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/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/tosepan/Gramatica-Guerrero/Coursebook lessons/Miscellaneous materials/Excerpt on verbs both trans and intrans from chap 6.doc
ࡱ > Z \ Y #` p$ bjbj .R h h h " " " 8 " " ) L # # # # # # # # [) ]) ]) ]) ]) ]) ]) $ (+ h - l ) 3$ # # 3$ 3$ ) # # ) 3& 3& 3& 3$ # # [) 3& 3$ [) 3& 3& 3& # # - " 3$ 3& & ) 0 ) 3& - % - 3& - 3& l # " # 3& # # Y # # # ) ) % X # # # ) 3$ 3$ 3$ 3$ 5. Verbs that are both intransitive and transitive Up to now the assumption has been followed that all Nahuatl verbs are either intransitive or transitive, but never both. In general this is true, but there are exceptions. Some of these exceptions, verbs that appear to be both intransitive and transitive, are upon closer examination revealed not to be so. For example, as mentioned in chapter 3, in Classical Nahuatl the verb tomaua (Ameyaltepec toma:wa and toma:wi) would seem to have been both intransitive and transitive. Thus Molina has three entries under tomaua: tomaua.ni. engordar o crecer, o pararse gordo. pre. onitomauac.tomaua.nino. engordarse o pararse gruesso, o querer gomitar. Pre.onimotomauhtomaua.nitla. engordar, apacentar, o pensar algun ganado, o hablar con boz gorda. Preterito. onitlatomauh. The first is intransitive, as signaled by the solitary subject prefix, ni-, that follows the verb entry. The second and third entries are transitive, the first is a reflexive meaning to get fat and the third a transitive one, to fatten, to speak huskily. However, Molina also gives the perfective forms for each verb and here the intransitive (which adds -c) differs from the transitive (which loses the final vowel, -a). A number of verbs have the same surface form in the present indicative but vary in their inflected forms. In the example just given (and this is representative of all verbs that end in -a:wa) the intransitive and transitive differ in perfective (and pluperfective) formation. In verbs that end in -tia there is a difference between underlying {ti + ya}, an intransitive form, and underlying {ti + ha}, a transitive form. Again, although both appear as ending in tia in the present indicative kwaltia to get fixed (e.g., a broken radio) (intrans.) and kwaltia to fix (trans.) they differ in various inflected forms (e.g. o:kwaltiak (intrans.) and o:kikwaltih (trans.)). The preceding cases were of verbs that appear to be both transitive and intransitive but which, upon secondary examination of tense-aspect inflection are clearly verbs of different classes. However, there are Balsas Nahuatl verbs that truly do have the same structure (surface and underlying) in the intransitive and transitive (see table 6.3): Table 6.3 Balsas Nahuatl Verbs Both Intransitive and Transitive IntransitiveTranslationTransitiveTranslationpostekito become broken (something brittle)postekito break (something, e.g. stick, rod, etc.)xo:tlato become or get heated upxo:tlato scratch the surface ofasito arrive (there)asito catch; to grab; to overtakepanowato go to the other sidepanowato pass or spend a holiday in a particular placepo:kito smokepo:kito smoke (some specific object)te:mikito dreamte:mikito dream about (some specific person or event)ikitito weaveikitito weave (something)to:kato plantto:kato bury (someone or something) to plant (a specific crop, a piece of land) pixkato harvestpixkato harvest (something)ye:kpowato replant a field where a seed has not sproutedye:kpowato replant something where it has not sprouted The preceding ten verbs vary in how the alternation between intransitivity and transitivity is reflected semantically and morphologically. Only the first verb, posteki, shows no difference in meaning between the two forms, and no special morphological restrictions on the transitive. The difference between posteki (intrans.) and posteki (trans.) is parallel to that between, for example, koto:ni and koto:na. Moreover, like most transitive verbs, posteki can take the full range of object prefixes (specific, kiposteki; reflexive, noposteki; and nonreferential, tlaposteki). The second and third verbs slightly different meanings in the intransitive as compared to the transitive (as indicated in the translation columns of table 6.3. The fourth verb, panowa, seems to manifest a neologistic transitive meaning influenced by Spanish phrases such as aqu voy a pasar Navidad. Finally, the last six verbs are distinct and seem to indicate a basic quality of transitivity in Nahuatl. Unlike all other verbs, these do not accept tla- in the transitive form; instead the intransitive is used. The transitive form is only used with specific objects (kito:ka); with nonreferential objects the intransitive form is used (nito:ka as opposed to *nitlato:ka). Thus whereas one finds the variation nihkwa I eat it and nitlakwa I eat, here one finds, for example, nikpo:ki I smoke it and nipo:ki I smoke. Note the following (Ameyaltepec forms): nipo:kis para ma: nite:ntsonyowaIm going to smoke so that I will get a beard on my face.xnikpo:kis pa:mpa ne:chi:xiwinti:sIm not going to smoke it because itll make me dizzy nito:kas ipan se: me:stliIm going to plant in a monthnikto:kas in tla:hliIm going to plant that field there xkaman nite:miki I never dreamtimitsonte:mikisIll dream about you (e.g., while you are there on vacation) In the preceding six verbs (which are more common as intransitives than transitives) the overt expression of transitivity is linked to the specificity of the object in a way similar to the deletion of indefinite objects in English and Spanish. Viewed from another perspective, given that a nonreferential patient is lower on the scale of transitivity than a specific object, nonreferential transitive verbs can be expected to act more as intransitives (or shift into intransitive syntax) than verbs that are marked by a specific object. It is only in the rare instances that a speaker wishes to express a specific object that they become, in effect, transitive. Whether this is an innovation in the Balsas or whether such intransitive/transitive alternation is more common across Nahuatl dialects remains to be seen. Note that in general when the object is cross-referenced on the verb -te:miki, it refers to a person dreamed about directly, not an event; cf. timitste:miki I dream about you and nite:miki tidokt:r I dream that you are a doctor, without the specific 3rd person singular pronominal object prefix k(i)-. Launey, Introduccin a la lengua nhuatl, 174, refers to such verbs as semitransitives although the list of such verbs that he gives is different than the one above. Moreover, rather than positing that these verbs are both intransitive and transitive, he states that instead of taking the nonreferential object prefix tla-, the prefix simply the subject, como si fueran intransitivos. Note with (-)to:ka the apparently innovative development by which the object of this verb becomes the field planted, and not the seed, might be a calque derived through an influence from Spanish (voy a sembrar mi terreno/voy a sembrar frijoles or voy a sembrar este frijol). Some speakers will interpret the direct object of -to:ka as referring to the actual seed planted, others to the land that receives the seed. Note that in its acceptation as to bury the verb -to:ka is always transitive: mo:stla nikto:kas notah, kimich o:mik tomorrow Ill bury my father, he just died yesterday. 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H N < = B C f & 4 5 F q @ @{ p @ U n k n o w n G : T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 S y m b o l 3& : A r i a l 71 C o u r i e r ] M S M i n c h o A r i a l U n i c o d e M S " 1 h d U ) d U ) ! 4 2Q HP ? U 2 5 J o n a t h a n D A m i t h J o n a t h a n D A m i t h Oh +'0 @ L X d l t | 5 Jonathan D Amith Normal.dot Jonathan D Amith 1 Microsoft Office Word @ F# @ .@ tU d U ՜. +,0 h p Yale University ) 5 Title ! " # $ % & ' ( ) + , - . / 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T U V W X [ R o o t E n t r y F -] D a t a * 1 T a b l e 2 - W o r d D o c u m e n t .R S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( I D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 Q C o m p O b j q F Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 9q