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//proc/self/root/usr/share/doc/bash-3.2/bashref.ps
%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software %%Title: bashref.dvi %%Pages: 160 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMR10 CMTT10 CMSL10 CMSY10 CMBXTI10 CMTI10 %%+ CMCSC10 CMSLTT10 CMTT12 CMSY9 CMR8 CMTT9 CMTI9 CMR9 %%EndComments %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D 600 -t letter -o bashref.ps bashref.dvi %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 2006.09.28:1026 %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro %! /TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMR9 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR9 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:59 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY9) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY9 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /.notdef put readonly def /FontBBox{-30 -958 1146 777}readonly def /UniqueID 5000819 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMCSC10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMCSC10 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 18 17:46:49 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMCSC10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMCSC10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /.notdef put readonly def /FontBBox{14 -250 1077 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5000772 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA0529731C99A784CCBE85B4993B2EEBDE 3B12D472B7CF54651EF21185116A69AB1096ED4BAD2F646635E019B6417CC77B 532F85D811C70D1429A19A5307EF63EB5C5E02C89FC6C20F6D9D89E7D91FE470 B72BEFDA23F5DF76BE05AF4CE93137A219ED8A04A9D7D6FDF37E6B7FCDE0D90B 986423E5960A5D9FBB4C956556E8DF90CBFAEC476FA36FD9A5C8175C9AF513FE D919C2DDD26BDC0D99398B9F4D03D5993DFC0930297866E1CD0A30EB76029337 900ECFB1390CA5C0C3A04528044F266BA17BE487C79B94FAC6D6484684C5BFEA 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMBX12 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX12 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:34:54 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Bold) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMBX12 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /.notdef put readonly def /FontBBox{-53 -251 1139 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5000769 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 2BDBF16FBC7512FAA308A093FE5F0364CD5660F74BEE96790DE35AFA90CCF712 B1805DA88AE375A04D99598EADFC625BDC1F9C315B6CF28C9BD427F32C745C99 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All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMBXTI10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Bold) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMBXTI10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /.notdef put readonly def /FontBBox{-29 -250 1274 754}readonly def /UniqueID 5000771 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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19[39 27[39 39 2[39 45[{ TeX09fbbfacEncoding ReEncodeFont } 18 74.7198 /CMSLTT10 rf /Fe 129[39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 5[39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 39 39 39 1[39 39 1[39 33[{ TeX09fbbfacEncoding ReEncodeFont }81 74.7198 /CMTT9 rf /Ff 138[39 27 28 28 1[39 1[39 2[37 22 4[31 1[31 1[35 5[20 6[51 39 52 1[48 3[44 5[46 48 54 51 50 53 15[35 3[24 5[20 39[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }26 66.4176 /CMR8 rf /Fg 150[30 30 104[{ TeXbbad153fEncoding ReEncodeFont } 2 74.7198 /CMSY9 rf /Fh 135[61 2[61 1[46 2[56 63 5[30 1[64 2[62 52[55 47[{ TeX0ef0afcaEncoding ReEncodeFont }9 99.6264 /CMCSC10 rf /Fi 140[56 3[56 56 1[56 2[56 56 56 57[56 45[{ TeX09fbbfacEncoding ReEncodeFont }8 109.091 /CMTT12 rf /Fj 134[48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 1[48 2[48 3[48 3[48 1[48 1[48 1[48 48 48 1[48 48 48 1[48 48 48 48 1[48 6[48 6[48 48 48 48 2[48 2[48 2[48 39[{ TeX09fbbfacEncoding ReEncodeFont }50 90.9091 /CMSLTT10 rf /Fk 134[65 65 89 65 68 48 48 50 65 68 61 68 102 34 65 1[34 68 61 37 56 68 55 68 60 34 6[93 1[127 1[94 85 68 92 92 84 92 96 116 74 96 1[46 96 96 77 81 94 89 87 93 1[58 4[34 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 2[34 41 34 4[34 26[68 72 11[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }64 109.091 /CMBX12 rf /Fl 135[56 2[56 54 42 55 1[51 58 56 68 47 1[39 27 56 58 49 51 57 54 53 56 46[50 2[50 1[34 45[{ TeX0ef0afcaEncoding ReEncodeFont }23 90.9091 /CMCSC10 rf /Fm 135[42 1[42 1[30 37 38 1[46 46 51 74 23 2[28 1[42 1[42 46 42 1[46 50[28 33[51 12[{ TeX74afc74cEncoding ReEncodeFont }18 90.9091 /CMTI10 rf /Fn 209[43 46[{ TeX74afc74cEncoding ReEncodeFont }1 119.552 /CMBXTI10 rf /Fo 134[85 85 1[85 90 63 64 66 1[90 81 90 134 45 1[49 45 90 81 49 74 90 72 90 78 9[167 122 124 112 90 120 1[110 2[153 97 1[83 60 126 1[101 106 124 117 115 122 7[81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 35[90 94 11[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }52 143.462 /CMBX12 rf /Fp 200[0 21[91 17[45 1[91 12[71{ TeXbbad153fEncoding ReEncodeFont } 5 90.9091 /CMSY10 rf /Fq 134[48 48 66 48 51 35 36 36 48 51 45 51 76 25 48 28 25 51 45 28 40 51 40 51 45 8[68 93 1[68 66 51 67 1[62 71 68 83 57 71 1[33 68 71 59 62 69 66 64 68 13[45 45 45 3[30 2[45 27[76 1[51 53 11[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }54 90.9091 /CMSL10 rf /Fr 134[71 71 97 71 75 52 53 55 1[75 67 75 112 37 71 41 37 75 67 41 61 75 60 75 65 3[37 1[37 1[102 102 139 102 103 94 75 100 101 92 101 105 128 81 105 69 50 105 106 85 88 103 97 96 102 105 64 4[37 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 1[37 45 37 1[67 5[67 112 1[41 20[75 78 11[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }73 119.552 /CMBX12 rf /Fs 129[48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 1[48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 33[{ TeX09fbbfacEncoding ReEncodeFont }93 90.9091 /CMTT10 rf /Ft 131[91 45 40 48 48 66 48 51 35 36 36 48 51 45 51 76 25 48 28 25 51 45 28 40 51 40 51 45 25 2[25 45 25 56 68 68 93 68 68 66 51 67 71 62 71 68 83 57 71 47 33 68 71 59 62 69 66 64 68 1[43 1[71 1[25 25 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 25 30 25 2[35 35 25 1[76 45 1[45 25 18[76 51 51 53 11[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }87 90.9091 /CMR10 rf /Fu 138[108 1[76 79 3[108 1[54 3[108 1[59 88 1[86 1[94 14[144 4[184 10[138 66[{ TeXf7b6d320Encoding ReEncodeFont }13 172.154 /CMBX12 rf end %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%Feature: *Resolution 600dpi TeXDict begin %%BeginPaperSize: Letter letter %%EndPaperSize end %%EndSetup %%Page: 1 1 TeXDict begin 1 0 bop 150 1318 a Fu(Bash)64 b(Reference)j(Man)-5 b(ual)p 150 1385 3600 34 v 2361 1481 a Ft(Reference)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(for)d(Bash)2428 1589 y(Edition)h(3.2,)g(for)f Fs(Bash)g Ft(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(3.2.)3118 1697 y(Septem)m(b)s(er)f (2006)150 4935 y Fr(Chet)45 b(Ramey)-11 b(,)46 b(Case)g(W)-11 b(estern)46 b(Reserv)l(e)g(Univ)l(ersit)l(y)150 5068 y(Brian)f(F)-11 b(o)l(x,)45 b(F)-11 b(ree)45 b(Soft)l(w)l(are)h(F)-11 b(oundation)p 150 5141 3600 17 v eop end %%Page: 2 2 TeXDict begin 2 1 bop 150 2889 a Ft(This)35 b(text)h(is)g(a)g(brief)f (description)h(of)f(the)h(features)g(that)g(are)g(presen)m(t)g(in)f (the)h(Bash)f(shell)h(\(v)m(ersion)150 2999 y(3.2,)c(28)f(Septem)m(b)s (er)f(2006\).)150 3133 y(This)e(is)h(Edition)f(3.2,)j(last)e(up)s (dated)f(28)h(Septem)m(b)s(er)f(2006,)j(of)e Fq(The)f(GNU)i(Bash)e (Reference)i(Man)m(ual)p Ft(,)150 3243 y(for)g Fs(Bash)p Ft(,)g(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(3.2.)150 3377 y(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)602 3374 y(c)577 3377 y Fp(\015)f Ft(1988-2005)k(F)-8 b(ree)32 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)f(F)-8 b(oundation,)32 b(Inc.)150 3512 y(P)m(ermission)g(is)h(gran)m(ted)g(to)f(mak)m(e)i(and)d(distribute)h (v)m(erbatim)h(copies)g(of)f(this)g(man)m(ual)h(pro)m(vided)f(the)150 3621 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g(notice)f(and)f(this)g(p)s(ermission)g(notice)h (are)g(preserv)m(ed)f(on)h(all)g(copies.)390 3756 y(P)m(ermission)k(is) h(gran)m(ted)f(to)h(cop)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(distribute)d(and/or)g(mo)s (dify)f(this)h(do)s(cumen)m(t)g(under)390 3866 y(the)j(terms)g(of)g (the)g(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)39 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)h(License,)g(V)-8 b(ersion)39 b(1.2)g(or)f(an)m(y)g(later)390 3975 y(v)m(ersion)28 b(published)d(b)m(y)j(the)f(F)-8 b(ree)29 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)f(F)-8 b(oundation;)30 b(with)d(no)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)28 b(Sections,)390 4085 y(with)i(the)h(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)33 b(texts)e(b)s(eing)g(\\A)g(GNU)g(Man)m(ual,")h(and)e(with)g(the)h(Bac)m (k-Co)m(v)m(er)390 4194 y(T)-8 b(exts)33 b(as)g(in)f(\(a\))h(b)s(elo)m (w.)47 b(A)33 b(cop)m(y)g(of)f(the)h(license)g(is)g(included)e(in)h (the)h(section)g(en)m(titled)390 4304 y(\\GNU)e(F)-8 b(ree)32 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)g(License.")390 4438 y(\(a\))39 b(The)f(FSF's)g(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext)39 b(is:)56 b(\\Y)-8 b(ou)39 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(freedom)f(to)h(cop)m(y)f(and)g(mo)s (dify)390 4548 y(this)32 b(GNU)i(Man)m(ual,)g(lik)m(e)g(GNU)f(soft)m(w) m(are.)49 b(Copies)32 b(published)f(b)m(y)h(the)h(F)-8 b(ree)34 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)390 4658 y(F)-8 b(oundation)31 b(raise)g(funds)d(for)j(GNU)g(dev)m(elopmen)m(t.")150 4902 y(Published)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)h(F)-8 b(oundation)150 5011 y(59)31 b(T)-8 b(emple)31 b(Place,)h(Suite)e(330,) 150 5121 y(Boston,)i(MA)e(02111-1307)150 5230 y(USA)p eop end %%Page: -1 3 TeXDict begin -1 2 bop 3725 -116 a Ft(i)150 299 y Fo(T)-13 b(able)53 b(of)h(Con)l(ten)l(ts)150 641 y Fr(1)135 b(In)l(tro)t (duction)15 b Fn(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) 60 b Fr(1)449 778 y Ft(1.1)92 b(What)31 b(is)f(Bash?)21 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b Ft(1)449 888 y(1.2)92 b(What)31 b(is)f(a)h(shell?)14 b Fm(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)44 b Ft(1)150 1130 y Fr(2)135 b(De\014nitions)37 b Fn(.)19 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)81 b Fr(3)150 1400 y(3)135 b(Basic)45 b(Shell)g(F)-11 b(eatures)12 b Fn(.)20 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)57 b Fr(5)449 1537 y Ft(3.1)92 b(Shell)30 b(Syn)m(tax)22 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)52 b Ft(5)748 1646 y(3.1.1)93 b(Shell)30 b(Op)s(eration)10 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)40 b Ft(5)748 1756 y(3.1.2)93 b(Quoting)10 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)40 b Ft(5)1047 1866 y(3.1.2.1)93 b(Escap)s(e)30 b(Character)24 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53 b Ft(6)1047 1975 y(3.1.2.2)93 b(Single)31 b(Quotes)15 b Fm(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)45 b Ft(6)1047 2085 y(3.1.2.3)93 b(Double)31 b(Quotes)15 b Fm(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)44 b Ft(6)1047 2194 y(3.1.2.4)93 b(ANSI-C)30 b(Quoting)18 b Fm(.)d(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)48 b Ft(6)1047 2304 y(3.1.2.5)93 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)32 b(T)-8 b(ranslation)11 b Fm(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)41 b Ft(7)748 2413 y(3.1.3)93 b(Commen)m(ts)25 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)55 b Ft(7)449 2523 y(3.2)92 b(Shell)30 b(Commands)23 b Fm(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53 b Ft(7)748 2633 y(3.2.1)93 b(Simple)30 b(Commands)15 b Fm(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)45 b Ft(8)748 2742 y(3.2.2)93 b(Pip)s(elines)14 b Fm(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)44 b Ft(8)748 2852 y(3.2.3)93 b(Lists)30 b(of)h(Commands)23 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) 54 b Ft(8)748 2961 y(3.2.4)93 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Fm(.)k(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)41 b Ft(123)449 5303 y(10.8)92 b(Optional)31 b(F)-8 b(eatures)17 b Fm(.)g(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)47 b Ft(123)p eop end %%Page: -4 6 TeXDict begin -4 5 bop 150 -116 a Ft(iv)2589 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 83 y Fr(App)t(endix)44 b(A)99 b(Rep)t(orting)46 b(Bugs)12 b Fn(.)20 b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)56 b Fr(129)150 353 y(App)t(endix)44 b(B)105 b(Ma)7 b(jor)46 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-11 b(rom)45 b(The)f(Bourne)419 486 y(Shell)17 b Fn(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)61 b Fr(131)449 623 y Ft(B.1)92 b(Implemen)m(tation)31 b(Di\013erences)h(F)-8 b(rom)31 b(The)f(SVR4.2)h(Shell)21 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)50 b Ft(135)150 865 y Fr(App)t(endix)44 b(C)104 b(Cop)l(ying)46 b(This)e(Man)l(ual)27 b Fn(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)71 b Fr(137)449 1002 y Ft(C.1)91 b(GNU)31 b(F)-8 b(ree)32 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)g(License)27 b Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)56 b Ft(137)748 1112 y(C.1.1)92 b(ADDENDUM:)32 b(Ho)m(w)f(to)h(use)e(this) g(License)h(for)f(y)m(our)930 1221 y(do)s(cumen)m(ts)c Fm(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)56 b Ft(143)150 1464 y Fr(Index)45 b(of)g(Shell)g(Builtin)h (Commands)27 b Fn(.)19 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)71 b Fr(145)150 1733 y(Index)45 b(of)g(Shell)g(Reserv)l(ed)h(W)-11 b(ords)41 b Fn(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)85 b Fr(147)150 2003 y(P)l(arameter)47 b(and)d(V)-11 b(ariable)46 b(Index)27 b Fn(.)19 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)71 b Fr(149)150 2273 y(F)-11 b(unction)44 b(Index)36 b Fn(.)19 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)80 b Fr(151)150 2543 y(Concept)45 b(Index)18 b Fn(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)62 b Fr(153)p eop end %%Page: 1 7 TeXDict begin 1 6 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(1:)41 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)2592 b(1)150 299 y Fo(1)80 b(In)l(tro)t(duction) 150 675 y Fr(1.1)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(Bash?)275 923 y Ft(Bash)29 b(is)h(the)f(shell,)i(or)e(command)g(language)i(in)m (terpreter,)g(for)e(the)h Fl(gnu)f Ft(op)s(erating)h(system.)40 b(The)150 1033 y(name)33 b(is)g(an)g(acron)m(ym)g(for)g(the)g(`)p Fs(Bourne-Again)27 b(SHell)p Ft(',)32 b(a)i(pun)d(on)i(Stephen)f (Bourne,)h(the)g(author)150 1142 y(of)f(the)f(direct)h(ancestor)h(of)e (the)h(curren)m(t)f(Unix)g(shell)h Fs(sh)p Ft(,)f(whic)m(h)g(app)s (eared)g(in)g(the)h(Sev)m(en)m(th)g(Edition)150 1252 y(Bell)g(Labs)e(Researc)m(h)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix.)275 1391 y(Bash)f(is)g(largely)i(compatible)f(with)f Fs(sh)g Ft(and)g(incorp)s(orates)g(useful)g(features)g(from)g(the)g(Korn)g (shell)150 1500 y Fs(ksh)37 b Ft(and)h(the)g(C)g(shell)g Fs(csh)p Ft(.)64 b(It)38 b(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)g (conforman)m(t)h(implemen)m(tation)h(of)e(the)g Fl(ieee)150 1610 y(posix)c Ft(Shell)g(and)g(T)-8 b(o)s(ols)35 b(p)s(ortion)f(of)g (the)h Fl(ieee)f(posix)f Ft(sp)s(eci\014cation)j(\()p Fl(ieee)e Ft(Standard)f(1003.1\).)56 b(It)150 1719 y(o\013ers)31 b(functional)f(impro)m(v)m(emen)m(ts)i(o)m(v)m(er)g Fs(sh)d Ft(for)i(b)s(oth)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(and)d(programming)g(use.)275 1858 y(While)h(the)g Fl(gnu)f Ft(op)s(erating)h(system)g(pro)m(vides)f (other)h(shells,)g(including)f(a)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g Fs(csh)p Ft(,)f(Bash)150 1968 y(is)j(the)h(default)f(shell.)49 b(Lik)m(e)34 b(other)g Fl(gnu)f Ft(soft)m(w)m(are,)i(Bash)f(is)f(quite) h(p)s(ortable.)49 b(It)33 b(curren)m(tly)g(runs)f(on)150 2077 y(nearly)c(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)f(Unix)h(and)e(a)i(few)f (other)h(op)s(erating)g(systems)f Fp(\000)g Ft(indep)s(enden)m (tly-supp)s(orted)150 2187 y(p)s(orts)j(exist)h(for)f Fl(ms-dos)p Ft(,)f Fl(os/2)p Ft(,)i(and)f(Windo)m(ws)g(platforms.)150 2455 y Fr(1.2)68 b(What)45 b(is)g(a)h(shell?)275 2703 y Ft(A)m(t)41 b(its)f(base,)j(a)e(shell)f(is)g(simply)g(a)h(macro)f (pro)s(cessor)g(that)h(executes)g(commands.)70 b(The)40 b(term)150 2813 y(macro)29 b(pro)s(cessor)f(means)g(functionalit)m(y)i (where)e(text)i(and)e(sym)m(b)s(ols)g(are)g(expanded)g(to)h(create)h (larger)150 2922 y(expressions.)275 3061 y(A)k(Unix)h(shell)g(is)f(b)s (oth)g(a)h(command)g(in)m(terpreter)g(and)f(a)h(programming)f (language.)55 b(As)35 b(a)g(com-)150 3170 y(mand)30 b(in)m(terpreter,)i (the)g(shell)f(pro)m(vides)g(the)h(user)e(in)m(terface)j(to)f(the)f (ric)m(h)h(set)g(of)f Fl(gnu)g Ft(utilities.)44 b(The)150 3280 y(programming)26 b(language)i(features)f(allo)m(w)h(these)f (utilitites)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(com)m(bined.)40 b(Files)27 b(con)m(taining)h(com-)150 3390 y(mands)h(can)i(b)s(e)e(created,)j(and) d(b)s(ecome)i(commands)f(themselv)m(es.)42 b(These)30 b(new)f(commands)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)150 3499 y(same)f(status)h(as)f (system)g(commands)g(in)g(directories)h(suc)m(h)f(as)g(`)p Fs(/bin)p Ft(',)g(allo)m(wing)i(users)d(or)h(groups)f(to)150 3609 y(establish)h(custom)f(en)m(vironmen)m(ts)h(to)g(automate)h(their) f(common)f(tasks.)275 3748 y(Shells)j(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(in)m (teractiv)m(ely)k(or)d(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)54 b(In)33 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)f(they)e(accept)150 3857 y(input)21 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(from)g(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)37 b(When)22 b(executing)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)27 b(shells)c(execute)g(commands)150 3967 y(read)30 b(from)g(a)h(\014le.) 275 4105 y(A)41 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)h(execution)h(of)e Fl(gnu)g Ft(commands,)i(b)s(oth)e(sync)m(hronously)f(and)h(async)m (hronously)-8 b(.)150 4215 y(The)29 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)i(for)e(sync)m (hronous)f(commands)h(to)h(complete)h(b)s(efore)e(accepting)h(more)g (input;)f(asyn-)150 4325 y(c)m(hronous)22 b(commands)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h (to)f(execute)h(in)e(parallel)i(with)f(the)f(shell)h(while)g(it)g (reads)g(and)f(executes)150 4434 y(additional)35 b(commands.)50 b(The)33 b Fq(redirection)h Ft(constructs)g(p)s(ermit)f(\014ne-grained) g(con)m(trol)i(of)f(the)g(input)150 4544 y(and)40 b(output)f(of)i (those)f(commands.)70 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)45 b(the)c(shell)f(allo)m(ws)h (con)m(trol)h(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)150 4653 y(commands')30 b(en)m(vironmen)m(ts.)275 4792 y(Shells)k(also)i (pro)m(vide)g(a)f(small)h(set)f(of)g(built-in)g(commands)g(\()p Fq(builtins)t Ft(\))g(implemen)m(ting)h(function-)150 4902 y(alit)m(y)i(imp)s(ossible)e(or)g(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)e (obtain)g(via)g(separate)g(utilities.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)i Fs(cd)p Ft(,)e Fs(break)p Ft(,)150 5011 y Fs(continue)p Ft(,)43 b(and)f Fs(exec)p Ft(\))g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e (implemen)m(ted)i(outside)g(of)f(the)h(shell)f(b)s(ecause)h(they)f (directly)150 5121 y(manipulate)37 b(the)g(shell)f(itself.)61 b(The)36 b Fs(history)p Ft(,)g Fs(getopts)p Ft(,)g Fs(kill)p Ft(,)h(or)g Fs(pwd)f Ft(builtins,)h(among)h(others,)150 5230 y(could)33 b(b)s(e)f(implemen)m(ted)h(in)g(separate)g(utilities,)i (but)d(they)h(are)h(more)f(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)g(use)e(as)h (builtin)150 5340 y(commands.)40 b(All)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h (builtins)f(are)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(subsequen)m(t)g(sections.)p eop end %%Page: 2 8 TeXDict begin 2 7 bop 150 -116 a Ft(2)2617 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)275 299 y(While)39 b(executing)h(commands)e(is) g(essen)m(tial,)43 b(most)c(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(\(and)g (complexit)m(y\))j(of)e(shells)150 408 y(is)34 b(due)f(to)i(their)f(em) m(b)s(edded)f(programming)h(languages.)52 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(an)m(y)f(high-lev)m(el)i(language,)h(the)d(shell)150 518 y(pro)m(vides)c(v)-5 b(ariables,)32 b(\015o)m(w)e(con)m(trol)i (constructs,)f(quoting,)g(and)f(functions.)275 653 y(Shells)21 b(o\013er)i(features)f(geared)h(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(for)f(in)m (teractiv)m(e)j(use)d(rather)g(than)g(to)h(augmen)m(t)g(the)f(pro-)150 762 y(gramming)32 b(language.)48 b(These)32 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j (features)d(include)g(job)g(con)m(trol,)j(command)c(line)i(editing,)150 872 y(command)d(history)g(and)g(aliases.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(of)g(these)g(features)f(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(this)g(man)m(ual.)p eop end %%Page: 3 9 TeXDict begin 3 8 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(2:)41 b(De\014nitions)2662 b(3)150 299 y Fo(2)80 b(De\014nitions)275 527 y Ft(These)30 b(de\014nitions)g(are)g(used)g(throughout)g(the)g (remainder)g(of)h(this)f(man)m(ual.)150 684 y Fs(POSIX)240 b Ft(A)27 b(family)g(of)g(op)s(en)f(system)g(standards)g(based)g(on)h (Unix.)39 b(Bash)27 b(is)g(primarily)f(concerned)630 794 y(with)k(the)h(Shell)f(and)g(Utilities)i(p)s(ortion)e(of)h(the)f Fl(posix)g Ft(1003.1)j(standard.)150 950 y Fs(blank)240 b Ft(A)30 b(space)h(or)g(tab)f(c)m(haracter.)150 1107 y Fs(builtin)144 b Ft(A)35 b(command)g(that)g(is)g(implemen)m(ted)g(in) m(ternally)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)g(itself,)i(rather)d(than)h(b)m(y)630 1217 y(an)30 b(executable)i(program)e(somewhere)h(in)f(the)g(\014le)h (system.)150 1374 y Fs(control)d(operator)630 1484 y Ft(A)c Fs(word)e Ft(that)i(p)s(erforms)f(a)h(con)m(trol)h(function.)38 b(It)24 b(is)f(a)h Fs(newline)e Ft(or)i(one)g(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing:) 630 1593 y(`)p Fs(||)p Ft(',)31 b(`)p Fs(&&)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(&)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(;)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(;;)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(|)p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(\()p Ft(',)g(or)f(`)p Fs(\))p Ft('.)150 1750 y Fs(exit)f(status)630 1860 y Ft(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(returned)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(command)f(to)h(its)g(caller.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(restricted)h(to)h(eigh)m(t)630 1969 y(bits,)h(so)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(255.)150 2126 y Fs(field)240 b Ft(A)27 b(unit)g(of)g(text)h (that)g(is)f(the)g(result)g(of)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)g(expansions.) 40 b(After)27 b(expansion,)630 2236 y(when)e(executing)h(a)g(command,)h (the)f(resulting)f(\014elds)g(are)h(used)f(as)h(the)g(command)f(name) 630 2346 y(and)30 b(argumen)m(ts.)150 2503 y Fs(filename)96 b Ft(A)30 b(string)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(used)e(to)h(iden)m(tify)g(a)f (\014le.)150 2659 y Fs(job)336 b Ft(A)31 b(set)h(of)f(pro)s(cesses)g (comprising)g(a)g(pip)s(eline,)g(and)g(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cesses)g (descended)g(from)f(it,)630 2769 y(that)h(are)g(all)g(in)f(the)h(same)f (pro)s(cess)g(group.)150 2926 y Fs(job)f(control)630 3036 y Ft(A)22 b(mec)m(hanism)g(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h(users)f(can)h (selectiv)m(ely)i(stop)e(\(susp)s(end\))e(and)h(restart)i(\(resume\)) 630 3145 y(execution)32 b(of)e(pro)s(cesses.)150 3302 y Fs(metacharacter)630 3412 y Ft(A)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(that,)g(when)d (unquoted,)i(separates)g(w)m(ords.)38 b(A)26 b(metac)m(haracter)i(is)d (a)g Fs(blank)630 3521 y Ft(or)30 b(one)h(of)g(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(c)m (haracters:)42 b(`)p Fs(|)p Ft(',)31 b(`)p Fs(&)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(;)p Ft(',)g(`)p Fs(\()p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(\))p Ft(',)h(`)p Fs(<)p Ft(',)g(or)f(`)p Fs(>)p Ft('.)150 3678 y Fs(name)288 b Ft(A)37 b Fs(word)f Ft(consisting)i(solely)h(of)e(letters,)j(n)m(um)m (b)s(ers,)e(and)f(underscores,)h(and)f(b)s(eginning)630 3788 y(with)23 b(a)g(letter)h(or)f(underscore.)38 b Fs(Name)p Ft(s)22 b(are)h(used)f(as)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(and)e(function)h(names.)630 3898 y(Also)31 b(referred)f(to)h(as)f(an) h Fs(identifier)p Ft(.)150 4055 y Fs(operator)96 b Ft(A)38 b Fs(control)28 b(operator)36 b Ft(or)h(a)i Fs(redirection)27 b(operator)p Ft(.)61 b(See)38 b(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirec-)630 4164 y(tions],)31 b(page)g(25,)h(for)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(redirection)h (op)s(erators.)150 4321 y Fs(process)d(group)630 4431 y Ft(A)i(collection)k(of)c(related)h(pro)s(cesses)g(eac)m(h)g(ha)m (ving)g(the)g(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fl(id)p Ft(.)150 4588 y Fs(process)e(group)h(ID)630 4697 y Ft(A)h(unique)g(iden)m(tifer) h(that)g(represen)m(ts)f(a)h Fs(process)d(group)h Ft(during)g(its)i (lifetime.)150 4854 y Fs(reserved)d(word)630 4964 y Ft(A)h Fs(word)e Ft(that)i(has)f(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)g(shell.) 40 b(Most)30 b(reserv)m(ed)e(w)m(ords)g(in)m(tro)s(duce)630 5073 y(shell)j(\015o)m(w)f(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(suc)m(h)f(as)g Fs(for)g Ft(and)g Fs(while)p Ft(.)150 5230 y Fs(return)f(status)630 5340 y Ft(A)h(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Fs(exit)g(status)p Ft(.)p eop end %%Page: 4 10 TeXDict begin 4 9 bop 150 -116 a Ft(4)2617 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(signal)192 b Ft(A)40 b(mec)m(hanism)h(b)m(y)e(whic)m(h)h(a)h(pro)s(cess)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e (noti\014ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(k)m(ernel)f(of)g(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)630 408 y(o)s(ccurring)30 b(in)g(the)h(system.)150 568 y Fs(special)d(builtin)630 677 y Ft(A)j(shell)f(builtin)g(command)h(that) g(has)f(b)s(een)g(classi\014ed)h(as)g(sp)s(ecial)g(b)m(y)f(the)h Fl(posix)f Ft(stan-)630 787 y(dard.)150 946 y Fs(token)240 b Ft(A)38 b(sequence)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(considered)f(a)h(single)g (unit)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(shell.)64 b(It)38 b(is)g(either)h(a)630 1056 y Fs(word)29 b Ft(or)i(an)f Fs(operator)p Ft(.)150 1215 y Fs(word)288 b Ft(A)30 b Fs(token)f Ft(that)i(is)g(not)f(an)h Fs(operator)p Ft(.)p eop end %%Page: 5 11 TeXDict begin 5 10 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(5)150 299 y Fo(3)80 b(Basic)54 b(Shell)e(F)-13 b(eatures)275 544 y Ft(Bash)27 b(is)g(an)g(acron)m(ym)h(for)f(`)p Fs(Bourne-Again)g (SHell)p Ft('.)39 b(The)26 b(Bourne)h(shell)h(is)f(the)g(traditional)i (Unix)150 653 y(shell)34 b(originally)h(written)e(b)m(y)g(Stephen)g (Bourne.)50 b(All)34 b(of)g(the)f(Bourne)h(shell)f(builtin)g(commands)h (are)150 763 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)32 b(in)c(Bash,)i(The)f(rules)g(for)g (ev)-5 b(aluation)31 b(and)d(quoting)i(are)f(tak)m(en)i(from)d(the)i Fl(posix)e Ft(sp)s(eci\014ca-)150 872 y(tion)j(for)f(the)h(`standard')f 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b(the)f(arithmetic)h(expression)e Fq(expr1)43 b Ft(is)36 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(according)f(to)g(the)g(rules)f(de-) 630 2905 y(scrib)s(ed)41 b(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)g ([Shell)g(Arithmetic],)j(page)d(74\).)77 b(The)42 b(arithmetic)630 3014 y(expression)33 b Fq(expr2)41 b Ft(is)34 b(then)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(rep)s(eatedly)f(un)m(til)g(it)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)35 b(to)g(zero.)51 b(Eac)m(h)630 3124 y(time)23 b Fq(expr2)30 b Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)e(a)g(non-zero)h(v)-5 b(alue,)25 b Fq(commands)h Ft(are)d(executed)g(and)g(the)g(arith-)630 3233 y(metic)29 b(expression)f Fq(expr3)36 b Ft(is)28 b(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)g(omitted,)i (it)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)630 3343 y(if)i(it)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 b(to)g(1.)44 b(The)30 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f(in)630 3453 y Fq(list)i Ft(that)e(is)f(executed,)i(or)e(false)h(if)g(an)m(y)f (of)h(the)f(expressions)g(is)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid.)275 3613 y(The)26 b 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Ft(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(using)f (the)i(syn)m(tax)f Fs([:)p Fq(class)t Fs(:])p Ft(,)630 2558 y(where)30 b Fq(class)35 b Ft(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m (wing)h(classes)f(de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fl(posix)f Ft(standard:)870 2690 y Fs(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g(digit)g(graph)g (lower)870 2799 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)190 b(xdigit)630 2931 y Ft(A)42 b(c)m(haracter)h(class)f(matc)m(hes)h(an)m (y)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(elonging)f(to)g(that)g(class.)75 b(The)41 b Fs(word)630 3040 y Ft(c)m(haracter)32 b(class)f(matc)m(hes)h (letters,)f(digits,)h(and)d(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p Fs(_)p Ft('.)630 3172 y(Within)25 b(`)p Fs([)p Ft(')f(and)g(`)p Fs(])p Ft(',)i(an)e Fq(equiv)-5 b(alence)26 b(class)j Ft(can)24 b(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(using)g(the)g(syn)m(tax)h Fs([=)p Fq(c)6 b Fs(=])p Ft(,)630 3282 y(whic)m(h)29 b(matc)m(hes)i(all)f(c)m(haracters)h(with)e(the)h(same)g(collation)h(w) m(eigh)m(t)g(\(as)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)630 3391 y(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale\))j(as)d(the)h(c)m(haracter)h Fq(c)p Ft(.)630 3523 y(Within)22 b(`)p Fs([)p Ft(')f(and)g(`)p Fs(])p Ft(',)j(the)d(syn)m(tax)h Fs([.)p Fq(sym)m(b)s(ol)t Fs(.])e Ft(matc)m(hes)i(the)g(collating)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)d Fq(sym)m(b)s(ol)p Ft(.)275 3677 y(If)29 b(the)g Fs(extglob)f Ft(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f(using)g(the)h Fs(shopt)e Ft(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f(pattern)150 3786 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58 b(In)35 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(description,)g(a)f Fq(pattern-list)j Ft(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 3896 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f (separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Fs(|)p Ft('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33 b(patterns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150 4005 y(more)e(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150 4159 y Fs(?\()p Fj(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 4269 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m (en)g(patterns.)150 4423 y Fs(*\()p Fj(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 4532 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s (ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150 4686 y Fs(+\()p Fj(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 4796 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m(en)i(patterns.) 150 4949 y Fs(@\()p Fj(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 5059 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150 5213 y Fs(!\()p Fj(pattern-list)11 b Fs(\))630 5322 y Ft(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g (patterns.)p eop end %%Page: 25 31 TeXDict begin 25 30 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(25)150 299 y Fk(3.5.9)63 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7 b(al)275 550 y Ft(After)32 b(the)h(preceding)f(expansions,)h(all)g(unquoted)f(o)s (ccurrences)g(of)h(the)f(c)m(haracters)i(`)p Fs(\\)p Ft(',)f(`)p Fs(')p Ft(',)h(and)150 659 y(`)p Fs(")p Ft(')d(that)g(did)e (not)i(result)f(from)g(one)h(of)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(expansions)f (are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 933 y Fr(3.6)68 b(Redirections)275 1184 y Ft(Before)33 b(a)h(command)e(is)h(executed,)i(its)e(input)f(and) h(output)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e Fq(redirected)37 b Ft(using)32 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)150 1294 y(notation)g(in)m(terpreted)g(b)m(y)f(the)g (shell.)46 b(Redirection)33 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(op)s (en)e(and)h(close)h(\014les)f(for)150 1403 y(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)g (execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)49 b(The)33 b(follo)m(wing)h (redirection)g(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)h(precede)150 1513 y(or)29 b(app)s(ear)g(an)m(ywhere)g(within)g(a)h(simple)f(command)g(or) h(ma)m(y)g(follo)m(w)g(a)g(command.)40 b(Redirections)31 b(are)150 1623 y(pro)s(cessed)f(in)g(the)g(order)g(they)h(app)s(ear,)f (from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)275 1764 y(In)c(the)i(follo)m(wing)h (descriptions,)g(if)e(the)h(\014le)g(descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is) g(omitted,)i(and)f(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(har-)150 1873 y(acter)42 b(of)f(the)g(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(`)p Fs(<)p Ft(',)i(the)e(redirection)g(refers)g(to)g(the)g(standard)f (input)f(\(\014le)150 1983 y(descriptor)33 b(0\).)49 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f(redirection)g(op)s (erator)h(is)f(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(',)h(the)f(redirection)g(refers)150 2093 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\).)275 2234 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f(redirection)g(op)s(erator)f (in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f(unless)e(other-)150 2343 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5 b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f (expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)e(expansion,)i(command)150 2453 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h(expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g(and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 2563 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g(than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h (rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275 2704 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g (redirections)h(is)g(signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390 2845 y Fs(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)56 b Fs(2>&1)150 2986 y Ft(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g (output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i (\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)150 3096 y(\014le)h Fq(dirlist)p Ft(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390 3237 y Fs(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g Fj(dirlist)150 3378 y Ft(directs)34 b(only)g(the)f(standard)g(output)g(to)h(\014le)g Fq(dirlist)p Ft(,)h(b)s(ecause)e(the)h(standard)f(error)g(w)m(as)h(duplicated)150 3488 y(as)d(standard)e(output)h(b)s(efore)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h (w)m(as)h(redirected)g(to)g Fq(dirlist)p Ft(.)275 3629 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j(\014lenames)e(sp)s(ecially)h(when)f (they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(redirections,)i(as)e(describ)s(ed)150 3739 y(in)k(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(table:)150 3908 y Fs(/dev/fd/)p Fj(fd)630 4018 y Ft(If)f Fq(fd)j Ft(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h Fq(fd)i Ft(is)d(duplicated.)150 4184 y Fs(/dev/stdin)630 4294 y Ft(File)i(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f (duplicated.)150 4460 y Fs(/dev/stdout)630 4569 y Ft(File)i(descriptor) e(1)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 4735 y Fs(/dev/stderr)630 4845 y Ft(File)i(descriptor)e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 5011 y Fs(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)11 b Fs(/)p Fj(port)630 5121 y Ft(If)41 b Fq(host)i Ft(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fq(p)s(ort)j Ft(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 5230 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(or)h (service)h(name,)j(Bash)c(attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(a)g(TCP)g (connection)h(to)g(the)630 5340 y(corresp)s(onding)29 b(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)p eop end %%Page: 26 32 TeXDict begin 26 31 bop 150 -116 a Ft(26)2572 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)150 299 y Fs(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)11 b Fs(/)p Fj(port)630 408 y Ft(If)41 b Fq(host)i Ft(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fq(p)s(ort)j Ft(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 518 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(or)i(service)g(name,)k(Bash)c(attempts)g(to)h(op)s (en)e(a)h(UDP)g(connection)g(to)h(the)630 628 y(corresp)s(onding)29 b(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)275 782 y(A)h(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)h (a)e(\014le)h(causes)g(the)f(redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275 914 y(Redirections)f(using)e(\014le)i(descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f(9) h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150 1024 y(con\015ict)i(with)f(\014le)h(descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f (in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)150 1241 y Fk(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Input)275 1483 y Ft(Redirection)35 b(of)f(input)g(causes)g(the)h (\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(results)f(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)h Fq(w)m(ord)i Ft(to)150 1592 y(b)s(e)d(op)s(ened)g(for)g(reading)g(on)h (\014le)f(descriptor)h Fs(n)p Ft(,)g(or)g(the)f(standard)g(input)g (\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))h(if)g Fs(n)f Ft(is)150 1702 y(not)d(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275 1834 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)h (redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390 1966 y Fs([)p Fj(n)11 b Fs(]<)p Fj(word)150 2183 y Fk(3.6.2)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Output)275 2425 y Ft(Redirection)31 b(of)f(output)g(causes)h(the)g (\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(results)f(from)f(the)i(expansion)f(of)h Fq(w)m(ord)i Ft(to)150 2534 y(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)g(for)g(writing)h(on)f (\014le)h(descriptor)f Fq(n)p Ft(,)h(or)f(the)h(standard)f(output)g (\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\))h(if)g Fq(n)f Ft(is)150 2644 y(not)j(sp)s(eci\014ed.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014le)g(do)s(es)f(not) h(exist)g(it)g(is)g(created;)j(if)c(it)h(do)s(es)g(exist)g(it)g(is)g (truncated)g(to)g(zero)150 2753 y(size.)275 2885 y(The)29 b(general)j(format)e(for)h(redirecting)g(output)f(is:)390 3018 y Fs([)p Fj(n)11 b Fs(]>[|])p Fj(word)275 3150 y Ft(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(',)g(and)f(the)h Fs(noclobber)d Ft(option)j(to)g(the)g Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)g(has)h(b)s(een)150 3259 y(enabled,)i(the)f (redirection)h(will)f(fail)h(if)f(the)g(\014le)g(whose)g(name)g (results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fq(w)m(ord)150 3369 y Ft(exists)f(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)g(\014le.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p Fs(>|)p Ft(',)h(or)f(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)150 3478 y(`)p Fs(>)p Ft(')36 b(and)f(the)g 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(\(\014le)i(descriptor)e(1\))i(and)e(the)i(standard)e(error)g(output) 150 5098 y(\(\014le)d(descriptor)g(2\))h(to)f(b)s(e)g(redirected)g(to)h (the)f(\014le)g(whose)f(name)h(is)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(with)d(this)150 5208 y(construct.)275 5340 y(There)i(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)h(formats)e(for)h(redirecting)g (standard)e(output)h(and)g(standard)f(error:)p eop end %%Page: 27 33 TeXDict begin 27 32 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(27)390 299 y Fs(&>)p Fj(word)150 444 y Ft(and)390 590 y Fs(>&)p Fj(word)150 736 y Ft(Of)30 b(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(forms,)e(the)h(\014rst)e (is)i(preferred.)39 b(This)30 b(is)g(seman)m(tically)j(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 881 y Fs(>)p Fj(word)57 b Fs(2>&1)150 1128 y Fk(3.6.5)63 b(Here)41 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)275 1383 y Ft(This)28 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)h(redirection)g(instructs)f(the)g(shell) h(to)g(read)f(input)f(from)h(the)g(curren)m(t)h(source)f(un)m(til)h(a) 150 1492 y(line)h(con)m(taining)g(only)g Fq(w)m(ord)i Ft(\(with)d(no)h(trailing)g(blanks\))f(is)g(seen.)41 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(lines)f(read)g(up)f(to)i(that)150 1602 y(p)s(oin)m(t)f(are)h(then)f(used)g(as)g(the)h(standard)f(input)f (for)h(a)h(command.)275 1748 y(The)e(format)i(of)g(here-do)s(cumen)m (ts)f(is:)390 1893 y Fs(<<[)p Fp(\000)p Fs(])p Fj(word)772 2003 y(here-document)390 2112 y(delimiter)275 2258 y Ft(No)j(parameter)h(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)h (expansion,)f(or)f(\014lename)g(ex-)150 2367 y(pansion)i(is)g(p)s (erformed)e(on)i Fq(w)m(ord)p Ft(.)55 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)i(c)m(haracters) g(in)f Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(are)d(quoted,)i(the)e Fq(delimiter)43 b Ft(is)35 b(the)150 2477 y(result)40 b(of)h(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)42 b(on)e Fq(w)m(ord)p Ft(,)j(and)d(the)g(lines)h(in)f(the)h (here-do)s(cumen)m(t)f(are)h(not)f(expanded.)150 2587 y(If)32 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(is)d(unquoted,)f(all)i(lines)f(of)f(the)h (here-do)s(cumen)m(t)g(are)g(sub)5 b(jected)32 b(to)i(parameter)f (expansion,)150 2696 y(command)25 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h (expansion.)39 b(In)24 b(the)h(latter)h(case,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i (sequence)150 2806 y Fs(\\newline)h Ft(is)j(ignored,)f(and)g(`)p Fs(\\)p Ft(')h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(quote)g(the)g(c)m (haracters)h(`)p Fs(\\)p Ft(',)e(`)p Fs($)p Ft(',)h(and)f(`)p Fs(`)p Ft('.)275 2951 y(If)21 b(the)i(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f (`)p Fs(<<-)p Ft(',)i(then)e(all)h(leading)g(tab)g(c)m(haracters)h(are) e(stripp)s(ed)f(from)h(input)150 3061 y(lines)33 b(and)f(the)h(line)h (con)m(taining)g Fq(delimiter)p Ft(.)49 b(This)32 b(allo)m(ws)i (here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f(within)f(shell)i(scripts)e(to)150 3171 y(b)s(e)e(inden)m(ted)g(in)g(a)h(natural)f(fashion.)150 3417 y Fk(3.6.6)63 b(Here)41 b(Strings)275 3672 y Ft(A)30 b(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31 b(of)g(here)f(do)s(cumen)m(ts,)g(the)h(format)g (is:)390 3818 y Fs(<<<)47 b Fj(word)275 3963 y Ft(The)29 b Fq(w)m(ord)34 b Ft(is)c(expanded)g(and)g(supplied)f(to)i(the)f (command)h(on)f(its)h(standard)e(input.)150 4210 y Fk(3.6.7)63 b(Duplicating)41 b(File)g(Descriptors)275 4465 y Ft(The)29 b(redirection)i(op)s(erator)390 4610 y Fs([)p Fj(n)11 b Fs(]<&)p Fj(word)150 4756 y Ft(is)35 b(used)e(to)j(duplicate)f(input) f(\014le)g(descriptors.)53 b(If)34 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(expands)c(to)h (one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h(the)f(\014le)150 4866 y(descriptor)e (denoted)h(b)m(y)g Fq(n)f Ft(is)g(made)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(a)h(cop)m(y)g(of) g(that)g(\014le)g(descriptor.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(digits)g(in)f Fq(w)m(ord)150 4975 y Ft(do)c(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(\014le)f (descriptor)g(op)s(en)g(for)g(input,)g(a)h(redirection)g(error)f(o)s (ccurs.)40 b(If)29 b Fq(w)m(ord)j Ft(ev)-5 b(aluates)150 5085 y(to)31 b(`)p Fs(-)p Ft(',)g(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fq(n)f Ft(is)g(closed.)43 b(If)30 b Fq(n)g Ft(is)g(not)h(sp)s (eci\014ed,)f(the)h(standard)f(input)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))150 5194 y(is)g(used.)275 5340 y(The)f(op)s(erator)p eop end %%Page: 28 34 TeXDict begin 28 33 bop 150 -116 a Ft(28)2572 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)390 299 y Fs([)p Fj(n)11 b Fs(]>&)p Fj(word)150 434 y Ft(is)40 b(used)g(similarly)h(to)g(duplicate)f (output)g(\014le)h(descriptors.)70 b(If)40 b Fq(n)f Ft(is)i(not)f(sp)s (eci\014ed,)i(the)f(standard)150 543 y(output)30 b(\(\014le)g (descriptor)g(1\))h(is)f(used.)39 b(If)30 b(the)g(digits)h(in)e Fq(w)m(ord)34 b Ft(do)29 b(not)i(sp)s(ecify)e(a)i(\014le)f(descriptor)g (op)s(en)150 653 y(for)38 b(output,)i(a)e(redirection)h(error)f(o)s (ccurs.)63 b(As)38 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)f(case,)k(if)c Fq(n)f Ft(is)h(omitted,)k(and)37 b Fq(w)m(ord)k Ft(do)s(es)150 763 y(not)28 b(expand)f(to)i(one)f(or)f(more)h(digits,)i(the)e (standard)e(output)i(and)f(standard)g(error)g(are)i(redirected)f(as)150 872 y(describ)s(ed)h(previously)-8 b(.)150 1097 y Fk(3.6.8)63 b(Mo)m(ving)41 b(File)h(Descriptors)275 1342 y Ft(The)29 b(redirection)i(op)s(erator)390 1477 y Fs([)p Fj(n)11 b Fs(]<&)p Fj(digit)p Fs(-)150 1612 y Ft(mo)m(v)m(es)33 b(the)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f Fq(digit)k Ft(to)d(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fq(n)p 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(descriptor)g(0)g(if)f Fq(n)g Ft(is)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)47 b(If)32 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 3195 y(exist,)e(it)g(is)g (created.)150 3454 y Fr(3.7)68 b(Executing)46 b(Commands)150 3789 y Fk(3.7.1)63 b(Simple)41 b(Command)h(Expansion)275 4034 y Ft(When)35 b(a)h(simple)f(command)h(is)f(executed,)j(the)e (shell)g(p)s(erforms)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)h(expansions,)f(as-)150 4143 y(signmen)m(ts,)31 b(and)f(redirections,)h(from)f(left)h(to)g (righ)m(t.)199 4278 y(1.)61 b(The)38 b(w)m(ords)f(that)i(the)g(parser)e (has)h(mark)m(ed)g(as)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(\(those)g (preceding)f(the)330 4388 y(command)30 b(name\))h(and)f(redirections)h (are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(for)e(later)h(pro)s(cessing.)199 4523 y(2.)61 b(The)39 b(w)m(ords)g(that)i(are)f(not)g(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(or)e(redirections)i(are)f(expanded)f (\(see)h(Sec-)330 4632 y(tion)d(3.5)i([Shell)e(Expansions],)h(page)g (17\).)61 b(If)37 b(an)m(y)g(w)m(ords)f(remain)h(after)h(expansion,)h (the)e(\014rst)330 4742 y(w)m(ord)31 b(is)g(tak)m(en)h(to)g(b)s(e)f (the)g(name)h(of)f(the)h(command)f(and)f(the)i(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g (are)g(the)h(argu-)330 4851 y(men)m(ts.)199 4986 y(3.)61 b(Redirections)25 b(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m (v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)d(25\).)199 5121 y(4.)61 b(The)25 b(text)h(after)f(the)g(`)p Fs(=)p Ft(')h(in)e(eac)m(h)j(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(t)h(undergo)s(es) e(tilde)i(expansion,)g(parameter)330 5230 y(expansion,)49 b(command)d(substitution,)j(arithmetic)d(expansion,)k(and)45 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)46 b(b)s(efore)330 5340 y(b)s(eing)30 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)p eop end %%Page: 29 35 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)275 299 y(If)32 b(no)i(command)f(name)g(results,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)h (en)m(viron-)150 408 y(men)m(t.)39 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f (executed)h(command)g(and)150 518 y(do)35 b(not)f(a\013ect)j(the)d (curren)m(t)h(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)54 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(of)g (the)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(attempts)f(to)h(assign)150 628 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(an)c(error)g(o)s(ccurs,)j(and)c(the)i(command)f(exits)h(with)g(a)f (non-zero)150 737 y(status.)275 875 y(If)33 b(no)g(command)g(name)h (results,)g(redirections)g(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f(but)g(do)h(not)f (a\013ect)i(the)f(curren)m(t)150 985 y(shell)d(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)41 b(A)30 b(redirection)h(error)f(causes)h(the)g(command)f(to)h(exit)g (with)f(a)h(non-zero)g(status.)275 1123 y(If)26 b(there)i(is)f(a)h (command)f(name)h(left)g(after)g(expansion,)g(execution)h(pro)s(ceeds)e (as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 1233 y(Otherwise,)39 b(the)e(command)g(exits.)62 b(If)37 b(one)g(of)g(the)h(expansions)f (con)m(tained)h(a)g(command)f(substitu-)150 1342 y(tion,)i(the)d(exit)h (status)g(of)f(the)h(command)f(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h (last)g(command)f(substitution)150 1452 y(p)s(erformed.)55 b(If)35 b(there)g(w)m(ere)h(no)g(command)f(substitutions,)i(the)e (command)h(exits)g(with)f(a)h(status)g(of)150 1561 y(zero.)150 1793 y Fk(3.7.2)63 b(Command)41 b(Searc)m(h)f(and)h(Execution)275 2040 y Ft(After)35 b(a)h(command)f(has)h(b)s(een)e(split)i(in)m(to)g(w) m(ords,)h(if)e(it)h(results)g(in)f(a)h(simple)f(command)g(and)g(an)150 2150 y(optional)d(list)f(of)f(argumen)m(ts,)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)g (actions)h(are)f(tak)m(en.)199 2288 y(1.)61 b(If)24 b(the)g(command)g (name)g(con)m(tains)i(no)e(slashes,)i(the)e(shell)h(attempts)g(to)g(lo) s(cate)h(it.)39 b(If)24 b(there)g(exists)330 2398 y(a)h(shell)g (function)f(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)h(that)f(function)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m (ed)h(as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(3.3)h([Shell)330 2507 y(F)-8 b(unctions],)31 b(page)h(14.)199 2643 y(2.)61 b(If)41 b(the)g(name)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(matc)m(h)i(a)e(function,)j(the)e (shell)f(searc)m(hes)i(for)e(it)h(in)f(the)g(list)h(of)g(shell)330 2753 y(builtins.)e(If)30 b(a)h(matc)m(h)g(is)f(found,)g(that)h(builtin) f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)199 2889 y(3.)61 b(If)40 b(the)g(name)h(is)f (neither)h(a)f(shell)h(function)f(nor)g(a)g(builtin,)j(and)d(con)m (tains)h(no)g(slashes,)i(Bash)330 2999 y(searc)m(hes)c(eac)m(h)g (elemen)m(t)g(of)g Fs($PATH)d Ft(for)i(a)g(directory)h(con)m(taining)g (an)f(executable)h(\014le)f(b)m(y)g(that)330 3109 y(name.)56 b(Bash)36 b(uses)f(a)h(hash)e(table)j(to)f(remem)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(full) f(pathnames)g(of)h(executable)h(\014les)e(to)330 3218 y(a)m(v)m(oid)e(m)m(ultiple)f Fs(PATH)f Ft(searc)m(hes)i(\(see)f(the)g (description)g(of)f Fs(hash)g Ft(in)g(Section)i(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell) 330 3328 y(Builtins],)37 b(page)f(35\).)55 b(A)35 b(full)g(searc)m(h)g (of)g(the)g(directories)h(in)f Fs($PATH)e Ft(is)i(p)s(erformed)f(only)h (if)g(the)330 3437 y(command)c(is)g(not)g(found)f(in)g(the)i(hash)e (table.)43 b(If)31 b(the)g(searc)m(h)h(is)f(unsuccessful,)f(the)h (shell)g(prin)m(ts)330 3547 y(an)f(error)g(message)i(and)e(returns)f (an)h(exit)h(status)g(of)f(127.)199 3683 y(4.)61 b(If)33 b(the)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g(successful,)g(or)f(if)g(the)h(command)f(name)g (con)m(tains)i(one)f(or)f(more)g(slashes,)i(the)330 3793 y(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(named)f(program)g(in)h(a)g(separate)h (execution)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)55 b(Argumen)m(t)35 b(0)330 3902 y(is)30 b(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(giv)m(en,)g(and)f(the)h (remaining)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g(command)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the) 330 4012 y(argumen)m(ts)g(supplied,)e(if)h(an)m(y)-8 b(.)199 4148 y(5.)61 b(If)35 b(this)h(execution)h(fails)f(b)s(ecause)g (the)f(\014le)h(is)g(not)g(in)f(executable)j(format,)f(and)e(the)h (\014le)g(is)g(not)330 4258 y(a)d(directory)-8 b(,)34 b(it)f(is)g(assumed)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(a)i Fq(shell)g(script)h Ft(and)e(the)h(shell)f(executes)i(it)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)330 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y Fk(3.7.4)63 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t)275 4990 y Ft(When)31 b(a)g(program)h(is)f(in)m(v)m (ok)m(ed)i(it)f(is)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g(arra)m(y)g(of)f(strings)g(called)i (the)e Fq(en)m(vironmen)m(t)p Ft(.)45 b(This)150 5100 y(is)30 b(a)h(list)g(of)g(name-v)-5 b(alue)31 b(pairs,)f(of)h(the)f (form)g Fs(name=value)p Ft(.)275 5230 y(Bash)39 b(pro)m(vides)g(sev)m (eral)i(w)m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(manipulate)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)69 b(On)38 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)44 b(the)c(shell)150 5340 y(scans)g(its)h(o)m(wn)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(and)f(creates)i(a)f (parameter)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(name)e(found,)i(automatically)p eop end %%Page: 31 37 TeXDict begin 31 36 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(31)150 299 y(marking)26 b(it)g(for)g Fq(exp)s(ort)h Ft(to)g(c)m(hild)f(pro)s (cesses.)39 b(Executed)26 b(commands)g(inherit)g(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m (t.)39 b(The)150 408 y Fs(export)c Ft(and)i(`)p Fs(declare)29 b(-x)p Ft(')36 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b(input)f(is)i(coming)g(from)f(a)h(terminal,)h(c) m(haracters)g(are)f(not)1110 2245 y(ec)m(ho)s(ed.)630 2415 y Fs(-t)i Fj(timeout)1110 2525 y Ft(Cause)42 b Fs(read)g Ft(to)h(time)h(out)f(and)f(return)f(failure)i(if)g(a)g(complete)h(line) f(of)1110 2634 y(input)26 b(is)h(not)h(read)f(within)f Fq(timeout)k Ft(seconds.)40 b(This)26 b(option)i(has)e(no)h(e\013ect) 1110 2744 y(if)j Fs(read)g Ft(is)g(not)h(reading)f(input)f(from)h(the)h (terminal)g(or)f(a)h(pip)s(e.)630 2914 y Fs(-u)f Fj(fd)258 b Ft(Read)31 b(input)e(from)h(\014le)g(descriptor)h Fq(fd)p Ft(.)150 3084 y Fs(shopt)870 3224 y(shopt)46 b([-pqsu])g([-o])h([)p Fj(optname)56 b Fs(...)o(])630 3364 y Ft(T)-8 b(oggle)47 b(the)d(v)-5 b(alues)45 b(of)g(v)-5 b(ariables)45 b(con)m(trolling)i (optional)f(shell)e(b)s(eha)m(vior.)84 b(With)45 b(no)630 3473 y(options,)32 b(or)f(with)g(the)g(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(option,)h(a)g (list)f(of)h(all)g(settable)g(options)g(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(with) 630 3583 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b(b)s(e)f(those)h(de\014ned)e(for)h (the)h(`)p Fs(-o)p Ft(')1110 4921 y(option)21 b(to)h(the)f Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)j (page)d(53\).)630 5091 y(If)29 b(either)i(`)p Fs(-s)p Ft(')f(or)g(`)p Fs(-u)p Ft(')f(is)h(used)g(with)f(no)h Fq(optname)35 b Ft(argumen)m(ts,)c(the)f(displa)m(y)g(is)g(limited)630 5200 y(to)h(those)g(options)g(whic)m(h)f(are)h(set)f(or)h(unset,)f (resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)630 5340 y(Unless)30 b(otherwise)h(noted,)g (the)g Fs(shopt)d Ft(options)j(are)g(disabled)f(\(o\013)7 b(\))32 b(b)m(y)e(default.)p eop end %%Page: 48 54 TeXDict begin 48 53 bop 150 -116 a Ft(48)2572 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(The)c(return)f(status)i(when)f (listing)h(options)g(is)f(zero)i(if)e(all)i Fq(optnames)i Ft(are)d(enabled,)g(non-)630 408 y(zero)40 b(otherwise.)66 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f(unsetting)g(options,)i(the)e(return)f (status)h(is)g(zero)630 518 y(unless)30 b(an)g Fq(optname)36 b Ft(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 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(loaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(Readline)g(editing)g(bu\013er,)h(allo)m(wing) 1110 4726 y(further)29 b(mo)s(di\014cation.)630 4902 y Fs(hostcomplete)1110 5011 y Ft(If)38 b(set,)j(and)c(Readline)i(is)f (b)s(eing)g(used,)h(Bash)g(will)f(attempt)h(to)g(p)s(erform)1110 5121 y(hostname)d(completion)h(when)e(a)h(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(a)f (`)p Fs(@)p Ft(')g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(com-)1110 5230 y(pleted)g(\(see)h (Section)f(8.4.6)i([Commands)d(F)-8 b(or)36 b(Completion],)g(page)g (105\).)1110 5340 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.) p eop end %%Page: 50 56 TeXDict begin 50 55 bop 150 -116 a Ft(50)2572 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y Fs(huponexit)1110 408 y Ft(If)h(set,)i(Bash)f(will)h(send)d Fs(SIGHUP)h Ft(to)h(all)h(jobs)e (when)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)1110 518 y(shell)31 b(exits)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g(page)f(31\).)630 667 y Fs(interactive_comments)1110 777 y Ft(Allo)m(w)c(a)g(w)m(ord)e(b) s(eginning)g(with)h(`)p Fs(#)p 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b(the)h(last)g(time)f(it)h(w)m(as)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m (ed,)k(the)c(message)h Fs("The)k(mail)h(in)f Fj(mail-)1110 2102 y(file)40 b Fs(has)29 b(been)g(read")g Ft(is)i(displa)m(y)m(ed.) 630 2252 y Fs(no_empty_cmd_completion)1110 2361 y Ft(If)f(set,)g(and)g (Readline)g(is)h(b)s(eing)e(used,)h(Bash)g(will)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)e (searc)m(h)1110 2471 y(the)25 b Fs(PATH)f Ft(for)h(p)s(ossible)f (completions)j(when)d(completion)i(is)f(attempted)h(on)1110 2580 y(an)k(empt)m(y)h(line.)630 2730 y Fs(nocaseglob)1110 2839 y Ft(If)38 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(\014lenames)g(in)f(a)h (case-insensitiv)m(e)j(fashion)c(when)1110 2949 y(p)s(erforming)29 b(\014lename)i(expansion.)630 3098 y Fs(nocasematch)1110 3208 y Ft(If)42 b(set,)k(Bash)d(matc)m(hes)g(patterns)g(in)f(a)h (case-insensitiv)m(e)i(fashion)d(when)1110 3318 y(p)s(erforming)31 b(matc)m(hing)i(while)f(executing)i Fs(case)d Ft(or)h Fs([[)g Ft(conditional)h(com-)1110 3427 y(mands.)630 3577 y Fs(nullglob)96 b Ft(If)23 b(set,)j(Bash)e(allo)m(ws)g 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b(option)h(is)f(enabled)1110 1005 y(b)m(y)j(default.) 630 1163 y Fs(xpg_echo)96 b Ft(If)31 b(set,)h(the)g Fs(echo)e Ft(builtin)h(expands)f(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(e)j(sequences)f(b)m(y)f (de-)1110 1273 y(fault.)630 1431 y(The)c(return)f(status)i(when)f (listing)h(options)g(is)f(zero)i(if)e(all)i Fq(optnames)i Ft(are)d(enabled,)g(non-)630 1541 y(zero)40 b(otherwise.)66 b(When)39 b(setting)h(or)f(unsetting)g(options,)i(the)e(return)f (status)h(is)g(zero)630 1650 y(unless)30 b(an)g Fq(optname)36 b Ft(is)30 b(not)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(shell)h(option.)150 1809 y Fs(source)870 1943 y(source)46 b Fj(filename)630 2077 y Ft(A)30 b(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Fs(.)g Ft(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)g ([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(35\).)150 2235 y Fs(type)870 2369 y(type)47 b([-afptP])e([)p Fj(name)57 b Fs(...)o(])630 2503 y Ft(F)-8 b(or)42 b(eac)m(h)g Fq(name)p Ft(,)i(indicate)e(ho)m(w)g(it)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)g(if) g(used)f(as)i(a)f(command)630 2612 y(name.)630 2746 y(If)d(the)g(`)p 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Fs(typeset)870 4938 y(typeset)46 b([-afFrxi])f([-p])i([)p Fj(name)11 b Fs([=)p Fj(value)g Fs(])43 b(...)o(])630 5072 y Ft(The)29 b Fs(typeset)f Ft(command)h(is)g(supplied)g(for)g(compatibilit)m(y)j(with)d(the)h (Korn)e(shell;)j(ho)m(w-)630 5182 y(ev)m(er,)g(it)g(has)f(b)s(een)g (deprecated)h(in)f(fa)m(v)m(or)i(of)e(the)h Fs(declare)d Ft(builtin)i(command.)150 5340 y Fs(ulimit)p eop end %%Page: 52 58 TeXDict begin 52 57 bop 150 -116 a Ft(52)2572 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)870 299 y Fs(ulimit)46 b ([-acdefilmnpqrstuvxSH])c([)p Fj(limit)11 b Fs(])630 432 y(ulimit)25 b Ft(pro)m(vides)h(con)m(trol)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)f (resources)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(to)e(pro)s(cesses)f(started)h(b)m (y)g(the)630 541 y(shell,)i(on)f(systems)g(that)h(allo)m(w)h(suc)m(h)e (con)m(trol.)41 b(If)28 b(an)g(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i(it)e(is)h(in)m (terpreted)630 651 y(as)i(follo)m(ws:)630 807 y Fs(-S)384 b Ft(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(soft)h(limit)g(asso)s(ciated)h (with)e(a)h(resource.)630 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y(exits.)199 2040 y(8.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e (75\))h(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(b)m(y)h(default.)199 2191 y(9.)61 b(In)24 b(the)g(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(traps,)g(Bash)g (ignores)f Fs(SIGTERM)f Ft(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g(page) f(31\).)154 2342 y(10.)61 b(In)26 b(the)h(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)g (traps,)g Fs(SIGINT)e Ft(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)e(\(\(see)k (Section)e(3.7.6)i([Signals],)330 2451 y(page)i(31\).)42 b Fs(SIGINT)29 b Ft(will)h(in)m(terrupt)g(some)h(shell)g(builtins.)154 2602 y(11.)61 b(An)40 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e(shell)g(sends)e(a)i Fs(SIGHUP)d Ft(to)j(all)g(jobs)f(on)g(exit)h(if)g(the)f Fs(hupoxexit)e Ft(shell)330 2712 y(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled) g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.6)i([Signals],)e(page)g(31\).)154 2863 y(12.)61 b(The)31 b(`)p Fs(-n)p Ft(')g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i (option)e(is)h(ignored,)f(and)g(`)p Fs(set)f(-n)p Ft(')g(has)h(no)g (e\013ect)i(\(see)f(Section)g(4.3)g([The)330 2972 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b(b)s(ell)h(c)m(haracter.)150 1328 y Fs(\\d)384 b Ft(The)30 b(date,)h(in)f Fs(")p Ft(W)-8 b(eekda)m(y)32 b(Mon)m(th)f(Date)p Fs(")h Ft(format)f(\(e.g.,)h Fs(")p Ft(T)-8 b(ue)30 b(Ma)m(y)h(26)p Fs(")p Ft(\).)150 1488 y Fs(\\D{)p Fj(format)11 b Fs(})630 1598 y Ft(The)27 b Fq(format)i Ft(is)f(passed)e(to)i Fs(strftime)p Ft(\(3\))f(and)f(the) i(result)f(is)g(inserted)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(prompt)630 1708 y(string;)42 b(an)d(empt)m(y)f Fq(format)j Ft(results)d(in)g(a)h (lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(time)f(represen)m(tation.)65 b(The)630 1817 y(braces)31 b(are)f(required.)150 1977 y Fs(\\e)384 b Ft(An)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)150 2137 y Fs(\\h)384 b Ft(The)30 b(hostname,)h(up)e(to)i(the)g(\014rst)e (`.'.)150 2298 y Fs(\\H)384 b Ft(The)30 b(hostname.)150 2458 y Fs(\\j)384 b Ft(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(jobs)g(curren)m (tly)h(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell.)150 2618 y Fs(\\l)384 b Ft(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g (name.)150 2778 y Fs(\\n)384 b Ft(A)30 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b(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)h(the)g (history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(are)i(usually)f(di\013eren)m(t:)39 b(the)26 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 823 y(of)h(a)f(command)h(is)f (its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f(list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)g (include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150 932 y(the)39 b(history)h(\014le)f(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)h([Bash)e(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)45 b(page)40 b(115\),)j(while)d(the)f(command)150 1042 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j(is)h(the)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)g(sequence)h (of)f(commands)g(executed)h(during)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(shell)150 1152 y(session.)275 1283 y(After)35 b(the)g(string)g(is)g(deco)s(ded,)h (it)f(is)g(expanded)f(via)i(parameter)f(expansion,)i(command)d(substi-) 150 1392 y(tution,)k(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)h(remo)m(v) -5 b(al,)39 b(sub)5 b(ject)35 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Fs(promptvars)150 1502 y Ft(shell)31 b(option)f(\(see)i (Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(41\).)150 1749 y Fr(6.10)68 b(The)45 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3592 y(15.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(op)s(erators)g(do)f (not)h(p)s(erform)e(w)m(ord)h(splitting)h(on)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(in)g (the)g(redirection.)154 3722 y(16.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)35 b(names)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(v)-5 b(alid)35 b(shell)f Fs(name)p Ft(s.)52 b(That)34 b(is,)i(they)f(ma)m(y)g(not)g(con)m(tain)g (c)m(haracters)330 3832 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h(digits,)h(and)d (underscores,)h(and)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(start)h(with)e(a)h(digit.)49 b(Declaring)330 3941 y(a)31 b(function)f(with)g(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(name)g(causes)f(a)h(fatal)h(syn)m(tax)f(error)f(in)g (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 4072 y(17.)61 b Fl(posix)30 b Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h (shell)h(functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)154 4202 y(18.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fl(posix)g Ft(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f (returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e (exits.)39 b(The)24 b(fatal)330 4312 y(errors)i(are)h(those)f(listed)h 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5230 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m(ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m (ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 5340 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g (assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)p eop end %%Page: 82 88 TeXDict begin 82 87 bop 150 -116 a Ft(82)2572 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)154 299 y(21.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m (e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration) h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g Fs(for)330 408 y Ft(statemen)m(t)32 b(or)f(the)f(selection)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g Fs(select)f Ft(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f(readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 547 y(22.)61 b(Pro)s(cess)30 b(substitution)g(is)h(not)f (a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)154 685 y(23.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fl(posix)f Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s (ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 795 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 933 y(24.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)35 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(shell)f(function)g (calls)i(p)s(ersist)e(in)g(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 1043 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h Fl(posix)e Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g (executed.)154 1181 y(25.)61 b(The)38 b Fs(export)f Ft(and)g Fs(readonly)f Ft(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in) g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 1291 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fl(posix)p Ft(.)154 1429 y(26.)61 b(The)30 b Fs(trap)f Ft(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g (signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Fs(SIG)p Ft(.)154 1568 y(27.)61 b(The)39 b Fs(trap)e Ft(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g (c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e (signal)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)330 1677 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e (signal)i(handling)e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g (is,)g(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 1787 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g (digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28 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b(The)37 b Fs(type)g Ft(and)g Fs(command)f Ft(builtins)i(will)g(not)g(rep)s(ort) f(a)i(non-executable)g(\014le)f(as)g(ha)m(ving)h(b)s(een)330 4982 y(found,)26 b(though)h(the)g(shell)g(will)g(attempt)h(to)g (execute)g(suc)m(h)f(a)g(\014le)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(the)g(only)g(so-named) g(\014le)330 5092 y(found)i(in)h Fs($PATH)p Ft(.)154 5230 y(40.)61 b(The)33 b Fs(vi)f Ft(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m (ok)m(e)i(the)e Fs(vi)g Ft(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p Fs(v)p Ft(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 5340 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m (king)i Fs($FCEDIT)d Ft(and)g Fs($EDITOR)p Ft(.)p eop end %%Page: 83 89 TeXDict begin 83 88 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(83)154 299 y(41.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Fs(xpg_echo)e Ft(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j(Bash)d(do)s (es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330 408 y(gumen)m(ts)35 b(to)g Fs(echo)e Ft(as)i(options.)54 b(Eac)m(h)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(after)e(escap)s(e) 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b(forw)m(ard)e(one) h(c)m(haracter.)150 1685 y Fg(h)p 174 1632 146 4 v 174 1688 a Ff(DEL)p 174 1704 V 316 1685 a Fg(i)376 1688 y Ft(or)487 1685 y Fg(h)p 512 1632 317 4 v 512 1688 a Ff(Bac)n(kspace)p 512 1704 V 824 1685 a Fg(i)630 1798 y Ft(Delete)i(the)d(c)m(haracter)i (to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h(cursor.)150 1984 y Fj(C-d)336 b Ft(Delete)33 b(the)d(c)m(haracter)i(underneath)d(the)i(cursor.)150 2170 y(Prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters)630 2279 y(Insert)f(the)g(c)m (haracter)i(in)m(to)g(the)e(line)h(at)g(the)g(cursor.)150 2465 y Fj(C-_)e Ft(or)i Fj(C-x)e(C-u)630 2575 y Ft(Undo)k(the)h(last)g (editing)g(command.)50 b(Y)-8 b(ou)34 b(can)f(undo)g(all)h(the)f(w)m(a) m(y)i(bac)m(k)f(to)g(an)g(empt)m(y)630 2684 y(line.)150 2883 y(\(Dep)s(ending)g(on)g(y)m(our)g(con\014guration,)h(the)1726 2880 y Fg(h)p 1750 2827 V 1750 2883 a Ff(Bac)n(kspace)p 1750 2899 V 2063 2880 a Fg(i)2127 2883 y Ft(k)m(ey)g(b)s(e)e(set)h(to)h (delete)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(to)f(the)150 2993 y(left)f(of)f(the)g 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b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 4364 y Fj(C-e)336 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h (line.)150 4550 y Fj(M-f)336 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m (ord,)f(where)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)h(letters)h(and)d (digits.)150 4736 y Fj(M-b)336 b Ft(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a) g(w)m(ord.)150 4922 y Fj(C-l)336 b Ft(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h (reprin)m(ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275 5121 y(Notice)c(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e Ft(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m (haracter,)j(while)d Fj(M-f)e Ft(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m (ord.)39 b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 5230 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32 b(that)f(con)m(trol)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)g(c)m (haracters)h(while)f(meta)h(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)150 5340 y(w)m(ords.)p eop end %%Page: 91 97 TeXDict begin 91 96 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2107 b(91)150 299 y Fk(8.2.3)63 b(Readline)40 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b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)i(to)f(the)h(previous)e(command)h (\(usually)g(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)630 4427 y(on)32 b(the)g(previous)f(line\))i(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)46 b(With)32 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)g Fq(n)p Ft(,)g(insert)g(the)g Fq(n)p Ft(th)f(w)m(ord)g(from)630 4536 y(the)k(previous)f(command)h(\(the)g(w) m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(previous)g(command)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f(w)m(ord)630 4646 y(0\).)69 b(A)40 b(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)f(inserts)g(the)f Fq(n)p Ft(th)g(w)m(ord)g(from)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f(previous)630 4755 y(command.)48 b(Once)33 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h Fq(n)e Ft(is)h(computed,)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(extracted)i(as)e(if)630 4865 y(the)e(`)p Fs(!)p Fj(n)11 b Ft(')29 b(history)i(expansion)f(had)g (b)s(een)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 5011 y Fs(yank-last-arg)e(\(M-.)i(or)h (M-_\))630 5121 y Ft(Insert)k(last)i(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f(previous) f(command)h(\(the)h(last)f(w)m(ord)g(of)g(the)g(previous)630 5230 y(history)c(en)m(try\).)41 b(With)31 b(an)g(argumen)m(t,)g(b)s (eha)m(v)m(e)g(exactly)i(lik)m(e)f Fs(yank-nth-arg)p Ft(.)38 b(Succes-)630 5340 y(siv)m(e)d(calls)h(to)f Fs(yank-last-arg)c Ft(mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)g(through)d(the)i(history)g(list,)h (inserting)f(the)p eop end %%Page: 103 109 TeXDict begin 103 108 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(103)630 299 y(last)32 b(argumen)m(t)f(of)g(eac)m(h)h(line)f(in)f(turn.)41 b(The)30 b(history)h(expansion)f(facilities)j(are)e(used)f(to)630 408 y(extract)i(the)e(last)i(argumen)m(t,)f(as)f(if)h(the)f(`)p Fs(!$)p Ft(')g(history)h(expansion)f(had)g(b)s(een)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.) 150 636 y Fk(8.4.3)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Changing)g(T)-10 b(ext)150 881 y Fs(delete-char)27 b(\(C-d\))630 990 y Ft(Delete)41 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(at)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)66 b(If)39 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(is)h(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)h(the)g (line,)j(there)630 1100 y(are)37 b(no)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i (line,)h(and)d(the)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(w)m(as)g(not)g (b)s(ound)e(to)630 1209 y Fs(delete-char)p Ft(,)28 b(then)i(return)f Fl(eof)p Ft(.)150 1370 y Fs(backward-delete-char)c(\(Rubout\))630 1480 y Ft(Delete)32 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)g(b)s(ehind)e(the)h(cursor.)40 b(A)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)h(means)f(to)h(kill)g(the)630 1590 y(c)m(haracters)h(instead)e(of)h(deleting)g(them.)150 1751 y Fs(forward-backward-delete-)o(char)24 b(\(\))630 1860 y Ft(Delete)40 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(under)c(the)j(cursor,)h (unless)d(the)i(cursor)e(is)h(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)630 1970 y(line,)33 b(in)e(whic)m(h)g(case)i(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s (ehind)d(the)i(cursor)f(is)g(deleted.)46 b(By)32 b(default,)g(this)630 2079 y(is)e(not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150 2240 y Fs(quoted-insert)27 b(\(C-q)i(or)h(C-v\))630 2350 y Ft(Add)j(the)i(next)f(c)m(haracter)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(to)h(the)f(line)h (v)m(erbatim.)53 b(This)33 b(is)i(ho)m(w)f(to)h(insert)f(k)m(ey)630 2460 y(sequences)d(lik)m(e)g Fj(C-q)p Ft(,)f(for)g(example.)150 2621 y 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(ords)e(on)g(the)h(line.)150 3980 y Fs(upcase-word)c(\(M-u\))630 4090 y Ft(Upp)s(ercase)32 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(\(or)g(follo)m(wing\))i (w)m(ord.)45 b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m(t,)e(upp)s(er-)630 4199 y(case)e(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord,)g(but)g(do)g(not)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h (the)e(cursor.)150 4360 y Fs(downcase-word)d(\(M-l\))630 4470 y Ft(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)c(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)h(follo)m(wing\))i (w)m(ord.)37 b(With)22 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t,)g(lo)m(w)m (ercase)630 4580 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f(mo)m (v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 4741 y Fs(capitalize-word)26 b(\(M-c\))630 4850 y Ft(Capitalize)d(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(follo)m (wing\))i(w)m(ord.)38 b(With)21 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t,)h (capitalize)630 4960 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f (mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 5121 y Fs(overwrite-mode)26 b(\(\))630 5230 y Ft(T)-8 b(oggle)35 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(mo)s(de.)48 b(With)33 b(an)g(explicit)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,) h(switc)m(hes)630 5340 y(to)22 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)i(mo)s(de.)37 b(With)22 b(an)g(explicit)h(non-p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m (t,)i(switc)m(hes)e(to)p eop end %%Page: 104 110 TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 150 -116 a Ft(104)2527 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)630 299 y(insert)f(mo)s(de.)41 b(This)30 b(command)h(a\013ects)h(only)e Fs(emacs)f Ft(mo)s(de;)i Fs(vi)f Ft(mo)s(de)g(do)s(es)g(o)m(v)m(erwrite)630 408 y(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(call)h(to)f Fs(readline\(\))c Ft(starts)k(in)f(insert)g(mo)s(de.)630 539 y(In)e(o)m(v)m(erwrite)j(mo)s(de,)e(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(ound)c(to)j Fs(self-insert)c Ft(replace)k(the)g(text)g(at)g(p)s(oin)m(t)630 648 y(rather)41 b(than)h(pushing)e(the)i(text)g(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t.)75 b(Characters)42 b(b)s(ound)d(to)j Fs(backward-)630 758 y(delete-char)27 b Ft(replace)32 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(b)s(efore)e(p)s (oin)m(t)h(with)f(a)g(space.)630 888 y(By)h(default,)f(this)h(command)f 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b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Fs(forward-word)p Ft(.)150 2860 y Fs(backward-kill-word)25 b(\(M-)1183 2857 y Fg(h)p 1207 2804 146 4 v 1207 2860 a Ff(DEL)p 1207 2875 V 1348 2857 a Fg(i)1378 2860 y Fs(\))630 2970 y Ft(Kill)k(the)g(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)29 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)g(as)g Fs(backward-word)p Ft(.)150 3120 y Fs(unix-word-rubout)d(\(C-w\))630 3230 y Ft(Kill)32 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(using)f (white)h(space)g(as)g(a)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundary)-8 b(.)43 b(The)31 b(killed)630 3339 y(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f (kill-ring.)150 3490 y Fs(unix-filename-rubout)25 b(\(\))630 3600 y Ft(Kill)37 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)j(using)e (white)g(space)h(and)f(the)g(slash)g(c)m(haracter)i(as)f(the)630 3709 y(w)m(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries.)39 b(The)30 b(killed)h(text)g(is)g (sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150 3860 y Fs (delete-horizontal-space)24 b(\(\))630 3970 y Ft(Delete)33 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b(w)m(ord)h(b)s(oundaries)e(are)j(the)630 5340 y(same)f(as)f Fs(forward-word)p Ft(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)g(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)p eop end %%Page: 105 111 TeXDict begin 105 110 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(105)150 299 y Fs(yank)29 b(\(C-y\))630 408 y Ft(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(top)h(of)g(the)f(kill)h (ring)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 558 y Fs(yank-pop)d(\(M-y\))630 667 y Ft(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i (and)d(y)m(ank)h(the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h (this)f(if)h(the)g(prior)630 777 y(command)30 b(is)h Fs(yank)e Ft(or)h Fs(yank-pop)p Ft(.)150 986 y Fk(8.4.5)63 b(Sp)s(ecifying)42 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)m(ts)150 1225 y Fs(digit-argument)26 b(\()p Fj(M-0)p Fs(,)j Fj(M-1)p Fs(,)h(...)f Fj(M--)p Fs(\))630 1335 y Ft(Add)d(this)h(digit)g(to)h (the)f(argumen)m(t)g(already)h(accum)m(ulating,)h(or)e(start)h(a)f(new) f(argumen)m(t.)630 1445 y Fj(M--)j Ft(starts)i(a)g(negativ)m(e)i (argumen)m(t.)150 1594 y Fs(universal-argument)25 b(\(\))630 1704 y Ft(This)g(is)g(another)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)g (argumen)m(t.)40 b(If)25 b(this)g(command)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m (y)f(one)630 1813 y(or)k(more)f(digits,)i(optionally)g(with)e(a)h (leading)h(min)m(us)e(sign,)h(those)g(digits)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(ar-)630 1923 y(gumen)m(t.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i(command)f(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b) m(y)f(digits,)i(executing)f Fs(universal-argument)630 2032 y Ft(again)j(ends)e(the)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(but)e(is)h (otherwise)g(ignored.)45 b(As)32 b(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)630 2142 y(if)g(this)g(command)f(is)h(immediately)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y) d(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(that)e(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)630 2252 y(or)28 b(min)m(us)f(sign,)i(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(for)e (the)i(next)f(command)f(is)h(m)m(ultiplied)h(b)m(y)e(four.)630 2361 y(The)37 b(argumen)m(t)h(coun)m(t)f(is)h(initially)h(one,)g(so)f (executing)g(this)f(function)g(the)h(\014rst)e(time)630 2471 y(mak)m(es)d(the)e(argumen)m(t)i(coun)m(t)f(four,)f(a)i(second)e (time)i(mak)m(es)f(the)g(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(six-)630 2580 y(teen,)e(and)f(so)h(on.)40 b(By)31 b(default,)g(this)f(is)g(not)h (b)s(ound)d(to)j(a)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)150 2790 y Fk(8.4.6)63 b(Letting)40 b(Readline)h(T)m(yp)s(e)g(F)-10 b(or)42 b(Y)-10 b(ou)150 3029 y Fs(complete)28 b(\()610 3026 y Fg(h)p 634 2973 148 4 v 634 3029 a Ff(T)-6 b(AB)p 634 3044 V 778 3026 a Fg(i)808 3029 y Fs(\))630 3138 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)24 b(to)f(p)s(erform)e(completion)j(on)f(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin) m(t.)39 b(The)22 b(actual)i(completion)630 3248 y(p)s(erformed)33 b(is)h(application-sp)s(eci\014c.)53 b(Bash)35 b(attempts)g(completion) g(treating)h(the)e(text)630 3357 y(as)39 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(\(if)h(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Fs($)p Ft('\),)j(username) c(\(if)i(the)f(text)h(b)s(egins)e(with)630 3467 y(`)p Fs(~)p Ft('\),)31 b(hostname)f(\(if)g(the)g(text)h(b)s(egins)e(with)h (`)p Fs(@)p Ft('\),)h(or)f(command)f(\(including)h(aliases)i(and)630 3577 y(functions\))j(in)f(turn.)53 b(If)34 b(none)g(of)h(these)h(pro)s (duces)d(a)i(matc)m(h,)i(\014lename)e(completion)h(is)630 3686 y(attempted.)150 3836 y Fs(possible-completions)25 b(\(M-?\))630 3945 y Ft(List)31 b(the)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions)i(of) e(the)h(text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 4095 y Fs (insert-completions)25 b(\(M-*\))630 4204 y Ft(Insert)30 b(all)h(completions)h(of)f(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(that) g(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(generated)630 4314 y(b)m(y)g Fs(possible-completions)p Ft(.)150 4463 y Fs(menu-complete)d (\(\))630 4573 y Ft(Similar)d(to)g Fs(complete)p Ft(,)f(but)h(replaces) g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(completed)i(with)e(a)i(single)f(matc)m (h)630 4682 y(from)37 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)64 b(Rep)s(eated)39 b(execution)g(of)f Fs(menu-complete)630 4792 y Ft(steps)i(through)g(the)g(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g 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(cursor)f(if)h(not)g(at)g(the)g(b)s(eginning)g(or)f(end)h(of)g(the)g (line)630 518 y(\(lik)m(e)k Fs(delete-char)p Ft(\).)37 b(If)29 b(at)h(the)f(end)f(of)i(the)f(line,)h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(iden)m (tically)h(to)e Fs(possible-)630 628 y(completions)p Ft(.)38 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)150 789 y Fs(complete-filename)c(\(M-/\))630 899 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(\014lename)e(completion)i(on)e(the)h(text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.) 150 1060 y Fs(possible-filename-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(/\))630 1170 y Ft(List)f(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h (of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)h(it)f(as)g(a)f (\014lename.)150 1331 y Fs(complete-username)e(\(M-~\))630 1441 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p) s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(username.)150 1602 y Fs(possible-username-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(~\))630 1712 y Ft(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)f(a)g (username.)150 1873 y Fs(complete-variable)h(\(M-$\))630 1983 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p) s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 2144 y Fs(possible-variable-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b($\))630 2254 y Ft(List)42 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)46 b(treating)d(it)f(as)g(a)h (shell)630 2364 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 2525 y Fs(complete-hostname)26 b(\(M-@\))630 2635 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)150 2796 y Fs(possible-hostname-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(@\))630 2906 y Ft(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)g (the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)f(as)f(a)h (hostname.)150 3067 y Fs(complete-command)h(\(M-!\))630 3177 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)g(on)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p) s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)h(it)g(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)630 3286 y(Command)46 b(completion)i(attempts)g(to)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(text) h(against)g(aliases,)53 b(reserv)m(ed)630 3396 y(w)m(ords,)36 b(shell)g(functions,)h(shell)e(builtins,)i(and)e(\014nally)g (executable)i(\014lenames,)g(in)e(that)630 3505 y(order.)150 3667 y Fs(possible-command-complet)o(ions)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(!\))630 3777 y Ft(List)d(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)f(the)h (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)g(a)f(command)630 3886 y(name.)150 4048 y Fs(dynamic-complete-history)e(\(M-)1470 4045 y Fg(h)p 1493 3992 148 4 v 1493 4048 a Ff(T)-6 b(AB)p 1493 4063 V 1637 4045 a Fg(i)1667 4048 y Fs(\))630 4157 y Ft(A)m(ttempt)31 b(completion)h(on)e(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s (oin)m(t,)g(comparing)h(the)f(text)h(against)h(lines)630 4267 y(from)e(the)g(history)h(list)g(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completion)i (matc)m(hes.)150 4428 y Fs(complete-into-braces)25 b(\(M-{\))630 4538 y 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b(the)g(mark)f(to)i(the)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)48 b(If)32 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g (argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h(mark)g(is)f(set)630 4162 y(to)f(that)g(p)s(osition.)150 4336 y Fs(exchange-point-and-mark) 24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-x\))630 4445 y Ft(Sw)m(ap)i(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with) g(the)g(mark.)43 b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)i(is)f (set)h(to)f(the)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)630 4555 y(p)s(osition,)f(and)e(the)i (old)g(cursor)e(p)s(osition)i(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(as)e(the)h(mark.)150 4728 y Fs(character-search)26 b(\(C-]\))630 4838 y Ft(A)f(c)m(haracter) h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(next)g (o)s(ccurrence)g(of)g(that)g(c)m(haracter.)630 4947 y(A)30 b(negativ)m(e)j(coun)m(t)e(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(previous)g(o)s (ccurrences.)150 5121 y Fs(character-search-backwar)o(d)24 b(\(M-C-]\))630 5230 y Ft(A)45 b(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s (oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)f(the)g(previous)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of) g(that)630 5340 y(c)m(haracter.)d(A)31 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y(asterisk)d(implicitly)h(app)s(ended.)37 b(This)23 b(pattern)i(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hing)630 3343 y(\014le)30 b(names)h(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)150 3501 y Fs(glob-expand-word)c(\(C-x)j(*\))630 3611 y Ft(The)40 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)g(as)g(a)g(pattern)g (for)f(pathname)g(expansion,)k(and)630 3720 y(the)c(list)g(of)f(matc)m (hing)i(\014le)e(names)g(is)h(inserted,)h(replacing)g(the)e(w)m(ord.)67 b(If)39 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)630 3830 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)f(supplied,)g (a)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(')h(is)f(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g (expansion.)150 3988 y Fs(glob-list-expansions)25 b(\(C-x)k(g\))630 4098 y Ft(The)k(list)h(of)f(expansions)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h (b)s(een)f(generated)h(b)m(y)f Fs(glob-expand-word)630 4208 y Ft(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(and)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(redra)m(wn.) 50 b(If)33 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(supplied,)h(a)g(`)p Fs(*)p Ft(')630 4317 y(is)c(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g 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Ft(mo)s(de,)h(y)m(ou)h(are)f(already)h(placed)f(in)g(`insertion')g(mo)s (de,)g(as)h(if)f(y)m(ou)150 3404 y(had)c(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(an)g(`)p Fs(i)p Ft('.)39 b(Pressing)1215 3401 y Fg(h)p 1239 3348 139 4 v 1239 3404 a Ff(ESC)p 1239 3419 V 1373 3401 a Fg(i)1429 3404 y Ft(switc)m(hes)27 b(y)m(ou)g(in)m(to)g(`command')f(mo) s(de,)h(where)f(y)m(ou)h(can)f(edit)h(the)150 3513 y(text)35 b(of)f(the)g(line)g(with)f(the)h(standard)f Fs(vi)g Ft(mo)m(v)m(emen)m (t)j(k)m(eys,)g(mo)m(v)m(e)f(to)f(previous)g(history)f(lines)h(with)150 3623 y(`)p Fs(k)p Ft(')d(and)e(subsequen)m(t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p Fs(j)p Ft(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)150 3861 y Fr(8.6)68 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)275 4098 y Ft(When)25 b(w)m(ord)g(completion)i(is)f(attempted)g(for)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)h (a)f(command)f(for)h(whic)m(h)f(a)h(comple-)150 4208 y(tion)f(sp)s(eci\014cation)g(\(a)h Fq(compsp)s(ec)6 b Ft(\))24 b(has)g(b)s(een)g(de\014ned)g(using)g(the)g Fs(complete)f Ft(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)h(8.7)150 4317 y([Programmable)e(Completion)g(Builtins],)h(page)f(111\),)j(the)c (programmable)h(completion)g(facilities)i(are)150 4427 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)275 4555 y(First,)d(the)e(command)g(name)g(is)h (iden)m(ti\014ed.)37 b(If)21 b(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f (de\014ned)g(for)h(that)h(command,)150 4664 y(the)44 b(compsp)s(ec)g(is)g(used)f(to)h(generate)i(the)e(list)g(of)g(p)s (ossible)g(completions)h(for)e(the)h(w)m(ord.)81 b(If)44 b(the)150 4774 y(command)33 b(w)m(ord)f(is)h(a)g(full)g(pathname,)h(a)f (compsp)s(ec)f(for)h(the)g(full)g(pathname)f(is)h(searc)m(hed)h(for)e (\014rst.)150 4883 y(If)f(no)h(compsp)s(ec)f(is)h(found)e(for)h(the)h (full)g(pathname,)g(an)f(attempt)i(is)f(made)f(to)i(\014nd)d(a)i (compsp)s(ec)f(for)150 4993 y(the)g(p)s(ortion)f(follo)m(wing)h(the)g (\014nal)f(slash.)275 5121 y(Once)k(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f (found,)h(it)h(is)f(used)f(to)i(generate)h(the)e(list)h(of)f(matc)m (hing)h(w)m(ords.)51 b(If)150 5230 y(a)37 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h 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b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)f(di\013eren)m(tly)h (when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e Fs(jsh)g Ft(\(it)h(turns)e(on)h(job)g (con)m(trol\).)p eop end %%Page: 137 143 TeXDict begin 137 142 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29 b(C:)h(Cop)m(ying)g(This)g(Man)m(ual)2063 b(137)150 299 y Fo(App)t(endix)52 b(C)126 b(Cop)l(ying)51 b(This)i(Man)l(ual)150 690 y Fr(C.1)68 b(GNU)45 b(F)-11 b(ree)45 b(Do)t(cumen)l(tation)h (License)1396 909 y Ft(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(1.2,)h(No)m(v)m(em)m(b)s(er)g (2002)390 1052 y(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)842 1049 y(c)817 1052 y Fp(\015)e Ft(2000,2001,2002)36 b(F)-8 b(ree)32 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)f(F) -8 b(oundation,)32 b(Inc.)390 1161 y(59)f(T)-8 b(emple)31 b(Place,)h(Suite)e(330,)i(Boston,)g(MA)61 b(02111-1307,)35 b(USA)390 1380 y(Ev)m(ery)m(one)c(is)g(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(cop)m(y)g (and)f(distribute)g(v)m(erbatim)h(copies)390 1490 y(of)g(this)f (license)h(do)s(cumen)m(t,)g(but)e(c)m(hanging)j(it)f(is)f(not)h(allo)m (w)m(ed.)199 1632 y(0.)61 b(PREAMBLE)330 1770 y(The)37 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y(textb)s(o)s(ok)24 b(of)g(mathematics,)j(a)d(Secondary)f(Section) h(ma)m(y)g(not)g(explain)g(an)m(y)g(mathematics.\))40 b(The)330 5340 y(relationship)28 b(could)f(b)s(e)g(a)g(matter)i(of)e (historical)i(connection)f(with)f(the)h(sub)5 b(ject)27 b(or)g(with)g(related)p eop end %%Page: 138 144 TeXDict begin 138 143 bop 150 -116 a Ft(138)2527 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)330 299 y(matters,)38 b(or)d(of)h(legal,)i (commercial,)h(philosophical,)f(ethical)f(or)e(p)s(olitical)i(p)s (osition)f(regarding)330 408 y(them.)330 549 y(The)25 b(\\In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)27 b(Sections")g(are)f(certain)g(Secondary)g (Sections)g(whose)f(titles)i(are)f(designated,)i(as)330 659 y(b)s(eing)e(those)h(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)27 b(Sections,)i(in)d(the)h(notice)h(that)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)g(the)g(Do)s (cumen)m(t)g(is)g(released)330 769 y(under)f(this)i(License.)40 b(If)27 b(a)h(section)h(do)s(es)f(not)f(\014t)h(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h (de\014nition)e(of)h(Secondary)f(then)h(it)g(is)330 878 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b(formats)g(include)g(proprietary)g(formats)g(that) h(can)f(b)s(e)g(read)g(and)f(edited)i(only)330 3273 y(b)m(y)g (proprietary)g(w)m(ord)g(pro)s(cessors,)j Fl(sgml)c Ft(or)i Fl(xml)e Ft(for)i(whic)m(h)f(the)g Fl(dtd)g Ft(and/or)g(pro)s(cessing) 330 3383 y(to)s(ols)32 b(are)f(not)g(generally)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)34 b(and)c(the)h(mac)m(hine-generated)i Fl(html)p Ft(,)d(P)m(ostScript)i(or)f Fl(pdf)330 3493 y Ft(pro)s(duced)e(b)m(y)h (some)h(w)m(ord)f(pro)s(cessors)g(for)g(output)g(purp)s(oses)e(only)-8 b(.)330 3634 y(The)34 b(\\Title)h(P)m(age")i(means,)e(for)f(a)h(prin)m (ted)f(b)s(o)s(ok,)h(the)f(title)i(page)f(itself,)h(plus)e(suc)m(h)f (follo)m(wing)330 3743 y(pages)28 b(as)g(are)g(needed)g(to)g(hold,)g (legibly)-8 b(,)30 b(the)e(material)h(this)f(License)g(requires)f(to)h (app)s(ear)f(in)h(the)330 3853 y(title)g(page.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(w)m(orks)e(in)g(formats)h(whic)m(h)g(do)f(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h (an)m(y)e(title)j(page)e(as)g(suc)m(h,)g(\\Title)h(P)m(age")330 3962 y(means)j(the)f(text)i(near)e(the)h(most)g(prominen)m(t)g(app)s (earance)f(of)h(the)g(w)m(ork's)g(title,)h(preceding)f(the)330 4072 y(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(b)s(o)s(dy)e(of)h(the)h(text.)330 4213 y(A)f(section)h(\\En)m(titled)g(XYZ")f(means)f(a)h(named)g (subunit)e(of)h(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(whose)e(title)i(either)330 4322 y(is)d(precisely)g(XYZ)g(or)f(con)m(tains)i(XYZ)f(in)f(paren)m (theses)i(follo)m(wing)g(text)g(that)f(translates)h(XYZ)e(in)330 4432 y(another)e(language.)40 b(\(Here)26 b(XYZ)f(stands)f(for)h(a)g (sp)s(eci\014c)g(section)h(name)f(men)m(tioned)h(b)s(elo)m(w,)g(suc)m (h)330 4542 y(as)i(\\Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m(ts",)33 b(\\Dedications",)e (\\Endorsemen)m(ts",)e(or)f(\\History".\))42 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(\\Preserv)m(e)330 4651 y(the)34 b(Title")h(of)e(suc)m(h)h(a)g (section)g(when)f(y)m(ou)h(mo)s(dify)e(the)i(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(means)e (that)h(it)g(remains)g(a)330 4761 y(section)e(\\En)m(titled)f(XYZ")g (according)g(to)g(this)g(de\014nition.)330 4902 y(The)c(Do)s(cumen)m(t) i(ma)m(y)f(include)f(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)30 b(Disclaimers)f(next)f(to) g(the)g(notice)h(whic)m(h)e(states)i(that)330 5011 y(this)34 b(License)g(applies)g(to)h(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)52 b(These)33 b(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)36 b(Disclaimers)f(are)g(considered)e(to)330 5121 y(b)s(e)k(included)g(b)m(y)g(reference)h(in)g(this)f(License,)j (but)d(only)h(as)g(regards)f(disclaiming)i(w)m(arran)m(ties:)330 5230 y(an)m(y)e(other)g(implication)i(that)e(these)g(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)39 b(Disclaimers)f(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(is)f(v)m(oid)g (and)f(has)h(no)330 5340 y(e\013ect)32 b(on)e(the)h(meaning)f(of)h (this)f(License.)p eop end %%Page: 139 145 TeXDict begin 139 144 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29 b(C:)h(Cop)m(ying)g(This)g(Man)m(ual)2063 b(139)199 299 y(2.)61 b(VERBA)-8 b(TIM)31 b(COPYING)330 445 y(Y)-8 b(ou)39 b(ma)m(y)f(cop)m(y)h(and)e(distribute)h(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h (in)f(an)m(y)g(medium,)h(either)g(commercially)h(or)330 555 y(noncommercially)-8 b(,)48 b(pro)m(vided)42 b(that)h(this)f (License,)47 b(the)42 b(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i(notices,)j(and)42 b(the)h(license)330 664 y(notice)37 b(sa)m(ying)g(this)e(License)i (applies)e(to)i(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(are)g(repro)s(duced)e(in)i(all)g (copies,)j(and)330 774 y(that)27 b(y)m(ou)g(add)f(no)h(other)f (conditions)h(whatso)s(ev)m(er)h(to)f(those)g(of)g(this)f(License.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)27 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(use)330 883 y(tec)m(hnical)35 b(measures)d(to)i(obstruct)f(or)g(con)m(trol)h(the)f(reading)g(or)g (further)e(cop)m(ying)j(of)f(the)g(copies)330 993 y(y)m(ou)25 b(mak)m(e)g(or)g(distribute.)38 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)28 b(y)m(ou)d(ma)m(y)g(accept)h(comp)s(ensation)f(in)f(exc)m(hange)j(for)d (copies.)330 1103 y(If)32 b(y)m(ou)g(distribute)g(a)h(large)g(enough)f (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(copies)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)h(also)g(follo)m(w)g (the)f(conditions)330 1212 y(in)e(section)i(3.)330 1358 y(Y)-8 b(ou)21 b(ma)m(y)h(also)f(lend)g(copies,)i(under)d(the)h(same)g (conditions)g(stated)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i(and)c(y)m(ou)h(ma)m(y)g (publicly)330 1468 y(displa)m(y)31 b(copies.)199 1614 y(3.)61 b(COPYING)30 b(IN)g(QUANTITY)330 1760 y(If)25 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)f(prin)m(ted)g(copies)i(\(or)g(copies)g(in)f(media)g (that)h(commonly)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(prin)m(ted)f(co)m(v)m(ers\))i(of)330 1870 y(the)32 b(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)e(more)h(than)f (100,)j(and)d(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)h(license)f(notice)h(requires)330 1979 y(Co)m(v)m(er)i(T)-8 b(exts,)36 b(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)f(enclose)i (the)e(copies)h(in)f(co)m(v)m(ers)i(that)f(carry)-8 b(,)36 b(clearly)f(and)f(legibly)-8 b(,)37 b(all)330 2089 y(these)j(Co)m(v)m (er)g(T)-8 b(exts:)59 b(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)41 b(T)-8 b(exts)40 b(on)f(the)g(fron)m(t)g(co)m(v)m(er,)44 b(and)38 b(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)k(T)-8 b(exts)40 b(on)330 2198 y(the)29 b(bac)m(k)h(co)m(v)m(er.)42 b(Both)30 b(co)m(v)m(ers)h(m) m(ust)e(also)h(clearly)g(and)f(legibly)h(iden)m(tify)f(y)m(ou)h(as)f (the)h(publisher)330 2308 y(of)k(these)h(copies.)53 b(The)34 b(fron)m(t)h(co)m(v)m(er)h(m)m(ust)e(presen)m(t)g(the)h(full)f(title)i (with)d(all)j(w)m(ords)d(of)i(the)f(title)330 2418 y(equally)e (prominen)m(t)e(and)g(visible.)43 b(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(ma)m(y)g(add)g (other)g(material)h(on)f(the)g(co)m(v)m(ers)h(in)e(addition.)330 2527 y(Cop)m(ying)36 b(with)g(c)m(hanges)h(limited)g(to)g(the)g(co)m(v) m(ers,)i(as)d(long)h(as)g(they)f(preserv)m(e)g(the)h(title)g(of)g(the) 330 2637 y(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(and)e(satisfy)i(these)f(conditions,)j(can)d (b)s(e)g(treated)h(as)f(v)m(erbatim)h(cop)m(ying)g(in)f(other)330 2746 y(resp)s(ects.)330 2892 y(If)32 b(the)h(required)f(texts)i(for)e (either)h(co)m(v)m(er)i(are)e(to)s(o)g(v)m(oluminous)g(to)g(\014t)g (legibly)-8 b(,)35 b(y)m(ou)e(should)f(put)330 3002 y(the)h(\014rst)f (ones)h(listed)g(\(as)h(man)m(y)f(as)g(\014t)g(reasonably\))g(on)g(the) g(actual)h(co)m(v)m(er,)h(and)e(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(the)330 3112 y(rest)d(on)m(to)g(adjacen)m(t)h(pages.)330 3258 y(If)27 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)e(or)i(distribute)g(Opaque)f(copies)i(of)f (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)f(more)i(than)e(100,)330 3367 y(y)m(ou)i(m)m(ust)g(either)h(include)e(a)i(mac)m(hine-readable)g (T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)28 b(cop)m(y)h(along)g(with)e(eac)m(h)i(Opaque) 330 3477 y(cop)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(or)d(state)h(in)f(or)g(with)g(eac)m(h)h (Opaque)e(cop)m(y)i(a)g(computer-net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cation)h(from)d (whic)m(h)330 3587 y(the)24 b(general)i(net)m(w)m(ork-using)f(public)e (has)h(access)i(to)f(do)m(wnload)f(using)g(public-standard)f(net)m(w)m (ork)330 3696 y(proto)s(cols)40 b(a)f(complete)h(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)39 b(cop)m(y)g(of)g(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)i(free)d(of)g (added)f(material.)67 b(If)330 3806 y(y)m(ou)39 b(use)g(the)g(latter)h (option,)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)e(tak)m(e)j(reasonably)e(pruden)m(t)e (steps,)k(when)d(y)m(ou)h(b)s(egin)330 3915 y(distribution)f(of)g (Opaque)g(copies)h(in)e(quan)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(,)43 b(to)38 b(ensure)g(that)h(this)f(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)38 b(cop)m(y)h(will)330 4025 y(remain)30 b(th)m(us)g(accessible)i(at)f(the)f(stated)h(lo)s (cation)h(un)m(til)e(at)h(least)h(one)e(y)m(ear)h(after)g(the)f(last)h (time)330 4134 y(y)m(ou)37 b(distribute)f(an)h(Opaque)f(cop)m(y)i (\(directly)g(or)e(through)g(y)m(our)h(agen)m(ts)h(or)f(retailers\))h (of)f(that)330 4244 y(edition)31 b(to)g(the)g(public.)330 4390 y(It)k(is)f(requested,)i(but)e(not)h(required,)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g (con)m(tact)h(the)f(authors)f(of)h(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(w)m(ell)330 4500 y(b)s(efore)28 b(redistributing)g(an)m(y)h(large)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)d(of)i(copies,)h(to)f(giv)m(e)h(them)f(a)g(c)m(hance)h(to)f(pro)m (vide)g(y)m(ou)330 4609 y(with)h(an)g(up)s(dated)f(v)m(ersion)i(of)g (the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)199 4755 y(4.)61 b(MODIFICA)-8 b(TIONS)330 4902 y(Y)g(ou)26 b(ma)m(y)g(cop)m(y)g(and)f(distribute)g(a) h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)26 b(of)g(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(under) e(the)h(conditions)330 5011 y(of)c(sections)h(2)g(and)e(3)h(ab)s(o)m(v) m(e,)k(pro)m(vided)20 b(that)i(y)m(ou)f(release)i(the)e(Mo)s(di\014ed)f (V)-8 b(ersion)22 b(under)d(precisely)330 5121 y(this)29 b(License,)h(with)f(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)30 b(\014lling)f(the)g(role)h(of)f(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(th)m(us)f (licensing)330 5230 y(distribution)k(and)h(mo)s(di\014cation)g(of)h (the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)35 b(to)g(who)s(ev)m(er)f(p)s (ossesses)f(a)i(cop)m(y)g(of)330 5340 y(it.)41 b(In)30 b(addition,)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)h(do)f(these)h(things)f(in)g(the)h(Mo)s (di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion:)p eop end %%Page: 140 146 TeXDict begin 140 145 bop 150 -116 a Ft(140)2527 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)357 299 y(A.)60 b(Use)33 b(in)f(the)h(Title)h (P)m(age)g(\(and)f(on)f(the)h(co)m(v)m(ers,)i(if)e(an)m(y\))g(a)g (title)h(distinct)f(from)g(that)g(of)g(the)510 408 y(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)j (and)d(from)g(those)i(of)f(previous)f(v)m(ersions)h(\(whic)m(h)g (should,)g(if)g(there)g(w)m(ere)g(an)m(y)-8 b(,)510 518 y(b)s(e)31 b(listed)h(in)f(the)g(History)h(section)g(of)g(the)f(Do)s (cumen)m(t\).)45 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(use)f(the)g(same)h(title)h (as)510 628 y(a)e(previous)f(v)m(ersion)g(if)h(the)f(original)i (publisher)d(of)h(that)h(v)m(ersion)g(giv)m(es)h(p)s(ermission.)360 758 y(B.)61 b(List)31 b(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age,)i(as)d(authors,)h (one)g(or)f(more)h(p)s(ersons)e(or)h(en)m(tities)j(resp)s(onsible)c (for)510 867 y(authorship)c(of)h(the)h(mo)s(di\014cations)f(in)g(the)g (Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)28 b(together)g(with)d(at)i(least)h (\014v)m(e)510 977 y(of)c(the)g(principal)g(authors)f(of)i(the)f(Do)s (cumen)m(t)g(\(all)h(of)g(its)f(principal)g(authors,)h(if)f(it)g(has)g (few)m(er)510 1087 y(than)30 b(\014v)m(e\),)h(unless)f(they)h(release)g (y)m(ou)g(from)f(this)g(requiremen)m(t.)359 1217 y(C.)60 b(State)32 b(on)e(the)h(Title)h(page)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g (publisher)e(of)i(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)32 b(as)f(the)510 1326 y(publisher.)355 1456 y(D.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(all)g(the)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(notices)f(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.) 363 1587 y(E.)60 b(Add)30 b(an)i(appropriate)f(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i (notice)f(for)g(y)m(our)f(mo)s(di\014cations)g(adjacen)m(t)i(to)f(the)g (other)510 1696 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g(notices.)365 1826 y(F.)61 b(Include,)28 b(immediately)h(after)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g (notices,)h(a)e(license)h(notice)g(giving)g(the)f(public)510 1936 y(p)s(ermission)23 b(to)j(use)e(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8 b(ersion)25 b(under)e(the)i(terms)f(of)h(this)f(License,)j(in)d(the)g (form)510 2045 y(sho)m(wn)30 b(in)g(the)g(Addendum)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)353 2176 y(G.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)23 b(in)g(that)g(license)h(notice)g(the)f (full)g(lists)g(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)23 b(Sections)h(and)e (required)g(Co)m(v)m(er)510 2285 y(T)-8 b(exts)31 b(giv)m(en)g(in)f (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)g(license)h(notice.)357 2415 y(H.)60 b(Include)30 b(an)g(unaltered)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(this)f(License.) 392 2545 y(I.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)f(section)h(En)m(titled)g 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m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cations)g(giv)m(en)g(in)510 3443 y(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m (t)g(for)g(previous)f(v)m(ersions)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(based)f(on.)45 b(These)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(placed)h(in)g(the)510 3552 y(\\History")27 b(section.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(ma)m(y)h(omit)g(a)f(net) m(w)m(ork)h(lo)s(cation)g(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(that)g(w)m(as)h (published)510 3662 y(at)36 b(least)h(four)e(y)m(ears)i(b)s(efore)e (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(itself,)h(or)d(if)h(the)g(original)h(publisher) d(of)i(the)510 3771 y(v)m(ersion)31 b(it)g(refers)f(to)h(giv)m(es)h(p)s (ermission.)354 3902 y(K.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(an)m(y)h(section)f(En)m (titled)h(\\Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m(ts")i(or)d(\\Dedications",)k (Preserv)m(e)c(the)g(Title)510 4011 y(of)j(the)f(section,)j(and)d (preserv)m(e)h(in)f(the)h(section)g(all)h(the)e(substance)h(and)f(tone) h(of)f(eac)m(h)i(of)f(the)510 4121 y(con)m(tributor)k(ac)m(kno)m (wledgemen)m(ts)i(and/or)d(dedications)h(giv)m(en)h(therein.)368 4251 y(L.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)36 b(all)g(the)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(of)f(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(unaltered)f (in)f(their)g(text)i(and)510 4361 y(in)f(their)g(titles.)58 b(Section)37 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)d(or)i(the)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)38 b(are)e(not)g(considered)g(part)g(of)g(the)510 4470 y(section)c(titles.)341 4600 y(M.)61 b(Delete)33 b(an)m(y)e(section)h(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts".)42 b(Suc)m(h)30 b(a)i(section)f(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(included)510 4710 y(in)g(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion.)357 4840 y(N.)60 b(Do)29 b(not)g(retitle)h(an)m(y)e(existing)i(section)f (to)g(b)s(e)f(En)m(titled)h(\\Endorsemen)m(ts")g(or)f(to)h(con\015ict)g (in)510 4950 y(title)j(with)e(an)m(y)h(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31 b(Section.)354 5080 y(O.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(an)m(y)g(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)32 b(Disclaimers.)330 5230 y(If)h(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g (V)-8 b(ersion)34 b(includes)f(new)g(fron)m(t-matter)i(sections)f(or)f (app)s(endices)g(that)h(qualify)330 5340 y(as)28 b(Secondary)g 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(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts.")199 4310 y(6.)61 b(COLLECTIONS)28 b(OF)i(DOCUMENTS)330 4441 y(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)h(mak)m(e)g(a)f (collection)i(consisting)f(of)f(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(and)g(other)g (do)s(cumen)m(ts)f(released)330 4551 y(under)41 b(this)h(License,)k (and)c(replace)h(the)g(individual)f(copies)h(of)f(this)g(License)h(in)f (the)h(v)-5 b(arious)330 4661 y(do)s(cumen)m(ts)42 b(with)g(a)h(single) g(cop)m(y)h(that)f(is)f(included)g(in)g(the)h(collection,)48 b(pro)m(vided)42 b(that)i(y)m(ou)330 4770 y(follo)m(w)38 b(the)g(rules)e(of)h(this)g(License)h(for)f(v)m(erbatim)h(cop)m(ying)g (of)f(eac)m(h)h(of)f(the)h(do)s(cumen)m(ts)e(in)h(all)330 4880 y(other)31 b(resp)s(ects.)330 5011 y(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(extract)h(a)f(single)g(do)s(cumen)m(t)f(from)g(suc)m(h)g(a)h (collection,)i(and)d(distribute)g(it)h(individu-)330 5121 y(ally)k(under)d(this)i(License,)i(pro)m(vided)e(y)m(ou)g(insert)g (a)g(cop)m(y)h(of)f(this)g(License)g(in)m(to)h(the)g(extracted)330 5230 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b(,)46 b(mo)s(dify)-8 b(,)44 b(sublicense)e(or)330 3616 y(distribute)36 b(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(is)g(v)m(oid,)i(and)d (will)h(automatically)i(terminate)f(y)m(our)e(righ)m(ts)h(under)330 3726 y(this)28 b(License.)40 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)31 b(parties)d(who)f (ha)m(v)m(e)i(receiv)m(ed)g(copies,)h(or)d(righ)m(ts,)i(from)f(y)m(ou)g (under)e(this)330 3836 y(License)37 b(will)g(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(their)f (licenses)g(terminated)h(so)f(long)g(as)g(suc)m(h)f(parties)h(remain)g (in)f(full)330 3945 y(compliance.)154 4075 y(10.)61 b(FUTURE)30 b(REVISIONS)f(OF)i(THIS)e(LICENSE)330 4204 y(The)41 b(F)-8 b(ree)43 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)f(F)-8 b(oundation)43 b(ma)m(y)f(publish)e (new,)k(revised)d(v)m(ersions)h(of)g(the)g(GNU)g(F)-8 b(ree)330 4314 y(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)34 b(License)e(from)g(time)h(to)g (time.)46 b(Suc)m(h)31 b(new)h(v)m(ersions)g(will)h(b)s(e)e(similar)h (in)g(spirit)330 4423 y(to)j(the)g(presen)m(t)f(v)m(ersion,)i(but)e(ma) m(y)h(di\013er)f(in)g(detail)h(to)g(address)f(new)g(problems)f(or)i (concerns.)330 4533 y(See)c Fs(http://www.gnu.org/copy)o(left)o(/)p Ft(.)330 4663 y(Eac)m(h)f(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(the)f(License)h(is)g(giv)m (en)g(a)g(distinguishing)f(v)m(ersion)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)39 b(If)29 b(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)330 4772 y(sp)s(eci\014es)45 b(that)h(a)g(particular)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)f(v)m(ersion)i(of)f(this)g (License)h(\\or)g(an)m(y)g(later)g(v)m(ersion")330 4882 y(applies)33 b(to)g(it,)h(y)m(ou)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(option)g(of)f (follo)m(wing)i(the)f(terms)f(and)g(conditions)h(either)g(of)f(that)330 4991 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)37 b(v)m(ersion)i(or)e(of)h(an)m(y)h(later)g(v)m (ersion)f(that)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(published)f(\(not)j(as)f(a)g(draft\))g (b)m(y)330 5101 y(the)33 b(F)-8 b(ree)34 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)f(F)-8 b(oundation.)49 b(If)32 b(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(sp)s (ecify)f(a)h(v)m(ersion)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)330 5210 y(this)i(License,)j(y)m(ou)d(ma)m(y)i(c)m(ho)s(ose)f(an)m(y)g(v)m (ersion)g(ev)m(er)g(published)e(\(not)i(as)g(a)f(draft\))h(b)m(y)f(the) h(F)-8 b(ree)330 5320 y(Soft)m(w)m(are)31 b(F)-8 b(oundation.)p eop end %%Page: 143 149 TeXDict begin 143 148 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29 b(C:)h(Cop)m(ying)g(This)g(Man)m(ual)2063 b(143)150 299 y Fk(C.1.1)62 b(ADDENDUM:)41 b(Ho)m(w)f(to)h(use)h(this)f(License)g (for)h(y)m(our)f(do)s(cumen)m(ts)275 543 y Ft(T)-8 b(o)27 b(use)g(this)g(License)h(in)f(a)h(do)s(cumen)m(t)f(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e) g(written,)g(include)f(a)h(cop)m(y)g(of)f(the)h(License)g(in)f(the)150 653 y(do)s(cumen)m(t)j(and)g(put)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(cop)m(yrigh)m (t)g(and)e(license)h(notices)g(just)f(after)h(the)g(title)h(page:)468 765 y Fe(Copyright)42 b(\(C\))79 b Fd(year)88 b(your)40 b(name)p Fe(.)468 852 y(Permission)i(is)e(granted)g(to)g(copy,)h (distribute)g(and/or)g(modify)f(this)g(document)468 939 y(under)h(the)f(terms)g(of)g(the)g(GNU)g(Free)g(Documentation)i (License,)f(Version)g(1.2)468 1026 y(or)f(any)g(later)g(version)h (published)h(by)d(the)h(Free)g(Software)h(Foundation;)468 1113 y(with)g(no)e(Invariant)j(Sections,)f(no)f(Front-Cover)h(Texts,)g (and)f(no)f(Back-Cover)j(Texts.)468 1200 y(A)e(copy)g(of)g(the)g (license)g(is)g(included)h(in)f(the)g(section)h(entitled)g(``GNU)468 1288 y(Free)g(Documentation)h(License''.)275 1410 y Ft(If)d(y)m(ou)h (ha)m(v)m(e)h(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)41 b(Sections,)i(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)42 b(T)-8 b(exts)41 b(and)e(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)k (T)-8 b(exts,)43 b(replace)e(the)150 1520 y(\\with...T)-8 b(exts.")43 b(line)30 b(with)h(this:)547 1632 y Fe(with)40 b(the)g(Invariant)h(Sections)g(being)g Fd(list)f(their)g(titles)p Fe(,)h(with)547 1719 y(the)f(Front-Cover)i(Texts)e(being)g Fd(list)p Fe(,)h(and)f(with)g(the)g(Back-Cover)h(Texts)547 1806 y(being)f Fd(list)p Fe(.)275 1929 y Ft(If)34 b(y)m(ou)i(ha)m(v)m (e)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(without)f(Co)m(v)m(er)h(T)-8 b(exts,)38 b(or)d(some)g(other)h(com)m(bination)g(of)g(the)150 2038 y(three,)31 b(merge)g(those)g(t)m(w)m(o)g(alternativ)m(es)i(to)e (suit)f(the)h(situation.)275 2173 y(If)23 b(y)m(our)h(do)s(cumen)m(t)f (con)m(tains)i(non)m(trivial)g(examples)g(of)f(program)f(co)s(de,)j(w)m (e)e(recommend)g(releasing)150 2283 y(these)44 b(examples)f(in)g (parallel)h(under)e(y)m(our)h(c)m(hoice)i(of)e(free)g(soft)m(w)m(are)h (license,)k(suc)m(h)43 b(as)g(the)g(GNU)150 2392 y(General)31 b(Public)f(License,)i(to)f(p)s(ermit)e(their)i(use)f(in)g(free)g(soft)m (w)m(are.)p eop end %%Page: 144 150 TeXDict begin 144 149 bop 150 -116 a Ft(144)2527 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)p eop end %%Page: 145 151 TeXDict begin 145 150 bop 150 -116 a Ft(Index)30 b(of)g(Shell)g (Builtin)h(Commands)2133 b(145)150 299 y Fo(Index)53 b(of)h(Shell)e(Builtin)g(Commands)150 560 y Fr(.)150 686 y Fe(.)17 b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)42 b Fb(35)150 945 y Fr(:)150 1071 y Fe(:)17 b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)42 b Fb(35)150 1339 y Fr([)150 1465 y Fe([)17 b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)42 b Fb(39)150 1732 y Fr(A)150 1858 y Fe(alias)11 b Fc(.)j(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)37 b Fb(41)150 2116 y Fr(B)150 2242 y Fe(bg)15 b Fc(.)e(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)41 b Fb(86)150 2334 y Fe(bind)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)38 b Fb(41)150 2426 y Fe(break)11 b Fc(.)j(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)37 b Fb(35)150 2518 y Fe(builtin)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(42)150 2777 y Fr(C)150 2903 y Fe(caller)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(42)150 2995 y Fe(cd)15 b Fc(.)e(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)41 b Fb(36)150 3087 y Fe(command)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(43)150 3179 y Fe(compgen)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)33 b Fb(111)150 3271 y Fe(complete)26 b Fc(.)12 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) 50 b Fb(111)150 3363 y Fe(continue)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)32 b Fb(36)150 3621 y Fr(D)150 3747 y Fe(declare)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(43)150 3839 y Fe(dirs)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)38 b Fb(77)150 3931 y Fe(disown)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(87)150 4190 y Fr(E)150 4316 y Fe(echo)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)38 b Fb(44)150 4408 y Fe(enable)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(45)150 4500 y Fe(eval)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)38 b Fb(36)150 4592 y Fe(exec)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)38 b Fb(36)150 4684 y Fe(exit)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)38 b Fb(36)150 4776 y Fe(export)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(36)150 5053 y Fr(F)150 5179 y Fe(fc)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)40 b Fb(115)150 5271 y Fe(fg)15 b Fc(.)e(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)41 b Fb(86)150 5548 y 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(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) 38 b Fb(9)2025 3231 y Fr(W)2025 3347 y Fe(while)11 b Fc(.)i(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)37 b Fb(10)p eop end %%Page: 148 154 TeXDict begin 148 153 bop 150 -116 a Ft(148)2527 b(Bash)31 b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)p eop end %%Page: 149 155 TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 150 -116 a Ft(P)m(arameter)32 b(and)d(V)-8 b(ariable)32 b(Index)2262 b(149)150 299 y Fo(P)l(arameter)54 b(and)f(V)-13 b(ariable)53 b(Index)150 610 y Fr(!)150 727 y Fe(!)17 b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)42 b Fb(16)150 963 y Fr(#)150 1080 y Fe(#)17 b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) 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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)37 b Fb(64)2025 3461 y Fe(TMPDIR)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35 b Fb(65)2025 3695 y Fr(U)2025 3811 y Fe(UID)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)40 b Fb(65)2025 4044 y Fr(V)2025 4160 y Fe(visible-stats)18 b Fc(.)d(.)d(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)43 b Fb(96)p eop end %%Page: 151 157 TeXDict begin 151 156 bop 150 -116 a Ft(F)-8 b(unction)31 b(Index)2861 b(151)150 299 y Fo(F)-13 b(unction)52 b(Index)150 610 y Fr(A)150 749 y Fe(abort)27 b(\(C-g\))8 b Fc(.)13 b(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(107)150 848 y 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