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ࡱ > M O L E@ T# bjbj "B R 8 F \ ( $ R [! [ [ [ [ [ < `4qtӃ q l 0 ! / ! 4 ! V # j j Vitaceae : The Grape Family Plants of the Vitaceae are woody shrubs (sometimes deciduous), herbs, stout trees and mostly frequently vines with swollen or jointed nodes (leaf growth site). Many vines are tendril climbers, with tendrils (clasping, twining, slender outgrowth that helps support plant) set opposite leaves. Tendrils are either modified stems or inflorescences and support the plant by forcing itself into crevices or by expanding into large sticky tissue balls that adhere to a supporting structure. Leaves are opposite, spiral and simple or palmately to pinnately compound, lobed or veined, and often coarsely serrated with stipules present. Stems are often lenticellate (with corky spots on surface) and the bark is often flaking; both have tannins. The inflorescence is cymose (broad, flattish and terminal), racemose (flowers supported by tiny stalks on an elongated axis) or on a panicle (irregularly compound with flowers supported by tiny stalks), generally arising opposite the leaves, with small actinomorphic (dividing into symmetrical halves) and unisexual or bisexual (with both pistil and stamens) flowers. Petals, 4 or 5, often valvate (edges meet without overlapping) often falling off as a hood upon opening of the bud. Sepals are usually 4 or 5 and reduced into a fused toothed cup-like structure. Stamens are equal and opposite petals, usually 4 or 5. Pistil is comprised of 2, 3 to 6 united carpels with 2 ovules per locule. Ovary is superior with a hypogynous (beneath the ovary) disk present. There is also a prominent nectar disk, in a ring formed between the ovary and stamen. Pistil has 1 style and a sometimes capitate (shaped like a head) stigma. Fruit is a 4-seeded berry with ruminate (coarsely wrinkled surface) and oily seeds. There are about 12 genera and 700 species in the Vitaceae family. They are extensive throughout warm climates and most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions, and also found in temperate regions. Major genera include Cissus (350 spp.), Cyphostemma (150 spp.), Vitis (60 spp.), Ampelopsis (20 spp.) and Parthenocissus (15 spp). Many species provide an extremely important food source, including the genus Vitis that provides table grapes, raisins, currants, and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera), which were originally cultivated in the Mediterranean for centuries. Cissus cirrhosa also provides a fruit that is popularly eaten. Several species are popular as climbing garden ornamentals, such as the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidatus), while Cissus and Rhoicissus sp. provide other popular house plants. The Virginia creeper was used by Native Americans in a plant tea to treat jaundice, a root tea for gonorrhea and diarrhea and in a leaf tea for swellings and used as an astringent, but the berry can be toxic and like many other species, contains a skin irritant. . The Vitis leaf tea is also used to treat diarrhea and stomach aches and applied externally for fevers. Species of Ampelocissus africanus have fruits that are eaten as well, while the leaves of Ampelocissus heterophylla and Cissus gracilis are boiled and eaten. In Tanzania, Cissus integrifolia stems exude a clear sap that is used as a drink, and the Cissus quadrangularis and Vitis quadrangularis leaves and young shoots of India are eaten as greens. To date five species of this family have been collected in the Oapan, San Juan Tetelcingo, and Ameyaltepec area, belonging to the genera, Ampelocissus (1 species), Cissus (3 species), and Vitis (1 species). The two vines named kkoron:tah by the Oapan consultant, Silvestre Pantalen, were so called because of their tendency to grow like a crown on the top of other plants. The following members of this family have been documented in sources consulted on Guerrero flora: Ampelopsis mexicana, Cissus cacuminis, Cissus martiniana, Cissus sicyoides, Cissus subtruncata, Cissus trifoliata, Cissus tuberosa, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Vitis cinerea. References: Bierner, Mark. 2003. BIO 406D, Native plants, An Introduction to the Flora of Central Texas. Family Vitaceae. www.esb.utexas.edu/mbierner/bio406d/lectures/sp03/VitaceaeNew.pdf Freedman, Robert. 1998. Famine Foods http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods/ff_families/vitaceae.html Furnari, Giovanni, Anna Guglielmo, Nunzio Longhitano, Pietro Pavone, Cristina Salmeri and Fabrizio Scelsi. 2003. Tavole diBotanica sistematica. Vitaceae. Universit degli Studi di Catania Dipartimento di Botanica http://www.dipbot.unict.it/sistematica/Vita_fam.html Heywood V.H., D.M. Moore, I.B.K. Richardson, W.T. Stearn 1993. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press. New York. Hickey, Michael and Clive King. 1988. 100 families of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, New York. Hutchinson, John. 1926. The families of flowering plants; I. Dicotyledons. Arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. Macmillan and Co. Ltd. London. Hutchinson, John. 1969. Evolution and Phylogeny of flowering plants; Dicotyledons: Facts and Theory. Academic Press. London and New York. Iziko Museums of Cape Town. 2003. Vitaceae (grapevine family). http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/vitaceae/ Judd, Walter S., Campbell, Christopher S., Kellogg, Elizabeth A., Stevens, Peter F. 1999. Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. Schmidt Richard J. 2003. Vitaceae (Vine family). Botanical Dermatology Database. http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermV/VITA.html Seiler, John. R. Edward C. Jensen, John A Peterson. 2003. Boston ivy, Vitaceae. Virginia Tech Forestry Department. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/ptricuspidata.htm Stevens, Peter. F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 4, May 2003. MAGNOLIOPHYTA http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/vitalesweb.html#Vitaceae Texas A&M University Bioinformatics Working Group. 1999. Vitaceae - Grape Family. HYPERLINK "http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/kartesz/bonap2.htm" Biota of North America Program of the North Carolina Botanical Garden. HYPERLINK "http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tamuherb.htm" http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/301Manhart/Dicots/Rosidae/Vit/Vit.html Texas Parks & Wildlife Department. 2003. Texas Junior Naturalists. Medicinal Plant information. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/expltx/jrnat/medplants3.htm UW-Madison. 2002. Vitaceae. Department of Botany. Instructional Resources (BotIT). http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/family_index/Family_Pages/Families_U_V/Vitaceae.html Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations and Information Retrieval. Version: 14th December 2000. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/vitidace.htm Zomlefer Wendy B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. University of North Carolina Press. 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