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//usr/lib/perl5/5.8.8/pod/perlintern.pod
=head1 NAME perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal> Perl functions =head1 DESCRIPTION X<internal Perl functions> X<interpreter functions> This file is the autogenerated documentation of functions in the Perl interpreter that are documented using Perl's internal documentation format but are not marked as part of the Perl API. In other words, B<they are not for use in extensions>! =head1 CV reference counts and CvOUTSIDE =over 8 =item CvWEAKOUTSIDE X<CvWEAKOUTSIDE> Each CV has a pointer, C<CvOUTSIDE()>, to its lexically enclosing CV (if any). Because pointers to anonymous sub prototypes are stored in C<&> pad slots, it is a possible to get a circular reference, with the parent pointing to the child and vice-versa. To avoid the ensuing memory leak, we do not increment the reference count of the CV pointed to by C<CvOUTSIDE> in the I<one specific instance> that the parent has a C<&> pad slot pointing back to us. In this case, we set the C<CvWEAKOUTSIDE> flag in the child. This allows us to determine under what circumstances we should decrement the refcount of the parent when freeing the child. There is a further complication with non-closure anonymous subs (i.e. those that do not refer to any lexicals outside that sub). In this case, the anonymous prototype is shared rather than being cloned. This has the consequence that the parent may be freed while there are still active children, eg BEGIN { $a = sub { eval '$x' } } In this case, the BEGIN is freed immediately after execution since there are no active references to it: the anon sub prototype has C<CvWEAKOUTSIDE> set since it's not a closure, and $a points to the same CV, so it doesn't contribute to BEGIN's refcount either. When $a is executed, the C<eval '$x'> causes the chain of C<CvOUTSIDE>s to be followed, and the freed BEGIN is accessed. To avoid this, whenever a CV and its associated pad is freed, any C<&> entries in the pad are explicitly removed from the pad, and if the refcount of the pointed-to anon sub is still positive, then that child's C<CvOUTSIDE> is set to point to its grandparent. This will only occur in the single specific case of a non-closure anon prototype having one or more active references (such as C<$a> above). One other thing to consider is that a CV may be merely undefined rather than freed, eg C<undef &foo>. In this case, its refcount may not have reached zero, but we still delete its pad and its C<CvROOT> etc. Since various children may still have their C<CvOUTSIDE> pointing at this undefined CV, we keep its own C<CvOUTSIDE> for the time being, so that the chain of lexical scopes is unbroken. For example, the following should print 123: my $x = 123; sub tmp { sub { eval '$x' } } my $a = tmp(); undef &tmp; print $a->(); bool CvWEAKOUTSIDE(CV *cv) =for hackers Found in file cv.h =back =head1 Functions in file pad.h =over 8 =item CX_CURPAD_SAVE X<CX_CURPAD_SAVE> Save the current pad in the given context block structure. void CX_CURPAD_SAVE(struct context) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item CX_CURPAD_SV X<CX_CURPAD_SV> Access the SV at offset po in the saved current pad in the given context block structure (can be used as an lvalue). SV * CX_CURPAD_SV(struct context, PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_BASE_SV X<PAD_BASE_SV> Get the value from slot C<po> in the base (DEPTH=1) pad of a padlist SV * PAD_BASE_SV(PADLIST padlist, PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_CLONE_VARS X<PAD_CLONE_VARS> |CLONE_PARAMS* param Clone the state variables associated with running and compiling pads. void PAD_CLONE_VARS(PerlInterpreter *proto_perl \) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS X<PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS> Return the flags for the current compiling pad name at offset C<po>. Assumes a valid slot entry. U32 PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_COMPNAME_GEN X<PAD_COMPNAME_GEN> The generation number of the name at offset C<po> in the current compiling pad (lvalue). Note that C<SvCUR> is hijacked for this purpose. STRLEN PAD_COMPNAME_GEN(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set X<PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set> Sets the generation number of the name at offset C<po> in the current ling pad (lvalue) to C<gen>. Note that C<SvCUR_set> is hijacked for this purpose. STRLEN PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set(PADOFFSET po, int gen) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH X<PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH> Return the stash associated with an C<our> variable. Assumes the slot entry is a valid C<our> lexical. HV * PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_COMPNAME_PV X<PAD_COMPNAME_PV> Return the name of the current compiling pad name at offset C<po>. Assumes a valid slot entry. char * PAD_COMPNAME_PV(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE X<PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE> Return the type (stash) of the current compiling pad name at offset C<po>. Must be a valid name. Returns null if not typed. HV * PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_DUP X<PAD_DUP> Clone a padlist. void PAD_DUP(PADLIST dstpad, PADLIST srcpad, CLONE_PARAMS* param) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL X<PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL> Restore the old pad saved into the local variable opad by PAD_SAVE_LOCAL() void PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL(PAD *opad) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SAVE_LOCAL X<PAD_SAVE_LOCAL> Save the current pad to the local variable opad, then make the current pad equal to npad void PAD_SAVE_LOCAL(PAD *opad, PAD *npad) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD X<PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD> Save the current pad then set it to null. void PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD() =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SETSV X<PAD_SETSV> Set the slot at offset C<po> in the current pad to C<sv> SV * PAD_SETSV(PADOFFSET po, SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SET_CUR X<PAD_SET_CUR> Set the current pad to be pad C<n> in the padlist, saving the previous current pad. NB currently this macro expands to a string too long for some compilers, so it's best to replace it with SAVECOMPPAD(); PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE(padlist,n); void PAD_SET_CUR(PADLIST padlist, I32 n) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE X<PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE> like PAD_SET_CUR, but without the save void PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE(PADLIST padlist, I32 n) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SV X<PAD_SV> Get the value at offset C<po> in the current pad void PAD_SV(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item PAD_SVl X<PAD_SVl> Lightweight and lvalue version of C<PAD_SV>. Get or set the value at offset C<po> in the current pad. Unlike C<PAD_SV>, does not print diagnostics with -DX. For internal use only. SV * PAD_SVl(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item SAVECLEARSV X<SAVECLEARSV> Clear the pointed to pad value on scope exit. (i.e. the runtime action of 'my') void SAVECLEARSV(SV **svp) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item SAVECOMPPAD X<SAVECOMPPAD> save PL_comppad and PL_curpad void SAVECOMPPAD() =for hackers Found in file pad.h =item SAVEPADSV X<SAVEPADSV> Save a pad slot (used to restore after an iteration) XXX DAPM it would make more sense to make the arg a PADOFFSET void SAVEPADSV(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.h =back =head1 Functions in file pp_ctl.c =over 8 =item find_runcv X<find_runcv> Locate the CV corresponding to the currently executing sub or eval. If db_seqp is non_null, skip CVs that are in the DB package and populate *db_seqp with the cop sequence number at the point that the DB:: code was entered. (allows debuggers to eval in the scope of the breakpoint rather than in the scope of the debugger itself). CV* find_runcv(U32 *db_seqp) =for hackers Found in file pp_ctl.c =back =head1 Global Variables =over 8 =item PL_DBsingle X<PL_DBsingle> When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch, this SV is a boolean which indicates whether subs are being single-stepped. Single-stepping is automatically turned on after every step. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::single variable. See C<PL_DBsub>. SV * PL_DBsingle =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_DBsub X<PL_DBsub> When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch, this GV contains the SV which holds the name of the sub being debugged. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::sub variable. See C<PL_DBsingle>. GV * PL_DBsub =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_DBtrace X<PL_DBtrace> Trace variable used when Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::trace variable. See C<PL_DBsingle>. SV * PL_DBtrace =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_dowarn X<PL_dowarn> The C variable which corresponds to Perl's $^W warning variable. bool PL_dowarn =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_last_in_gv X<PL_last_in_gv> The GV which was last used for a filehandle input operation. (C<< <FH> >>) GV* PL_last_in_gv =for hackers Found in file thrdvar.h =item PL_ofs_sv X<PL_ofs_sv> The output field separator - C<$,> in Perl space. SV* PL_ofs_sv =for hackers Found in file thrdvar.h =item PL_rs X<PL_rs> The input record separator - C<$/> in Perl space. SV* PL_rs =for hackers Found in file thrdvar.h =back =head1 GV Functions =over 8 =item is_gv_magical X<is_gv_magical> Returns C<TRUE> if given the name of a magical GV. Currently only useful internally when determining if a GV should be created even in rvalue contexts. C<flags> is not used at present but available for future extension to allow selecting particular classes of magical variable. Currently assumes that C<name> is NUL terminated (as well as len being valid). This assumption is met by all callers within the perl core, which all pass pointers returned by SvPV. bool is_gv_magical(char *name, STRLEN len, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =back =head1 IO Functions =over 8 =item start_glob X<start_glob> Function called by C<do_readline> to spawn a glob (or do the glob inside perl on VMS). This code used to be inline, but now perl uses C<File::Glob> this glob starter is only used by miniperl during the build process. Moving it away shrinks pp_hot.c; shrinking pp_hot.c helps speed perl up. PerlIO* start_glob(SV* pattern, IO *io) =for hackers Found in file doio.c =back =head1 Pad Data Structures =over 8 =item CvPADLIST X<CvPADLIST> CV's can have CvPADLIST(cv) set to point to an AV. For these purposes "forms" are a kind-of CV, eval""s are too (except they're not callable at will and are always thrown away after the eval"" is done executing). XSUBs don't have CvPADLIST set - dXSTARG fetches values from PL_curpad, but that is really the callers pad (a slot of which is allocated by every entersub). The CvPADLIST AV has does not have AvREAL set, so REFCNT of component items is managed "manual" (mostly in pad.c) rather than normal av.c rules. The items in the AV are not SVs as for a normal AV, but other AVs: 0'th Entry of the CvPADLIST is an AV which represents the "names" or rather the "static type information" for lexicals. The CvDEPTH'th entry of CvPADLIST AV is an AV which is the stack frame at that depth of recursion into the CV. The 0'th slot of a frame AV is an AV which is @_. other entries are storage for variables and op targets. During compilation: C<PL_comppad_name> is set to the names AV. C<PL_comppad> is set to the frame AV for the frame CvDEPTH == 1. C<PL_curpad> is set to the body of the frame AV (i.e. AvARRAY(PL_comppad)). During execution, C<PL_comppad> and C<PL_curpad> refer to the live frame of the currently executing sub. Iterating over the names AV iterates over all possible pad items. Pad slots that are SVs_PADTMP (targets/GVs/constants) end up having &PL_sv_undef "names" (see pad_alloc()). Only my/our variable (SVs_PADMY/SVs_PADOUR) slots get valid names. The rest are op targets/GVs/constants which are statically allocated or resolved at compile time. These don't have names by which they can be looked up from Perl code at run time through eval"" like my/our variables can be. Since they can't be looked up by "name" but only by their index allocated at compile time (which is usually in PL_op->op_targ), wasting a name SV for them doesn't make sense. The SVs in the names AV have their PV being the name of the variable. NV+1..IV inclusive is a range of cop_seq numbers for which the name is valid. For typed lexicals name SV is SVt_PVMG and SvSTASH points at the type. For C<our> lexicals, the type is SVt_PVGV, and GvSTASH points at the stash of the associated global (so that duplicate C<our> declarations in the same package can be detected). SvCUR is sometimes hijacked to store the generation number during compilation. If SvFAKE is set on the name SV then slot in the frame AVs are a REFCNT'ed references to a lexical from "outside". In this case, the name SV does not have a cop_seq range, since it is in scope throughout. If the 'name' is '&' the corresponding entry in frame AV is a CV representing a possible closure. (SvFAKE and name of '&' is not a meaningful combination currently but could become so if C<my sub foo {}> is implemented.) The flag SVf_PADSTALE is cleared on lexicals each time the my() is executed, and set on scope exit. This allows the 'Variable $x is not available' warning to be generated in evals, such as { my $x = 1; sub f { eval '$x'} } f(); AV * CvPADLIST(CV *cv) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item cv_clone X<cv_clone> Clone a CV: make a new CV which points to the same code etc, but which has a newly-created pad built by copying the prototype pad and capturing any outer lexicals. CV* cv_clone(CV* proto) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item cv_dump X<cv_dump> dump the contents of a CV void cv_dump(const CV *cv, const char *title) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item do_dump_pad X<do_dump_pad> Dump the contents of a padlist void do_dump_pad(I32 level, PerlIO *file, PADLIST *padlist, int full) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item intro_my X<intro_my> "Introduce" my variables to visible status. U32 intro_my() =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_add_anon X<pad_add_anon> Add an anon code entry to the current compiling pad PADOFFSET pad_add_anon(SV* sv, OPCODE op_type) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_add_name X<pad_add_name> Create a new name in the current pad at the specified offset. If C<typestash> is valid, the name is for a typed lexical; set the name's stash to that value. If C<ourstash> is valid, it's an our lexical, set the name's GvSTASH to that value Also, if the name is @.. or %.., create a new array or hash for that slot If fake, it means we're cloning an existing entry PADOFFSET pad_add_name(char *name, HV* typestash, HV* ourstash, bool clone) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_alloc X<pad_alloc> Allocate a new my or tmp pad entry. For a my, simply push a null SV onto the end of PL_comppad, but for a tmp, scan the pad from PL_padix upwards for a slot which has no name and no active value. PADOFFSET pad_alloc(I32 optype, U32 tmptype) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_block_start X<pad_block_start> Update the pad compilation state variables on entry to a new block void pad_block_start(int full) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_check_dup X<pad_check_dup> Check for duplicate declarations: report any of: * a my in the current scope with the same name; * an our (anywhere in the pad) with the same name and the same stash as C<ourstash> C<is_our> indicates that the name to check is an 'our' declaration void pad_check_dup(char* name, bool is_our, HV* ourstash) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_findlex X<pad_findlex> Find a named lexical anywhere in a chain of nested pads. Add fake entries in the inner pads if it's found in an outer one. innercv is the CV *inside* the chain of outer CVs to be searched. If newoff is non-null, this is a run-time cloning: don't add fake entries, just find the lexical and add a ref to it at newoff in the current pad. PADOFFSET pad_findlex(const char* name, PADOFFSET newoff, const CV* innercv) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_findmy X<pad_findmy> Given a lexical name, try to find its offset, first in the current pad, or failing that, in the pads of any lexically enclosing subs (including the complications introduced by eval). If the name is found in an outer pad, then a fake entry is added to the current pad. Returns the offset in the current pad, or NOT_IN_PAD on failure. PADOFFSET pad_findmy(char* name) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_fixup_inner_anons X<pad_fixup_inner_anons> For any anon CVs in the pad, change CvOUTSIDE of that CV from old_cv to new_cv if necessary. Needed when a newly-compiled CV has to be moved to a pre-existing CV struct. void pad_fixup_inner_anons(PADLIST *padlist, CV *old_cv, CV *new_cv) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_free X<pad_free> Free the SV at offset po in the current pad. void pad_free(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_leavemy X<pad_leavemy> Cleanup at end of scope during compilation: set the max seq number for lexicals in this scope and warn of any lexicals that never got introduced. void pad_leavemy() =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_new X<pad_new> Create a new compiling padlist, saving and updating the various global vars at the same time as creating the pad itself. The following flags can be OR'ed together: padnew_CLONE this pad is for a cloned CV padnew_SAVE save old globals padnew_SAVESUB also save extra stuff for start of sub PADLIST* pad_new(int flags) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_push X<pad_push> Push a new pad frame onto the padlist, unless there's already a pad at this depth, in which case don't bother creating a new one. If has_args is true, give the new pad an @_ in slot zero. void pad_push(PADLIST *padlist, int depth, int has_args) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_reset X<pad_reset> Mark all the current temporaries for reuse void pad_reset() =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_setsv X<pad_setsv> Set the entry at offset po in the current pad to sv. Use the macro PAD_SETSV() rather than calling this function directly. void pad_setsv(PADOFFSET po, SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_swipe X<pad_swipe> Abandon the tmp in the current pad at offset po and replace with a new one. void pad_swipe(PADOFFSET po, bool refadjust) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_tidy X<pad_tidy> Tidy up a pad after we've finished compiling it: * remove most stuff from the pads of anonsub prototypes; * give it a @_; * mark tmps as such. void pad_tidy(padtidy_type type) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =item pad_undef X<pad_undef> Free the padlist associated with a CV. If parts of it happen to be current, we null the relevant PL_*pad* global vars so that we don't have any dangling references left. We also repoint the CvOUTSIDE of any about-to-be-orphaned inner subs to the outer of this cv. (This function should really be called pad_free, but the name was already taken) void pad_undef(CV* cv) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =back =head1 Stack Manipulation Macros =over 8 =item djSP X<djSP> Declare Just C<SP>. This is actually identical to C<dSP>, and declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer, available via the C<SP> macro. See C<SP>. (Available for backward source code compatibility with the old (Perl 5.005) thread model.) djSP; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item LVRET X<LVRET> True if this op will be the return value of an lvalue subroutine =for hackers Found in file pp.h =back =head1 SV Manipulation Functions =over 8 =item report_uninit X<report_uninit> Print appropriate "Use of uninitialized variable" warning void report_uninit() =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_add_arena X<sv_add_arena> Given a chunk of memory, link it to the head of the list of arenas, and split it into a list of free SVs. void sv_add_arena(char* ptr, U32 size, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_clean_all X<sv_clean_all> Decrement the refcnt of each remaining SV, possibly triggering a cleanup. This function may have to be called multiple times to free SVs which are in complex self-referential hierarchies. I32 sv_clean_all() =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_clean_objs X<sv_clean_objs> Attempt to destroy all objects not yet freed void sv_clean_objs() =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_free_arenas X<sv_free_arenas> Deallocate the memory used by all arenas. Note that all the individual SV heads and bodies within the arenas must already have been freed. void sv_free_arenas() =for hackers Found in file sv.c =back =head1 AUTHORS The autodocumentation system was originally added to the Perl core by Benjamin Stuhl. Documentation is by whoever was kind enough to document their functions. =head1 SEE ALSO perlguts(1), perlapi(1)