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/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/tosepan/Gramatica-Guerrero/Coursebook lessons/Chapter 17 Interrogatives and related forms.doc
ࡱ > U W R S T %` J| bjbj > ̟ ̟ *e 8 R < ( $ f h x ! Q ! * * r D D D * R D D D V # @ | " `*G^ V c ϳ , 0 o x F ڨ F F h J D G < 5 ! ! ڨ j R V` V` * * * * * * Chapter 17 Questions, Answers, Suggestions, and Negation introduction Interrogative sentences here defined are verbal means to obtain information from an interlocutor. This information may be of the following three major types: a direct request for addressee to agreement or disagree with the truth of a proposition, Do you want to learn Nahuatl? (yes-no question) an implicit request for the addressee to chose between alternatives such as Coffee, tea, or milk? (alternative questions) a direct request for information that is not known to the speaker such as Who was the first man on the moon? (information question) Although these are the major types of questions there are many other pragmatic aspects to interrogation. A question may, as discourse analysis has shown, have a very specific pragmatic intent. Note the following: QuestionAnswerDiscussionQDo you work here? (said to a uniformed person in a story)AYes, may I help you?Though phrased as a yes-no question, the intent of the question is not to elicit a yes-no response, but to communicate the speakers desire to be helped.QWhy am I learning Nahuatl?AThats a good question!The addressee easily recognizes this as a rhetorical question in which the speaker interrogates him- or herself and perhaps expects sympathy.QAre you cold?AOK then, Ill close the window!After years of bickering over house heat, a well-trained partner recognizes Are you cold? as a call for action, not a gentle inquiry.QShall we go now?AOK!Although phrased in the idiom of a yes-no question (cf. Heads or tails?), the speaker is offering a suggestion that communicates a desire.QAre you my child?AFine, Ill mow the lawn!The statement of a yes-no question in which the answer is obvious is a call for the fulfillment of certain social obligations or the carrying out of some expected behavior. All of the preceding demonstrate the pragmatics of interrogatory statements. This aspect of questioning will be dealt with in a separate chapter on pragmatics and speech acts. Here simply the possibility has been presented that interrogatory clauses may in fact have discourse functions independent from the gathering of knowledge. The following sections will deal with the three basic types of questions: (1) yes-no, (2) alternative choice, and (3) information gathering (i.e., wh-questions). The chapter will close with a brief discussion of suggestions and negation. 1. yes-no questions Nahuatl yes-no questions are generally of two types: affirmative question negative question The two types share a common tune that has rapidly rising pitch on the final syllable. It may be that the rise is slightly more pronounced in the affirmative as opposed to the negative yes-no question. The negative question is formed by adding the negative clitic x= before the predicate. There is no change in word order associated with these yes-no questions. Apparently such questions may occur in any tense or aspect: Tike:hchi:was mokal? (Oa)Are you going to fix your hourse?Xti:s?Arent you going to go? The two basic responses are yes and no although each of these may be slightly modified by particles that indicate some sort of doubt or certainty on the part of the respondent. ke:mahyeska:, ka:yoweh, a:nyoweh (Oa) ka:, ka:iweh (Am)no; no indeed no; no indeed Both villages employ ke:mah for the affirmative response and ka: for the negative. Oapan has, in addition, the longer forms ka:yoweh and a:nyoweh. The former, ka:yoweh, seems to be more emphatic than the simple ka:, a difference perhaps captured by the contrast in English between No! and No, indeed! A:nyoweh, on the other hand, seems to be relatively rare and restricted to elder men in the village. Although the exact distribution is uncertain, the form is clearly less common than ka: or ka:yoweh. In Ameyaltepec ka:iweh was rare at the beginning of fieldwork in the 1980s and has probably fallen into disuse except as an imitation of Oapan speech. Responses to yes-no questions may be attenuated or affirmed. The particle kas perhaps often precedes ke:mah to indicate a strong possibility though not a certainty. With kas, the responder is distancing himself from a strong affirmative assertion: Q Xwa:hla:s motah?Isnt your father going to come?A Kas ke:mah!Probably! One may also use ne:si, which may be used as an auxiliary meaning it appears that, or apparently. This is often used with the predicate repeated, though it can be placed before the response forms ke:mah and ka: or ka:yoweh. Q Xwa:hla:s motah?Isnt your father going to come?A Ke:mah, ne:si wa:hla:s!Yes, it appears that he will come! Another potential response is itekiw (Am) / i:tekiw (Oa). Followed by a verb this form (literally its character) indicates a high degree of certainty on the part of the speaker: Itekiw kiawis!Its bound to rain! Itekiw (Am) / i:tekiw (Oa) may be used by itself as a response to a yes-no question with the sense of certainly. Q Xwa:hla:s motah?Isnt your father going to come?A Itekiw!Certainly! Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan have the forms kwa:ko:n. It is often used as an adverb meaning and then or afterward: Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:ko:n tia:skeh. (Am)First let me bathe, then we will go! However, it is also used in an answer to a yes-no question to indicate the responders belief in the logical certainty. An English translation might be you bet! thats right! or of course!. Q Ma nimitspale:wi?Should I help you?A Kwa:ko:n!You bet! (e.g., Spanish As es!) The key element of a yes-no question may also be repeated as a response. If the answer is something that the responder deems to be obvious (perhaps because of a previous accord or discussion) he may add kine as a tag. This is much more common in Oapan than Ameyaltepec. Q Mo:stla ti:s?Are you going tomorrow?A Mo:stla kine!Tomorrow, yknow! (Maana pues!) In the preceding example, the response cannot simply be Mo:stla tomorrow, which would be used as the new information in an information question. In uttering a yes-no question, the speaker may often add certain tags that have the sense of English isnt it so? The most common such tags are Xil:k? used exclusively in Oapan, and xte:h? used exclusively in Ameyaltepec. (Note that although te:h (Am and Oa) / te:l (Oa) are commonly used in both villages, xte:h is found only in Ameyaltepequeos speech; in Oapan xil:k is clearly derived from xmil:k, but whereas the former is used as a question tag, the latter is used as a negative predication: It is not true!). Finally, note that the tags xil:k and xte:h are positively based in that they communicate an expectation on the part of the speaker that the addressee will answer in the affirmative. Q Mitspale:wia xil:k? (Oa) Mitspale:wia xte:h? (Am)He helps you, isnt that so?A Ke:mah!Yes! 2. alternative questions Alternative questions ask the addressee to choose between two or more alternatives. In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl the choice is indicated by the use of noso or. A great variety of elements, however, may constitute the two alternatives: verbal predicates, nominal arguments, emphatic pronouns, and demonstratives, among others. The following are some examples: Q Tihpale:wi:s noso ti:s? (Oa)Will you help him or will you go?A Nihpale:wi:s!Ill help him! If the choice is between arguments in the verbal event, be they subjects or objects, the response may simply indicate the identity of the argument: Q Nihpale:wi:s noso tihpale:wi:s? (Am)Should I help him or will you?A Newa nihpale:wi:s! Ill help him! There is great variation in the way an alternative question may be presented. It is quite usual for the alternative to be offered after an initial information question: Q A:kino:n ya:s, tawa noso nawa? (Oa)Who will go? You or me?A Nawa! or Nawa nis!Me! Ill go! Likewise, two potential objects may be offered as the alternatives, as may be two demonstrative pronouns (iw:n vs. i:n (Am) / yoy:n vs. yon (Oa)) QTli:no:n tihkowas? Tlake:ntli noso tlakwahli?What will you buy? Cloth or food?A Tlake:ntli! Nihkowas tlake:ntli!Cloth! Ill buy cloth! Q Katli tihkwis? Yoy:n noso yon? (Oa) Katlewa tihkwis? Iw:n nos i:n? (Am)Which one will you take (use)? This one or that one?AYo: i:n (Oa) / Iw:n! (Am) Nihkwis yo: i:n (Oa) / iw:n! (Am)This one! Ill take this one! As was the case with yes-no questions, the responder may insert several elements that indicate the relative degree of certainty in the choice? QKatlewa tikwelita? Yon chi:chi:ltik noso yon tli:ltik? (Oa)Which one do you like better? The red one or the black one?A Kas yon chi:chi:ltik! (Oa)The red one, I guess! 3. information questions Information questions comprise an interrogative followed by a clause that indicates some but not all information in a propositional clause. For example, in the English Who went to the store? the information that someone went to the store is presented to the addressee, who may in fact not even know that someone went to the store? In fact, the speaker may ask for any potential part of a given proposition. Some possibilities are expressed below: SubjectWho ran quickly to the store this morning to buy skim milk? (John)ObjectWhat did John run quickly to the store to buy this morning? (Milk)Verbal predicateWhat did John do to the skim milk at the store this morning? (He bought it)LocationWhere did John buy the skim milk this morning? (at the store)TimeWhen did John run quickly to the store to buy skim milk? (yesterday)MannerHow did John run to the store this morning to buy skim milk? (quickly)ReasonWhy did John run quickly to the store this morning to buy skim milk? (because...)Modifier/relative clauseWhich milk did John run quickly to the store this morning to buy? (skim milk; the milk which is good for your veins) It is possible that a yes-no question can serve to ask for information. For example, the yes-no question Did someone go to get the milk? in many circumstances might be asking for more information than that communicated by a simple Yes! Or, the more emphatic yes-no Didnt anyone go to get the milk? seems to suggest speaker doubt, which might be assuaged by the name of the person who went as well. (In a similar way a previous example Do you work here? is in effect asking for an action on the part of the addressee, Yes, may I help you?). Interrogative pronouns: Basic forms Despite these caveatsthe information-seeking implications of a yes-no question and the rhetorical or pragmatic possibilities of information questionsthe general categorization mentioned at the beginning of this chapteryes/no, alternative, and information questionsrepresents a basic division applicable to Nahuatl interrogative sentence types. This section will look at the basic question words for Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl, which are identical in most cases (see table 15.a) Table 15.a Interrogatives for Information Questions (Note: Specifically Oapan forms are in italics) InterrogativeMeaningPhrasesa:kino:n a:ino:n (Oa)whoA:kino:n ya:s? Xnihmati a:kino:n ya:s! (Oa)tli:no:nwhatTli:no:n kineki? Xnikmati tli:no:n kineki! (Am)ka:no:nwhereKa:no:n nemi motah? Xnihmati ka:mpa nemi notah! (Oa) Xnihmati ka:no:n nemi notah! (Am/Oa)ke:no:nhowKe:no:n tikchi:was? (Am) Xnikmati ke:no:n nikchi:was!kamano:nwhenKamano:n tihpale:wi:s? (Oa) Xnihmati kamano:n nihpale:wi:s! (Oa)tle:ka tli: / tlia:o:nwhyTlia:o:n tihchi:was? xnihmati tli: tihchi:was!katlewa / katlowa ktliw / ktlew ktl / ktli (Oa)which (one)Ktliw tihkwis? (Oa) Xnihmati ktlew nihkwis! (Oa)katlihwhere (object location)Katlih motomi:n? Xnikmati katlih notomi:n! (Am)ke:chhow many / muchKe:ch mowa:kax? The preceding table lists the question words of Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl (which are the same with a few exceptions). With only very slight variations, the same question words are used in complement clauses that are presented as embedded questions. One major difference between Ameyal t e p e c a n d O a p a n N a h u a t l i s a p p a r e n t i n t h e f o r m s f o r w h y ? C l a s s i c a l N a h u a t l h a d t l e +c a ( l i t . , w h a t w i t h ) t h a t i s r e a l i z e d i n A m e y a l t e p e c a s t l e : k a a n d i n O a p a n a s t l i : . T h e l o n g f i n a l / a : / i s c o m m o n i n O a p a n w o r d s d e r i v e d f r o m a f i n a l / k a / s e q u e n c e (e.g., pay: over there from pa ika). The form tlia:o:n seems to be used more often when the interrogative stands alone: Tlia:o:n? Why (is it)? but not so much before a verb (although this needs further investigation). The pitch accent on the Oapan forms ktliw / ktlew. Finally, the interrogative ke:ch is simply how many or how much. The interrogative with the instrumental ika (Am) / i:ka (Oa) is used to ask about prices: Ke:ch i:ka o:tko:w? How much did you buy it with? In one case at least, a shortened form of the interrogative ka:no:n, ka:n, may be used in an interrogative: Ka:n tiaw? (= Ka:no:n tiaw?)Where are you going? However, this is not common and in all other cases of information questioning apparently the interrogative form must be used. (The short form ka:n is used in Ameyaltepec and Oapan in headless relative clauses, see chap. xx, with the meaning roughly of the place that. ) *Ka:n ticha:nti? (should be Ka:no:n ticha:nti?)Where do you live? Note that the interrogatives given above are used before predicates. Word order The unmarked word order is for the interrogative to initiate the sentence. To indicate surprise, however, the interrogative may be phrase final. Ti:s i:wa:n a:kino:n? (Oa)Youre going with whom? Tihkuwas tli:non?You will you buy what? What is that that youll buy? Tikwi:kas ka:no:n?You will take him where? Tikchi:was ke:no:n?You are going to do it how? Interrogatives before nouns and pronouns The use of interrogative pronouns before verbal predicates has already been demonstrated (e.g., A:kino:n kimaxti:s mokone:w? Who will teach your child). Many of the interrogatives may also be used before nouns (in which case they are always understood as predicates and must be parsed with a copula, be it zero in the present tense or over in other tenses/aspects) or the emphatic pronouns (in Oapan, only the long forms): A:kino:n mona:n? Who is your mother?A:kino:n tawa? (Oa)Who are you?Katlewa bu:rroh?Which donkey?Tle:ka tikoxtetl? (Am)Why are you a sleepy-head?Katlih mometl?Where is your metate?Katlewa mometl?Which one is your metate?Tli:no:n yewa? (Am)What is that?Ke:ch mokone:w?How many children do you have? The other interrogative pronounska:no:n, ke:no:n, and kamano:nare apparently mostly used, for with verbal predicates. Person and pluralization The interrogative pronouns in Nahuatl can be marked for person and number. Number is used for humans. Thus note the following: Newa xnia:kino:n!Im not anyoneA:kino:meh ya:skeh?Who all are going?Tike:chmeh?How many are we? Note that this same person and number marking is used for quantifiers: Timiakeh.There are a lot of us.Tio:memeh.We are two. Embedded questions The full interrogative forms are used with verbs that take sentential complements. It is often difficult to distinguish these from headless relative clauses, for which the shortened form is used. Note the following: O:ne:chihlih a:kino:n ya:s.He told me who will go.Tli:no:n ika tikpale:wi:s? (Am)What will you help him with?Xnikmati ka:no:n tekiti! I dont know where he works?Xne:si ke:no:n o:kichi:w.Its not apparent how he did it.Xeniktla:lilia kamanon ni:s. (Am)I still havent set a time for when I will go.Xnikne:xtia tle:ka o:kwala:n.I cant figure out why he got mad.Xo:kitoh katlewa kikwis.He didnt say which one he would use.Xo:tikitak katlih nosombre:roh?Did you see where my hat is? As shown above, the full interrogative forms are used for embedded questions that act as the complement of certain verbs, for example, mati to know. One knows a proposition, a statement of fact, and this is expressed through a sentential complement. The difference in Nahuatl between mati to know (saber) and i:xmati to recognize/know (conocer) is that the object of mati is a proposition and the object of i:xmati is a noun. The shortened forms and headless relative clauses (in which they are used) is discussed in chapter xx. -o:n added to interrogative pronouns Several interrogative forms have an alternate with an additional distal -o:n. The use of this particle seems to change, for example, a:kino:n who to a:kino:no:n (Oa) who is it? Consultants have not been able to distinguish between the two forms, though undoubtedly one exists. The -o:n forms do not exist for all interrogatives. Note the following in table 15.b: Table 15.a Interrogatives for Information Questions (Note: Specifically Oapan forms are in italics) InterrogativeInterrogative + o:nMeaning of se c o n d c o l u m n a : k i n o : n a : k i n o n o : n ( A m ) a : k i n o : n o : n ( O a ) a : 2 i n o : n o : n ( O a ) W h o i s i t ? t l i : n o : n t l i : n o n o : n ( A m ) t l i : n o : n o : n ( O a ) W h a t i s i t ? k a : n o : n k a : n o n o : n ( A m ) k a : n o : n o : n ( O a ) W h e r e i s i t ? k a m a n o : n k a m a n o n o n ( A m ) W h e n i t i s T h e v o w e l l e n g t h o f t h e f inal two syllables is extremely hard to determine with precision. It seems that Oapan forms end in -o:no:n whereas in Ameyaltepec the penultimate syllable is short ono:n. However, this determination may change with further research. To date, the best analysis arrived at is that the short forms are used preverbally (Ka:no:n ticha:nti? Where do you live?); when used alone it seems that this is due to ellipsis: O:niktikak mosombre:roh.I saw your child. Ka:no:n? (i.e., Ka:no:n o:tikitak?)Where? (i.e., Where did you see him?) However, the long form, ka:nono:n (Am) / ka:no:no:n (Oa) is apparently self-standing. O:nikitak mosombre:roh.I saw your child. Ka:no:no:n?Where is it? This is a provisional deduction that needs to be confirmed. The use and meanings of forms ending in -ono:n (Am) / -o:no:n (Oa) is demonstrated in the following sentences with kamanono:n (Am) / kamano:no:n (Oa). Kitowa wa:hla:s, pero xtikmatih kamano:no:n! (Oa)He says he will come, but we dont know when it will be.Ye kamanono:n o:nitlate:mo:to!Its been some time since I went to look for my animals. The first phrase can also be uttered with kamano:n, but with a slightly different meaning, again elllipsis seems to be the best description: Kitowa wa:hla:s, pero xtikmatih kamano:n (wa:hla:s). (Oa)He says he will come, but we dont know when (he will come). Relative pronouns Short forms of the interrogative pronouns are used as relative pronouns here defined as pronouns that follow a noun and restrict the range of its meaning. Excluded from the discussion below are headless relative clauses, in which there is no overt noun (see chapter xx). Much more research needs to be done on relative pronouns but certain observations may be made at this point (see also chap. xx on relative clauses, particularly headless relative clauses, for a more detailed discussion). In general Oapan seems to use the relativizer yo ~ yon (the conditioning environment for the alternation is not clear). That is, in English one may have a sentence such as I like the man who helped me yesterday. The pronoun who is in the position of subject of the relative clause he helped me yesterday. In Oapan one would find yo ~ yon: Nikwelita on tla:katl yon ya:lwa o:ne:chpale:wih.I like the man who (that) helped me yesterday. Ameyaltepequeos tend to use tli:n (probably under influence from Spanish use of que (that) in such circumstances. Compare the following Oapan and Ameyaltepec relative clauses, in which Ameyaltepec uses a pronoun. Note the position of the restrictive relative clause before the noun head in the second example, from Oapan. Juan o:kiko:w kaba:yoh yo o:nitak (Oa)Juan bought the horse that I saw.Nikwelita yon ne: nentikah chichi (Oa) I like the dog that is over there.Newa o:nihko:w in pitso tli:n o:tikitak (Am)I bought the pig that you saw.Inocencio o:kitak in suwa:tl tli:n nokwi:katitok (Am)Inocencio saw the woman who is singing. Although it seems that in Oapan it is more common to use the relativizer yo ~ yon and in Ameyaltepec to use the relative pronoun tli:n (though apparently influenced from Spanish), both communities do employ relative pronouns (adverbs) to indicate place. Both use ka:n; in addition Oapan speakers use ka:mpa. Nikwelita kahli ka:mpa cha:nti notah. (Oa)I like the house where my father lives.Nikwelita in kahli ka:n cha:nti notah. (Am)I like the house where my father lives. The use of the relativizer to mark a definite noun and the relative pronoun for an indefinite can be noticed in the following examples from Oapan. Provisionally one could understand yo ~ yon as signifying the one that whereas tli:n would translate simply that, in the second case there is no specificity or definiteness to the noun. Xo:nko:w nakatl yon xkwahli. (Oa)I didnt buy the meat that was no good.Xkaman nihkowa nakatl tli:n xkwahli (Oa)I never buy meat that is no good. 4. negation Responses to yes-no questions have already been discussed: ka: (used in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan) and ka:yoweh and a:nyoweh, used in Oapan. The particle of negation ka is an unusual (and archaic) form, restricted to a few areas including central Guerrero. To negate predicates a different form is used: the negative preclitic x- (it may be related to the Huastec form ax-, which itself might be related to ah(mo), or it may be related to cuix perhaps). In Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl direct negation on predicates is marked through the use of x-, an element that can be prefixed to verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and emphatic pronouns xnicho:ka (verb)I dont cry.xnikneki (verb) (Am)I dont want it.xnikone:tl (noun)Im not a child.xnocha:n (possessed noun)It isnt my house.x:cha:n (possessed noun) (Oa)It isnt his house.xniwe:i (adjective)Im not big.xnewa (pronoun) (Am)It isnt me.xok (adverb; ok still)no longer, not anymore (e.g., xok nikochi I dont sleep anymore)xe (adverb, ye yet)not yet (e.g., xe nikochi I havent eaten yet) Whereas in Classical Nahuatl the negative particle - prefixed to a noun may at times directly modify the noun, it appears that in Ameyaltepec the equivalent particle, x-, negates the entire predicate phrase. Thus Molina has atlacatl (for tla:catl) meaning bad man (mal hombre) but in Ameyaltepec the structural equivalent xtla:katl means he is not a man (not he is a non-man, or bad man). The precise order of the negative element is still a topic for research. Thus note in the simple clause Mitspale:wi:s Juan Juan will help you (which could also be expressed, markedly, as Juan mitspale:wi:s). The position of the negative is as follows: Xmitspale:wi:s Juan.Juan wont help you.Juan xmitspale:wi:s.Its not Juan who will help you.*XJuan mitspale:wi:s? However, given that the unmarked position of emphatic pronouns is clause initial. It is possible to have the all three combinations (with the first the most unmarked): Newa xnimitspale:wi:s.I wont help you.Xmitspale:wi:s newa.I wont be the one to help you.Xnewa nimitspale:wi:sI wont be the one to help you. Another negative form is that found in the imperative and optative: Ma:ka xpale:wi!Dont help him!Ma:ka cho:kas!He shouldnt cry! I hope he doesnt cry! The negative ma:ka is used in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan (note that the shortened form ma:, found in Oapan, cannot be so used) as a negative imperative with the verbal action understood from context. Thus if one sees a young child reaching to grab a coal one can simply say: Ma:ka! Dont! (i.e., Dont do it!). Note also the difference between the use of x- and ma:ka before the emphatic pronouns. The use of ma:ka is tied in to the negative optative and it indicates a desire on the part of the speaker that something not take place. The use of x- is simply a negation of a predicate A:kino:n kichi:was? Xnewa yes. (Am)Who will do it? It wont be me.A:kino:n kichi:was? Ma:ka yewa!Who will do it? I dont want it to be him. (or Let it not be him) Xewa!Thats not it! Its not him!Ma:ka nawa! (Oa)I hope its not me! However, the most common use of Ma:ka is in a stand-alone position as a negative imperative Although the difference goes beyond the tense in which each construction is used, tense does reflect one aspect of the way in which the two constructions of negation differ. The particle x- is used in a situation of relative certainty and says little about speakers attitude. Thus xyewa (from x- + yewa) is much more a statement of fact: Its not me. Or, in selecting or choosing: Its not the one. However, as a modal form that indicates something about the desire or perspective of the speaker, ma:ka communicates a desire, wish, or admonition: ma:ka yewa is more like It shouldnt be you, I hope it isnt you, Let it not be him/her/it, or even Anyone but him. summary This chapter has reviewed a series of related words that function as interrogatives and looked at three basic types of questions: yes/no, alternative, information. Brief mention was made of some tags (Oapan xil:k and Ameyaltepec xteh) as well as additions to the standard yes/no responses (such as itekiw (Am) / i:tekiw (Oa)) . Information questions were presented as well as the use of these as embedded sentential complements (embedded questions). The chapter ended with a short discussion of negation. The three types given below are presented in Jerrold M. Sadock and Arnold M. Zwicky, 1985. Speech act distinctions in syntax, in Timothy Shopen, ed., Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 1: Clause Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15596. For a discussion of relative and other clauses in Nahuatl, see Launey, Introduccin a la lengua nhuatl, chaps. 14, 32. Classical Nahuatl has ayocmo ya no. Molina also has glossed under the same entry marinero thus conflating two words in one entry: tlcatl derived from the negative particle - and tlcatl derived from the nominal root for water, -. PAGE 230 Oapan and Balsas Nahuatl: Chapter 17 PAGE 231 0 9 : G ` o [ Ȼլ|g[L|L|L|<|<| hI; h9g :CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hfE CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ )j hI; h9g 0J CJ OJ QJ UaJ hI; h9g CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h ^ CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; h= 5:CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h= CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hEe OJ QJ aJ hI; hfE OJ QJ aJ hI; h= OJ QJ aJ hI; h= 5CJ OJ QJ aJ h*- 5CJ OJ QJ aJ 9 : G q q r G H Q X c $ 0h $*$ If a$gd~ l- s & F 0h *$ gd & F 0h *$ gd 0h *$ gd 0h *$ gd~ h gd~ $ h a$gd~ *o q F| I| [ o q r F G c t | U W X : < + ѳѳѳ³³³Ѥscs hI; h& 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; h~ 5:CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~ 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h6 CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hEe CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hfE CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h9g CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h9g :CJ OJ QJ aJ #c d Q 0h $*$ If gd~ l- f kd $$If l F $ ," 0 t 6 4 4 l a Q R o 0h $*$ If gd~ l- f kd $$If l F H ," 0 t 6 4 4 l a ( J 0h $*$ If gd~ l- f kd^ $$If l F H ," 0 t 6 4 4 l a y 0h $*$ If gd~ l- f kd $$If l F H ," 0 t 6 4 4 l a y z V 0h $*$ If gd~ l- f kd $$If l F H ," 0 t 6 4 4 l a V W X ~ ~ s s s 0h *$ gd& & F 0h *$ gd~ 0h *$ gd~ f kd, $$If l F H ," 0 t 6 4 4 l a + t 0 3 8 : 6 sddU hI; h_; CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h v CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hVc CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~ 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h" CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h" CJ OJ QJ aJ Y N N 0h *$ gd~ J kd8 $$If l 0 h x 4 l a J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd~ 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd&r 0h *$ gd~ J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 6 < ^ a R Z * 2 " Ѳಢ|mmah&r CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h?RR CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h?RR CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; h&r CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h&r 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h&r CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h v 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h v CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h_; CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h_; 6CJ OJ QJ aJ & Y N N C 0h *$ gdP 0h *$ gd&r J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a ; < ^ ` a b ? E M U ճrbbr hI; h p 6CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h p CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h p CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h?RR 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h?RR CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; hP CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; hP CJ OJ QJ aJ hP hP 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hP CJ OJ QJ aJ $ < _ ` a Y N 0h *$ gdP J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a J kdr $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd: a b ) = > ? J kdV $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd p 0h *$ gd~ 0h *$ gd&r y z Y N N N 0h *$ gd`W J kd: $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a . 4 5 6 7 y z { ؾ}m}Z $hI; h p CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h p 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h p CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h`W CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH h`W CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h`W CJ OJ QJ aJ h`W 6CJ OJ QJ aJ h 6CJ OJ QJ aJ h`W h`W 6CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ h`W CJ OJ QJ aJ #z 0h *$ gd`W 0h *$ gd p J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D Y N N N 0h *$ gd p J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a ) * < ^ _ ` Y N N 0h *$ gd p J kdt $$If l 0 h x 4 l a J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= R ^ ! ,! 2! P! Z! e! k! ! " " " " " #" (" -" ." " " " " " " *# ξzfzzzfzfzޯ'hI; h" 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; h" CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h" CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h& 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h p 6CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h p CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h p CJ OJ QJ aJ ( " " " " # # &# +# J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd& 0h *$ gd~ *# +# ,# .# G# # # # # $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % % % % Ͻm]mIm]m=m h CJ OJ QJ aJ 'hI; h~l 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH h CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; h~l CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; hQ$ CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~l 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~l CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h" CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; h" 5:CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~ CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h& CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH +# ,# -# .# G# $ $ $ $ 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd~ J kdX $$If l 0 h x 4 l a $ $ % % !% "% % % Y N C N 0h *$ gd~ 0h *$ gd~l J kd< $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a % % % % & & '& (& & & ' )' 5' A' B' r' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( M( N( ^( f( w( y( ( lllll $hI; h= CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH 'hI; h= 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h= 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h= CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h~l 6CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h~l CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH h CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h~l CJ OJ QJ aJ $% % & & & (& )& *& & Y N N 0h *$ gd~l J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= & & & ' ' "' 5' 9' B' J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd~l B' C' D' ' ' ' ( /( 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd~ 0h *$ gd~l J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a /( 0( @( ^( e( u( v( w( x( Y N N 0h *$ gd~l J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= J kdv $$If l 0 h x 4 l a x( y( ( ( ) ) %) Q) [) o) J kdZ $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd= ( ( ( ) ) ) $) 8) :) B) E) P) Q) \) * C* * * * * * * , J, , , , ³ΠΠΠΎ|m^Om^ hI; h5 CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hZ 7 CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; hQX 5:CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; h= 5:CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h= CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ h CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h= CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH h= CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH o) p) q) r) * * * C* * 0h $*$ If gd= 0h *$ gd~ 0h *$ gd= J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a * * * * * * * * * Y N N N 0h *$ gd= J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd= J kd> $$If l 0 h x 4 l a * , , , , , , *- v J kd" $$If l 0 hX T 4 l a 0h ^$*$ If ^ `^gd5 0h $*$ If gdly 0h *$ gd 0h *$ gdZ 7 , , , , , <- A- }- - - - - - - - - - . . #. &. A. N. U. Z. k. r. u. . . . . */ Q/ T/ U/ !0 60 E0 0 0 0 0 1 C1 ξίίίίίίΐrrr hI; h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h.{ CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hly CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h5 5CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h5 CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h 5CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH ,*- +- <- - - - - A J kd $$If l 0 hX T 4 l a 0h ^$*$ If ^ `^gd5 0h $*$ If gdly J kd $$If l 0 hX T 4 l a - - - . . #. j. A J kd $$If l 0 hX T 4 l a 0h ^$*$ If ^ `^gd5 0h $*$ If gdly J kdx $$If l 0 hX T 4 l a j. k. r. . . . 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CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; hP CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hP hP CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hP CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH 6 6 6 7 ; Y< s c S ; . h d gd"} h@ d gdX^. l- T h! @d gd i `d ]`gd_ kdc $$If l F " : t 0 " 4 4 l al l8 8 8 8 $9 09 R9 \9 : : : %: ': (: 1: :: {: |: : : ; ; 2; 7; B; zfVBV 'hX^. h9 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH 'hI; h% 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h% CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; ht} CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; ht} 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; ht} CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h"} CJ KH OJ QJ aJ #hI; h i 6CJ KH OJ QJ aJ hI; h i CJ KH OJ QJ aJ hI; hM CJ KH OJ QJ aJ B; [; ; ; ; ; ; ; < )< 0< 2< 6< Z< g< i< y< < < = = #= = 赦tteVFV hI; hhr 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hhr CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; hv CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; hv 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h% CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hv CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; ht} CJ OJ QJ aJ hX^. CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH 'hX^. hX^. 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hX^. CJ OJ QJ aJ h9 CJ OJ QJ aJ Y< Z< y< < < < = = = = = 0h *$ gd% J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D 0h *$ gdv = = = = = = = = = /> 0> 2> => > > > ? ? ? ˼{iZKZ;Z/hI; CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hI; 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hQX CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hI; CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; hI; 56CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hvh CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h$GW CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; h% 6CJ OJ QJ aJ $hI; h% CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; h% CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hhr CJ OJ QJ aJ )j hI; hHb 0J CJ OJ QJ UaJ hHb hHb 0J CJ OJ QJ aJ = = = 1> 2> => > > > ? 0h $*$ If gd9D 0h *$ gdI; 0h *$ gdQX 0h *$ gd% J kd> $$If l 0 h x 4 l a ? ? ? ? 0? N? O? P? d? N J kd $$If l 0 h , N 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D 0h *$ gdI; J kd $$If l 0 h , 2 4 l a ? *? .? P? R? `? a? v? {? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ;@ Y@ @ IA yA A A A A A A A A A B (B 8B OB `B {B B B ô~~~~~~k $hI; hI; CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH $hI; hvh CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; hvh CJ OJ QJ aJ 'hI; hQX 6CJ OJ QJ aJ mH sH hI; hQX CJ OJ QJ aJ "hI; hQX 56CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hI; 6CJ OJ QJ aJ hI; hI; CJ OJ QJ aJ &d? }? ~? ? ? ? ? ? N C 0h *$ gdQX J kd $$If l 0 h , @ 4 l a 0h *$ gdI; J kdx $$If l 0 h. , 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D ? ? A A A A A A A ~ J kd@ $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D 0h $*$ If gdo 0h *$ gdvh 0h *$ gdQX A A A A A B 'B Y J kd$ $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 'B (B 8B NB OB `B zB Y J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a zB {B B B B B B Y J kd $$If l 0 h x 4 l a 0h $*$ If gd9D J kdz $$If l 0 h x 4 l a B B B B B B B B B B C C C JC KC LC MC XC eC C ³uuiWHW< hX^. 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