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/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/botany/family-descriptions/Malpighiaceae_lruiz.doc
ࡱ > C E B E@ bjbj "2 z z z z D @ " P R R R R R R $ R c v M M M v ! ! ! M r P ! M P ! < ! ] @5҃ z P 0 4 T d _ ! ] ) $ v v Malpighiaceae : The Barbados Cherry Family Malpighiaceae are small trees, shrubs, or more commonly lianas, or sometimes perennial herbs. They typically have reddish 2-to-variously branched unicellular hairs. Leaves are simple, usually entire or sometimes lobed, usually opposite. Paired glands are frequently found on the petiole or base of the blade, usually with stipules (appendage at the base of a petiole) usually present. Flowers mostly perfect and actinomorphic (divided into symmetrical halves) or slightly zygomorphic (divided by one plane of symmetry), with inflorescence arranges in axillary or terminal racemes (flowers supported by tiny stalks on an elongated axis), panicles (loose, irregularly compound inflorescence) or cymes (broad and flattish determinate inflorescence) with pediceled flowers. Flowers have 5 petals and 5 sepals that are typically free and in two whorls. Sepals usually have a pair of conspicuous abaxial (facing away from axis) oil producing glands and petals are usually clawed with fringed or toothed margins. Stamens are usually 10 and free or basally united in two whorls, with half reduced to staminodes (sterile stamen) and found in outer whorl, placed opposite the petals. Ovary is superior, almost always 3-carpeled with a pendulous ovule in each of the three locules. 3 distinct styles form part of a single or compound pistil. Fruit is usually a samaroid (a winged fruit) schizocarp (split into one-seeded portions), schizocarp or drupe (pulpy fruit) and can be wind or animal dispersed. Embryo is straight to bent or coiled, oily and lacking an endosperm. In some species (Malpighia, Sphedamnocarpus sp.) found in the tropics, leaves or fruits may contain spine-toothed hairs that have stinging or irritant properties that can become detached and enter the skin. The family can often be identified by the presence of glands either on leaves or sepals, its 2-armed unicellular hairs or its often highly attractive flowers of various colors pollinated by oil (in the Americas) or pollen (Old World) gathering bees. Most of the 65 genera and 1100 species of Malpighiaceae are found in tropical and subtropical areas, and are especially diverse in South America. Major general include Byrsonima (150 spp.), Heteropterys (120 spp.), Banisteriopsis (92 spp.), Tetrapterys (90), Stigmaphyllon (90) and Bunchosia (75 spp.). Drupes of Malpighia, including the Barbados-cherry, are edible, rich in vitamin C and often used in jellies. Malpighia, Stigmaphyllon, Galphimia, Byrsonima and other species provide important ornamentals in many warm temperate or tropical regions. Banisteriopsis caapi, termed vine of the soul contains narcotic alkaloids and provides the principal ingredient in yage which is smoked or is used in preparation of an ayahuasca drink, consumed ceremonially in western regions of Amazonia. The leaves of Hiptage benghalensis are used medicinally in India to treat skin diseases. The following members of this family have been documented in sources consulted on Guerrero flora: Banisteria laurifolia, Banisteria pallida, Bunchosia glandulosa, Bunchosia lanceolata, Bunchosia palmeri, Byrsonima crassifolia, Gaudichaudia albida, Gaudichaudia schiedeana, Heteropteris pallida, Lasiocarpus salicifolius, Lasiocarpus sp., Malpighia mexicana, Malpighia ovata, Malpighia punicifolia, Mascagnia govania, Mascagnia macroptera, Mascagnia polybotrya, Tetrapteris mexicana, and Thryallis muticaulis. References: Carr Gerald D., 2003. Malpighiaceae. University of Hawaii Botany Department. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/malpighi.htm Erowid.org. 2000. Three beta-carboline containing plants as potentiatorsa of synthetic dmt and other indole psychedelics. Oct 31 http://www.erowid.org/plants/syrian_rue/syrian_rue_info1.shtml Hickey, Michael and Clive King. 1988. 100 families of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, New York. Hutchinson, John. 1926. The families of flowering plants; I. Dicotyledons. Arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. Macmillan and Co. Ltd. London. Hutchinson, John. 1969. Evolution and Phylogeny of flowering plants; Dicotyledons: Facts and Theory. Academic Press. London and New York. Judd, Walter S., Campbell, Christopher S., Kellogg, Elizabeth A., Stevens, Peter F. 1999. Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. Schmidt Richard J. 2003.Malpighiaceae. Botanical Dermatology Database. http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermM/MALP.html The Basement Shaman. Banisteriopsis caapi "Ayahuasca Vine" http://basementshaman.com/bancaapay.html The Lycum. 2000. Banisteriopsis caapi. http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=220 UW-Madison. 2002. Malpighiaceae. Department of Botany. Instructional Resources (BotIT). http://botit.botany.wisc.edu:16080/courses/systematics/family_index/Family_Pages/Malpighiaceae.html Zomlefer Wendy B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, N.C. * - < l ) > x 4 ttit^S^S h2s h K CJ aJ h2s h= CJ aJ h2s hMk CJ aJ h2s h09 CJ aJ h2s hI CJ aJ h2s hFr CJ aJ h2s hd CJ aJ h2s h" CJ aJ h2s hJ CJ aJ h2s hJ CJ aJ h2s hw CJ aJ h2s h5 CJ aJ h2s hv^ CJ aJ hW CJ aJ h2s h2s CJ aJ h2s hlm CJ aJ + , - ! " S T P Q 3 [$ \$ gd [$ \$ gdk gd gd d d [$\$gd2s 4 6 r s / : > ? B L T Y _ 꾳||q|ff h2s h/ CJ aJ h2s hT CJ aJ h2s hu CJ aJ h2s h j! 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