *-m- in PNumic etymon as the \softline result of assimilation to the round vowel *u in the first syllable. Based on research in progress, \softline I reconstruct Proto-Central Numic(PCNumic) *kuhma and attribute the *h to a shift from \softline antecedent vowel length to preaspiration (*k{\u250\'fa}:mi > *kuhmi) that occurred in Proto-Eastern \softline Numic, the ancestral language that gave rise to Proto-Central Numic and Proto-Southern Numic (Freeze and Iannucci 1979; Babel, et al., n.d.). Central Numic -}{\plain \fs24 \i hC}{\plain \fs24 - clusters regularly \softline correspond with Southern Paiute lengthened (or {\u8220\'93}geminated{\u8221\'94}) consonants, including when \softline these clusters derive from vowel loss. An example of the latter is seen in (20): PNUA * k{\u225\'e1}hani \softline > PENumic *kahni > PCNumic *kahni > SP }{\plain \fs24 \i kann{\u237\'ed}}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-900\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b KNEE}{\plain \fs24 (S-941). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : EMn }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}adovo}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i tanab{\u243\'f3}do }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tanob{\u243\'f3}do }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tonob{\u243\'f3}do}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}app{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . \softline WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i tankapp{\u239\'20}h }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i tannapp{\u239\'20}h}{\plain \fs24 . NSh }{\plain \fs24 \i dannap{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . ESh }{\plain \fs24 \i tankap{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i tana}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i tanav{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}vi}{\plain \fs24 . \softline Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i ta{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u225\'e1}avi}{\plain \fs24 . 2) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i to{\u331\'20}o:l}{\plain \fs24 . 5) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i toon}{\plain \fs24 . Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i tona}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i toni}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i toona}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i toon}{\plain \fs24 . 6) \softline }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i tonom}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i t{\u243\'f3}nnom}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}foot{\u8217\'92}. Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u341\'e0}on{\u243\'f3} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}foot, leg{\u8217\'92}. 7) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i ton{\u243\'f3}r}{\plain \fs24 . 8) \softline }{\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i tun{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i tun{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b LOOK FOR}{\plain \fs24 (S-1898). }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 4) Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u225\'e1}l}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u225\'e1}le}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i h{\u225\'e1}:l}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 6) TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i har{\u237\'ed}wa}{\plain \fs24 . AYq }{\plain \fs24 \i hariwa}{\plain \fs24 . AYq \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i haliwaka }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to look for tracks{\u8217\'92}. My }{\plain \fs24 \i har{\u237\'ed}a}{\plain \fs24 . \par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b LUNG(S)}{\plain \fs24 (S-1409). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i so{\u331\'20}o}{\plain \fs24 . EMn }{\plain \fs24 \i j{\u365\'20}{\u331\'20} }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i j{\u243\'f3}no}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u243\'f3}no}{\plain \fs24 . TSh(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i so{\u331\'20}o}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i sonko }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i sonno}{\plain \fs24 . NSh }{\plain \fs24 \i soo{\u660\'20}woN}{\plain \fs24 . ESh }{\plain \fs24 \i soonko}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i soomo}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i soov{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i so{\u243\'f3}vi}{\plain \fs24 . Ch }{\plain \fs24 \i soovi}{\plain \fs24 . SUt \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\field{\*\fldinst{EQ \\O()}}{\fldrslt }}{\u246\'f6}v{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u353\'9a}o{\u331\'20}a{\u269\'e8}}{\plain \fs24 . 6) Taracahitan: Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i sono}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b NECKLACE}{\plain \fs24 (S-1505). 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u233\'e9}nxa}{\plain \fs24 (t). Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u237\'ed}nxat}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i q{\u233\'e9}nxat}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i konakat}{\plain \fs24 . 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i ko{\u243\'f3}kam}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i ko{\u243\'f3}kam}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u243\'f3}rka}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i kolok{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i gorog{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . 9) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i ko:skatl}{\plain \fs24 . Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i ku:skat}{\plain \fs24 . \softline }{\plain \fs24 \b Comments}{\plain \fs24 : a) The Yaqui and Mayo cognates show the loss of -r-. b) The occurrence of -}{\plain \fs24 \i s}{\plain \fs24 - \softline instead of -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in the Aztecan terms for {\u8216\'91}necklace{\u8217\'92} is an expected secondary development. In \softline Proto-Aztecan or an earlier post-PSUA ancestral language, the vowel following -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - was lost, \softline resulting in the juxtapositioning of -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - and -}{\plain \fs24 \i k}{\plain \fs24 - and the subsequent replacement of -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - by -}{\plain \fs24 \i s}{\plain \fs24 -. \softline The same vowel loss is encountered in the Eudeve cognate }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u243\'f3}rka }{\plain \fs24 but without the shift of -}{\plain \fs24 \i rk}{\plain \fs24 - \softline to -}{\plain \fs24 \i sk}{\plain \fs24 -.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b PITCH, GUM, GLUE, SAP}{\plain \fs24 (S-1634). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i sanapi}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i san{\u225\'e1}pi}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i sanappin}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-D }{\plain \fs24 \i sanappin}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i sanappin}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i sana }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}sticky{\u8217\'92}. Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i sanap{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i san{\u225\'e1}ppi }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i sann{\u225\'e1}ppi}{\plain \fs24 . Ch \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i sanapi}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i san{\u225\'e1}pi}{\plain \fs24 . 2) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i sa:nat}{\plain \fs24 . 3) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i sa:na}{\plain \fs24 . 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u225\'e1}anat}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i s{\u225\'e1}anat}{\plain \fs24 . Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u351\'ba}{\u225\'e1}:nat}{\plain \fs24 . \softline Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i hanat }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}tar{\u8217\'92}. 9) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i sa:loaa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to glue{\u8217\'92}. Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i sa:luaa }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to glue{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b POUR}{\plain \fs24 (S-2319). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i payunit{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}pour water on{\u8217\'92}. Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i yuni{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i y{\u239\'20}ni{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i yun{\u225\'e1}y }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to \softline scatter, put (plural objects). 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i yun{\u237\'ed}{\u660\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to sprinkle{\u8217\'92}. 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i d{\u250\'fa}ridaan }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be \softline emptied{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i yu{\u660\'20}rip{\u250\'fa}na}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to empty, throw out a liquid{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \b Comment}{\plain \fs24 : The initial syllable }{\plain \fs24 \i pa}{\plain \fs24 - in \softline Comanche }{\plain \fs24 \i payunit{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 is the reflex of the PUA etymon for {\u8216\'91}water{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b PULVERIZE}{\plain \fs24 (S-1080). }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i pi:{\u331\'20}ya}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 4) Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i p{\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to get pulverized, to grind{\u8217\'92}. Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i pi{\u331\'20}an \softline }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to crumble (vi){\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 9) Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i pinolli }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}flour, something ground{\u8217\'92}. Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i pinu(u)l}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}powder or \softline flour for eating or drinking{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b RING, RATTLE}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 2) Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i halala:{\u660\'20}{\u239\'20}t}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}ahalala:}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to rattle{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i qalalata}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to be ringing, \softline clanking, clacking, clinking, tinkling{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 4) Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u225\'e1}:ri}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}}{\plain \fs26 \fs26 to ring, }{\plain \fs24 croak, }{\plain \fs26 \fs26 belch}{\plain \fs24 {\u8217\'92} }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 9) Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i kala:ni}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to jingle, rattle{\u8217\'92}. Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i kakalaka}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to rattle{\u8217\'92}\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b SALT}{\plain \fs24 (S-1865). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u331\'20}abi}{\plain \fs24 . EMn }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u331\'20}{\u225\'e1}vi}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i om{\u225\'e1}bi}{\plain \fs24 . TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u331\'20}wapi}{\plain \fs24 . WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i onapin}{\plain \fs24 . \softline NSh }{\plain \fs24 \i onaa{\u660\'20}bi}{\plain \fs24 . ESh }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u243\'f3}naabi}{\plain \fs24 . Cm }{\plain \fs24 \i onaabi}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i owavi}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u225\'e1}vi}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u246\'f6}{\u225\'e1}vi}{\plain \fs24 . 2) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i u{\u331\'20}a:l}{\plain \fs24 . 3) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u246\'f6}:{\u331\'20}a}{\plain \fs24 . 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}il}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 . Cp }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}{\u331\'20}eyu }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to salt{\u8217\'92}. Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u233\'e9}{\u331\'20}la}{\plain \fs24 . 5) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i on. }{\plain \fs24 Nv }{\plain \fs24 \i ona}{\plain \fs24 . PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i ona}{\plain \fs24 . NT }{\plain \fs24 \i onai}{\plain \fs24 . \softline ST }{\plain \fs24 \i on. }{\plain \fs24 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u243\'f3}na}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i o{\u243\'f3}na}{\plain \fs24 . Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i on{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 . Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i won{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i on{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i kon{\u225\'e1} }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i non{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 . 7) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i on{\u225\'e1}t}{\plain \fs24 . 8) \softline }{\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i un{\u225\'e1}h}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u250\'fa}na}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b SCOOP}{\plain \fs24 . 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP-Y }{\plain \fs24 \i yu{\u331\'20}a{\u660\'20}hu}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to scoop fish{\u8217\'92}. TSh }{\plain \fs24 \i yu{\u331\'20}wah }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to scoop or dip up{\u8217\'92}. WSh-D \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i yunnah }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to scoop or dip a liquid, to ladle{\u8217\'92}. WSh-G }{\plain \fs24 \i yunnah }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to scoop or dip up a liquid{\u8217\'92}. Cm \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i yunar{\u239\'20} }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to skim from the surface{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b SHAKE, SWING}{\plain \fs24 (S-1928). 2) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i wiliko{\u660\'20}yat}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}iwilikooy}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to swing{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i wi:wila}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to shake, swing or wave around{\u8217\'92}. 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Tbr }{\plain \fs24 \i wimwir{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to shake, tremble{\u8217\'92}.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b SMALL}{\plain \fs24 (S-1356). 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}ni{\u353\'9a}il}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u237\'ed}ni{\u353\'9a}mal }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}small one{\u8217\'92}. Ls}{\plain \fs24 \i al{\u250\'fa}{\u660\'20}mal}{\plain \fs24 . Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i anuci{\u660\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}small; baby, \softline little finger{\u8217\'92}. 5) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i al }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}little{\u8217\'92}. To }{\plain \fs24 \i ali }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}baby, child{\u8217\'92}. PYp }{\plain \fs24 \i la{\u660\'20}ali}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i lahali}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}boy, youth{\u8217\'92}. NT \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u225\'e1}li}{\plain \fs24 . ST }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u225\'e1}lyii}{\plain \fs24 . 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i ili}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i ili{\u269\'e8}i }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i ili{\u660\'20}i{\u269\'e8}i}{\plain \fs24 . }{\plain \fs24 \b Comment}{\plain \fs24 : The -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in the Luise{\u241\'20}o term probably \softline is a secondary development in which -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - was denasalized to -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 -. A similar denasalization of -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 - \softline is attested in the Luise{\u241\'20}o term }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}{\u243\'f3}ri }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to roll{\u8217\'92}, which is derived from PCupan *{\u269\'e8}{\u239\'20}n{\u239\'20}. The other \softline Cupan cognates are Cahuilla }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}{\u233\'e9}nen }{\plain \fs24 and Cupe{\u241\'20}o }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u269\'e8}{\u233\'e9}ne}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b SWALLOW}{\plain \fs24 (S-785). }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 2) Tub}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i welehat }{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u660\'20}eweleh.}{\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i kwelok}{\plain \fs24 - {\u8216\'91}sample by tasting{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 6) TrC}{\plain \fs24 : \softline Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i b{\u233\'e9}ru{\u660\'20}u}{\plain \fs24 . \par }\pard \fs24\fi-180\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b THINK}{\plain \fs24 (S-2284). }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 3) Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}{\u660\'20}na}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to recall, remember{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 4) Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Ca }{\plain \fs24 \i e{\u660\'20}nan}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to know, recognize, \softline learn, find out{\u8217\'92}. Ls }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u243\'f3}{\u660\'20}na}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to know, recognize, be acquainted with{\u8217\'92}. Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}n }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to know, know how, \softline understand{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 5) Tep}{\plain \fs24 : To }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}li{\u240\'20}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think (about), decide, conclude, wish{\u8217\'92}. NT }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}l{\u237\'ed}{\u237\'ed}d{\u239\'20}i}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think, \softline believe, want{\u8217\'92}. ST }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}l}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 \i iid}{\plain \fs24 \i\super y}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think{\u8217\'92}. 6) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i ea}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think, reflect, want{\u8217\'92}. My }{\plain \fs24 \i eiya}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think{\u8217\'92}. \softline Ed }{\plain \fs24 \i er{\u225\'e1}m}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think, feel, want{\u8217\'92}. Wr }{\plain \fs24 \i e{\u660\'20}l{\u225\'e1}ni}{\plain \fs24 ~ }{\plain \fs24 \i elam{\u225\'e1}}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think about, think to be so, be concerned \softline about, be considerate{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 8) CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i {\u233\'e9}rie}{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to think, believe, feel{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \scaps 9) Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl }{\plain \fs24 \i ilna:miki }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to \softline remember, reflect on something{\u8217\'92}. Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i elna:miki }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}to remember{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \b Comments}{\plain \fs24 : a) The Yaqui \softline cognate shows the loss of -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 -. b) In the Mayo cognate, the /}{\plain \fs24 \i i}{\plain \fs24 / is unexpected while the /}{\plain \fs24 \i y}{\plain \fs24 / is \softline inserted to break up a three-vowel cluster.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-900\li180\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b TURKEY VULTURE}{\plain \fs24 (S-343). 1) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Num}{\plain \fs24 : NP }{\plain \fs24 \i wiho}{\plain \fs24 . EMn }{\plain \fs24 \i wih{\u243\'f3}pi}{\plain \fs24 . WMn }{\plain \fs24 \i w{\u237\'ed}ho}{\plain \fs24 . Mn }{\plain \fs24 \i wiho}{\plain \fs24 . TSh \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i wihnumpicci}{\plain \fs24 . TSh(M) }{\plain \fs24 \i wihumpiccih}{\plain \fs24 . Kw }{\plain \fs24 \i wikumahaazi}{\plain \fs24 . SP }{\plain \fs24 \i wikkump{\u239\'20}ci}{\plain \fs24 . SUt }{\plain \fs24 \i w}{\plain \fs24 \i\ul h}{\plain \fs24 \i k{\u250\'fa}ciget{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . 2) \softline }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tub}{\plain \fs24 : Tb(V) }{\plain \fs24 \i wi{\u353\'9a}okombi{\u353\'9a}t }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}song of the turkey buzzard{\u8217\'92}. 3) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Hop}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i wisoko}{\plain \fs24 . 4) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tak}{\plain \fs24 : Kt }{\plain \fs24 \i wirukuht}{\plain \fs24 . 6) \softline }{\plain \fs24 \scaps TrC}{\plain \fs24 : Yq }{\plain \fs24 \i wi{\u237\'ed}ru}{\plain \fs24 . My }{\plain \fs24 \i wi{\u237\'ed}ru}{\plain \fs24 . Rr }{\plain \fs24 \i wir{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 . 7) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Tbr}{\plain \fs24 : }{\plain \fs24 \i wil{\u250\'fa}}{\plain \fs24 . 8) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps CrC}{\plain \fs24 : Cr }{\plain \fs24 \i visk{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . Hc }{\plain \fs24 \i wir{\u239\'20}k{\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 . 9) }{\plain \fs24 \scaps Azt}{\plain \fs24 : Na-Cl \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i wi:lo:tl }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}dove{\u8217\'92}. Pp }{\plain \fs24 \i wi:lut }{\plain \fs24 {\u8216\'91}bird, dove{\u8217\'92}. }{\plain \fs24 \b Comments}{\plain \fs24 : a) PUA **wiruku can be reconstructed based on the Kitanemuk and Huichol cognates; Huichol /}{\plain \fs24 \i {\u239\'20}}{\plain \fs24 / reflects PUA **u. b) Except for the \softline medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i s}{\plain \fs24 -, the Hopi term corresponds precisely to the Kitanemuk and Huichol terms (Hopi /}{\plain \fs24 \i o}{\plain \fs24 / \softline is the reflex of PUA **u), but a shift of medial *-r- to Hopi -s- is unusual, suggesting that it is \softline not cognate. c) The distinct referents of the Aztecan terms also raise doubts about their \softline cognacy, despite their phonological similarities to **wiruku (Jane Hill, personal \softline communication 2011). d) The Numic terms show a variety of secondary developments, \softline including the shift of the intervocalic *-r- to other consonants and the loss of the final or \softline medial syllables. A medial -}{\plain \fs24 \i n}{\plain \fs24 -, postulated as the regular Numic correspondence of -}{\plain \fs24 \i r}{\plain \fs24 - or -}{\plain \fs24 \i l}{\plain \fs24 - in \softline the other UA languages, is attested only in Timbisha Shoshone.\par }\pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 \par }\page \pard \fs24\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 \b Acknowledgments}{\plain \fs24 \par }{\plain \fs24 [TO BE ADDED]\par }{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\qc\sl480\slmult1\tx-1260\tx-720\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360\tx10080\tx10800\tx11520\tx12240\tx12960\tx13680\tx14400\tx15120\tx15840\tx16560\tx17280\tx18000\tx18720 {\plain \fs24 }{\plain \fs24 \b References}{\plain \fs24 \par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Anderson, Gregory D.S.2011. The velar nasal. In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath \softline (eds.), }{\plain \fs24 \i The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}{\plain \fs24 . Munich: Max Planck Digital \softline Library, chapter 9. Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/9.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Anderton, Alice J. 1988. The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. University of \softline California, Los Angeles, Ph.D. diss.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Armagost, James L., and John E. McLaughlin. 1992. Taps and spirants in Numic languages. \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i Anthropological Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 34: 277{\u8211\'96}292.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Armagost, James L., and John E. McLaughlin. 1993. Numic [r] is not a spirant. }{\plain \fs24 \i Kansas Working \softline Papers in Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 18: 131{\u8211\'96}142.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Babel, Molly, Andrew Garrett, Michael J. Houser, and Maziar Toosarvandani. n.d. Descent and \softline diffusion in language diversification: A study in Western Numic dialectology. \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 forthcoming.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Bascom, Burton W. 1965. Proto-Tepiman. University of Washington, Ph.D. diss.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Bethel, Rosalie, Paul V. Kroskrity, Christopher Loether, and Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1993. }{\plain \fs24 \i A \softline Dictionary of Western Mono}{\plain \fs24 . Pocatello: Idaho State University, Department of \softline Anthropology and American Indian Studies.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Boas, Franz. 1917. El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of \softline American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 1: 9{\u8211\'96}44.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Brambila, David. 1976. }{\plain \fs24 \i Diccionario rar{\u225\'e1}muri{\u8211\'96}castellano (tarahumar)}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: La Obra \softline Nacional de la Buena Prensa.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Bright, William. 1968. }{\plain \fs24 \i A Luise{\u241\'20}o Dictionary. University of California Publications in \softline Linguistics 51}{\plain \fs24 . Berkeley: University of California Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Bright, William, and Jane Hill.1967. The linguistic history of the Cupe{\u241\'20}o. In Dell H. Hymes and \softline William E. Bittle (eds.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Studies in Southwestern ethnolinguistics: Meaning and history \softline in the languages of the American Southwest}{\plain \fs24 , 351-371. The Hague: Mouton.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Burgess, Don H. 1970. Tarahumara phonology (Rocoroibo dialect). }{\plain \fs24 \i University of Texas at El \softline Paso, Studies in Language and Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 1969-70: 45{\u8211\'96}66.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Burgess, Donald H.1984. Western Tarahumara. In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Southern Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches}{\plain \fs24 , vol. 4, 3-149. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of \softline Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Caballero, Gabriela. 2008. Choguita Raramuri (Tarahumara) Phonology and Morphology. \softline University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D. diss.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Caballero, Gabriela. 2011. Behind the Mexican mountains: Recent developments and new \softline directions in research on Uto-Aztecan languages. }{\plain \fs24 \i Language and Linguistics Compass}{\plain \fs24 5: \softline 485-504.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Campbell, Lyle. 1985. }{\plain \fs24 \i The Pipil Language of El Salvador}{\plain \fs24 . Berlin: Mouton.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Campbell, Lyle. 1988. }{\plain \fs24 \i The Linguistics of Southeast Chiapas}{\plain \fs24 . Papers of the New World \softline Archaeological Foundation 50.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Campbell, Lyle. 1997. }{\plain \fs24 \i American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native \softline America}{\plain \fs24 . Oxford: Oxford University Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Casad, Eugene H. 1977. Location and direction in Cora discourse. }{\plain \fs24 \i Anthropological Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 19: 216{\u8211\'96}241.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Collard, Howard, and Elizabeth S. Collard. 1962. }{\plain \fs24 \i Castellano-Mayo, Mayo-Castellano}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico \softline City: Instituto Ling{\u252\'fc}{\u237\'ed}stico de Verano.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Cortina-Borja, Mario, Jane Stuart-Smith, and Leopoldo Vali{\u241\'20}as-Coalla. 2002. Multivariate \softline classification methods for lexical and phonological dissimilarities and their application to \softline the Uto-Aztecan Family. }{\plain \fs24 \i Journal of Quantitative Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 9: 97{\u8211\'96}124.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Cortina-Borja, Mario, and Leopoldo Vali{\u241\'20}as C. 1989. Some remarks on Uto-Aztecan \softline classification. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 55: 214{\u8211\'96}239.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Crapo, Richley H. 1976. }{\plain \fs24 \i Big Smokey Valley Shoshoni}{\plain \fs24 . Desert Research Institute Publications in \softline the Social Sciences 10.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Crum, Beverly, and Jon P. Dayley. 1993. }{\plain \fs24 \i Western Shoshoni Grammar}{\plain \fs24 . Boise State University, \softline Occasional Papers and Monographs in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics 1.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Dakin, Karen.2001. Isoglosas e innovaciones yutoaztecas. In Jos{\u233\'e9}Luis Moctezuma Zamarr{\u243\'f3}n \softline and Jane H. Hill (eds.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Avances y balances de lenguas yutoaztecas: Homenaje a Wick R. \softline Miller}{\plain \fs24 , 313-343. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropolog{\u237\'ed}a e Historia.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Dakin, Karen.2007. Final features and Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A contribution using morphological \softline reconstruction. In Joe Salmons and Shannon Dubenion-Smith (eds.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Historical \softline Linguistics 2005: Selected Papers from the 17th International Conference on Historical \softline Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 , 295{\u8211\'96}310. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Davis, Irvine. 1966. Numic consonantal correspondences. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American \softline Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 32: 124-140.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Dayley, Jon P. 1989. }{\plain \fs24 \i T{\u252\'fc}mpisha (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary}{\plain \fs24 . University of California \softline Publications in Linguistics 116.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Dedrick, John M., and Eugene H. Casad. 1999. }{\plain \fs24 \i Sonora Yaqui Language Structures}{\plain \fs24 . Tucscon: \softline University of Arizona Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Elliott, Eric B. 1999. Dictionary of Rinc{\u243\'f3}n Luise{\u241\'20}o. University of California, San Diego, Ph.D. \softline diss.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Estrada Fern{\u225\'e1}ndez, Zarina, Crescencio Buitimea Valenzuela, Adriana Elizabeth Gurrola \softline Camacho, Mar{\u237\'ed}a Elena Castillo Celaya, and Anabela Carl{\u243\'f3}n Flores. 2004. }{\plain \fs24 \i Diccionario \softline yaqui-espa{\u241\'20}ol y textos: Obra de preservaci{\u243\'f3}n ling{\u252\'fc}{\u237\'ed}stica}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Plaza y Vald{\u233\'e9}s \softline and Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Fowler, Catherine S. 1983. Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal \softline of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 49: 224{\u8211\'96}257.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Freeze, Ray, and David E. Iannucci. 1979. Internal classification of the Numic languages of Uto-Aztecan. }{\plain \fs24 \i Amerindia}{\plain \fs24 4: 77-92.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Giv{\u243\'f3}n, Talmy (ed.)1979. }{\plain \fs24 \i Ute Dictionary (Preliminary Edition)}{\plain \fs24 . Ignacio: Ute Press and the \softline Southern Ute Tribe.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Grimes, Joseph E. 1955. Style in Huichol structure. }{\plain \fs24 \i Language}{\plain \fs24 31: 31{\u8211\'96}35.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Grimes, Joseph E., and Barbara F. Grimes. 1962. Semantic distinctions in Huichol (Uto-Aztecan) kinship. }{\plain \fs24 \i American Anthropologist}{\plain \fs24 64: 104{\u8211\'96}114.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Gursky, Karl-Heinz. 1967. A widespread word for "owl". }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American \softline Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 33: 328-329.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Hill, Jane H. 2001. Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A community of cultivators in central Mexico? }{\plain \fs24 \i American \softline Anthropologist}{\plain \fs24 103: 913{\u8211\'96}934.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Hill, Jane H. 2011. Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan. }{\plain \fs24 \i Language Dynamics and Change}{\plain \fs24 1: 241-278.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Hill, Jane H., and Rosinda Nolasquez. 1973. }{\plain \fs24 \i Mulu'wetam: The First People. Cupe{\u241\'20}o Oral History and Language}{\plain \fs24 . Banning: Malki Museum Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Hopi Dictionary Project. 1998. }{\plain \fs24 \i Hopi Dictionary / Hop{\u236\'20}ikwa Lav{\u224\'20}ytutuveni: A Hopi-English \softline Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect}{\plain \fs24 . Tucson: University of Arizona Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Hunn, Eugene. 1975. Words for owls in North American Indian languages. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal \softline of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 41: 237-239.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Karttunen, Frances. 1992. }{\plain \fs24 \i An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl}{\plain \fs24 . Norman: University of \softline Oklahoma Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Kaufman, Terrence. 1981. }{\plain \fs24 \i Comparative Uto-Aztecan Phonology}{\plain \fs24 . Unpublished manuscript.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Langacker, Ronald W. 1977. }{\plain \fs24 \i An Overview of Uto-Aztecan Grammar}{\plain \fs24 . Dallas: Summer Institute \softline of Linguistics.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Liljeblad, Sven, Catherine S. Fowler, and Glenda Powell. 2012. }{\plain \fs24 \i Northern Paiute-Bannock \softline Dictionary}{\plain \fs24 . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Lionnet, Andr{\u233\'e9}s. 1972. }{\plain \fs24 \i Los elementos de la lengua tarahumara}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Universidad \softline Nacional Aut{\u243\'f3}noma de M{\u233\'e9}xico.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Lionnet, Andr{\u233\'e9}s. 1978. }{\plain \fs24 \i El idioma tubar y los tubares seg{\u250\'fa}n documentos in{\u233\'e9}ditos de C.S. \softline Lumholtz y C.V. Hartman}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Lionnet, Andr{\u233\'e9}s. 1986. }{\plain \fs24 \i Un idioma extinto de Sonora: El eudeve}{\plain \fs24 . M{\u233\'e9}xico: Universidad Nacional \softline Aut{\u243\'f3}noma de M{\u233\'e9}xico.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Lombardo, Natal. 1702. }{\plain \fs24 \i Arte de la lengua teguima vulgarmente llamada {\u243\'f3}pata}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: \softline Miguel de Ribera.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Maddieson, Ian.2011. Lateral consonants. In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds.), \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i The World Atlas of Language Structures Online}{\plain \fs24 . Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, \softline chapter 8. Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/8.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1992. A Northern Uto-Aztecan sound law: *-c- {\u8211\'96}> -y-. }{\plain \fs24 \i International \softline Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 58: 251{\u8211\'96}268.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Mathiot, Madeleine. 1973. }{\plain \fs24 \i A Dictionary of Papago Usage, 2 vols.}{\plain \fs24 Bloomington: Indiana \softline University.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 McIntosh, John B., and Joseph E. Grimes. 1954. }{\plain \fs24 \i Niuqui 'Iquisicayari (vocabulario huichol-castellano, castellano-huichol)}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Instituto Ling{\u252\'fc}{\u237\'ed}stico de Verano.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 McLaughlin, John. 1987. A Phonology and Morphology of Panamint. University of Kansas, \softline Ph.D. diss.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 McMahon, Ambrosio, and Maria A. McMahon. 1959. }{\plain \fs24 \i Vocabulario cora}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Instituto \softline Ling{\u252\'fc}{\u237\'ed}stico de Verano.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R. 1967. }{\plain \fs24 \i Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets. University of California Publications in \softline Linguistics 48}{\plain \fs24 . Berkeley: University of California Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R. 1972. Newe Natekwinappeh: Shoshoni Stories and Dictionary. }{\plain \fs24 \i University of \softline Utah Anthropological Papers 94}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R.1983a. Uto-Aztecan languages. In Alfonso Ortiz (ed.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Southwest}{\plain \fs24 , vol. 10, \softline Handbook of North American Indians, gen. ed. William C. Sturtevant, 113{\u8211\'96}124. \softline Washington: Smithsonian Institution.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R. 1983b. A note on extinct languages of northwest Mexico of supposed Uto-Aztecan affiliation. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 49: 328{\u8211\'96}334.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R. 1984. The classification of the Uto-Aztecan languages based on lexical \softline evidence. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 50: 1{\u8211\'96}24.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R.1994. Clasificaci{\u243\'f3}n de las lenguas del yutoazteca meridional. In Zarina Estrada \softline Fern{\u225\'e1}ndez (ed.), }{\plain \fs24 \i II Encuentro de Ling{\u252\'fc}{\u237\'ed}stica en el Noroeste, Memorias}{\plain \fs24 , vol. 1, 311{\u8211\'96}323. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Miller, Wick R. 1996. }{\plain \fs24 \i Guarij{\u237\'ed}o: Gram{\u225\'e1}tica, textos y vocabulario}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Universidad \softline Nacional Aut{\u243\'f3}noma de M{\u233\'e9}xico.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Molina, Felipe S., Herminia Valenzuela, and David L. Shaul. 1999. }{\plain \fs24 \i Yoeme-English, English-Yoeme Dictionary}{\plain \fs24 .\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Munro, Pamela, and William E. Mace. 1995. }{\plain \fs24 \i A New T{\u252\'fc}batulabal Dictionary (revised \softline preliminary version)}{\plain \fs24 . Unpublished manuscript.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Ortega, Jos{\u233\'e9}de. 1860 [1732]. Vocabulario en lengua castellana y cora. }{\plain \fs24 \i Bolet{\u237\'ed}n de la Sociedad \softline Mexicana de Geograf{\u237\'ed}a y Estad{\u237\'ed}stica}{\plain \fs24 , 1a. {\u233\'e9}poca, 8: 561-605.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Pennington, Campbell W. (ed.)1979. }{\plain \fs24 \i Vocabulario en la Lengua N{\u233\'e9}vome. The Pima Bajo of \softline Central Sonora, Mexico, vol. 2}{\plain \fs24 . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Pennington, Campbell W. (ed.)1981. }{\plain \fs24 \i Arte y vocabulario de la lengua dohema, heve o eudeva: \softline An{\u243\'f3}nimo (siglo XVII)}{\plain \fs24 . Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Aut{\u243\'f3}noma de M{\u233\'e9}xico.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Poldervaart, Arie (ed.)1987. }{\plain \fs24 \i Paiute-English, English-Paiute Dictionary}{\plain \fs24 . Yerington: Yerington \softline Paiute Tribe.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Press, Margaret L. 1979. }{\plain \fs24 \i Chemehuevi: A Grammar and Lexicon}{\plain \fs24 . University of California \softline Publications in Linguistics 92.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Preuss, Konrad Theodor. 1934. W{\u246\'f6}rterbuch Deutsch-Cora. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American \softline Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 8: 81{\u8211\'96}102.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Riley, Carroll L. 1971. Early Spanish-Indian Communication in the Greater Southwest. }{\plain \fs24 \i New \softline Mexico Historical Review}{\plain \fs24 46: 285-314.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Robinson, Lila W., and James Armagost. 1990. }{\plain \fs24 \i Comanche Dictionary and Grammar}{\plain \fs24 . Dallas: \softline Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Sapir, Edward. 1915. Southern Pauite and Nahuatl: A study in Uto-Aztekan, part II (concluded). \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i American Anthropologist}{\plain \fs24 17: 306{\u8211\'96}328.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Sapir, Edward. 1931. Southern Paiute Dictionary. }{\plain \fs24 \i Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts \softline and Sciences}{\plain \fs24 65: 539{\u8211\'96}730.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Sauer, Carl. 1934. }{\plain \fs24 \i The Distribution of Aboriginal Tribes and Languages in Northwestern \softline Mexico. Ibero-Americana 5}{\plain \fs24 . Berkeley: University of California Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Saxton, Dean, Lucille Saxton, and Susie Enos. 1983. }{\plain \fs24 \i Dictionary Tohono O'odham/Pima to \softline English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima. 2nd ed., edited by R. L. Cherry}{\plain \fs24 . Tucson: \softline University of Arizona Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Seiler, Hansjakob, and Kojiro Hioki. 1979. }{\plain \fs24 \i Cahuilla Dictionary}{\plain \fs24 . Banning: Malki Museum Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Shaul, David L. 1983. The position of Opata and Eudeve in Uto-Aztecan. }{\plain \fs24 \i Kansas Working \softline Papers in Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 8: 95{\u8211\'96}122.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Shaul, David L. 1985. Azteco-Tanoan ***-l/r-. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 \softline 51: 584{\u8211\'96}586.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Shaul, David L. 1994. A sketch of the structure of Oob No'ok (Mountain Pima). }{\plain \fs24 \i Anthropological \softline Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 36: 277{\u8211\'96}365.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Shaul, David L.2010. The languages of the Opater{\u237\'ed}a. In David A. Yetman (ed.), }{\plain \fs24 \i The Opatas: In \softline Search of a Sonoran People}{\plain \fs24 , 259-271 [appendix]. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Shimkin, D.B. 1949. Shoshone II: Morpheme list. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 \softline 15: 203-212.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Steffel, Matth{\u228\'e4}us.1809. Tarahumarisches W{\u246\'f6}rterbuch, nebst einigen Nachrichten von den Sitten \softline und Gebr{\u228\'e4}uchen der Tarahumaren, in Neu-Biscaya, in der Audiencia Guadalaxara im \softline Vice-K{\u246\'f6}nigreiche Alt-Mexico, oder Neu-Spanien von P. Matth{\u228\'e4}us Steffel. In Christoph Gottlieb von Murr (ed.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Nachrichten von verschiedenen L{\u228\'e4}ndern des Spanischen \softline Amerika, aus eigenh{\u228\'e4}ndigen Aufs{\u228\'e4}tzen einiger Missionare der Gesellschaft Jesu, vol. 1}{\plain \fs24 , \softline 293{\u8211\'96}374. Halle: Joh. Christian Hendel.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Steward, Julian H. 1933. Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. }{\plain \fs24 \i University of California \softline Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology}{\plain \fs24 33: 233{\u8211\'96}350.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Stubbs, Brian D.2003. New Sets Yield New Perspectives for Uto-Aztecan Reconstructions. In \softline Luis M. Barragan and Jason D. Haugen (eds.), }{\plain \fs24 \i Studies in Uto-Aztecan}{\plain \fs24 . Cambridge: MIT \softline Working Papers in Endangered and Less Familiar Languages, vol. 5.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. }{\plain \fs24 \i Uto-Aztecan: A Comparative Vocabulary}{\plain \fs24 . Yorba Linda, Cal.: Shumway \softline Family History Services and Blanding, Utah: Rocky Mountain Books and Publications.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Thornes, Timothy J. 2003. A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts. University of Oregon, Ph.D. \softline diss.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Vali{\u241\'20}as Coalla, Leopoldo.2000. Lo que la ling{\u252\'fc}{\u237\'ed}stica yutoazteca podr{\u237\'ed}a aportar en la \softline reconstrucci{\u243\'f3}n hist{\u243\'f3}rica del norte de M{\u233\'e9}xico. In Marie-Areti Hers, Jos{\u233\'e9}Luis \softline Mirafuentes, Mar{\u237\'ed}a de los Dolores Soto, and Miguel Vallebueno (eds.), }{\plain \fs24 \i N{\u243\'f3}madas y \softline sedentarios en el norte de M{\u233\'e9}xico: Homenaje a Beatriz Braniff}{\plain \fs24 , 175{\u8211\'96}205. Mexico City: \softline Universidad Nacional Aut{\u243\'f3}noma de M{\u233\'e9}xico.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Voegelin, Charles F. 1935. T{\u252\'fc}batulabal Grammar. }{\plain \fs24 \i University of California Publications in \softline American Archaeology and Ethnology}{\plain \fs24 34: 55{\u8211\'96}190.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Voegelin, C. F. 1958. Working dictionary of T{\u252\'fc}batulabal. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal of American \softline Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 24: 221{\u8211\'96}228.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Voegelin, C. F., F. M. Voegelin, and Kenneth Hale. 1962. }{\plain \fs24 \i Typological and Comparative \softline Grammer of Uto-Aztecan: I (Phonology)}{\plain \fs24 . International Journal of American Linguistics Memoir 17.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Whistler, Kenneth W., and Victor Golla. 1986. Proto-Yokuts reconsidered. }{\plain \fs24 \i International Journal \softline of American Linguistics}{\plain \fs24 52: 317{\u8211\'96}358.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Whorf, Benjamin L. 1935. The comparative linguistics of Uto-Aztecan. }{\plain \fs24 \i American \softline Anthropologist}{\plain \fs24 37: 600-608.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Whorf, Benjamin L., and George L. Trager. 1937. The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. \softline }{\plain \fs24 \i American Anthropologist}{\plain \fs24 39: 609{\u8211\'96}624.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 Zigmond, Maurice L., Curtis G. Booth, and Pamela Munro. 1991. }{\plain \fs24 \i Kawaiisu: A Grammar and \softline Dictionary with Texts}{\plain \fs24 . University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 119.\par }\pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \fs24 \pard \fs24\fi-720\li720\sl480\slmult1\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 }}