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аЯрЁБс > ўџ 1 3 ўџџџ 0 џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС [ №П bjbjт т "* j j џџ џџ џџ l њ њ њ њ њ њ њ ш ш ш ш ќ k 8 ї # ъ ь ь ь ь ь ь $ Ѓ У x њ + ї ї + + ѓ њ њ л % ѓ ѓ ѓ + F њ њ ъ ѓ + ъ ѓ J ѓ = Ш Ь њ њ Ш PurП У к ш q є ъ ; 0 k Ў ; e ; Ш " ѓ њ њ њ њ й Bignoniaceae : The Bignonia, Catalpa, or Trumpet Vine Family Members of Bignoniaceae are mostly climbing or twining woody shrubs, lianas or vines but can also be trees. Many species are twiners without tendrils (plant growth that supports climbing plants), root climbers and tendril climbers. Leaves are usually opposite or whorled, pinnately or palmately compound with the terminal leaflet frequently tendril-like. Tendrils may be simple, branched, hooked or with adhesive suckers. Leaves are exstipulate (stipules absent) but often have a gland at base of petiole. The stems of many lianas undergo a type of secondary growth resulting in a lobed or furrowed xylem. After secondary growth occurs, 4 strips of the cambium cease xylem production and become unidirectional, producing only phloem in wedge shapes. Phloem wedges alternate with the xylem being produced by normal cambium, resulting in a 4-lobed pattern. Inflorescence is usually cymose (with central or terminal flowers blooming earliest), appearing racemose (pediceled flowers on an elongated axis) and have relatively inconspicuous bracts. Flowers are irregular (asymmetrical), perfect and usually very showy with a nectariferous (nectar excreting) disk attracting pollinators such as insects, hummingbirds and bats. The calyx is comprised of 5 sepals joined at margins and is distinct from the corolla of 5 petals also joined at margins. The perianth forms a bell or funnel shaped tube with imbricate (overlapping) petal lobes that sometimes form 2 lips; of 2 upper lobes and 3 lower. Stamens are epipetalous (attached to petals) and alternate with lobes. They are generally in pairs of unequal length (didynamous); typically 4 or sometimes 3 to 2 with a 1 or 2 staminodes (sterile stamen). The ovary is superior and comprised of 2 united carpels with a single pistil on a hypogynous (beneath the ovary) disc. Ovary is bilocular (having 2 chambers or cavities) with numerous axile ovules. Stigma is 2-lobed and sensitive to the touch, only opening when a pollinator enters the flower, usually carrying the pollen of a previously visited flower and closing as the pollinator leaves the flower, presumably with new pollen from that flower. Fruit is usually a capsule, sometimes fleshy and indehiscent (remaining closed) with flattened seeds sometimes winged or fringed with hairs. Seeds are mostly pollinated by wind. Endosperm is absent, embryo straight with deeply lobed cotyledons. There are about 120 genera and 800 species of Bignoniaceae predominately found in the tropics. They are most diverse in northern South America with a few taxa in subtropical Asia a few from other temperate regions. Major genera include Tabebuia (100), Catalpa (18), Jacaranda (40), Arrabidaea (70) and Adenocalymna (50). Only a few genera, including Bignonia, Campsis, Catalpa, Macfedyena, Pithecoctenium and Stenolobium are found in the continental US. Many species are important ornamentals and can be found growing in gardens and greenhouses. Bignonia spp., Campsis spp., and Clytostoma spp. contain important trumpet-flower ornamentals. Saritaea magnifica, which originates from Colombia to Ecuador, is cultivated throughout Venezuela. Many species also provide valuable timber and frequently contain skin irritants such as Lapachol, an elicitor of contact dermititis. People who handle encounter sawdust of important timber species such as Catalpa, Tabebuia, Jacaranda, and Tecoma are known to have experienced severe skin irritations. Cybistax or Tabebuia donnell-smithii, known as white mahogany, is used in fine furniture, decorative veneers and interior trim. Its natural distribution is in southwestern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. Many Jacaranda spp. are also used in cabinet making. The Parmentiera edulis originates from Mexico and Guatemala and is frequently planted and harvested for its edible fruits. The Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) is cultivated in the tropics for its gourd-like fruits which, when dried are hollowed out and used for holding liquids when cut in half or as rattles when left whole. In Africa, the Kigelia pinnata and K. africana or K. aethiopica has fruits that are used for an external medication; K. africana fruit is also eaten and contains black pigment used for dye, while its wood is used for handles and firewood. The chica plant (Arrabideae chica) also contains a red pigment in the leaves that has been used by indigenous peoples of South America. To date four species of this family have been collected in the Oapan, San Juan Tetelcingo, and Ameyaltepec area, each belonging to a different genus: Amphilopium, Asthianthus, Crescentia, and Tecoma References: Dimmitt, Mark. 2000. Bignoniaceae. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Museum.http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_bignoniaceae_intro.html. Faucon, Philippe. 2001-2003. Guajilote, Cuachilote. Desert Tropicals. http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Bignoniaceae/Parmentiera_edulis.html Heywood V.H., D.M. Moore, I.B.K. Richardson, W.T. Stearn 1993. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press. New York. Hickey, Michael and Clive King. 1988. 100 families of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, New York. Hine, Deborah and Karlyn Eckman. 1993. Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: Uses and economic benefits for people. 4. Species list. Ontario, Canada. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5327e/x5327e07.htm Hutchinson, John. 1926. The families of flowering plants; I. Dicotyledons. Arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. Macmillan and Co. Ltd. London. Iziko Museums of Cape Town. 2003. Bignoniaceae (Jacaranda Family). http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/bignoniaceae Judd, Walter S., Campbell, Christopher S., Kellogg, Elizabeth A. and Peter F. Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. Righteous Woods. Primavera. Mass. http://www.righteouswoods.net/prima_vera.html Schmidt Richard J. 2003. Bignoniaceae (Bignonia family). Botanical Dermatology Database. http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermB/BIGN.html Takhtajan, Armen. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering plants. Columbia University Press. New York. UW-Madison. 2002. Bignoniaceae. Department of Botany. Instructional Resources (BotIT). http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/family_index/family_pages/Bignoniaceae.html Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations and Information Retrieval. Version: 14th December 2000. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/asclepia.htm Zomlefer Wendy B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, N.C. Ђ Њ А Й Р Ъ д р ! + - < ? 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