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/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/tosepan/Gramatica-Guerrero/Coursebook lessons/Chapter 05 Transitive verbs and referential objects.doc
ࡱ > %` d bjbj A ̟ ̟ K 7 L L L L l l l Ș Ș Ș 8 d d \ ( < < < $ . h | l s L L < < 7 L @ < l < ż * l 3 < p5Y Ș : 0 4 : 3 3 & l Y / = I S P j M V DB V L L L L L L Chapter 5 Transitive Verbs 1. introduction:The semantics and syntax of transitivity In chapter 3 intransitive verbs were discussed. These verbs have only one argument (a grammatical subject) along with the predicate (the intransitive verb). Transitive verbs are different in that they refer to an activity [which] is carried over or transferred from an agent to a patient (the person or thing affected). In many languages the most common structure of such a transitive phrase has the agent encoded as the grammatical subject and the patient encoded as grammatical (direct) object. An example of such a phrase in English is John hit the ball, in which John is the agent (semantic role) and subject (grammatical function), and ball is the patient (semantic role) and object (grammatical function). Such constructions are in the active voice, meaning that the actor (or agent) is the subject and is not affected by the action of the verb (which, instead, is transferred onto a patient, grammatically encoded as object). In the passive voice, the same semantic roles are encoded by different grammatical functions. Here the patient is the subject and, in English, the agent may be expressed by an oblique prepositional phrase: The ball was hit by John (although one may also completely eliminate mention of the agent, as in The ball was hit). There have been many different systems proposed to name the semantic roles, but the basic point to keep in mind is that one may explore language from the perspective of how semantic roles are grammatically (or syntactically) encoded. Thus to talk about how languages make certain aspects of an event more salient and others less salient it is useful to be able to talk about semantics (thematic relations or semantic roles such as agent, patient, beneficiary; instrument, location) as distinct from syntax (grammatical relations or functions such as subject, direct and indirect object, primary and secondary object, among others). One is then able to understand differences between such forms as the active and passive voice as related to differences in how thematic relations and grammatical relations map onto one another. The utility of making this distinction between semantics and syntax and in exploring how they map onto each other in different languages can be illustrated through a difference in how English and Spanish encode what can be considered an identical situation. In English one says I like ice cream, whereas in Spanish one uses Me gusta el helado. The experiencer is manifested as subject in English (I) and indirect object (me, or a mi) in Spanish, whereas the theme is coded as object in English (ice cream) and as subject in Spanish (where, as such, it controls verb agreement, here with gusta, which appears in the 3rd-person singular). These differences are illustrated in the following table. ExperiencerVerbThemeEnglishIlikeice creamSpanishmegustael helado bold = subject italics = object Different languages, therefore, may have quite different ways of grammatically encoding the participants in a verbal event. Most people undoubtedly would consider English I like ice cream and Spanish Me gusta el helado to be equivalent in meaning. A few, however, might claim that a more precise translation of the Spanish phrase is Ice cream is pleasing to me. These individuals would be those who are sensitive to syntax and wish to preserve the grammatical coding in the translation, an approach to translation that is not always possible, nor desirable. If we look closely at the difference between the original two sentences, then, we realize that part of the problem of translation is the fact that what English encodes as the subject, Spanish encodes as the object. And, at the same time, what English encodes as the object, Spanish encodes as the subject. Another way of representing the relationship of the English and Spanish sentences in terms of semantics and grammatical relations is a diagram as follows: In the discussion of verbs in this and following chapters, this difference between semantics (thematic relations or roles) and syntax (grammatical relations or functions) should be kept in mind. This difference was already introduced in the preceding chapter, where a distinction was made between patientive and agentive intransitive verbs. These two types of intransitive verbs may also be schematically represented in a similar type of triangular diagram. In diagram 5.2a (patientive intransitives), there is only a subject (shirt) and an event predicate (dry). The shirt is affected by an unmentioned but implied agent (a situation or person that effected the drying, be it the sun, the wind, or a drying machine), that causes the drying. The grammatical subject of the intransitive dry therefore occupies the patient side of the diagram. The implied agent is represented in the shaded box to the left. A transitive representation of the event (diagram 5.2b) involves, therefore, the overt expression of the implied agent, which is schematically represented as simply an uncovering of the agent. It short, the transitive cognate of patientive intransitives can be understood as simply the overt expression of an agent that was nevertheless implied, but not expressed, in the intransitive.It is this type of intransitive that is more likely to manifest nondirected alternation (e.g. wa:ki/wa:tsa) The following diagram (5.3) represents, with the verb to cry, an agentive intransitive. In this case the subject is a volitional agent who can engage in the verbal event without the stimulus of any external actor. The subjects of these verbs are invariably animate. When the event is actually caused by a second participant, this participant is new. This is graphically represented in diagram 5.3b in which a second agent is introduced (the bully of the sentence, The bully makes Juan cry) and the agentive subject of the intransitive effectively becomes a patientive object. The two sets of diagrams suggest a way of conceptualizing the difference in transitivity alternations between verbs such as wa:ki (to dry) and cho:ka (to cry). The transitivization of wa:ki involves simply the uncovering of an agent that was implied (shaded) in the intransitive, since wa:ki to dry is not a spontaneous event. However, the transitivization of to cry (cho:ka) involves the introduction of a new element into the predicate: the cause of the crying. Viewed in another way, the intransitive wa:ki implies an agent/cause that is uncovered (brought to the foreground) in the transitive wa:tsa. With cho:ka there is no agent/cause to be uncovered or brought into the foreground. Rather, an agent (cause) must be added. This is accomplished through an overt causative marker added to the intransitive. This type of analysis will prove important The same type of diagram will prove useful in understanding transitive verbs and the manner in which they foreground or background distinct participants. The following diagram offers a schematic representation of a transitive verbal predicate and its necessary arguments. At the top of the diagram is the transitive (two-place) verbal predicate. There is, at this moment, no backgrounded, hidden, or simply implied participant. Nahuatl has various ways of foregrounding or backgrounding the different participants in a verbal predication. Understanding these mechanisms is perhaps the most important foundation for an adequate translation of Nahuatl; failure to understand these elements can lead to a severe distortion of the sense of a text. This chapter will begin with a fairly straightforward exposition of the morphology of transitivity in the Nahuatl verb. This is, however, only the basic beginning to understanding the subtleties of expression that are possible in Nahuatl and that give the texts a richness that is easily missed. The preceding diagrams should be kept in mind in conceptualizing transitivity in Nahuatl. 2. The morphology of transitive verbs Nahuatl is a head-marking language: the participants of a verbal predicate are marked on the head (the verb) through a series of prefixes: 1) if the verb is an intransitive verb, it is the subject that is marked on the verb 2) if the verb is a transitive, it is the agent and object that is marked on the verb: A distinguishing feature of Nahuatl (as a head-marking language) is that the object of a transitive verb is almost always marked directly on the verb as a prefix. Thus while in English one might say I kiss that dog, a literal translation of Nahuatl would be more akin to I-kiss-it, that dog: Nihpi:pitsowa o:n chichi where the object marker h- references the nominal object chichi. The following two tables (5.1and 5.2) present the morphology of transitive verbs in Oapan Nahuatl (italicized cognate forms from Ameyaltepec are given below each Oapan form). The first table simply presents the independent pronouns, subject prefixes, and object prefixes. The second table presents the order of prefixes to Nahuatl transitive verbs. Note that the tonal prosody of Oapan subject prefixes derives from the underlying {h} in these forms, as evidenced by most other variants in which this underlying {h} appears in surface forms (e.g., nehwa, tehwa, yehwa, tehwameh, namehwameh, yehwameh). Table 5.1 Pronouns Associated with Nahuatl Verbs in Oapan (Ameyaltepec forms in italics) PersonEmphatic PronounsPronominal Subject AffixesPronominal Object Prefixessg.pl.sg.pl.sg.pl.1nwa newat:meh tewamehn(i)-t(i)- ne:ch-te:ch-2twa tewan:meh nanwameht(i)- nim- nam-mits-me:ch- (a)me:ch-3ywa yeway:meh yewameh--k(i)-kim- Reflexivenino nimo- timo- no- to- timo- namo- nimo- no- Nonreferential reflexive no-Nonreferential human -lo / -wa te:-Nonreferential nonhuman tla- tla- Table 5.2 Verb Morphology and the Ordering of Affixes Example Formations in Oapan Nahuatl o: Non-referential objectsVerb Aspectual ending except -tok Numberte:-tla-Verbs appear here in one of their three possible stemsNon-referential subject*nikwa:lpale:wihtiwtikonte:makaso:tikpati:to-hnamtlakwa:lo:tiki:sa-ho:notlakowilihtiki:saloko-hkmihtiho:tinemiko-n -htlamiktia mihtiata:tli:lo:te:waskehnikwa:lno:tste:waloya *When the -lo impersonal marker combines with an associated motion suffix either may be placed to the immediate left of the verbal stem. Thus one finds both tlakwate:walo and tlakwa:lo:te:wa. However, both the durative (progressive/stative) ending (-tok, -tikah, etc.) as well as the associated motion marker tiw (and its inflected forms) always follows the impersonal -lo when the two occur. **There are no examples in the corpus of the nonreferencial subject marker -lo followed by a directional. The directional suffixes (e.g., -to, -ki, etc.) never seem to follow either an aspectual marker or the various forms of the durative -tok. The underlying forms represented in the preceding table yield the following surface forms: Surface formPertinent phonological rules changing underlying representation t o s u r f a c e f o r m s T r a n s l a t i o n n i k w a : h p a l e : w i t i w ( O a ) l ! h / _ _ _ C W o r d - i n t e r n a l u n d e r l y i n g { h } d i s a p p e a r s . n i k w a : l p a l e : w i h t i w !n i k w a : h p a l e : w i t i w I m c o m e a l o n g h e l p i n g h i m . t i k o n t e : m a k a s / t o : n t e : m a k a s M o r e c o m m o n i s t o : n t e : m a k a s . H e r e k i s d e l e t e d i n t ervocalically often resulting in vowel lengthening.Youll go give it away (to someone)o:tihpati:tohThe object marker k- is realized as h- before all stem-initial consonants.We went to cure him.nintlakwa:lo:tiki:sahThe final nasal of nim- is realized as n before the alveolar stop /t/You all eat at a place along the way there.o:notlakowili:kohNo change from underlying sequence.They came to shop for themselveskimihtia3sgO k- is realized as ki- when preceded by - or nim-He kills ito:tinemikohNo change from underlying sequence.We were borntlamihti:loNo change from underlying sequence.There is slaughtering of animals.ta:tli:skeh or ta:tli:sehOapan future plural manifests free variation between -seh and -skeh.We are going to have a drink of waternikwa:hno:stiki:sayaAffricate /ts/ (of the root no:ts) is realized as /s/ before /t/ (and other consonants (see below)I used to pass by and speak to him on the way here Table 5.2 gives examples of verb morphology for a variety of forms not yet studied. For this chapter the important slots to remember are those for the specific subjects and objects. These forms should be memorized. Nonreferential objects and the reflexive are treated in the following chapter. Sound and morphological alternations in object prefixes Object prefixes ending in /ch/ or /ts/ The specific object prefixes in Oapan Nahuatl undergo several sound changes depending on their phonological context. These are described in the front matter. A summary of the behavior of the 1st- and 2nd- person object prefixes for the two dialects is as follows: Oapan ne:ch-; te:ch-; me:ch- a, e, i, o, u k, kw, l, m, p, pw, w, y metathesis s, x (see below) ne:x-; te:x-; me:x- ch, n, t, tl, ts mits- a, e, i, o, u k, kw, m, p, pw, w, y metathesis l, s, x (see below) mis- ch, n, t, tl, ts The sequence ne:ch + s is realized as [xts]. Thus one pronounces ne:chse:wia as ne:xtse:wia. Also ne:ch + x is realized as [xch] as in [ne:xchi:ma] for ne:chxi:ma. The sequence of 2-person plural subject and 1-person singular object is realized as nine:ch-. Before /l/ there is metathesis: mistlamatsi:ntilia. Also before /s/: mitsse:wia is pronounced [mistse:wia]. Nevertheless, it is written mitsse:wia. Finally, the same metathesis occurs before /x/: mischi:ma. This is also written /mitsxi:ma/. 3rd-person singular object prefix k- Note the following realizations of this prefix: after a - subject the 3sgO is ki- when the stem is consonant initial; before the semivowel /w/ th e r e a l i z a t i o n a l t e r s b e t w e e n k - a n d k i - k i p a l e : w i a h e h e l p s h i m o N o t e t h a t i f t h e s t e m i s v o w e l i n i t i a l , k - i s u s e d : k a : l t i a h e b a t h e s h i m a f t e r n i - o r t i - s u b j e c t p r e f i x e s k - i s u s e d b e f o r e v o w e l - i n i t i a l s t e m s a n d h - i s u s e d b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t - i n i t i a l s t e m s ; b e f o r e t h e s e m i v o w e l / w / t h e r e a l i z a t i o n a l t e r s b e t w e e n k - a n d h - . n i k a : l t i a I b a t h e h i m n i h p a l e : w i a I h e l p h i m a f t e r n i m - ( 2 p l S ) t h e o b j e c t i s r e a l i z e d a s k - b e f o r e a v o w e l - i n i t i a l s t e m a n d i n f i x e d a s v o w e l l e n g t h e n i n g b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t - i n i t i a l o r w - i n i t i a l s t e m s . N o t e t h a t i s t h e s t e m b e g i n s w i t h a n a s a l t h e 2 p l S - 3 s g O s e q u e n c e i s r e a l i z e d s i m p l y a s n i : - ( i . e . , t h e d o u b l e n a s a l r e d u c e s t o o n e ) n i n k a : l t i a h y o u a l l b a t h e h i m n i : m p a l e : w i a h y o u a l l h e l p h i m n i : m i h t i a h y o u a l l k i l l him 3rd-person plural object prefix kim- The realization of the 3rd-person plural object depends on the initial consonant of the following verb stem (or nonreferential prefix). The variation is as follows: after 3rd-person subjects, the object is realized o as kim- before vowel-initial and p-initial stems k i m a : l t i a h e b a t h e s t h e m k i m i x t e k i h e s t e a l s t h e m k i m p a l e : w i a h e h e l p s t h e m o a s k i n - b e f o r e n o n l a b i a l ( e . g , n o t / p / ) a n d n o n v e l a r ( e . g . , n o t / k / o r / k w / ) s t e m - i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t s k i n t e k i h e c u t s t h e m o a s k i m i - b e f o r e n a s a l s k i m i m i h t i a h e k i l l s t h e m o b e f o r e v e l a r c o n s o n a n t s t h e n a s a l i s v e l a r i z e d ( m u c h l i k e i n E n g l i s h s i n g ) t h o u g h w r i t t e n s i m p l y a s / n / : k i n k a k i h e h e a r s t h e m [ k i K k a k i n ] a f t e r n i - o r t i - 3 p l O i s r e a l i z e d a s k i m - w i t h t h e f i n a l n a s a l v a r y i n g a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a t t e r n s j u s t m e n t i o n e d . H o w e v e r , t h e s e q u e n c e n i + k i m - i s u s u a l l y r e a l i z e d a s n i : m - a n d t i + k i m - i s r e a l i z e d a s t i : m - r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i n i t i a l s e g m e n t ( v o w e l o r c o n s o n a n t ) o f t h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b n i k i m p a l e : w i a !n i : m p a l e : w i a I h e l p t h e m o u t t i k i m a : l t i a !t i : m a : l t i a Y o u b a t h e t h e m t i k i m i m i h t i a h !t i : m i m i h t i a h w e k i l l t h e m a f t e r 2 p l S n i m - t h e s i t u a t i o n i s c o m p l i c a t e d . T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s u m m a r i z e s t h e f o r m s o 2 p l S - 3 p l O i s r e a l i z e d a s n i : m - ( f r o m n i - k i m ) b e f o r e v o w e l - i n i t i a l v e r b s n i : m a : l t i a h y o u a l l b a t h e t h e m o 2 p l S - 3 p l O i s r e a l i z e d a s n i : m i n - ( f r o m n i - k i m i n ) b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t - i n i t i a l v e r b s ( n o t e t h a t t h e f i n a l n a s a l o f n i : m i n - i s r e a l i z e d a t t h e p o i n t o f a r t i c u l a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t ) : n i : m i m p a l e : w i a h y o u a l l h e l p t h e m n i : m i n t e k i h y o u a l l c u t t h e m o 2 p l S - 3 p l O i s r e a l i z e d a s n i : m i - b e f o r e n a s a l - i n i t i a l v e r b s : n i : m i m i h t i a h y o u a l l k i l l t h e m n i : m i n e k i h y o u a l l l o v e t h e m 3 r d - p e r s o n p l u r a l o b j e c t p r e f i x k i m i n - A n a d d i t i o n a l 3 p l O m a r k e r i s o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e d i n O a p a n b u t o n l y before consonant-initial verbs. It is also not used before nasal-initial verbs. The use of this prefix manifests itself in different ways after different subject markers. However, it is always limited to only consonant-initial verbs: after 3rd-person subject markers realized as kimin- with the final nasal varying according to the following consonants kimimpale:wia he helps them kimintekih they cut them Thus with transitive verbs and a 3rd-person subject, there are two possible forms with plural ob W x 1 A C D % ' , 0 o x 8 9 \ ^ c n v y X i u $ h? h > 6CJ ]aJ h? h > 5CJ \aJ h? h > CJ aJ h > CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h > CJ H*aJ h > 6CJ ]aJ h > 5:CJ \aJ h > CJ aJ h > 5CJ \aJ < W / 8 9 : ; < H M S $ h $*$1$ If a$ $ h *$1$ gd > h *$1$ gd > $ h *$1$ a$gd > , c S T \ ^ c m s $ h $*$1$ If h $*$1$ If o kd $$If T l \ Xz " 4 l a T m n v y h $*$1$ If o kd $$If T l \ Xz " 4 l a T u ' i " t$ % 5' s s s s h h*$1$ `hgd > h *$1$ gd > o kdH $$If T l \ Xz " 4 l a T $ % * g! m! ! ! ! ! 6' \' ) ) ) ) * * ?, r, , , %- ?- D- E- J- O- P- R- Y- f- g- {- |- }- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . $. . h > >*CJ aJ h > CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h > CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ h > 5CJ \aJ h > 6CJ ]aJ h > CJ aJ I5' 6' \' ' =( ( ( * u, v, , , , , , , , - $- $ h $*$1$ If a$ $ h *$1$ a$gd > 1$ gd > $ h *$1$ gd > h *$1$ gd > $- %- &- *- .- 2- 6- :- >- } } } } } } } $ h $*$1$ If a$ q kd $$If T l \ 4 l a T >- ?- A- F- K- R- Z- `- f- T G G G G G G G h $*$1$ If kd $$If T l ֞ ^6 F 4 l a T f- g- n- u- v- x- - - - I kd $$If T l ֞ ^6 F 4 l a T h $*$1$ If - - - - - - - - - I kd $$If T l ֞ ^6 F 4 l a T h $*$1$ If - - - - - - - - - - h $*$1$ If - - - - - - - . . V I I I I I I I h $*$1$ If kd{ $$If T l ֞ ^6 F 4 l a T . . . . . . . . . $. %. ). *. +. D. q kdZ $$If T l \ F 4 l a T h $*$1$ If D. E. F. G. H. L. M. \. b. c. d. n. o. o s kd $$If T l 4\ `p 4 l a T $ h $*$1$ If a$ h $*$1$ If o. t. u. . . . . . . . | o o o o h $*$1$ If s kd $$If T l 4\ p 4 l a T $ h $*$1$ If a$ . . . . . . . . . . } } } } } q a T h $*$1$ If $ h $*$1$ If a$ h *$1$ gd > $ h *$1$ a$gd > s kdM $$If T l 4\ p 4 l a T . . . 8/ </ 0 0 0 r1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 G2 J2 2 2 2 2 2 2 O3 T3 3 p4 5 5 5 5 y6 {6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 >9 C9 : C; L< R< U= c= ƹ h > CJ PJ aJ h? h > 5CJ PJ \aJ h? h > 6CJ PJ ]aJ h? h > CJ PJ aJ h? h > CJ aJ h > 6CJ ]aJ h > CJ aJ h > 6CJ ]aJ h > CJ H*aJ h > CJ aJ 5. . . / / / / / / / 1/ =/ >/ ?/ @/ A/ B/ C/ J/ K/ L/ M/ N/ O/ P/ U/ Ffe $ h $*$1$ If a$ h $*$1$ If U/ Z/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Ff Ff $ h $*$1$ If a$ h $*$1$ If / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $ h $*$1$ If a$ Ff6 Ff h $*$1$ If 0 0 0 0 0 !0 $0 &0 '0 (0 +0 /0 70 A0 B0 E0 H0 I0 J0 L0 N0 O0 P0 Q0 X0 Y0 Ffl $ h $*$1$ If a$ FfQ h $*$1$ If Y0 Z0 [0 \0 ]0 `0 c0 d0 e0 f0 g0 l0 m0 n0 q0 t0 w0 x0 y0 z0 {0 |0 }0 0 0 0 $ h $*$1$ If a$ Ff# Ff h $*$1$ If 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ff) Ff& h $*$1$ If 0 0 0 0 _2 `2 U3 V3 3 3 3 3 $4 <4 $ h $1$ If a$ h 1$ gd > Ff, h $*$1$ If <4 >4 l4 4 4 &5 ^5 h $1$ If \ kd. $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T ^5 `5 5 5 46 X6 Y6 9 \ kd/ $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T h $1$ If \ kdg/ $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T Y6 g6 6 6 6 6 $7 P7 \ kdg0 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T h $1$ If P7 Q7 c7 7 7 7 7 9 \ kdY1 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T h $1$ If \ kd0 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T 7 7 7 7 8 &8 38 \ kd1 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T h $1$ If 38 48 @8 d8 8 8 8 9 \ kd2 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T h $1$ If \ kdK2 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T 8 8 9 9 "9 9 9 \ kd=3 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T h $1$ If 9 9 9 : : ; C; K< L< R< z< < < < < < 1$ gd > $ h 1$ gd > h 1$ gd > \ kd3 $$If T l F h jl$ 4 l a T < = := U= V= = X> I? J? o? ? R@ & F h 1$ ^`gd > h 1$ gd > & F ^`gd > & F ^`gd > & F ^`gd > 1$ gd > c= h= k= l= = = = = = = = = N> V> x> > > > > > ? %? J? l? n? o? ? ? ? ? ? ? <@ @@ J@ P@ R@ V@ @ @ @ @ @ @ ,A 8A <A FA JA LA pA rA B B B B 龭龭 h > CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h > CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ !h 4 h > 56CJ PJ ]aJ h 4 h > 5CJ PJ aJ h > 56CJ PJ \]aJ h > 5CJ PJ \aJ h > CJ PJ aJ h > 6CJ PJ ]aJ 7R@ @ @ ,A B B C DE s \ E & F h 1$ ^`gd > & F h 1$ ^`gd > E & F h 1$ >T Tf ^`gd > E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd > B B B B B C C C ,C DE HE E E E E F (F ,F -F F F G G G G (G )G H H :H >H tH xH H H H H I I I I I I I I "J $J J J J J h > 6>*CJ PJ ]aJ h > 6CJ PJ ]aJ h > CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h > 56CJ PJ \]aJ h > 5CJ PJ \aJ !h 4 h > 56CJ PJ ]aJ h 4 h > 5CJ PJ aJ h > CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h > CJ PJ aJ 2DE E E F F -F F G 9G :H R E & F h 1$ >T Tf ^`gd > & F h 1$ ^`gd > h 1$ gd > E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd > :H tH H I I I J J DK FK HK s s s i i h 1$ gd > E & F h 1$ >T Tf ^`gd > E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd > J J HK TK XK bK fK hK VL bL L L L L L L |M M M M M M M M 4N 8N TN VN N N <O >O @O rO zO O O O O P 桑ue h;U CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h;U h;U 6CJ PJ aJ h? h;U 6CJ PJ aJ h;U CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h;U CJ PJ aJ h > CJ OJ PJ ^J aJ o(h > 6CJ PJ ]aJ !h 4 h > 56CJ PJ ]aJ h 4 h > 5CJ PJ aJ h > CJ PJ aJ h > CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ 'HK |M M 4N N <O O E E & F h 1$ >T Tf ^`gd;U & F h 1$ ^`gd > E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd > & F h 1$ ^`gd > O P Q Q &R R s - s E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd? E & F h 1$ >T Tf ^`gd;U E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd;U P P NP \P jP zP Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q &R (R *R R R R R R R R R 2S 4S tS S S T !T "T PT ξήξήΡsfU !h"40 h"40 6CJ PJ \]aJ h"40 CJ PJ \]aJ !h 4 hP; 6CJ PJ \]aJ hP; CJ PJ \]aJ hP; 56CJ PJ \]aJ hP; 5CJ PJ \aJ h? CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h;U CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ h;U CJ PJ aJ h? h? 6CJ PJ aJ h? CJ PJ aJ h;U CJ OJ PJ QJ ^J aJ !R R 2S 4S S T cU U s i _ _ Q C & F h 1$ gdP; & F h 1$ gdP; h 1$ gdP; h 1$ gd;U E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd? E & F hp p1$ >T Tf ^p`gd;U PT QT U V ´ V z е : ? G H f ˸ ٸ ۸ 0 : ٧暐xxxxxj h"40 CJ PJ aJ mH sH h"40 h"40 6CJ PJ aJ h"40 CJ PJ aJ h > CJ PJ aJ h > 5CJ PJ \aJ !h 4 h 4 6CJ PJ \]aJ hP; CJ PJ \]aJ o(!hP; hP; 6CJ PJ \]aJ Uh 4 CJ PJ \]aJ hP; CJ PJ \]aJ h"40 CJ PJ \]aJ $U U \ 6 x ٶ G H h 1$ gdP; & F h (1$ ^`(gd 4 & F h 1$ gdP; h 1$ gd 4 h 01$ ^`0gd 4 & F h 1$ gdP; j e c t s , e . g . : k i m p a l e : w i a o r k i m i m p a l e : w i a k i n t e k i h o r k i m i n t e k i h a f t e r n i - ( 1 s g S ) o r t i - ( 2 s g S a n d 1 p l S ) t h e i n t e r v o c a l i c / k / i s u s u a l l y d e l e t e d : n i k i m i m p a l e : w i a ! n i : m i m p a l e : w i a I h e l p t h e m t i k i m i n t e k i h ! t i : m i n t e k i h w e c u t t h e m A g a i n , w ith transitive verbs and a subject prefix of either ni- or ti-, there are two possible forms with plural objects, e.g.: ni:mpale:wia or ni:mimpalewia ti:ntekih or ti:mintekih The full forms are rarely used: nikimpale:wia or nikimimpale:wia tikintekh or tikimintekih after a 2plS note that only kimin- is used as a 3plO. As expected, the intervocalic /k/ deletes leaving a lengthened vowel ni:mimpale:wiah you all help them (not ni:mpale:wiah, which would be you all help him) ni:mintekih you all cut them (not ni:ntekih, which would be you all cut it) I-initial verbs in Oapan and In Oapan if the verb begins with a short /i/ the 3sg object marker is usually deleted after an overt subject prefix: ni- 1sgS, ti- 2sgS, ti- 1plS, and ni- 2plS. Note that ni- is thus both the 1sgS and 2plS. It is the number marker at the end of the verb that distinguishes the two (as it does for the 2sgS / 1plS). There are few of these verbs. The most common follow: VerbFull formAbbreviated formMeaningilkawa to forgetnikilka:waniilka:waI forget ititowa to saytikitowatiitowaYou say itilna:miki to remembertikilna:mikihtiilna:mikihYou remember itihti to tote or carrynikihtiniihtiI carry itinekwi to smellnikinekwi xo:chitlniinekwi xo:chitlI smell the flowerixteki to stealtikixtekistiixtekisYou will steal it..ita to seeMa nikita!Ma niita!Let me see it! As an orthographic convention the deleted or nonrealized object is presented by an apostrophe. The preceding verbs are rarely if ever expressed with an overt 3sgO. Diagram 5.1a Diagram 5.1b Diagram 5.2a Patientive intranstive The shirt dries. Diagram 5.2b Transitive cognate of patientive intransitive The sun dries the shirt. Diagram 5.3a Agentive intranstive Juan cries. Diagram 5.3b Causative transitive cognate of agentive intransitive The bully makes Juan cry. PAGE 58 Oapan and Balsas Nahuatl: Chapter 5 PAGE 59 Transitive verbs and referential objects: Chapter 5 like/gustar experiencer theme Subject: I Object: ice cream Objeto:me Sujeto: el helado patient: meat agent: I event: eat agent (subject) patient (object) event: dry patient (subject) agent (implied) event: dry event: cry agent (subject) event: dry patient (object) new agent (subject) H f ع ݹ h $1$ If gd > l h 1$ gd > * 6 [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kd/4 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 6 7 F O X c [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kd4 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 c d | [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kd5 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 ɺ Ѻ ܺ [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kds5 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 ܺ ݺ ( [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kd5 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 ( ) ; F Q e [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kdK6 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 : ; F Q A C D e f h ' 1 3 5 6 7 G J ǹ|t|c|c|| j hw| h UmH nH u hw| h 6 hw| h #j hd h 6UmH nH u j hd h UmH nH u hd h 6 hd h h j h UmH nH u h CJ PJ aJ h > CJ PJ aJ h"40 CJ PJ aJ mH sH h"40 CJ PJ aJ h"40 h"40 CJ PJ aJ e f s [ C C C C h $1$ If gd > l kd6 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 B Q R S T [ Q Q Q I I I I $a$gd2r h 1$ gd > kd#7 $$If l \ ," t 0 6 4 4 l al yt"40 T U V c d e g u ' $a$gd $a$gd2r ' 3 6 8 9 : ; < = > ? L &`#$gdal gdPz $a$gd2r ߽ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * , 8 ƾ{ h 6OJ QJ hI hI 6 hPz 6h#fL h< h< 6hI 0J mH nH u hd 0J j hd 0J Uh* j h* U hF h j hw| h UmH nH u hw| h hw| h 6#j hw| h 6UmH nH u . ߽ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , 8 9 E F L M X Y k $a$gd2r &`#$gdal $h]ha$gd< 8 9 E F L M V W X Y a j k l s u w Ѿ Ҿ Ӿ ھ ݾ ߾ , - . 5 8 9 ƺưƺư hw| h 6aJ hw| h aJ h H h aJ hd h 6aJ hl h 5OJ QJ hd h aJ hd h h 6CJ OJ QJ h CJ OJ QJ h 6OJ QJ h OJ QJ h :k l v w Ⱦ Ѿ Ҿ Ӿ ߾ $-D M % a$gd2r $a$gd $a$gd2r " , - . 9 : B K L V ` a b c d gdPz $a$gd2r $-D M % a$gd2r 9 : K L ` a b c d hF h h2r hl h 5OJ QJ hw| h aJ hw| h h ? 000 &P P2 :pd / =!"#$% $$If !v h5 5"55#v #v"#v#v:V l 5 5"55/ / 4 T $$If !v h5 5"55#v #v"#v#v:V l 5 5"55/ 4 T $$If !v h5 5"55#v #v"#v#v:V l 5 5"55/ 4 T $$If !v h5 555 #v #v#v#v :V l 5 555 / / 4 T $$If !v h5 555555F#v #v#v#v#v#v#vF:V l 5 555555F/ / / / / 4 T $$If !v h5 555555F#v #v#v#v#v#v#vF:V l 5 555555F/ / 4 T $$If !v h5 555555F#v #v#v#v#v#v#vF:V l 5 555555F/ 4 T $$If !v h5 555555F#v #v#v#v#v#v#vF:V l 5 555555F/ 4 T $$If !v h5 555F#v #v#v#vF:V l 5 555F/ 4 T $$If !v h5 5p55 #v #vp#v#v :V l 4 +5 5p55 / 4 T $$If !v h5 5p55 #v #vp#v#v :V l 4 +5 5p55 / 4 T $$If !v h5 5p55 #v #vp#v#v :V l 4 +5 5p55 / 4 T m$$If !v h5 $55585585585 v5 5 }#v $#v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v }:V l 4 + +++++ 5 $5585585585 v5 5 }/ / / 4 T kd $$If T l 4 < N!%]*`$ ` ` `8 ` 8 8 v ` } , , , , 4 l a T T$$If !v h5 $555855 5 55 85 v5 5 #v $#v#v8#v#v #v#v 8#v v#v #v :V l 4 + +++++ 5 $55855 55 85 v5 5 / 4 T kdY $$If T l 4 < N!%k* $ 8 8 v 0 0 0 0 4 l a T :$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / / 4 T kd $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v ,, , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd# $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd> $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kdY $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kdt" $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd% $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd( $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T ,$$If !v h5 55585585585 v5 5 #v #v#v8#v#v8#v#v8#v v#v #v :V l 5 5585585585 v5 5 / 4 T kd+ $$If T l 5 G!%]* 8 8 8 v , , , , 4 l a T $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / / 4 T $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T w $$If !v h5 5 5 #v #v :V l 5 5 / 4 T j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 j $$If l !v h5 555#v :V l t 6 5 al yt"40 J @ J > N o r m a l 7$ 8$ H$ CJ _HaJ mH sH tH 2 @ 2 > H e a d i n g 1 @& 2 @ 2 > H e a d i n g 4 @& D A@ D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@ R T a b l e N o r m a l 4 l 4 a ( k ( N o L i s t N N <I F o o t n o t e T e x t 0 *$ CJ OJ QJ O h 0 S t y l e F o o t n o t e R e f e r e n c e + T i m e s N e w R o m a n 1 1 p t CJ OJ QJ kHmH sH u @ &@ @ h F o o t n o t e R e f e r e n c e H* t @ #t "40 T a b l e G r i d 7 :V 0 7$ 8$ H$ 4 @ 24 < H e a d e r ! 4 @ B4 < F o o t e r ! . )@ Q. d P a g e N u m b e r ! - @ K ^ m w 6 M ! + , * ' & % 1 7 4 5 8 ! - @ K ^ m w 6 9 M W / 8 9 : ; < H M S T \ ^ c m n v y u ' i t 5 6 \ = " u$ v$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % $% %% &% *% .% 2% 6% :% >% ?% A% F% K% R% Z% `% f% g% n% u% v% x% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % & & & & & & & & & & $& %& )& *& +& D& E& F& G& H& L& M& \& b& c& d& n& o& t& u& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1' =' >' ?' @' A' B' C' J' K' L' M' N' O' P' U' Z' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( !( $( &( '( (( +( /( 7( A( B( E( H( I( J( L( N( O( P( Q( X( Y( Z( [( \( ]( `( c( d( e( f( g( l( m( n( q( t( w( x( y( z( {( |( }( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( _* `* U+ V+ + + + + , , , 6, D, m, , , , , , 4- X- Y- g- - - - - $. P. Q. c. . . . . . . . / &/ 3/ 4/ @/ d/ / / / / 0 0 "0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 C2 K3 L3 R3 z3 3 3 3 3 3 4 :4 U4 V4 4 X5 I6 J6 o6 6 )7 E7 {7 7 P8 j8 8 9 9 9 : : -: : ; 9; V; s; ; ; < ,< I< < < < < = '> S> > > !? E? @ *@ L@ @ @ @ @ @ %B B B B FC gC C C C D /D D D D E 9E WE E 0F F F F H H H H 1H 9H :H MH XH cH oH pH H H H H H H H H H H H I I I I (I ;I NI aI bI tI I I I I I I I I I I 5J {J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J K 7K :K ;K <K =K KK `K lK oK qK rK sK tK uK vK wK xK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K L L L %L ZL [L \L ]L ^L _L `L aL bL cL eL qL rL ~L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L M M M M M M M *M +M ,M 2M <M =M HM IM TM UM [M eM fM gM rM sM {M M M M M M M M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 %B K3 0 %B K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 C K3 0 C K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 WE K3 0 WE K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 @ 0 X 0 0 @ 0 X 0 0 @ 0 X 0 0 @ 0 X 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 X 00 @ 0 X 00 @ 0 X 00 @ 0 X 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W / 8 9 : ; < H M S T \ ^ c m n v y u ' i t 5 6 \ = " u$ v$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % $% %% &% *% .% 2% 6% :% >% ?% A% F% K% R% Z% `% f% g% n% u% v% x% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % & & & & & & & & & & $& %& )& *& +& D& E& F& G& H& L& M& \& b& c& d& n& o& t& u& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1' =' >' ?' @' A' B' C' J' K' L' M' N' O' P' U' Z' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( !( $( &( '( (( +( /( 7( A( B( E( H( I( J( L( N( O( P( Q( X( Y( Z( [( \( ]( `( c( d( e( f( g( l( m( n( q( t( w( x( y( z( {( |( }( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( _* `* U+ V+ + + + + , , , 6, D, m, , , , , , 4- X- Y- g- - - - - $. P. Q. c. . . . . . . . / &/ 3/ 4/ @/ d/ / / / / 0 0 "0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 C2 K3 L3 R3 z3 3 3 3 3 3 4 :4 U4 V4 4 X5 I6 J6 o6 6 )7 E7 {7 7 P8 j8 8 9 9 9 : : -: : ; 9; V; s; ; ; < ,< I< < < < < = '> S> > > !? E? @ *@ L@ @ @ @ @ @ %B B B B FC gC C C C D /D D D D E 9E WE E 0F F F F H H H 1H 9H XH cH oH I 5J J J J J J J K 7K :K ;K <K KK `K lK oK qK rK sK tK uK vK wK xK K K K K K K K K K K L L L ZL [L \L eL L L L M M M M M M M *M +M ,M 2M <M =M HM IM TM UM [M eM fM gM rM sM {M M M M M M M M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 0 0 A K3 0 A K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 K3 0 SC K3 0 SC K3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 0=z @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 0 0 h Z 0 0 Z 0 0 Z 0 0 Z 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 Z 00 @ 0 @ 0 Z 00 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 00 2o@ 0 @ 0 @ 0 0 0 0o@ 0 0 0 0o@ 0 @ 0 @ 0 00 1o@ 0 @ 0 00 1o@ 0 00 zo@ 0 00 2o@ 0 @ 0 @ 0 0 0 0o@ 0 00 1o@ 0 @ 0 00 zo@ 0 @ 0 @ 0 00 1o 0 > $ . c= B J P PT : 8 9 d + 1 = N P S V X g l n q S m 5' $- >- f- - - - . 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